This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)

The nobility is a social class distinguished by high hereditary or honorary rank that possesses privileges, or eminence, and certain rights not granted to members of other classes in a society. The privileges of the nobility often comprise substantial real advantages, including rights of access, that vary from country to country and era to era. Traditional membership in the nobility is highly regulated by monarchist governments, which grant the ranks and titles to members of the elite. However, the noble class is not a closed order, and throughout history, membership has been perpetually renewed.

Although recognition of a noble class is most common in monarchies, nobility has historically existed in some republics, such as the Dutch Provinces, Genoa, and Venice, and it remains part of the legal social structure of some non-hereditary regimes, such as San Marino and Vatican City. Special hereditary titles may distinguish nobles from non-nobles, although in many nations, the nobility is untitled, and in others, hereditary titles may not indicate membership in the noble class.

The phrase "to be a blue blood" means to have descended from noble or aristocratic ancestors.^[1]

History[link]

Nobility offered protection in exchange for service

The term derives from Latin nobilis (well-known, famous), indicating those who were "well-known" or "notable" in society, and was applied to the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the nobility were generally those who held a fief, often land or office, under vassalage, i.e., in exchange for allegiance and various, mainly military, services to a suzerain, who might be a monarch or a higher-ranking nobleman. It rapidly came to be seen as a hereditary caste, sometimes associated with a right to bear a hereditary title and, for example in pre-revolutionary France, enjoying fiscal and other privileges.

While noble status formerly conferred significant privileges in most jurisdictions, by the 21st century it had become a largely honorary dignity in most societies, although a few, residual privileges may still be preserved legally (e.g. Netherlands, Spain, UK) and some Asian, Pacific and African cultures continue to attach considerable significance to formal, hereditary rank or titles. (Compare the entrenched position and leadership expectations of the nobility of the Kingdom of Tonga.)

Nobility is a historical, social and often legal notion, differing from socio-economic status (or class) in that the latter is mainly based on income, possessions and/or lifestyle. Being wealthy or influential cannot, ipso facto, make one noble, nor are all nobles wealthy or influential (aristocratic families have lost their fortunes in various ways, and the concept of the 'poor nobleman' is almost as old as nobility itself).

Although many societies have a privileged 'upper class' with substantial wealth and power, the status is not necessarily hereditary and does not entail a distinct legal status, nor differentiated forms of address. Nobles are also high on the chain. They are just below the kings and above the knights and peasants.

Various republics, including the United States, former Iron Curtain countries, Greece, Mexico, and Austria have expressly abolished the granting and/or use of titles of nobility to or by their citizens. This is distinct from countries which have not abolished the right to inherit (formerly) noble titles, but which do not grant legal recognition or protection to them, such as Germany, and Italy, although Germany recognizes their use as legal surnames. Still other countries and authorities allow their use, but forbid attachment of any privilege thereto, e.g. Finland, France, Norway and the European Union, although French law also protects lawful titles against usurpation, while Norway allows the use of traditional titles by official members of the royal house.

Noble privileges[link]

Detail from Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry), c. 1410

Nobles did not always derive their privileges from just being nobles, but usually privileges were granted with a specific title, office or estate. However, nobles were often treated better. Nobles often derived wealth from one or more estates, large or small, that might include fields, pasture, orchards, timberland, hunting grounds, streams, etc. It also included infrastructure such as castle, well and mill to which local peasants were allowed some access.

Prior to the French Revolution, European nobles typically commanded tribute in the form of entitlement to cash rents or usage taxes, labour and/or a portion of the annual crop yield from commoners or nobles of lower rank who lived or worked on the noble's manor or within his seigneurial domain. In some countries, the local lord could impose restrictions on such a commoner's movements, religion or legal undertakings. The nobles enjoyed the privilege of hunting. In France, nobles were exempt from paying the taille, the major direct tax. The peasants were not only bound to the nobility by dues and services. The nobility also had the jurisdictions of the courts and the police over them. In many parts of western Europe the right of private war long remained the privilege of every noble.^[2]

During the early Renaissance, duelling established the status of a respectable gentleman, and was an accepted manner to resolve disputes.^[3] According to Ariel Roth, during the reign of Henry IV, over 4,000 French aristocrats were killed in duels "in an eighteen-year period" whilst a twenty-year period of Louis XIII's reign saw some eight thousand pardons for "murders associated with duels".^[4]

Ennoblement[link]

In France, a seigneury might include one or more manors surrounded by land and villages subject to the noble's prerogatives and disposition. Seigneuries could be bought, sold or mortgaged. But if erected into, e.g. a barony or countship, was legally entailed for a family, who could use it as their title (although most nobles were untitled: "seigneur of Montagne" meant ownership of the lordship but not, if one was not otherwise noble, the right to use its associated title). However, any French noble who bought a countship was allowed, ipso facto, to style himself as its comte.

By contrast, in the UK royal letters patent were necessary to take a noble title, which also carried a seat in the House of Lords, but came with no automatic entail nor rights to the local peasants' output.

Quite often, however, nobility came to be associated only with specific social privileges and a general expectation of deference from those of lower rank. An example of the latter would be early 20th-century Polish nobility after their political, economic, judicial and religious privileges were abolished in 1923 and they remained only landed proprietors on the same legal basis as their landed-commoner neighbours

European nobility[link]

The Battle of Barnet in 1471. Large numbers of English nobility perished in the Wars of the Roses

Russian tsar Mikhail I with boyars

European nobility originated in the feudal/seignorial system that arose in Europe during the Middle Ages.^[5] Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for an allocation of land (usually together with serfs living thereon). During the period known as the Military Revolution, nobles gradually lost their role in raising and commanding private armies, as many nations created cohesive national armies.

This was coupled with a loss of the socio-economic power of the nobility, owing to the economic changes of the Renaissance and the growing economic importance of the merchant classes, which increased still further during the Industrial Revolution. In countries where the nobility was the dominant class, the bourgeoisie gradually grew in power; a rich city merchant came to be more influential than a nobleman, and the latter sometimes sought inter-marriage with families of the former to maintain their noble lifestyles.

However, in many countries at this time, the nobility retained substantial political importance and social influence: for instance, the UK's government was dominated by the nobility until the middle of the 19th century. Thereafter the powers of the nobility were progressively reduced by legislation (see Reform of the House of Lords).

The countries with the highest proportion of nobles were probably Castile, Poland and Lithuania, each with about 10% of the total population, as compared to 0.5-2% elsewhere in Europe. In Hungary, yet another frontier region, nobles made up 5% of the population. On the frontiers of Europe, western and eastern alike, ongoing warfare against ethnic outsiders – Turks and Tatars in eastern Europe, Moors (until 1492) in Spain – gave large numbers of new men access to higher status; and the booty of conquest provided the material bases for their advancement.^[6]

Rank within the nobility[link]

Polish magnates 1576-1586

The nobility of a person might be either inherited or conferred by a fons honorum. Nobility in its most general and strict sense is an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e. all legitimate, male-line descendants of noblemen are noble. In this respect, nobility has long been distinguished from noble titles, such as peerages in France and the UK, grandezas in Portugal and Spain, and some noble titles in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Prussia and Sweden. In the Netherlands and Spain, noble titles are now equally heritable by females and males.

Aristocrat and aristocracy, in modern usage, refer informally and broadly to persons belonging to a noble's family or social milieu. Those lacking a distinct title, such as junior siblings of peers, wealthy members of the landed gentry (and perhaps even the children of 'self-made' VIPs) may be considered aristocrats, moving within a small social circle at the apex of a hierarchical social pyramid.^{[citation needed]}

In France, some wealthy bourgeois, most particularly the members of the various parlements, were ennobled by the king, constituting the noblesse de robe. The old nobility of landed or knightly origin, noblesse d'épée, increasingly resented the pretensions and influence of this parvenu nobility. In the last years of the ancien régime the old nobility pushed for restrictions of certain offices and orders of chivalry to noblemen who could demonstrate that their lineage had sufficient "quarterings", i.e. noble ancestry (matrilineal as well as patrilineal), to deserve to compete as equals with nobles of medieval descent for offices and favors at court, (although historians such as William Doyle have disputed this so-called "Aristocratic Reaction". (W. Doyle, Essays on Eighteenth Century France, London, 1995)). Various court and military positions were reserved by tradition for nobles who could "prove" an ancestry of at least seize quartiers (sixteen quarterings), indicating exclusively noble descent (as displayed, ideally, in the family's coat of arms) extending back five generations (all sixteen great-great grandparents).

Ball at the court of Henry III of France, c. 1580

This illustrates the traditional link in many countries between heraldry and nobility; in those countries where heraldry is used, nobles have almost always been armigerous, and have used heraldry to demonstrate their ancestry and family history. However, it is important to note that heraldry has never been restricted to the noble classes in most countries, and being armigerous does not necessarily demonstrate nobility.

An opinion of Innes of Learney makes an observation of the system in use in Scotland, differentiating it from many other European traditions, in that legal armorial bearings which are entered in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland by warrant of the Lord Lyon King of Arms are by statute "Ensigns of Nobility". However, this opinion is challenged by a scholar.^[7] Innes of Learney's perspective is, however, accepted in the Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia.^[8] In a number of recent cases in Scotland the Lord Lyon Kings of Arms has controversially granted the arms and allowed the chiefships of medieval noble families to female line descendants of lords, even when they are not of noble lineage in the male line and legitimate claimants (agnates) still exist, for example in the extraordinary case of the modern Chiefs of Clan MacLeod. This is strictly against Gaelic law and thus the true chiefships technically become defunct, even if they continue to be recognized by the Scottish government for commercial purposes (tourism, etc.). Scotland's Gaelic nobility have been disintegrating as a result for the last few decades.

In the modern age, inherited nobility with special rights has largely been abolished in the Western World as intrinsically discriminatory and discredited as inferior in efficiency to individual meritocracy in the allocation of societal resources.

Many nations traditionally had an untitled lower nobility (including, in continental Europe, hereditary knights) in addition to titled nobles. Examples are the landed gentry of the British Isles^{[citation needed]}, the Junkers of Germany, the noblesse de robe of France, the hidalgos of Spain and the nobili of Italy.

Some con artists sell fake titles of nobility, often with impressive-looking documents to back them up. These may be illegal, depending on local law. They are more often illegal in countries that actually have nobilities, such as European monarchies. In the U.S., such commerce may constitute actionable fraud rather than criminal usurpation of an exclusive right to use of any given title by an established class.

"Blue" blood[link]

Blue blood is an English idiom recorded since 1834 for noble birth or descent; it is also known as a translation of the Spanish phrase sangre azul, which described the Spanish royal family and other high nobility who claimed to be of Visigothic descent,^[9] in contrast to the Moors.

Possibly the idiom originates from ancient and medieval societies of Europe and distinguishes an upper class (whose superficial veins appeared blue through their untanned skin) from a working class of the time. The latter consisted mainly of agricultural peasants who spent most of their time working outdoors and thus had tanned skin, through which superficial veins appear less prominently.

Another more simple explanation is that the blue clothes were in the Middle Ages a status symbol of the riches and nobility. Just because the production proces of the color blue was expensive. A whole industry proces was based on extracting this color form the plant Woad (Isatis tinctoria). With the European discovery of the seaway to India, great amounts of indigo were imported en became it more affordable.

Robert Lacey explains the genesis of the blue blood concept:

It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion that an aristocrat's blood is not red but blue. The Spanish nobility started taking shape around the ninth century in classic military fashion, occupying land as warriors on horseback. They were to continue the process for more than five hundred years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from its Moorish occupiers, and a nobleman demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skin—proof that his birth had not been contaminated by the dark-skinned enemy.^[10]

Eastern nobility[link]

Sikh Maharaja, Maharaja of Kapurthala

Many other non-European nations have had noble or aristocratic classes of various kinds: these are so diverse that it is somewhat misleading to try to translate them all into western feudal terminology.

For the feudal hierarchy on the Indian subcontinent, see princely state.

Islamic[link]

Emperor Farrukhsiyar Bestows a Jewel on a Nobleman

In some Islamic countries, there are no definite noble titles (titles of hereditary rulers being distinct from those of hereditary intermediaries between monarchs and commoners). Persons who can trace legitimate descent from the Prophet (as can several present or formerly reigning dynasties, and their relatives) are widely regarded as belonging to the ancient, hereditary Islamic nobility. In some Islamic countries they inherit (through mother or father) hereditary titles, although without any other associated privilege, e.g., variations of the title Sayyid. Commonly regarded as more religious than the general population, many people turn to them for clarification or guidance in religious matters.

In Iran, historical titles of the nobility including Mirza, Khan, ed-Dowleh and Shahzada ("Son of a Shah), are now no longer recognised. An aristocratic family is now recognised by their family name, often derived from the post held by their ancestors, considering the fact that family names in Iran only appeared in the beginning of the 20th century.

Chinese[link]

In East Asia the system was often modelled on imperial China, the leading culture. Emperors conferred degrees of nobility, which were not permanent but decreased a rank each generation. Imperial descendants formed the highest class of ancient Chinese nobility, their status based upon the rank of the empress or concubine from which they descend maternally (as emperors were polygamous). Numerous titles such as Taizi, and equivalents of "prince/princess" were accorded, and due to complexities in dynastic rules, rules were introduced for Imperial descendants.

China had a feudal system in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, which gradually gave way to a more bureaucratic one beginning in the Qin dynasty (221 BC). This continued through the Song Dynasty, and by its peak only the Emperor's immediate family members were considered to be nobles.

This development was gradual and generally only completed in full by the Song Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, for example, even though noble titles were no longer given to those other than the Emperor's relatives, the fact that the process of selecting officials was mostly based on a vouching system by current officials caused a form of quasi-hereditary nobility or peerage as officials usually vouched for their own sons or that of other officials. This process was further deepened during the Three Kingdoms Period with the introduction of the Nine-rank system.

By the Sui Dynasty, however, the institution of the Imperial examination system marked the transformation towards a full bureaucracy, though the process would not be truly completed until the Song Dynasty

Dynasties established by the minority, non-Han rulers via conquest in later years disrupted this ancient Han social class system. They compelled conformity to an ethnic policy wherein the Mongols and the Manchus were accorded higher social status than the Han majority whom they dominated.

In the Qing dynasty, many titles had been obtained or degraded through abuse and perversion of the original Qin system. Titles of nobility were still granted by the emperor, but served merely as honourifics based on a loose system of favours to the Qing emperor and the forwarding of Manchu interests: under a centralised system, the empire's governance was the responsibility of the Confucian-educated scholar-officials and the local gentry, while the literati were accorded gentry status based on lineage. For male citizens, advancement in status was possible via garnering the top three positions in imperial examinations.

The bestowal of titles was abolished upon the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, as part of a larger effort to remove feudal influences and practises from Chinese society.

Japanese[link]

A native ruler, probably a Rajah or Datu, of one of the Principalilites of the Pre-Hispanic Philippine Archipelago. The illustration is found in the Boxer Codex].

Medieval Japan developed a feudal system similar to the European system, where land was held in exchange for military service. The daimyo class, or hereditary landowning nobles, held great socio-political power. As in Europe, they commanded private armies made up of samurai, an elite warrior class; for long periods, these held the real power without a real central government, and often plunged the country into a state of civil war. The daimyo class can be compared to European peers, and the samurai to European knights, but important differences include the distinction between the European code of chivalry and the Japanese code of bushido.

Feudal title and rank were abolished during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, and was replaced by the kazoku, a five-rank peerage system after the British example, which granted seats in the upper house of the Imperial Diet; this ended in 1947 following Japan's defeat in World War II.

Philippine[link]

Many regions in the Philippines, like other Southeast Asian countries, have indigenous nobilities, partially influenced by Hindu, Chinese, and Islamic customs. Since the ancient times, Datu was the common title the Chief or monarch of the Pre-colonial Principalites of the Archipelago; in some parts of the islands the other term for the title is Apo.^[11] Together with the title Sultan and Rajah, "Datu" have been titles used for native royalty, and are still currently used in some parts of the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. These titles are the equivalent of European dukes, marquesses, Counts or Barons depending upon the wealth and prestige of the ruler.

Upon the Christianization of the Philippines, the datus retained their right to govern their territories under the Spanish Empire. King Philip II of Spain, in a law signed 11 June 1594,^[12] commanded that they be given the same respect and privileges accorded them prior their conversion. These nobles then formed part of the exclusive ruling class in the municipalities, called the Principalía.

Pacific[link]

In tribal societies, such as the Polynesian island states, the system of often (semi-) hereditary tribal chiefs can also be considered a form of noble class. In Tonga, after contact with Western nations, the traditional system of chiefs developed into a Western-style monarchy with a hereditary class of "barons", even adopting the English title.

Nobility by nation[link]

A list of noble titles for different European countries can be found at Royal and noble ranks.

Italian Nobleman of the Fifteenth Century. Engraving from the so-called Mantegna Tarocchi, about 1465.

For the proper address of holders of these titles, see Royal and noble styles.

For the English Wikipedia category, see Category:Nobility by nation

• Armenian nobility
• Austrian nobility
• Baltic nobility related to the modern area of Estonia and Latvia
• Belgian nobility
• Bohemian nobility
• Brazilian nobility
• British nobility
  • British peerage
    • English peerage
      • Welsh Peers
    • Scottish peerage
    • Irish peerage
    • Peerage of Great Britain
    • Peerage of the United Kingdom
• Chinese nobility
• Croatian nobility
• Cuban nobility
• Danish nobility
• Dutch nobility
• Fijian nobility
• Filipino nobility
• Finnish nobility
• French nobility
• German nobility
  • Freiherr
  • Graf
  • Junker
• Hungarian nobility
• Imperial Roman titles
  • Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy
• Irish nobility
  • Chiefs of the Name
• Italian nobility
• Japanese nobility
• Korean nobility
• Lithuanian nobility

A nobleman from Bandoeng with his servant, Dutch East Indies, 1870s.

• Malay nobility
• Malagasy nobility
• Mexican nobility
• Mongolian nobility
• Nigerian nobility
  • Emir
  • Oba
  • Obi
• Norwegian nobility
• Ottoman titles
• Polish nobility
• Polynesian nobility
• Portuguese nobility
• Romanian nobility
• Russian nobility
  • Boyars
• Samoan nobility
• Serbian nobility
• Spanish nobility
• Swedish nobility
• Switzerland nobility
• Thai royal and noble titles

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nobility

Look up nobility in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nobility

• The German nobility
• WW-Person, an on-line database of European noble genealogy
• Paul Theroff's An Online Gotha
• Genealogics, an extensive database of European nobles
• Worldroots, a selection of art and genealogy of European nobility
• RoyalArk- ruling houses in many non-European countries
• The Russian Nobility Association in America
• Italian dynastic genealogies (in Italian, with an introduction in English)
• Worldwidewords
• A Glossary of Titles in 35 Languages
• Etymology OnLine
• Friesian- Feudal Hierarchy (scroll down)
• Heraldica.org - European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles
• Genesis of European Nobility

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2010)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)

The German nobility (German: Adel) was the elite hereditary ruling class or aristocratic class from ca. 500 B.C. to the Holy Roman Empire and what is now Germany.

Principles of German nobility[link]

In Germany, nobility and titles pertaining to it were bestowed on a person by sovereigns, and then passed down through legitimate children. In a few cases, families which had been noble as far back as historical records document, their ancient nobility (Uradel) was recognised rather than conferred by a sovereign. Noble rank was usually granted by letters patent on men, whereas women could legally become members of the nobility by marrying a nobleman. Nobility was always inherited equally by all legitimate descendants in the male line of the original man who had been ennobled. German noble titles were also usually inherited by all male-line descendants, although occasionally they descended by male primogeniture, especially in Prussia.^[1] Noble families were almost always bearing a coat of arms. Blazoning an escutcheon was no privilege of nobility, also non-noble free families could bear coats of arms and non-noble crests are recorded since the 14th c.^[2]

All privileges and immunities of the German nobility as a legally defined class were abolished on August 11, 1919 with the promulgation of the Weimar Constitution, recognising all Germans as equal before the laws of their country.^[3][4] However nobility itself, as a class and as a hereditary attribute, were not explicitly abolished. Hereditary titles were abolished but transformed into part of each noble's legal surname.^[3] This caused an exceptional practice in surnaming. Whereas the differentiation of German surnames for female or male bearers, widespread until the 18th century – colloquially continued in some German dialects – has been abolished in Germany with the introduction of officially registered invariable surnames at latest in the 19th century, the former noble titles transformed into parts of the surnames in 1919 continue to appear in female and male variations.^[5]

Completely abolished were titles such as German emperor/empress, king/queen, and grand duke/grand duchess and other titles, distinct from those held and inherited by ordinary members of the family, but reserved for its respective chief (usual in some, but rather few noble families). Whereas the imperial titles have no modern successors in naming, the former holders of the regnal royal or grand ducal titles received the new not-to-be translated surname elements Prinz/Prinzessin (not Fürst/Fürstin [if a title, then also translated as prince]) for the royals of Bavaria, Prussia,^[6] Saxony, and Württemberg (the latter extinct in 1921), like their non-ruling siblings and descendants used to be titled before 1919, or Herzog (as a title translated as duke, for the six grand dukes and their spouses).^[7]

Persons, who had not ruled before 1918, but held specific titles adhering to their primogenitural function as heirs to one of the former thrones, or referring to their role as chief of the family (as usual in some non-ruling noble families) – including their spouses – were allowed to use these already held titles as personal surname elements. However, their primogenitural heirs did not inherit these personal surname elements.^[8] As an example with the death of all persons once styled crown princes before 1918, today none of their heirs bears the term Kronprinz as surname element. Traditional specific titles exclusively used for unmarried daughters of noble families (such as Baronesse, Freiin, or Freifräulein) were also transformed into parts of the legal surname, to be changed at marriage or on request,^[9] since generally addressing women indicating their marital status is growing unpopular (cf. Fräulein).

Thus all other former titles and all nobiliary particles are now inherited as part of the surnames, and remain protected as private names under laws promulgated under the constitution, for that purpose. An example would be Graf Kasimir von der Recke, as styled until 1919, analogously in English Count Kasimir von der Recke, with Graf (count) being a title, thus replacing the addressing Herr (Mr.) for non-noble men, whose title, now being a surname, needs not to be translated and would appear as Herr Kasimir Graf von der Recke, Mr. Kasimir Graf von der Recke. However, the pre-1919 way of styling sometimes continues in colloquial usage. In Austria, in contrast, not only were the privileges of the nobility abolished, but their titles and nobiliary particles as well.^[10]

Heraldic arms of the Holy Roman Empire, Siebmachers Wappenbuch

Some states within the Holy Roman Empire had strict laws concerning the conduct, employment or marriage of individual nobles. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in Adelsverlust ("loss of the status of nobility"). Until about the early 19th century, for example, it was commonly forbidden for nobles to marry people "of low birth", i.e. commoners, or the marriage was classified morganatic and eventual children would not enjoy noble rank. With former titles now being just extended parts of the surnames noble surnames can be passed on - like any other surname – by marriage from the noble wife to the non-noble husband, in a same-sex partnership, from the unmarried noble mother to her children, from one noble person to another non-noble by adoption.

Various organisations perpetuate the historical legacy of the former nobility, documenting genealogy, as well as chronicling the history of noble families. Such organisations often cling to old standards not recording in their genealogies and not admitting as members those persons who acquired noble surnames by ways impossible before 1919.

Nobiliary particles used by German nobility[link]

Most, but not all, surnames of the German nobility were preceded by or contained the preposition von (meaning "of") or zu (meaning "to", sometimes "at") as nobiliary particle.^[11] The two were often combined into von und zu (meaning "of and to/at").^[11] In general, the "von" form indicates the place the family originated, while the "zu" form indicates that the family remains in possession of the estate from which the surname is drawn: Therefore von und zu indicates a family which is both named for and continues to own their original feudal holding or residence. Other forms also exist as combinations with the definitive article: e.g. "von der" or von dem → "vom" ("of the"), zu der → "zur" or zu dem → "zum" ("of the", "in the", "at the").^[12]

Alphabetic sorting of noble names[link]

When sorting noble – as well as non-noble – names in alphabetic sequence the eventual prepositions, as mentioned above, and the titles, in Germany forming part of the surname since 1919, are ignored. Also name elements which have developed from honorary functions, such as Schenk (short for Mundschenk [= cup-bearer in English]), are overlooked.^[13] Since the prepositions are not considered relevant when sorting, the prepositions are not capitalised unless they begin a sentence. In this the German language practice differs from Dutch in the Netherlands, where the particle van is usually capitalised when mentioned without preceding given names or initials, or from Dutch in Belgium, where the name particle Van is always capitalised. The above-mentioned exemplary Kasimir von der Recke is thus sorted as:

• Recke, Graf Kasimir von der (for people died before 1919), or
• Recke, Kasimir Graf von der (for people alive, or dead thereafter).

Divisions of nobility[link]

• Uradel ("ancient nobility"): Nobility that dates back to at least the 14th century. This contrasts with Briefadel ("patent nobility"): Nobility granted by letters patent. The first known such document is from September 30, 1360 for Wyker Frosch in Mainz.

• Hochadel ("high nobility"): Nobility that was sovereign within the Holy Roman Empire and, later, in the German Confederation or the German Empire, i.e. royalty, the heads of whose families were entitled to be addressed by some form of "Majesty" or "Highness". These were the families of kings (Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurttemberg, Hanover), grand dukes (Baden, Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt, Luxembourg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Weimar) reigning dukes (Anhalt, Brunswick, Nassau, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Coburg-and-Gotha, Holstein, Nassau), and reigning princes (Liechtenstein, Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe, Reuss, Waldeck-and-Pyrmont, Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen).

The Hochadel also included the Empire's formerly quasi-sovereign families who had been mediatised within the German Confederation by 1815, yet preserved the legal right to continue royal intermarriage with still-reigning dynasties (Ebenburtigkeit). Mostly comital and princely families, they included a few dukes of Belgian/Dutch origin (Arenberg, Croy, Looz-Corswarem). Information on these families constituted the second section of Justus Perthes' entries on reigning, princely and ducal families in the Almanach de Gotha.

Also remaining in the Hochadel under laws adopted by the German Empire were Germany's deposed dynasties: Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,(Schleswig-)Holstein and Nassau. In addition, the Hohenzollerns were accorded the royal rights of a cadet branch of the kings of Prussia after yielding sovereignty to their royal kinsman, while the exiled heirs to Hanover and Nassau regained sovereignty by being allowed to inherit, eventually, the crowns of Brunswick (1914) and Luxembourg (1890).

• Niederer Adel ("lower nobility"): Nobility that held legal privileges until 1918 greater than those enjoyed by commoners, but less than those enjoyed by the Hochadel. Most were untitled, only making use of the particle von in their surnames. Higher ranking noble families of the Niederer Adel bore such hereditary titles as Ritter, Freiherr (or Baron) and Graf. Although most German counts belonged officially to the lower nobility, those who were mediatised belonged to the Hochadel, the heads of their families being entitled to be addressed as Erlaucht ("Illustrious Highness"), rather than simply as Hochgeboren ("High-born"). There were also some German noble families, especially in Austria, Prussia and Bavaria, whose head bore the titles of Furst (Prince) or Herzog (( Duke), however they were accounted members of the lower nobility (e.g., Bismarck, Blucher, Schonaich-Carolath-Beuthen, Wrede).

Titles and ranks[link]

Reigning titles[link]

The titles of Elector, Grand Duke, Archduke, Duke, Landgrave, Margrave, Count Palatine, Prince and Reichsgraf were borne by rulers who belonged to Germany's Hochadel. Other counts, as well as barons (Freiherren), lords (Herren), knights (Ritter)^[14] were borne by noble non-reigning families. The vast majority of the German nobility, however, inherited no titles, and were usually distinguishable only by the nobiliary particle von in their surnames.

• The prefix Reichs- indicates a title granted by a past Holy Roman Emperor. These titles conferred higher precedence than that associated with other titles of the same nominal rank .
• Freiin indicates an unmarried daughter of a baron.

Non-reigning titles[link]

The heirs to sovereigns or to headship of mediatised families prefixed their title by Erb-, meaning Hereditary. For instance, the heir to a Grand Duke is titled Erbgroßherzog or simply Erbprinz, meaning Hereditary Grand Duke. A sovereign duke's heir was Erbprinz (Hereditary Prince) and a prince's (Fürst) heir might be titled Erbprinz or Erbgraf (Hereditary Prince, Hereditary Count). The prefix distinguished the heir from similarly titled junior siblings. The heirs of emperors and kings were title Kronprinz (crown prince), the heirs of prince electors were titled Kurprinz (electoral prince).

See also[link]

• Holy Roman Empire
• German Mediatisation
• Feudalism
• Patricianship
• Ministerialis
• Imperial Knight
• Great Burgher (German Großbürger)

Bibliography[link]

• Neues allgemeines deutsches Adels-Lexicon [1]
  Ernst Heinrich Kneschke: Vol. I - IX (1859–1870)
• Siebmachers Wappenbuch [2]
• Heinz Gollwitzer, Die Standesherren. Die politische und gesellschaftliche Stellung der Mediatisierten 1815-1918, Stuttgart 1957 (Göttingen ²1964). (deals with the social and political rank of the former sovereign nobles of the Holy Roman Empire who were mediatized from 1803 to 1815).

References[link]

External links[link]

• Archive for Feudalism in Saxony [3]
• Institute for German Aristocratic Research [4]
• Castles and Palaces of Germany

Timothy Elpadaro Thedford (born September 19, 1976), better known by his stage name Jay Electronica, is an American hip hop recording artist and record producer, currently based in London, United Kingdom.^[2] Jay Electronica first gained significant attention after the release of the musical composition Act I: Eternal Sunshine (the pledge), made available on a MySpace page in 2007. It is fifteen continuous minutes of music, without drums, built from Jon Brion's soundtrack to the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. In late 2009 he released two songs, both produced by Just Blaze, "Exhibit A (Transformations)" and "Exhibit C" the latter of which won a Sucker Free Summit Award for Instant Classic. On November 12, 2010, it was announced Jay Electronica had become an official member of Jay-Z's Roc Nation record label.^[3]

Biography[link]

1976-2006: Early life and career beginnings[link]

Thedford was born on September 19, 1976, in the Magnolia Projects of New Orleans, a place where the crime rate was infamous throughout the country before 2005, when the projects were flooded during Hurricane Katrina. Thedford began rapping after hearing his nephew Akeem Pryor rhyme. By the age of 19 Jay Electronica left New Orleans to pursue his musical career. Living a mostly nomadic lifestyle, he found refuge in cities such as Philadelphia, Baltimore, Detroit, New York, and briefly in Atlanta. From club to club, and stage to stage, Electronica had gotten booed off and denied because of his Southern accent and slang. "In my earlier years from when I first left home, I was embarrassed from being from the South," Thedford stated. "Not in general, but as a rapper because all of the negative things that people in the States put on the South."^[4] Electronica’s career really took form in the city of Detroit when he linked up with Detroit native Johnnie Last, a friend he had spent a lot of time with at Darp Studios in Atlanta, GA. Detroit is where Electronica met producer/engineer Mike "Chav" Chavarria, who introduced him to both J. Dilla and Mr. Porter, and who is now a regular collaborator.^[5][6] Detroit, where he recorded his Style Wars-era music with several J. Dilla beats, meeting the producer subsequently to ask for permission to use the recordings as a demo.

[edit] 2007-2010: Act I: Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge) and signing with Roc Nation

Jay Electronica first gained significant attention through Act 1: Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge), made available on a MySpace page in 2007. It is nine continuous minutes of music, without drums, built from Jon Brion's soundtrack to the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. There are five segments or movements marked by changes in music and mood, raps by Electronica, and occasional snippets of sampled dialogue including scenes from Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. The first segment is a spoken word piece by Just Blaze and Erykah Badu describing Electronica over piano music.

The nature of the piece of music, along with the nature of its appearance, led to a slow build-up of interest in Electronica as an enigmatic figure. Songs circulating online as the Style Wars EP gained wider circulation, and other songs, such as the dream-inspired "Dimethyltryptamine", soon appeared. In January 2008, Giles Peterson's 90-minute Gilles Peterson Worldwide was devoted to the rapper.^[7] Hiphopdx.com in 2008 called him "arguably...the most talked about new emcee last year ... at times...more like a myth or urban legend than an actual rapper",^[8] and URB ran a cover story on the artist under the banner "Jay Electronica: A Spotless Mind :: An MC’s mystery revealed", which referred to his wanderings as his being "like some sort of hip-hop Jack Kerouac".^[5]

Jeff Weiss' piece for the L.A. Weekly, "Jay Electronica: Much Better Than His Name Would Suggest", acknowledged that the rapper could be fairly described as "one of the most buzzed about rappers of 2008", but attempted to temper the hype somewhat, describing Act 1... as "ambitious, wildly original, if not slightly pretentious", while endorsing only to an extent the comparisons URB had made (referencing an "abstract rhyming style") to rappers like Nas and Pharoahe Monch.^[9][10]

[edit] 2010-present: Act II: Patents of Nobility (The Turn)

Jay Electronica has yet to release a full-length album, but he has released two official singles to date, "Exhibit A" and "Exhibit C", which won a Sucker Free Summit Award for Instant Classic. His music so far has been made available through the internet, either through being leaked to what URB magazine describes as "obscure web forums", or through an appearing and disappearing Myspace page (currently two seem to be in existence, at /jayelect and at /jayelectronica). Erykah Badu has questioned whether he ever will release, in her words, "actual albums".^[5] From New Orleans, LA he has lived in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Denver, and Detroit, where he recorded his Style Wars-era music with several J Dilla beats, meeting the producer subsequently to ask for permission to use the recordings as a demo. Jay met producer/engineer Mike "Chav" Chavarria in Detroit, the latter introducing him to both J Dilla and Mr. Porter, and who is now a regular collaborator.^[5][11]

According to URB, Act II: Patents of Nobility will feature Nas, and will be the second of a putative trilogy. URB also reported that digital EPs with both Guilty Simpson and producer 9th Wonder were planned. According to a Filter TV interview,^[12] Jay Electronica has partnered with Decon to release his debut project. It is being described as a multi-media release and footage from the project which was partially shot in Nepal and Dubai has begun to surface online. The first clip to leak is titled "Dear Moleskine" and can be found on YouTube, the track was produced by Just Blaze and the clip was directed by Jason Goldwatch from Decon. In June 2009, Decon and Jay's "The Dogon Society" released "Exhibit A" digitally. "Exhibit C" was released on iTunes December 16, 2009 and quickly shot to the top 10 of the iTunes Hip-Hop charts. The following week it was chosen by Hot 97's Dj Enuff as the Heavy Hitter pick of the week.

Jay Electronica appeared at the 2010 Bonnaroo Music Festival. Jay Electronica continued his scattered release practice, releasing "A Million In The Morning" on April 4, 2010. The song features a weary Electronica trying to keep himself awake to escape his nightmares.^[13] On April 30, Jay Electronica debuted "The Ghost of Christopher Wallace" via his Twitter. The song features P Diddy and is produced by London beatsmith Quincey Tones, who is known for producing such acts as Young Jeezy and Royce da 5'9".

On November 12, 2010, Jay-Z announced that Jay Electronica was officially the newest member of his own 'Roc Nation' record label/management company, which boasts such acts as J. Cole, and Willow Smith. Before signing to Roc Nation in 2010, Jay Electronica was a prospective signee of Bad Boy Records, a label owned by producer/rapper/entrepreneur Sean “Diddy” Combs.^[14]

In late 2010, he and Lucy Liu were featured on The Bullitts' track "Close Your Eyes". It was BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe's 'record of the week' and will feature on The Bullitts upcoming album set for release in 2011. Then in July 2011, he produced and was featured on the track "Run & Hide", which will be on the same album.

In July 2011, Jay Electronica posted via his twitter that his debut album, "Act II: Patents Of Nobility (the turn)," was complete.^[15] On October 10, 2011, Jay Electronica released the song Call Of Duty, featuring Prodigy from Mobb Deep. He stated that this single would not be on his album. On March 8th, 2012, Jay Electronica tweeted that the album is complete and will be turned in to Roc Nation ^[16]

Personal life[link]

Jay Electronica and Erykah Badu have one child together, Mars Merkaba Thedford, born on February 1, 2009.^[17] He is a member of the Five Percent Nation.^[18]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Act II: Patents of Nobility (The Turn) (TBA)
• Act III: The Last Will & Testament Of Timothy Elpadaro Thedford (The Prestige) (TBA)

EPs[link]

• Style Wars EP (2007)

Mixtapes[link]

• Act I: Eternal Sunshine (the pledge) (2007)

Singles[link]

As lead artist[link]

As featured artist[link]

Guest appearances[link]

Production discography[link]

2008[link]

[edit] Nas - Untitled

• 01. "Queens Get the Money"
  • Sample Credit: John Powell - "I Am Sam (Theme)"

External links[link]

• :::::::Magnetik7::::::: (come on in, the water's fine.) - Official web site (inactive since 2005)^[19][20][21]
• Jay Electronica Official News Source
• Jay Electronica Fan Website(domain expired)
• Jay Electronica (JayElectronica) on Twitter
• URB Jay Electronica cover (left) (.gif)
• Giles Peterson Worldwide (.mp3, 80MB) - Lengthy interview and music
• Jay Electronica video interview on redbullmusicacademy.com
• Just Blaze, Jay Electronica, & Mike "Chav" Chavarria - An Interview with Jay, Chav, & Just Blaze
• Exclaim! magazine interview with Jay Electronica-Exclaim!

Sources[link]

Haile Selassie I
Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign	2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974
Coronation	2 November 1930
Predecessor	Zewditu I
Successor	De jure Amha Selassie I (crowned in exile)
Head of State of Ethiopia
Predecessor	Zewditu I
Successor	Aman Andom (as Chairman of the Derg)
Spouse	Empress Menen
Issue
Princess Romanework Princess Tenagnework Asfaw Wossen Princess Zenebework Princess Tsehai Prince Makonnen Prince Sahle Selassie
Full name
Ras Tafari Makonnen
House	House of Solomon
Father	Ras Makonnen Woldemikael Gudessa
Mother	Weyziro Yeshimebet Ali Abajifar
Born	(1892-07-23)23 July 1892 Ejersa Goro, Ethiopia
Died	27 August 1975(1975-08-27) (aged 83) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Burial	Holy Trinity Cathedral
Religion	Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo

This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.

Haile Selassie
1st & 5th Chairman of the Organization of African Unity
In office 25 May 1963 – 17 July 1964
Succeeded by	Gamal Abdel Nasser
In office 5 November 1966 – 11 September 1967
Preceded by	Joseph Arthur Ankrah
Succeeded by	Joseph-Désiré Mobutu

Haile Selassie I (Ge'ez: ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ, "Power of the Trinity"^[1]) (23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975), born Tafari Makonnen,^[2] was Ethiopia's regent from 1916 to 1930 and Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He was the heir to a dynasty that traced its origins to the 13th century, and from there by tradition back to King Solomon and Queen Makeda, Empress of Axum, known in the Abrahamic tradition as the Queen of Sheba. Haile Selassie is a defining figure in both Ethiopian and African history.^[3][4]

At the League of Nations in 1936, the emperor condemned the use of chemical weapons by Italy against his people.^[5] His internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations, and his political thought and experience in promoting multilateralism and collective security have proved seminal and enduring.^[6] His suppression of rebellions among the nobles (mekwannint), as well as what some perceived to be Ethiopia's failure to modernize adequately,^[7] earned him criticism among some contemporaries and historians.^[8]

Haile Selassie is revered as the returned messiah of the Bible, God incarnate, among the Rastafari movement whose followers are estimated at between 200,000 and 800,000.^[9][10] Begun in Jamaica in the 1930s, the Rastafari movement perceives Haile Selassie as a messianic figure who will lead a future golden age of eternal peace, righteousness, and prosperity.^[11] Haile Selassie was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian throughout his life.

Name[link]

Haile Selassie was born Lij Tafari Makonnen (Amharic ልጅ፡ ተፈሪ፡ መኮንን; Amharic pronunciation lij teferī mekōnnin). "Lij" translates literally to "child", and serves to indicate that a youth is of noble blood. He would later become Ras Tafari Makonnen; "Ras" translates literally to "head"^[12] and is the equivalent of "duke",^[13] though it is often rendered in translation as "prince". Tafari, his given name, in Amharic means "one who is respected", while Haile literally means in Ge'ez "Power of" and Selassie means trinity (i.e. Haile Selassie "Power of the Trinity") his coronation name in 1930 (Haile Selassie was also his Christian baptismal name as an infant). In 1916 during the reign of the Empress Zauditu, she gave him the position of a regent and in 1928 this position was elevated, as she granted him the throne of Shoa, his title was then elevated to Negus, "King".^[14][15]

On 2 November 1930, after the death of Empress Zauditu, Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned emperor.^[16] upon his ascension to emperor, he took as his regnal name "Haile Selassie", meaning "Power of the Trinity".^[17] Haile Selassie's full title in office was "His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, King of Kings (Emperor) of Ethiopia, Elect of God" (Ge'ez ግርማዊ፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ አፄ፡ ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ሞዓ፡ አንበሳ፡ ዘእምነገደ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ነገሥት፡ ዘኢትዮጵያ፡ ሰዩመ፡ እግዚአብሔር; girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā 'anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr). This title reflects Ethiopian dynastic traditions, which hold that all monarchs must trace their lineage back to Menelik I, who in the Ethiopian tradition was the offspring of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.^[18]

To Ethiopians Haile Selassie has been known by many names, including Janhoy, Talaqu Meri, and Abba Tekel. The Rastafari employ many of these appellations, also referring to him as HIM (the abbreviation of His Imperial Majesty), Jah, and Jah Rastafari.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Ras Tafari Makonnen, dressed in warrior garments

Haile Selassie I's royal line (through his father's mother) originated from the Amhara people,^[19] but he also had Oromo, and Gurage^[20] roots. He was born on 23 July 1892, in the village of Ejersa Goro, in the Harar province of Ethiopia. His mother was Woizero ("Lady") Yeshimebet Ali Abajifar, daughter of the renowned Oromo ruler of Wollo province Dejazmach Ali Abajifar.^[21] His maternal grandmother was of Gurage heritage.^[22] Haile Selassie's father was Ras Makonnen Woldemikael Gudessa, the governor of Harar. Ras Makonnen served as a general in the First Italo–Ethiopian War, playing a key role at the Battle of Adwa;^[21] he too was paternally Oromo but maternally Amhara.^[22] Haile Selassie was thus able to ascend to the imperial throne through his paternal grandmother, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, who was an aunt of Emperor Menelik II and daughter of Negus Sahle Selassie of Shewa. As such, Haile Selassie claimed direct descent from Makeda, the Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon of ancient Israel.^[23]

Ras Makonnen arranged for Tafari as well as his first cousin, Ras Imru Haile Selassie to receive instruction in Harar from Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, an Ethiopian capuchin monk, and from Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon from Guadeloupe. Tafari was named Dejazmach (literally "commander of the gate", roughly equivalent to "count")^[24] at the age of 13, on 1 November 1905.^[25] Shortly thereafter, his father Ras Makonnen died at Kulibi, in 1906.^[26]

Governorship[link]

Tafari assumed the titular governorship of Selale in 1906, a realm of marginal importance^[27] but one that enabled him to continue his studies.^[25] In 1907, he was appointed governor over part of the province of Sidamo. It is alleged that during his late teens, Haile Selassie was married to Woizero Altayech, and that from this union, his daughter Romanework Haile Selassie was born.^[28]