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The Right Honourable Richard Bedford Bennett PC KC
11th Prime Minister of Canada
In office August 7, 1930 – October 23, 1935
Monarch	George V
Preceded by	W. L. Mackenzie King
Succeeded by	W. L. Mackenzie King
Personal details
Born	(1870-07-03)July 3, 1870 Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick
Died	June 26, 1947(1947-06-26) (aged 76) Mickleham, England
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Single; Never married
Alma mater	Dalhousie University
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	Methodist, then United Church of Canada
Signature

Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett, PC, KC (July 3, 1870 – June 26, 1947) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, politician, and philanthropist. He served as the 11th Prime Minister of Canada from August 7, 1930, to October 23, 1935, during the worst of the Great Depression years. Following his defeat as prime minister, Bennett moved to England, and was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Bennett.

Early life[link]

R. B. Bennett was born on July 3, 1870, when his mother, Henrietta Stiles, was visiting at her parents' home in Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick, Canada. He grew up nearby at the home of his father, Henry John Bennett, at Hopewell Cape, the shire town of Albert County, then a town of 1,800 people.

His father was descended from English ancestors who had emigrated to Connecticut in the 17th century. ^[1] His great, great grandfather Bennett migrated from Connecticut to Nova Scotia c. 1765, before the American Revolution, taking the lands forcibly removed from the deported Acadians during the Great Upheaval.

R. B. Bennett's family was poor, subsisting mainly on the produce of a small farm. His early days inculcated a lifelong habit of thrift. The driving force in his family was his mother. She was a Wesleyan Methodist and passed this faith and the Protestant ethic on to her son. His principle ever after was: work as hard as you can, earn all you can, save all you can, and then give all you can. Bennett's father does not appear to have been a good provider for his family, though the reason is unclear. He operated a general store for a while and tried to develop some gypsum deposits.

The Bennetts had previously been a relatively prosperous family, operating a shipyard in Hopewell Cape, but the change to steam-powered vessels in the mid-19th century meant the gradual winding down of their business. However, the household was a literate one, subscribing to three newspapers.They were strong Conservatives; indeed one of the largest and last ships launched by the Bennett shipyard (in 1869) was the Sir John A. Macdonald.

Educated in the local school, Bennett was a good student, but something of a loner. In addition to his Protestant faith, Bennett grew up with an abiding love of the British Empire, then at its apogee.

Some important friendships[link]

One day, while Bennett was crossing the Miramichi River on the ferry boat, a well-dressed lad about nine years younger came over to him and struck up a conversation. This was the beginning of an improbable but important friendship with Max Aitken, later the industrialist and British press baron, Lord Beaverbrook. The agnostic Aitken liked to tease the Methodist Bennett, whose fiery temper contrasted with Aitken's ability to turn away wrath with a joke. This friendship would become important to his success later in life, as would his friendship with the Chatham lawyer, Lemuel J. Tweedie, a prominent Conservative politician. He began to study law with Tweedie on weekends and during summer holidays. Another important friendship was with the prominent Shirreff family of Chatham, the father being High Sheriff of Northumberland County for 25 years. The son, Harry, joined the E.B. Eddy Company, a large pulp and paper industrial concern, and was transferred to Halifax. His sister moved there to study nursing, and soon Bennett joined them to study law at Dalhousie University. Their friendship was renewed there, and became crucial to his later life when Jennie Shirreff married the head of the Eddy Company. She later made Bennett the lawyer for her extensive interests.

University, early legal career[link]

Bennett started at Dalhousie University in 1890, graduating in 1893 with a law degree. He worked his way through with a job as assistant in the library, being recommended by Dr. R. C. Weldon.

He was then a partner in the Chatham law firm of Tweedie and Bennett. Max Aitken (later known as Lord Beaverbrook) was his office boy, while articling as a lawyer, acting as a stringer for the Montreal Gazette, and selling life insurance. Aitken persuaded him to run for alderman in the first Town Council of Chatham, and managed his campaign. Bennett was elected by one vote, and was later furious with Aitken when he heard all the promises he had made on Bennett's behalf.

Move to Alberta[link]

Despite his election to the Chatham town council, Bennett's days in the town were numbered. He was ambitious and saw that the small community was too narrow a field for him. He was already negotiating with Sir James Lougheed to move to Calgary and become his law partner. Lougheed was Calgary's richest man and most successful lawyer.

Bennett moved to Alberta in 1897. A lifelong bachelor and teetotaler (although Bennett was known by select associates to occasionally drink alcohol when the press was not around to observe this^[2]), he led a rather lonely life in a hotel and later, in a boarding house. For a while a younger brother roomed with him. He ate his noon meal on workdays at the Alberta Hotel. Social life, such as it was, centered on church. There was, however, no scandal attached to his personal life. Bennett worked hard and gradually built up his legal practice. In 1908 he was one of five people appointed to the first Library Board for the city of Calgary and was instrumental in establishing the Calgary Public Library.^[3]

In 1910, Bennett became a director of Calgary Power Ltd. (now formally TransAlta Corporation) and just a year later he became President. During his leadership projects completed included the first storage reservoir at Lake Minnewanka, a second transmission line to Calgary and the construction of the Kananaskis Falls hydro station.

Early political career[link]

• 
• 
• 
• 
• Pat Burns and R.B. Bennett.jpg

  Patrick Burns and R. B. Bennett at the Calgary Stampede in 1928

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories in the 1898 general election, representing the riding of West Calgary. He was re-elected to a second term in office in 1902 as an Independent from the parties in the Northwest Territories legislature.

In 1905, when Alberta was carved out of the territories and made a province, Bennett became the first leader of the Alberta Conservative Party. In 1909, he won a seat in the provincial legislature, before switching to federal politics.

Elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1911, Bennett returned to the provincial scene to again lead the Alberta Tories in the 1913 provincial election, but kept his federal seat in Ottawa when his Tories failed to take power in the province; such practice was later forbidden.

At age 44, he tried to enlist in the Canadian military once World War I broke out, but was turned down as being medically unfit. In 1916, Bennett was appointed director general of the National Service Board, which was in charge of identifying the number of potential recruits in the country.

While Bennett supported the Conservatives, he opposed Prime Minister Robert Borden's proposal for a Union Government that would include both Conservatives and Liberals, fearing that this would ultimately hurt the Conservative Party. While he campaigned for Conservative candidates in the 1917 federal election he did not stand for re-election himself.

Cabinet minister, Conservative party leader[link]

Nevertheless, Borden's successor, Arthur Meighen appointed Bennett Minister of Justice in his government, as it headed into the 1921 federal election in which both the government and Bennett were defeated. Bennett won the seat of Calgary West in the 1925 federal election and was returned to government as Minister of Finance in Meighen's short-lived government in 1926. The government was defeated in the 1926 federal election. Meighen stepped down as Tory leader, and Bennett became the party's leader in 1927 at the first Conservative leadership convention.

As Opposition leader, Bennett faced off against the more experienced Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King in Commons debates, and took some time to acquire enough experience to hold his own with King. In 1930, King blundered badly when he made overly partisan statements in response to criticism over his handling of the economic downturn, which was hitting Canada very hard. King's worst error was in stating that he "would not give Tory provincial governments a five-cent piece!" This serious mistake, which drew wide press coverage, gave Bennett his needed opening to attack King, which he did successfully in the election campaign which followed.^[4]

Prime minister[link]

Confronting the Depression[link]

By defeating William Lyon Mackenzie King in the 1930 federal election, he had the misfortune of taking office during the Great Depression. Bennett tried to combat the depression by increasing trade within the British Empire and imposing tariffs for imports from outside the Empire, promising that his measures would blast Canadian exports into world markets. His success was limited however, and his own wealth (often openly displayed) and impersonal style alienated many struggling Canadians.

When his Imperial Preference policy failed to generate the desired result, Bennett's government had no real contingency plan. The party's pro-business and pro-banking inclinations provided little relief to the millions of increasingly desperate and agitated unemployed. Despite the economic crisis, Laissez-faire persisted as the guiding economic principle of Conservative Party ideology. Government relief to the unemployed was considered a disincentive to individual initiative, and was therefore only granted in the most minimal amounts and attached to work programs. An additional concern of the federal government was that large numbers of disaffected unemployed men concentrating in urban centres created a volatile situation. As an "alternative to bloodshed on the streets," the stop-gap solution for unemployment chosen by the Bennett government was to establish military-run and -styled relief camps in remote areas throughout the country, where single unemployed men toiled for twenty cents a day.^[5] Any relief beyond this was left to provincial and municipal governments, many of which were either insolvent or on the brink of bankruptcy, and which railed against the inaction of other levels of government. Partisan differences began to sharpen on the question of government intervention in the economy, since lower levels of government were largely in Liberal hands, and protest movements were beginning to send their own parties into the political mainstream, notably the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and William Aberhart's Social Credit Party in Alberta.

Hosts, dominates 1932 Imperial Conference[link]

1934 telegram by Bennett

Bennett hosted the 1932 Imperial Economic Conference in Ottawa; this was the first time Canada had hosted the meetings. It was attended by the leaders of the independent dominions of the British Empire (which later became the Commonwealth of Nations). Bennett dominated the meetings, which were ultimately unproductive, due to the inability of leaders to agree on policies, mainly to combat the economic woes dominating the world at the time.^[6]

Anti-Communism[link]

A nickname that would stick with Bennett for the remainder of his political career, "Iron Heel Bennett," came from a 1932 speech he gave in Toronto that ironically, if unintentionally, alluded to Jack London's socialist novel:

What do they offer you in exchange for the present order? Socialism, Communism, dictatorship. They are sowing the seeds of unrest everywhere. Right in this city such propaganda is being carried on and in the little out of the way places as well. And we know that throughout Canada this propaganda is being put forward by organizations from foreign lands that seek to destroy our institutions. And we ask that every man and woman put the iron heel of ruthlessness against a thing of that kind.^[7]

Reacting to fears of Communist subversion, Bennett invoked the controversial Section 98 of the Criminal Code of Canada. Enacted in the aftermath of the Winnipeg General Strike, Section 98 dispensed with the presumption of innocence in outlawing potential threats to the state: specifically, anyone belonging to an organization that officially advocated the violent overthrow of the government. Even if the accused had never committed an act of violence or personally supported such an action, they could be incarcerated merely for attending meetings of such an organization, publicly speaking in its defense, or distributing its literature.^[8] Despite the broad power authorized under Section 98, it targeted specifically the Communist Party of Canada. Eight of the top party leaders, including Tim Buck, were arrested and convicted under Section 98 in 1931. This plan to stamp out communism backfired, however, and proved to be a damaging embarrassment for the government, especially after Buck was the target of an apparent assassination attempt. While confined to his cell during a prison riot, despite not participating in the riot, shots were fired into his cell. When an agit-prop play depicting these events, Eight Men Speak, was suppressed by the Toronto police, a protest meeting was held where activist A.E. Smith repeated the play's allegations, and he was consequently arrested for sedition. This created a storm of public protest, compounded when Buck was called as a witness to the trial and repeated the allegations in open court. Although the remarks were stricken from the record, they still discredited the prosecution's case and Smith was acquitted. As a result, the government's case against Buck lost any credibility, and Buck and his comrades were released early and fêted as heroic champions of civil liberties.

A 2001 book by Quebec nationalist writer Normand Lester, Le Livre noir du Canada anglais (later translated as The Black Book of English Canada) accused Bennett of having a political affiliation with, and of having provided financial support to, fascist Quebec writer Adrien Arcand. This is based on a series of letters sent to Bennett following his election as Prime Minister by Arcand, his colleague Ménard and two Conservative caucus members asking for financial support for Arcand's antsemitic newspaper Le Goglu.^[9] The book also claims that in a 1936 letter to Bennett, A. W. Reid, a Conservative organizer, estimated that Conservative Party members gave Arcand a total of $27,000 (the modern equivalent $359,284).

Relief camp protest[link]

Having survived Section 98, and benefiting from the public sympathy wrought by persecution, Communist Party members set out to organize workers in the relief camps. Camp workers laboured on a variety of infrastructure projects, including such things as municipal airports, roads, and park facilities, along with a number of make-work schemes. Conditions in the camps were abhorrent, not only because of the low pay, but the lack of recreational facilities, isolation from family and friends, poor quality food, and the use of military discipline, which made the camps feel like penal colonies. Communists thus had ample grounds on which to organize camp inmates. The Relief Camp Workers' Union was formed and affiliated with the Workers' Unity League, the trade union umbrella of the Communist Party. Camp workers in BC struck on April 4, 1935, and, after two months of protesting in Vancouver, began the On-to-Ottawa Trek to bring their grievances to Bennett's doorstep. The Prime Minister and his Minister of Justice, Hugh Guthrie, treated the trek as an attempted insurrection, and ordered it to be stopped. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) halted the Trek in Regina on July 1, 1935, by attacking a crowd of 3,000 strikers and their supporters, resulting in two deaths and dozens of injured. All told, Bennett's anti-Communist policy would not bode well for his political career.

Bennett's New Deal[link]

Meeting with American President Roosevelt

Following the lead of President Roosevelt's New Deal in the United States, Bennett, under the advice of William Duncan Herridge, who was both Canada's ambassador to the United States and Bennett's brother-in-law, the government eventually began to follow the Americans' lead. In a series of five speeches to the nation in January 1935, Bennett introduced a Canadian version of the "New Deal," involving unprecedented public spending and federal intervention in the economy. Progressive income taxation, a minimum wage, a maximum number of working hours per week, unemployment insurance, health insurance, an expanded pension programme, and grants to farmers were all included in the plan.^[10]

In one of his addresses to the nation, Bennett said:

"In the last five years great changes have taken place in the world... The old order is gone. We are living in conditions that are new and strange to us. Canada on the dole is like a young and vigorous man in the poorhouse ... If you believe that things should be left as they are, you and I hold contrary and irreconcilable views. I am for reform. And in my mind, reform means government intervention. It means government control and regulation. It means the end of laissez-faire."^[11]

Bennett's conversion, however, was seen as too little too late, and he faced criticism that his reforms either went too far, or did not go far enough,^[11] including from one of his cabinet ministers H.H. Stevens, who bolted the government to form the Reconstruction Party of Canada. Some of the measures were alleged to have encroached on provincial jurisdictions laid out in Section 92 of the British North America Act. The courts, including the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, agreed and eventually struck down virtually all of Bennett's reforms.^[10][12] However, some of Bennett's initiatives, such as the Bank of Canada, which he founded in 1934, remain in place to this day, and the Canadian Wheat Board, remained in place until the Conservative Government of 2011 broke up the board in a time of economic hardships.

Defeat[link]

Although there was no unity among the motley political groups that constituted Bennett's opposition, a consensus emerged that his handling of the economic crisis was insufficient and inappropriate, even from Conservative quarters. Bennett personally became a symbol of the political failings underscoring the depression. Car owners, for example, who could no longer afford gasoline, had horses pull their vehicles, named them Bennett Buggies. Unity in his own administration suffered, notably by the defection of his Minister of Trade, Henry Herbert Stevens. Stevens left the Conservatives and formed the Reconstruction Party of Canada, after Bennett refused to implement Stevens' plan for drastic economic reform to deal with the economic crisis.

The beneficiary of the overwhelming opposition during Bennett's tenure was the Liberal Party. The Tories were decimated in the October 1935 general election, winning only 40 seats to 173 for Mackenzie King's Liberals. The Tories would not form a majority government again in Canada until 1958. King's government soon implemented its own moderate reforms, including the replacement of relief camps with a scaled down provincial relief project scheme, and the repeal of Section 98. King had earlier outlined his plans with his 1918 book Industry and Economy. Many of King's other reforms continue today, including the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the nationalized Bank of Canada, versions of minimum wage, maximum hours of work, pension, and unemployment insurance legislation. But ultimately, Canada mostly pulled out of the depression not as a result of government programs, but because of jobs created by the industrialization and onset of the Second World War.^[6]

Coat of arms[link]

Bennett's Coat of Arms was designed by Alan Beddoe "Argent within two bendlets Gules three maple leaves proper all between two demi-lions rampant couped gules. Crest, a demi-lion Gules grapsing in the dexter paw a battle axe in bend sinister Or and resting the sinister paw on an escallop also Gules. Supporters, Dexter a buffalo, sinister a moose, both proper. Motto, To be Pressed not Oppressed." ^[13]

Legacy[link]

While Bennett was, and is still, often criticized for lack of compassion for the impoverished masses, he stayed up through many nights reading and responding to personal letters from ordinary citizens asking for his help, and often dipped into his personal fortune to send a five-dollar bill to a starving family. The total amount he gave personally is uncertain, although he personally estimated that between the years of 1927-37 he spent well over 2.3 million dollars.^[14] Bennett was a controlling owner of the E.B. Eddy match company, which was the largest safety match manufacturer in Canada, and he was one of the richest Canadians at that time. Bennett helped put many poor, struggling young men through university.^[6] Relative to the times he lived in, he was likely the wealthiest Canadian to become prime minister.

Bennett worked an exhausting schedule throughout his years as prime minister, often more than 14 hours per day, and dominated his government, usually holding several cabinet posts. He lived in a suite in the Chateau Laurier hotel, a short walk from Parliament Hill. The respected author Bruce Hutchison wrote that had the economic times been more normal, Bennett would likely have been regarded as a good, perhaps great, Canadian prime minister.^[6]

Bennett was also a noted talent spotter. He took note of and encouraged the young Lester Pearson in the early 1930s, and appointed Pearson to significant roles on two major government inquiries: the 1931 Royal Commission on Grain Futures, and the 1934 Royal Commission on Price Spreads. Bennett saw that Pearson was recognized with an O.B.E. after he shone in that work, arranged a bonus of $1,800, and invited him to a London conference.^[15] Former Prime Minister John Turner, who as a child knew Bennett while he was prime minister, praised Bennett's promotion of Turner's economist mother to the highest civil service post held by a Canadian woman to that time.^[16]

Retirement and death[link]

Bennett retired to Britain in 1938, and, on June 12, 1941, became the first and only former Canadian Prime Minister to be elevated to the peerage as Viscount Bennett, of Mickleham in the County of Surrey and of Calgary and Hopewell in the Dominion of Canada.^[17][18]

He died after suffering a heart attack while taking a bath on June 26, 1947, at Mickleham. He was exactly one week shy of his 77th birthday. He is buried there in St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham. He is the only former Prime Minister not buried in Canada. Unmarried, Bennett was survived by nephews William Herridge, Jr., and Robert Coats and by brother Ronald V. Bennett. The viscountcy became extinct on his death.

Bennett was ranked #12 by a survey of Canadian historians out of the then 20 Prime Ministers of Canada through Jean Chrétien. The results of the survey were included in the book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer.

Supreme Court appointments[link]

Bennett chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

• Oswald Smith Crocket (September 21, 1932 – April 13, 1943)
• Frank Joseph Hughes (March 17, 1933 – February 13, 1935)
• Sir Lyman Poore Duff (as Chief Justice, (March 17, 1933 – January 2, 1944; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister Laurier, June 4, 1906)
• Henry Hague Davis (January 31, 1935 – June 30, 1944)
• Patrick Kerwin (July 20, 1935 – February 2, 1963)

Other appointments[link]

Bennett was the Honorary Colonel of The Calgary Highlanders from the year of their designation as such in 1921 to his death in 1947. He visited the Regiment in England during the war, and always ensured the 1st Battalion had a turkey dinner at Christmas every year they were overseas, including the Christmas of 1944 when the battalion was holding front line positions in the Nijmegen Salient.

Bennett served as the Rector of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario from 1935–1937, even while he was still prime minister. At the time, this role covered mediation for significant disputes between Queen's students and the university administration.^[19]

Partial electoral record[link]

See also[link]

Canadian politics portal

• List of Canadian Prime Ministers
• Albert County Museum
• Juniper Hall

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Richard Bedford Bennett

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Silver and Gold: Bennett and the Great Depression — Historical essay, illustrated with photographs
• R. B. Bennett - Parliament of Canada biography
• R.B. Bennett at Find A Grave

Links to related articles Party political offices Preceded by Hugh Guthrie Leader of the Conservative Party 1927–1938 Succeeded by Robert Manion Political offices Preceded by Charles Doherty Minister of Justice 1921 Succeeded by Lomer Gouin Preceded by Sir Henry Drayton Minister of Finance 1926 Succeeded by James Alexander Robb Preceded by Henry Herbert Stevens Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs 1926 Succeeded by Charles Stewart Minister of the Interior 1926 Minister of Mines 1926 Preceded by Arthur Meighen Leader of the Opposition 1927-1930 Succeeded by Mackenzie King Preceded by Mackenzie King Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs 1930-1935 Secretary of State for External Affairs 1930-1935 President of the Privy Council 1930-1935 Preceded by Charles Dunning Minister of Finance 1930–1932 Succeeded by Edgar Rhodes Preceded by Mackenzie King Leader of the Opposition 1935-1938 Succeeded by Robert Manion Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories Preceded by Oswald Critchley MLA West Calgary 1898–1905 Succeeded by District Abolished Legislative Assembly of Alberta Preceded by William Henry Cushing MLA Calgary 1909–1911 Succeeded by Thomas Tweedie Preceded by Albert Robertson Leader of the Official Opposition in Alberta 1909–1910 Succeeded by Edward Michener Parliament of Canada Preceded by Maitland Stewart McCarthy Member of Parliament Calgary 1911–1917 Succeeded by District Abolished Preceded by Joseph Tweed Shaw Member of Parliament Calgary West 1925–1939 Succeeded by Douglas Cunnington Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Viscount Bennett 1941–1947 Extinct v t e   Prime Ministers of Canada Macdonald Mackenzie Macdonald Abbott Thompson Bowell Tupper Laurier Borden Meighen King Meighen King Bennett King St. Laurent Diefenbaker Pearson Trudeau Clark Trudeau Turner Mulroney Campbell Chrétien Martin Harper Book Category Portal v t e   Ministers of Finance Galt · Rose · Hincks · Tilley · Cartwright · Tilley · McLelan · Tupper · Foster · Bowell (acting) · Foster · Fielding · White · Drayton (acting) · Fielding · Robb · Bennett · Robb · Dunning · Bennett · Rhodes · Dunning · Ralston · Ilsley · Abbott · Harris · Fleming · Nowlan · Gordon · Sharp · Benson · Turner · Drury (acting) · Macdonald · Chrétien · Crosbie · MacEachen · Lalonde · Wilson · Mazankowski · Loiselle · Martin · Manley · Goodale · Flaherty v t e Ministers of the Interior Secretaries of State for the Provinces (1867-1873) Archibald Howe Aikins (acting) Gibbs Ministers of the Interior of Canada (1873-1936) Campbell Laird Scott (acting) Mills J. Macdonald Macpherson White J. Macdonald (acting) Dewdney Daly H. Macdonald Scott (acting) Sifton Laurier (acting) Oliver Rogers Roche Meighen Lougheed Stewart Stevens (acting) Bennett Stewart Murphy Crerar v t e Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General Macdonald Dorion Smith (acting) Fournier Blake Laflamme Campbell Thompson Tupper Daly (acting) Dickey Mowat Mills Fitzpatrick Aylesworth Doherty Bennett Gouin Lapointe Guthrie (acting) Patenaude Lapointe Guthrie Geary Lapointe Michaud (acting) St. Laurent Ilsley St. Laurent Garson Fulton Fleming Chevrier Favreau McIlraith (acting) Cardin Trudeau Turner Lang Basford Lang Lalonde Flynn Chrétien MacGuigan Johnston Crosbie Hnatyshyn Clark (acting) Lewis Campbell Blais Rock McLellan Cauchon Cotler Toews Nicholson v t e   Ministers of Foreign Affairs Secretaries of State for External Affairs (1909-1983) Murphy Roche Borden Meighen King Meighen King Bennett King St. Laurent Pearson Diefenbaker Smith Diefenbaker Green Martin Sharp MacEachen Jamieson MacDonald MacGuigan Ministers of External Affairs (1983-1995) MacEachen Chrétien Clark McDougall Beatty Ouellet Ministers of Foreign Affairs (1995-) Ouellet Axworthy Manley Graham Pettigrew MacKay Bernier Emerson Cannon Baird v t e   Presidents of the Privy Council Blair Howe Kenny Tupper O'Connor McDonald Huntington Cauchon Blake O'Connor Masson Mousseau McLelan Macdonald Colby Abbott Ives Bowell Angers Laurier Borden Rowell Calder Normand King Meighen King Bennett King St-Laurent Chevrier Dorion Diefenbaker Lamontagne McIlraith Favreau Gordon Trudeau (acting) MacEachen (acting) D. Macdonald MacEachen Sharp MacEachen Baker Pinard Ouellet Nielsen Hnatyshyn Mazankowski Clark Blais Massé Dion Coderre Robillard Chong Van Loan Ambrose Verner Penashue v t e Superintendents-General of Indian Affairs Langevin Howe Aikins (acting) Gibbs Campbell Laird Scott (acting) Mills Macdonald White Macdonald (acting) Dewdney Daly H. Macdonald Scott (acting) Sifton Laurier (acting) Oliver Rogers Roche Meighen Lougheed Stewart Stevens (acting) Bennett (acting) Stewart Mackenzie Murphy Crerar1 1The offices of Minister of Immigration and Colonization, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Mines and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs were abolished and the office of Minister of Mines and Resources was created and came in force on December 1, 1936. v t e   Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada Mackenzie Macdonald Mackenzie Blake Laurier Tupper Borden Laurier McKenzie King Meighen King Guthrie Bennett King Bennett Manion Hanson Graydon Bracken Drew Rowe Drew Rowe Diefenbaker St. Laurent Pearson Diefenbaker Starr Stanfield Clark Trudeau Clark Nielsen Mulroney Turner Gray Chrétien Bouchard Duceppe Gauthier Duceppe Manning Grey Day Reynolds Harper Hill Harper Graham Dion Ignatieff Layton Turmel Mulcair v t e Alberta Leaders of the Opposition Robertson Bennett Michener Hoadley Ramsey Boyle C. Mitchell Bowen Walker Speakman Mahaffy Walker Page Prowse MacEwan Maccagno Lougheed Strom Henderson Clark Speaker Notley Martin Decore G. Mitchell Sapers MacBeth Nicol Taft Swann Sherman Smith v t e Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada and its antecedents Liberal-Conservative (1867–1873) Macdonald Conservative (1873–1942) Macdonald Abbott Thompson Bowell Tupper Borden Meighen Bennett Manion Meighen Progressive Conservative (1942–2003) Bracken Drew Diefenbaker Stanfield Clark Mulroney Campbell Charest Clark MacKay Reform (1987–2000) Manning Canadian Alliance (2000–2003) Day Harper Conservative (2003–present) Harper v t e Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta Party leaders Haultain (NWT) ¤ Bennett Robertson Bennett Michener Hoadley Ramsey McGillivray Duggan Page Kirby Watkins Harradence Lougheed Getty Klein Stelmach Redford Leadership elections 1958 1962 1965 1985 1992 2006 2011

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Christina Grimmie
Background information
Birth name	Christina Victoria Grimmie
Also known as	zeldaxlove64
Born	(1994-03-12) March 12, 1994 (age 18)
Origin	Marlton, New Jersey, U.S.
Genres	Pop, R&B, pop rock, dance-pop, hip-hop
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, pianist
Instruments	Vocals, Piano
Years active	2009–present
Labels	Creative Artists Agency
Associated acts	Selena Gomez & The Scene, Sam Tsui, Allstar Weekend
Website	www.christinagrimmieofficial.com
Notable instruments
Keyboard, piano

Christina Victoria Grimmie (born March 12, 1994), known on YouTube as zeldaxlove64,^[1] is a pianist and singer/songwriter known for her covers of hit songs by artists such as Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, Christina Aguilera, Miley Cyrus, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry and many more. In June 2011, she released her debut EP, Find Me.

YouTube recognition[link]

Christina Grimmie is best known for her cover with fellow Youtuber, Sam Tsui, of Nelly's "Just a Dream" which has had about 60 million views between the two official versions of the video as of May 15, 2012.^[2][3] Her first video was "I Don't Wanna Be Torn", originally by Hannah Montana. She first reached YouTube stardom early on with her cover of Miley Cyrus's "Party in the U.S.A." on August 2009.^[4] Since, she's had over 289 million views and over 1.5 million subscribers on her channel as of May 15, 2012, which has made her the 4th most subscribed musician on YouTube.^[5] She also placed at number 2 at the top 5 of the MyYoutube competition, behind Selena Gomez, and in front of Rihanna, Nicki Minaj and Justin Bieber.^[6]

Career[link]

Grimmie has performed in the UNICEF charity concert,^[7][8] and has also performed backup vocals for Selena Gomez & the Scene, and was on the 2011 first ever Digitour, specially designed for YouTube artists. She has appeared on the Billboard Social 50.^[9] Christina is currently being managed by stepfather of Selena Gomez, Brian Teefey. She also opened for Selena Gomez & the Scene, Allstar Weekend and the Jonas Brothers during the Concert of Hope. She toured for six weeks with Selena Gomez & the Scene opening for them in the We Own the Night Tour.^[10] She released an EP, entitled Find Me, on June 14, 2011.^[10] Her debut single 'Advice' was released to Radio Disney on June 11,^[11] with the music video, directed by Sean Babas, being released on July 19 on her Youtube channel. She appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show performing with fellow YouTuber, Tyler Ward, a cover to Lil Wayne's "How to Love" that aired on October 10, 2011.^[12] On November 20, 2011, Grimmie performed at the 39th American Music Awards of 2011 Pre-show alongside with Taio Cruz to a special rendition of "Higher". She also performed her song 'Not Fragile' at the American Music Awards of 2011 Coca-Cola Red Carpet Show along with Selena Gomez's band the Scene. Christina Grimmie was the special musical guest performing her hit song 'Advice' on Disney Channel's So Random! which premiered on December 11, 2011.^[13] In January 2012 she moved to Los Angeles to pursue her singing career, as she told fans on Facebook and Twitter. Grimmie was signed to Creative Artists Agency who have signed the likes of Chris Brown and Christina Aguilera in early April 2012 after moving to LA; she is currently working on a new album, as she told fans on Facebook and Twitter.

Discography[link]

• Find Me (2011)

Singles[link]

• 1."Advice"

Released: June 11, 2011

• 2."Liar Liar"

Released: October 3, 2011

Songs covered[link]

2009[link]

• "I Don't Wanna Be Torn" by Hannah Montana
• "Dear Friend" by Stacie Orrico
• "Party in the U.S.A." by Miley Cyrus
• "Catch Me" by Demi Lovato
• "Energy" by Keri Hilson
• "Don't Forget" by Demi Lovato
• "Never Say Never" by The Fray
• "Crazier" by Taylor Swift
• "Everytime You Lie" by Demi Lovato
• "When You Look Me in the Eyes" by Jonas Brothers
• "One Time" by Justin Bieber
• "Unfaithful" by Rihanna
• "My Heart Will Go On" by Céline Dion
• "What Hurts the Most" by Rascal Flatts
• "Apology" by Cristina Marie
• "Fireflies" by Owl City
• "Only Hope" by Switchfoot
• "The Way I Loved You" by Selena Gomez & The Scene
• "White Christmas" by Bing Crosby
• "When I Look at You" by Miley Cyrus

2010[link]

• "Everytime We Touch" by Cascada
• "Lift Me Up" by Christina Aguilera
• "The Voice Within" by Christina Aguilera
• "Naturally" by Selena Gomez & the Scene
• "Hey, Soul Sister" by Train
• "Baby" by Justin Bieber
• "Break Your Heart" (featuring Tiffany Alvord) by Taio Cruz
• "Hallelujah" by Leonard Cohen
• "Halo" by Beyoncé
• Medley: When I Look at You / Goodbye / 7 Things / See You Again / The Climb / If We Were a Movie / Before The Storm / Breakout / The Best of Both Worlds by Miley Cyrus
• "Telephone" by Lady Gaga feat. Beyoncé
• "Impossible" by Shontelle
• "Pyramid" by Charice feat. Iyaz
• "You Lost Me" by Christina Aguilera
• "Shark in the Water" by V V Brown
• Medley: Fallin' (Alicia Keys) / Walk Away (Christina Aguilera) / Alejandro (Lady Gaga) / Billionaire (Travie McCoy feat. Bruno Mars) / Airplanes (B.o.B feat. Hayley Williams) / Dynamite (Taio Cruz) / Tik Tok (Kesha) / California Gurls (Katy Perry feat. Snoop Dogg)
• Medley: Never Say Never (Justin Bieber) / Stay (Miley Cyrus)
• "A Year Without Rain" by Selena Gomez & the Scene
• "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" (featuring Alex Goot) by Usher feat. Pitbull
• "Beat It" by Michael Jackson
• "Hurt" by Christina Aguilera
• Medley: Just a Dream (Nelly) / Just the Way You Are (Bruno Mars) / Teenage Dream (Katy Perry) / Animal (Neon Trees) / Firework (Katy Perry)
• "Just a Dream" (featuring Sam Tsui) by Nelly
• "Grenade" by Bruno Mars
• "All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Mariah Carey
• "A Little More Of Us" by Stereo Skyline

2011[link]

• "Firework" by Katy Perry
• "Jar of Hearts" by Christina Perri
• "Only Girl (In the World)" by Rihanna
• "Back to December" by Taylor Swift
• "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga
• "F**kin' Perfect" by Pink
• "Through Glass" (featuring Mark Grimmie) by Stone Sour
• "Rolling in the Deep" by Adele
• "Pray" by Justin Bieber
• "Who Says" by Selena Gomez & the Scene
• "E.T." by Katy Perry
• "Forget You" by Cee Lo Green
• "Price Tag" by Jessie J feat. B.o.B
• "Bound to You" by Christina Aguilera
• "The Edge of Glory" by Lady Gaga
• "Set Fire to the Rain" by Adele
• Medley: Crushcrushcrush / The Only Exception / Decode / Misery Business by Paramore
• "Someone Like You" Adele
• "Skyscraper" by Demi Lovato
• "Billie Jean" (featuring Noah Guthrie) by Michael Jackson
• "Lonely Day" (featuring Mark Grimmie) by System of a Down
• "How to Love" (featuring Tyler Ward) by Lil Wayne
• "One and Only" by Adele
• "Your Song" by Elton John
• "Stereo Hearts" by Gym Class Heroes feat. Adam Levine
• "We Found Love" by Rihanna feat. Calvin Harris
• "It Will Rain" by Bruno Mars
• "The One That Got Away" by Katy Perry
• "O Holy Night" (Christmas carol)

2012[link]

• "I Won't Give Up" by Jason Mraz
• "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston
• "Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye feat. Kimbra
• "Cinema (Skrillex Remix)" by Benny Benassi
• "Safe & Sound (song)" by Taylor Swift feat. The Civil Wars
• "In Christ Alone" by Owl City
• "The Dragonborn Comes" from Skyrim

Top 10 most viewed videos[link]

As of April 22 of 2012, the 10 most viewed videos uploaded by Grimmie are:^[14]

• ^1 The total views of "Just a Dream" are the combined views from Christina's and Sam's YouTube channels. The copy of the video on Christina's channel is second most-viewed with 11.7 million.

Filmography[link]

Awards & Nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

Natalie Wood
Natalie Wood in 1965
Born	Natalia Nikolaevna Zacharenko July 20, 1938 San Francisco, California, United States
Died	November 29, 1981(1981-11-29) (aged 43) Santa Catalina Island, California, United States
Other names	Natasha Gurdin Natalie Wood Wagner
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1943–1981
Spouse	Robert Wagner (m. 1957–1962) «start: (1957)–end+1: (1963)»"Marriage: Robert Wagner to Natalie Wood" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Natalie_Wood) Richard Gregson (m. 1969–1972) «start: (1969)–end+1: (1973)»"Marriage: Richard Gregson to Natalie Wood" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Natalie_Wood) Robert Wagner (m. 1972–1981) «start: (1972)–end+1: (1982)»"Marriage: Robert Wagner to Natalie Wood" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Natalie_Wood)(her death)
Children	Natasha Gregson (b. 1970) Courtney Wagner (b. 1974)
Relatives	Lana Wood (sister)

Natalie Wood (born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko; Russian: Наталья Николаевна Захаренко;^[1] July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American film and television actress best known for her screen roles in Miracle on 34th Street, Splendor in the Grass, Rebel Without a Cause, and West Side Story. After first working in films as a child, Wood became a successful Hollywood star as a young adult, receiving three Academy Award nominations before she was 25 years old.

Wood began acting in movies at the age of four and at age eight was given a co-starring role in the classic Christmas film Miracle on 34th Street.^[2] As a teenager, her performance in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She starred in the musical films West Side Story (1961) and Gypsy (1962), and received Academy Award for Best Actress nominations for her performances in Splendor in the Grass (1961) and Love with the Proper Stranger (1963).

Her career continued with films such as Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969). After this she took a break from acting and had two children, appearing in only two theatrical films during the 1970s. She was married to actor Robert Wagner twice, and to producer Richard Gregson in between the marriages to Wagner. She had one daughter by each: Natasha Gregson and Courtney Wagner. Her younger sister, Lana Wood, is also an actress.

Wood starred in several television productions, including a remake of the film From Here to Eternity (1979) for which she won a Golden Globe Award. During her career, from child actress to adult star, her films represented a "coming of age" for both her and Hollywood films in general.^[3]

At age 43, Wood drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California at the time her last film, Brainstorm (1983), was in production with co-star Christopher Walken. Her death was declared an accident. Although the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department reopened the case in late 2011 based on new witness statements, no evidence to contradict that original conclusion was found.^[4]