Native name | |
---|---|
Common name | Nguyễn |
Conventional long name | Nguyễn Dynasty |
National anthem | Đăng Đàn Cung |
Continent | moved from Category:Asia to Southeast Asia |
Region | Southeast Asia |
Country | Vietnam |
Government type | Monarchy |
Status | Empire |
Status text | Kingdom, Empire |
Year start | 1802 |
Year end | 1945 |
Event start | Coronation of Gia Long |
Date start | June 1, |
Event1 | Colonization of Cochinchina |
Date event1 | September 1, 1858 |
Event2 | Japanese occupation |
Date event2 | September 22, 1940 |
Event end | Abdication of Bảo Đại |
Date end | August 30, |
P1 | Tây Sơn dynasty |
S1 | French Indochina |
Flag s1 | Flag of Colonial Vietnam.svg |
flag | Flag of Vietnam |
Flag type | Vietnamese Nguyen Dynasty Flag |
Capital | Phú Xuân |
Common languages | Vietnamese |
Religion | Neo-Confucianism |
Title leader | Emperor |
Leader1 | Gia Long |
Year leader1 | 1802-1820 }} |
Emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị and Tự Đức, were opposed to French involvement in the country and tried to reduce the growing Catholic community in Vietnam at that time. The imprisonment of missionaries who had illegally entered the country was the primary pretext for the French to invade and occupy Indochina. Much like what had occurred in Qing China, there were also numerous incidents involving other nations (European) during the 19th century.
The last Nguyễn Emperor to rule with complete independence was Tự Đức. After his death there was a succession crisis as the regent Ton That Thuyet orchestrated the murders of three emperors in a year. This allowed the French to take direct control of the country and eventually gain complete control of the monarchy. All emperors since Đồng Khánh were chosen by the French and had only a symbolic position.
France completely conquered the Vietnamese in 1887 and promoted the further occupation and development of the Mekong Delta region by the Vietnamese. The Nguyễn Dynasty still ruled nominally the French protectorate of Annam. France added new ingredients to the cultural stew of Vietnam. The French added Catholicism and a writing system based upon Latin letters. The spelling used in this transliteration of Vietnamese surprisingly was Portuguese because the French relied upon a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric.
Lacking a unified nationwide organization, the Vietnamese national movement, though still vigorous, failed to take advantage of the difficulties France was experiencing as a result of war to stage any significant uprisings. In May 1916, the sixteen-year-old king, Duy Tân, escaped from his palace in order to take part in an uprising of Vietnamese troops. The French were informed of the plan and the leaders arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean.
The sequels to the Second World War: For Vietnam, the explosion of World War II on September 1, 1939 was an event as decisive as the French taking of Đà Nẵng in 1858. The Axis power of Japan invaded Vietnam on September 22, 1940, attempting to construct military bases to strike against the Allies in Southeast Asia.
In 1941-1945, a communist resistance movement called the Vietminh developed under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. In March 1945, realizing the allied victory was inevitable, the Japanese overthrew the French authorities in Vietnam, imprisoned their civil servants and proclaimed Vietnam "independent" under Japanese "protection" with Bảo Đại as emperor. Japan surrendered on August 15, triggering a revolt by the Vietminh. After receiving a "request" for his resignation, Bảo Đại, abdicated on August 30 and handed power over to the Vietminh. Bảo Đại was named "supreme counselor" to the new government. Bảo Đại left shortly afterward since he did not agree with the policies of the Vietminh and went into exile in Hong Kong. Following the return of the French in October, the French-Indochina War (1946-1954) was fought between France and the Vietminh.
After Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam, the South Vietnamese prime minister Ngô Đình Diệm, in a referendum claimed by many as to have been manipulated, overthrew Bảo Đại in 1956. Diem then assumed the position of President of the Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam Cộng Hòa), once more ending Bảo Đại's involvement in Vietnamese affairs — this time permanently.
Bảo Đại went into exile in France, where he died in 1997 and was buried in Cimetière de Passy. Crown Prince Bảo Long succeeded on the death of his father Emperor Bảo Đại as Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam, July 31, 1997.
+ Emperors of Vietnam 1802–1945 | |||||||
Temple name | ! Posthumous Name | ! Personal Name | ! Reign | ! Era name | ! Royal Tomb | ! Events | |
世祖 Thế Tổ | 開天弘道立紀垂統神文聖武俊德隆功至仁大孝高皇帝 Khai Thiên Hoằng Đạo Lập Kỷ Thùy Thống Thần Văn Thánh Vũ Tuấn Đức Long Công Chí Nhân Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng Đế | 阮福暎Nguyễn Phúc Ánh | 1802–1820 | 嘉隆 1802–1820Gia Long | 千壽陵 Thien Tho Tomb | Thiên Thọ lăng | unified the whole country, founder of Vietnam's last dynasty, named the country as Vietnam for the first time |
聖祖 Thánh Tổ | 體天昌運至孝淳德文武明斷創述大成厚宅豐功仁皇帝Thể Thiên Xương Vận Chí Hiếu Thuần Đức Văn Vũ Minh Đoán Sáng Thuật Đại Thành Hậu Trạch Phong Công Nhân Hoàng Đế | 阮福晈Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu | 1820–1841 | 明命 1820–1841Minh Mạng | 孝陵 Hiếu Lăng | annexed the remaining of the Champa kingdom, renamed the country Đại Nam, suppress religion | |
憲祖 Hiến Tổ | 紹天隆運至善淳孝寬明睿斷文治武功聖哲章皇帝 Thiệu Thiên Long Vận Chí Thiện Thuần Hiếu Khoan Minh Duệ Đoán Văn Trị Vũ Công Thánh Triết Chượng Chương Hoàng Đế | 阮福暶Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền | 1841–1847 | 紹治 1841–1847Thiệu Trị | 昌陵 Xương Lăng | ||
翼宗 Dực Tông | 世天亨運至誠達孝體健敦仁謙恭明略睿文英皇帝 Thể Thiên Hanh Vận Chí Thành Đạt Hiếu Thể Kiện Đôn Nhân Khiêm Cung Minh Lược Duệ Văn Anh Hoàng Đế | 阮福時Nguyễn Phúc Thì | 1847–1883 | 嗣德 1847–1883Tự Đức | 謙陵 Khiêm Lăng | ||
恭宗Cung Tông | 惠皇帝Huệ Hoàng Đế | —— | 1883 | 育德 1883Dục Đức | 安陵 An Lăng | ||
— | — | 阮福昇Nguyễn Phúc Thăng | 1883 | 協和 1883Hiệp Hòa | — | ||
簡宗Giản Tông | 紹德志孝淵睿毅皇帝Thiệu Đức Chí Hiếu Uyên Duệ Nghị Hoàng Đế | 阮福昊Nguyễn Phúc Hạo | 1883–1884 | 建福 1883–1884Kiến Phúc | 陪陵 Bồi Lăng | ||
— | — | 阮福明Nguyễn Phúc Minh | 1884–1885 | 咸宜 1884–1885Hàm Nghi | Thonac Cemetery, France | was dethroned after 1 year because stratagem piles the West, but continued the rebellion until was captured in 1888 and forced to exile to Africa | |
景宗Cảnh Tông | 弘烈統哲敏惠純皇帝 Hoằng Liệt Thống Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế | 阮福昪Nguyễn Phúc Biện | 1885–1889 | 同慶 1885–1889Đồng Khánh | 思陵 Tư Lăng | friendly with the West | |
— | — | 阮福昭Nguyễn Phúc Chiêu | 1889–1907 | 成泰 1889–1907Thành Thái | 安陵 An Lăng | ||
— | — | 阮福晃Nguyễn Phúc Hoảng | 1907–1916 | 維新 1907–1916Duy Tân | 安陵 An Lăng | ||
弘宗Hoằng Tông | 嗣代嘉運聖明神智仁孝誠敬貽謨承烈宣皇帝 Tự Đại Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế | 阮福昶Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn | 1916–1925 | 啟定 1916–1925Khải Định | 應陵 Ứng Lăng | ||
— | — | 阮福晪Nguyễn Phúc Thiển² | 1926–1945 | 保大 1926–1945Bảo Đại | Cimetière de Passy, France | restored Vietnamese sovereignty, created the Empire of Vietnam, abdicated and transferred power to the Viet Minh, Vietnamese monarchy came to an end |
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width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 1< | Gia Long 1802–1819 | ||||||
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width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 2< | Minh Mạng 1820–1840 | |||||||
width="75px"> | width="75px">width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | |||||||||
width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 3< | Thiệu Trị 1841–1847 | |||||||
width="75px"> | width="75px">width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | |||||||||
width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | >width="20px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | >width="20px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | >width="20px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | >width="20px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | |||
colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | Thoại Thái Vương | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | Kiên Thái Vương | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 6< | Hiệp Hoà 1883 | |||||
width="75px"> | | width="20px" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | ||||
width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | >width="20px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | >width="20px" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 2px 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | ||
width="75px" | >width="20px" | | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 5< | Dục Đức 1883 | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">9 Đồng Khánh 1885–1889 | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 8< | Hàm Nghi 1884–1885 | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">7 Kiến Phúc 1883–1884 | |||||
width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | |||||||
width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 10< | Thành Thái 1889–1907 | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">12 Khải Định 1916–1925 | ||||||||
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width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;" | 11< | Duy Tân 1907–1916 | colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">13 Bảo Đại 1926–1945 | ||||||||
width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | width="75px" | >width="20px" | | width="75px" | ||
Category:States and territories established in 1802 Category:1945 disestablishments Vietnam, Nguyen Dynasty Vietnam, Nguyen Dynasty Category:Vietnamese independence movement Category:Former countries in history of Vietnam
cs:Dynastie Nguyễn de:Nguyễn-Dynastie es:Imperio de Vietnam fr:Dynastie Nguyễn ko:응우옌 왕조 it:Dinastia Nguyễn nl:Nguyen-dynastie ja:阮朝 no:Nguyen-dynastiet pl:Dynastia Nguyễn pt:Império do Vietnã th:ราชวงศ์เหงียน vi:Nhà Nguyễn zh:阮朝This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Emperor Khải Định啟定 |
---|---|
Birth date | October 08, 1885 |
Death date | November 06, 1925 |
Place of burial | Ứng Lăng 應陵 |
Full name | Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo 阮福寶嶹 |
Father | Đồng Khánh |
Spouse | Hoang Thi CucTu Cung |
Issue | Bảo Đại |
Succession | Emperor of Vietnam |
Reign | 18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925 () |
Predecessor | Đồng Khánh |
Successor | Bảo Đại |
Temple name | Hoằng Tông 弘宗 |
Posthumous name | Tự Đại Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế 嗣代嘉運聖明神智仁孝誠敬貽謨承烈宣皇帝 |
Era dates | Khải Ðịnh 啟定 (1916-1925) }} |
Nguyễn Bửu Đảo became the nominal ruler of Annam on 18 May 1916, after the exile of Duy Tân (Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San) and took the name Khải Định for his reign, meaning "auger of peace and stability." He said he wanted to restore the prestige of the empire, but this was not possible with his close collaboration with the French occupiers. Although not satisfied with his position, Khải Định enacted a policy of close collaboration with the French government, following all of their instructions to give "legitimacy" to French policies.
Because of this, Khải Định was very unpopular with the Vietnamese people. The nationalist leader Phan Châu Trinh accused him of selling out his country to the French and living in imperial luxury while the people were exploited by France. Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote a play about Khải Định called "The Bamboo Dragon" that ridiculed him as being all grand appearance and ceremony but a powerless puppet of the French in government. His 1922 visit to France to see the Marseilles Colonial Exhibition was also ridiculed by nationalist leaders, who naturally hated Vietnam's status as a colonial subject of France and saw nothing in the exhibition worth celebrating.
Emperor Khải Định's unpopularity reached its peak in 1923 when he authorized the French to raise taxes on the Vietnamese peasants, part of which was to pay for the building of his palatial tomb, and which caused a great deal of hardship. He also signed the orders of arrest against many nationalist leaders, such as Phan Boi Chau, forcing them into exile and having their followers who were captured beheaded.
He married as his second wife (1890–1980), in 1913, a daughter of Ho Dac Trung, who became Annam's Minister for Public Instruction. They had no child.
Later, he had one son with one of his concubines, Tu Cung. She was crowned to Queen due to giving birth to their son, Nguyen Phuoc Thien, who became Prince Vinh Thuy and later Emperor Bảo Đại.
The king also had four secondary wives and 10 concubines.
Category:1925 deaths Category:Nguyễn Dynasty emperors Category:1885 births
de:Khải Định fr:Khải Định ko:카이딘 it:Khải Định la:Khải Định lt:Khai Dinh nl:Khải Định ja:啓定帝 no:Khải Định sv:Khai Dinh vi:Khải Định zh:啟定帝This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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