Coordinates: 53°00′39″N 2°13′40″W / 53.0109°N 2.2278°W / 53.0109; -2.2278

Newcastle-under-Lyme
Newcastle-under-Lyme  Newcastle-under-Lyme shown within Staffordshire
Population	73,944
OS grid reference	SJ848459
District	Newcastle-under-Lyme
Shire county	Staffordshire
Region	West Midlands
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	NEWCASTLE[1]
Postcode district	ST5
Dialling code	01782
Police	Staffordshire
Fire	Staffordshire
Ambulance	West Midlands
EU Parliament	West Midlands
UK Parliament	Newcastle-under-Lyme
List of places: UK • England • Staffordshire

Newcastle-under-Lyme is a market town^[2] in Staffordshire, England, and is the principal settlement in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme. It is part of The Potteries Urban Area and North Staffordshire. In the 2001 census the town had a population of 73,944.^[3] It is not to be confused with the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.

History[link]

Etymology[link]

The Newcastle part of the name derives from being the location of a 'new' castle, built in the 12th century.^[4] The "Lyme" section could refer to the Lyme Brook or the extensive Forest of Lyme that covered the area with lime trees in the mediæval period.^[4][5]

1100s-1800s[link]

Newcastle is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, as it grew up around the 12th century castle, but it must early have become a place of importance, for a charter, known only through a reference in a charter to Preston, was given to the town by Henry II of England in 1173. The new castle was built to supersede an older fortress at Chesterton about two miles to the north, the ruins of which were to be seen up to the end of the 16th century.

In 1235 Henry III constituted it a free borough, granting a guild merchant and other privileges.^[4] In 1251 he leased it at fee-farm to the burgesses. In 1265 Newcastle was granted by the Crown to Simon de Montfort, and subsequently to Edmund Crouchback, through whom it passed to Henry IV. In John Leland's time the castle had disappeared "save one great Toure".

Newcastle did not feature much in the English Civil War, save a Royalist plundering.^[2] During the Civil War, Major Thomas Harrison a Cromwellian army officer and leader of the fanatical Fifth Monarchy Men, rose to prominence.

The governing charter in 1835^[4][6] which created the Newcastle-under-Lyme Municipal Borough absorbed the previous borough created through the charters of 1590 and 1664, under which the title of the corporation, was the "mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of Newcastle-under-Lyme."^[4]

Recent[link]

When Stoke-on-Trent was formed by the 1910 amalgamation of the "six towns" (Stoke, Hanley, Fenton, Longton, Burslem and Tunstall) Newcastle remained separate. Despite its close proximity, it was not directly involved in the pottery industry, and it strongly opposed attempts to add it at a later date^[7] with a postcard poll showing residents opposing it by a majority of 97.4%. Although passed by the House of Commons, it was rejected by the House of Lords.^[2] Newcastle sent two members to parliament from 1355 to 1885, when it lost one representative.

Following the Local Government Act 1972 it became the principal settlement of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme.

Economy[link]

Like neighbouring Stoke-on-Trent, Newcastle's early economy was based around hatting trade, silk and cotton mills. Later coal mining, brick manufacture, iron casting and engineering rose to prominence.^[4] Very fine red earthenware and also soft-paste porcelain tableware (the first such production in Staffordshire) was produced in Newcastle at Samuel Bell's factory in Lower Street between 1724 and 1754 when all production ceased. With the exception of a failed enterprise between 1790 and 1797, which then switched to brewing, there was no further commercial production of pottery within the town of Newcastle. Production of earthenware tiles however continued at several locations within the borough. Manufacture of fine bone china was re-established in the borough in 1963 by Mayfair Pottery at Chesterton.

The manufacture in the borough of clay tobacco smoking pipes started about 1637 and grew rapidly and was second only to hatting within the borough. Nationally, the town was ranked with Chester, York and Kingston upon Hull as the four major pipe producers. This industry continued until the mid-19th century when decline set in rapidly and by 1881 only one tobacco pipe maker was left.

In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries the town had a flourishing felt hat manufacturing industry,^[4] which was probably at its peak locally in the 1820s when a third of the town's population were involved in the industry in over 20 factories but by 1892 there was only one manufacturer still in production in the town.

In 1944, the Rolls-Royce Derwent engine for the Gloster Meteor fighter was made in the borough.

Politics[link]

The town has been the birthplace of several notable politicians and activists. Fanny Deakin was a campaigner for better nourishment for babies and young children and better maternity care for mothers. The former chairwoman of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), Janet Bloomfield (née Hood) is a peace and disarmament campaigner. Vera Brittain writer, feminist (and mother of Liberal Democrat Shirley Williams) was born in the town.^[8]

There have been two particularly notable Members of Parliament (MPs). Josiah Wedgwood IV was a Liberal, Independent and Labour Party MP, who served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the cabinet of Ramsay MacDonald, in the first ever Labour government. He was an MP from 1909 to 1942. John Golding was elected as a Labour MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme at a by-election in 1969. He served in the governments of Harold Wilson and Jim Callaghan, as PPS to Eric Varley as Minister of Technology, a Labour whip in opposition, and Minister for Employment, stepping down in 1986.^[9] The current MP is Paul Farrelly.

Transport[link]

The town was once served by the North Staffordshire Railway, its station being on a branch line from Stoke-on-Trent via Newcastle, Silverdale and Keele, to Market Drayton in Shropshire. Newcastle station opened in September 1852, after numerous construction difficulties involving the two tunnels of 605 yards and 96 yards respectively at Hartshill. There were also two halts to the west of Newcastle station, located at Brampton and Liverpool Road.^[10] The section from Silverdale to Market Drayton closed to passengers in May 1956 and the rest of the line in March 1964. Only a small section remained from Madeley to Silverdale, and from Silverdale to Holditch and this was for coal traffic from the local collieries. The line from Newcastle Junction to Silverdale has been removed, with the site of Newcastle station and the Hartshill tunnels being filled in.

Newcastle was on the national canal network, but the canal, running from the Trent and Mersey Canal at Stoke-on-Trent to Sir Nigel Gresley's Canal has been disused since 1935 and most of it filled in.

Geography and climate[link]

Situated in a valley alongside the Lyme Brook, the town is immediately west of the neighbouring city of Stoke-on-Trent, its suburbs running into those of the city. Newcastle town centre is just 2 miles (3 km) from Stoke-upon-Trent and less than 4 miles (6 km) from Stoke-on-Trent City Centre (Hanley). Newcastle-under-Lyme is about 17 miles (27 km) north of the county town of Stafford.

These are the average rainfall and temperatures from the Met Office weather station at Penkridge, some 24 miles (39 km) to the south. They show the averages from 1971 to 2000.

Demographics[link]

Of the 73,944 residents recorded in the 2001 census, 51.7% (38,210) were female and 48.3% (35,734) male.^[13] 78.2% (57,819) stated their religion was Christian, with 12.9% (9,570) saying they had no religion. Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist and Sikh all recorded less than 1% of the population. 97.8% of the population defined themselves as white, with the balance being mixed race (0.6%), Indian (0.4%), Pakistani (0.2%), black (0.2%), Chinese (0.2%) with other ethnic groups forming 0.4%.^[13]

62.2% (21,586) of the population work full time and 19.4% (6,746) part time.^[14] The largest employment types are manufacturing with 7,058 (21.5%), wholesale and retail 6,157 (18.7%), health and social work 4,097 (12.5%) and financial, real estate & business activity 3,823 (11.6%).^[14]

Jewish residency of the area stretches back into the 19th century.^[15] In 1873 they purchased an old Welsh chapel to be used as a synagogue. In 1923 a new synagogue was built in Hanley. This was closed in 2004 and the congregation moved to a smaller synagogue in Newcastle.

Economy[link]

This section requires expansion.

Newcastle's 20th century industries include: iron working, construction materials, clothing (especially military, police and transport uniforms), computers, publishing, electric motors, and machinery.

Near the turn of 21st century, the town received a major redevelopment to incorporate a new street (Castle Walk) in to the town centre, providing Newcastle with a new bus station and bringing in more companies.

A large number of pubs, clubs and bars provide Newcastle with a relatively strong nightlife, with students' night being on Wednesdays.

Transport links[link]

The A34 London Road

Newcastle-under-Lyme is served by the M6 motorway to the south and west of Newcastle and by the A500 road to the north and east. There are access points from the M6 at junctions 15 and 16, to the south and north respectively. The A34 trunk road runs through Newcastle from north to south and was the main road between Birmingham and Manchester until the M6 motorway opened. There is a large bus station in the town centre.

Newcastle does not have a railway station within the town, however Stoke-on-Trent railway station is located in-between the town centre of Newcastle and city centre of Stoke-on-Trent, serving the Potteries as a whole. It is located on the West Coast Main Line.

Education[link]

The town has an extensive number of both primary and secondary schools in the state sector. There is also Newcastle-under-Lyme School, an independent school established in the 17th century whose alumni includes T. E. Hulme, John Wain and William Watkiss Lloyd. There is also a special school located in the town called Blackfriars School.

The town has a further and tertiary education Newcastle-under-Lyme College established in the 1966. In January 2010 the new £60 million college campus was unveiled.^[16]

Sites and attractions[link]

Queen's Gardens

Parks and gardens[link]

Newcastle excels in the Royal Horticultural Society Britain in Bloom competition. In 2005 it was the national winner in the ‘small city/large town’ category (35K-100K).^[17] The town features several parks including the Queen’s Gardens, at the eastern end of Ironmarket, was awarded the Britain in Bloom Judges’ Award for Horticultural Excellence in 2003^[18] and is the only park within the ring road. Grosvenor Gardens in the centre of one of the town’s roundabouts, hidden away below road level. The Queen Elizabeth Garden is located outside the town centre and is to undergo refurbishment using National Lottery Heritage Fund money.^[19]

To the north west of the town centre is Brampton Park, home to the museum and art gallery.^[20]

Traditional market[link]

The Guildhall

Dating back to 1173 Newcastle’s market known as The Stones operates on High Street.^[21] The market was originally held on Sunday; in the reign of John it was changed to Saturday; by the charter of Elizabeth it was fixed on Monday. Grants of fairs were given by Edward I, Edward III and Henry VI. Today the market is open six-days a week, there are over 80 stalls on this open-air market. Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays see a general market, on Tuesdays there is an antiques market and Thursdays are for the sale of bric-a-brac.

A cattle and livestock market was held on Mondays until the mid-1980s.

Culture[link]

The New Vic Theatre was Europe’s first purpose-built^[22] theatre in the round. It is just outside the town centre and offers a full programme of entertainment, including modern or classic plays and concert performances.

The Borough Museum and Art Gallery depicts the civic history of the Borough of Newcastle under Lyme and an authentic, life-size Victorian street-scene ^[23] whilst the art gallery hosts work by local and national artists as well as ‘travelling’ exhibitions.^[23] Until 2005, there was an annual carnival held on the Spring Bank Holiday but this has been cancelled due to rising policing costs.^[24]

Notable residents who contributed to the arts and entertainment include Philip Astley, founder of the ‘modern’ circus.^[25] Jackie Trent singer and songwriter was born in the town.^[26] Arnold Bennett the novelist, playwright, and essayist completed his schooling at the Middle School^[27] and called the town Oldcastle in his novels. Dinah Maria Mulock who wrote under her married name of Mrs. Craik, lived in the town in Lower Street and Mount Pleasant and attended Brampton House Academy.^[28] E S Turner, the social commentator was educated in the town.^[29]

Historically, the city had a strong tradition of festivities marking the start of a new municipal year.

It was known as Oldcastle in Arnold Bennett's Clayhanger trilogy of novels.

Sport[link]

The town is home to a wide range of sports clubs and associations. Newcastle Town F.C., an association football club currently play in the Northern Premier League First Division South. The Lyme Valley area is home to Newcastle & Hartshill Cricket Club. The largest Rugby Union club is Newcastle, Staffs Rugby Union Club. Cycle Staffordshire organises many local cycling events as does the Newcastle Track Cycling Association. The town has its own velodrome. Lyme Racing Club is a popular local cycle club with over 150 members with and increasing junior membership. The club is active in many areas of cycling including time trials, track racing, road racing, Audax riding, mountain biking as well as regular Sunday club runs and general leisure cycling. Newcastle Athletic Club is based at the Ashfield Road track, next to Newcastle College, it was built in 1964 and is an ash track. The club competes in North Staffs XC League, Local, National and Heart of England League 3. The town is also home to one of the largest and most successful volleyball clubs in England, Newcastle (Staffs) Volleyball Club, which was established in 1980 and has teams playing in the National Volleyball League, producing numerous England and Great Britain international players over the years. There are various golf courses at Kidsgrove, Wolstanton, Keele, Westlands.

Dominic Cork, the cricketer^[30] and Robbie Earle a former footballer^[31] were both born in the town.

Religion[link]

The town has a long religious history. It was the birthplace of John James Blunt, a divine and Anglican priest. Josiah Wedgwood was a Unitarian and he and his family attended meetings at the Old Meeting House, adjacent to St. Giles' Church, which is still in use for this purpose.

The town itself has a large number of Anglican churches including St. Giles' Church, the mediæval parish church dating from 1290, as well as several Catholic churches, most notably Holy Trinity, whose style is Gothic in blue engineering bricks, described as... "the finest modern specimen of ornamental brickwork in the kingdom" at the time.^{[citation needed]}

In the 18th century John Wesley made repeated visits to the area^[32] which was becoming more industrialised. He recruited many residents to Methodism. This is reflected in the large number of Methodist churches. The largest Baptist church in North Staffordshire is in Newcastle.^{[citation needed]}

Of interest also is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon), located across from the Brampton Park, which serves as the 'stake centre' for the church in the region and has an on-site Family History Centre where the public can research their ancestry for little or no charge.

International network[link]

The town is part of a world-wide network of towns and cities with the name Newcastle.^[33] These include Neuburg an der Donau (Germany), Neuchâtel (Switzerland), Neufchâteau (France), New Castle, Indiana (USA), New Castle, Pennsylvania (USA), New Castle, Delaware (USA), Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and Shinshiro (Japan).

This small international network of just eight towns, formed in 1998, is designed to encourage friendship and co-operation between the towns and to this end a school in the South African town benefited in 2004 from gifts of computing equipment surplus to Newcastle-under-Lyme's needs. The annual Newcastles of the World Summit was held in Newcastle-under-Lyme for six days from 17 June 2006.^[34]

See also[link]

• People from Newcastle-under-Lyme

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Jenkins, J G (1983). A History of Newcastle-under-Lyme. Staffordshire County Library. 
• Briggs, J (1973). Newcastle-under-Lyme, 1173-1973. Newcastle-under-Lyme Borough Council. ISBN 978-0-9502745-1-5. 
• Morris, Dennis; Anthony Priestley, Joy Priestley, Roger Simmons, Edward Watkin (1987). The Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme : A Portrait in Old Picture Postcards. Brampton Publications. ASIN B000IBSQAW. 
• Adams, D W (1988). Wartime Newcastle-under-Lyme. Hendon Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86067-113-8. 
• Adams, D W (1986). Newcastle-under-Lyme as it was. Hendon Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86067-106-0. 

External links[link]

• BBC Staffordshire website
• Newcastle-under-Lyme borough council
• The Potteries
• Local Information from The Sentinel newspaper
• Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service
• Fine Art Photographs of Newcastle Town Centre all taken on 20th April 2008.
• Newcastle Rugby Club

v t e Districts of the West Midlands Region Herefordshire Herefordshire Shropshire Shropshire Telford and Wrekin Staffordshire Cannock Chase East Staffordshire Lichfield Newcastle-under-Lyme South Staffordshire Stafford Staffordshire Moorlands Stoke-on-Trent Tamworth Warwickshire North Warwickshire Nuneaton and Bedworth Rugby Stratford-on-Avon Warwick West Midlands Birmingham Coventry Dudley Sandwell Solihull Walsall Wolverhampton Worcestershire Bromsgrove Malvern Hills Redditch Worcester Wychavon Wyre Forest

Princess Anne
Princess Royal (more)
The Princess Royal, 11 July 2007
Spouse	Captain Mark Phillips (m. 1973, div. 1992) VAdm Sir Timothy Laurence (m. 1992)
Issue
Peter Phillips Zara Phillips
Full name
Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise[1]
House	House of Windsor
Father	Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Mother	Elizabeth II
Born	(1950-08-15) 15 August 1950 (age 61) Clarence House, Westminster, London
Religion	Church of England

Anne, Princess Royal KG^[2] KT^[3] GCVO (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is the only daughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third (behind her mother and elder brother) and rose to second (after her mother's accession) in the line of succession to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms; however, after the birth of two younger brothers and six nieces and nephews she is currently tenth in line.

The seventh holder of the title Princess Royal, Anne is known for her charitable work, being the patron of over 200 organisations, and she carries out about 700 royal engagements and public appearances per year. She is also known for equestrian talents; she won two silver and one gold medal at the European Eventing Championships,^{[citation needed]} and is the only member of the British Royal Family to have competed in the Olympic Games. Currently married to Vice-Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, she has two children from her previous marriage to Mark Phillips and two granddaughters. She is known for letting her children live private lives and allowing them to have freedoms that most royal children don't have. Mail Online dubbed her "The best king we never had".^[4]

Early life and education[link]

Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11:50 AM, as the second child and only daughter of then Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and second grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by then Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett, the Princess's godparents were: the Queen (her maternal grandmother); the Hereditary Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (her paternal aunt); Princess Alice of Greece and Denmark (her paternal grandmother); the Earl Mountbatten of Burma (her paternal granduncle); and the Hon. and Rev. Andrew Elphinstone (her cousin).^[5] By letters patent of Anne's great-grandfather, King George V, the titles of a British prince or princess, and the style Royal Highness, were only to be conferred on children and male-line grandchildren of the sovereign, as well as the eldest son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. However, on 22 October 1948, George VI issued new letters patent granting these honours to any children of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip; otherwise, Anne would merely have been titled by courtesy as Lady Anne Mountbatten. In this way, the children of the heiress presumptive had a Royal and Princely status.

As with royal children before her, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed to look after the Princess and was responsible for her early education at Buckingham Palace;^[6] Peebles had also served as governess for Anne's older brother, Charles. When Anne's mother acceded after the death of George VI to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, Anne was thereafter titled as Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, but, given her young age at the time, did not attend her mother's coronation.

A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company including the Holy Trinity Brompton Brownie pack, was reformed in May 1959, specifically so that, like her mother, Anne could socialise with girls her own age. The Princess Royal was active until 1963, when she went to boarding school.^[7] Anne remained under private tutelage until she was enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, leaving five years later with six O-Levels and two A-Levels.^[6] Anne's first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles.^[8]

First marriage[link]

The Royal Family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms
HM The Queen HRH The Duke of Edinburgh HRH The Prince of Wales HRH The Duchess of Cornwall HRH The Duke of Cambridge HRH The Duchess of Cambridge HRH Prince Harry of Wales HRH The Duke of York HRH Princess Beatrice of York HRH Princess Eugenie of York HRH The Earl of Wessex HRH The Countess of Wessex Viscount Severn Lady Louise Windsor HRH The Princess Royal HRH The Duke of Gloucester HRH The Duchess of Gloucester HRH The Duke of Kent HRH The Duchess of Kent HRH Prince Michael of Kent HRH Princess Michael of Kent HRH Princess Alexandra Sarah, Duchess of York
v t e

On Wednesday, 14 November 1973 (her brother Prince Charles's 25th birthday), Princess Anne married Mark Phillips, then a Lieutenant in the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, at Westminster Abbey, in a ceremony that was televised around the world, with an estimated audience of 100 million.^[9] Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park. By 1989, however, the Princess Royal and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, as the marriage had been under strain for a number of years. The couple divorced on 23 April 1992.^[10]

It was believed that the Queen had offered Phillips an earldom on his wedding day, as was customary for untitled men marrying into the Royal Family. However, Phillips did not accept the offer. The couple had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips, and so, unusual for the grandchildren of a monarch, they have no title. (However, they are not currently the only children of a British Princess to carry no title: the children of Princess Alexandra, the Queen's cousin, are also untitled.)

On 29 December 2010, The Princess Royal became a grandmother when a baby girl, Savannah, was born to her son Peter Phillips and his wife Autumn. On 29 March 2012, another girl, Isla, was born to Peter and Autumn.

Kidnapping attempt[link]

As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall, their Princess IV limousine was forced to stop by a Ford Escort.^[11] The driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a gun. Inspector James Beaton, the Princess's personal police officer, responded by exiting the limousine in order to shield the Princess and try to disarm Ball. Beaton's firearm, a Walther PPK, jammed, and he was shot by the assailant, as was Anne's chauffeur, Alex Callender, when he tried to disarm Ball.^[12] Brian McConnell, a nearby tabloid journalist, also intervened, and was shot in the chest.^[13] Ball approached the Royal's car and told Anne of his kidnapping plan, which was to hold the Princess for ransom, the sum given by varying sources as £2 million^[14] or £3 million, which he intended to give to the National Health Service.^[11] Ball then directed Anne to get out of the car, to which she replied: "Not bloody likely!", and briefly considered hitting Ball.^[15] Eventually, she dived out of the other side of the limousine and another passing pedestrian, Ron Russell, punched Ball in the back of the head and then led Anne away from the scene. At that point, Police Constable Michael Hills happened upon the situation; he too was shot by Ball, but not before he called for police backup. Detective Constable Peter Edmonds, who had been nearby, answered and gave chase, finally arresting Ball.^[12]

All of the victims were hospitalised, and recovered from their wounds. For his defence of Princess Anne, Beaton was awarded the George Cross, Hills and Russell were awarded the George Medal, and Callender, McConnell and Edmonds were awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal.^[11][16] Ball pleaded guilty to attempted murder and kidnapping, and was detained under the Mental Health Act.

The incident was the closest in modern times that any individual has come to kidnapping a member of the Royal Family, and prompted higher security levels for the Royals. It also served as the focus of the 2006 Granada Television produced docu-drama, To Kidnap a Princess, and inspired story lines in the Tom Clancy novel Patriot Games and the Antonia Fraser novel Your Royal Hostage.

Second marriage[link]

Anne married Timothy Laurence, then a commander in the Royal Navy, at Crathie Kirk, near Balmoral Castle, on 12 December 1992. The couple chose to marry in Scotland as the Church of England does not routinely allow divorced persons whose former spouses are still living to remarry in its churches, while the Church of Scotland does.^[17] In participating in this ceremony, Anne became the first Royal divorcée to remarry since Victoria, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, did so in 1905. Like Phillips before him, Laurence received no peerage, and the couple leased a flat in Dolphin Square, London. They later gave up this city home and now reside between an apartment at St James's Palace and Gatcombe Park. Anne has no children with Laurence.

Court sanctions[link]

The Princess Royal faced court charges in March 2001, when she pleaded guilty to driving at 150 km/h (93 mph) on a dual carriageway, while on her way to Hartpury College in Gloucestershire. She was fined £400 by Cheltenham Magistrate's Court, and had five points added to her driving licence.^[18] The following year, she was convicted of an offence under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, after she pleaded guilty to the charge that her dog, Dotty, attacked two boys while she and Laurence were taking the dog for a walk in Windsor Great Park. The Princess was fined £500 by Berkshire Magistrates' Court and ordered to give Dotty more training.^[19]

Personal interests[link]

Pharology, the study of lighthouses, is a focus of interest for Princess Anne; she made it an ambition to see personally each of Scotland's 215 lighthouses, often touring them with the Northern Lighthouse Board, of which she is patron. It is thought the interest stems from Anne's visit, when she was five years old, to Tiumpan Head with her mother.^[20] Since 1989, Princess Anne also has been patron of Sense, the national charity in the United Kingdom that supports and campaigns for children and adults who are deafblind. It provides specialist information, advice and services to deafblind people, their families, carers and the professionals who work with them. In addition, it supports people who have sensory impairments with additional disabilities. The Princess Royal takes a great interest in the work of this charity and hosts a number of events to raise money for its continued good work in the community and beyond. The Princess Royal is also Royal Patron of young people's charity Catch22,^[21] with particular reference to their social enterprise Auto22, a mechanics garage offering apprenticeships to young people in Gravesend, Kent. She is also a member of the Worshipful Company of Butchers and served as its Master (2010-1211).

The Princess Royal is a Patron of The Blond McIndoe Research Foundation. The Foundation is a registered charity and is the legacy of the famous plastic surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe who operated on over 600 severely burned airmen during WWII; the men later formed the world renowned Guinea Pig Club. The Blond McIndoe Research Foundation has pioneered leading-edge surgical techniques in skin repair and healing wounds, in particular the treatment of burns. The Princess Royal recently attended its 50th anniversary celebrations held in East Grinstead on 22 March 2011.

Equestrianism[link]

Anne has always shown a keen interest in horses and equine pursuits. At the age of 21, the Princess won the individual title at the European Eventing Championship, and was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1971. For more than five years she also competed with the British eventing team, winning a silver medal in both individual and team disciplines in the 1975 European Eventing Championship, riding the home-bred Doublet. The following year Anne participated in the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal as a member of the British team, riding the Queen's horse, Goodwill. Princess Anne assumed the Presidency of the Fédération Équestre Internationale from 1986 until 1994.^[22] On 5 February 1987, she became the first Royal to appear as a contestant on a television quiz-show when she competed on the BBC panel game A Question of Sport. Her daughter, Zara Phillips is also a keen equestrian competitor. Together with her horse, Toytown, she won individual and team gold medals at the 2005 European Eventing Championship as well as individual gold and team silver medals at the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games.

Princess Anne was a pupil of the Spanish Riding School in Vienna.

Official duties[link]

The Princess Royal with Vladimir Putin in 2000

The Princess Royal visits the USNS Comfort on 11 July 2002, while the ship was docked in Southampton, England.

As Princess Royal, Princess Anne undertakes a number of official duties on behalf of her mother, in her role as sovereign of the Commonwealth realms. Anne receives an annual allowance of £228,000, most of which is spent on staff who support her public engagements and correspondence.^{[citation needed]} Anne began to undertake official royal duties overseas upon leaving secondary school,^[6] and accompanied her parents on a state visit to Austria in the same year.^[23] She will sometimes stand in for the Queen at the funerals of foreign dignitaries (which the Queen customarily does not attend), and resides at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh each summer, hosting engagements there. The Princess also travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom up to three times a year; she was the first member of the Royal Family to make an official visit to the USSR when she went there as a guest of the government in 1990.^[23] The Princess's first tour of Australia was with her parents in 1970, since which she has returned on numerous occasions to undertake official engagements as a colonel-in-chief of an Australian regiment, or to attend memorials and services, such as the National Memorial Service for victims of the Black Saturday bushfires in Melbourne, Australia, on 22 February 2009.^[24]

Following the retirement of the Queen Mother in 1981, Anne was elected by graduates of the University of London as that institution's Chancellor. Throughout May 1996, the Princess served as Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which granted her, for the duration of the appointment, a higher precedence in Scotland, and the alternative style of Her Grace. In 2007, the Princess Royal had the honour of being appointed by the Queen as Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order, a position her late grandmother had also held.

The Princess Royal carries out the most engagements of any member of the Royal Family, and is involved with over 200 charities and organisations in an official capacity. She works extensively for Save the Children, of which she has been president since 1970, and she initiated The Princess Royal Trust for Carers in 1991; her work for the charity takes her all over the world, including many poverty stricken African nations. She is also the Royal Patron of WISE, an organisation that encourages young women to pursue careers in science, engineering and construction.^[25] Her extensive work for St. John Ambulance as Commandant-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance Cadets has helped to develop many young people, as she annually attends the Grand Prior Award Reception. She is also a British representative in the International Olympic Committee as an administrator, and is a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games.

The Princess Royal was elected Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh in 2011, effective 31 March, succeeding her father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh who stepped down from the role in 2010.^[26] Likewise she accepted in 2011 the roles of President of City and Guilds of London Institute Master of the Corporation of Trinity House and President of the Royal Society of Arts, also in succession to her father. She is also Patron of Edinburgh University’s Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Royal Holloway, University of London, International Students House, London, Acid Survivors Trust International, Townswomen's Guilds and College of Occupational Therapy.

The Princess Royal attended Royal Variety Performance show on behalf of the Entertainment Artistes' Benevolent Fund On 5 December 2011.^[27][28]

Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]

Titles and styles[link]

Royal styles of The Princess Royal
Reference style	Her Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Alternative style	Ma'am

• 15 August 1950 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness Princess Anne of Edinburgh
• 6 February 1952 – 14 November 1973: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne
• 14 November 1973 – 13 June 1987: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Mrs Mark Phillips
• 13 June 1987 – present: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal

The Princess's British style and title in full: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise, Princess Royal, Royal Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Lady of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Dame Grand Cross and Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. In 1996, Anne was entitled to be called Her Grace The Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

Anne is the seventh creation of the title Princess Royal, an appellation given only to the eldest daughter of the sovereign, the last holder being George V's daughter, Princess Mary, Countess of Harewood.

Honours[link]

See also List of honours of the British Royal Family by country

Appointments

• 1969 – : Member of the Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
• 1971 – 1998: Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (DStJ)
  • 1998 – : Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (GCStJ)
• 1974 – : Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – (Grand Master from 2007)^[29]
• 1986 – : Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (FRCVS)
• 1987 – : Royal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
• 1990 – : Extra Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)
• 23 April 1994 – : Royal Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)^[2][29][30]
• 2000 – : Royal Lady of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT)^[3]
• 29 September 2005 – : Chief Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu (GCL)^[31]

Decorations and medals

• 2 June 1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
• 1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
• 1982: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)
• 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal
• 2005: Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan^[32]
• 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal

Foreign honours

• 1969: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
• 1969 – : Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (SVR SR)
• 1971 – : Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
• 1972 – : Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange
• 1972 – : Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown
• 1972 – 1991: Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Sash, 1st Class

Academic

• 1981 – : University of London, Chancellor
• 2011 – : University of Edinburgh, Chancellor^[33]

Honorary degrees

• 2004: University of Regina, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[34]
• 23 April 2010: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[35]
• 2011: Cranfield University, Doctor of Science (DSc)^[36]

Honorary military appointments[link]

The Princess Royal on the balcony of Buckingham Palace (in uniform, far right) on the occasion of the Queen's Official Birthday, 16 June 2007.

The Princess Royal passes behind the Princess Anne Banner at a parade for the 75th anniversary of the Royal Australian Corps of Signals, 5 July 2000.

As with other senior royals, Princess Anne holds a number of honorary appointments in the armed forces of several Commonwealth realms. In 2002, she became the first non-reigning woman to attend a funeral in uniform when she wore that of the Royal Navy at the funeral of her grandmother, the Queen Mother.

Anne is of the following regiments, corps, and branches:

Australia

• Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Corps of Signals

Canada

• Colonel-in-Chief of the Grey and Simcoe Foresters
• Colonel-in-Chief of the 8th Canadian Hussars (Princess Louise's)
• Colonel-in-Chief of the Communications and Electronics Branch
• Colonel-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces Medical Service^[37]
• Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regina Rifles^[38]
• Colonel-in-Chief of Royal Newfoundland Regiment

New Zealand

• Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals
• Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal New Zealand Army Nursing Corps

United Kingdom

• Colonel-in-Chief of the King's Royal Hussars
• Colonel-in-Chief of the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment (29/45 Foot)
• Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Corps of Signals
• Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Logistic Corps
• Colonel-in-Chief the Royal Army Veterinary Corps
• Colonel of the Blues and Royals
• Royal Colonel of the Royal Scots Borderers, 1st Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland
• Royal Colonel of the 52nd Lowland Regiment, 6th Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland
• Royal Honorary Colonel of the University of London OTC
• Commandant-in-Chief of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (Princess Royal's Volunteer Corps)
• Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Lyneham
• Honorary Air Commodore of the University of London Air Squadron
• Vice Admiral and Chief Commandant for women of the Royal Navy
• Commodore-in-Chief of HMNB Portsmouth

Arms[link]

Arms of Anne, Princess Royal Notes The Princess's personalised coat of arms are those of the arms of the sovereign in right of the United Kingdom with a label for difference. Adopted 1962 Coronet The coronet of a daughter of the sovereign Proper. Escutcheon Quarterly 1st and 4th gules three lions passant guardant or 2nd or a lion rampant gules within a double treasure flory counterflory gules 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent Orders The Order of the Garter ribbon. HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE (Shame be to him who thinks evil of it) Other elements The whole differenced by a label of three points argent, first and third charged with a St George's cross the second with a heart gules Banner The Princess's personal Royal Standard is that of the sovereign in right of the United Kingdom, labelled for difference as in her arms. Symbolism As with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom. The first and fourth quarters are the arms of England, the second of Scotland, the third of Ireland.

Issue[link]

Ancestry[link]