Shirley Chisholm
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 12th district
In office January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1983
Preceded by	Edna F. Kelly
Succeeded by	Major R. Owens
Personal details
Born	Shirley Chisholm (1924-11-30)November 30, 1924 Richmond, Virginia[1]
Died	January 1, 2005(2005-01-01) (aged 80) Ormond Beach, Florida[2]
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	1) Conrad Chisholm (divorced) 2) Arthur Hardwick Jr. (widowed)

Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician, educator, and author.^[3] She was a Congresswoman, representing New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1968, she became the first African American woman elected to Congress.^[4] On January 25, 1972, she became the first major-party black candidate for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination (Margaret Chase Smith had previously run for the Republican presidential nomination).^[4] She received 152 first-ballot votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention.^[4][5]

Early life[link]

This section relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (August 2010)

Shirley Anita St. Hill was born in Brooklyn, New York, of immigrant parents.^[1] Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in British Guiana^[6] and arrived in the United States via Antilla, Cuba, on April 10, 1923 aboard the S.S. Munamar in New York City.^[6] Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in Christ Church, Barbados, and arrived in New York City aboard the S.S. Pocone on March 8, 1921.^[7] At age three, Chisholm was sent to Barbados to live with her maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale, in Christ Church; where she attended the Vauxhall Primary School. She did not return until roughly seven years later when she arrived in New York City on May 19, 1934 aboard the S.S. Narissa.^[8] In her 1970 autobiography Unbought and Unbossed, she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason."

Chisholm is an alumna of Girls High School, she earned her BA from Brooklyn College in 1946 and later earned her MA from Columbia University in elementary education in 1952. She was a member of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority.

From 1953 to 1959, she was director of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center. From 1959 to 1964, she was an educational consultant for the Division of Day Care.

Career[link]

Chisholm reviewing political statistics in 1965.

In 1964, Chisholm ran for and was elected to the New York State Legislature. In 1968, she ran as the Democratic candidate for New York's 12th District congressional seat and was elected to the House of Representatives. Defeating Republican candidate James Farmer, Chisholm became the first black woman elected to Congress. Chisholm joined the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971 as one of its founding members.^[9]

As a freshman, Chisholm was assigned to the House Agricultural Committee. Given her urban district, she felt the placement was irrelevant to her constituents^[4] and shocked many by asking for reassignment. She was then placed on the Veterans' Affairs Committee.^[4] Soon after, she voted for Hale Boggs as House Majority Leader over John Conyers. As a reward for her support, Boggs assigned her to the much-prized Education and Labor Committee,^[10] which was her preferred committee.^[4] She was the third highest-ranking member of this committee when she retired from Congress.

All those Chisholm hired for her office were women, half of them black.^[4] Chisholm said that during her New York legislative career, she had faced much more discrimination because she was a woman than because she was black.^[4]

In the 1972 U.S. presidential election, she made a bid for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. She survived three assassination attempts during the campaign.^[11] She campaigned in 12 states and won the Louisiana, Mississippi, and New Jersey primaries earning 152 delegates. However, she lost the hotly contested primaries to George McGovern at the convention in Miami Beach, Florida.^[12] At the 1972 Democratic National Convention, as a symbolic gesture, McGovern opponent Hubert H. Humphrey released his black delegates to Chisholm,^[13] giving her a total of 152 first-ballot votes for the nomination.^[4] Chisholm's base of support was ethnically diverse and included the National Organization for Women. Chisholm said she ran for the office "in spite of hopeless odds... to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo." Among the volunteers who were inspired by her campaign was Barbara Lee, who continued to be politically active and was elected as a congresswoman 25 years later. Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem attempted to run as Chisholm delegates in New York.^[4]

Chisholm created controversy when she visited rival and ideological opposite George Wallace in the hospital soon after his shooting in May 1972, during the 1972 presidential primary campaign. Several years later, when Chisholm worked on a bill to give domestic workers the right to a minimum wage, Wallace helped gain votes of enough Southern congressmen to push the legislation through the House.^[14]

From 1977 to 1981, during the 95th Congress and 96th Congress, Chisholm was elected to a position in the House Democratic leadership, as Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus.^[15]

Throughout her tenure in Congress, Chisholm worked to improve opportunities for inner-city residents. She was a vocal opponent of the draft and supported spending increases for education, health care and other social services, and reductions in military spending.

In 1970, she authored a child care bill. The bill passed the House and the Senate, but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon, who called it "the Sovietization of American children".^[16]

In the area of national security and foreign policy, Chisholm worked for the revocation of Internal Security Act of 1950.^[17] She opposed the American involvement in the Vietnam War and the expansion of weapon developments. During the Jimmy Carter administration, she called for better treatment of Haitian refugees.^[18]

Shirley Chisholm (center) with Congressman Edolphus Towns (left) and his wife, Gwen Towns (right)

Personal life[link]

Chisholm was married to Conrad Chisholm, a Jamaican private investigator from 1949 to 1977.^[19] In 1978, she married Arthur Hardwick, Jr., a Buffalo businessman who died in 1986.^[9] Chisholm had no children and moved to Florida when she retired.

Retirement and death[link]

She announced her retirement from Congress in 1982. Her seat was won by a fellow Democrat, Major Owens, in 1983.

After retirement she resumed her career in education, teaching politics and women's studies and being named to the Purington Chair at Mount Holyoke College from 1983 to 1987. In 1985 she was a visiting scholar at Spelman College. In 1984 and 1988, she campaigned for Jesse Jackson for the presidential elections.^{[citation needed]} In 1990, Chisholm, along with 15 other African American women and men, formed the African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.^[20] In 1993, then-President Bill Clinton nominated her to the ambassadorship to Jamaica, but she could not serve due to poor health. In the same year she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[21]

Chisholm retired to Florida and died on January 1, 2005 in Ormond Beach near Daytona Beach.^[2] She was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, New York.

In February 2005, Shirley Chisholm '72: Unbought and Unbossed, a documentary film [22] was aired on U.S public television. It chronicles Chisholm's 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. It was directed and produced by independent, African American filmmaker Shola Lynch. The film was featured at the Sundance Film Festival in 2004. On April 9, 2006, the film was announced as a winner of a Peabody Award.

In popular culture[link]

In the lyrics of the 1988 Biz Markie song "Nobody Beats the Biz," Biz says, "Make you co-op-er-ate with the rhythm, that is what I give em/ Reagan is the pres but I voted for Shirley Chisholm"

In the 1996 A Tribe Called Quest song, "Baby Phife's Return," Phife Dawg raps "I got a brave heart like the one named Shirley Chisholm."

In 1999, Redman and Method Man released a track on the album, Black out called "Maaaad Crew", which contains the lyric, "Clinton is the president I still voted for Shirley Chisholm." Later, in 2006, LL Cool J echoed this sentiment on his album Todd Smith, with the lyric "George Bush is the Prez., but I voted for Shirley Chisholm."

In the 2003 song "Spread," Andre 3000 of Outkast sang, "You're the prism / Shirley Chisholm / was the first," referencing her being the first black woman member of Congress and the first black presidential candidate for one of the major parties.

In the lyrics of the 2005 Nellie McKay song "Mama and Me," McKay says, "There's a lotta things that I'm proud of in this world / I got a pinch of Shirley Chisholm / And a sprinkle of That Girl."

Writings[link]

Chisholm wrote two autobiographical books.

• Chisholm, Shirley (1970). Unbought and Unbossed. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-10932-8. 
  • Chisholm, Shirley (2010). Scott Simpson. ed. Unbought and Unbossed: Expanded 40th Anniversary Edition. Take Root Media. ISBN 978-0-9800590-2-1. , Also available via the editor Scott Simpson's site.
• Chisholm, Shirley (1973). The Good Fight. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-010764-2. 

Honors[link]

In 1975, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Smith College.

In 1993, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Shirley Chisholm on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.

References[link]

This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Shirley Chisholm", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.

Further reading[link]

• Clack, Gary (February 27, 2008), "Shirley Chisholm broke ground before Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, http://www.seattlepi.com/opinion/352939_chisholm28.html .

External links[link]

• Shirley Chisholm's Unbought and Unbossed book web site by editor Scot Simpson
• Shirley Chisholm's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
• Biography by Jone Johnson Lewis
• Shirley Chisholm at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Chisholm speech on the Equal Rights Amendment
• Shirley Chisholm's 1972 Presidential Campaign
• Chisholm '72 - Unbought & Unbossed documentary by Shola Lynch
• Feature on Shirley Chisholm, with writing from Gloria Steinem and video clips from Chisholm '72 Unbought & Unbossed, by the International Museum of Women.
• Shirley Chisholm at Find a Grave