Nottoway
(Cheroenhaka)

Chief Walter D. "Red Hawk" Brown III of the Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
Total population
Enrolled members: Cheroenhaka (Nottoway), Southampton County, Virginia: 272 Nottoway, Southampton County into Surry County, Virginia: 120
Regions with significant populations
United States Virginia
Languages
English, Iroquoian Nottoway (historical)
Religion
Christianity (incl. syncretistic forms)
Related ethnic groups
Meherrin, Tuscarora

The Nottoway, in their own language Cheroenhaka, Cherohakah, Cheroohoka or Tcherohaka, are an Iroquoian-language tribe of Virginia Indians. Two Nottoway groups, the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia and the Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe, have both been recognized as tribes by the state of Virginia. The Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia live from Southampton County into Surry County and the Tidewater region,^[1] and the Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe live in Southampton County and surrounding counties in Virginia and North Carolina.^[2] Since colonial times, treaties by regional government with the Nottoway attested to their presence as a distinct people.

Both contemporary tribes received state recognition in February 2010.^[3][4] They do not have reservations or federal recognition.

Name[link]

The meaning of the name Cheroenhaka (Tuscarora: Čiruʼęhá·ka·ʼ^[5]) is uncertain. The late Iroquoian scholar Dr. Blair Rudes analyzed the second element as -hakaʼ meaning "one or people who is/are characterized in a certain way". He conjectured that the first element was related to Tuscarora čárhuʼ (tobacco).^[6] The term has also been interpreted as "People at the Fork of the Stream".^[7]

The term Nottoway may derive from Nadawa or Nadowessioux (widely translated as "poisonous snake"), an Algonquian-language term which speakers used for their competitors of the other language families, the Iroquoian- or Siouan-speaking tribes. Because the Algonquian occupied the coastal areas, they were the first tribes met by the English. The colonists often adopted such Algonquian ethnonyms, names for other tribes, not realizing at first that these differed from the autonyms, or the tribes' names for themselves.

Frank Siebert suggests the term "natowewa" stems from Proto-Algonquian *na:tawe:wa and references the eastern massasauga or pit viper in the Great Lakes region. The extension of the meaning as "Iroquoian speakers" is secondary. In Algonquian languages beyond the geographical range of the viper (i.e. Cree and Southern Algonquian), the term's primary reference continues to focus on *na:t- 'close upon, mover towards, go after, seek out, fetch' and *-awe: 'condition of heat, state of warmth,' but no longer references the viper. Instead, particularly in the south, the 'Iroquoian' designation is primary. The semantic meaning may not relate to snakes at all, but references the cultural trading position of the Virginia-Carolina Iroquois as middle men between Algonquian and Siouan-speakers. Other historical developments in Algonquian languages extend the meaning of *-awe to 'fur or hair' (i.e. Cree, Montagnais, Ojibway, Shawnee) an obvious relationship to 'state of warmth.' Thus, a potential etymology in Virginia of *na:tawe:wa (Nottoway) references *na:t- 'seeker' + -awe: 'fur,'^[8] or literally 'traders'^[9]The earliest Virginia reference to "Nottoway" also frames Algonquian/Iroquoian exchanges in terms of trade: roanoke (shell beads) for skins (deer and otter)^[10]

The Algonquian speakers also called the Nottoway, Meherrin and Tuscarora (also of the Iroquoian-language family) — Mangoak or Mangoags, a term which the English used in their records from 1584 to 1650. This term, Mengwe or Mingwe, was also transliterated by the Dutch and applied to the Iroquoian Susquehannock ("White Minquas") and Eries ("Black Minquas"). Another variation was the later Mingo, which referred to descendants of the tribes who had been partly assimilated into the Six Nations and moved into Ohio and the Midwest.

Language[link]

The Nottoway language went extinct well before 1900.^[11] At the time of European contact (1650), speakers numbered only in the hundreds. From then until 1735, a number of colonists learned the language and acted as official interpreters for the Virginia Colony, including Thomas Blunt, Henry Briggs and Thomas Wynn. These interpreters also served the adjacent Meherrin, as well as the Nansemond, who spoke Nottoway in addition to their own Algonquian dialect of Powhatan.^[12] The last two interpreters were dismissed in 1735, since the Nottoway by then were using English.

By 1820, there were said to be only three elderly speakers of Nottoway remaining.^[13] In that year John Wood collected over 250 word samples from one of these, Chief "Queen" Edie Turner. He sent them to Thomas Jefferson, who shared them with Peter DuPonceau. In their correspondence, these two men quickly confirmed the Nottoway language as of the Iroquoian family. Several additional words, for a total of about 275, were collected by James Trezvant after 1831, and published by Albert Gallatin in 1836.

In the early 20th century, Hewitt (1910) and Hoffman (1959) analyzed the Nottoway vocabulary in comparison with Tuscarora, and found them closely related. The Tuscarora had all lived in North Carolina at one time. Due to warfare and colonial pressure, most of the Tuscarora migrated north to New York in the eighteenth century to seek protection by alliance with the Iroquois Confederacy. However, there is a significant population of descendants of the Tuscarora in North Carolina who lay claim to the name.

History[link]

The Cheroenhaka, like their close Iroquoian neighbours, the Meherrin and Tuscarora, lived just west of the fall line. They were first visited and described by explorer Edward Bland on an expedition from Fort Henry, as he noted in his journal for August 27, 1650. At the time, the people numbered no more than 400-500. Bland visited two of their three towns, on Stoney Creek and the Rowantee Branch of Nottoway River, in what is now Sussex County. These towns were led by the brothers Oyeocker and Chounerounte.

The Nottoway and Meherrin became friendly to the English. They were the only tribes to send warriors to help the English against the Susquehannock (also Iroquoian speakers) in 1675. Following Bacon's Rebellion, both tribes signed the Treaty of Middle Plantation in 1677, thereby becoming Tributary Nations to the Virginia Colony.

By 1681, hostile tribes caused the Nottoway to relocate southward to Assamoosick Swamp in modern Surry County. In 1694 they moved again, to the mouth of a swamp in what is now Southampton County. Around this time, they absorbed the remnants of the Weyanoke — an Algonquian-language tribe that had formerly been part of the Powhatan Confederacy.^[14]

Although never numerous, the Nottoway were able to keep their organization. They did not disappear from records, merge into other tribes, or get pushed too far from their original homeland. Scholars believe the early Nottoway were similar in culture to the Tuscarora and Meherrin. The tribe depended on the cultivation of staples, such as the three sisters — maize, squash, and beans. This cultivation was typically done by women, while the men hunted game and fished in the rivers. They built multi-family dwellings known as longhouses, in communities protected by stockade fences.

The Nottoway population was first reduced by epidemics of new Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles and smallpox, to which they had no natural immunity. These had been brought about by European contact, as the diseases were by then endemic among Europeans. Tribal warfare and encroaching colonists also lowered their numbers. When the Tuscarora migrated northward ca. 1720 to become the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy in New York, some Nottoway also migrated there, while others remained in Virginia. It is probable that some Iroquois descendants, especially among the Tuscarora in New York and Canada, also have Nottoway ancestry.

Some Nottoway returned to the South, with bands of Tuscarora and Meherrin joining and merging with them. These groups went to South Carolina.

References[link]

Additional reading[link]

• "Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) State and Federal Recognition", Cheroenhaka website
• Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145. Washington DC.: Government Printing Office, 1952.
• Hodge, Frederick W. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC.: Government Printing Press, 1910.

External links[link]

• Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe, Website
• Nottoway Indians of Virginia, Inc., Website
• Nottoway language Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary)

Wayne Newton (born April 3, 1942) is an American singer and entertainer based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He performed over 30,000 solo shows in Las Vegas over a period of over 40 years,^{[citation needed]} earning him the nicknames The Midnight Idol, Mr. Las Vegas and Mr. Entertainment. His well known songs include 1972's "Daddy, Don't You Walk So Fast" (his biggest hit, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard chart), "Years" (1980),^[1] and his vocal version of "Red Roses for a Blue Lady" (1965). He is best known for his signature song, "Danke Schoen" (1963).

Life and career[link]

Newton was born Carson Wayne Newton in Norfolk, Virginia, to Evelyn Marie "Smith" (née Plasters) and Patrick Newton, who was an auto mechanic.^[2][3] His father was from Fredericksburg, Virginia, and of Scotch-Irish-Powhatan descent, and his West Virginia-born mother was of German-Cherokee ancestry^{[not in citation given]}.^[4][5][6] While his father was in the U.S. Navy, Newton spent his early childhood in Roanoke, learning the piano, guitar, and steel guitar at the age of six.

While Newton was still a child, his family moved to a home near Newark, Ohio. He began singing in local clubs, theaters, and fairs with his older brother, Jerry. Because of his connection with Newark and still having family there, the city selected Newton to be the grand marshal of its bicentennial parade in 2002. Wayne's severe asthma forced the family to move to Phoenix, Arizona in 1952, where he attended North High School (Phoenix, Arizona). The brothers, as the Rascals in Rhythm, appeared with the Grand Ole Opry roadshows and on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee; and performed for the president and auditioned unsuccessfully for Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour.

In the spring of 1958, toward the end of Wayne's junior year in high school, a Las Vegas booking agent saw a local TV show, Lew King Rangers Show, on which the two Newton brothers were performing and took them back for an audition. Originally signed for two weeks, the brothers eventually performed for five years, doing six shows a day. On September 29, 1962, they first performed on The Jackie Gleason Show. He would perform on Gleason's show 12 times over the following two years.

Many other entertainment icons such as Lucille Ball, Bobby Darin, Danny Thomas, George Burns, and Jack Benny lent Newton their support. In particular, Benny hired Newton as an opening act for his show. After his job with Benny ended, Newton was offered a job to open for another comic at the Flamingo Hotel, but Newton asked for, and was given, a headline act. In 1972 his recording of "Daddy, Don't You Walk So Fast" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in July 1972.^[7] Influential music director Rosalie Trombley of CKLW "The Big 8" radio in the Detroit area decided to add the record to her radio station to embarrass her ex-husband, who wasn't faithful about seeing his children, as Trombley explained in the documentary Radio Revolution: The Rise and Fall of the Big 8. From Detroit, "Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast" took off and broke nationwide.

From 1980 to 1982 Newton was part owner of the Aladdin Hotel, in a partnership that led to a number of lawsuits and a failed attempt by Newton to purchase the entire hotel in 1983.^[8]

From 1980 through 1982, The Beach Boys and The Grass Roots performed Independence Day concerts on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., attracting large crowds.^[9][10] However, in April 1983, Newton, a friend and supporter of President Reagan and a contributor to Republican Party political campaigns, performed at the Mall's 1983 Independence Day celebration.^{[10][11][12][13]}

In 1994, Newton performed his 25,000th solo show in Las Vegas.

In 1999, Newton signed a 10-year deal with the Stardust, calling for him to perform there 40 weeks out of the year for six shows a week in a showroom named after him. Orchestrated by his business partner, Jack Wishna, this "headliner-in-residence" deal was the first of its kind. In 2005, in preparation for the eventual demolition of the casino, the deal was, from all reports, amicably terminated; Newton began a 30-show stint that summer at the Hilton. His last show at the Stardust was on April 20, 2005.^[14] During a break in his on stage performance, he announced to the crowd that night he wanted to spend more time with his wife and new daughter as the main reasonings for canceling the contract. Newton said the Boyd family made him a very nice offer to stay on past the demolition of the hotel and casino and to play in other Boyd venues, but Newton declined citing "another deal in the works for Vegas", but he did not mention the Hilton specifically. News crews were expecting this performance to end on time, to make their 10 pm and 11 pm shows, but the show finally ended around 11:30 pm, thus eliminating the possibility. Mr. Las Vegas went on at 7:30 that night, and sang nearly his entire repertoire and songs of other Vegas mainstays as well.

Newton was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 2000.^[15]

In 2001, Newton succeeded Bob Hope as chairman of the USO Celebrity Circle. In January 2005, Newton started a reality television show on E! called The Entertainer. The winner got a spot in his act, plus a headlining act of their own for a year. And during player introductions at the 2007 NBA All-Star Weekend in Las Vegas, Newton sang Elvis Presley's "Viva Las Vegas."

Newton was the grand marshal of the 80th Annual Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival in Winchester, Virginia, May 1–7, 2007.^[16] He canceled a sold-out show to join the Festival.

Newton was featured on the 2007 fall season of Dancing with the Stars partnered with two-time champion Cheryl Burke. He became the third contestant to be eliminated from the contest. During the taping (which takes place at CBS Television City), he also became the first guest on The Price Is Right, which tapes next door, under host Drew Carey, who began adding guests to the show, especially to present prizes. Newton appeared after a trip to Las Vegas was shown.

In 2008, Newton received a Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, a national memorial to President Wilson, commemorates "the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson." The award honors leaders who have given back to their communities.

Beginning October 14, 2009, he began performing his newest show "Once Before I Go" at the Tropicana in Las Vegas.^[17]

Family[link]

In 1968, Newton married Elaine Okamura, and they adopted a daughter before divorcing in 1985.

In 1994, Newton married the former Kathleen McCrone, a lawyer from Rocky River, Ohio. The couple have one daughter, who was born in 2002.

Finances[link]

In 1992, Newton filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to reorganize an estimated $20 million in debts, much of which was accumulated while suing NBC for libel; he claimed the network had reported that he partnered with the Mafia to buy the Aladdin. His bankruptcy declaration included a $341,000 Internal Revenue Service tax lien. By 1999, he was financially well off again.^[18]

In August 2005, the IRS filed a lawsuit against Newton alleging that he and his wife owed more than $1.8 million in taxes and penalties. One of Newton's tax lawyers disputed that, saying, "We believe the IRS owes him money."^[19]

In late 2009, officials at Oakland County International Airport in Waterford, Michigan claimed Newton owed the airport more than $60,000 for unpaid parking fees, which they claim he owes after having abandoned a $2 million Fokker F28 plane there more than three years before.^[20] The plane was originally flown in for renovations in 2005. After they were completed in 2007 the plane was moved to an outside parking area. The monthly parking fee is currently $5,000. An aircraft of this type needs to have its engines run at least once a month to retain its airworthiness. In 2009 it was discovered that the interior of the craft was rotting, and filled with mold.^[21] The plane has since been disassembled, transported, and reassembled on his estate grounds.^[22]

In February 2010, Bruton Smith sued Newton claiming Newton was delinquent on a loan he had personally guaranteed and then bought from Bank of America. Smith is seeking foreclosure of Newton's Las Vegas ranch Casa de Shenandoah.^[23]

Also in February 2010, Clark County sheriff's deputies and a fleet of moving vans were refused entry to Newton's ranch at E. Sunset and S. Pecos roads. The officers attempted to serve civil papers and seize property as part of a $501,388 judgment against Newton awarded to Monty Ward, his former personal pilot, but security personnel employed by Newton refused to accept the papers. Ward, who filed suit in 2006, won the judgment for past-due wages in January 2009 and since then had attempted to garnish the wages of Newton when he performed at the MGM Grand and later the Tropicana hotel-casino. As of January 27, 2010, the value of the judgment was reportedly growing at a rate of $126.86 per day.^[24]

In a 2009 lawsuit, Newton was accused of failing to pay $32,384 for hay delivered to his Las Vegas ranch, presumably for consumption by his horses at the ranch. As of February 27, 2010, the lawsuit was still pending in Clark County District Court, with Newton and his attorneys having filed no response in court.^[25]

In another 2009 suit, he was accused of owing GMAC $36,999 for a lease on a Cadillac. The suit was ultimately dropped.^[26]

Namesakes[link]

The road serving the main terminal of McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas is named Wayne Newton Boulevard in his honor.

Singles[link]

Filmography[link]

• 80 Steps to Jonah (1969)
• North and South (1986) (Captain Thomas Turner)
• Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986) (voice only, archival)
• Licence to Kill (1989)
• The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990)
• The Dark Backward (1991)
• Best of the Best 2 (1993)
• Night of the Running Man (1995)
• Vegas Vacation (1997)
• Ocean's Eleven (2001) (cameo)
• Who's Your Daddy? (2003)
• According to Jim (2003) (cameo)
• Elvis Has Left the Building (2004) (cameo)
• Smokin' Aces (2006) (cameo)
• The Hangover (cameo)
• Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011) (voice only)

TV credits[link]

• The Lucy Show (Season 4 Episode 14, 12-27-65) Where the 23 year old Newton plays a fictional character named. . ."Wayne Newton". He sings 3 songs in the half hour episode: "Side By Side^{[disambiguation needed ]}", "Bessie The Heifer" and "You're Nobody 'Til Somebody Loves You".
• Bonanza (1966) In 1966, Newton played the character "Andy Walker" in two episodes of the TV series Bonanza.
• Here's Lucy (Season 1 Episode 9, 11-25-68) "Lucy sells Craig to Wayne Newton" and (Season 2 Episode 22, 2-16-70) "Lucy and Wayne Newton".
• In 1979, Newton appeared on the TV series "Vegas" as Justin Marsh, a race car driver mixed up in crime and friend of Dan Tanna, in an episode entitled "the Classic Connection".
• In 1986, Newton appeared as CSA Capt. Thomas Turner in the TV mini series North and South, Book II.
• In 1990, Newton appeared on the TV series Full House in the episode titled "Viva Las Joey".
• In 1991, Newton appeared on the TV series Roseanne in the episode titled "Vegas, Vegas".
• In 1991, he played an opposing counsel in an episode of the TV series L.A. Law.
• Newton made several guest appearances in the TV series Las Vegas.
• In 1995, Newton played the manager of a Las Vegas casino in the TV series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air in the episode titled "Viva Lost Wages".
• Also in 1995, Newton appeared in a CBS TV special about the then-upcoming film Die Hard with a Vengeance, along with rapper Ice-T, basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and New York mayor Rudy Giuliani.
• Newton also appeared on an episode of the TV series That '70s Show.
• Newton appeared as himself on NBC's The Pretender in the episode "Cold Dick" in 2000.
• Newton appeared on MTV's reality show Pimp My Ride.
• Newton appeared on My Wife and Kids.
• Newton appeared on an episode of 7th Heaven titled "Wayne's World".
• Newton also had a guest appearance on one of the episodes in the Perfect Strangers series which ended its run in 1993.
• Dancing with the Stars (US Season 5) (2007) (Contestant)
• Celebrity Family Feud (US Season 1, 2008) (Contestant)
• The Price is Right (2008 or 2009) in which he made a guest appearance for a contestant to win a trip to Las Vegas, but lost the game.
• Newton was featured in the final leg of Season 15 of the hit CBS reality TV game show The Amazing Race. The Finish Line was at his house.

Video games[link]

• Fallout: New Vegas (2010) Newton stars as the voice of Mr. New Vegas, a programmed DJ of an in-game radio station: Radio New Vegas.

References[link]

• [1]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wayne Newton

• Wayne Newton at the Internet Movie Database
• Jeff Brandt's Wayne Newton Website
• Newton rolling in dough, October 31, 1999
• An interview on CNN