Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
{{infobox christian leader | type	Pope
name	Pope Saint Leo I
birth name	Leo
term start	September 29, 440
term end	November 10, 461
predecessor	Sixtus III
successor	Hilarius
birth date	ca. 400
birth place	Tuscany, Western Roman Empire
death date	November 10, 461
death place	Rome, Western Roman Empire
other	Leo
feast day	November 10
venerated	Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglican Church }}

{{infobox popestyles |papal name	Pope Leo I |dipstyleHis Holiness |offstyleYour Holiness |relstyleHoly Father |deathstyleSaint }}

Pope Leo I (ca. 400 – November 10, 461) was pope from September 29, 440 to his death.

He was an Italian aristocrat, and is the first pope of the Catholic Church to have been called "the Great". He is perhaps best known for having met Attila the Hun in 452, persuading him to turn back from his invasion of Italy. He is also a Doctor of the Church.

Early life

According to the ''Liber Pontificalis'', he was a native of Tuscany. By 431, as a deacon, he occupied a sufficiently important position for Cyril of Alexandria to apply to him in order that Rome's influence should be thrown against the claims of Juvenal of Jerusalem to patriarchal jurisdiction over Palestine—unless this letter is addressed rather to Pope Celestine I. About the same time John Cassian dedicated to him the treatise against Nestorius written at his request. But nothing shows more plainly the confidence felt in him than his being chosen by the emperor to settle the dispute between Aëtius and Albinus, the two highest officials in Gaul.

During his absence on this mission, Pope Sixtus III died (August 11, 440), and Leo was unanimously elected by the people to succeed him. On September 29 he entered upon a pontificate which was to be epoch-making for the centralization of the government of the Roman Church.

Papal authority

Decree of Valentinian

Leo was a significant contributor to the centralisation of spiritual authority within the Church and in reaffirming papal authority. While the bishop of Rome had always been viewed as the chief patriarch in the Western church, much of the pope's authority was delegated to local diocesan bishops. Not without serious opposition did he succeed in reasserting his authority in Gaul. Patroclus of Arles (d. 426) had received from Pope Zosimus the recognition of a subordinate primacy over the Gallican Church which was strongly asserted by his successor Hilary of Arles. An appeal from Celidonius of Besançon gave Leo the opportunity to reassert the pope's authority over Hilary, who defended himself stoutly at Rome, refusing to recognize Leo's judicial status. Feeling that the universal jurisdiction of the papacy was threatened, Leo appealed to the civil power for support, and obtained from Valentinian III the famous decree of June 6, 445, which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome based on the merits of Peter, the dignity of the city, and the Nicene Creed (in their interpolated form); ordained that any opposition to his rulings, which were to have the force of ecclesiastical law, should be treated as treason; and provided for the forcible extradition by provincial governors of anyone who refused to answer a summons to Rome. Faced with this decree, Hilary submitted to the pope, although under his successor, Ravennius, Leo divided the metropolitan rights between Arles and Vienne (450).

Dispute with Dioscorus of Alexandria

In 445, Leo disputed with Pope Dioscorus, St. Cyril's successor as Pope of Alexandria, insisting that the ecclesiastical practice of his see should follow that of Rome on the basis that Mark the Evangelist, the disciple of Saint Peter and founder of the Alexandrian Church, could have had no other tradition than that of the prince of the apostles. This, of course, was not the position of the Copts, who saw the ancient patriarchates as equals.

Other regions

Regarding Africa, the fact that the African province of Mauretania Caesariensis had been preserved to the empire and thus to the Nicene faith during the Vandal invasion, and in its isolation was disposed to rest on outside support, gave Leo an opportunity to assert his authority there, which he did decisively in regard to a number of questions of discipline.

Regarding Italy, in a letter to the bishops of Campania, Picenum, and Tuscany (443) he required the observance of all his precepts and those of his predecessors; and he sharply rebuked the bishops of Sicily (447) for their deviation from the Roman custom as to the time of baptism, requiring them to send delegates to the Roman synod to learn the proper practice.

Regarding Greece, because of the earlier line of division between the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire, Illyria was ecclesiastically subject to Rome. Pope Innocent I had constituted the metropolitan of Thessalonica his vicar, in order to oppose the growing influence of the patriarch of Constantinople in the area. In a letter of about 446 to a successor bishop of Thessalonica, Anastasius, Leo reproached him for the way he had treated one of the metropolitan bishops subject to him; after giving various instructions about the functions entrusted to Anastasius and stressing that certain powers were reserved to the pope himself, Leo wrote: "The care of the universal Church should converge towards Peter's one seat, and nothing anywhere should be separated from its Head."

Council of Chalcedon

A favorable occasion for extending the authority of Rome in the East was offered in the renewal of the Christological controversy by Eutyches, who in the beginning of the conflict appealed to Leo and took refuge with him on his condemnation by Flavian. But on receiving full information from Flavian, Leo took his side decisively. In 451 at the Council of Chalcedon, after Leo's Tome on the two natures of Christ was read out, the bishops participating in the Council cried out: "This is the faith of the fathers ... Peter has spoken thus through Leo ..."

Battling heresies

An uncompromising foe of heresy, Leo found that in the diocese of Aquileia, Pelagians were received into church communion without formal repudiation of their errors; he wrote to rebuke them, making accusations of culpable negligence, and required a solemn abjuration before a synod.

Manicheans fleeing before the Vandals had come to Rome in 439 and secretly organized there; Leo learned of this around 443, and proceeded against them by holding a public debate with their representatives, burning their books, and warning the Roman Christians against them.

Nor was his attitude less decided against the Priscillianists. Bishop Turrubius of Astorga, astonished at the spread of this sect in Spain, had addressed the other Spanish bishops on the subject, sending a copy of his letter to Leo, who took the opportunity to exercise Roman policy in Spain. He wrote an extended treatise (July 21, 447), against the sect, examining its false teaching in detail, and calling for a Spanish general council to investigate whether it had any adherents in the episcopate, but this was prevented by the political circumstances of Spain.

The ''Tome''

At the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 AD, Leo's representatives delivered his famous ''Tome'' (Latin text, a letter), or statement of the faith of the Roman Church in the form of a letter addressed to Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople, which repeats, in close adherence to Augustine, the formulas of western Christology, without really touching the problem that was agitating the East. The council did not read the letter, and paid no attention to the protests of Leo's legates, but deposed Flavian and Eusebius, who appealed to Rome.

It was presented again at the subsequent Council of Chalcedon as offering a solution to the Christological controversies still raging between East and West. This time it was read out. The acts of the council report: "After the reading of the foregoing epistle, the most reverend bishops cried out: This is the faith of the fathers, this is the faith of the Apostles. So we all believe, thus the orthodox believe. Anathema to him who does not thus believe. Peter has spoken thus through Leo. So taught the Apostles. Piously and truly did Leo teach, so taught Cyril. Everlasting be the memory of Cyril. Leo and Cyril taught the same thing, anathema to him who does not so believe. This is the true faith. Those of us who are orthodox thus believe. This is the faith of the fathers. Why were not these things read at Ephesus? These are the things Dioscorus hid away."

Politics of East and West

Leo demanded of the emperor that an ecumenical council should be held in Italy, and in the meantime, at a Roman synod in October 449, repudiated all the decisions of the "Robber Synod". Without going into a critical examination of its dogmatic decrees, in his letters to the emperor and others he demanded the deposition of Eutyches as a Manichean and Docetic heretic.

With the death of Theodosius II in 450 and the sudden change in the Eastern situation, Anatolius, the new patriarch of Constantinople fulfilled Leo's requirements, and his ''Tome'' was everywhere read and recognized.

Leo was now no longer desirous of having a council, especially since it was not to be held in Italy. Instead, it was called to meet at Nicaea, then subsequently transferred to Chalcedon, where his legates held at least an honorary presidency, and where the bishops recognized him as the interpreter of the voice of Peter and as the head of their body, requesting of him the confirmation of their decrees.

He firmly declined to confirm their disciplinary arrangements, which seemed to allow Constantinople a practically equal authority with Rome and regarded the civil importance of a city as a determining factor in its ecclesiastical position; but he strongly supported its dogmatic decrees, especially when, after the accession of Leo I the Thracian (457), there seemed to be a disposition toward compromise with the Eutychians.

He succeeded in having an imperial patriarch, and not the Oriental Orthodox Pope Timotheus Aelurus, chosen as Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria on the murder of Greek Patriarch Proterius of Alexandria.

The approaching collapse of the Western Empire gave Leo a further opportunity to appear as the representative of lawful authority.

Leo and Attila

In 452, Attila invaded Italy, sacking cities such as Aquileia and heading for Rome. He allegedly demanded that the sister of the reigning Emperor Valentinian III be sent to him with a dowry. In response, the Emperor sent three envoys to negotiate with Attila: Gennadius Avienus, who had been a consul in 450, Trygetius, who was a former praefectus praetorio, and Leo. We do not know much about the negotiations, but Attila withdrew. This outcome has been debated among historians for centuries. A large sum of gold that the pope possibly carried with him or Attila´s logistical and strategic concerns may have been the true reasons for Attila's mercy. His army was probably laden with booty from plunder; a plague broke out in northern Italy; food shortages may also be responsible for Attila´s withdrawal, as well as military actions of the Eastern Emperor Marcianus on the Danube frontier. Furthermore, we know next to nothing of the whereabouts of Aëtius at that time; perhaps Attila or his warriors felt endangered by their arch-enemy from the Catalaunian plains. The pope's plea for mercy may well have merely served as an honorable excuse for not continuing on and sacking the Roman capital.

John B. Bury remarked: "The fact of the embassy cannot be doubted. The distinguished ambassadors visited the Hun's camp near the south shore of Lake Garda. It is also certain that Attila suddenly retreated. But we are at a loss to know what considerations were offered him to induce him to depart. It is unreasonable to suppose that this heathen king would have cared for the thunders or persuasions of the Church. The Emperor refused to surrender Honoria, and it is not recorded that money was paid. A trustworthy chronicle hands down another account which does not conflict with the fact that an embassy was sent, but evidently furnishes the true reasons which moved Attila to receive it favourably. Plague broke out in the barbarian host and their food ran short, and at the same time troops arrived from the east, sent by Marcian to the aid of Italy. If his host was suffering from pestilence, and if troops arrived from the east, we can understand that Attila was forced to withdraw. But whatever terms were arranged, he did not pretend that they meant a permanent peace. The question of Honoria was left unsettled, and he threatened that he would come again and do worse things in Italy unless she were given up with the due portion of the Imperial possessions."

However, Christian historians celebrated Leo's actions, giving him all the credit for this successful embassy. According to Prosper of Aquitaine, Attila was so impressed by Leo that he withdrew. Jordanes says that Attila was afraid of sharing the fate of the Visigothic king Alaric, who died shortly after sacking Rome in 410. Paul the Deacon, in the late 8th century, relates that an enormously huge man dressed in priestly robes and armed with a naked sword, visible only to Attila, threatened him and his army with death during his discourse with Leo, and this prompted Attila to submit to his request. Unfortunately Leo's intercession could not prevent the sack of the city by the Vandals in 455, but murder and arson were repressed by his influence. He died probably on November 10, 461.

On Dignity and Equality

In his Nativitate Domini, in the Christmas Day sermon "Christian, Remember your Dignity" Leo appears to articulate a fundamental and inclusive human dignity and equality: The saint, the sinner, and the unbeliever are all equal as sinners, and none is excluded in the call to "happiness":

Leo's significance

The significance of Leo's pontificate lies in his assertion of the universal jurisdiction of the Roman bishop, as expressed in his letters, and still more in his ninety-six extant orations. This assertion is commonly referred to as the doctrine of Petrine supremacy.

According to Leo and several Church Fathers, as well as certain interpretations of the Scriptures, the Church is built upon Peter, in pursuance of the promise of Matthew 16:16-19. Peter participates in everything which is Christ's; what the other apostles have in common with him they have through him. What is true of Peter is true also of his successors. Every other bishop is charged with the care of his particular flock, the Roman pontiff with that of the whole Church. Other bishops are his assistants in this great task. In Leo's eyes the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon acquired their validity from his confirmation.

Leo's letters and sermons reflect the many aspects of his career and personality, including his great personal influence for good, and are invaluable historical sources. His rhythmic prose style, called ''cursus leonicus'', influenced ecclesiastical language for centuries.

The Roman Catholic Church and many Anglican churches mark November 10 as the feast day of Saint Leo, given in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and the 8th-century Calendar of Saint Willibrord as the date of his death and entry to heaven. His feast was once celebrated in Rome on June 28, the anniversary of the placing of his relics in Saint Peter's Basilica, but in the 12th century the Gallican Rite feast of April 11 was admitted to the General Roman Calendar, which maintained that date until 1969. Some traditionalist Catholics continue to observe pre-1970 versions of that calendar.

The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Saint Leo on February 18.

Burial

Leo was originally buried in his own monument. However, some years after his death, his remains were put into a tomb that contained the first four Pope Leos. In the 18th century Leo the Great's relics were separated from those of the other Leo's and he was given his own chapel.

Hymns

Troparion (Tone 3) :You were the Church's instrument :in strengthening the teaching of true doctrine; :you shone forth from the West like a sun dispelling the errors of the heretics. :Righteous Leo, entreat Christ God to grant us His great mercy.

Troparion (Tone 8) :O Champion of Orthodoxy, and teacher of holiness, :The enlightenment of the universe and the inspired glory of true believers. :O most wise Father Leo, your teachings are as music of the Holy Spirit for us! :Pray that Christ our God may save our souls!

Kontakion (Tone 3) :Seated upon the throne of the priesthood, glorious Leo, :you shut the mouths of the spiritual lions. :With divinely inspired teachings of the honored Trinity, :you shed the light of the knowledge of God up-on your flock. :Therefore, you are glorified as a divine initiate of the grace of God.

See also

List of 10 longest-reigning popes

References

Louise Ropes Loomis, ''The Book of Popes'' (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations).

T. Jalland, ''The Life and Times of St. Leo the Great'', (London, 1941).

Pope Leo's ''Tome'' ccel.org

Early Church Texts The Tome of Leo in Greek and Latin with English translation.

St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome Orthodox icon and synaxarion

Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes

External links

"St. Leo the Great, Pope", ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''

St Leo of Rome Orthodox Synaxarion (February 18)

Early Church Fathers: Leo the Great

Leo 01 Leo 01 Leo I Category:Doctors of the Church Category:Christian theologians Leo 01 Leo I Leo I Leo I Leo I Leo I Category:Roman Catholic Mariology Leo I Category:5th-century Christian saints Category:5th-century Romans Category:Anglican saints

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This is a list of people whose names in English are commonly appended with the phrase "''the Great''", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as ''e Bozorg'' and ''e azam'' in Persian and Urdu respectively.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.

The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus) assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "''the Great''".

The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).

Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.

As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.

Rulers

Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran

Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India

Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia

Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia

Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias

Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex

Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire

Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty

Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),

Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire

Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand

Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)

Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)

Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden

Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland

Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia

Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India

Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans

Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)

Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks

Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen

Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor

Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire

Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire

Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent

Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse

Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile

Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia

Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader

Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea

Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC

Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)

Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre

Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea

Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris

Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France

Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)

Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat

Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia

John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve

John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre

Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor

Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i

Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India

Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia

Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty

Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales

Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland

Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand

Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan

Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)

Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)

Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom

Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus

Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)

Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya

Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)

K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque

Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka

Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia

Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia

Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily

Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar

Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar

Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.

Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India

Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties

Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)

Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev

Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders

Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent

Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre

Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire

Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king

Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia

Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire

Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)

Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks

Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)

Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty

Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie

Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire

Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor

Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia

Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia

Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire

Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark

Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor

Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus

Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy

William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon

William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou

Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)

Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China

Religious figures

Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East

Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia

Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian

Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt

Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader

Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)

Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint

Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint

Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)

Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine

Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)

Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)

Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit

Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)

Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople

William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites

Other

Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies

Emmy the Great, folk singer

Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III

Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia

See also

Epithet

List of monarchs by nickname

List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I

James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus

Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater

Notes

Category:Monarchs Great, List of people known as The Category:Greatest Nationals Category:Epithets

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Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
Name	Joanna Rogers Macy
Occupation	Author, Buddhist scholar, Environmental activist
Nationality	American }}

Joanna Rogers Macy, Ph.D (sometimes listed as ''Joanna R. Macy'' or ''Joanna Marie Macy''; born May 2, 1929), is an environmental activist, author, scholar of Buddhism, general systems theory, and deep ecology.

Biography

Macy graduated from Wellesley College in 1950 and received her Phd in Religious Studies in 1978 from Syracuse University, Syracuse. She studied there with Huston Smith, the influential author of The World's Religions (previously entitled The Religions of Man). She is an international spokesperson for peace, justice, and environmentalism, most renowned for her book ''Coming Back to Life: Practices to Reconnect Our Lives, Our World'' and the Great Turning initiative, which deals with the transformation from, as she terms it, an industrial growth society to what she considers to be a more sustainable civilization. She has created a theoretical framework for personal and social change, and a workshop methodology for its application. Her work addresses psychological and spiritual issues, Buddhist thought, and contemporary science.

Macy travels giving lectures, workshops, and trainings internationally. Widowed in January 2009, she lives in Berkeley, California, near her children and grandchildren. She serves as adjunct professor to three graduate schools in the San Francisco Bay Area: the Starr King School for the Ministry, the University of Creation Spirituality, and the California Institute of Integral Studies.

Works

''Coming Back to Life : Practices to Reconnect Our Lives, Our World''; Joanna R. Macy, Molly Young Brown; New Society Publishers (1998); ISBN 0-86571-391-X

''Despair and Personal Power in the Nuclear Age''; New Society Pub, (1983); ISBN 0-86571-031-7

''Dharma and Development: Religion as resource in the Sarvodaya self help movement''; Kumarian Press revised ed (1985); ISBN 0-931816-53-X

''Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems Theory: The Dharma of Natural System (Buddhist Studies Series)''; State University of New York Press (1991); ISBN 0-7914-0637-7

''Rilke's Book of Hours: Love Poems to God''; poems by Rainer Maria Rilke, translated by Anita Barrows and Joanna Macy; Riverhead Books(1996); ISBN 1-59448-156-3

''Thinking Like a Mountain: Toward a Council of All Beings''; Joanna Macy, John Seed, Pat Fleming, Arne Naess, Dailan Pugh; New Society Publishers (1988); ISBN 0-86571-133-X

''Widening Circles'' (memoir); New Society, 2000

''World as Lover, World as Self''; Parallax Press (2005); ISBN 0-938077-27-9

See also

David Korten, a collaborator with Macy on the Great Turning Initiative

External links

Joanna Macy's website on the work of Experiential Deep Ecology

Gaia Foundation of Western Australia — an Australian organisation based on the principles of Deep Ecology.

California Institute of Integral Studies

Interview with Joanna Macy by John Malkin — published in ascent magazine, summer 2008

The Healing on Mother Earth Project — a Sebastopol, Ca organisation based on the principles of deep ecology.

"The Work that Reconnects" — Video series of a workshop with Joanna Macy.

Category:1929 births Category:Engaged Buddhists Category:Living people Category:American Buddhists Category:American academics

sv:Joanna Macy

Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
name	Lyle Talbot
birth name	Lisle Henderson
birth date	February 08, 1902
birth place	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
death date	March 02, 1996
death place	San Francisco, California, U.S.
yearsactive	1931–1987
spouse	Margaret Epple (1948-1989) (her death) 4 children Abigail Adams (1942-1942) (annulled)Marjorie Kramer (1937-?) (divorced)}}

Lyle Talbot (February 8, 1902–March 2, 1996), born Lisle Henderson, was an American actor on stage and screen, best known for his long career in movies from 1931 to 1960 and for his frequent appearances on TV in the 1950s and '60s, including his decade-long role as Joe Randolph on television's ''The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet''.

He began his movie career under contract to Warner Brothers in the early days of "talking pictures" and went on to appear in more than 150 films, first as a young matinée idol and later as a character actor and star of many B movies. He was a founding member of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and later served on the board.

Biography

Early career

Born in Pittsburgh, Lyle Talbot was raised in Nebraska. He first began his career as a magician's assistant and became a leading actor in traveling tent shows in the Midwest and established his own theater company in Memphis. He then went to Hollywood when the film industry began producing movies with sound and needed "actors who could talk".

Career

Most notable among his film work: his appearance in the classic pre-noir ''Three on a Match'' (1932) with Humphrey Bogart and Bette Davis, co-starring with Spencer Tracy in the prison movie ''20,000 Years in Sing Sing'', romancing opera singer Grace Moore in ''One Night of Love,'' and pursuing Mae West in ''Go West, Young Man.'' He appeared opposite many famous actresses including Carole Lombard, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Astor, Ginger Rogers, and Shirley Temple.

Talbot's activism in union affairs affected his career path. Warner Bros. dropped him from its roster, and Talbot seldom received starring roles again. He became a capable character actor, playing affable neighbors or crafty villains with equal finesse. In countless low-budget B-movie work, Talbot's roles spanned the gamut. He played cowboys, pirates, detectives, cops, surgeons, psychiatrists, soldiers, judges, newspaper editors, storekeepers, and boxers. In later life he proudly claimed to have never rejected any role offered to him, which explains his participation in three infamous Edward D. Wood, Jr. films: ''Glen or Glenda'', ''Jail Bait'' and ''Plan 9 from Outer Space''. Talbot also worked with the Three Stooges in ''Gold Raiders'', portrayed Lex Luthor in 1950's ''Atom Man vs. Superman'', played villains in four comedies with The Bowery Boys, and took the role of Commissioner Gordon in the 1949 serial ''Batman and Robin''. His last movie role was in the Franklin D. Roosevelt biography, ''Sunrise at Campobello'', in 1960.

As his film career tapered off, Talbot became a familiar character actor on American television in the 1950s and 1960s as a regular on ''Ozzie and Harriet''.

Talbot had a recurring role as Robert Cummings' United States Air Force buddy Paul Fonda on ''The Bob Cummings Show''. Talbot also guest starred frequently on such classic TV series as ''It's a Great Life'', ''The Public Defender'', ''The Pride of the Family'', ''The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show'', ''The Restless Gun'', ''Leave It to Beaver'', ''The Lone Ranger'', ''The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok'', ''Topper'', ''The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin'', ''Perry Mason'', ''Rawhide'', ''Wagon Train'', ''The Beverly Hillbillies'', ''Green Acres'', ''Charlie's Angels'', ''Newhart'', ''The Dukes of Hazzard'', ''St. Elsewhere'', and ''Who's the Boss?''.

He appeared three times as Colonel Billings on the syndicated western series, ''The Adventures of Kit Carson'' (1951–1955), starring Bill Williams. He appeared four times a judge on the syndicated western ''The Cisco Kid'', starring Duncan Renaldo and Leo Carrillo. He appeared on Gene Autry's ''The Range Rider'', starring Jock Mahoney and Dick Jones.

Having started his career in the theater and later co-starred on Broadway in 1940-41 in ''Separate Rooms'', Talbot returned to the stage in the 1960s and 1970s, starring in national road company versions of Thornton Wilder's ''The Matchmaker'', Gore Vidal's political drama ''The Best Man'', Neil Simon's ''The Odd Couple'' and ''Barefoot in the Park'', Arthur Sumner Long's "Never Too Late," and appearing as Capt. Braddock in a 1967 revival of ''South Pacific'', at New York's Lincoln Center.

He continued to appear occasionally on TV shows well into his 80s, and narrated two PBS biographies, ''The Case of Dashiell Hammett'' and ''World Without Walls'' about pioneering pilot Beryl Markham, both produced and written by his son, Stephen Talbot.

Talbot was the first live action actor to play two prominent DC Comics characters on-screen: the aforementioned Commissioner Gordon in ''Batman and Robin'', and supervillain Lex Luthor in ''Atom Man vs. Superman'' (who at the time was simply known as Luthor). Talbot began a longstanding tradition of actors in these roles that were most recently filled by Gary Oldman and Kevin Spacey, respectively.

Personal life

Three of his four children became journalists: Stephen Talbot (who also played Gilbert Bates on ''Leave It to Beaver'') was for many years a documentary producer for the PBS series ''Frontline'' and "Frontline World" and is now the executive producer of "Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders." David is the founder and editor of Salon.com, and Margaret is a staff writer for ''The New Yorker''. His other daughter, Cynthia Talbot, is a family physician and residency director in Portland, Oregon. After several brief marriages, Talbot in 1948 married a young singer and actress, Margaret Epple, who often used the stage name, Paula. They had four children together and remained married for over 40 years until her death in 1989.

Into his nineties he remained sharp and alert, and was a delightful raconteur, regaling fans at conventions with anecdotes about friends and colleagues in the movie industry. He died in 1996 at his home in San Francisco, California, aged 94.

Talbot's granddaughter, Caitlin Talbot, is an actress based in Los Angeles.

Partial filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Other notes
	''Love Is a Racket''	Edw. Griswold 'Eddie' Shaw	Alternative title: ''Such Things Happen''
''No More Orchids''	Tony Holt
''20,000 Years in Sing Sing''	Bud Saunders
	''The Life of Jimmy Dolan''	Doc Woods
''A Shriek in the Night''	Ted Kord
		Jeff
''Fog Over Frisco''	Spencer Carlton
	Dale Leland
		Jim
	Slattery of the Express
''The Case of the Lucky Legs''	Dr. Bob Doray
1937		Robert "Bob" Benton
1939		Willie Hogger
1940	''He Married His Wife''	Paul Hunter
	''Gambler's Choice''	Yellow Gloves Weldon
''Sensations of 1945''	Randall
1946	''Chick Carter, Detective''	Chick Carter
		Commissioner Jim Gordon
''She Shoulda Said No!''	Police Captain Hayes
		B.R. Ayne aka The Brain	TV, 7 episodes
''Atom Man vs. Superman''	Luthor/The Atom Man
''Lucky Losers''	Bruce McDermott
1950–1954		Various roles	TV, 4 episodes
1950–1956		Various roles	TV, 5 episodes
1951	''Gold Raiders''	Taggert	Alternative title: ''The Stooges Go West''
1951–1956	''The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok''	Various roles	TV, 4 episodes
	''Untamed Women''	Col. Loring
''Death Valley Days''		TV, 1 episode
	''Glen or Glenda''	Insp. Warren
''The Roy Rogers Show''	John Zachary	TV, 1 episode
	''Gunfighters of the Northwest''	Inspector Wheeler
''Tobor the Great''	An Admiral
1954–1958	''December Bride''	Bill Monahan	TV, 6 episodes
	''Hallmark Hall of Fame''		TV, 1 episode
''Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe''	Baylor	TV, 6 episodes
1955–1959	''The Bob Cummings Show''	Paul Fonda	TV, 4 episodes
	''Navy Log''	Captain Morgan	TV, 1 episode
	Joe Price	TV, 1 episode
1956–1966	''The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet''	Joe Randolph	TV, 45 episodes
	''Science Fiction Theatre''	General Dothan	TV, 1 episode
''Tales of Wells Fargo''	Reporter	TV, 1 episode
	''M Squad''	Paul Crowley	TV, 1 episode
''Leave It to Beaver''	Charles "Chuck" Dennison	TV, 2 episodes
1958–1959	''The Restless Gun''	Various roles	TV, 2 episodes
	''Plan 9 from Outer Space''	General Roberts
''The Ann Sothern Show''	Finletter	TV, 1 episode
	''Surfside 6''	Alan Crandell	TV, 1 episode
''Hawaiian Eye''	George Wallace	TV, 1 episode
1960	''The DuPont Show with June Allyson''	Mr. Anders	TV, 1 episode, "The Trench Coat"
	''Mister Ed''	George Hausner	TV, 1 episode
	Orville Luster	TV, 1 episode
			TV, 1 episode
	Mayor	TV, 1 episode
1962–1967	''The Beverly Hillbillies''	Colonel Blake	TV, 4 episodes
	''Arrest and Trial''	Phil Paige	TV, 1 episode
''The Lucy Show''		TV, 1 episode
	''77 Sunset Strip''	Tatum	TV, 1 episode
''Petticoat Junction''	Mr. Cheever	TV, 1 episode
		Steven Blakely	TV, 1 episode
''The Smothers Brothers Show''	Marty Miller	TV, 1 episode
1965–1966		Various roles	TV, 2 episodes
1968		William Joseph Cornelius	TV, 1 episode
1970	''Here's Lucy''	Various roles	TV, 2 episodes
1972	''O'Hara, U.S. Treasury''	Art Prescott	TV, 1 episode
1973	''Adam-12''	Avery Dawson	TV, 1 episode
1979	''Charlie's Angels''	Mills	TV, 1 episode
	''The Dukes of Hazzard''	Carter Stewart	TV, 1 episode
''St. Elsewhere''	Johnny Barnes	TV, 1 episode
1985		Harold	TV, 1 episode
		Mr. Fletcher	TV, 1 episode
''Who's the Boss?''	Ralph	TV, 1 episode
1987	''Newhart''	Cousin Ned	TV, 1 episode

External links

"Great Character Actors"

Lyle Talbot at Talbot Players

Caitlin Talbot http://www.caitlintalbot.com/Site/__Home.html

Category:1902 births Category:1996 deaths Category:Actors from Nebraska Category:People from San Francisco, California Category:American film actors Category:American television actors

fr:Lyle Talbot sv:Lyle Talbot

Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
Name	Sirry Steffen
Birth name	Sigríður Geirsdóttir
Birth date	May 29, 1938
Birth place	Iceland
Occupation	Actor, television personality
Years active	1959–Present }}

Sirry Steffen is a former Miss Iceland who appeared in American television series and movies in the 1960s. "Sirry Steffen" is her Americanized name used for film and television credits; her actual name is Sigríður Geirsdóttir, anglicized as Sigridur Geirsdottir.

Paegant career

She won the Miss Iceland contest in 1959. In August 1960, she competed against fifty-one other national winners in the very first Miss International contest, held at the Veteran's Memorial Coliseum in Long Beach, California. She received the title ''Miss Photogenic'', and finished as 2nd runner-up, behind 1st runner-up Miss India, and winner Miss Colombia.

Television career

Her best known role was as Mrs. Drysdale's maid Marie, in three 1962 episodes of ''The Beverly Hillbillies''.

Her first television role was as Miss Iceland in the 1960 private-eye series ''Michael Shayne'', starring Richard Denning, in the episode ''Death Selects the Winner'', broadcast December 23, 1960.

She appeared as 'French Girl' in ''The Old Magic'' episode of ''The Tom Ewell Show'', broadcast March 14, 1961.

Film career

Her first film role was a minor one in the 1962 film ''Hitler'', starring Richard Basehart in the title role.

She had a major role in the 1963 horror film ''The Crawling Hand'', as 'Marta Farnstrom', the Swedish exchange-student girlfriend of the young man possessed by 'The Crawling Hand'.

She had an uncredited role as 'Party Girl' in the 1964 film ''Bedtime Story'', starring Marlon Brando and David Niven.

In 1982, she had a major role credited to her Icelandic name in the film ''Okkar á milli: Í hita og þunga dagsins'' (which, literally translates as ''Our one another, in the heat and weight of the day''), a change-of-pace film created by Iceland's famous Viking-film director Hrafn Gunnlaugsson about a man's mid-life crisis.

Personal life

Sigridur Geirsdottir was born May 29, 1938, in Iceland. After she competed in the Miss International competition in 1960, she traveled the world as part of the entourage representing the paegant. She moved to California in the last few months of 1960 to embark on her television and film career, but moved back to Iceland in the mid-1960s. She re-entered the film world with her 1982 role in the Icelandic film mentioned above. She continues to live to this day in Iceland.

References

External links

Category:Icelandic television actors Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:Icelandic film actors