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Healthcare science is the applied science dealing with the application of science, technology, engineering or mathematics to the delivery of healthcare. ^[1]

Healthcare scientists are those scientists directly involved in delivering the diagnosis, treatment, care and support of patients in healthcare systems, rather than those individuals whose primary focus is on academic research. ^[2]

Healthcare science stretches across a wide range of scientific specialisms, encompassing biology, genetics, physiology, physics and bioengineering

Roles within healthcare science[link]

There are at least 45 different specialisms within healthcare science, which are traditionally grouped into three main divisions:^[3]

• Specialisms involving life sciences
• Specialisms involving physiological science
• Specialisms involving physics or bioengineering

Life sciences specialisms[link]

• Analytical toxicology
• Anatomical pathology
• Blood transfusion science
• Cervical cytology
• Clinical biochemistry
• Clinical embryology
• Clinical immunology
• Electron microscopy
• External quality assurance
• Haematology
• Haemostasis and thrombosis
• Histocompatibility and immunogenetics
• Histo and cytopathology
• Molecular and cytogenetics
• Microbiology including mycology
• Phlebotomy
• Tissue Banking/transplant
• Virology

Physiological science specialisms[link]

• Audiology and Hearing Therapy
• Autonomic neurovascular function
• Cardiac physiology
• Clinical perfusion
• Critical care science
• Gastrointestinal physiology
• Neurophysiology
• Opthalmic and vision science
• Respiratory and sleep physiology
• and urological measurement
• Vascular science

Physics and bioengineering specialisms[link]

• Biomechanical engineering
• Clinical engineering
• Clinical measurement
• Diagnostic radiology including MRI
• Equipment management
• Maxillofacial prosthetics
• Medical electronics
• Medical engineering design
• Medical illustration and clinical photography
• Non-ionising radiation
• Nuclear medicine
• Radiopharmacy
• Radiation protection and monitoring
• Radiotherapy physics
• Rehabilitation engineering
• Renal technology and science
• Ultrasound

Healthcare science in the United Kingdom[link]

The healthcare science workforce is an important part of the UK's National Health Service. While people working in healthcare science are only 5% of the staff of the NHS, 80 percent of all diagnosis can be attributed to their work.^[4]

The volume of specialist healthcare science work is a significant part of the work of the NHS. Every year, NHS healthcare scientists carry out

• Nearly 1 billion pathology lab tests
• More than 12 million physiological tests
• support for 1.5 million fractions of radiotherapy

The four governments of the UK have recognised the importance of healthcare science to the NHS, introducing the Modernising Scientific Careers initiative to ensure that the education and training for healthcare scientists ensures there is the flexibility to meet patient needs while keeping up-to-date with scientific developments. ^[5]

See also[link]

• Medical diagnosis
• Medical laboratory
• Academic health science centre
• Biomedical research
• Biomedical technology
• Health care
• Public health
• Publicly-funded health care
• Health Sciences Descriptors

References[link]

External links[link]

• What is Healthcare Science: NHS Careers
• Extraordinary You: Case studies of Healthcare scientists in the UK's National Health Service
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
• The US National Library of Medicine
• Health Science Researchers, Jobs and Discussions

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2010)

Timothy Noakes
Tim Noakes at West Point
Born	Timothy Noakes 1949 Harare, Zimbabwe
Residence	South Africa
Citizenship	South Africa
Nationality	South African
Fields	Exercise physiology
Institutions	University of Cape Town
Alma mater	University of Cape Town Diocesan College
Known for	Central Governor Theory of Fatigue Hyponatremia research The Lore of Running (Author)
Notable awards	Doctorate in Science (DSc) University of Capetown

Timothy David Noakes (born 1949) is a South African professor of exercise and sports science at the University of Cape Town. He has run more than 70 marathons and ultramarathons, and is the author of the running book Lore of Running.^[1]

Background[link]

Noakes was born in Harare, Zimbabwe in 1949 and moved to South Africa at the age of five.^[2] As a young boy his main sporting interest was cricket. Noakes attended Monterey Preparatory School in Constantia, Cape Town, then Diocesan College. He has earned an MBChB (1974), MD (1981), and DSc (Med) (2002)

As researcher and educator[link]

In 1980 Noakes was tasked to start a sports science course at the University of Cape Town. Noakes went on to head the Medical Research Council-funded Bioenergetics of Exercise Research Unit, which was later changed to the MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine.^[3]

In the early 1990s Noakes co-founded the Sports Science Institute of South Africa,^[4] with former South African rugby player Morne du Plessis. In these new facilities his research unit's physiological research has produced over 370 scientific articles since 1996.

He published a scientific paper on the condition now known as Exercise Associated Hyponatremia (EAH).^{[citation needed]} He first recognized this condition in a female runner during the 1984 Comrades Marathon, and published his findings in 1985 in the scientific and peer-reviewed journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Noakes continues to contribute to our understanding of this condition, and in 2005 hosted the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference in Cape Town in May 2005. In November 2007 the 2nd Consensus Development Conference adjourned in Auckland, New Zealand.

Noakes is also known for renewing and elaborating the idea first proposed by the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner Archibald Hill that a central governor regulates exercise to protect body homeostasis.^[5][6][7][8]

In 2005 he undertook a series of pioneering experiments in the Arctic and Antarctic on South African (British-born) swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh to understand the full range of human capability in extreme cold. He discovered that Pugh had the ability to raise his core body temperature before entering the water in anticipation of the cold and coined the phrase 'anticipatory thermo-genesis' to describe it. In 2007 he was the expedition doctor for Pugh’s one kilometre swim at the Geographic North Pole.

Today Noakes lectures to second- and third-year physiology students at the University of Cape Town. His lectures emphasise the importance of objective science and he urges students not to take all the facts presented to them at face value.^{[citation needed]} His lectures, in nearly all fields, will contain some mention of the Central Governor Model and the history thereof.

Awards[link]

Noakes is also well known for challenging common and old paradigms in the discipline of exercise physiology.^{[citation needed]} In 1996 he was honored by the American College of Sports Medicine when he was asked to present the J.B. Wolfe Memorial Lecture, the college's keynote address at its annual meeting. In his presentation Ex Africa semper aliquid novi. (Out of Africa always something new) Noakes challenged the popular held dogma of the VO₂max plateau theory. This work lead eventually to the construction of a complex central governor model of exercise in which the brain is the primary organ that dictates how fast, how long, and how hard humans can exercise. Much of Noakes' work over the past 10 years has provided further support for this model. In 2002 he was awarded a Doctorate in Science (DSc), the highest degree the University of Cape Town can award, for his seminal contributions over the years.

References[link]

1. ^ Noakes, Tim. 2003. The Lore of Running. (4th edition) Oxford University Press ISBN 0-87322-959-2
2. ^ http://www.health24.com/fitness/Specific_Sports/16-2175-2181-2277,50688.asp
3. ^ MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine
4. ^ Sports Science Institute of South Africa
5. ^ St Clair Gibson, A.; Baden, D. A.; Lambert, M. I.; Lambert, E. V.; Harley, Y. X.; Hampson, D.; Russell, V. A.; Noakes, T. D. (2003). "The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue". Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 33 (3): 167–176. DOI:10.2165/00007256-200333030-00001. PMID 12656638.  edit
6. ^ Noakes, T. D.; St Clair Gibson, A.; Lambert, E. V. (2005). "From catastrophe to complexity: A novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: Summary and conclusions". British Journal of Sports Medicine 39 (2): 120–124. DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2003.010330. PMC 1725112. PMID 15665213. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1725112.  edit
7. ^ Noakes, T. D.; Peltonen, J. E.; Rusko, H. K. (2001). "Evidence that a central governor regulates exercise performance during acute hypoxia and hyperoxia". The Journal of experimental biology 204 (Pt 18): 3225–3234. PMID 11581338.  edit
8. ^ St Clair Gibson, A.; Lambert, M. L.; Noakes, T. D. (2001). "Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise". Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 31 (9): 637–650. DOI:10.2165/00007256-200131090-00001. PMID 11508520.  edit

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2011)

Devra Lee Davis is an American epidemiologist and writer. She was born on June 7th, 1946, in Washington, DC^[1], the daughter of Harry B. and Jean Langer Davis, and was raised in Donora and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Her career has spanned all areas of academia, public policy, and scientific research^[2]. While Senior Advisor to the Assistant Secretary for Health in the Department of Health and Human Services, she counseled leading officials in the United States, United Nations, European Environment Agency, Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, and World Bank^[2].

She has also authored more than 190 publications in books and journals ranging from the Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association to Scientific American and the New York Times and blogs in Freakonomics for the New York Times, Huffington Post and elsewhere^[2].

Education[link]

Davis graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School and later received a B.S. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1967^[1]. A former Scholar in Residence at the National Academy of Sciences, she completed her Ph.D. in science studies at the University of Chicago as a Danforth Fellow, and an M.P.H. at Johns Hopkins University as a National Cancer Institute post-doctoral fellow^[1].

Professional life[link]

From 1970 to 1976 she was assistant professor of sociology at Queens College of the City University of New York. Beginning in 1982 she was a faculty associate at Johns Hopkins University, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Hygiene and Public Health^[1].

She served as a visiting professor at University of Missouri in 1983; Municipal Institute, Barcelona, Spain, in 1985^[1]; Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, Department of Community Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, in 1988^[1]; and visiting scholar at Hebrew University, School of Public Health, Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine in 1989^[1].

She is formerly the director of the Center for Environmental Oncology of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute^[2]; the multidisciplinary center includes experts in medicine, basic research, engineering and public policy, who developed cutting-edge studies to identify the causes of cancer and propose policies to reduce the risks of the disease.

Other professional activities[link]

A member of both the American Colleges of Toxicology and of Epidemiology^[2], Dr. Davis is also a Visiting Professor in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York City^[1]. In addition, she was a Visiting Scientist of the Strang Cornell Cancer Prevention Center of the Rockefeller University in 1994^[1].

She served as a member of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the U.S. National Toxicology Program, 1983-86^[2].

Female health[link]

Davis was Scientific Advisor to the Women's Environment and Development Organization in 1995^[1]. Davis was also a founding member of the International Breast Cancer Prevention Collaborative Research Group^[1], an organization dedicated to exploring the causes of breast cancer.

Environment[link]

She currently serves on the Board of the Climate Institute^[1], and the Coalition of Organizations on the Environment and Jewish Life^[1], and the Earthfire Institute, and is a scientific adviser to the UK registered charity MobileWise.^[3] She occasionally discusses avoidable environmental health hazards on national and local programming with NPR, Fox News, CNN, ABC, PBS, BBC^[2]. She also served as a Lead Author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—the group awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with the Honorable Al Gore^[2].

President Clinton appointed the Honorable Dr. Davis to the newly established Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, an independent executive branch agency that investigates, prevents, and mitigates chemical accidents, where she served from 1994–99^[2].

Awards[link]

She was honored by the Betty Ford Comprehensive Cancer Center and the American Cancer Society with the Breast Cancer Awareness Award, commended by the Director of the National Cancer Institute for Outstanding Service, and appointed a Global Environmental advisor to Newsweek Magazine^[2].

The recipient of a Women’s Leadership Exchange Compass Award, presented by OPEN: The Small Business Network from American Express, for breaking the paradigms of how women are perceived, Dr. Davis received the first Lisa Zhang Environmental Award from the United Nations in July 2008^[2].

In June 2009, Dr. Davis was honored with the Artemis Award presented by the Euro-American Women's Council and the Greek Foreign Ministry in recognition of her outstanding contributions to science and public health policy^[2].

Private Life[link]

Davis married Richard D. Morgenstern on October 19, 1975. They have two children.

Publications[link]

Her book When Smoke Ran Like Water, which begins with the tale of the Donora Smog of 1948, was a finalist for the National Book Award in 2002^[1][2]. Davis's second book, The Secret History of the War on Cancer was published by Basic Books in October 2007^[1].

Her new book, Disconnect, debuted in September 2010. It discusses the dangers of modern cell phone use and the ways in which the cell phone industry has gone to lengths to cover these up.

Publications include:

• Trends in Cancer Mortality in Industrial Countries (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences), New York Academy of Sciences, 1990^[1]
• Urban Air Pollution Risks to Children: A Global Environmental Health Indicator, World Resources Institute, 1999^[1]
• When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception And the Battle Against Pollution, Diane Publishing Company, 2002
• The Secret History of the War on Cancer, Basic Books, 2007^[1]
• Disconnect: The Truth About Cell Phone Radiation, What the Industry Has Done to Hide It, and How to Protect Your Family, Dutton Adult, 2010

Listening[link]

• Fresh Air interview, October 4, 2007
• Writer's Voice interview, January, 2008
• TVO (Ontario) interview, October 3, 2008. Length: 26:54

Mainstream Media References[link]

• "Cell-Phone Safety: What the FCC Didn't Test". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2027523,00.html. Retrieved 2011-01-26. 

External links[link]

• http://www.epidemiology.pitt.edu/davis.asp - Devra Davis at the Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
• http://www.environmentalhealthtrust.org/ - Environmental Health Trust, a web site maintained by the Devra Lee Davis Charitable Foundation

Reading[link]

Source: Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2004. PEN (Permanent Entry Number): 0000154775.

References[link]