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Accra
Accra /əˈkrɑː/ is the capital and largest city of Ghana, with an estimated urban population of 2,291,352 as of 2012[update]. Accra is also the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District, with which it is coterminous. Accra is furthermore the anchor of a larger metropolitan area, the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), which is home to about 4 million people, making it the largest metropolitan conglomeration in Ghana by population, and the eleventh-largest metropolitan area in Africa.
Accra stretches along the Ghanaian Atlantic coast and extends north into the country's interior. Originally built around a port, it served as the capital of the British-ruled Gold Coast between 1877 and 1957. Once merely a 19th-century suburb of Victoriaborg, Accra has since transitioned into a modern metropolis; the city's architecture reflects this history, ranging from 19th-century British colonial buildings to modern skyscrapers and apartment blocks.
Accra is Ghana's primate city, serving as the nation's economic and administrative hub. It is furthermore a centre of culture and tourism, sporting a wide range of nightclubs, restaurants and hotels. Since the early 1990s, a number of new buildings have been built, including the multi-storey French-owned Novotel hotel. The city's National Theatre was built with Chinese assistance. In 2010, the GaWC designated Accra a Gamma-minus-level world city, indicating a growing level of international influence and connectedness.
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Agadir
Agadir (Berber: Agadir, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, Moroccan Arabic: أڭادير) is a major city in southwest Morocco, capital of the Agadir province (MA-AGD) and the Sous-Massa-Draa economic region. A majority of its inhabitants speak Berber as a mother tongue.
The word Agadir means in Berber "wall, masoned wall enclosing a town, fortress, town".
Agadir has a population of 678,596 (2004; census figures for the agglomeration include the nearby cities of Inezgane and Aït Melloul). The population of the city proper is estimated at 200,000. The mild winter climate (January average midday temperature 20.5°C/69°F) and good beaches have made it a major "winter sun" destination for Northern Europeans. The mayor is Tariq Kabbaj.
The city is located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean.
Agadir is an important fishing and commercial port, the first sardine port in the world, (exporting cobalt, manganese, zinc and citrus).It is also a seaside resort with a long sandy beach. Because of its large buildings, wide roads, modern hotels, and European-style cafés, Agadir is not a typical city of traditional Morocco, but it is a modern, busy and dynamic town.
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Agartala
Agartala /ˌɑːɡərtəˈlɑː/ (Bengali: আগরতলা Agortôla, Kokborok: আগরতলা) is the capital of the Indian state of Tripura and is the second-largest city in North-east India after Guwahati in terms of municipal area as Well as population. It is situated in North-east India. It lies on the Haroa River and is located 2 km from Bangladesh. Agartala has temples and palaces. As per 2011 census, Population of Agartala city has exceeded 5,12,000. The population of Agartala was 3,67,822 in 2004 after the municipal expansion (1,89,327 in the 2001 census).
The ancient capital of the then Princely State ‘Swadhin Tripura’ was at Rangamati (Udaipur, South Tripura) by the bank of the river Gomati. In 1760 it was shifted by the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur (r.1829-1849) of Manikya Dynasty to present old Agartala by the bank of the river Howrah and was named ‘Haveli’. Due to frequent invasion of the Kuki's and also to keep easy communication with the British Bengal, the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya started the process of shifting the capital from Old Haveli to New Haveli (present Agartala) in 1849.
wn.com/Agartala -
Agra
Agra (
i/ˈɑːɡrə/; Hindi: आगरा, Urdu: آ گرہ), the erstwhile capital of Hindustan, is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India, 363 kilometres (226 mi) west of state capital, Lucknow and 200 kilometres (124 mi) south of the national capital New Delhi. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.), it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India. Because 80 percent of the city's sewage flows into Yamuna River, it is 20th most polluted city in India. Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in Agra city.
The city finds mention in the epic Mahābhārata where it was called Agrevaṇa, or 'the border of the forest'. Legend ascribes the founding of the city to Rājā Badal Singh, a Sikarwar Rajput king (circa 1475), whose fort, Badalgarh, stood on or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 11th century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa'd Salmān writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra, then held by the Shāhī King Jayapala, by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Sultan Sikandar Lodī was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in the year 1506; he died in 1517 and his son Ibrāhīm Lodī remained in power there for nine more years, finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526. It achieved fame as the capital of the Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658 and remains a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era buildings, most notably the Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad (i/ˈɑːmɨdəbɑːd/ also known as Amdavad 
) is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. The city is an administrative centre of Ahmedabad district as well as the judicial capital of Gujarat as the Gujarat High Court is in Ahmedabad. It was founded on 26 February 1411 by Sultan Ahmed Shah to serve as the capital of the Gujarat Sultanate, and was named after him. With a city population of more than 5.5 million and an extended population of 6.3 million it is the fifth largest city and seventh largest metropolitan area of India. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the River Sabarmati, 32 km (20 mi) from the state capital Gandhinagar.
Though incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad remained one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. The city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname the Manchester of the East. The city was at the forefront of the Indian independence movement in the first half of the 20th century and centre of many campaigns of civil disobedience to promote workers' rights, civil rights, and political independence.
wn.com/Ahmedabad -
Ahmednagar
Ahmednagar
pronunciation (help·info) is a city of Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra, India, on the west bank of the Sina river, about 120 km northeast of Pune and 120 km from Aurangabad. Ahmednagar District is the largest district in the state of Maharashtra. Sugar, milk and bank co-operatives thrive here. Ahmednagar is home to 19 sugar factories and is also the birthplace of the cooperative movement. Due to scarce rainfall, Ahmednagar often suffers from drought. Though citizens learn multilingual (e.g. English, Hindi, Marathi, Urdu) education in schools, Marathi is the primary language for daily-life communication. Hindi is also widely understood and spoken, though of the Dakhani (or Hyderabadi Urdu) dialect, with a lot of grammar and loan words from Marathi. Ahmednagar has recently published a plan of developing the city by year 2031.
As of 2011 Indian census, Ahmednagar had a population of 347,549. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ahmednagar has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national urban average of 79.9%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
wn.com/Ahmednagar -
Ahmednagar district
Ahmednagar district (अहमदनगर in Marathi/Hindi) is the largest district of Maharashtra state in western India. The historical Ahmednagar city is the headquarters of the district. Ahmednagar was the seat of the Ahmednagar Sultanate of late medieval period (1496–1636 CE). This district is known for the town of Shirdi associated with Sai Baba. Ahmednagar district is part of Nashik Division.
The neighbouring districts to Ahmednagar district are Solapur (South East- SE), Osmanabad (SE), Beed (SE), Aurangabad (NE), Nashik (NW), Thane (NW), and Pune (SW).
The name of the district is derived from the headquarters of the district, Ahmednagar. The city of Ahmednagar was named after the founder of the city, Malik Ahmed Shah Bahri, the first ruler of the Nizam Shahi dynasty (1490 ? 1509 CE) who laid the city's foundation in 1494 CE.
wn.com/Ahmednagar_district -
Airoli
Airoli is the fifth most developed residential suburb of Navi Mumbai. It is connected to Navi Mumbai's most developed neighborhoods, Vashi and Nerul with city bus and local train services. One can reach Thane from Airoli in 8 minutes by train and Mulund in 30 minutes by city bus.
The Mulund-Airoli bridge has contributed to Airoli's rapid expansion in recent years, as Mulund is Mumbai's busiest suburb; this bridge and the recently started train service from Thane have made Airoli more accessible. The bridge also serves as a connection between Airoli and the Nahur station of the Central Railways.
Good educational institutions also have contributed for the progress of Airoli. With the launching of DAV school in 1998, New Horizon Public School in 2004 an affluent crowd floated to Airoli from Mulund, Bhandup, Thane, etc. Even today a number of parents are sending their children from Mulund and Bhandup to Airoli for education. With the establishment of many more good schools a very affluent crowd started settling down here.
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Aizawl
Aizawl (Hindi: आइजोल) is the capital of the state of Mizoram in India. With a resident population 291,822, it is the largest city within the state. It is also the center of all important government offices, state assembly house and civil secretariat. The population of Aizawl strongly reflects the different communities of the ethnic Mizo people.
In 1890, Officer Dally of the Assam Police and his 400 men arrived at the site that is now Aizawl, to support Colonel Skinner's troops during a British military operation against the tribals. On Dally's recommendation, Aizawl was selected as the site of a fortified post that Colonel Skinner had been ordered to construct. The troops constructed stockades and buildings at the site.
Aizawl was the site of a tribal uprising in 1890, and was besieged from 9 to 28 September. Robert McCabe, Deputy Commissioner of the Lakhimpur district, restored order in the area and forced 15 tribal chiefs to surrender. After this, more troops were stationed at Aizawl. Another uprising in 1892 was also quelled by McCabe.
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Akola
Akola is a city in Akola district in Vidarbha region in the state of Maharashtra in central India. It is about 600 km east of Mumbai (former "Bombay") and 250 km west of Nagpur. Akola is the headquarters of Akola District located in Amravati Division.
Akola district has an area of about 5431 square kilometers and population of 1,818,617 (2011 census). Akola is the third largest city in Vidarbha region after Nagpur and Amravati. Marathi is the most popular spoken language, though Hindi, English and Urdu are also used. Akola District is bordered on the north and east by Amravati District, on the south by Washim District, and on the west by Buldhana District.
Akola, also called Cotton City, is known for its cotton production and is the largest cotton-producing district in India. The city is also famous for its pulses (dal), oil, and textile mills.
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Akola District
Akola is a district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city of Akola is the district headquarters. Akola district forms the central part of Amravati Division, and was a former British Raj Berar Province.
Area of the district is 5,431 km². It is bounded on the north by Amravati District, to the east by Amravati District and by Washim District, to the south by Washim District, and to the west by Buldhana District. Washim was earlier a part of Akola.
The Battle of Argaon, (Adgaon near Akot), took place on November 28, 1803, between the British under the command of Governor Arthur Wellesley and the forces of Maratha under Bhonsle of Nagpur during Second Anglo-Maratha War.
Many old forts are located in Akola District viz.
The district boundary latitude are : N and longitude are : E
The climate is tropical and people mostly uses cotton clothes.
The Purna River forms the part of north boundary of the district, and the top north portion of the district lies within its watershed along with Aas River and Shahnur River. The Vaan River forms the part of northwest boundary of the district after entering from the Amravati district.
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Aksa Beach
Aksa Beach is a popular beach and a vacation spot in Aksa village at Malad, Mumbai, India. Ii is situated close to Malvani.
This beach was one of the most silent and least visited beaches. It was very clean you could find a large variety of snails and shells.
It is a popular weekend destination with youngsters. It is dotted with many private cottages and hotels, some of which are rented out to tourists and visitors.
It is accessible from Malad (W) station by select BEST buses from Borivali railway station, en route to Madh Island, and also by private transport and autorickshaws. The beach is approximately 9 km from Malad station and 12 km from Borivali. You can also go from Andheri (West) railway station by BEST buses from Versova bus stop. From Versova village, local buses are available for Madh Island. It takes approximately 20 minutes.
It is unsafe to swim as the currents are strong and the sands of the beach keep shifting because of the waves and people often misjudge them.
This beach has INS Hamla (A Base of the Indian Navy) at one end and a small beach called "Dana Paani".
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Allahabad
Allahabad ([ɪlɑhɑbɑd̪]; Hindi: इलाहाबाद; Urdu: الہ آباد), or Settled by God in Persian, is a major city of India and is one of the main holy cities of Hinduism. It was renamed by the Mughal emperor Akbar from the original (still unofficially used) native name of Prayaga, and is by some accounts the second-oldest city in India. It is located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, lying some 205 kilometres (127 mi) south of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of the Allahabad District. Allahabad has been ranked the world's 130th fastest growing city (growth rate: 2.09 per cent (2011)).[citation needed] The ancient name of the city is Prayaga (Sanskrit for "place of sacrifice"), as it is believed to be the spot where Brahma offered his first sacrifice after creating the world. It is one of four sites of the mass Hindu pilgrimage Kumbh Mela, the others being Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. It has a position of importance in Hindu scriptures for it is situated at Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna, and the ancient Sarasvati River.
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Altamount Road
Altamount Road or Altamont Road (more correctly) is an upmarket residential street in South Mumbai, parallel to Peddar Road which it meets at the well-known intersection called Kemp's Corner. On Altamont Road are the consulates of Indonesia and of South Africa; on the connecting Carmichael Road are the Belgian, Chinese, and Japanese consulates. The road has been in the news in recent times because of the construction at its crest of a 27-storied mansion by the Indian industrialist, Mukesh Ambani. Recently it has been rated as 10th most costly street in the world. Altamont Road is a very affluent area, and also home to several Bollywood stars. The Mafatlal complex is also located here, as well as the designer store ' Aza'.,
The road was officially renamed "S. K. Barodawalla Marg" many years ago, but residents and the city's taxi-drivers, and others continue to refer to it by its former name. It has a large number of trees and heritage buildings, such as the official residence of the Chairman of the Bombay Port Trust, the residence of the Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai, the official residence of the General Manager, Western Railways. The residential bunglow of the Bombay Port Trust was originally made by Vittel who also designed the Gateway of India, Ballard Estate .
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Ambarnath
Ambarnath (or Ambernath) is a city and a municipal council in Thane district in the state of Maharashtra, India.
The name Ambarnath literally means Lord of the sky. Ambarnath is the site of a very old temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, dating back, to 10th century.[citation needed] The temple is carved out of stone in Hemad style construction. Ambernath is a part of Mumbai Metropolitian Region (MMR). Ambarnath lies on Mumbai to Pune railway route. Most people rely on the railway link to commute to Mumbai for work. Like all Mumbai suburbs Ambarnath is divided into east Ambarnath and west Ambarnath by the railway. Ambarnath west is in an industrial zone and is home to hundreds of small and large chemical factories. An Ordinance Factory has been established by the government which is one of the reasons for Ambernath developing into a residential neighbourhood. A large manufacturing facility of WIMCO, India's largest manufacturer of safety matchsticks, is also located in Ambarnath on the Kalyan-Badlapur Road.
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Amravati
Amravati pronunciation (help·info) is a city in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is the seventh most populous metropolitan area in Maharashtra. It is also the administrative headquarters of the Amravati district. Among the historical landmarks in the city are the temples of Amba, Shri Krishna and Shri Venkateshwara.
Amravati is also the headquarters of the "Amravati Division" which is one of the six divisions of the state of Maharashtra (Amravati and Nagpur divisions together form Vidarbha region). Apart from Amravati district itself, following four districts also come under Amravati Division:Akola, Yavatmal, Buldhana and Washim.
Amravati Municipal Corporation, established in 1983, is the first Municipal Corporation in India, which has introduced privatization of octroi.
Amravati is located at 20°56′N 77°45′E / 20.93°N 77.75°E / 20.93; 77.75. It has an average elevation of 343 metres (1125 feet). It lies 156 km (97 mi) west of Nagpur, and serves as the administrative center of Amravati District and of Amravati Division. The town is located near the passes through the hills that separate the cotton-growing regions of the Purna basin to the West and the Wardha basin to the East. There are two lakes in the eastern part of the city, Chhatri Talao & Wadali Talao. Pohara & Chirodi hills are to the east of the city. The Maltekdi hill is inside the city, it is 60 meters high.
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Amravati District
Amravati district (Marathi: अमरावती जिल्हा) is a district of Maharashtra state in central India. Amravati is the administrative headquarters of the district.
The district is situated between 20°32' and 21°46' north latitudes and 76°37' and 78°27' east longitudes. The district occupies an area of 12,235 km². The district is bounded by Betul District of Madhya Pradesh state to the north, and by the Maharashtra districts of Nagpur to the northeast, Wardha to the east, Yavatmal to the south, Washim to the southwest, and Akola and Buldhana districts to the west.
In 1853, the present-day territory of Amravati district as a part of Berar Province was assigned to the British East India Company, following a treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad. After the Company took over the administration of the province, it was divided into two districts. The present-day territory of the district became part of North Berar district, with headquarters at Buldana. Later, the province was reconstituted and the territory of the present district became part of East Berar district, with headquarters at Amraoti. In 1864, Yavatmal District (initially known as Southeast Berar district and later Wun district) was separated. In 1867, Ellichpur District was separated but in August, 1905, when the whole province was reorganized into six districts, it was again merged into the district. In 1903, it became part of the newly constituted province of Central Provinces and Berar. In 1956, Amravati district became part of Bombay State and after its bifurcation in 1960, it became part of Maharashtra state.
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Amritsar
Amritsar ( pronunciation (help·info); Punjabi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ IPA: [əmːɾɪt̪səɾ], historically also known as ਰਾਮਦਾਸਪੁਰ Rāmdāspur and colloquially as ਅੰਬਰਸਰ, Ambarsar) is a city in the north-western part of India. It is the spiritual center for the Sikh religion and the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district in the state of Punjab.
It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the "Golden Temple" in the western media), the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. This important Sikh shrine attracts more visitors than the Taj Mahal with more than 100,000 visitors on week days alone and is the most popular destination for Non-resident Indians (NRI) in the whole of India. The city also houses the Sikh temporal and political authority, Akal Takht, as well as the Sikh Parliament.
The 2011 Indian census reported the population of the city to be 1,132,761. Amritsar is situated 217 kilometres (135 mi) northwest of state capital Chandigarh and is 32 kilometres (20 mi) east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan.
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Andheri
Andheri is a suburb of Mumbai city. It is also a railway station on the Mumbai Suburban Railway, Western line. It is the fifth suburb among the Western suburbs. Like many other suburbs and areas of Mumbai, Andheri too is divided into an East and a West section, separated by the railway line.
The oldest settlements in and around Andheri were those of the East Indians, the natives whose villages survive in Pump House, Marol (See St. John the Baptist Church), Chakala, Gundowli, Sahar, Saki Naka, etc. The name Andheri was derived from Udayanagari, the name of a mountain near the Mahakali caves.[citation needed]
Another concentration of the native East Indians was located on the former islet of Versova, also known as Vasave.
In the early 1900s, as urbanization spread from Bombay northwards, Marathi, Gujarati and other settlers began to colonize the area.
The English actively encouraged this in order to take off population pressure from the congested city and to increase revenue inflows; however, as a result, the native East Indians came to be swamped, marginalized and their lands were usually expropriated without compensation, even as their access to the sea for fishing was cut, thus destroying their two means of livelihood: agriculture & fishing.[citation needed]
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Anosy
Anosy is a region of Madagascar located along the south-eastern coast of the country, with the name "Anosy" meaning island(s) in Malagasy.
Due initially to its strategic importance, Anosy has been a crossroads for the Malagasy and the rest of the world over the last 500 years. In the 1500s it served as a stopping point for European ships traveling to and from India, and in the mid-1600s it was the location of an early French colonial port in the Indian Ocean. The region was part of the Merina Kingdom for much of the 1800s and part of the French colony of Madagascar from the late-1800s to 1960. Its exports have included human slaves (shipped to Réunion, Mauritius and the US in the 1700s), live cattle (exported to Réunion for almost 300 years), natural rubber, graphite, uranothorite, lobster, sapphires, and, in the last five years, ilmenite. Due to its biodiversity and natural beauty, efforts commenced in the 1980s to promote environmental conservation and tourism in the region.
Anosy is a region in southeastern Madagascar. It borders Androy region in west, Atsimo-Andrefana in north-west, Ihorombe in north and Atsimo-Atsinanana in north-east. This region, covering 25,731 km2 (9,935 sq mi), about the size of the US State of Vermont, the island of Cyprus or the nation of Israel, runs from approximately Manantenina in the northeast corner of the region, west to Ranomafana, west to the Mandrare river. The distance from Manantenina at the northern edge of Anosy to the Mandrare river at the south is almost 150 km. "Anosy" means island or islands in Malagasy. Some[who?] argue anosy is named after the island in the Fanjahira (now named Efaho) river where the Zafiraminia first settled when they arrived in this region in the 16th century, while others[who?] argue it means "land of the islands" because of the large amount of water in this region. During the rainy season, the Efaho valley floods, creating many temporary islands.
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Arguin
Arguin (Portuguese: Arguim) is an island off the western coast of Mauritania in the Bay of Arguin, at 20° 36' N., 16° 27' W. It is six km long by two broad. Off the island are extensive and dangerous reefs. It is now part of The Banc d'Arguin National Park.
Arguin has long been coveted by seafaring nations for its strategic location, and control over the island has changed hands numerous times. The first European to visit the island was the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão in 1443. In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island, which acquired gum arabic and slaves for Portugal. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.
In 1633, during its war against Spain (which then controlled Portugal), the Netherlands seized control of Arguin. It remained under Dutch rule until 1678, although Dutch governance was interrupted by English rule in 1665. France briefly controlled the island in September 1678, but the island was then abandoned until 1685.
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Asansol
Asansol is a coal mining and industrial metropolis and one of the busiest commercial centres in India. It is the second largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal after Kolkata and the 19th largest urban agglomeration in India. Asansol is located in the Burdwan District of India. It has a large workforce, moderately high per capita income, educational establishments, good transport connections, several housing complexes, and land suitable for industry, institutions, transport and commerce. Its hinterland is Bankura and Purulia districts and North Bengal, linked to parts of Orissa and Jharkhand states. According to a report released by International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental body, Asansol is among the 11 Indian cities in the list of 100 fastest growing cities in the world with a rank of 42. The name Asansol is derived from two different names, Asan tree (a species of tree found on the banks of river Damodar) and Sol-Bhumi/Sol-land (the land rich in minerals).
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Asilah
Asilah or Arzila (Arabic: أصيلة، أرزيلة; "authentic") is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, about 31 km from Tangier. Its ramparts and gateworks remain fully intact. Its history dates back to 1500 B.C., when the Phoenicians used it as a base for trade.
The Portuguese conquered the city in 1471, but John III later decided to abandon it because of an economic crisis in 1549.
In 1692, the town was taken by the Moroccans under the leadership of Moulay Ismail. Asilah served then as a base for pirates in the 19th and 20th centuries.
From 1912-1956 it was part of Spanish Morocco. A major plan to restore the town was undertaken in 1978.
It is now a popular seaside resort, with modern holiday apartment complexes on the coast road leading to the town from Tangier. It hosts annual music and arts festivals, including a murales painting festival: the best paintings remain on the Medina walls for the following years.
Portuguese fortress
Street in Arzila
Portuguese fortress and houses
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Ayodhya
Ayodhya pronunciation (help·info) (Sanskrit: अयोध्या, Urdu: ایودھیا, IAST Ayodhyā), also known as Saket (Sanskrit: साकेत, Urdu: ساکیت ) is an ancient city of India adjacent to Faizabad city in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. As a result of rapid settlement and development Ayodhya has been merged to Faizabad city. Ayodhya is the birth place of the Hindu deities Rama and Swaminarayan. It used to be the capital of the ancient Kosala Kingdom. This Hindu holy city is described as early as in the Hindu Epics. Ayodhya has an average elevation of 93 metres (305 feet).
Ayodhya is located on the right bank of the river Saryu, as it is called within sacred precincts. Just 6 km from Faizabad, Ayodhya is a popular pilgrim centre. This town is closely associated with Lord Rama, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The ancient city of Ayodhya, according to the Ramayana, was founded by Manu, the law-giver of the Hindus. For centuries, it was the capital of the descendants of the Surya dynasty of which Lord Rama was the most celebrated king. Ayodhya during ancient times was the capital of the Rama Empire and known as Kaushaldesa.
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Azemmour
Azemmour or Azamor (Arabic: أزمور; from Berber ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ azemmur, i.e. "The Olives"; Portuguese: Azamor) is a Moroccan city, on the left bank of the Oum Er-Rbia River, 75 km southwest of Casablanca. Although it was a dependency of the King of Fez, Azemmour had great autonomy. In 1486 its inhabitants became vassals and tributaries of João II of Portugal. Manuel I of Portugal confirmed the treaty in 1497 and the city paid 10 000 savéis every year. Later, unrest started to grow and thus Manuel sent a small fleet commanded by João de Meneses to conquer the city in 1508.
In 1513 Azemmour's governor Moulay Zayam refused to pay the tribute and mustered a powerful, well-equipped army. Manuel responded to this challenge by sending a massive fleet of five hundred ships and fifteen thousand soldiers (Bergreen, 19). James, Duke of Braganza led this army and on 1 September he conquered the city with no resistance from its inhabitants. Ferdinand Magellan, the man famed for leading the first-ever circumnavigation of the earth, was among the Portuguese soldiers there and lost his horse in skirmishes outside the city. However, Portuguese control of the city lasted for a short period as it was abandoned by João III of Portugal in 1541 due to economic difficulties.
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Badlapur
Badlapur is one of the fastest growing towns in Mumbai Conurbation, India. Due to the population growth in the nearby cities, many people working in Mumbai have moved to Badlapur for affordable real estate prices, pleasant weather, beautiful location and quiet neighborhoods along with a proximity to Mumbai by the Central Railway, one of the two nationally owned operating companies that form the Mumbai Suburban Railway and that developed the city near the Badlapur railway station faster than actual Badlapur village. Now Badlapur city encompasses the Old Badlapur Village, Kulgaon, Manjarli, Belavali, Katrap and many other small villages.
Badlapur was named because, via Surat, it was a travel route from Konkan to Gujarat. The town was famous for its rich horse breeds. Warriors (i.e. Shivaji Maharaj) changed their horses at the town in anticipation of the difficult climb through the Konkan area. The word 'change' ("Badla", in Marathi) was linked to the town and was named 'pur' in as Badla, meaning village or town. Badlapur was recognised as a town for the first time in 1971 as a municipal town in the Ulhasnagar Tehasil. City has seen a massive growth since 80s and since then the population has increased rapidly.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
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Bahrain
Bahrain ( pronunciation) (Arabic: البحرين, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: بحرين, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.
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Bandra
Bandra is a suburb or neighborhood located in west-central Mumbai, India. It has earned the sobriquet "Queen Of The Suburbs". The Bandra railway station is located on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. Bandra is a highly coveted location for restaurants, pubs, bars, and high-street stores. It is home to many of Mumbai's coolest restaurants and bars.
The suburb is also famous for its coastline, with promenades along Carter Road, Bandstand and Reclamation. Many Bollywood actors live along the Bandstand Promenade, Carter Road and in the Pali Hill areas.
Residential and commercial real estate prices in Bandra west and the adjoining Khar west area rival those of many of south Mumbai's upmarket areas. Moreover, many of the tree-lined streets and neighborhoods in residential parts of Bandra are leafy enclaves of sleek and luxurious apartment buildings of superior modern architecture and design.
The population and culture of Bandra is quite cosmopolitan in nature. It consists of a fair amount of Hindus, Christians (Catholics and others), Parsis (Zoroastrians), and Muslims. Bandra is home to numerous churches, including Mount Mary's Basilica. The Parsi fire-temple, Tata Agiary is located on Hill Road. Other famous religious places include the Jama Masjid (mosque) located near Bandra West railway station and the temple of Goddess Jari-Mari, located on S.V Road. A municipal lake, Swami Vivekanand Talao, is located in Bandra. It was closed to the general public in the mid 1990s.
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Bandra Kurla Complex
The Bandra Kurla Complex (commonly abbreviated as BKC) (Marathi: वांद्रे कुर्ला संकूल) is a planned commercial complex in the suburbs of the Indian city of Mumbai (Bombay). According to MMRDA, the complex is the first of a series of "growth centres" created to "arrest further concentration" of offices and commercial activities in South Mumbai. It is expected to decongest southern Mumbai and seed new areas of planned commercial real estate in the metropolitan region.
The complex was built on marshy land on the north side of Mahim Creek and is bound by the suburbs of Kurla in the east and Bandra in the west. Santacruz lies to its North.
BKC houses a number of commercial buildings including NABARD Head Office, IL&FS, Asian Heart Institute, Dow Chemicals, ICICI Bank, Citibank, Bharat Diamond Bourse, Dhirubhai Ambani International School, American School of Bombay & Fortune 500. It also is home to the Mumbai Cricket Association's cricket ground and the United States Mumbai Consulate.
There are approximately 400,000 (4 Lakh) people working in various offices throughout the BKC.
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Bandstand Promenade
The Bandstand Promenade is a kilometer long walkway along the sea on the west side of Bandra, a suburb of Mumbai, India. Less than a decade old, it is simultaneously a popular hang out spot, a jogging track, a park and also a lovers point.
Towards the Land's End side of the promenade is an amphitheater. It serves as a venue for the Mumbai Festival, Celebrate Bandra and other events including concerts, classical dance and other performances.
Visible along the promenade are expensive bungalows and flats, some of which belong to Bollywood movie stars like Salman Khan, Shahrukh Khan, John Abraham, Shabana Azmi, Rekha, Katrina Kaif among others.
Bandra Fort is located right at the end of road adjacent to Hotel Taj Land's End. It was built by the Portuguese in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim. Castella de Aguada has been featured in several Hindi films, such as Dil Chahta Hai, Buddha Mil Gaya, Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na and Robot.
The Bandra–Worli Sea Link (BWSL), officially the Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link, is a cable-stayed bridge with pre-stressed concrete viaduct approaches, which links Bandra and the western suburbs of Mumbai with Worli and central Mumbai, and is the first phase of the proposed West Island Freeway system. The Sea Link reduces travel time between Bandra and Worli from 45–60 minutes to 7 minutes. The link has an average daily traffic of around 37,500 vehicles per day.
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Bandung
Bandung (pronounced [banˈduŋ]) (Indonesian: Kota Bandung) is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia, the country's third largest city, and second largest metropolitan area in Indonesia with a population of 7.4 million in 2007. Located 768 meters (2,520 ft) above sea level, approximately 140 km south eastern of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler temperatures year-round than most other Indonesian cities. The city lies on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains. This topography provides a good natural defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the colony capital from Batavia to Bandung.
The Dutch colonials first established tea plantations around the mountains in the eighteenth century, and a road was constructed to connect the plantation area to the capital (180 km or 112 miles to the northwest). The Dutch inhabitants of the city demanded establishment of a municipality (gemeente), which was granted in 1906, and Bandung gradually developed itself into a resort city for plantation owners. Luxurious hotels, restaurants, cafes and European boutiques were opened, hence the city was nicknamed Parijs van Java (Dutch: "The Paris of Java").
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Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
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Banganga Tank
Banganga or Banganga Tank (Marathi:बाणगंगा तलाव ) is an ancient water tank which is part of the Walkeshwar Temple Complex in Malabar Hill area of Mumbai in India.
{{see also|History of Mumbai}ASFAR} Tank was built in the 1127 AD, by Lakshman Prabhu, a minister in the court of Silhara dynasty kings of Thane.
The tank was rebuilt in 1715 AD, out of a donation for the Walkeshwar Temple by Rama Kamath. The main temple, has been reconstructed since then and is at present a reinforced concrete structure of recent construction.
According to local legend, it sprang forth when the Hindu god Ram, the exiled hero of the epic Ramayana, stopped at the spot five thousand years ago in search of his kidnapped wife Sita.
As the legend goes, overcome with fatigue and thirst, Rama asked his brother Lakshmana to bring him some water. Laxman instantly shot an arrow into the ground, and water gushed forth from the ground, creating a tributary of the Ganges, which flows over a thousand miles away, hence its name, Banganga, the Ganga created on a baan (arrow).
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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] (
listen)) or simply Krung Thep ( listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.
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Barbados
Coordinates: 13°10′N 59°33′W / 13.167°N 59.55°W / 13.167; -59.55
Barbados (i/bɑrˈbeɪdɒs/ or /bɑrˈbeɪdoʊs/) is a sovereign island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is 34 kilometres (21 mi) in length and up to 23 kilometres (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres (104 mi) east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
Barbados was initially visited by the Spanish around the late 1400s to early 1500s and first appears on a Spanish map from 1511. The Spanish explorers may have plundered the island of whatever native peoples resided therein to become slaves. The Portuguese visited in 1536, but they too left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. The first English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1624. They took possession of it in the name of the British king James I. Two years later in 1627 the first permanent settlers arrived from England and it became an English and later British colony.
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Beed District
Beed district (or Bid or Bhir) (Marathi: बीड जिल्हा) is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in India. The district headquarters are located at Beed. The district occupies an area of 10,693 km² and has a population of 2,161,250 of which 17.91% were urban (as of 2001).
Beed district has a long history of many rulers and kingdoms. In the ancient era, this city was called as Champavati nagari. The city still proudly shows some old monuments showing the signs of past glory in the form of many city entry doors (called Ves in local language) and city protection walls. Until the 19th century, this part of Marathwada was under the Nizam monarchy, but was later included into the Indian Republic after a fierce struggle between Indian freedom fighters and Nizam soldiers. THE name of Bhir is given by Mohammad Tughlaq.And Gujjar
Agriculture is the main business in Beed, and it is largely dependent on monsoon rain. Beed also is a district which provides a large number of laborers in India. history:
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Berlin
Berlin ( /bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Beypore
Beypore or Beypur is an ancient port town and part of Calicut municipal corporation in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India. The place was formerly known as Vaypura / Vadaparappanad. Tippu Sultan named the town “Sultan Pattanam”. There is a marina and a beautiful beach. Beypore port is one of the oldest ports in Kerala from where trading was done to the Middle East. Beypore is also famous for building wooden ships, called Dhows or Urus in Malayalam language. These ships are usually bought by Arab merchants for trading, fishing and now used as tourist ships. According to Captain Iwata, founder member of the Association of Sumerian ships in Japan, Sumerian ships might have been built in Beypore. There is evidence to prove that Beypore had direct trade links with Mesopotamia and was a prominent link on the maritime silk route.
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Bhandara district
Bhandara district (Marathi: भंडारा जिल्हा) is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in India. The district headquarters are located at Bhandara. The district occupies an area of 3890 km² and has a population of 1,135,835 (male 573,184 female 562,651) of which 15.47% are urban (as of 2001). It is fondly called as the 'District of Lakes'. Bhandara has a mixed economy with agriculture, industries and forest resources contributing to it. Bhandara is known for its large production of rice. Tumsar, a tahsil town, is a famous rice market. Bhandara town is also known as 'Brass City' owing to the presence of a large brass products industry. Bhandara has no shortage of tourism spots with several important destinations like Ambagad Fort, Brahmi, Chinchgad, Dighodi etc.
The district is also famous for the Ordnance Factory Bhandara Estate which is popularly known as Jawaharnagar colony. The beautiful colony has 2 schools, Kendriya Vidyalaya Bhandra and Ordnance Factory State School. This is the only Kendriya Vidyalaya in the Bhandara district. There is one Navodaya Vidyalaya (brain child of Late Primeminister Rajiv Gandhi) in Navegoan Bandh. Ashok Leyland, a Hinduja Group Company, has a production facility at Gadegaon near Bhandara. Sunflag Iron Steel company and Shivmangal Ispat Pvt. Ltd. are other major industrial undertakings in the district.
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Bhandup
Bhandup is a suburb of Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, in the state of Maharashtra, India and is also the name of a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line.
Bhandup is a word inherited from the Supreme God Shiva (Bhandupeshwar). The temple of Bhandupeshwar Mahadev Mandir is very old and is located at Station Road, Bhandup(W) next to Geeta Hall and IDUBS High School. It is of a very superior build and has statues of various god's and goddesses placed around including Nav-Grahasthan too.
Like most suburbs in Mumbai, Bhandup is one of the oldest suburbs in Mumbai. Bhandup is also home to Shivaji Talao, or Shivaji Lake, named after the great Maratha ruler, Chhatrapati Shivaji[citation needed]. The pond witnesses hordes of Ganapati devotees immersing idols of the elephant god during the August–September month.
Bhandupeshwar Kundh is another place in Bhandup Village East where the pond witnesses hordes of Ganapati devotees immersing idols of the elephant god during the August–September month which is near by Eastern Express Highway.
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Bhatsa Dam
Coordinates: 19°30′47″N 73°25′2″E / 19.51306°N 73.41722°E / 19.51306; 73.41722
Bhatsa Dam, is an earthfill and gravity dam on Bhatsa river near Shahapur in state of Maharashtra in India.
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 88.5 m (290 ft) while the length is 959 m (3,146 ft). The volume content is 18,250 km3 (4,380 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 976,150.00 km3 (234,190.84 cu mi).
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Bhayandar
Bhayandar is a city in Maharashtra, India, part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It is located at north Mumbai and is governed by the Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation (MBMC). It is also a railway station on the Western Line of Mumbai Suburban Railway.
Like all railway stations on Mumbai suburban railway, Bhayandar is divided into two parts by the rail line - East and West. The West was traditionally residential, and the East was predominantly an industrial area. Recent population growth and a flurry of construction has blurred the boundaries between Bhayandar and neighboring Mira Road on the East side of the rail tracks, turning it into a populous suburb. Government-owned Salt Pans and marshland in West Mira Road have restricted the southward spread of Bhayandar. There is a lot of scope for development of this land as it has the potential to house a gargantuan industrial complex.
The east Indian villages in Bhayandar are Dongri, Uttan, Pali Chowk, Tarodi, etc. These villages were formed by Portuguese travellers when Vasai (formerly Bassein) was a famous port. One route for "Essel World" is via Gorai, one of the villages close to Bhayandar. Gorai is also popular for its beach and nearby Manori beach and is a popular weekend getaway for Bhayandar residents. In the 1970s Bhayandar was a village before the builders converted the fertile farming land into a concrete jungle.
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Bhiwandi
Bhiwandi ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a city, in the district of Thane, in the western state of Maharashtra, in India, located 20 km to the north-east of Mumbai and 15 km to the north-east of Thane city. The exact location of Bhiwandi is 19°17′48″N 73°03′47″E / 19.296664°N 73.063121°E / 19.296664; 73.063121.
Bhiwandi city the headquarters of the taluka of Bhiwandi, comes under the administration of the Bhiwandi-Nizampur City Municipal Corporation. The city is considered a part of the Greater Mumbai metropolitan agglomeration, along with Navi Mumbai and the cities of Kalyan, Thane, Ulhasnagar, Dombivli, Mira-Bhayandar and the Vasai-Virar region. According to the 2011 census, the total population of the Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation area was 9,98,703.
The city of Bhiwandi, known for its textile industry, has the largest number of Power looms in the country and is sometimes dubbed as 'The Manchester of India'. A major portion of the population is employed by the Power loom sector. The Mumbai-Agra highway (NH-3), passing through Bhiwandi ensures the smooth connectivity of the city with Mumbai, Thane, Nashik and the rest of India.
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Bhopal
Bhopal /boʊˈpɑːl/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [bʱoːpaːl] ( listen)) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India.
A B-1 class city, Bhopal houses various institutions and installations of national importance. Some of these include ISRO's Master Control Facility, the CSIR Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Bhopal), School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (associated with Hamidia Hospital, Sultania Zanana Hospital & Kamla Nehru Hospital), and the (approved, under-construction) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal.
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Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar /ˌbʊvəˈneɪʃwər/, also spelled Bhubaneshwar (Oriya: ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର Bhubanēsbara pronunciation (help·info)), is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa, officially spelled Odisha. The city has a history of over 2000 years starting with the Chhedi dynasty (around 2nd century BCE) who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Bhubaneswar has been known by names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (City of Temples) otherwise known as the Temple City of India. Bhubaneswar, literally means the Lord (Eeswar) of the Universe (Bhuban). It is the largest city of Orissa, and a center of economic and religious importance in the region today.
Bhubaneswar's possession of magnificent sculptures and architectural heritage, coupled with the sanctity as Ekamrakshetra make this one of the great religious centres of Orissa since early medieval days. With its large number of Hindu temples (over 600 in number), which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India and together with Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja (Golden Triangle); one of the most visited destinations in East India.
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Bidiyah
Bidiyah is the name of a settlement in Fujairah.
The remains of a fort excavated at Bidiyah have been identified as the Portuguese fort of 'Libedia' recorded by Pedro Barreto de Resende in his 1646 map.
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Bioko
Bioko (spelled also Bioco, in Europe traditionally called Fernando Pó) is an island 32 km off the west coast of Africa, specifically Cameroon, in the Gulf of Guinea. It is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea with a population of 260,000 and an area of 2,017 km2 (779 sq mi). It is volcanic with its highest peak the Pico Basile at 3,012 m (9,882 ft).
Bioko has a total area of 2,017 km2 (779 sq mi). It is 70 km long from NNE to SSW and about 32 km across. It is volcanic and very mountainous with the highest peak Pico Basile (3,012 m (9,882 ft)). It thus resembles neighbouring islands São Tomé and Príncipe. Like them it lies on the Cameroon Line.
Bioko used to be the end of a peninsula attached to the mainland in what is now Cameroon, but it was cut off when sea levels rose 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.
The island has a population of 260,000 inhabitants (2001), most of whom belong to the Bubi people. The rest of the population are Fernandinos, Spaniards and immigrants from Río Muni, Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Bissau
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. The city's borders are conterminous with the Bissau Autonomous Sector. In 2007, the city had an estimated population of 407,424 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Censos. The city which is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, is the country's largest city, major port, administrative and military centre.
The city was founded in 1687 by Portugal as a fortified port and trading center. In 1942 it became the capital of Portuguese Guinea. After the declaration of independence by the anti-colonial guerrillas of PAIGC, in 1973, the capital of the de facto independent territories was declared to be Madina do Boe, but Bissau remained as the capital of the Portuguese-occupied regions, and the de jure capital of the entire Portuguese Guinea. When Portugal recognized the independence of Guinea-Bissau and pulled out in 1974 due to the military coup of April 25 in Lisbon, the two territories merged and Bissau became the capital of the new independent state. The city is known for its annual carnival.
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Bogotá
Bogotá, Distrito Capital (Spanish pronunciation: [boɣoˈta] ( listen)), from 1991 to 2000 called Santafé de Bogotá, is the capital, and largest city, of Colombia. It is also designated by the national constitution as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca, even though the city of Bogotá now comprises an independent Capital district and no longer belongs administratively to that department. Bogotá is the most populous city in the country, with 7.363.782 inhabitants as of 2010. Bogotá and its metropolitan area, which includes municipalities such as Chía, Cota, Soacha, Cajicá and La Calera, had a population of 7,881,156 in 2005.
In terms of land area, Bogotá is the largest city in Colombia, and one of the biggest of Latin America. It figures amongst the thirty largest cities of the world and it is the third-highest capital city in South America (after La Paz and Quito) at 2,625 metres (8,612 ft) above sea level. With its many universities and libraries, Bogotá has become known as "The Athens of South America". Bogotá owns the largest moorland of the world, which is located in the Sumapaz Locality. The city ranked 54th in the 2010 Global Cities Index and is listed as global city of the Beta+ kind by the GaWC.
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Bombay Dockyard
Bombay Dockyard—also known as Naval Dockyard—is an Indian shipbuilding yard at Mumbai.
Shipbuilding was an established profession throughout the Indian coastline prior to the advent of the Europeans and it contributed significantly to maritime exploration throughout Indian maritime history. Indian rulers weakened with the advent of the European powers during the middle ages. Indian shipbuilders, however, continued to build ships capable of carrying 800 to 1000 tons. The shipbuilders built ships like HMS Hindostan and HMS Ceylon, inducted into the Royal Navy. Other historical ships made by the Indian shipbuilders included HMS Asia (commanded by Edward Codrington during the Battle of Navarino in 1827), HMS Cornwallis (on board which the Treaty of Nanking was signed in 1842), and HMS Minden (on which The Star Spangled Banner was composed by Francis Scott Key).
The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India surveys the role of Indian shipbuilders—Lowji Nuserwanji Wadia and the Wadia family in particular:
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Bombay Gymkhana
Bombay Gymkhana (Marathi: मुंबई जिमख़ाना),(Hindi: बम्बई जिमख़ाना), established in 1875, is one of the premiere gymkhanas (sports arena) in the city of Mumbai, India. It is located in the South Mumbai area and was originally built as a British-only club, designed by English architect, Claude Batley.
The Gymkhana Grounds lie in the southern end of the Azad Maidan. The ground itself is on leased property. It has a triangular area, with the southern end facing the VSNL building. MG Road and H Somal Marg are the two roads on either end that begin from the southern end. It is boxed in by a shortcut lane which connects Churchgate to Victoria Terminus.
A long building which serves as the lobby, table tennis area, badminton court, restaurant and lounge connects the two roads. The region between the building and the lane is a large ground. It is very difficult to get membership into this exclusive club.
Cricket is played here in the winter months, and rugby and football (soccer) in the monsoon months. This used to be major centre for the erstwhile Bombay Pentangular cricket matches. The ground had the distinction of hosting India's first Test cricket match on 15 December 1933, captained by CK Nayudu. Temporary stands were put up at the ground to accommodate a record crowd of 50,000 people, with tickets selling at five times their usual price. The match is remembered for Lala Amarnaths century, noted to be one of the best innings played in Indian cricket. It hasn't hosted any major cricket matches since the Brabourne Stadium took its place in 1937, replacing the ground as the venue for the Bombay Pentangular as well as international matches.
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Borivali
Borivali or Borivli is a suburban area located in the north-west section of Mumbai island. Borivali is approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Mumbai Airport and 33.4 kilometres (20.8 mi) from Churchgate Railway Station. The estimated population of Borivali in 1991 was over 6 lakhs.
Borivali town was developed in areas of what once used to be the small villages called Eksar, Poisar, Kandivali, Shimpoli, Mandpeshwar, Kanheri, Tulsi, Magathane and others which were situated on and around Mount Poinsur, between the Dahisar River and Poisar River. It is believed that the name "Borivali" comes from existence of lot of bushes of sweet fruit named "bor" in local language. The existence of a Portuguese church and the Mandpeshwar and Kanheri caves is testament to the rich history of this place. Borivali was spelt 'Berewlee' by the British and is also known as Borivli.
The original residents in Borivali can be referred in two groups but are local Maharashtrians: the tribals and the East Indians. These groups owned almost all the land and lived here with agriculture being the only occupation, other than occasional fishing. There was a huge influx of people in the 19th century when the price of land began rising between Bandra and Churchgate. There is still a very small population of the originals, but they have all changed their occupation with the times.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
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British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, and is the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from many countries, in many languages and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings. The Library's collections include around 14 million books (second only to the United States' Library of Congress), along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 2000 BC.
As a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. It also has a programme for content acquisitions. The British Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) of new shelf space.
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Byculla
Byculla is a neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is also the name of a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line.
There was a Portuguese King whose name was King Byculla and he was the owner of this land hence the name Byculla.
Byculla is neighboured by
Byculla falls under "E" Ward within the municipal limits of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation or BMC.
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Cacheu
Cacheu is a town in north western Guinea-Bissau, lying on the Cacheu River. Population 9,849 (2008 est).
The town of Cacheu is situated in territory of the Papel people.
Cacheu was one of the earliest European colonial settlements in sub-saharan Africa, due to its strategic location on the Cacheu river. Cacheu developed a European/Afro-European population from the late fifteenth century through informal settlement of Cape Verdian and Portugues traders, adventurers and outcasts (lancados). The authorities in mainland Portugal also sent to Cacheu degregados - people condemned to exile for a variety of offences.
For most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Cacheu was the official slave trading point for the Portuguese in the Upper Guinea region - the point at which duties on all slaves exported had to be paid.
Notable buildings in Cacheu include the Portuguese-built 16th century fort, dating from the period when Cacheu was a centre for the slave trade.
Roads in the town are paved with oil palm kernels. Other attractions in the town include the Tarafes de Cacheu Natural Park mangrove swamp and a regular market.
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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
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CBD Belapur
CBD Belapur is the third most developed node of Navi Mumbai after Vashi and Nerul. CBD Belapur has a fairly vibrant Central Business District that is moving some of the economy out of congested central Mumbai into the hinterland. Belapur is also one of the largest assembly constituencies from this region. CBD Belapur has been growing since the 1990s, and is now home to colleges as well as a number of technology businesses.
CBD Belapur is an acronym of Central Business District, Belapur. It was designed and developed in order to promote businesses. The Reserve Bank of India maintains a branch office at CBD Belapur. This area is one of the fastest developing region in Navi Mumbai in terms of new residential and commercial construction projects. CBD Belapur is well connected to Mumbai through train and BEST buses. It had Sea Link for traveling to Elephanta Caves from Sector 11.
A passenger boat service operated by Oceana Marine Services, under the authorisation of Maharashtra Maritime Board, now runs every morning between the floating jetty at Belapur and Elephanta Caves.
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Ceuta
Ceuta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈθeuta]) is an 18.5-square-kilometre (7.1 sq mi) autonomous city of Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. After Spain returned Ifni to Morocco in 1969, Ceuta and Melilla remained the sole Spanish enclave territories within mainland Africa. Ceuta was deemed a part of Cadiz province prior to 14 March 1995, when the city's Statute of Autonomy was passed.
Ceuta (like Melilla) was a free port before Spain joined the European Union. As of 2011, it has a population of 78,674. Its population consists of Christians, Muslims (chiefly Moroccan Arabic speakers), and small minorities of Jews and Hindus. Spanish is the official language.
Morocco had previously called for negotiations on the future of Ceuta, Melilla and a number of Mediterranean islands and enclaves that border it. The majority of the city's population are ethnic Spanish who are opposed to the idea of being ruled by Morocco. A poll conducted by Instituto Opina found that 87.9% of people from mainland Spain consider the two cities to be Spanish.
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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
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Chandrapur
Chandrapur (Marathi: चंद्रपूर) is a city and a municipal corporation in Chandrapur district in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is also the headquarters of Chandrapur district. As the city has passed the population limit of 3 lakh, with the population of 3.73 lakh as per 2011 census, in a decision made on 20th Oct, 2011 by the state cabinate, Chandrapur municipal council is elevated to the D-grade Municipal Corporation status, along with Latur and Parbhani in the state.
The city of Chandrapur has ancient temples of the goddess Mahakali and of Anchaleshwar, a form of the god Shiva. Chandrapur is also known as Chanda. The region is very rich in mineral wealth such as iron ore, limestone and coal. Many cement factories are located in this region. Due to large number of coal mines present around the city, the city is also known as City of Black Gold.
Narsimha Rao, a prime minister of India, was stationed at Chandrapur during the days when Nizam ruled Hyderabad. Rao got admission to Nagpur on recommendations of one of the prominent advocates of the region, Balwantrao Deshmukh. Balwantrao Deshmukh was a follower of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It was due to his efforts that Tilak visited Chandrapur and laid the foundation stone of a school "Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya". Shantaram Potdukhe, one of the ministers of state having charge of finance portfolio in Narasimha Rao's government, is from Chandrapur.. Mohan Bhagwat, senior functionary of Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh, is also from Chandrapur.
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Chandrapur District
Chandrapur District (Marathi: चंद्रपूर जिल्हा) is a district in Nagpur Division of the Indian state of Maharashtra.It is located at the boundary of Andhrapradesh. The district was formerly known as Chanda District. In 1964, it was renamed as Chandrapur. It was the largest district in India until it was split into the separate district of Gadchiroli. It had a population of 2,071,101 of which 32.11% were urban as of 2001.
It is famous for its superthermal power plant, one of the biggest in Asia, and its vast reserves of coal in Wardha Valley Coalfield. Chandrapur also has large reservoirs of limestone. The abundance of lime and coal supplies many cement factories like L&T (now UltraTech Cement), Gujarat Ambuja (Maratha Cement Works), Manikgarh, Murli Cement and ACC Cement in the district.
Tadoba National Park near Chandrapur is one of India's 28 Project tiger reserves.
The city of Chandrapur, the administrative headquarters, has ancient temples of Anchleshwar (Lord Shiva) and Mahakali (Goddess Mahakali).
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Chaul
Coordinates: 18°32′46″N 72°55′38″E / 18.5461°N 72.9272°E / 18.5461; 72.9272 Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins. It is located 60 km south of Mumbai, in Raigad District of Maharashtra state in western India.
In 1508, the Egyptian Mamluks, allied with the Gujarat Sultanate vanquished the Portuguese in the Battle of Chaul. The first Portuguese settlement at Chaul took place in 1521 with the construction of the first fort on the south bank of the Kundalika River. In October 1531, the Portuguese erected a new square stone fortress, named Santa Maria do Castello, which contained a church and dwellings for 120 men. A town developed around the fortress, but a 1558 treaty precluded fortifying the town. The town was destroyed in a 1570-71 siege by the Nizam Shahi Sultan of Ahmadnagar, but a treaty was concluded which lifted the siege, and the town was rebuilt and surrounded by walls and bastions. A fort (Korlai fort) was built on the Morro de Chaul, a rocky promontory on the north side of the river opposite the town. The town withstood several further attacks, and its defense works were expanded in 1613.
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Chembur
Chembur is a suburban neighbourhood in eastern Mumbai, India. It is 22 km from downtown Mumbai and 20 km from Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport.
The name Chembur is probably derived from the word “Chimboree” which means "Large Crab" in Marathi.
Before reclamation, Chembur lay on the North-Western corner of Trombay Island. It is suggested that Chembur is the same place referred to as Saimur by the Arab writers (915–1137), Sibor in Kosmas Indikopleustes (535), Chemula in the Kanheri cave inscriptions (300–500), Symulla by the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean sea (247), Symulla or Timulla by Ptolemy (150), and perhaps even Perimula by Pliny (A.D. 77). This is however disputed and is also said to be a reference to Chevul at the mouth of the Kundalika River on mainland Maharashtra. Later the area occupied is said to have occupied a branch of an animal home. The home had on an average from 800 to 1000 animals a year - cows, bullocks, buffaloes, horses, ponies, donkeys, deer, goats, pigs, dogs, monkeys, cats and hares; and of birds, parrots, fowls, geese, duck, pigeons, crows and peacocks.
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Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Chinchpokli
Chinchpokli (Marathi: चिंचपोकळी) is a neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is also the name of a railway station on the Central line of the Mumbai suburban railway. Older British era spellings: Chinchpugli and Chinchpooghly. the name is derived from two different words; chinch means tamarind and pokali (pofali) means betel nut. Probably there must be many trees of tamarind and betel nut in the area and hence it is so named.
Chinchpokli has a school established some 90 years ago named after Velji Lakhamshi Napoo High School. Today the school has some 3000 to 5000 students taught in both English and Gujarati.
It also has Kasturba Gandhi Municipal Hospital which is run by the BrihanMumbai Municipal corporation. It is reputed for the treatment of contagious diseases.
Chinchpoklicha Chintamani, the oldest and most famous Ganapati idol,[citation needed] sits very near to the Chinchpokli station during Ganesh festival. This Ganesha is one of the biggest crowd pullers in Mumbai and is known as Chinchpoklicha Chintamani or Chinchpokli Cha Chintamani.
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Chittagong
Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, Chôţţogram) is a commerce and industry hub, and a port city, in southeastern Bangladesh and the capital of an eponymous district and division. Built on the banks of the Karnaphuli River, the city is home to Bangladesh's busiest seaport and has a population of over 5.5 million, making it the second largest city in the country.
A trading post since the 9th century, Chittagong has a multicultural heritage of Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist traditions, as the result of different waves of settlements throughout the Middle Ages and well into the start of the British Raj. A few parts of Chittagong were developed in the early 20th century under the British to accommodate a railway hub. The city also became a focal point for revolutionary activities against the British, notably the armed uprising led by Surya Sen in 1930. It was also an important military base and supply point for Allied forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. After the partition of India in 1947, Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. It was then that several key outlying areas were included into the city of Chittagong, including Agrabad, a modern commercial centre today. Chittagong regained prominence as an important investment destination and sea port in the eastern part of a newly independent country. In 1971, as East Pakistanis rebelled against West Pakistan’s refusal to accept results of the 1970 Pakistan General Election, the declaration of East Pakistan's secession into Bangladesh was announced in Chittagong. The city went onto witness atrocities and naval blockades during the liberation war that followed. Chittagong's development has been heavily affected by neglectfulness by the government, and centralization of the capital has taken toll to the cities development and growth.
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Churchgate
Churchgate (now Veer Nariman Street) (Marathi: चर्चगेट) is an area in downtown South Mumbai. During the eighteenth and up to the mid-19th century, Bombay was a walled city. The city walls had three gates, and Church Gate, named after St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai was one of the gates. The gate was situated near the present day location of Flora Fountain. In the mid-19th century, the city walls were torn down to aid in the expansion program.
Churchgate is also a major railway terminus on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.
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Coimbatore
Coimbatore (Tamil: கோயம்புத்தூர், pronounced [kɔəjmbaːʈɔrɪ]), also known as Kovai (Tamil: கோவை, pronounced [kɔʋaːəj] ( listen)), is the second largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the 15th largest urban agglomeration in India with a metropolitan population of over 2 million. It is a major commercial centre and has often been referred to as the "Manchester of South India".
The Coimbatore region has been ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, the later Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire and the Madurai Nayaks and is believed to have been named after a chieftain called Koyan. In the 17th century, the city became a part of the Kingdom of Mysore and remained so until its conquest by the British East India Company in 1799. The history of modern Coimbatore, however, dates from the 1930s, when the city grew rapidly capitalizing on a textile boom. Since then, the city has witnessed steady growth fueled by its favourable soil, climate and political and economic conditions.
Coimbatore is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation which comprises 100 wards grouped into five zones. It is situated on the banks of the Noyyal River in western Tamil Nadu and is surrounded by the Western Ghats on all sides. It is well connected by road, rail and air with major towns and cities in India.
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Colaba
Colaba ([koˈlaːbaː]) is a part of the city of Mumbai, India, and also a Lok Sabha constituency. During Portuguese rule in the 16th century, the island was known as Candil. After the British took over the island in the late 17th century, it was known as Colio.
The name Colaba, comes from Kolabhat, a word in the language of Kolis, the indigenous inhabitants of the islands, before the arrival of Portuguese. The area that is now Colaba was originally a region consisting of two islands: Colaba and Little Colaba (or Old Woman's Island). The island of Colaba was one of the Seven islands of Bombay ruled by the Portuguese.
The Portuguese had acquired these lands from the Sultanate of Cambay by the Treaty of Bassein (1534). The group of islands was gifted by Portugal to Charles II of England as dowry when he married Catherine of Braganza. The cession of Bombay and dependencies was strongly resented by Portuguese officials in Goa and Bombay, who resisted transfer of possession for several years, while the English representatives were confined to the island of Anjediva while negotiations continued. Angered by the backtracking, Charles II leased these lands to the British East India Company for a nominal annual rent. Gerald Aungier, second Governor of Bombay (1672), and the president of the English settlement of Surat, took possession of Colaba and Old Woman's Island on behalf of the Company in 1675.
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Coloane
Coloane is one of the two main islands of the Macau Special Administrative Region, located directly south of Macau's other main island, Taipa (氹仔, Dàngzǎi), and east of Hengqin Island of Zhuhai in Guangdong province.
Coloane was known in Cantonese as Gau Ou Saan (九澳山, lit. "Nine-inlet Mountain", transcribed in Portuguese as Ká-Hó) and Yim Zou Waan (鹽灶灣, lit. "Salt-stove Bay"). The Portuguese name "Coloane" is derived from the Cantonese pronunciation of Gwo Lou Waan (過路環, lit. "Passing-road Ring").
Coloane has an area of 8.07 km² (4-km long) and is 5.6 km from the Macau Peninsula. It is connected to Taipa by a 2.2 km land-fill bridge, the Estrada do Istmo, however land reclamation has physically connected the two islands and a new town called Cotai has been built between Taipa and Coloane, which is home to the Cotai Strip and many other casinos under development.
The narrowest part of Coloane is 300 metres. The highest points in Macau are eastern and central Coloane, with the highest point being the 171-metre Alto de Coloane (Chin.: 疊石塘山, Port.: Alto de Coloane ). The northern shore of the island is 4.5 m deep, and is the site of the Macau Deepwater Port. The eastern Hac Sa Beach (Chin.: 黑沙海灘, Port.: Baía de Hác Sá) and the southern Cheoc Van Bay (Chin.: 竹灣, Port.: Baía de Cheoc Van) are popular swimming beaches. At Baía de Hác Sá there is a Portuguese restaurant called "Fernandos", famous amongst locals in Macau and tourists from Hong Kong.
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Colonial Brazil
The Viceroyalty of Brazil (Portuguese: Vice-Reino do Brasil) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to kingdom alongside Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
During the over 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the economic exploration of the territory was based first on brazilwood extraction (16th century), sugar production (16th–18th centuries), and finally on gold and diamond mining (18th century). Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of Brazilian economy.
In contrast to the neighbouring fragmented Spanish possessions, the Portuguese colony, built up by the Portuguese in Latin America, kept its territorial unity and linguistic integrity after the independence, giving rise to the largest country in the region.
Portugal and Spain pioneered the European discovery of sea routes that were the first channels of interaction between all of the World's continents, thus beginning the process of globalization. In addition to the adventurous undertaking of discovery and colonization of far off lands, these years were filled with pronounced advancements in cartography, shipbuilding and navigational instruments, from which the Portuguese and Spanish explorers took advantage.
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Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is an American private Ivy League research university located in New York City, New York, United States. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Today the university operates seven Columbia Global Centers overseas in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Santiago and Nairobi.
The university was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain. After the American Revolutionary War, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. The University now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. That same year, the university's campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its location in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, where it occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (0.13 km2). The university encompasses twenty schools and is affiliated with numerous institutions, including Teachers College, Barnard College, and the Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as the Juilliard School.
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Cooperage Ground
The Cooperage Ground is a football stadium in Mumbai, India. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Mumbai F.C. and FC Air India. The stadium holds 5,000 people. The Western India Football Association also operates from the Cooperage Ground. The Mumbai District Football Association also hold a small office. It is a venue for India's premier national league, the I-League, as well as the Mumbai Football League.
The stadium was a one-tier stadium with roofing only under the main stand. The seating was of wooden planks. The stadium was completely dismantled and as of May 2012 is undergoing renovation. The new stadium will have a capacity of 5000 people. There will be bucket seats installed unlike the previous wooden planks. One of the 10 FIFA sanctioned artificial turfs has been installed here.
The Cooperage Ground has been around since 1993 but has not really been used to a real extent till 2007 when the I-League was created.
In April 2011 plans were announced for the Cooperage Ground to be renovated when FIFA announced that they would give the West India Football Association two million dollars in order to renovate that stadium. On the 12th of June 2011 it was announced in the Bombay High Court that the West India Football Association would be given the right to renovate the Cooperage Ground. While the stadium was being renovated the two I-League teams Mumbai F.C. and Air India FC would have to play their matches at the Balewadi Sports Complex.
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Cuffe Parade
Cuffe Parade is an upmarket neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is in the southernmost region of the city just north of Navy Nagar. To the north of Cuffe Parade lies Badhwar Park, Ambedkar Nagar the slum area of the Cuffe Parade.
Cuffe Parade was named after T. W. Cuffe of the Bombay City Improvement Trust, which reclaimed around 90,000 square yards (75,000 m²) on the western shore of Colaba. Much of Cuffe Parade was developed on reclaimed land in the 1960s, with many of the buildings reaching over thirty stories high. It can be compared to New York city's manhattan area! Also the home to many famous rich Indian business men
To the east is Colaba Causeway and to the west is the Arabian Sea. Among the notable residents are members of the Ambani and Husain families.
It is suspected that some of the original attackers in the November Mumbai attacks disembarked from a boat in the area, according to local eyewitnesses.
MVRDC World Trade Centre I is Located at Cuffe Parade in Mumbai, it is 156 metres high and has 35 floors. The building was developed by Shapoorji Pallonji and Pheroze Kudianawala was the architect. It is a commercial and shopping complex.
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Dabbawala
A dabbawala (Marathi: डबेवाला); also spelled as dabbawalla or dabbawallah; literally meaning ("box person"), is a person in India, most commonly found in the city of Mumbai, who is employed in a unique service industry whose primary business is collecting freshly cooked food in lunch boxes from the residences of the office workers (mostly in the suburbs), delivering it to their respective workplaces and returning the empty boxes back to the customer's residence by using various modes of transport. "Tiffin" is an old-fashioned English word for a light lunch or afternoon snack, and sometimes, by extension, for the box it is carried in. For this reason, the dabbawalas are sometimes called Tiffin Wallahs.
The word "Dabbawala" in Marathi when literally translated, means "one who carries a box". "Dabba" means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container), while "wala" is a suffix, denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word. The closest meaning of the Dabbawala in English would be the "lunch box delivery man". Though this profession seems to be simple, it is actually a highly specialized service in Mumbai which is over a century old and has become integral to the cultural life of this city.
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Dadar
Dadar is a place in Mumbai, and is also a railway station on both the Western (Dadar) and Central lines (Dadar T.T.) of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. Dadar is situated in the heart of Mumbai, and Dadar station is the only railway station common to both the Central and Western lines. This makes the station a transit point for thousands of passengers using the Mumbai Suburban Railway and one of the most crowded railway stations on the network.
Dadar has long been a cultural center, not only for Maharashtrians and the Marathi speaking population, but for the entire Indian diaspora.
Dadar is divided into East and West by the railway line. Dadar East is popularly called Dadar Central or Dadar T.T. because the former Dadar Tram Terminus (which was closed with the closure of the tram network in Mumbai) is located here. Dadar West is sometimes referred to as Dadar B.B. because it lies along the western line, which was once part of the Bombay & Baroda & Central India (BB&CI) Railway. Dadar West market is a very popular shopping destination for residents of central Mumbai, the suburbs, and distant satellite towns.
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Dahisar
Dahisar (Marathi: दहिसर) is a suburb of Mumbai. It is also the name of a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway (India) railway line, situated in Dahisar suburb. Located on the city limits of Mumbai, Dahisar is the last suburb and railway station within the Mumbai Suburban District; past Dahisar lie the city's extended suburbs.
There is a record of continuous habitation since 1630s, as per Parish records of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church
The original residents of Dahisar are the Panchkalshis, Agris, East Indians and Kolis, who still live primarily in the hamlets of Kandarpada and Gaothan and the tribes who lived in the hills surrounding Dahisar - the Warlis and Dublis.
With the construction of the railway line connecting Dahisar to the city of Mumbai in 1867, came the first lot of migrants, the people from Sindhudurg region of Konkan. These migrants established the first planned residential areas of Dahisar - Maratha Colony in Dahisar East and Mhatre Wadi in the West. The Railway authorities wanted to name the Railhead at Dahisar as Mount Poinsur, but the locals opposed this move and forced the authorities to name it as Dahisar.
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Dalal Street
Dalal Street (Marathi, Hindi: दलाल Gujarati: દલાલ - Dalāl means a broker, or dealer) in downtown Mumbai, India is the address of the Bombay Stock Exchange (in the Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers) and several related financial firms and institutions. When Bombay Stock Exchange was moved to this new location at the intersection of Bombay Samāchār Marg and Hammam Street, the street next to the building was renamed as Dalal Street[citation needed]. Similar to Wall Street in New York City, it is often used as a metonym for the entire Indian financial establishment.
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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ ( locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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Dehradun
Dehra Dun, or Dehradun /ˌdɛrəˈduːn/ (Hindi: देहरादून, Dēharādūn), is the capital city of the State of Uttarakhand in north India. Located in the Garhwal region, it is 255 km north of India's capital New Delhi and consists of 6 tehsils, 6 community development blocks, 17 towns and 764 inhabited villages. The city has been chosen as one of the "Counter Magnets" of the National Capital Region (NCR) and is being developed as an alternative centre of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area.
Dehradun is renowned for its natural resources, publishing services, and for its prestigious educational institutions such as the Forest Research Institute (FRI), Indian Military Academy (IMA) and several day and boarding schools which are highly reputed across the country. It is also home to national foundations such as the Indian Institute of Petroleum, Survey of India, Wildlife Institute of India and the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation.
Located on the foothills of the Himalayas, the Doon Valley is nestled between two of India's mightiest rivers - the Ganges on the east and the Yamuna on the west. Dehradun is famous for its picturesque landscape and pleasant climate and provides a gateway to the surrounding region. It is well connected and in proximity to popular Himalayan tourist destinations such as Mussoorie, Nainital and Auli and the Hindu holy cities of Haridwar and Rishikesh along with the Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of Char Dham.
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Dejima
Dejima (出島?, literally "exit island"; Portuguese: Dejima or Decima, Dutch: Desjima or Deshima or sometimes latinized as Decima or Dezima) was a small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 by local merchants. This island, which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula, remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of sakoku, the self-imposed isolationist policy. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it was used by the Dutch as a trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares), it later was integrated into the city.
"Dejima Dutch Trading Post" has been designated a Japanese national historic site.
In 1543 Portuguese traders were the first to land in Japan, on Tanegashima. Six years later the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier landed in Kagoshima. At first Portuguese traders were based in Hirado, but they moved in search of a better port. In 1570 daimyo Ōmura Sumitada converted to Catholicism (choosing Bartolomeu as his Christian name) and made a deal with the Portuguese to develop Nagasaki; soon the port was open for trade. In 1580 Sumitada gave the jurisdiction of Nagasaki to the Jesuits, and the Portuguese obtained the de facto monopoly on the silk trade with China through Macau.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Deonar
Deonar is a neighbourhood in the eastern suburb of Mumbai, India. It has gained prominence for being the location of the largest dumping ground in Mumbai and also the location of city's largest abattoir,Deonar Municipal Abattoir
India's largest abattoir is located in Deonar. It also has institutes like the Tata Insititute of Social Sciences (TISS) and International Institute of Population Sciences here. The other landmark here is the BSNL Telecom Factory.
Deonar is mostly residential and has several government staff colonies like Teachers Colony (for Municipal school teachers).
The main public modes of transportation are autorickshaws, taxi and BEST bus. Deonar has a BEST bus depot. The closest railway station is Govandi Railway Station to Deonar.
The location of the abbatoir, landfills along with the close proximity to industries like BPCL and HPCL has led to raising of several environment concerns in Deonar.
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Dhaka
Dhaka (Bengali: ঢাকা, pronounced IPA: [ˈɖʱaka]; formerly spelled Dacca, named Jahangirnagar during Mughal era) is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. It is located on the banks of the Buriganga River. Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, had a population of over 16 million in 2011, making it the largest city in Bangladesh. It is the 9th largest city in the world and also 28th among the most densely populated cities in the world. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques and with 400,000 cycle rickshaws running on its streets every day, the city is also described as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.
Under Mughal rule in the 17th century, the city was known as Jahangir Nagar. It was a provincial capital and a centre of the worldwide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and became the second-largest city in Bengal after Calcutta (presently Kolkata). After the Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam but lost its status as a provincial capital again after the partition was annulled in 1911. After the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1971, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions of martial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities.
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Dhanbad
Dhanbad (Hindi: धनबाद, Bengali: ধনবাদ) is a city in the state of Jharkhand, and is also known as the Coal Capital of India. Dhanbad is the 96th fastest growing city in the world. According to the 2011 census, Dhanbad is among the 53 cities of India with a population of more than one million and is the 42nd largest city. Among the rail divisions of Indian Railway, Dhanbad Rail Division is the second largest in terms of revenue generation after Mumbai division.
Dhanbad is famous for coal mining. Tata Steel, BCCL, ECL and IISCO (Indian Iron And Steel Company) are some of the companies having coal mines in the district. Coal mining, coal washing, and coke making are the main coal-related industries in the city. IISCO is now owned by SAIL, while BCCL and Eastern Coalfields Limited are subsidiaries of Coal India Limited (CIL); these two companies are the largest operators of coal mines in Dhanbad, and have open cast mines as well as underground mines, whereas Tata Steel has mostly underground mines. These companies have developed townships for their employees. The prestigious Indian School of Mines is located in the heart of the city of Dhanbad.
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Dharavi
Dharavi (Portuguese spelling Daravi British Anglicised spelling Darravy, Dorrovy) is a slum and administrative ward, over parts of Sion, Bandra, Kurla and Kalina suburbs of Mumbai, India. It is sandwiched between Mahim in the west and Sion in the east, and spread over an area of 175 hectares, or 0.67 square miles (1.7 km2). In 1986, the population was estimated at 530,225, but modern Dharavi has a population of between 600,000 and over 1 million people. Dharavi is one of the largest slums in the world. It used to be the largest slum in Mumbai at one time, but as of 2011, there are four slums in Mumbai larger than Dharavi.
In most large cities, the floor space index (FSI) varies from 5 to 15 in the Central Business District (CBD) to about 0.5, or below, in the suburbs. In Mumbai the permitted FSI is uniform and in 1991 was fixed at 1.33. The regulations that restrict the FSI greatly reduce the floor space available for residence and business. In expensive Mumbai, Dharavi provides a cheap alternative where rents were as low as US$4 per month in 2006. Dharavi exports goods around the world. The total (and largely informal) turnover is estimated to be between US$500 million and over US$650 million per year.
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Dhule
Dhule (Marathi: धुळे), also known as Dhulia, is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Dhule district in northwestern part of Maharashtra state, India. It is one of the very few well-planned cities of India before Indian Independence.
Dhule is located at 20°54′N 74°47′E / 20.9°N 74.78°E / 20.9; 74.78. It has an average elevation of 250 metres (787 feet).Dhule lies in the Khandesh region, which forms the northwest corner of Deccan Plateau. Dhule district is bounded by Gujarat State on west, by Madhya Pradesh on north and on east and south by Jalgoan and Nasik respectively. It is also situated in valley of the Tapi river along the banks of Panzara River (पांझरा). Devi Ekveera (Goddess Ekveera) temple is a well known temple, situated at the banks of Panzara river.
As of 2001[update] India census, Dhule had a population of 341,473. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dhule has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80% and, female literacy is 69%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Dhule District
Dhule district (Marathi: धुळे जिल्हा) is a district of Maharashtra state in central India. The city of Dhule is the administrative headquarters of the district.
The Dhule district previously comprised tracts of land predominantly inhabited by tribal population. The Dhule district was then bifurcated on 1 July 1998 into two separate districts now known as Dhule and Nandurbar, the latter comprising the tribal region. Agriculture remains the basic profession of the population in this district. Most parts of the district are not under irrigation and thus cultivation heavily depends on regular Monsoon or rain water. Apart from wheat, bajra, jowar or jwari, onion the most favored commercial crop is cotton. Majority of the population in the rural area speaks Ahirani (a dialect of Marathi) language, however Marathi is more widely spoken in the urban areas. Around 26.11% population of Dhule district resides in urban area. The Dhule District is a part of Maharashtra's historical region of Khandesh. Although for administrative purpose it is now clubbed to Nashik Division.
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Dispur
Dispur /dɪsˈpʊər/ pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Assam, in northeast India.
Dispur has existed as a locality on the outskirts of Guwahati, took its place as the capital of Assam in 1973. This was after Shillong, the erstwhile capital, became the capital of the state of Meghalaya that was carved out of Assam.
Dispur is the seat of Government of Assam. The Assam Secretariat building is located in Dispur along with the Assam Assembly House and the State Emergency Operations Centre. The Assam Trunk road and the G S road passes through Dispur. To the south of Dispur is the theologically important site of Basistha Ashram and the Shankardev Kalakshetra, a cultural center created in the 1990s. Next to Dispur is the ancient township of Jatia.
Though it is well known as the capital of Assam, Dispur is also known for its tea auctions market. It is easily accessible from Guwahati. As is the case of Assam, Dispur too is on the earthquake belt.
Dispur is part of Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency).
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Dongguan
Dongguan (simplified Chinese: 东莞; traditional Chinese: 東莞; pinyin: Dōngguǎn, Mandarin pronunciation: [tʊ́ŋkwàn]; Cantonese: Dung1 gun2; Postal Map Spelling: Tungkuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
An important industrial city located in the Pearl River Delta, Dongguan borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the north, Huizhou to the northeast, Shenzhen to the south, and the Pearl River to the west.
It is also home to the world's largest, though mostly empty, shopping mall, New South China Mall. City administration is considered especially progressive in seeking foreign direct investment. The three neighboring municipalities of Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Shenzhen are home to over 25 million residents, accounting for a large proportion of the Pearl River Delta Region's population.
Dongguan ranks behind only Shenzhen, Shanghai and Suzhou in exports among Chinese cities, with $65.54bn in shipment.
Dongguan has no intermediate county level; instead it is divided into:
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East Rand
Coordinates: 26°10′38″S 28°13′19″E / 26.17722°S 28.22194°E / -26.17722; 28.22194
The East Rand (known in Afrikaans as the Oos-Rand) is the name of the urban eastern part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation. This area became settled by Europeans after a gold-bearing reef discovered in 1886 and sparked the gold rush that gave rise to the establishment of Johannesburg.
The large black townships of the East Rand were the scene of heavy clashes between the African National Congress and the Inkatha Freedom Party before the end of Apartheid.
The region extends from Germiston in the west to Springs in the east, and south down to Nigel, and includes the towns of Boksburg, Benoni, Brakpan, Kempton Park, Edenvale, and Bedfordview.
As part of the restructuring of municipalities in South Africa at the time, the local governments of the East Rand were merged into a single municipality in 1999, called the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, meaning "place of peace."
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El Jadida
El Jadida (Berber: ⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ Mazghan, Arabic:الجديدة "new") is a port city on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, in the province of El Jadida. It has a population of 144,440 (2004 census). From the sea, El Jadida's old city; has a very "un-Moorish" appearance; it has massive Portuguese walls of hewn stone.
El Jadida, previously known as Mazagan (Portuguese: Mazagão), was seized in 1502 by the Portuguese, and they controlled this city until 1769, when they abandoned Mazagão. Its inhabitants were evacuated to Brazil, where they founded new settlement Nova Mazagão (now in Amapá). El Jadida was then taken over by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.
The Portuguese Fortified City of Mazagan was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, on the basis of its status as an "outstanding example of the interchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures" and as an "early example of the realisation of the Renaissance ideals integrated with Portuguese construction technology".
According to UNESCO, the most important buildings from the Portuguese period are the cistern, and the Manueline Church of the Assumption.
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Elephanta Caves
Coordinates: 18°57′30″N 72°55′50″E / 18.95833°N 72.93056°E / 18.95833; 72.93056 The Elephanta Caves (Marathi: घारापुरीची लेणी, Gharapurichya Lenee) are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri (literally "the city of caves") in Mumbai Harbour, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east of the city of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The island, located on an arm of the Arabian Sea, consists of two groups of caves—the first is a large group of five Hindu caves, the second, a smaller group of two Buddhist caves. The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures, representing the Shaiva Hindu sect, dedicated to the god Shiva.
The rock cut architecture of the caves has been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries, although the identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate. The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock. All the caves were also originally painted in the past, but now only traces remain.
The island was called Gharapuri and was a Hindu place of worship until Portuguese rule began in 1534. The Portuguese called the island Elephanta on seeing its huge gigantic statue of an Elephant at the entrance. The Statue is now placed in the garden outside the Bhau Daji Lad (erstwhile Victoria & Albert) Museum at the Jijamata Udyan (erstwhile Victoria Gardens) at Byculla in Mumbai. This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect, and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the artwork. It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
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Elephanta Island
Elephanta Island (also called Gharapuri Island or place of caves) is one of a number of islands in Mumbai Harbour, east of Mumbai, India. This island is a popular tourist destination for a day trip because of the island's cave temples, the Elephanta Caves, that have been carved out of rock.
The island is easily accessible by ferry from Mumbai, being about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the south east coast of the island city. Boats leave daily from the Gateway of India, taking about an hour each way for the journey. The tickets for these can be bought at the Gateway itself (130 Rupees [round-trip ticket] for "luxury boats"; should you choose to sit on the upper deck of the boat you'll need to pay 10 Rupees more each way on the boat). The first ferry leaves at 9 am, the last at 2 pm. From the boat landing stage on the island, a walkway leads to steps that go up to the famous caves.
There is also a narrow-gauge toy train that you may choose to ride from the boat area on the dock to the base of the steps leading up to the caves (about 600 meters) which costs 5 Rupees per passenger each way. Along the path, hawkers sell souvenirs like necklaces, anklets, showpieces and keychains. There are also stalls to buy food and drinks; be aware that you will likely pay a little more than the MRP stamped on food/drink as many vendors charge more due to the "difficulty" of obtaining and cooling these items on the island. Small monkeys play along the sides of the path, occasionally thieving items from the hawkers or trashcans.
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Elmina
Elmina, is a city and is the capital of Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem district, a district in the Central Region of Ghana, situated on a south-facing bay on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana, about 12 km west of Cape Coast. The first European settlement in West Africa, it now has a population of around 33,000 people.
The city grew around São Jorge da Mina Castle, built by the Portuguese Diogo de Azambuja in 1482 on the site of a town or village called Amankwakurom or Amankwa. It was Portugal's West African headquarters for trade and exploitation of African wealth. The original Portuguese interest was gold but this later expanded to include tens of thousands of slaves channeled through the trading post of Elmina. The location of Elmina made it a significant site for reprovisioning ships headed south towards the Cape of Good Hope on their way to India. The Dutch West India Company captured it in 1637; in subsequent centuries it was mostly used for the slave trade. The British attacked the city in 1782, but it remained in Dutch hands until 1872, when the Dutch Gold Coast was sold to the British.
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Essaouira
Mogador redirects here, for the hamlet in Surrey see Mogador, Surrey.
Essaouira (Arabic: الصويرة, as-Ṣawīra; Berber Tassort) is a city in the western Moroccan economic region of Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, on the Atlantic coast. Since the 16th century, the city has also been known by its Portuguese name of Mogador or Mogadore. The Berber name means the wall, a reference to the fortress walls that originally enclosed the city.
Archaeological research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since prehistoric times. The bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the island of Mogador, making it a peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds.
Essaouira has long been considered as one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast. The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited the place in the 5th century BC and established the trading post of Arambys.
Around the end of the 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE, Juba II established a Tyrian purple factory, processing the murex and purpura shells found in the intertidal rocks at Essaouira and the Iles Purpuraires. This dye colored the purple stripe in Imperial Roman Senatorial togas.
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Faridabad
Faridabad (Hindi: फरीदाबाद) is a city in the south-east of Haryana state in northern India, in Faridabad district. It lies at 28°25′16″N Latitude and 77°18′28″E Longitude. The district shares its boundaries with the National Capital and Union Territory of Delhi to its north, Gurgaon district to the west and Uttar Pradesh to its east and south. Faridabad enjoys a prime location both geographically and politically.It contains a big number of workers and peoples. The river Yamuna separates the District Boundary on eastern side with Uttar Pradesh. Delhi-Agra National Highway No.2 (Shershah Suri Marg) passes through the centre of the district. The city has many railway stations on the Delhi-Mathura double track broad-gauge line of the North Central Railway. The railway stations of Old Faridabad and New Industrial Township (NIT) are the major ones.
Faridabad is the largest city and one of the major industrial hubs of Haryana. It generates 60% of the revenue of the state. 50% of the income tax collected in Haryana is from Faridabad and Gurgaon. Faridabad is famous for heena production from the agricultural sector while tractors, motorcycles, switch gears, refrigerators, shoes and tyres are the famous industrial products of the city.
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Fars Province
Coordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°E / 29.617; 52.533
Fars Province (Persian: استان فارس Ostān-e Fārs pronounced [fɑː(r)s]), originally spelled Pars (پارس), is one of the 31 provinces and known as Cultural Capital of Iran. It is in the south of the country and its center is Shiraz. It has an area of 122,400 km². In 2006, this province had a population of 4.57 million people, of which 61.2% were registered as urban dwellers, 38.1% villagers, and 0.7% nomad tribes. The etymology of the word "Persian" (Pārs-ian : پارسیان) is derived from the cultural capital of Iran and found in many ancient names associated with Iran.
Fars or Pars is the original homeland of the Persian people. The native name of the Persian language is Fârsi or Pârsi. Persia and Persian both derive from the Hellenized form Πέρσις Persis of the root word Pârs. The Old Persian word was Pârsâ.
The word Fars is derived from 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 Pârsa, the Old Persian name for Persia and its capital, Persepolis. Fars is the Arabized version of Pârs, as Arabic has no [p] phoneme.
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Film City
Film City is an integrated film studio complex situated near Sanjay Gandhi National Park at Goregaon, Mumbai in India. It has several recording rooms, gardens, lakes, theatres and grounds that serve as the venue of many Bollywood film shootings. It was built by the state government to provide facilities and concessions to the film industry. It was renamed Dadasaheb Phalke Nagar in memory of the Marathi producer-director-screenwriter Dadasaheb Phalke who was father of Indian film industry.
Coordinates: 19°09′40″N 72°53′14″E / 19.1611°N 72.887351°E / 19.1611; 72.887351 (Dadasaheb Phalke Nagar Film City Complex) http://www.bollywoodmuseum.com/
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Flora Fountain
Flora Fountain, at the Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square), is an ornamentally and exquisitely sculpted architectural heritage monument located at the southern end of the historic Dadabhai Naoroji Road, called the Mile Long Road, at the Fort business district in the heart of South Mumbai, Mumbai, India. Flora Fountain, built in 1864, is a fusion of water, architecture and sculpture, and depicts the Roman goddess Flora. It was built at a total cost of Rs. 47,000, or 9000 pounds sterling, a princely sum in those days.
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Force India
Coordinates: 52°04′33″N 1°01′46″W / 52.07583°N 1.02944°W / 52.07583; -1.02944
Sahara Force India Formula One Team, the trading name of Force India Formula One Team Limited, is a Formula One racing team based in Silverstone, United Kingdom which currently holds an Indian licence. The team was formed in October 2007 when a consortium led by Indian businessman Vijay Mallya and Michiel Mol bought the Spyker F1 team for € 90 million. Force India F1 represents increased Indian participation within Formula One, with Greater Noida having hosted the first Indian Grand Prix in 2011. The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile confirmed the change in name from Spyker to Force India on 24 October 2007.
After going through 29 races without scoring points, Force India won their first Formula One world championship points and podium place when Giancarlo Fisichella finished second in the 2009 Belgian Grand Prix, Force India scored points again in the following race when Adrian Sutil finished fourth, and set the team's first fastest lap, at the Italian Grand Prix. The team's current drivers are Paul di Resta and Nico Hülkenberg.
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Foshan
Foshan (Chinese: 佛山; pinyin: Fóshān, pronounced [fwɔ̌ ʂán]), is a city in central Guangdong province in southern China. The prefectural area under the city's jurisdiction over an area of about 3,840 km² and a population of 5.4 million of which 1.1 million reside in the city proper (year 2000 figures).
It is shown on some older maps as 'Fatshan', which is a phonetic spelling of the city's Cantonese name. Today many areas of Foshan city are occupied mostly by Chinese migrants coming from different provinces of China and speak only Mandarin, while its native dialect is a Foshan variant of Cantonese.
The town of Foshan is many centuries old, and was famous for its porcelain industry. Now, the third largest city in Guangdong, it has become relatively affluent compared to other Chinese cities, and is home to many large private enterprises. Foshan has recently seen a transformation brought by China's booming economy. Foshan is also famous for its martial arts. It contains numerous Wing Chun schools where many come to train and spar.
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Gadchiroli district
Gadchiroli district (Marathi: गडचिरोली जिल्हा) is an administrative district in Maharashtra, India. The town of Gadchiroli is the administrative headquarters of the district.
Gadchiroli District is situated in the southeastern corner of Maharashtra, and is bounded by Chandrapur District to the west, Gondia District to the north, Chhatisgarh state to the east, and Andhra Pradesh state to the south and southwest. Gadchiroli District was created on August 26, 1982 by the separation of Gadchiroli and Sironcha tehsils from Chandrapur District. As of 2011 it is the second least populous district of Maharashtra (out of 39), after Sindhudurg.
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
The main river basin of the district is the Godavari, which flows west to east and forms the southern boundary of the district. The major tributaries of the Godavari are the Indravati and the Pranhita, which is in turn formed by the confluence of the Wainganga and the Wardha near Chaprala village of Chamorshi Taluka.
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Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar /ɡɑːndɨˈnɑːɡər/ (Gujarati: ગાંધીનગર pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the state of Gujarat in western India. Gandhinagar is located approximately 23 km North from Ahmedabad, the biggest city of Gujarat, on the west central point of the Industrial corridor between Delhi, the political capital of India, and Mumbai, the financial capital of India.
In 1960, when the old Bombay State was bifurcated into the present states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, Bombay city fell to the share of Maharastra. It was then decided to build an entirely new capital for Gujarat.
Gandhinagar, Gujarat's new capital city, lies on the west bank of the Sabarmati River, about 464 km away from Mumbai, the financial capital of India. Gandhinagar presents the spacious, well-organized look of an architecturally integrated city.
Thirty sectors, into which the city has been divided, stretch around the central Government complex. Each sector has its own shopping and community center, primary school, health center, government and private housing. Apart from which there is a generous provision for wide open green parks, extensive planting and a large recreational area along the river giving the city a lush green garden-city atmosphere.
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Gangtok
Gangtok /ˈɡæŋtɒk/ (Devanagri: गान्तोक (help·info)Tibetan: སྒང་ཐོག་) is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Sikkim. Gangtok is located in the Shivalik Hills of the eastern Himalayan range, at an altitude of 1,437 metres (4,715 ft). The town, with a population of thirty thousand belonging to different ethnicities such as Indian-Nepalis, Lepchas and Bhutia, is administered by the "Gangtok Municipal Corporation". Nestled within higher peaks of the Himalaya and enjoying a year-round mild temperate climate, Gangtok is at the centre of Sikkim’s tourism industry.
Gangtok rose to prominence as a popular Buddhist pilgrimage site after the construction of the Enchey Monastery in 1840. In 1894, the ruling Sikkimese Chogyal, Thutob Namgyal, transferred the capital to Gangtok. In the early 20th century, Gangtok became a major stopover on the trade route between Lhasa in Tibet and cities such as Kolkata (then Calcutta) in British India. After India won its independence from Britain in 1947, Sikkim chose to remain an independent monarchy, with Gangtok as its capital. In 1975, after the integration with the union of India, Gangtok was made India's twenty-second state capital.
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Gateway of India
The Gateway of India is a monument built during the British Raj in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India. Located on the waterfront in the Apollo Bunder area in South Mumbai, the monument overlooks the Arabian Sea. The gateway is a basalt arch, 26 metres (85 feet) high. It lies at the end of Chhatrapati Shivaji Marg at the water's edge in the harbor of Bombay. It used to be a crude jetty used by the fishing community which was later renovated and used as a landing place for British governors and other prominent people. In earlier times, the gateway was the monument that visitors arriving by boat would have first seen in Mumbai. The gateway has also been referred to as the Taj Mahal of Mumbai,, and is the city's top tourist attraction.
The monument was erected to commemorate the landing on the Apollo Bunder of their Majesties King George V and Queen Mary when they visited India in 1911. Built in Indo-Saracenic style, the foundation stone for the Gateway of India was laid on 31 March 1911. The final design of George Wittet was sanctioned in 1914 and the construction of the monument was completed in 1924. The gateway was latterly the ceremonial entrance to India for Viceroys and the new Governors of Bombay. It served as allow entry and access to India.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Ghansoli
Ghansoli is one of the nodes of Navi Mumbai, comprising approximate 3000 flats developed by CIDCO, and is about 20 minutes by bus from Vashi. It has a newly built locality and also a big industrial area housing companies like Reliance, Siemens, Standard Alkali And with newly setup buildings and colleges
Ghansoli houses a mookambika temple which is one of the oldest landmarks in Ghansoli. The Railway link from Thane ( at 10.59 km away from Thane) to Vashi/Nerul has greatly increased accessibility to Ghansoli. Being a newly developed node,the locality is a good place to live with apartments available at low rates. Shetakari Shishkan Sanstheche Vidyalaya is a school in Ghansoli village. ASP English Convent High School and Tilak International school are also working in Ghansoli city.
Among the other religious places of worship is a big mosque close to the railway station and a Roman Catholic church in Ghansoli village called Our Lady of the Forsaken Church.There is also a very big ashram for Sikh community very close to sector-1.
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Ghatkopar
Ghatkopar is a suburban neighbourhood of eastern Mumbai. It is also a railway station serviced by Central Railway line of the Mumbai suburban railway.
Ghatkopar was a quaint village in 1920’s and 30’s. It came under Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. It was not a part of Mumbai. Mumbai's limits were up to Sion only and Ghatkopar came under district Mumbai Suburban.
Like all small community centres, Ghatkopar also had just one principal road connecting it to Mumbai on the Southside and Thane in the north i.e.; Agra road. It was surrounded by creeks and hills.
There are two popularly known theories for the name Ghatkopar:
Another less popular theory is "Ghatoba-ke-par".
Ghatkopar was inhabited mainly by two types of people. Those who came from proper Mumbai The East Indians in need of good and healthy climatic conditions of the sanatoriums and those rich Bhatias, Parsees, and very few Gujrati Traders who owned large plots of land and bungalows here. Population was sparse and everyone knew each other. It was a close knit family. The streets were named after some of the renowned residents of the area like Navrojee lane named after Navrojee Sheth - a Parsee, Cama lane comes from Lady Cama Bai, Khot lane from people who ploughed and looked after farming activities of the place, Hingwala lane from a family that dealt in Asafoetida business, Khokhani lane from a family of jewellers and whose descendants still reside there, Khetani chowk named after Durlabhji Keshavji Khetani a renowned industrialist and philanthropist whose descendants still live in Ghatkopar.
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Girgaon
Girgaon, also spelt Girgaum, is an area in southern Mumbai in Maharashtra, India.
Girgaon (lit. hill village) gets its name from being located at the foot of Malabar Hill in South Mumbai. The culture in Girgaon is diverse and varied. Like most areas of cosmopolitan Mumbai, residents span diverse languages, religions, traditions, festivals, and attire. Girgaon occupies prime residential real estate due to increasing demand just because of its prominent location in South Mumbai.
Khetwadi, originally an area with a sparse population living off agriculture and plantations, developed in the mid-19th century with the widening of Parel road and the Girgaon road [then called the Breach Candy Road]. In 1839, Grant Road was completed, leading to a large migration of people into this area.
There are a large number of temples in this area. The most well-known is Thakurdwar, built by the ascetic Atmaram Baba, who died in 1838. The Kalbadevi temple, dedicated to Kali, was moved to its present site from its original location in Mahim during the rule of the Gujrati sultans. The Dadi Seth Agiary was built in 1783, the Hormusji wadia Fire temple in 1839.
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Girgaum Chowpatty
Girgaum Chaupati (Marathi:गिरगाव चौपाटी), commonly known as just Chaupati (pronounced as chow-patty), is one of the most famous public beaches adjoining Marine Drive in the Girgaum area of Mumbai, India. The beach is famous for Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations when hundreds of people from all over Mumbai come to immerse the idols of Lord Ganapati in the Arabian Sea. It is also one of the many places in the city where the Ramlila is performed on a stage every year. An effigy of Ravan, that is erected on the sand, is burnt by the end of the 10-day performance. One can find several bhelpuri, panipuri, ragda patties and pav bhaji vendors on the beach. On the road running along the beach, lone surviving terrorist of the 26/11 attacks, Ajmal Kasab was caught and arrested. A bronze statue of Tukaram Omble, the cop who helped nab Kasab will be erected on 26/11/11.
Chowpatty is really Chau-pati (four channels or four creeks) as per (Bombay City Gazetteer, I. 27). This name is analogous to that of Satpaty, a village in the Mahim Taluka of the Thane District, which is approached through a Channel or Creek, containing seven divisions of water.
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Gloria Church
Gloria Church (Portuguese: Nossa Senhora de Gloria) is one of the oldest Roman Catholic churches in Mumbai built by the Portuguese Franciscans in 1632. The church is situated in the Byculla area of Mumbai.
The original Gloria Church, Nossa Senhora de Gloria, was built in 1632 by the Franciscans funded by the DeSouza E’Lima family, who owned the Mazagaon island which they procured from the King of Portugal in 1572. The old church was demolished in 1911 and the present one was built at Byculla.
The modern Gloria church was built in English Gothic style.
The church’s beauty has inspired many filmmakers to shoot their films on its premises. Prominent among them was Manmohan Desai’s Amar Akbar Anthony, released in 1977.
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Goa
Goai/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Gondia District
Gondia district (Marathi: गोंदिया जिल्हा), also known as Gondiya district, is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in India. The district headquarters are located at Gondia (Gondiya). The district occupies an area of 5,431 km² and has a population of 1,200,707 of which 11.95% were urban (as of 2001). The district is part of Nagpur Division.
This district was carved out of Bhandara district in 1999.
Gondia is also known as Rice City, as it is a rice producing district and has about 250 rice mills near the vicinity of city. it is also a major trading place. The Mumbai-Nagpur-Kolkata Road is the only national highway passing through the district, which covers to a total distance of 99.37 km. Gondia has bus connectivity to Jabalpur, Nagpur and Balaghat.
It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
The district is divided into 2 sub-divisions, Gondia and Deori which are further divided into 8 talukas. Each sub-division consists of 4 talukas. The Gondia sub-division consists of Gondia, Goregaon, Tirora and Arjuni Moregaon talukas while Deori sub-division consists of Deori, Amgaon, Salekasa and Sadak Arjuni talukas. The district consists 556 Gram panchayats, 8 Panchayat Samitis and 954 revenue villages. Two municiplities in this district are Gondia and Tiroda.
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Goregaon
Goregaon (pronounced as Goregaanv[needs IPA]) is the locality situated at the north of Mumbai . It is a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Line.
Bracketed on either side of the railway line by the Western Express Highway and the Linking Road, Goregaon was primarily a middle-class residential neighbourhood. However, the area is now turning into a wealthy suburb. Famous film studios such as Filmistan and Film City are located here.
Goregaon has three major bus depots. The Bus Depot is located in Goregaon East and the Goregaon Bus Station is located at Goregaon West, and is right next to the railway station. Goregaon Bus Depot is further way and closer to Oshiwara Bus Depot.
Till the late 1970s, the suburb was sparsely populated with residential localities which sprung up in Nagars like Unnat Nagar Vibhag 1 to 4, Jawahar Nagar, Motilal Nagar, Bangur Nagar, Shastri Nagar, Siddharth Nagar, BEST Colony, Piramal Nagar, Mahesh Nagar in the West and Wadis like Pandurang wadi and Jaiprakash Nagar on the East and Manzil like Madina Manzil on the west.
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Graciosa fortress
The Graciosa fortress was established on the coast of Morocco by the Portuguese in 1489. It was established on a small river island, about three leagues from the sea, at the junction of river Lucus (Wadi Lukkus) and river el-Mekhazen (Oued Makhazine), a few kilometers inland from modern Larache. The island had been yielded to the Portuguese by Mohammed al Saih through a treaty following the Portuguese capture of Arzila.
The fortress was built from February 1489 by Gaspar Jusarte. In May, a second fleet led by D. Pedro de CastelBranco reached the island, and Diego Fernandes d'Almeida was named governor.
Mohammed al Saih attacked the island to dislodge the Portuguese. After the Moroccan had blocked the river with trees, the Portuguese in Graciosa fortress had to capitulate. By the Treaty of Xamez, signed on August 27, 1489, they evaacuated the island. The Portuguese thus did not resist long in Graciosa, and the Moroccans soon founded Larache at the mouth of the river.
Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized 6 Moroccan towns, and built 6 stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of these stand-alone fortresses only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), São João da Mamora (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506-10) and Aguz (1520-25). Two of them were to become permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir, founded in 1505-06), and Mazagan (Mazagão) founded in 1514-17. The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.
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Greater Buenos Aires
Greater Buenos Aires (Gran Buenos Aires, GBA, in Spanish) is the generic denomination to refer to the urban agglomeration comprising the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the conurbation around it, over the province of Buenos Aires—namely the adjacent 24 partidos or municipalities—which nonetheless do not constitute a single administrative unit. The conurbation spreads to the south, west and north of Buenos Aires; to the east the River Plate serves as a natural boundary.
Urban sprawl, especially between 1945 and 1980, created a vast conurbation of 9,910,282 inhabitants in the 24 conurbated partidos, as of 2010, and a total of 12,801,365 including the City of Buenos Aires, a third of the total population of Argentina.
The term "Greater Buenos Aires" is related with other expressions not necessarily well-defined: the "Buenos Aires' conurbation" (Conurbano Bonaerense), the "Greater Buenos Aires Agglomeration" (Aglomerado Gran Buenos Aires), and the "Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires" (Área Metropolitana Buenos Aires, AMBA).
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Guangzhou
Guangzhou (Chinese: 广州; Mandarin pronunciation: [kwɑ̀ŋʈʂóʊ̯]), known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port. One of the five National Central Cities, it holds sub-provincial administrative status.
Guangzhou is the third largest city in China and southern China's largest city. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 12.78 million. Some estimates place the population of the entire Pearl River Delta Mega City built up area as high as 40 million including Shenzhen (10.36 million), Dongguan (8.22 million) and most parts of Foshan (7.19 million), Jiangmen (4.45 million), Zhongshan (3.12 million) and a small part of Huizhou adjoining Dongguan and Shenzhen, with an area of about 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) (about the size of US state of New Jersey). In 2008 Guangzhou was identified as a Beta World City by the global city index produced by GaWC.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Gwalior
Gwalior (Hindi/Marathi: ग्वालियर pronunciation (help·info)) ग्वाल्हेर is a city in Madhya Pradesh, India, lying 122 kilometres (76 mi) south of Agra, and 423 kilometres (263 mi) north of Bhopal, the state capital. Gwalior occupies a strategic location in the Gird region of India, and the city and its fortress have served as the center of several of historic northern Indian kingdoms. Gwalior is the administrative headquarters of Gwalior district and Gwalior division.
It is famous for Gwalior Fort, which has changed hands many times. From the Tomaras in the 8th century it passed on to the Mughals, then the Marathas under the Scindias (1754), followed briefly by Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, Tatiya Tope and the British.
The city has several important educational institutions including the Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, Scindia School, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Laxmibai National Institute of Physical Education. Gwalior has five government universities: Jiwaji University, Maharaja Maan Singh Tomar music and arts university, Rajmata Vijyarahe Scindia agriculture university, Laxmibai National University of Physical Education and ABV-IIITM are government universities. Few Private institutions are also well known in this region like Aditya College, ITM University, Amity University etc.
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Haji Ali Dargah
The Haji Ali Dargah (Urdu: حاجی علی درگاہ , Marathi: हाजी अली दर्गा, Hindi: हाजी अली दरगाह, Gujarati: હાજી અલી દરગાહ) is a mosque and dargah (tomb) located on an islet[dubious – discuss] off the coast of Worli in the Southern part of Mumbai. Near the heart of the city proper, the dargah is one of the most recognisable landmarks of Mumbai.
An exquisite example of Indian Islamic architecture, associated with legends about doomed lovers, the dargah contains the tomb of Sayed Peer Haji Ali Shah Bukhari.
The Haji Ali Dargah was constructed in 1431 in memory of a rich Muslim merchant, Sayyed Peer Haji Ali Shah Bukhari (R.A.), who gave up all his worldly possessions before making a pilgrimage to Mecca. Hailing from Bukhara, in the ancient Persian Empire and now in Uzbekistan, Bukhari travelled around the world in the early to mid 15th century, and then settled in Mumbai.
As per the legends, surrounding his life, once the Saint saw a poor woman crying on the road, holding an empty vessel. He asked her what the problem was. She sobbed that her husband would thrash her since she had stumbled and accidentally spilled the oil she was carrying. He asked her to take him to the spot where she lost the oil. There, he jabbed a finger into the soil and the oil gushed out. The overjoyed woman filled up the vessel and went home.
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Hengqin New Area
Hengqin Dao is an island in Zhuhai, a prefecture-level city and Special Economic Zone in the Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. It has a population of about 3,000.
The whole island is designated a special economic district, as Hengqin New Area, similar to Binhai New Area in Tianjin and Pudong New Area in Shanghai.
Hengqin Island is adjacent to Ilha da Taipa and Ilha de Coloane of Macau, and is connected to Macau's Cotai via the Lotus Bridge. The island is the largest among the 146 islands of Zhuhai, being roughly three times the size of Macau. It has broad bays, sandy beaches, strangely shaped jagged rocks, beautiful scenery, fresh air, and natural vegetation cover.
Hengqin was formerly made up of two islands, Xiao Hengqin (Portuguese: D. João) and Da Hengqin (Portuguese: Montanha), which were recently connected as a result of land reclamation. The reclaimed island is 96 square km (37 square miles).
Both Xiao Hengqin and Da Hengqin were claimed by Portugal, along with the larger former island of Wanzai (Portuguese: Lapa) — now a peninsula — to their north, as part of the Província da Macau, because "Portuguese schools are established there." In 1896, Portuguese determined to occupy the two islands of Hengqin, but it was unsuccessful. They were briefly occupied by Portugal before World War II.
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Hingoli District
Hingoli district (Marathi: हिंगोली जिल्हा) is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in India. The district headquarters are located at Hingoli. The district occupies an area of 4,526 km² and has a population of 987,160 of which 15.60% were urban (as of 2001). This district is part of Aurangabad division. One of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines, the Aundha Nagnath is located in Hingoli district.
As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Maharashtra (out of 39), after Sindhudurg and Gadchiroli.
The territory of the present district became part of Bombay state in 1956 and Maharashtra state in 1960 as part of Parbhani district. This district was carved out from Parbhani district on 1 May 1999.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Hingoli one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the twelve districts in Maharashtra currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
This district is divided into two sub-divisions, which are further divided into five talukas. Hingoli sub-division is divided into three talukas: Hingoli, Kalamnuri and Sengaon. Basmath sub-division is divided into two talukas: Aundha and Basmath.
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Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; listen), formerly named Saigon (Sài Gòn; listen) is the largest city in Vietnam. It was once known as Prey Nokor, an important Khmer sea port prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century.
Under the name Saigon, it was the capital of the French colony of Cochin-china and later of the independent state of South Vietnam from 1955–75. South Vietnam, as an anti-communist state, fought against the communist North Vietnamese and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, with aid from the United States of America and countries including Australia, New Zealand and South Korea. Saigon fell when it was captured by the communists on 30 April 1975, bringing an end to the War with its enemy's victory. Vietnam was then turned into a communist state with the South overtaken. On 2 July 1976, Saigon merged with the surrounding Gia Định Province and was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City after Hồ Chí Minh (although the name Sài Gòn is still commonly used.)
The city center is situated on the banks of the Saigon River, 60 kilometers (37 mi) from the South China Sea and 1,760 kilometers (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hutatma Chowk
Hutatma Chowk (Marathi: हुतात्मा चौक) ("Martyrs' Square") is the official name of a square in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
The square hosts Flora Fountain and was known by that name until 1960. It was officially renamed in 1960 in memory of the members of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, who lost their lives when police fired upon their peaceful demonstration. A statue of a "Martyr with a Flame" stands next to Flora Fountain.
Hutatma Chowk is located in the busy financial district of South Mumbai. It derives its present name from an incident in 1960 when a peaceful demonstration by the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti (United Maharashtra Committee) was fired upon by the police resulting in 105 deaths. The incident was part of ongoing struggles of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, amongst others, for the creation of the State of Maharashtra. The shooting proved to be a major impetus for the creation of Maharashtra on May 1, 1960.
The Hutatma Chowk square is lined on all sides by buildings constructed during the British Raj. An ornate fountain surrounded by delicately carved figures forms the center of the huge square. This was the Flora Fountain.
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Hyderabad State
The Hyderābād state pronunciation (help·info) was located in the south-central region of the Indian subcontinent, and was ruled, from 1724 until 1948, by a hereditary Nizam. Throughout its history it was a Muslim-ruled state. The capital city was Hyderabad.
The region became part of the Mughal Empire in the 1680s. When the empire began to weaken in the 18th century, a Mughal official, Asif Jah, defeated a rival Mughal governor's attempt to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it.
Nizam's Dominions in the 18th century extended from Aurangabad and Berar in the north to Tiruchirapally in the south, encompassing the entire area of 'Circars' (later annexed by French and British forces), and parts of today's Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The areas in what is now Tamil Nadu were administered by the Nawab of the Carnatic, who acknowledged the Nizam's suzerainity. However, with the death of the first Nizam and the arrival of foreign forces, the dominions gradually lost their coastal territories.
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Imphal
Imphal (/ˈɪmpəl/, Imphal.ogg (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Manipur.
In the heart of the town and surrounded by a moat, are ruins of the old Palace of Kangla. Kangla Fort used to be the home of the Assam Rifles, a paramilitary force and on November 2004 it was handed over to state of Manipur by Prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. Another place of historical interest is the Polo Ground which is the oldest existing polo ground in the world.[citation needed] Near the Polo Ground is the Manipur State Museum, which has a collection of old artifacts and pictures depicting the history of Manipur. 'Ima Keithel' at Khwairamband Bazar is the only market in the world where, as the name suggests(Ima-Mother,Keithel-Market), all the stalls are run by women.[citation needed]
In 1944 during World War II the Battle of Imphal, along with the simultaneous Battle of Kohima, was the turning point in the Burma Campaign. For the first time in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II the Japanese lost the initiative to the Allies, who retained it until the end of the war.[citation needed]
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Incheon
Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
The Incheon Metropolitan City (인천, 仁川, literally 'wise river' - formerly Inchon; named Jinsen during the time of Japanese rule) is located in northwestern South Korea. The city was home to just 4,700 people when Jemulpo port was built in 1883. Today 2.76 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and Busan Metropolitan City. While people have inhabited the area from the New Stone Age, the city’s growth was assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city.
Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world, issuing in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as Korea’s first free economic zone. Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indore
Indore /ɪnˈdɔər/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the largest city and the headquarters of Indore District in the state of Madhya Pradesh. Indore is located 190 km west of the state capital of Bhopal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Indore city has a population of 1,960,631 and is fourteenth most populous city in India, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 2.3 million. It is the 147th largest city in the world. Indore is the richest city in central India and also known as "Mini Mumbai" due to it's lifestyle similarities with Mumbai. It also reflects Mumbai's potpourri of cultures, with significant Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari and Sindhi populations.
Indore is the only city of India with both an Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT).
During the days of the Maratha Empire Indore was an important hub between the Deccan and Delhi. However after the death of Madhavrao Peshwa, the Maratha Empire disintegrated and Indore was declared the capital of the Holkar state, until Rani Ahilyabai Holkar moved the capital to Maheshwar.
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Institute of Science
Coordinates: 19°08′01.09″N 72°54′55.29″E / 19.1336361°N 72.9153583°E / 19.1336361; 72.9153583
The Institute of Science ( Formerly known as Royal Institute of Science (RIS)) is an institution of postgraduate education and research located in Mumbai, India. It is managed by the Government of Maharashtra and is currently affiliated to the University of Mumbai.
Established in 1920. its research centers around all branches of science including Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Microbiology, Mathematics, Biochemistry, Bio-Technology and Environmental studies. In Maharashtra state and University of Mumbai, some programs like Masters in biochemistry were available only in the Institute of Science until recently. It offers M.Sc and Ph.D. programs and currently it does not offer undergraduate programs. Though The Institute offers M.Sc and Ph.D programs of the University of Mumbai, due to the autonomy granted to the institute, the admissions to these programs are managed separately by The Institute but examinations are conducted by the University of mumbai and degrees are awarded by the university of Mumbai.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Itanagar
Itanagar /ˌiːtəˈnɑːɡər/ (Hindi: ईटानगर pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Itanagar is situated at the foothills of Himalayas. It comes administratively under Papum Pare district.
As a capital city, Itanagar is well connected with the rest of the country by road and air communications. There is a helicopter service between Guwahati and Naharlagun (Itanagar). Buses are available from Guwahati. The nearest railway station is Harmoti in Assam.
Interesting places around are historical fort called Ita-fort which dates back to the 15th century (after which the city is named), legendary Ganga Lake or Gyakar Sinyi and the new Buddhist temple known as Buddha Vihar consecrated by the Dalai Lama. As of today, Itanagar has two churches.
Important economic activities include farming and agriculture.
Arunachal Pradesh has an engineering, applied science and management institute named NERIST(North Eastern Regional Institute of Science And Technology) whose foundation stone was laid by then president of India, the late Giani Zail Singh. It is now a deemed university under the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).
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Jabalpur
Jabalpur (Hindi: जबलपुर) often called as Sanskaardhaani is one of the major cities of India situated in the Mahakaushal region of state of Madhya Pradesh in India. It is the biggest city in the state of Madhya Pradesh by area. It is the largest urban agglomeration in Madhya Pradesh and the 38th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the 2011 census statistics.
It is bordered by Katni to the north, Umaria to the north-east, Dindori to the east, Mandla to the south-east, Seoni to the south, Narsimhapur to the south-west and Damoh to the north-west. Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of Jabalpur district (the second most populous district of Madhya Pradesh) and Jabalpur division.
Geographically an important place, the ruling Gond dynasty of Jabalpur lent its name to the primordial continental mass Gondwana. Historically, a center of Kalchuri and Gond dynasties, Jabalpur developed a syncretic culture influenced by the intermittent reigns of the Maratha and Mughal empires. In the early nineteenth century, it was gradually annexed in British India as Jubbulpore and incorporated as a major cantonment town. Post-independence, there have been demands for a separate state of Mahakoshal with Jabalpur as its capital.
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Jaipur
Jaipur /ˈdʒaɪpʊər/ (Rajasthani: जैपर , Hindi: जयपुर Urdu: جئے پور [ˈdʒəjpʊɾ] ( listen)), also popularly known as the 'Pink City', is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber, the city today has a population of 3.1 million.
Jaipur is one of the finest planned cities of India, located in the semi-desert lands of Rajasthan. The city which once had been the capital of the royalty now is the capital city of Rajasthan. The very structure of Jaipur resembles the taste of the Rajputs and the Royal families. At present, Jaipur is a major business centre with all requisites of a metropolitan city.
Some of the famous areas in Jaipur include Mansarovar, the largest housing colony in Asia, Sanganer, famous for handmade paper industry and Sanganeri hand block-printing, Bapu Nagar, Malviya Nagar and Vaishali Nagar.
The city is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which are laid out into six sectors separated by broad streets 34 m (111 ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses a sprawling palace complex, (Hawa Mahal), formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city. The observatory, Jantar Mantar, is one of the World Heritage Sites. Included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Agra, Jaipur is an extremely popular tourist destination in Rajasthan and India.
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Jakarta
Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑrtə/), officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011, it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabekjur, is the second largest in the world, yet the city's suburbs still continue beyond it. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. and has an area of 661 square kilometres (255 sq mi)
Based on Brooking Institute survey about growth, in 2011 Jakarta ranked 17th among the world's 200 largest cities, a significant jumps from 2007 when Jakarta ranked 171st. Jakarta has seen more rapid growth than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing and Bangkok.
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Jalgaon
Jalgaon pronunciation (help·info) is a city in western India, to the north of the Maharashtra state in Jalgaon District, which itself is located on the northern Deccan Plateau. Located within the productive, irrigated agricultural region of Khandesh, Jalgaon has a municipal corporation.
Modern Jalgaon now has major industrial areas, educational institutes and good hospitals. The city is well developed with good roads, shopping malls, and residential areas, and also has good communication and transport infrastructure. Jalgaon is near the famous Ajanta Caves and is one of the key attraction places for tourists.[citation needed] Known as "Banana-City", it contributes to about half of the Maharashtra state's Banana production.
Jalgaon has a diverse climate. It is exceptionally hot and dry during summer with temperatures reaching as high as 47 degrees Celsius. The highest temperature recording in May 2010 was 49.2 degrees Celsius. Jalgaon receives about 700 mm rainfall during monsoons, which is followed by pleasant temperature in winter.[citation needed]
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Jalgaon District
Jalgaon district (Marathi: जळगाव जिल्हा) is a district of Maharashtra. It was formerly known as East Khandesh district. It has an area of 11,765 km², and a population of 3,682,690 (2001 census) of which 71.4% were rural.
It is bounded by Madhya Pradesh state to the north, and by the districts of Buldhana to the east, Jalna to the southeast, Aurangabad to the south, Nashik to the southwest, and Dhule to the west.
The present territory of the district was part of the independent Khandesh Sulatanate ruled by the Faruqi dynasty from 1382-1601. Jalgaon district, also known as East Khandesh district prior to 21 October 1960, was earlier a part of "Khandesh". According to Abul Fazal (Gladwin's Aine Akbari 1157), the name Khandesh is derived from the "Khan" title given by Ahmad-I of Gujarat (1411-1443) to Malik Nasir, the second of the Faruki kings. According to some sources, the name comes from the khandava forest of Mahabharat. The Mahabharat mentions Yuvanshava, the ruler of Toranmal (Nandurbar district) as fighting with the Pandavas. The rock temples and caves at Nashik and Ajanta show that during the first three centuries AD, Khandesh was under the rulers who patronised Buddhism. Thereafter, it was ruled by Saptavananas, Andhrabhrityas, Virsen (Ahir King), Yawan dynasty, Chalukyas, Yadavs and then Alaud-din Khilji, Mohammad Tughlak, Malik Raja Malik Nazir, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and subsequently the Marathas ruled the region.
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Jalna District
Jalna district (Marathi: जालना जिल्हा) is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in western India. Jalna town is the district headquarters. The district is part of Aurangabad division. The district occupies an area of 7718 km². The district is bounded on the north by Jalgaon district, on the east by Parbhani and Buldhana districts, on the south by Beed district and on the west by Aurangabad district.
The district is known for Jamb Samarth village, the birthplace of Samarth Ramdas Swami. The Battle of Assaye was fought on September 23, 1803 near the village of Assaye located near Jafrabad in this district.
The district is situated at the central Maharashtra, in the north Marathwada region. The district has moderately to gently sloping undulated topography. The Northern part of the district is occupied by the Ajanta and Satmala hill ranges.
The Godavari flows along the southern boundary of the district from west to east direction. The rivers, Dudhana, Gulati, Purna are the principal tributaries of the Godavari, which flow through the district. The river Purna flows from the central part of the district and meets the Godavari in the neighbouring district. The rivers, Khelna and Girja are the important tributaries of river Purna which flow through the district. Jalna is well known for sweet limes and is called "The City of Sweet Limes" .
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Jamshedpur
Jamshedpur /ˈdʒɑːmʃɛdpʊər/ (Hindi: जमशेदपुर, Bengali: জামশেদপুর, pronunciation (help·info)) is the largest urban conglomeration and most populous city in the state of Jharkhand, India . Jamshedpur is the first planned industrial city of India, founded by the late Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. It is also known as Steel City, TataNagar or simply Tata.
Jamshedpur is the headquarters of the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. It has a population of 2,337,131 (according to the 2011 census) and is the third Largest city in Eastern India after Kolkata and Patna. It ranks 36th among the 53 million-plus cities in India. It is located on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills. The city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city.
Jamshedpur is a major industrial centre of East India. It houses companies like Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Power, Lafarge Cement, Telcon, BOC Gases, Tata Technologies Limited, Praxair, TCE, TCS, Tinplate and many more. It is home to one of the largest industrial zones of India known as Adityapur which houses more than 1,200 small and medium scale industries.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Jodhpur
Jodhpur /ˈdʒɒdpʊər/ (Rajasthani: जोधाणा Jodhpur.ogg (help·info); Hindi: जोधपुर) is the second largest city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located 335 kilometres (208 mi) west from the state capital, Jaipur and 200 kilometres (124 mi) from the city of Ajmer. It was formerly the seat of a princely state of the same name, the capital of the kingdom known as Marwar. Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination, featuring many palaces, forts and temples, set in the stark landscape of the Thar desert.
The city is known as the "Sun City" for the bright, sunny weather it enjoys all year. It is also referred to as the "Blue City" due to the blue-painted houses around the Mehrangarh Fort. The old city circles the fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates. However, the city has expanded greatly outside the wall over the past several decades. Jodhpur lies near the geographic centre of Rajasthan state, which makes it a convenient base for travel in a region much frequented by tourists.
According to Rajasthan district Gazetteers of Jodhpur and the Hindu epic Ramayana (composed up to 4th century AD), Abhiras were the original inhabitants of Jodhpur and later Aryans spread to this region.
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Jogeshwari
Jogeshwari is a Western suburb of Mumbai, situated immediately to the north of Andheri. It is notable for caves dedicated to the Goddess Jogeshwari, who gives the suburb its name.
The Western Trunk Route of Bombay was extended from Bandra to Jogeshwari in 1915. Before 1945, Jogeshwari was administered by a Collector in charge of the Bombay Suburban District. With the creation of Greater Bombay in 1945, the administration was merged with the rest of Bombay city.
Saraswati Baug and Malcolm Baug are two old colonies situated in Jogeshwari. Malcolm Baug is in Jogeshwari (West). It contains small bungalows belonging to members of the Parsi community. Saraswati Baug is a colony of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins and was formed in early 1920s. It is located in Jogeshwari (East) opposite Natwar Nagar. It contains 19 old style buildings, as well as other privately owned houses and societies.
Jogeshwari railway station is served by the Western line of the Mumbai suburban railway.
A bus depot situated to the west of the railway station connects it to various parts of Mumbai.
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Johannesburg
Johannesburg (/dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜrɡ/; Afrikaans: [joˈhɑnəsbʏrx]) also known as Jozi, Jo'burg or eGoli, is the largest city in South Africa, by population. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa. The city is one of the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline. It claims to be the lightning capital of the world, though this title is also claimed by others.
While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, which has the final word on interpretation of South Africa's new post-Apartheid constitution. The city is the source of a large-scale gold and diamond trade, due to its location on the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills. Johannesburg is served by O.R. Tambo International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Africa and a gateway for international air travel to and from the rest of Southern Africa. More recently Lanseria International Airport has started international flights, and is situated conveniently on the opposite side of the metropolis.
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Juhu
Juhu is a suburban neighbourhood of North Mumbai. It is famous for its sprawling beach Juhu Beach. It is surrounded by Arabian Sea in the west, Versova in the North, Santacruz and Vile Parle in the east and Khar to the South. Juhu is one of the most affluent areas of Mumbai and many Bollywood celebrities live here too.
J. R. D. Tata, the father of civil aviation in India made his maiden voyage to Juhu airport from Drigh Road airstrip, Karachi, via Ahmedabad, on 15 October 1932 carrying mail in a Puss Moth aircraft.
The nearest railway stations are Santacruz, Andheri and Vile Parle.
In the nineteenth century, Juhu was an island. A long, narrow sand bar rising above sea level by a metre or two, just off the west coast of Salsette. It could be reached during low tides by walking across the tidal inlet.
Juhu was called “Juvem” by the Portuguese. At its north point, nestled the village of Juhu, inhabited by Bhandaris (toddy tappers), Agris (salt traders) & Kulbis (cultivators) and at its south point, opposite Bandra island, lived a small colony of fisher folk and cultivators (Koliwada) The inhabitants of Juhu were mainly East Indians & there was a small section of Goans. The Church of St. Joseph was built by the Portuguese in 1853.
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Juhu Aerodrome
Coordinates: 19°05′53″N 72°50′02″E / 19.09806°N 72.83389°E / 19.09806; 72.83389
Juhu Aerodrome (Marathi: जुहू विमानतळ) (ICAO: VAJJ) is an airport in Mumbai, India, serving small aircraft and helicopters. The aerodrome is located in Juhu, an upmarket residential suburb alongside the eponymous beach on the Arabian sea. Founded in 1928 as India's first civil aviation airport, the aerodrome initially could not be used all year round, owing to seasonal flooding of the mudflats it was located on. Waterlogging continued to be a major constraint until the land was raised in 1937.
In 1932, JRD Tata landed at the Juhu aerodrome, inaugurating India's first scheduled commercial mail service from Karachi and marking the start of Air India (then known as Tata Airlines), which was initially based out of a palm thatched hut at Juhu Aerodrome. Juhu served as the city's primary airport during and up to World War II. In 1948, it was replaced by the much larger Santacruz Airport which lies within a 2 km radius of Juhu aerodrome.
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Juinagar
Juinagar (Marathi: जुईनगर) is an area in Navi Mumbai. It is also the name of a railway station on the Harbour Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. The main hotels in Juinagar is Vina Restaurant for both vegetarian and non vegetarian cuisine, as well as the Satguru hotel for vegetarian cuisine. Railway colony is the biggest colony in Juinagar though much of the residential blocks belong to the CIDCO and a few other priavte housing societies. The main market is near Sadguru Hotel and Suyog Arcade- which is the most prominent complex in the area. On the whole, Juinagar is a small but self sufficient township having excellent connectivity to Vashi and Nerul. Off late, the sprawling up of a multi facility hospital named Mangal Prabhu and a new petrol pump at the main market has made the made it very convenient for the dwellers.
Coordinates: 19°03′05″N 73°00′54″E / 19.051493°N 73.014991°E / 19.051493; 73.014991
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Kalamboli
Kalamboli is one of the nodes of Navi Mumbai and a specialized town for warehouses. Kalamboli is starting point on Mumbai-Pune Expressway from Mumbai end. Kalamboli also has the biggest McDonald's outlet in Navi Mumbai. Kalamboli is biggest iron & steel delivery center in India and is transportation hub. Kalamboli is well connected with Navi Mumbai & Mumbai by road transport buses. It is junction point of Sion-Panvel Highway, Panvel-Agra Highway, Mumbai-JNPT By-Pass, Mumbai-Goa Highway & Mumbai-Pune Expressway.
The Residential area and the Commercial area is divided by NH4 highway that runs through Panvel to Bangalore.
19°02′00″N 73°06′00″E / 19.03333°N 73.1°E / 19.03333; 73.1
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Kalba
Kalba (Arabic: كلباء) is a city in the United Arab Emirates. It is an exclave of the emirate of Sharjah, Kalba is north of Oman and south of the emirate of Fujairah. Khor Kalba (Kalba Creek), a mangrove swamp, is located further south of the town. The town was captured by the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century and was referred to as Chalba[citation needed].
Khor Kalba is accessible by three roads. The first merges after Wadi al-Haloo (وادي الحلو) tunnel with Maliha Road (شارع مليحة) which finally leads to the Sharjah-Kalba Road (90 km) from Sharjah International Airport. There is also the Fujairah-Kalba road (8 km). The Khor Kalba road extends until the border with Oman, and is one of the exit–entry points between UAE and Oman.
The key tribe that live in Kalba is al-Zaabi.
De facto independence of Kalba from Sharjah in 1903. Britain recognized Kalba on 1936-12-08.
Re-incorporated into Sharjah in 1952
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Kalbadevi
Kalbadevi is an old neighbourhood in Mumbai (Bombay), India. It is named after the Hindu Goddess of the same name. Postal code 400002. Kalbadevi area is one of the busiest areas during peak hours. The area has mostly traders in watches, bicycles, steel utensils, etc.
Kalbadevi is within walking distance from CST, Masjid Bunder and Marine Lines. The traders, buyers and visitors living in suburbs depend on these three railway stations to reach Kalbadevi.
Kalbadevi Road starts near Metro Cinema and continues up to Bhuleshwar Road and further to the Khetwadi road. There are a number of book shops for old and new books. One of these, the New and Secondhand Bookshop was founded in 1905. An access to the two cloth wholesale markets, Mulji Jetha Market and Mangaldas Market, are the main cloth markets in South Mumbai from Hanuman Galli, which starts at Kalbadevi Road. At the further end of Kalbadevi, near Bhuleshwar Road, is the Cotton Exchange, the market for cotton trade.
Hotel Surti is at the intersection of Bhuleshwar Road and Kalbadevi Road. Other restaurants on Kalbadevi include Anand Bhavan and Krishna Murari near the Old Hanuman Lane in the "middle" portion along the length of Kalbadevi Road. Towards Metro there are two other restaurants - Raj Mahal and Pushpa Vihar and also Thali restaurant.
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Kamathipura
Kamathipura (also spelled Kamthipura) (Marathi: कामाठीपुरा) is Mumbai's oldest and Asia's largest red-light district . It was first settled after 1795 with the construction of various causeways that connected the erstwhile seven islands of Bombay, initially known as Lal Bazaar, it got its name from the Kamathis (workers) of Andhra Pradesh state, who as labourers on construction sites. Then in 1880s it turned into a "comfort zone" for British troops, during British Raj. However due to tough police crackdown, in late 1990s with the rise of AIDS, and government's redevelopment policy that helped sex workers to move out of the profession and subsequently out of Kamathipura, the number of sex workers in the area have dwindled, in 1992, as Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC) records there were 50,000 sex workers her which reduced to 1,600 in 2009, with many sex worker migrating to other areas in Maharashtra and real estate developer taking over the high priced real estate.
The ground floors open directly onto the road like native shops. In their lower and upper rooms, native women call to male passers-by.
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Kamothe
Kamothe (Marathi:कामोठे) is one of the fastest developing node of Navi Mumbai, conceived and constructed by CIDCO. It is developed and maintained by CIDCO. Kamothe is located on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway (NH 4) at a less-than-one hour drive from the heart of Mumbai city. It is the third node (New Panvel being 1st and Khandeshwar being 2nd) which lies after Mumbai-Pune Express Highway, when you drive down from Pune. The Area started developing from 2000 and now it has number of ready and under-construction projects both in the commercial and residential segments.
Navi Mumbai is envisaged as a metro sized counter magnet to reduce the pressure on the Mumbai metropolis. It is planned as a polycentric new town with a series of nodal concentrations along mass-transport corridors. When fully built, it is expected to have 14 such townships (nodes) with a combined population holding capacity of 4 millions and one million jobs. Kamothe is one of these 14 nodes and is being developed by CIDCO. It lies at the center of Navi Mumbai Project Area which stretches from Airoli in the north to Uran in the south.abc
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Kandivali
Kandivali, or Kandivli is the name of a suburb of Mumbai, India. It is also the name of the railway station in Kandivali suburb, on the Western Railway (India) line of the Mumbai suburban railway.
Artifacts found near Kandivali indicate that the region was inhabited in the Stone Age.
The Kandivali railway station was built more than 100 years ago in 1907, then known as Khandolee. The station derived its name from the East Indian village of Condolim. Earth and stones from Paran, a hillock east of the Kandivli Railway Station were quarried to reclaim the Bombay Backbay. On this account a railway line was opened, a workshop erected and a number of dwelling houses were constructed for officers and workmen numbering hundreds. The area around Western Express Highway between Malad and Kandivali had numerous stone quarries and was once famous for Malad Stone. Many heritage buildings in Mumbai were constructed with Malad stone between 1860 and 1930, notable among them are David Sasson library, Bombay House and the Western Railway building at Churchgate.
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Kanjurmarg
Kanjur Marg is a suburb in east central Mumbai. Kanjurmarg railway station is the main access point for IIT Bombay, KV Powai, NITIE, Hiranandani Gardens, and other locations in Powai. The station was built in 1968 and named after the local Kanjur village.
Kanjur Marg is fast developing into a business district through some thoughtfully planned corporate campuses like OneWorld and Lodha iThink. But much prior to that the suburb was home to large industrial establishments like Crompton Greaves and The Indian Smelting And Refining Company Limited. The under construction 335-room Radisson hotel at the corner of JVLR and LBS road aims to add to the hospitality market within the area.
Much of the development may be attributed to the suburb's strategic location and its proximity to Powai,the IIT and easy access to the IT hubs of Seepz,Vikhroli IT parks and the IT campuses of Airoli and Mahape.Kanjur Marg is also the starting point for the Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road popularly known as JVLR which connects the Eastern and Western Express Highways. Covering a distance of 10.8 km,, it skirts the Powai Lake snaking its way through Andheri East and SEEPZ to reach Western Express highway. On the eastern end, it joins the Eastern Express Highway via a flyover over the Central Railway line. It is one of the major arterial routes that has opened up connectivity between western and eastern Mumbai increasing accessibility to areas like Powai which are not served by trains.
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Kannur
Kannur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്, Kaṇṇūr ?), also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of the District of Kannur and 518 km north of state capital Trivandrum. During British rule in India, Kannur was known by its old name Cannanore(Land of lord Krishna[citation needed]), which is still in fairly common usage. Kannur is the 6th largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kollam. It is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur Municipality was established in 1867 and is one of the oldest municipalities in Kerala.
Kannur is one of the Million Plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011. Kannur is known as the Land of Looms and Lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and ritualistic folk arts held in temples. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches; Theyyam, its native performing art, and its handloom industry.
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Kanpur
Kanpur /ˈkɑːnpʊər/ (Hindi: कानपुर, Urdu: کان پور pronunciation (help·info)), spelled Cawnpore before 1948, is the Industrial Capital of Uttar Pradesh and is the administrative headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district, Kanpur Dehat district and Kanpur division. It is the eleventh-most populous city in India and the major industrial hub with in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
It is one of the oldest industrial townships of North India. It has a metropolitan area of over 1,640 square kilometres (630 sq mi) and a city area of around 829 km2 with an approximate population of 3 million inhabitants in its area. It is administratively divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with an average ward population range of 19000 to 26000.
City Development Plan for Kanpur city is both a perspective and vision for the future development. Kanpur City Development Plan (CDP) is the culmination of a study which was commenced about three months ago[when?] by JPS Associates. This report is based on invaluable inputs the consultants received from the various stakeholders and the officers associated with the development of the city. This CDP, therefore, truly reflects the vision of the citizens, the poor and the slum dwellers and the officers who are determined to make Kanpur a futuristic city in the next few years.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Karjat
Karjat (Marathi: कर्जत) is a city, a Municipal Council, a Tahsil and a sub-district in Raigad district, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Karjat is located at 18°55′N 73°20′E / 18.91°N 73.33°E / 18.91; 73.33, and has a population of 2,17,363. It is located on Bhor ghat, Sahyadri, Western Ghats as well as at the end of coastal plains of Konkan region near Deccan. It has an average elevation of 194 metres (636 ft). It lies on the banks of the River Ulhas. Tourism, Adventure Sports, Higher Education, Film Shooting, Retailing, Nurseries & Plantation and Spa Hospitality are the main occupations. Karjat is a tahsil/taluk in Maharashtra and is situated in the Asthavinayak Ganesha belt region. As Karjat is a part of Mumbai Metro Region Mumbai metropolitan area, MMRDA has cleared Karjat for advanced Urban Planning with minimum FSI of 1.0. and CIDCO is being entrusted with town planning and implementation. New Housing policy has removed many procedural hurdles, which will facilitate ultra-modern urbanisation of the area. 100 acres (0.40 km2) townships are being developed under MMRDA Special Township provisions of Maharashta Regional and Town Planning Act, amended in year 2007 and also under Special Township Projects under section 63-I(A) of the Mumbai Tenancy & Agricultural Lands Act providing for automatic Non-Agricultural conversion of land of 100 acres/40 Hactres. Karjat has engineering, pharmacy, medical, management, advertising, hospitality colleges and also a Mass Media Advertising Institutes (AICAR) affiliated to the AICTE & University of Mumbai and also a few other graduation colleges and Oxford Schools. It has several tourist attractions including Palasdari, Matheran, Khandala, Bhimashankar, Malshej Ghat, Lonavla, etc.
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Kavaratti
Kavaratti (Malayalam: കവരത്തി) is the capital of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India. Kavaratti is a census town as well as the name of the atoll upon which the town stands.
It is well-known for its pristine white sand beaches and calm lagoons, which makes it a popular tourist destination.
The island of Kavaratti lies 360 km (190 nmi) off the coast of the state of Kerala at 10°34′N 72°37′E / 10.57°N 72.62°E / 10.57; 72.62. It has an average elevation of 0 metres (0 feet).
The closest island is uninhabited Pitti islet, located 24 km (13 nmi) north of Kavaratti. The inhabited island of Agatti lies 54 km to the NW and the uninhabited Suheli Par 53 km to the SW.
Kochi is the closest major city on the Indian mainland at a distance of 404 km (218 nmi).
Kavaratti has a tropical monsoon climate. March to May are the hottest months of the year. The year-round temperature ranges between 25-35°C. Humidity range is 70-76%.
The monsoon rains usually start at the end of May and continue through early September. The island receives an average of 1600mm of rain during the year.
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Kharghar
Kharghar is a node of Navi Mumbai, conceived and constructed by CIDCO. It is developed and maintained by CIDCO. Kharghar is located on the Mumbai-Pune highway (NH 4) at a less-than-one hour drive from the heart of Mumbai city. The Area started developing in 1995 and now it has of number of ready and under-construction projects both in the commercial and residential segments. With so many new projects coming up these days Kharghar too claims to be the third most developed node of Navi Mumbai after Vashi and Nerul.
Navi Mumbai is envisaged as a metro sized counter magnet to reduce the pressure on the Mumbai metropolis. It is planned as a polycentric new town with a series of nodal concentrations along mass-transport corridors. When fully built, it is expected to have 14 such townships (nodes) with a combined population holding capacity of 4 millions and one million jobs. Kharghar is one of these 14 nodes and is being developed by CIDCO for an estimated population of about 500,000.It is also known as "KING OF NAVI MUMBAI".
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Khasab
Khasab (Arabic: خصب) is a city in an exclave of Oman. It is the local capital of the Musandam peninsula. Khasab is located 500 kilometers (310 mi) from Muscat and is dubbed the "Norway of Arabia". The Portuguese built Khasab at the beginning of the 17th century at the height of their naval presence in the region. The natural harbor gave shelter from tough seas. Unlike many forts, which were built on high ground for defensive purposes, Khasab was designed as a supply point for dates and water for Portuguese ships sailing through the strait. Today, Khasab is protected from floods by three large dams.
Access to the area by land was virtually impossible until a modern coast road was built, which allows fast access from the United Arab Emirates, making Khasab a popular weekend destination for people living in the Emirates. The new road also allows access to the village of Tawi, where prehistoric drawings of boats, animals and warriors can be seen in the rock face. Khasab also has a number of modern shopping areas with imported Irani goods and locally created pottery, and a few hotels, including the Khasab Hotel and Golden Tulip Hotel, which sits on a cliff overlooking the gulf.
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Khopoli
Khopoli (Marathi: खोपोली) is an industrial town in the Khalapur taluka of Raigad district, in the Indian state of Maharashtra, at the base of the Sahyadri mountains. Patalganga River which is the tailrace channel of Tata Hydroelectric Power station flows through Khopoli.
It is a municipal council and is a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Khopoli Municipal council covers an area of 30 km2. The president of Khopoli Municipal Council is Noorjahan Yasin Shiekh.
Khopoli railway station is connected to the Mumbai suburban railway by a single line from Karjat.
It is also located on NH 4, about 80 km south of Mumbai.
Khopoli is located at 18°45' N, 73°20'. It is situated at about 61 m above mean sea level. It falls under three Pin codes Khopoli 410203, Khopoli Power House 410204 and Jagdish Nagar 410216. STD code for Khopoli is (0)2192.
A colonial source describes Khopoli as follows:
There was an annachatra or a free feeding house, in the vicinity of the Mahadev temple, but by 1882 all that remained of it were huge grinding stones. The GIPR line was extended to Khopoli in 1856.
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Khor Fakkan
Khor Fakkan (or Khawr Fakkan) (Arabic: خورفكان) is a town located along the Gulf of Oman on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The town is set on the picturesque bay of Khor Fakkan, which means "Creek of Two Jaws". Khor Fakkan belongs to the emirate of Sharjah but is geographically surrounded by the emirate of Fujairah. It is a natural deep water port that is now a major container terminal.
In 1580 the Venetian jeweler Gasparo Balbi noted "Chorf" in a list of places on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates, which is considered by historians to indicate Khor Fakkan. The Portuguese built a fort at Khor Fakkan that was a ruin by 1666.
The log book of the Dutch vessel the Meerkat mentions this fort and another one, describing "Gorfacan" as place on a small bay, with about 200 small houses built from date branches, near the beach. It refers to a triangular Portuguese fortress on the northern side, in ruins, and a fortress on a hill on the southern side, also in ruins, without garrison or artillery. As well as date palms, the Meerkat's log also mentions fig trees, melons, watermelons and myrrh. It notes several wells with "good and fresh water" used for irrigation.
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Kilwa Kisiwani
Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania.
A document written around AD 1200 called al-Maqama al Kilwiyya discovered in Oman, gives details of a mission to reconvert Kilwa to Ibadism, as it had recently been affected by the Ghurabiyya Shia doctrine from southern Iraq.
According to local oral tradition, in the 11th century the island of Kilwa Kisiwani was sold to Ali bin Hasan, son of the "King" of Shiraz, in Persia. Another tradition relates that his mother was African ("Abyssinian"). Ali bin Al-Hasan is credited with founding the island city and with marrying the daughter of the local African king. Tradition also relates that it was the child of this union who founded the Kilwa Sultanate. Archaeological and documentary research has revealed that over the next few centuries, Kilwa grew to be a substantial city and the leading commercial entrepot on the southern half of the Swahili coast (roughly from the present Tanzanian-Kenya border southward to the mouth of the Zambezi River), trading extensively with states of the African hinterland and interior as far as Zimbabwe. Trade was mainly in gold, iron, ivory, and other animal products of the African interior for beads, textiles, jewelry, porcelain, and spices from Asia.
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Kinshasa
Kinshasa (formerly French Léopoldville, and Dutch Leopoldstad (help·info)) is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city is located on the Congo River.
Once a site of fishing villages, Kinshasa is now an urban area with a population of nearly 10 million inhabitants. It faces the capital of the neighbouring Republic of Congo, Brazzaville which can be seen in the distance across the wide Congo River. Because the administrative boundaries cover such a vast area, over 60% of the city's land is rural in nature, and the urban area only occupies a small section in the far western end of the province.
Kinshasa holds the status of the second largest city in Africa, after Cairo.
Residents of Kinshasa are known as Kinois (in French and sometimes in English) or Kinshasans (English).
The city was founded as a trading post by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881 and named Léopoldville in honor of King Leopold II of Belgium, who controlled the vast territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, not as a colony but as a private property. The post flourished as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over 300 kilometres (190 mi) below Leopoldville. At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi, the port below the rapids and 150 km (93 mi) from the coast. The completion of the Matadi-Kinshasa portage railway in 1898 provided a faster and more efficient alternative route around the rapids and sparked the rapid development of Léopoldville. By 1920, the city was elevated to capital of the Belgian Congo, replacing the town of Boma in the Congo estuary.
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Kobe
Kobe (神戸市, Kōbe-shi?, Japanese pronunciation: [koːbe]), is the fifth-largest city in Japan and is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture on the southern side of the main island of Honshū, approximately 30 km (19 mi) west of Osaka. With a population of about 1.5 million, the city is part of the Keihanshin (Keihanshin) metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto.
The earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki, which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201. For most of its history the area was never a single political entity, even during the Tokugawa Period, when the port was controlled directly by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889. Its name comes from "kanbe" (神戸?), an archaic title for supporters of the city's Ikuta Shrine. Kobe became one of Japan's 17 designated cities in 1956.
Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city. While the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake diminished much of Kobe's prominence as a port city, it remains Japan's fourth busiest container port. Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and Kobe Steel, as well as over 100 international corporations with Asia or Japan headquarters in the city such as Procter & Gamble, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Nestlé. The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef as well as the site of one of Japan's most famous hot spring resorts, Arima Onsen.
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Kochi
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി, Kocci ?[koˈtʃːi] ( listen)), formerly Cochin, is a major port city on the west coast of India by the Arabian Sea. Kochi is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala.
Kochi is often called by the name Ernakulam, which refers to the eastern part of the mainland Kochi. The civic body that governs the city is the Corporation of Cochin, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority and the Goshree Islands Development Authority.
The city of Kochi (pop. 601,574) is Kerala's largest city and is part of an extended metropolitan region (pop. 2.1 million), which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. It is the most densely populated city in the state. Kochi city is also a part of Greater Cochin region and is classified as a B-1 grade city by the Government of India, making it the highest graded city in the state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.
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Kodungallur
Kodungallur (Malayalam: കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂര്, anglicised name: Cranganore) is a municipality located in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India on the Malabar Coast. Kodungallur is 29 km northwest of Kochi and 38 km southwest of Thrissur, by National Highway 66.
The location of the ancient seaport Muziris was very close to Kodungallur. Kodungallur was also a part of Mahodayapuram, the capital of the Later Cheras. Being situated in Thrissur district, Corporation of Cochin has drafted a master plan that aims to develop Kodungallur as a satellite township to Kochi city.
The name Kodungallur is derived from Kodi-linga-puram ("the land of 10 million Siva lingas") according to common belief. Kodungallur was perhaps the revenue collection center of Kudakons (the Chera rulers) for the goods coming to the nearby port, hence the name Kudakonallur which later shortened to Kodungallur.
Kodungallur has had many names over the centuries:
During the time of the Chera dynasty, Muziris near present day Kodungallur was an important trade link in Indian maritime history. The region around Kodungallur can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Cheras and the foreign world in the ancient and medieval periods. It also claims to have played an important part in fostering cultural relations and in laying the foundation of a composite culture in this part of the Chera country. Muziris was destroyed by massive flooding of Periyar in 14th century, opening for a new port called Kochi.
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Kohima
Kohima /koʊˈhiːmə/ (Hindi: कोहिमा pronunciation (help·info)) is the hilly capital of India's north eastern border state of Nagaland which shares its borders with Burma. It lies in Kohima District and is also one of the three Nagaland towns with Municipal council status along with Dimapur and Mokokchung.
Kohima is the land of the Angami Naga tribe. The name, Kohima, was officially given by the British as they could not pronounce the Angami name Kewhima or Kewhira (Tenyidie for "the land where the flower Kewhi grows"). It is so called after the wild flowering plant Kewhi, found in the mountains. Earlier, Kohima was also known as Thigoma. Kohima is located south of Kohima District (25°40′N 94°07′E / 25.67°N 94.12°E / 25.67; 94.12) and has an average elevation of 1261 metres (4137 feet). The town of Kohima is located on the top of a high ridge and the town serpentines all along the top of the surrounding mountain ranges as is typical of most Naga settlements.
The British incursions into the Naga territory beginning in the 1840s met with stiff resistance from the independence loving Nagas who had never been conquered by any empire before. The stiffness of the resistance can be gauged by the fact that it took nearly four decades for the British to conquer a territory that is less than 10,000 square kilometres (the eastern region was left free). Kohima was the first seat of modern administration as the Headquarters of Naga Hills District (then under Assam) with the appointment of G.H. Damant as Political Officer in 1879. When Nagaland became a full fledged state on 1 December 1963, Kohima was christened as the state capital.
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Kolhapur
Kolhapur {Marathi: कोल्हापूर} pronunciation (help·info) is a city situated in the southwest corner of Maharashtra, India. Kolhapur serves as the headquarters of the Kolhapur district. Kolhapur is situated on the banks of the river Panchganga and is the location of the Temple of Mahalakshmi, a Hindu goddess.
According to Hindu mythology, Kolhapura was settled by Kolhasura, a demon who was later killed by Mahalakshmi to relieve the local populace. However, honouring the demon's dying wish, the city was named after him. Kolhapur finds mentions in Devi Gita, the final and most important chapter of the Srimad Devi Bhagawatam, as one the important places of Shakti "Kollamma" worship, "Devi spoke:..."O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My Bhaktas. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named Kollapura in the southern country. Here the Devi Laksmi always dwells...."
It is said that famous Kannadiga Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga I (800–878 CE) deeply cared for his subjects and once when a calamity threatened to harm them, he offered his finger as a sacrifice to the goddess Mahalakshmi of Kollhapura.[citation needed]
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Kolhapur District
Kolhapur district is located in Maharashtra state. The city of Kolhapur is the district headquarters. The district had a population of 38,74,015 of which 33% were urban as of 2011. Marathi is spoken largely and Kannada is also spoken in some part of the Kolhapur District.
Kolhapur is famous for being a centre of Art, education, industry and sports, food, headwear, footwear, jewellery and religious connections, particularly wrestling .Here the wrestling is called as "Kusti" and wrestlers are known as "Malla". This wrestling match is played in the square clay ground which is known as "Akhada". According to legend it was settled by Kolhasur, a demon who was later killed by Mahalakshmi to relieve the local populace. However, honouring the demon's dying wish, the city was named after him. The physical setting of the Kolhapur district is divided into three main parts namely Eastern ranges, Central ranges and Southern ranges. Eastern and Central ranges have black soil formed from 'lava' and at some places it has large tracks of fertile land. The western ranges are mostly hilly and have red soil. The majority area in the west is under thick forest coverage. Panchaganga, Warana, Dudhaganga, Vedganga, Bhogavati, Hiranyakeshi and Ghataprabha are main rivers which flows towards east through western Ghats. The river Panchaganga is formed by the tributaries namely the Kasari, the Kumbi, the Tulsi and the Bhogavati. Krishna river flows in the east on easten border of the district, similarly Tillari river flows on western border to west.
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Koli
The Koli people (Sanskrit/Hindi: कोली; Gujarati: કોળી) are historically an Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana areas.
Originally, all Kolis were Hindu. Later, during the Mauryan Empire some Kolis converted to Buddhism, during the Mughal Empire some converted to Islam, and some converted to Christianity under the British Raj.
On demographics, the Encyclopædia Britannica states: "In the early 20st century the Kolis constituted about 20 percent of the population of Gujarat, nearly 10 percent of the population of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, and from 2 to 5 percent of the populations of Bengal and Orissa and Maharashtra."
In 1931, the date of the last census of the British Raj before the abolition of caste, they were distributed throughout North India and Northwest India, mostly in the Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Rajputana.
The Koliyan republics were established on the opposite banks of the Rohni river. The members of the ruling assembly in these two republics were called rajas and the chief of the rajas was called maharaja.The Koliyans were the khattiyas(Kshatriya) of the Adicca (Iksvaku) clan of the solar dynasty. The mother of Gautam Budh , Mahamaya and Mahapajapati Gotami were the Koliyan princess.
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Kolkata
Kolkata /kɒlˈkætə/, or Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product ranked third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, and the East India Company retook it in the following year and by 1772 assumed full sovereignty. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.
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Kollam
Kollam, often anglicized as Quilon, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about 71 kilometres (44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. It is the headquarters of Kollam district and a prominent trade and commercial city.
Kollam is the fourth-largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, {The new population is taken as city agglomeration} in Kerala on the basis of population and the fifth-largest city on the basis of area. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is considered to be the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination. The Kollam urban area comprises the fast developing suburban towns such as Kottiyam in the south, Kundara in the east, and Chavara in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Paravur, Eravipuram, Kannanalore, and Anchalumoodu. Karunagapally, Chathannoor, and Kottarakkara are major towns within a distance of 25 km from Kollam city centre towards north, south, and east respectively.
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Kopar Khairane
Kopar Khairane is a node of the city of Navi Mumbai. It was built mostly on reclaimed land by CIDCO. Two engineering degree colleges (LTCOE, Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering) and one engineering diploma college are located in Kopar Khairane. It is adequately connected by bus to Mumbai and other Navi Mumbai nodes.
Christ Academy High School stands prominent in the heart of the node for being the first convent school.
Kopar Khairane railway station is located in Sector 8A of the node. On the Thane-Belapur Road side of the station is located the enormous Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge Center City (DAKC), the headquarters of Reliance Communications - the largest CDMA telecom operator in India. Also located closely is Millennium Business Park (MBP) which houses software consulting companies such as Patni Computer Systems, Mastek Ltd, L&T Infotech, L&T Control & Automation Unit, 3Di Systems, Hexaware Technologies Ltd., Object Edge India etc. It also has huge residential towers such as Balaji Gardens and FAM Society Ltd.
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Kopri
Kopri, primarily a residential Colony, is situated on the eastern side of Thane Railway station, Maharashtra, India. The residences of IAS and senior officers as well as the High court and civil court Judges of Thane city and Thane district also lies in this area (Bara Bunglow). There is also a Koliwada & Kopri Gaon or fisherman colony of original inhabitants who lived there and on the coast line. Marathi is the dominant language in the area and the area. After the Partition of India, around 10,000 Sindhi refugees were provided housing in 25 buildings, called blocks. Over time, other residential societies and complexes were constructed in and around the blocks. Even today,majority of the people`s in Kopri are Marathi`s and Sindhis. It was also awarded the cleanest area in thane city. Kopri also has its first railway station (Old Thane Station) and New Thane Station. Most of the people are unaware of the Old Thane Station which was used by the britishers which is still there but its condition is worse and it is not taken care.
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia. The city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2012.Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy.
Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remains in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is also situated in Kuala Lumpur. Rated as an alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur was ranked 48th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index and was ranked 67th among global cities for economic and social innovation by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index in 2010.
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Kurla
Kurla is a suburb of Mumbai. It is also the name of one the busiest railway stations on the Mumbai suburban railway on the central and harbour railway lines of Mumbai. Lokmanya Tilak Terminus (LTT) (near Kurla) is a train terminus for some out-station passenger/express trains.
In 1548, Kurla was one of six villages given by the ruling Portuguese to Antonio Pessoa as a reward for his military services. In 1668, Kurla was part of the islands leased out to the British East India Company. At this time, Kurla was connected to Sion by Sion Causeway.
The name Kurla originated from "Kurli", the local name for crab, (as these were found in plenty in marshes in the vicinity) before it became a sub-urban locality.
Coorla, as it was spelt during the British Raj, was a major station on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ten miles north-east of Bombay, and with six other villages, Mohili, Kolikalyan, Marol, Shahar, Asalphe, and Parjapur, was the property of Mr. Ardeshir Hormasji Wadia, a Parsi merchant of Bombay, who paid for them a yearly quit-rent of £358 (Rs. 3587). The villages were originally (in 1808) given to Mr. Hormasji Bamanji Wadia in exchange for a piece of land near the Apollo pier gate in Bombay. The difference between the value of the villages and of the ground in Bombay, £864 (Rs. 8640), was at first paid yearly to Government. It was redeemed and the estate conveyed in fee simple in 1840–41. Kurla had two cotton mills, one of them, the Dharamsi Punjabhai being the largest cotton spinning and weaving mill in the Presidency, with 92,094 spindles and 1280 looms. The other was the Kurla Spinning and Weaving Mill . The village had a population of 9715, about half of them mill-hands, the rest – chiefly fishermen, husbandmen and salt-makers. The Holy Cross Church at Kurla, built during the Portuguese rule and rebuilt in 1848, is one of the oldest churches in Mumbai.
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Kyoto
Kyoto (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, "Capital City") (Japanese pronunciation: [kʲoːto] ( listen)) is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.
Although archaeological evidence places the first human settlement on the islands of Japan to approximately 10,000 BC, relatively little is known about human activity in the area before the 6th century AD, around which time the Shimogamo Shrine is believed to have been established. During the 8th century, when powerful Buddhist clergy became involved in the affairs of the Imperial government, the Emperor chose to relocate the capital to a region far from the Buddhist influence. Emperor Kammu selected the village of Uda, at the time in the Kadono district of Yamashiro Province, for this honor.
The new city, Heian-kyō (平安京, "tranquility and peace capital"), a scaled replica of the then Tang capital Chang'an, became the seat of Japan's imperial court in 794, beginning the Heian period of Japanese history. Although military rulers established their governments either in Kyoto (Muromachi shogunate) or in other cities such as Kamakura (Kamakura shogunate) and Edo (Tokugawa shogunate), Kyoto remained Japan's capital until the transfer of the imperial court to Tokyo in 1869 at the time of the Imperial Restoration. (Some believe that it is still a legal capital: see Capital of Japan.)
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Lagos
Lagos (/ˈleɪɡɒs/ LAY-gos) is a port city and the most populous city in Nigeria. Officially, the population of Lagos was last recorded at 7,937,932. Lagos is the second fastest growing city in Africa and the 7th fastest in the world. Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people. Under the leadership of their Olofin, the Awori moved to an island now called Iddo and then to the larger Lagos Island. In the 15th century, the Awori settlement was attacked by the Benin Empire following a quarrel, and the island became a Benin war-camp called "Eko" under Oba Orhogba, the Oba of Benin at the time.
Lagos is a huge metropolis which originated on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon whilst protected from the Atlantic Ocean by long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to 100 km east and west of the mouth. From the beginning, Lagos has expanded on the mainland west of the lagoon and the conurbation, including Ikeja and Agege, now reaches more than 40 km north-west of Lagos Island. Some suburbs include Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry, and more local councils have recently been created, bringing the total number of local governments in Lagos to 57.
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Lamington Road
Lamington Road, named after Lord Lamington, the Governor of Bombay between 1903 and 1907, is a busy thoroughfare near Grant Road station in South Mumbai. The official name of the road, though rarely used, is Dr. Dadasaheb Bhadkamkar Marg. It is often called the "IT hub of Mumbai".
Lamington Road is famous for its wholesale and retail market in electronics goods. Shops on the street sell computer goods, electronic items, television equipment, and wireless equipment at rates much lower than the maximum retail price as they have a high turnover. Not only the latest computer related items but even outdated electronic parts for radios like transistors, capacitors, cables, sound cards, TV tuners and adaptors can be bought from this market.
It is the address of famous theatres such as the Minerva, Apsara, and Novelty as well as some B and C grade theatres such as the Naaz. It also has a well known Saibaba temple called as "Saidham". Schools such as DGT High School (Marathi medium), Queen Mary (ICSE) and Robert Money School (SSC) & Junior college. The southern end of the road ends at Opera House.
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Latur
Latur is a "small town" in Maharashtra state of India. It is known for its administration, food-grain trade and oil mills.
Latur has an ancient history, which probably dates to the Rashtrakuta period. It was home to a branch of Rashtrakutas which ruled the Deccan from year 753-973AD. The first Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga was from Lattalur (Kannada: ಲಟ್ಟಲೂರು), probably the ancient name for Latur. Anecdotally, Ratnapur is also mentioned as a name for Latur.
The King Amoghavarsha of Rashtrakutas developed the Latur city, originally the native place of the Rashtrakutas. The Rashtrakutas who succeeded the Chalukyas of Badami in 753 AD called themselves the residents of Lattalut.
It was, over the centuries, variously ruled by the Satavahanas, the Sakas, the Chalukyas, the Yadavas of Deogiri, the Delhi Sultans, the Bahamani rulers of South India, Adilshahi, and the Mughals.
Later in the 19th century it became part of the independent princely state of Hyderabad. In 1905 it was merged with surrounding areas and renamed Latur tehsil, and became part of Osmanabad district. Before 1948, Latur was a part of Hyderabad state under Nizam. The chief of Nizam's Razakar army Qasim Rizwi was from Latur.
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Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international ranking.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
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Lok Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′3″N 77°12′30″E / 28.6175°N 77.20833°E / 28.6175; 77.20833
The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult suffrage. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. The Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to a maximum of 552 members, including no more than 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two appointed non-partisan members to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if the President feels that that community is not adequately represented).
Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five-year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a proclamation of emergency. In such cases, the term may be extended by one-year increments. The 15th Lok Sabha was formed in May 2009.
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise, which was supposed to be carried out after every census, was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented. Today, the Lok Sabha has its own TV channel, Lok Sabha TV, head-quartered within the premises of Parliament.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Lucknow
Lucknow /ˈlʌknaʊ/ (Hindi: लखनऊ, Urdu: لکھنؤ, Lakhnaū, IPA: [ˈləkʰnəu] ( listen)) is a city in India and capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division. Located in what was originally known as the Awadh (Oudh) region, Lucknow has always been known as a multicultural city, and flourished as a cultural and artistic capital of North India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Courtly manners, beautiful gardens, poetry, music, and fine cuisine patronised by the Shia Nawabs of Iranian origin, are well known amongst Indians and students of South Asian culture and history. Lucknow is popularly known as The City of Nawabs. It is also known as the "Golden City of the East," "Shiraz-i-Hind" and "The Constantinople of India."
The ancient history of Lucknow is mired in mystries and folk sayings. It is popularly believed that Lucknow (लखनऊ) derives its name from Lakshman (लक्ष्मण) (also known as Lakhan (लखन)), younger brother of Lord Rama, greatest hero of Suryawanshi kshatriya clan of India. Ram ordered Lakshman to establish a new town near Ayodhya, the capital of Rama. Lakshman came and built a strong fort. The present Lakshman Teela (लक्ष्मण टीला) in Lucknow is believed to be the site of ancient city of Lakhanpur built by Lakshman.
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Ludhiana
Ludhiana /ˌluːdiˈɑːnə/ (also Ludhyana; Punjabi: ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ) is a city and a municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of Punjab. It is the largest city in the state, with an estimated population of 1,613,878 in 2011. The population increases substantially during the crop harvesting season due to migration of laborers from states like Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Delhi. It has an area of about 310 km². The city stands on the Sutlej River's old bank, 13 km south of its present course. It is a major industrial center of northern India. Residents of the city may be referred to as Ludhianvis.[citation needed]
Ludhiana is located 100 km west from state capital Chandigarh on NH 95 and is centrally located on National Highway 1 from Indian capital New Delhi to Amritsar, and is well connected to New Delhi by road, frequent train service and by air.
Ludhiana is a well known NRI district of Punjab with a large population living abroad in Canada, and the U.S.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam ( pronunciation (help·info)) known as Masulipatnam under British rule and as Bandar in folklore is a city and a special grade municipality in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located 347 kilometres (216 mi) south east of state capital, Hyderabad.
The town has existed since the 3rd century BCE (Satavahana period) when, according to Ptolemy, it was known as Maisolos. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea calls it Masalia in the 1st century BCE. The port is located on the southeastern, or Coromandel Coast, of India. Situated in the mouth of the River Krishna on the Bay of Bengal, the Masula port saw flourishing sea trade. The naming of the eastern gate of Charminar as Machili-Kaman(literally meaning fish, in this case specifically meaning a gate to the fishing town of Machilipatnam) testifies the symbiotic relationship between port and the capital.The East India Company built its first factory in India in Masulipatnam. It was a 17th-century port for French, British and Dutch trade. The port has a medium-size fishing harbour which can accommodate 350 fishing vessels and an active carpet-weaving industry. The other products from the town include rice, oilseeds and scientific instruments. This town is a railway terminus and an important educational centre.Andhra Bank was established in 1923 at Machilipatnam
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Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], French: République de Madagascar) is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in complete isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot in which over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by human settlement.
Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred from 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo who were later joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
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Madha
The Omani territory of Madha (Arabic: مدحاء) or Wadi Madha is an exclave of Oman, surrounded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the rest of Oman. It forms part of the Musandam Governate.
The exclave is on the Fujairah–Khor Fakkan road in the Emirate of Sharjah of the UAE and covers approximately 75 km² (29 sq mi). There are two exits to Madha on the Fujairah–Khorfakkan road. The boundary was settled in 1969.
Madha is mostly empty, with the developed portion, called "New Madha", containing roads, a school, post office, an 'Eid ground, police station, an Omani bank, electricity and water supply, and an airstrip. There is also a Royal Oman Police patrol.
Inside Madha, there is an exclave of the UAE called Nahwa, which is legally part of the Emirate of Sharjah.
Coordinates: 25°17′4″N 56°19′59″E / 25.28444°N 56.33306°E / 25.28444; 56.33306
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Madurai
Madurai is the third largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with a population of over 1 million (according to the 2001 census). Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The city is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. The capital of the Pandyan kingdom was initially Korkai, around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunj Cheliyan I. Madurai is famous for its temples built by Pandyan and Madurai Nayak kings in the Dravidian style of architecture. It is also one of India's most prominent Hindu pilgrimage centres.
Madurai is also called as City of Junction (Koodal nagaram), City of Jasmine (Malligai maanagar), Temple city (Koil maanagar), City that never sleeps (Thoonga nagaram) and City of four junctions (Naanmada koodal).
Madurai's recorded history goes back to the 3rd century BC and the city is mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India and Kautilya, the minister of the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. The city was the principal administrative and cultural centre of the Pandyan dynasty which ruled over the southern parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala till the first half of the 14th century AD. In about 1311, the Pandyan dynasty was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate which established the province of Ma'bar which later became independent as the Ma'bar Sultanate. When the Ma'bar Sultanate began to decline in the latter years of the 14th century, Madurai was absorbed into the Vijayanagar Empire. The viceroys of the Vijayanagar Empire established the Madurai Nayak kingdom and ruled as independent kings from 1559 to 1736. After a brief period of occupation by Chanda Sahib and the Carnatic kingdom, Madurai was annexed by the British East India Company in 1801.
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Mahalaxmi Racecourse
The Mahalaxmi Racecourse is a horse racing track in Mahalaxmi neighbourhood, of Mumbai. The track is oval shaped with 2400 m straight chute, spread over approx. 225 acres (0.91 km2) of open land in the heart of Mumbai city. It was created out of a marshy land known as Mahalakshmi Flats. Built in 1883 and modelled on the Caulfield Racecourse in Melbourne, it is spread over on 225 acres of land facing the sea. It was originally donated by Sir Cusrow N Wadia and today it is on lease from the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) to Royal Western India Turf Club which runs the racecourse. The Grandstand, off the course, is a designated heritage structure.
The horse racing season starts in mid-November and ends in the last week of April. On the first Sunday in February, the Derby is conducted annually and is attended by many of the city's glitterati. Since the year 1986 till date McDowell's Indian Derby has been sponsored by liquor baron Vijay Mallya's UB Group under the name of flagship company McDowells Co. Ltd. as The McDowell's Indian Derby.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Mahim
Mahim is a neighbourhood in Mumbai. The Mahim railway station is located in Mahim area, on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway (India) railway line. In ancient times, the area was known as Maijim, Mejambu, Mahikawati.
Mahim was one of the seven islands that originally made up Mumbai. Mahim, or Mahikawati as it was known, was the capital of Raja Bhimdev, who reigned over the region in the 13th century. He built a palace and a court of justice in Prabhadevi, as well as the first Babulnath temple.
In 1343, this island was possessed by the Muslims of Gujarat. It was in their reign that the old Mahim mosque was built. A dargah of Makhtum Fakir Ali Paru was built here in 1431.
In 1543, the Portuguese captured the islands of Mumbai. In 1662, these islands were given to the English King, King Charles II, as a part of the wedding dowry for the Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza. After British acquired Mumbai, they built the Mahim Fort here in order to protect themselves from the Portuguese. The fort today stands in ruins.
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Mahim Causeway
The Mahim Causeway is a vital link road connecting the city of Mumbai with its northern suburbs. The causeway links the neighbourhoods of Mahim to the south with Bandra to the north.
The Mahim Causeway was built between 1841 to 1846 to connect the island of Salsette with Mahim. The swampy area between the two islands made travel dangerous and thus a need for a causeway arose. The British East India Company, who governed Bombay at that time, refused to fund the project. This led Lady Jeejeebhoy, wife of the first baronet Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, to donate the entire amount of Rs.1,57,000/- on the condition that the government would not charge a toll for its use or disturb the Koli community who lived around the area
The Mahim causeway forms the link between Swami Vivekanand Road and L.J.Road, being the stretch between Bandra masjid and Mahim church (St. Michael's). It is not to be confused with the Bandra-Worli Sea Link, a major infrastructural project opened on June 30, 2009 which is designed to ease traffic across the causeway by building another bridge across the Mahim Bay.
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Mahim Fort
The Mahim Fort (Marathi: माहीम किल्ला) is a fort in Mahim in Mumbai, Maharashtra state, India. Strategically located in the Mahim Bay, the fort overlooks Worli to the south, Bandra to the north, and Mahim to the east. The origins of the fort are unclear, but it occupies a strategic location that has been frequently contested. The fort is currently in disrepair, suffering from administrative neglect, encroachment of slums, and exposure to tidal erosion.
In 1516, Portuguese commander Dom Joao de Monoy entered the Mahim Creek and defeated the commander of Mahim fort. The fort was the site of frequent skirmishes between the Portuguese and the Ali Shah, a Gujarati ruler, before the island of Mahim was appropriated from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat by the Portuguese in 1534. In 1661, the Portuguese ceded the island of Mahim as dowry to Charles II of England. After the English gained control of the fort, it was strengthened by Sir Thomas Grantham in 1684, and became a strategic watchtower against possible Portuguese attacks, and later from the Marathas.
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Makassar
Makassar, (Buginese-Makassarese language: ᨀᨚᨈ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ sometimes spelled Macassar, Mangkasara) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the largest city on Sulawesi Island. From 1971 to 1999, the city was named Ujung Pandang, after a precolonial fort in the city, and the two names are often used interchangeably. The port city is located at 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417Coordinates: 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417, on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.
Its area is 175.77 km2 and has population of around 1.4 million.
Beginning in the sixteenth century, Makassar was the dominant trading center of eastern Indonesia, and soon became one of the largest cities in island Southeast Asia. The Makassarese kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly over the city.
The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of the lucrative during the pre-colonial and colonial period, when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries.
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Malabar Hill
Malabar Hill, a hillock in southern Mumbai, India is an extremely upmarket residential area, most known for the Walkeshwar Temple which houses the Banganga Tank. Situated at a height of 50 metres (approx. 165 feet), it is the highest point in South Mumbai.
The well known and prominent Keyi family of North Malabar in Kerala was founded by Chovvakkaran Moosa[citation needed] in the early 18th Century. He was a strong force in trade and commerce during that time, having powerful links with rulers, kings and countries. He started off his business with the Portuguese, the French, and the British. He owned a large part of Bombay including the area currently known as Malabar Hill and many parts in Chowpatti Beach area. Even today the family has some old shops and buildings in that area. When the British East India Company started creating problems for their business, they had to call a truce with them in order to survive. The Keyis tried everything from funding Tipu Sultan and Pazhassi Raja (the movie just released in India Pazhassi Raja even mentions that the king actually owed money to Chovvakkaran Moosa) in their war with the British at the time. When everything failed, they donated the entire area now known as Malabar Hill to the East India Company to maintain the Keyis' trading rights in the North Malabar area . Hence the name, Malabar Hill for this Western India prime property.
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Malad
Malad is a suburb of Mumbai, India. It is also the name of the railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Line, located in the Malad suburb.
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Malappuram
Malappuram is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 33.61 km2. The first Municipality in the district formed in the year 1970, Malappuram serves as the administrative headquarters of Malappuram district. Divided into 40 electoral wards, city has a density of population of 1478 per km2. As per the 2011 census Malappuram Urban Agglomeration is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala state with a total population of 16,98,645. Malappuram, in malayalam, means 'On top of the hills'. Malappuram is situated 50 km southeast of Kozhikode and 90 km northwest of Palakkad on the Kozhikode (Calicut) - Chennai road (NH 213) which joins NH 47 in Palakkad.
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Maldives
Maldives (i/ˈmɒldaɪvz/ or /ˈmɒldiːvz/), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, Dhivehi Raa'je), officially Republic of Maldives (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, Dhivehi Raa'jeyge Jumhooriyya), also referred to as the Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls oriented north-south off India's Lakshadweep Islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south-west of India. During the colonial era, the Dutch referred to the country as "Maldivische Eilanden" in their documentation, while "Maldive Islands" is the anglicised version of the local name used by the British, which later came to be written "Maldives".
The archipelago is located on top of the Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge, a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. Maldives also form a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep. The atolls of Maldives encompass a territory spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making it one of the world's most geographically dispersed countries. Its population of 328,536 (2012) inhabits 200 of its 1,192 islands. Maldives' capital and largest city Malé had a population of 103,693 in 2006. It is located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll, in the Kaafu Atoll. It is also one of the Administrative divisions of the Maldives. Traditionally it was the King's Island where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties were enthroned.
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Malegaon
Malegaon pronunciation (help·info)(Marathi: मालेगाव, Urdu: مالیگاوں) is a city and a Municipal Corporation in the Nashik district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Malegaon is one of the largest cities in northwest Maharashtra with an estimated population of 12 lakh to 14 lakh. It is second largest city of Nashik district after Nashik city. Total area of the city is 12.95 Sqkm in which 129 declared and un declared slums are located so far.
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Malindi
Malindi (once known as Melinde) is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Galana River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa. The population of Malindi is 117,735 (in 1999 census). It is the capital of the Malindi District.
Tourism is the major industry in Malindi. The city is exceptionally popular among Italian tourists. Malindi is served with a domestic airport and a highway between Mombasa and Lamu. The nearby Watamu resort and Gedi Ruins (also known as Gede) are south of Malindi. The mouth of the Sabaki River lies in northern Malindi. The Watamu and Malindi Marine National Parks form a continuous protected coastal area south of Malindi. The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture.
Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre.
Malindi has been a Swahili settlement since the 14th century. Once rivaled only by Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa, Malindi has traditionally been a port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the town was visited by the fleet of the Chinese explorer Zheng He. Malindi's ruler sent a personal envoy with a giraffe as a present to China on that fleet.
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Maluku Islands
The Maluku Islands, also known as the Moluccas /məˈlʌkəz/, are an archipelago within Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands outside Indonesia.
Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes, and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, encompassed by the sea, is very luxuriant; including rainforests, sago, rice and the famous spices - nutmeg, cloves and mace, among others. Though originally Melanesian, many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were killed off in the 17th century during the Spice wars. A second influx of Austronesian immigrants began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era.
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Manama
Manama (Arabic: المنامة Al Manāma) is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, with an approximate population of 155,000 people. Long an important trading center in the Persian Gulf, Manama is home to a very diverse population. After periods of Portuguese and Persian control and invasions from the Al Sauds and Oman, Bahrain established itself as an independent nation during the 19th century period of British hegemony. In the 20th century, Bahrain's oil wealth helped spur fast growth and in the 1990s a concerted diversification effort led to expansion in other industries and helped transform Manama into an important financial hub in the Middle East.
Manama was mentioned in Islamic chronicles at least as far back as 1345. It was conquered by Portugal in 1521 and then by the Persians in 1602. Since 1783 it has been under the control of the Al-Khalifa dynasty. Manama was declared a free port in 1958, and in 1971 it became the capital of independent Bahrain.
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Mangalore
Mangalorei/ˈmæŋɡəlɔr/ (also called Kuḍla in Tulu, Maṅgaḷūru in Kannada, Koḍiyāl in Konkani, or Maikāla in Beary bashe) is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 350 kilometres (220 mi) west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in south western Karnataka.
Mangalore derives its name from the local Hindu Goddess Mangaladevi. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalore's port handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports.
Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Vijayanagar dynasty, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.
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Mani Bhavan
Mani Bhavan, located at # 19, Laburnum Road in the Gamdevi precinct of downtown Mumbai, acted as the focal point of Gandhi's political activities in Mumbai between 1917 and 1934.
The mansion belonged to Revashankar Jagjeevan Jhaveri and the Mani family prior to that, Gandhi's friend and host in Mumbai during this period.
It was from Mani Bhavan that Gandhi initiated the Non-Cooperation, Satyagraha, Swadeshi, Khadi and Khilafat movements. In 1955, the building was taken over by the Gandhi Smarak Nidhi in order to maintain it as a memorial to Gandhi, to his frequent stays, and to the political activities he initiated from there. The two-storeyed structure standing on the Laburnum Road is the city's pride. The building, which is about 40 minutes drive from Taj hotel, was Gandhi's Mumbai headquarters for about 17 years - from 1917-1934. Gandhi's association with the charkha (Hindi for Spinning Wheel) began in 1917, while he was staying at Mani Bhavan. Mani Bhavan is also closely associated with Gandhi's involvement in the Home Rule Movement, as well as his decision to abstain from drinking cow's milk in order to protest the cruel and inhuman practice of phookan meted out to milch cattle common during that period.
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Manickpur
Manickpur is a small village in Vasai town in the Thane district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Not much of the rich and great history of Manickpur is documented. It is only passed on through the generations by word of mouth. There are instances of this village in some old manuscripts.
In some old Portuguese manuscripts, this place was called 'puri', no explanation is found on why it was called so. One of the assumptions is that earlier there might have been a temple on the lines of the Jagannath Temple in Puri in Orissa, and hence this place was named so. In Portuguese and English manuscripts this place was also referred to as porim.
This name gradually changed to manickpuri, there is no instance of any written documentation on this. It is also said that many South Indians settled here due to the proximity of Bombay (as it was earlier known) which was rich in terms of industries, mills and factories. The name then gradually changed from Porim to Manickpurm.
When the railway was laid by the British, the station that is now known as Vasai Road was then known as Manickpur Road. So it was through the British that the name changed to its present status. Actually the Vasai Road station was known as Bassein road after renaming Manickpur road. Still the Indian railways refer Vasai Road as Bassein road, even the station indicators show this.
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Mankhurd
Mankhurd (Marathi: मानखुर्द) is a suburban neighbourhood in eastern Mumbai, India. Mankhurd railway station is on the Harbour Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.
The township lies on the Harbour Line and is the last stop in the city before Navi Mumbai. After Mankhurd, trains cross the Vashi Bridge before reaching Vashi, in Navi Mumbai. Mankhurd also has a railway line run by the Bombay Port Trust.
Unlike many of the railway stations in Mumbai, which have 'east' and 'west' sides, this station has a 'north' and 'south' side on either side of the railway track. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre's employee township "Anushakti Nagar", Naval Employee's Township, Mandala and Trombay are some nearby accessible places from the south side of this train station and P.M.G.P. Colony, Mohite-Patil Nagar, Sonapur, Mandala are some nearby accessible places from North side. BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) public buses serve this station. Metered and non-metered auto rickshaws are common sight outside the station. There is a civil colony- SPDC Colony located about 2 kilometres away from the station road.
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Marine Lines
Marine Lines is an area in South Mumbai. It is also the name of a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway railway line. The name Marine Lines is named after the Marine Battalion Lines, a military establishment built by the British. The battalion was later converted to an air force residence quarters, and now lies just south of Metro Adlabs. The name Marine lines was also the name of the road, on which Bombay Hospital and Liberty Cinema stands. It is now known as V Thackersey Marg. Marine Drive is the famous promenade near the station.
Marine Lines [Eastern side] does not have a large residential population but has an enormous floating population consisting of office-goers, traders and shopkeepers. It is the most densely populated area in the world with 291,981 people per square mile. 2 Marine Drive [Western side] facing the sea is part of the Queen's Necklace View, it also has one of the finest Art Deco Residential Buildings facing the sea.
Near the station there is a Muslim cemetery and a municipal crematorium namely Chandanwadi. Also adjoining the station is the famous Marine Drive flyover which is the only link to Marine Drive over the tracks from Princess Street beginning to end.
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Mascarene Islands
The Mascarene Islands (or Mascarenhas Archipelago) is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar comprising Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, Cargados Carajos shoals, plus the former islands of the Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan banks. The collective title is derived from the Portuguese navigator Pedro Mascarenhas, who first visited them in the early sixteenth century. The islands share a common geologic origin in the volcanism of the Réunion hotspot beneath the Mascarene Plateau and form a distinct ecoregion with a unique flora and fauna.
The Islands are volcanic in origin; Saya de Malha (35 mya) was the first of the Mascarene islands to rise out of the Indian Ocean due to the Réunion hotspot, followed by Nazareth Bank (some 2,000 yrs later), Soudan Bank and Cargados Carajos. The youngest islands to form were Mauritius (7–10 mya), the oldest of the existing islands, created along with the undersea Rodrigues ridge. The islands of Rodrigues and Réunion were created in the last two million years. Réunion is the largest of the islands (2,500 km²), followed by Mauritius (1,900 km²) and Rodrigues (110 km²). Eventually Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan were completely submerged, Cargados Carajos remaining as a coral atoll. The Réunion hotspot was beginning to cool and Rodrigues came out as a tiny island. Had erosion not taken place, Cargados Carajos would have been a large volcanic island, and the Mascarenes would have been an archipelago of seven or more (counting Saya De Malha, Nazareth and Soudan) large, populated islands, rather than the three (Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues) that remain today.
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Matheran
Matheran is a city and a Hill Station municipal council in Raigad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is a hill station in Karjat Tahsil and is also the smallest hill station in India. It is located on the Western Ghats range at an elevation of around 800 m (2,625 feet) above sea level. It is located around 90 km from Mumbai, and 120 km from Pune. Matheran's proximity to the three Metros[dubious – discuss] makes it a popular weekend getaway for urban residents. The name Matheran means "forest on the head" (of the mountain).
Matheran is an eco-sensitive region, declared by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India. It is one of the few places in the world where vehicles are not allowed, which makes the place different from others. Matheran takes you over a hundred years back in time when there were no vehicles.
Because of vehicles being banned in Matheran, the place is quite peaceful despite the thousands of visitors coming to visit throughout the year.[citation needed]
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Matunga
Matunga (Marathi: माटुंगा) is a district located in the central part of Mumbai. It is a railway station on the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. This station is called Matunga on the Central railway line, Matunga Road on the Western line and King's Circle, (officially named, Maheshwari Udyan) on the Harbour Line. The main places of interest here are temples and restaurants.
Matunga formed a part of the seven original islands of Mumbai with Mahim (then known as Mahikavati). Mahim, or Mahikawati as it was known, was the capital of Raja Bhimdev, who reigned over the region in the 13th century. Raja Bhimdev's origins are not clearly known. He may have come from Anahilwada-Patan in Gujarat or from the dynasty of Yadavs in Deogiri. He built a palace and a court of justice in Prabhadevi, as well as the first Babulnath temple. Raja Bhimdev stationed his elephant cavalry near Mahim. This place was referred to as Matanga (मतंग), the Sanskrit for elephant. This is the name from which the present-day name "Matunga" has been derived[citation needed].
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Mazagaon
Mazagaon, also spelled Mazgaon and Mazagon (Portuguese rule Mazagão), and pronounced by the Catholics as 'Mazgon' or 'Maz-a-gon' and the Marathi-speakers as Mazhgav. It is one of the seven islands of Mumbai. It is part of South Mumbai and can be reached by Byculla Station on the Central railway line and Dockyard Road Station on the Harbour Railway line. Located in Mazagaon are maritime companies like the Bombay Port Trust and Mazagaon Dock Ltd., the Mazagaon Court and Anglo-Indian schools including St. Peters School and St. Mary's School.
The word Mazagaon has been derived from the Sanskrit Matsya Gram, meaning fishing village. The original inhabitants were speculated to be tribals of Agari (salt-workers) and Koli (fishermen) tribes. However, folk etymology derives Mazagaon from the Marathi Maza Gaon, meaning my village. Another etymological claim suggests Portuguese origin, with the name borrowed from a city and fort of Mazagão in Morocco (now El Jadida) established by Portuguese in the beginning of the 16th century who totally evacuated to Brazil in 1769. One of Mazagaon's oldest claims to fame was a variety of mango trees which fruited twice a year. Apparently a few such trees were extant well into the 20th century. The small island was rocky, with a hill rising at the north, and forming a cliff over the harbour. To see what Mazagaon might once have been, one has to visit any of the tiny rocky islands bearing mango trees and small villages further down the Konkan coast.
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Meerut
Meerut (Hindi: मेरठ, Urdu: میرٹھ) is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is an ancient city with settlements dating back to the Indus Valley civilization having been found in and around the area. The city lies 70 km (43 mi) northeast of the national capital New Delhi, and 453 km (281 mi) northwest of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the second largest city in the National Capital Region of India (the largest being Delhi), the 16th largest metropolitan area and 25th largest city in India. It ranked 292 in 2006 and 242 in 2010 in the list of largest cities and urban areas in the world. The city covers an area of about 172 km2 (66 sq mi) while the total area is 198 km2 (76 sq mi), third largest in Uttar Pradesh after Kanpur and Lucknow . It has the 2nd largest army cantonment in the country.[citation needed] The city is one of the largest producers of sports goods, and the largest producer of musical instruments in India. The city is also an education hub in western Uttar Pradesh.
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Mehdya
Mehdya, also Mehdia or Mehedya, is a town in Kénitra Province, Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen, Morocco. According to the 2004 census it has a population of 16,262. It is located on Sebou River (Oued Sebu).
Mehdya was previously called Al-Ma'mura ("the well-populated") or La Mamora in Europe, and was a harbour on the coast of Morocco. It seems to have been occupied by the Carthaginians since the 5th century BCE.
It was captured by the Portuguese in 1515, and renamed São João da Mamora. Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized 6 Moroccan towns, and built 6 stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of the stand-alone fortresses only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), Forte de São João de Mamora (pt) (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506–10) and Aguz (1520–25). Two of them were to become permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir, founded in 1505-06), and Mazagan founded in 1514-17. The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.
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Metro BIG Cinemas
Metro BIG Cinema (earlier Metro Adlabs (2006–2008), previously Metro Cinema (1938–2006)) is an Art Deco Heritage grade IIA multiplex Movie theater in Mumbai, India built in 1938. It was built and originally run by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), the Hollywood studio. The main architect of the cinema was Thomas W. Lamb of New York, and D. W. Ditchburn (Senior partner of the architectural firm Ditchburn Mistry and Bhedwar) of Mumbai was the associate architect.
Metro is located in the Dhobitalao area of Mumbai. The Art Deco cinema opened on 8 June 1938, and initially exhibited movies made by MGM. The interior, floors, walls, ceilings as well as the furniture, was in shades of red and pink. The marble foyer and staircases led up to murals executed by students of the J. J. School of Art, under the director Charles Gerard[disambiguation needed
]. Among the famous invitees was Gregory Peck. And if the films were classy, so was the audience at Metro. The ushers wore suits and the soda fountain provided excellent bar snacks and service. In 1955 Metro was the venue for the first Filmfare Awards night.
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Metro Manila
Metropolitan Manila (Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan), the National Capital Region (NCR) (Filipino: Pambansang Punong Rehiyon), or simply Metro Manila, is the metropolitan region encompassing the City of Manila and its surrounding areas in the Philippines. It is composed of 16 cities, namely City of Manila, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Pasay, Pasig, Parañaque, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, plus the smaller Municipality of Pateros.
The region is the political, economic, social, cultural, and educational center of the Philippines. As proclaimed by Presidential Decree No. 940, Metro Manila as a whole is the Philippines' seat of government but the City of Manila is the capital. The largest city in the metropolis is Quezon City, while the largest business district is the Makati Central Business District.
Metro Manila is the most populous of the twelve defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines and the 11th most populous in the world. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 11,855,975, comprising 13% of the national population. The sum total population of provinces with a provincial density above 700 people per square kilometer (more than double the national average) in a contiguous zone with Metro Manila is 25.5 million people as of the 2007 census, one way to refer to the conurbation around Metro Manila is Greater Manila.
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Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
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Miami
Miami ( /maɪˈæmi/ or /maɪˈæmə/) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city proper in the United States, with a population of 408,568, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. According to the US Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the seventh most populous and fifth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2010, Miami was classified as a Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the 2nd largest U.S. city (after El Paso) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
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Mira Road
Mira Road is a town is in Maharashtra, India, part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It is located to the north of Mumbai and is governed by the Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation (MBMC). It is also a railway station on the Western Line of Mumbai Suburban Railway.
Mira Road is situated on the island of Salcette. To its north is the Vasai creek; to the south lies the city of Mumbai. The Sanjay Gandhi National Park is to its east and the coast of Uttan to the West.
Mira Road is located north west of Mumbai, just north of Dahisar. By road it is connected to Mumbai by the Western Express Highway and to Thane by Ghodbunder Road. The Western Express Highway, as termed in Mumbai leaves the city as the NH 8 (National Highway) linking Mumbai with the west and north west of India.The Ghodbunder Road Highway has a direct access to Mira Road from thane NH4.
Kashimira is a point falling between Dahisar Check Naka and Ghodbunder, from which a main road connects that leads to Mira Road, Bhayandar & the coastal areas of Uttan, Gorai, Manori & the famed Amusement Parks - Esselworld & Water Kingdom.
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Mohone
Mohone is the name of a little town which falls under the Thane district of Maharashtra. It belongs to the Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation.
Some of the major landmarks close to Mohone are the Ulhas river and NRC Ltd. company. Mohone is at a distance of 10 minutes from the Ambivli Central Railway station.
Mohone is accessible by road from Kalyan and also has two alternate routes to Titwala. There is a KDMT bus facility from Kalyan and Shahad to Mohone Which takes 15–20 minutes by road.
The nearest airport is Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport.
Near Maruti Mandir, Yadav Nagar Road, Mohone.
Address: Sahakar Nagar, Mohone.
Website Address: www.netcoreinfo.com
All above centres are MKCL Authorised Training Centres, for more Details : [www.mkcl.org/mscit] Mohone also has three computer classes; APCO Computers, near railway station; Shree Computers, near krishna Plaza; and Netcore Computers, near Maruti Mandir. It has two cyber classes, several medical stores and four mobile outlets.'
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Mombasa
Mombasa is the second-largest city in Kenya. Lying next to the Indian Ocean, it has a major port and an international airport. The city also serves as the centre of the coastal tourism industry.
Also known as Mombas in colonial times, its name derives from Manbasa. This was the Arabic name of the former sultanate of Mvita, which had its capital here. In modern times the town is the headquarters of Mombasa District, which, like most other districts in Kenya, is named after its chief town.
The city has a population of 939,370, as per the 2009 census,[citation needed] and is located on Mombasa Island, which is separated from the mainland by two creeks: Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. The island is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry and to the west by the Makupa Causeway, alongside which runs the Kenya-Uganda Railway. The port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the Ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, northwest of Changamwe area.
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Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Muharraq
Muharraq (Arabic: المحرق; lit. "place of ashes") is Bahrain's third largest city and served as its capital until 1923 when it was replaced by Manama.
The city is located on Muharraq Island and has long been a centre of religiosity. Bahrain International Airport is also located on the island. Adjacent to Muharraq are the man-made Amwaj Islands, known for their large buildings, hotels and beaches. Muharraq is home to Muharraq Club, which is Bahrain's most successful football club. The city is also known for its souq (traditional market) and as a home of traditional arts and music; Ali Bahar, a popular and successful Bahraini singer is from Muharraq.
Muharraq's origins are ancient, going back to the time of Dilmun some 5,000 years ago, but it came to prominence in the historical records during the era of Tylos when Bahrain came under domination of the Selucid Greeks, and Muharraq was the centre of a pagan cult dedicated to the shark god, Awal. The city's inhabitants, who depended upon seafaring and trade for their livelihood, worshipped Awal in the form of a large statue of a shark located in the city.
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Mulund
Mulund (Marathi: मुलुंड) is a suburban neighbourhood in north-eastern part of Mumbai, India. It is also a railway station on the Central Railway line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway It is nestled alongside the foothills of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park with easy access to the Eastern Express Highway and Navi Mumbai through the Mulund-Airoli Bridge. Additionally it is also easy to go to Thane or Mumbai North-Western such as Borivali from here, using the Ghodbunder Road.
Historical records of Mulund dates back to the time of Mauryan empire . In those days Mulund and nearby suburbs together were known as Muchchalind. Mulund is the earliest planned suburb of Mumbai city, a gridiron plan was designed by architects Crown & Carter in 1922, which extends from present day Mulund station to Paanch Rasta junction in Mulund (West). The Mulund station is linked to the central line of Mumbai.
Mulund was home to a cosmopolitan mix of large number of educated middle class residents and several industrial factories along present day L.B.S. road, some of which are the pharmaceutical companies - Hoechst Wellcome, Glaxo, Merind and Johnson & Johnson. Engineering companies like Richardson Cruddas, Bombay Oxygen, Chicago Pneumatic, ACC, Agfa & Gabriel were also around. Eventually these industrial units have shifted out of Mulund and have been converted to shopping malls and luxurious residence apartment complexes altering the landscape and skyline. Johnson and Johnson factory still remains one of the avant garde modern architectural landmarks of Mulund.
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Mumba Devi Temple
Mumba Devi Mandir, or Mumba Devi Temple (Marathi: मुंबा देवी मंदिर ), is an old Hindu temple in the city of Mumbai, dedicated to the goddess Mumbā, the local incarnation of the Devi (Mother Goddess). Marathi Mumbā derives from Sanskrit Mahā-Ambā "Great Mother", and Mumbaī combines the name with aī, the Marathi for "mother".
While Hindu sects devoted to the goddess Mumbadevi are attested to as far back as the 15th century, it is said that the temple was built in 1675 near the main landing site of the former Bori Bunder creek against the north wall of the English Fort Saint George by a Hindu woman also named Mumba. The creek and fort are now deteriorated to a point at which they are but derelict reminders of the city's past. The temple, on the other hand, is still active.[citation needed]
The goddess Mumba was patron of the agri (salt collectors) and kolis (fisherfolk), the original inhabitants of the seven islands of Bombay. She is depicted as a black stone sculpture in the temple. An etymology of Mumba that is popular is "Maha Amba," or "Great Mother," one of the many of India's more well-known names for the Hindu Mother Goddess (Devi). Located in Bhuleshwar area in South Mumbai, the temple is in the heart of the steel and clothing markets. It is a sacred pilgrimage spot and place of worship for Hindus and is thus visited daily by hundreds of people. It is not uncommon for visitors of Mumbai to pay their respects at the temple and is one of the popular tourist destinations in the city.
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Mumbai City District
Mumbai City District (मुंबई जिल्हा) is a district of Maharashtra in Konkan Division. As a city district, it has no headquarters or subdivisions. It, along with the Mumbai Suburban District make up the metropolis of Mumbai. The city area is called the "island city" or South Mumbai or Old Mumbai. It extends from Colaba in the south to Mahim and Sion in the north. Until the 1960s, the area was known as Mumbai. Today, Mumbai municipality includes both districts. The city's area covers 67.7 km².
The City of Bombay, as it was then called came in light in the year 150 A.D. through the geographical work of renowned geographer, Ptolemy. The City consisting of several islands were then ruled by Marathi kolis and agris, the native inhabitants of Mumbai.
These natives ruled the islands up to 1345 A.D. Thereafter, the rulers changed down the history till the Islamic rulers invaded India and conquered some of the islands in 1534 A.D. Subsequently, a Muslim ruler from Gujarat took over all the islands, which were then conquered by the Portuguese. In 1661 A.D., the island of Bombay was added to the Britishers as a part of Royal Dowry, on the occasion of the marriage of King Charles II of England with the Portuguese princess Infanta Catherine.
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Mumbai City district
Mumbai City District (मुंबई जिल्हा) is a district of Maharashtra in Konkan Division. As a city district, it has no headquarters or subdivisions. It, along with the Mumbai Suburban District make up the metropolis of Mumbai. The city area is called the "island city" or South Mumbai or Old Mumbai. It extends from Colaba in the south to Mahim and Sion in the north. Until the 1960s, the area was known as Mumbai. Today, Mumbai municipality includes both districts. The city's area covers 67.7 km².
The City of Bombay, as it was then called came in light in the year 150 A.D. through the geographical work of renowned geographer, Ptolemy. The City consisting of several islands were then ruled by Marathi kolis and agris, the native inhabitants of Mumbai.
These natives ruled the islands up to 1345 A.D. Thereafter, the rulers changed down the history till the Islamic rulers invaded India and conquered some of the islands in 1534 A.D. Subsequently, a Muslim ruler from Gujarat took over all the islands, which were then conquered by the Portuguese. In 1661 A.D., the island of Bombay was added to the Britishers as a part of Royal Dowry, on the occasion of the marriage of King Charles II of England with the Portuguese princess Infanta Catherine.
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Mumbai city district
Mumbai City District (मुंबई जिल्हा) is a district of Maharashtra in Konkan Division. As a city district, it has no headquarters or subdivisions. It, along with the Mumbai Suburban District make up the metropolis of Mumbai. The city area is called the "island city" or South Mumbai or Old Mumbai. It extends from Colaba in the south to Mahim and Sion in the north. Until the 1960s, the area was known as Mumbai. Today, Mumbai municipality includes both districts. The city's area covers 67.7 km².
The City of Bombay, as it was then called came in light in the year 150 A.D. through the geographical work of renowned geographer, Ptolemy. The City consisting of several islands were then ruled by Marathi kolis and agris, the native inhabitants of Mumbai.
These natives ruled the islands up to 1345 A.D. Thereafter, the rulers changed down the history till the Islamic rulers invaded India and conquered some of the islands in 1534 A.D. Subsequently, a Muslim ruler from Gujarat took over all the islands, which were then conquered by the Portuguese. In 1661 A.D., the island of Bombay was added to the Britishers as a part of Royal Dowry, on the occasion of the marriage of King Charles II of England with the Portuguese princess Infanta Catherine.
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Mumbai Harbour
Mumbai Harbour (Marathi: मुंबई बंदर Mumba'ī bandara), or Front Bay, is a natural deep-water harbor in the southern portion of the Ulhas River estuary. The narrower, northern part of the estuary is called Thane Creek. The harbor opens to the Arabian Sea to the south. The historical island of Elephanta is one of the six islands that lie in the harbor.
Front Bay is the official name of the harbor, so named because Mumbai started as a tiny settlement facing the harbor. The waterbody behind the original settlement, forming an arc between the former Colaba island and Bombay island, up to the Malabar Hill promontory or peninsula, was similarly called Back Bay.
Front Bay is home to the Mumbai Port, which lies in the south section of the western edge of the harbor. Jawaharlal Nehru Port and Navi Mumbai lie to the east on the Konkan mainland, and the city of Mumbai lies to the west on Salsette Island. The Gateway of India with its jetty for Elephanta is the most important tourist destination, followed by the INS Vikrant maritime Museum.
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Mumbra
Mumbra is a small town in India, situated around 40 km from Mumbai and is the suburb of city. It is close to Thane and Diwa and is well connected with Mumbai by roads and the local train network.
A town which formed as a Mughal outpost in early 17th century which guards the entry point towards Kalyan fort, converted into a bustling shipbuilding industry at the Reti Bunder Pier in 17th century, famous for its unique sand boats and fast sail boats. This particular industry still survives till date, because of its natural port. During British era this area was used as a nearest logistical base for transportation of army personals of British Indian Legions. Including transportation of heavy machinery from Bombay Port towards Pune cantonment. After the independence and before opening of alternate route towards Pune till 1987 Mumbra was the only direct route connecting two cities. The National Highway 4 (NH4) passes through Mumbra. A special bypass highway has been made on the exterior of Mumbra, to reduce traffic and the number of accidents in this town. This bypass on NH4 connects Mumbai to Pune. Mumbra is well connected to Mumbai, Thane, Navi Mumbai and other towns.
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Muttrah
Muttrah, (Arabic: مطرح) population 150,000 (2003), is a city located in the Muscat province of Oman. Before the discovery of oil, Muttrah was the center of commerce in Oman. It is still a center of commerce as one of largest sea ports of the region is located there. Other landmarks include Souq Muttrah, a traditional bazaar and Sour Al-Lawatiah, a small community of houses surrounded by an old wall.
Muttrah is also a map in a popular Battlefield 2 mod, Project Reality. It was also featured in the Amazing Race in its 17th season (Episode 8).
Al Dhalam (Darkness in Arabic) Souq is the local name for the Muttrah Souq. The Muttrah Souq is perhaps one of the oldest marketplaces in the Arab world, owing to the fact that Muscat is the world's largest natural harbor and has seen immense trade in the age of sail, being strategically located on the way to India and China. It has been named after darkness because of the crowded stalls and lanes where the sunrays do not infiltrate during the day and the shoppers need lamps to know their destinations. The name of the market has been drawn specifically from the part that extends from Al Lawatiya Mosque to Khour Bimba where the place is really full of stores and stalls and the narrow area of lanes does not allow the sunlight to enter. The market was a source of supply for Omanis where they can buy their needs in the 1960s when life requirements were simpler than today. Most of the goods were imported, in addition to local products like textiles, fruit, vegetables and dates.
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Mylapore
Mylapore (Tamil: மயிலாப்பூர் Mayilāppūr) is a cultural hub and neighborhood in the southern part of the city of Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, India. Earlier, Mylapore used to be called Vedapuri.
Mylapore is a major commercial center, and one of the oldest residential parts of the city. It is well-connected by roads and Metro railway network, MRTS. It is famous for its tree-lined avenues, the famous 7th century Kapaleeshwarar Temple, its katcheri season and Ramakrishna Math. Mylapore is regarded in history as the birthplace of Tamil poet and saint, Thiruvalluvar. The Bollywood Actor of yesteryears Mr. Ranjan (Chandralekha fame) was born in this part of Chennai. Probably, he was the first actor from Tamil Nadu to succeed in the North of India.
The word Mylapore is expanded as "Mayil arparikum oor" which means 'Land of the peacock scream'. The word mayil, meaning peacock, which was the traditional vehicle of the Hindu god Muruga. Earlier Peacocks used to thrive here, it is evident as the Portuguese preachers who built the Santhome Church embraced the peacock in the church's emblem. This part of Chennai is also called Thirumayilai (திருமயிலை) embracing religious sanctity.
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Nagoya
Nagoya (名古屋市, Nagoya-shi?) is the largest city in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan. (Tokyo is not a single incorporated city - see Tokyo for more information on the definition and makeup of Tokyo.)
Located on the Pacific coast on central Honshu, it is the capital of Aichi Prefecture and is one of Japan's major ports along with those of Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Yokohama, Chiba, and Kitakyushu. It is also the center of Japan's third largest metropolitan region, known as the Chūkyō Metropolitan Area. As of 2000, Chūkyō Metropolitan Area has 8.74 million people, of which 2.27 million live in the city of Nagoya.
The city's name was historically written as 那古野 or 名護屋 (both read as Nagoya). One possible etymology for the city's name is the adjective なごやか (nagoyaka), meaning 'peaceful'. [2]
The name Chūkyō (中京) is also used (chū (middle) + kyō (capital)), since it is the main city of the central Chūbu region. Various things are named after Chūkyō, for example the Chūkyō Industrial Area, Chūkyō Metropolitan Area, Chūkyō Television Broadcasting, Chukyo University and the Chukyo Racecourse.
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Nagpur
Nāgpur ( pronunciation (help·info) English: Nagpore) is a city and winter capital of the state of Maharashtra, the largest city in central India and third largest city in Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune. With a population of 2,405,421 (2011) Nagpur Metropolitan Area is the 13th largest urban conglomeration in India. It has also recently been ranked as the cleanest city and the second greenest city of India after Bangalore. In addition to being the seat of annual winter session of Maharashtra state assembly "Vidhan Sabha", [Nagpur] is also a major commercial and political center of the Vidarbha region of [Maharashtra], and is also famous throughout the country as "Orange City" for being a major trade center of oranges that are cultivated in the region. In addition, the city also derives political importance from being the headquarters for the Hindu nationalist organisation RSS and an important location for the Dalit Buddhist movement.
Nagpur lies precisely at the center of the country with the Zero Mile Marker indicating the geographical center of India. The city was founded by the Gonds but later became part of the Maratha Empire under the Bhonsles. The British East India Company took over Nagpur in the 19th century and made it the capital of the Central Provinces and Berar. After the first reorganisation of states, the city lost its capital status but according to the informal "Nagpur Pact" between political leaders it was made the second capital of Maharashtra. Nagpur is also declared, "Tiger Capital of India " as it connects many Tiger Reserves in India to the world.
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Nagpur District
Nagpur district (Marathi: नागपूर जिल्हा) is a district in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state in central India. The city of Nagpur is the district headquarters. The district is part of Nagpur Division.
Nagpur district is bounded by Bhandara district on the east, Chandrapur district on the southeast, Wardha district on the southwest, Amravati district on the northwest and Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh state on the north.
In 1853, after the death of Raghoji III, the princely state of Nagpur was annexed by the British and the territory occupied by the present district became part of Nagpur Province. In 1861, it was merged with the Central Provinces and Nagpur district became a part of one of its divisions, Nagpur division. In 1903, it became part of the Central Provinces and Berar. In 1950, Nagpur district became part of the newly formed Madhya Pradesh state and Nagpur became its capital. In 1956, after the reorganization of states, Nagpur district was incorporated in Bombay state. In 1 May 1960, it became a district of Maharashtra state.
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Nala Sopara
Nala Sopara is one of the suburbs of Mumbai city. It is a town within the Mumbai Conurbation. The town lies in Thane district of Maharashtra state in India. The population of the city is 184,664 (2001 census). It is also the name of a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway (India) railway line. It is governed by the Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation.
In ancient times, it was the largest township on India's west coast, trading with Mesopotamia, Egypt, Cochin, Arabia and Eastern Africa. Proof of Ashokan inscriptions have also been recovered from Sopara, Buddhist text gives details that is was a prominent Buddhist area. During excavation ruins of a Buddhist Stupa were found. From the center of the stupa (inside a brick built chamber) a large stone coffer was excavated which contained eight bronze images of Maitreya Buddha which belong to the 8th-9th century A.D. The coffer contained a relic caskets, numerous gold flowers and fragments of a begging bowl. A silver coin of Gautamiputra Satakarni was also found from the mound.
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Nanded
Nanded (Marathi: नांदेड; Punjabi: ਨੰਦੇੜ; Urdu: ﻧﺎﻨﺪﻳﮍ ) is the second largest city in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. It is also headquarters of Nanded district in the Marathwada Division of the state. It is an important holy place for the Sikh faith and is famous for the Hazur Sahib Gurudwara. It is the district headquarters once very famous as district of Sanskrit poets. Nanded is a town of great antiquity and famous for Muslim Sufi shrines. This district of great antiquity is important for the Hindu faith and is known for the Renukadevi temple at Mahur (a taluka place).
Nanded is one of the historical places in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State. It is situated on north bank of Godavari river. Nanded is a town of great antiquity. It is famous for Sikh Gurudwaras and Sufi shrines. It is said that during the Puranic days, many great personalities travelled through Nanded district. Nandas ruled over Nanded through generations.
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Nanded district
Nanded district (Marathi: नांदेड जिल्हा) is a district of Maharashtra state in central India. The city of Nanded is the district headquarters.
The district has an area of 10,502 km² while according to 2001 census its population is 2,876,259 of which 23.96% were urban. The Godavari River flows through the district.
Nanded District lies in the eastern portion of Marathwada region, which corresponds to Aurangabad Division of Maharashtra. The district is bounded by Nizamabad, Medak and Adilabad districts of Andhra Pradesh on the east, by Bidar District of Karnataka falls on the south, by Parbhani and Latur districts of Marathwada on the west, and Yavatmal District of Maharashtra's Vidarbha region on the north. The influence of Andhra, Karnataka and Vidarbha can be seen on the language, behaviour and general conduct of the people of Nanded.
Geographical Area : 10,502 km²
Total Population : 28,68,158
Male : 14.76 Lakhs
Female : 13.91 Lakhs
Urban to Total Population : 28.29 %
Normal Rainfall : 901 mm
Taluka : 16
Per Capita Income : Rs.2,123
Population (1991 Census, in 1000s) : 2,330 (Males=1,198 Females=1,132)
Density : 220 per km²
Literacy : 68.52%
Male Literacy : 81.14%
Female Literacy : 55.12 %
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Nandurbar District
Nandurbar (Marathi: नंदुरबार जिल्हा) is an administrative district in the northwest corner (Khandesh Region) of Maharashtra state in India . On 1 July 1998 Dhule was bifurcated as two separate districts now known as Dhule and Nandurbar. The district headquarters are located at Nandurbar city. The district occupies an area of 5035 km² and has a population of 1,311,709 of which 15.45% were urban (as of 2001).
Nandurbar district is bounded to the south and south-east by Dhule district, to the west and north is the state of Gujarat, to the north and north-east is the state of Madhya Pradesh. The northern boundary of the district is defined by the great Narmada river.
Current site for the construction and operation of the world's largest wind farm having an output of 1000MW is just 30 km away from Nandurbar city. This project is being undertaken by Suzlon Energy. Suzlon also has local manufacturing units at this site for making WTG tower and blades.
Ranjana Sonawane of TembhlI village and rushil in Nandurbar district became first citizen of India to get twelve (12) digit Unique Identification on 29 September 2010. The unique identification or Aadhaar is ambitious project of the central government of India to provide unique identification to its billion plus citizens.
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Nariman Point
Nariman Point is Mumbai's premier business district and country's first central business district. It was named after Khursheed Framji Nariman, a Parsi visionary. The area is situated on land reclaimed from the sea. It had the distinction of having the highest commercial real estate rental space in the world in 1995 at $175 per square foot ($1880/m²). Nariman Point hit a new high as a flat sold for a record $8.62 million (USD) on 26 November 2007 [1], at an astonishing $2488 (
97,842) per square foot. According to the "Office Space Across the World 2012" report by Cushman & Wakefield, Nariman point is the 15th most expensive CBD in the world. The area is situated on the extreme southern tip of Marine Drive. It houses some of India's premier business headquarters. Nariman point is the 4th most expensive office market in the world.
Prior to 1940, the area was part of the Arabian sea. A popular leader of the Congress, Khurshid Nariman (affectionately called Veer Nariman), a Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation corporator, proposed to reclaim the area from the sea near Churchgate. To accomplish this task, debris from various parts of the city was dumped here and the shallow sea coast was filled. Reinforced concrete cement was used, of which the imported steel used was obtained from the black market at a higher price due to the World War II.The entire cost was estimated to be3 lakhs or 300,000 (now 10 crores or 100,000,000) Additional reclamations were carried out in the 1970s. A construction boom in that decade saw this region spurting many commercial high-rises.
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Nashik
Nashik or Nasik (Marathi: नाशिक ) ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a city in Maharashtra, India. Nashik is located in the northwest of Maharashtra, 180 km from Mumbai and 202 km from Pune. Nashik is the administrative headquarters of Nashik district and Nashik Division. Nashik, which has been referred to as the "Wine Capital of India", or as India’s Napa Valley, is located in the Western Ghats, on the western edge of the Deccan peninsula on the banks of the Godavari. In addition to supplying the name to the famed Nassak Diamond, the city is known for its picturesque surroundings and pleasant climate. The Godavari River flows through Nashik from its source, which lies to the southwest of the city, in Trimbakeshwar . Nashik Urban Agglomeration (Nashik UA) has a (projected year 2008) population of 1,620,000 and a total area of 264.23 km² which makes it the fourth largest urban area in Maharashtra in terms of population. Nashik is the third most industrialized city in Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune .
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Nashik district
Nashik district, also known as Nasik district, is a district in Maharashtra, India. The city of Nashik is the administrative headquarters of the district.
Nashik district has an area of 15,530 square kilometres. It is bounded by Dhule district to the north, Jalgaon district to the east, Aurangabad district to the southeast, Ahmadnagar district to the south, Thane district to the southwest, Valsad and Navsari districts of Gujarat to the west, and The Dangs district to the northwest.
The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range stretches from north to south across the western portion of the district. With the exception of the westernmost few villages, the western portion is hilly, and intersected by ravines, and only the simplest kind of cultivation is possible. The western slope of the Ghats is drained by several rivers, including the Daman Ganga River, which drains westwards to the Arabian Sea.
The larger eastern portion of the district, which lies on the Deccan Plateau, is open, fertile, and well cultivated. The Chander Range, which runs east and west, forms the chief divide of the plateau region. The Godavari River originates in the district and drains east towards the Bay of Bengal, and all the streams to the south of the Chander Range, including the Kadwa and Darna, are tributaries of the Godavari. To the north of the Chander Range, the Girna River and its tributary, the Mosam, flow westward through fertile valleys into the Tapti River.
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Navi Mumbai
Navi Mumbai (Marathi: नवी मुंबई, IAST: Navi Muṃbaī, English: New Mumbai) is a Planned Satellite City on the west coast of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was developed in 1972 as a twin city of Mumbai, and is the largest planned city on the planet, with 163 square kilometres (63 sq mi) under the jurisdiction of the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) and a total area of 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi). Navi Mumbai lies on the mainland on the eastern shore of Thane Creek. The city limits stretch from Airoli near Thane in the north, to Uran in the south. The length of the city is almost the same as that of Mumbai. The Vashi and the Airoli Bridges connect Navi Mumbai to Mumbai. A new link between Nerul and Uran is under construction. The costliest real estate and most highly developed areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi and Nerul, while Kharghar and Panvel are experiencing major infrastructural developments due to their proximity to the proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport. Vashi is known as the king of Navi Mumbai while Nerul is called the queen of Navi Mumbai. Navi Mumbai has a population of 11,19,477 (1,119,477) according to the 2011 census of India.
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Navy Nagar
Navy Nagar is a cantonment area, established in 1796 and now shared by the Indian Navy and Indian Army in the Colaba area of Mumbai, India.
It is located at the extreme south of the city, connected to it through Colaba Causeway. Entry is restricted to the area. The area houses the residences of the navy and army staff. Within it are enclaved the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the institute which does research in basic sciences and the Indian Meteorological Department office of Colaba. The Vice Admiral of the Western Naval Command resides here.
Navy Nagar is maintained by the Navy but law and order is handled by the civilian police. The area is well maintained and has a large amount of greenery.
During the British rule, the area was known as Duxbury, and had an airstrip. It was also known to be unsafe. The Afghan Church was one of the earliest structures built there, and the spire was used by sailors to get their bearing. It is Asia's largest naval residential base.
Within its premises it has four schools:
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Nehru Science Centre
Nehru Science Centre (NSC), Mumbai, is India's largest interactive science center, located in Worli. The centre is named after India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1977, the centre started with the 'Light and Sight' exhibition, and then in 1979 a Science Park was built. On November 11, 1985 it was opened to the public by the late Rajiv Gandhi, at that time Prime Minister of India.
In 1977, Nehru Science Centre, first conceived as a Science & Technology Museum in late sixties, took final shape as India's largest interactive science centre, to match the world trends in such public institutions. The centre opened its first semi-permanent exhibition `Light & Sight' in 1977 followed by the world's first ever Science Park in 1979, during the International Year of the child. On November 11, 1985 the full-fledged science centre was finally opened to public by the late Shri Rajiv Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India. It is the largest science centre in the country, and has a sprawling 8 acres (32,000 m2) of science park with varieties of plants, trees and shrubs. More than 50 hands-on and interactive science exhibits on energy, sound, kinematics, mechanics, transport, etc. are installed in the park. The NSC building, with its unique architecture, houses several permanent science expositions on various theme
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Nerul
Nerul is an upmarket residential and commercial node of the city of Navi Mumbai in Maharashtra, India and is better known as the 'queen' of Navi Mumbai. It has 50 sectors. It is the biggest and the most populated residential node (by area) in the city of Navi Mumbai. Nerul along with Seawoods Darave makes it the second most developed zone of Navi Mumbai after Vashi. The estimated population of Nerul is around 10,00,000. There are 8 small villages in Nerul' namely , Shirawane , Seawoods , Karave , Darave , Kuckshet , Sarsole , Shivaji nagar , Vidya nagar ( D. Y. Patil college & stadium) . Nerul is one who has 2 railway station namely Nerul railway station and Seawoods railway station. Around 1 lakh people travel from Nerul railway station and around 50,000 peoples travel from Seawoods railway station. The biggest mall in Nerul is 'Havre Cenchurian Mall'.
Nerul is a developed node in the city of Navi Mumbai.
It is home to many educational institutes like
Nerul is also known for its hillock Brahmagiri that houses the Mata Amritanandamayi Math, Balaji Temple, Swaminarayan Temple and the Little Flower Church.
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New Delhi
New Delhii/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.
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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
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Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 45°13′N 62°42′W / 45.217°N 62.7°W / 45.217; -62.7 (Nova Scotia)
Nova Scotia (pronounced /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Longitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia's diversity.
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Ormus
The Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Ohrmuzd, Hormuz, and Ohrmazd; Portuguese Ormuz) was a 10th to 17th century kingdom located within the Persian Gulf and extending as far as the Strait of Hormuz. The Kingdom was established by Arab princes in the 10th century who in 1262 came under the suzerainty of Persia, before becoming a client state of the Portuguese Empire.
The kingdom received its name from the fortified port city which served as its capital. It was one of the most important ports in the Middle East at the time as it controlled seaway trading routes through the Persian Gulf to India and East Africa. This port was probably located on Hormuz Island[citation needed], which is located near the modern city of Bandar-e Abbas.
The name of the port, the island, and the kingdom is Iranian and ultimately derives from that of the Zoroastrian deity, Ahura Mazda, which becomes Ohrmazd in Pahlavi, Hirmiz in Manichaean Middle Persian, and Hormoz in New-Persian.
The Strait of Hormuz (Arabic: مضيق هرمز - Madīq Hurmuz, Persian: تنگه هرمز - Tangeh-ye Hormoz,) is a narrow, strategically important waterway between the Gulf of Oman in the southeast and the Persian Gulf in the southwest. On the north coast is Iran and on the south coast is the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman.
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Osaka
Osaka (大阪, Ōsaka?) listen (help·info) is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe. Located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, Osaka is the third largest city by population after Tokyo (special wards) and Yokohama.
Keihanshin is the second largest area in Japan by population and one of the largest metropolitan areas highly ranked in the world, with nearly 18 million people, and by GDP the second largest area in Japan and the seventh largest area in the world.
Historically the commercial centre of Japan, Osaka functions as one of the command centers for the Japanese economy. The ratio between daytime and night time population is 141%, the highest in Japan, highlighting its status as an economic center. Its nighttime population is 2.6 million, the third in the country, but in daytime the population surges to 3.7 million, second only after Tokyo (combining the Special wards of Tokyo, which is not a single incorporated city, for statistical purposes. See the Tokyo article for more information on the definition and makeup of Tokyo.) Osaka used to be referred to as the "nation's kitchen" (天下の台所, tenka no daidokoro?) in feudal Edo period because it was the centre of trading for rice, creating the first modern futures exchange market in the world.
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Ouadane
Ouadane or Wadan (Arabic: وادان) is a small town in the desert region of central Mauritania, situated on the southern edge of the Adrar Plateau, 93 km northeast of Chinguetti. The town was a staging post in the trans-Saharan trade and for caravans transporting slabs of salt from the mines at Idjil. A Portuguese trading post was established in 1487, but was probably soon abandoned. The town declined from the sixteenth century and most of the town now lies in ruins.
The old town, a World Heritage Site, though in ruins, is still substantially intact, while a small modern settlement lies outside its gate.
Ouadane is the closest town to the Richat Structure, a massive circular landmark visible from space.
The early history of the Ouadane is uncertain but it is possible that the town prospered from the trans-Saharan gold trade. In the middle of the 11th century, the Arabic geographer al-Bakri described a trans-Saharan route that ran between Tamdoult near Akka in Morocco to Aoudaghost on the southern edge of the Sahara. This route was used for the transport of gold during the time of the Ghana Empire. In his account al-Bakri mentioned a series of place names but these have not been identified and historians have suggested several possible routes. Raymond Mauny proposed a route that passed through Ouadane but Suzanne Daveau later argued in favour of a more direct route that crossed the Adrar escarpment to the east of the town. The volume of caravan traffic would have declined from the beginning of the 13th century when the oasis town of Oualata located 360 km to the east replaced Aoudaghost as the southern terminus of the trade route.
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Panaji
Panaji /ˈpʌnədʒiː/ (Konkani: पणजी Panaje, pronounced [pɔɳɟĩ], [pɵɳɟiː] ( listen), Marathi पणजी, usually known in English as Panjim) is the capital of the Indian state of Goa. It lies on the banks of the Mandovi estuary, in the district of North Goa. With a population of 65,000 in the city and approximately 100,000 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goa's third largest city after Vasco da Gama and Margao.
Panaji means “Land that never floods”. Panaji is the capital of Goa and headquarters of North Goa District, located on the left bank of the Mandovi River, piled up against terraced hills, a jumble of concrete buildings with whimsical balconies and red-tiled roofs, bleached clean churches and a riverside promenade, with red-roofed houses built in Latin style. It also has modern houses, well laid gardens, statues and avenues lined with gulmohar, acacia and other trees. The Baroque church of the Our Lady of Immaculate Conception located overlooking the main square known as Praça da Igreja, pretty villas, cobbled streets and interesting buildings give Panaji a Portuguese ambience.
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Panvel
Panvel (Marathi: पनवेल) is city and a municipal council in Raigad district in the state of Maharashtra. Panvel is also known as the gateway of Konkan region. It adjoins Navi Mumbai, and is just after the Thane district border. Panvel is located on the Yashwantrao Chavan Expressway about 21 kilometres from Mumbai.
Panvel is situated on the banks of the Gadhi river (later becomes Panvel Creek).
According to the 2011 census of India, Panvel has a population of 3,75,463. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Panvel has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 74%. In Panvel, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Panvel is by far the largest and most populated city in Raigad district. The city also happens to be the headquarters of Panvel taluka with more than 1000 villages under it. The development authority of Panvel is the Panvel Municipal Council (PMC) and that of New Panvel is CIDCO. The villages of Panvel come under the purview of Raigad Zilla Parishad.
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Parbhani
Parbhani (Marathi: परभणी parbhani, Urdu: ﭘﺮﺑﮭﻨﯽ IPA [pərbhNi] (help·info)) is a city in Parbhani district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Parbhani, formerly known as “Prabhavatinagar”, is a city in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra. It is the administrative headquarters of Parbhani District.
Parbhani is situated approximately at the centre of Maharashtra. The state capital, Mumbai lies to the west of Parbhani. The nearest major city is Aurangabad. Parbhani is well connected by road to other major cities also in Maharashtra and even in the neighbouring state of Andhra Pradesh. Parbhani is an important Railway junction on the Mumbai-Parbhani-Secunderabad and Parli-Parbhani-Bangalore lines.
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Parbhani District
Parbhani district (Marathi: परभणी जिल्हा) earlier also known as Prabhavatinagar, is one of the eight districts in the Marathawada region of Maharashtra State of India. The district had a population of 1,527,715 of which 31.76% were urban as of 2001. Parbhani city is the headquarters of this district.
From 1596 to 1724, most of the present territory of the district was divided between Pathri and Washim sarkars of Berar Subah of the Mughal empire. In 1724, after the battle of Sakharkheda, it went under the Nizam's rule. Following the re-organization of the states in 1956, Parbhani along with the other districts of Marathwada became part of Bombay State. On May 1, 1960 when Maharashtra state was formed, it became a part of it.
Parbhani district lies between 18.45 and 20.10 North Latitudes and 76.13 and 77.39 East Longitude. The district is bounded on the north by Hingoli and Buldhana district. On the east by Nanded and Hingoli district, on the South by Latur and on the West by Beed and Jalna districts.
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Parel
Parel or Lower Parel (Portuguese name: Parella) is central part of Mumbai. It is also lends its name to two railway stations (Parel and Lower Parel) on the Mumbai suburban railway. The Elphinstone Road railway station on the Western line of Mumbai Suburban Railway is also situated in this neighbourhood. It lies in the western part of Parel (Parel West, also known as Elphinstone due to its proximity to the Elphinstone Rd. railway station). Most of the mills in Mumbai used to be in this area till some years ago. Now, most of these mills have shut down.
Parel was one of the original seven islands that formed Mumbai. It belonged to the 13th century kingdom of Raja Bhimdev. The name has come from the Parali Vaijanath Mahadev temple, dedicated to Shiva.[citation needed]
When the Portuguese conquered Bombay, they gave the authority of this area to the Jesuit priests, who replaced the Parali Mahadev temple with a church and a convent (probably the present-day St. Pauls' Church and Convent). These buildings remained with the Jesuits until they were confiscated by the British, after the priests sided with the Sidis during their battle with the British in 1689 and spelt the area as Parell.[citation needed]
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Patna
Paṭnā /ˈpʌtnə/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar and the second most populous city in Eastern India. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world.Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Gupta, Pala and during the Islamic period the seat of power for the Suri dynasty.
Pataliputra was also a seat of learning and fine arts. Its population during the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) was about 400,000.
The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide.
In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna in second place in India, after Delhi, in terms of the ease of starting a business. As at 2004-2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at Rs31,441. On the basis of,assumed average annual growth,Patna has been ranked as 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India by City Mayors Foundation.Patna registered average annual growth of 3.72%,for the period of 2006-2010.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
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Ponnani
Ponnani (Malayalam: പൊന്നാനി, formerly Ponani, Paniyani) is a coastal municipality and an important fishing center in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 9.32 km2. It is a tidal port, mainly used by the fishing industry. It is situated at the mouth of Ponnani river, the second longest river of Kerala and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west.
Ponnani is often regarded one of the oldest ports in southern India and is sometimes roughly identified with the port Tyndis of the Roman accounts.[citation needed]
Ponnani taluk is the smallest taluk in Malappuram district.
Located in Malappuram District of Kerala state in India, Ponnani is a small town at the mouth of the Bharathapuzha. It is a port used primarily as a fishing harbour. Ponnani is a "town of mosques". Though described as the "place of 231/2 masjids", there are nearly 50 mosques. Ponnani has a population which is a blend of almost equal percentage of Hindus and Muslims and has set an example for tolerant and peaceful religious co-existence its history. Malik Ibnu Dinar, the legendary first Islamic missionary who came to Kerala, is believed to have visited Ponnani.
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Port Blair
Port Blair (Hindi: पोर्ट ब्लेयर pronunciation (help·info), Tamil: போர்ட் ப்ளேர், Bengali: পোর্ট ব্লেয়ার, ) is the largest town and a municipal council in Andaman district in the Andaman Islands and the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India. It lies on the east coast of South Andaman Island and is the main entry point to the islands.
Port Blair is the headquarters for the Indian district of South Andaman, and the local administrative sub-division (tehsil), which is also called Port Blair. It is home to several museums and a major base for the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard. It is also the headquarters of the Tri Services Command.
In 1789 the government of Bengal established a penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman, named Port Blair to honor Lieutenant Archibald Blair of the British East India Company. After two years, the colony moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral William Cornwallis. However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony, and the government ceased operating it in May 1796.
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Portas do Cerco
Portas do Cerco is an area on the Macau Peninsula (built in 1849) [1], in the former Portuguese colony of Macau, now a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, near the border checkpoint with the rest of the People's Republic of China (PRC) at Gongbei, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. The new Posto Fronteiriço das Portas do Cerco (border gate border building) was opened on January 15, 2004.
Transmac
TCM
Coordinates: 22°12′53″N 113°32′56″E / 22.2147°N 113.5488°E / 22.2147; 113.5488
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was the first global empire in history. In addition, it was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
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Portuguese Guinea
Portuguese Guinea (also Guinea or the Overseas Province of Guinea) was the name for what is today Guinea-Bissau from 1446 to September 10, 1974.
Though the Kingdom of Portugal had claimed the area four years earlier, Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão sailed around the coast of West Africa, reaching the Guinea area in about 1450, searching for the source of gold and other valuable commodities that had slowly been trickling up into Europe via land routes for the preceding half century. Sometime later, slaves were also added to the list. Portuguese Guinea had been part of the Sahel Empire, and the local Landurna and Naula tribes traded in salt and grew rice. Like in many other regions across Africa, powerful indigenous kingdoms along the Bight of Benin relied heavily on a long established slave trade. The Ashanti exploited their military predominance to bring slaves to coastal forts established first by Portugal after 1480, and then soon afterwards by the Dutch, Danish, and English. The slaving network quickly expanded deep into the Sahel, where the Mossi diverted an ancient slaving trade away from the Mediterranean towards the Gold Coast. With the help of local tribes in about 1600, the Portuguese, and numerous other European powers, including France, Britain and Sweden, set up a thriving slave trade along the West African coast. However, the local black African rulers in Guinea, who prospered greatly from the slave trade, had no interest in allowing the white Europeans any further inland than the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. The Portuguese presence in Guinea was therefore largely limited to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. For a brief period in the 1790s the British attempt to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also in part of present southern Senegal.
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Portuguese India
The Portuguese Viceroyalty of India (Portuguese: Vice-Reino da Índia Portuguesa), later the Portuguese State of India (Portuguese: Estado Português da Índia), was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India.
The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Cochin. Until 1752, the "State of India" included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia, governed by either a Viceroy or a Governor from headquarters established in Goa since 1510. In 1752 Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, being then confined to Malabar.
At the time of British India's independence in 1947, Portuguese India included a number of enclaves on India's western coast, including Goa proper, as well as the coastal enclaves of Daman (Port: Damão) and Diu, and the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which lie inland from Daman. The territories of Portuguese India were sometimes referred to collectively as Goa. Portugal lost the last two enclaves in 1954, and finally the remaining three in December 1961, when they were taken back by India after military action (although Portugal only recognized Indian control in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime).
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Portuguese Malacca
Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that, for 130 years (1511–1641), was a Portuguese colony.
According to the Portuguese historian Emanuel Godinho de Erédia in the middle of the 16th century, the site of the old city of Malacca was named after the Myrobalans, fruit-bearing trees along the banks of a river called Airlele (Ayer Leleh). The Airlele river was said to originate from Buquet China (present-day Bukit Cina). Eredia cited that the city was founded by Permicuri (i.e. Parameswara) the first King of Malacca in 1411.
The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of Manuel I, King of Portugal and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as Portugal's representative east of India. The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well-received by Sultan Mahmud Shah trouble however quickly ensued. The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa. The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.
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Portuguese Timor
Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control. During this period, Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Netherlands East Indies, and later with Indonesia.
The first Europeans to arrive in the region were Portuguese in 1515.[citation needed]Dominican friars established a presence on the island in 1556, and the territory was declared a Portuguese colony in 1702. Following a Lisbon-instigated decolonisation process in 1974, Indonesia invaded the territory in 1975 ending Portuguese rule. The invasion was never accepted by other countries so Portuguese Timor existed officially until independence of Timor-Leste in 2002.
Prior to the arrival of European colonial powers, the island of Timor was part of the trading networks that stretched between India and China and incorporating Maritime Southeast Asia. The island's large stands of fragrant sandalwood were its main commodity. The first European powers to arrive in the area were the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century followed by the Dutch in the late sixteenth century. Both came in search of the fabled Spice Islands of Maluku. Portuguese first landed near modern Pante Macassar,[citation needed] and in 1556 a group of Dominican friars established the village of Lifau.
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Powai
Powai is a suburban neighborhood located in the north-east of Mumbai, India. It is situated on the banks of Powai Lake, and is bounded by the hills of Vikhroli Parksite to the south-east, Chandivali to the south-west, the L.B.S. Marg (old Mumbai-Agra road) to the north-east and the Sanjay Gandhi National Park to the north beyond the lake. The Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road, one of the city's busiest thoroughfares linking the western and eastern suburbs, passes through Powai, and the place also hosts thousands of devotees every year during the Ganesh Chaturthi festival for the visarjan processions. Powai is served by Mumbai's only airport, located 5 km away; and by the Vikhroli and Kanjur Marg railway stations on the Central line.
Originally a central village, Powai has grown prolifically and exponentially in recent years to become one of Mumbai's most upmarket commercial and residential hubs. The Hiranandani Gardens, an integrated residential township, is one among the many residential complexes located here along with a number of luxury hotels, mega stores and the offices of several commercial institutions, such as CRISIL, Deloitte, Bayer among others.Larsen and Toubro, one of India's oldest multinational conglomerates, has a manufacturing plant at Powai. The Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, established in 1958 and currently the second oldest campus of the Indian Institutes of Technology as well as the National Institute of Industrial Engineering, established in 1963 are both located here, as is a campus of the Bombay Scottish School, Mumbai. Powai is also home to residential complexes of the Income Tax department, Customs and NTPC, as well as those of ex-servicemen.
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Pulicat
Pulicat (Pazhaverkadu) is a historic seashore town in Thiruvallur District, of Tamil Nadu state, South India. It is about 60 km north of Chennai and 3 km from Elavur, on the barrier island of Sriharikota, which separates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal. Pulicat lake is a shallow salt water lagoon which stretches about 60 kilometers (37 mi) km along the coast. With lakeside and seashore development as well as several SEZs including a US $1 billion Medical SEZ, coming up in nearby Elavur, the land prices in the area are in the upswing.
The Portuguese established a trading post in Pulicat in 1502 with the help of the Vijayanagar rulers. They built a fort there and held this fort until 1609 when they were defeated by the Dutch. The Dutch occupied Pulicat fort in 1609. Pulicat was till 1690 the capital of Dutch Coromandel. It repeatedly changed possession, until finally occupied by the British in 1825. It became part of the Madras Presidency, which later became Madras state in independent India and renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. The Dutch church has been built over several times and is rather dilapidated today, and the Dutch fort has fallen into ruin. The old lighthouse still stands at the opposite bank of the lake. The cemetery dating to 1622 has been taken under the wing of the Archeological Survey of India and so has survived the passage of time. The grand, Dutch inscribed tombs and graves, carved with skeletons rather than the cross, have been quite well preserved. The cemetery lies behind the market and visitors often don't know that it is there. Many thousands of visitors per year come to the area which is renowned for its history and natural beauty.
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Pune
Pune, formerly Poona (pronounced [puɳeː] ( listen)), is the eighth largest metropolis in India, the second largest in the state of Maharashtra after Mumbai, and the largest city in the Western Ghats. Once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire, it is situated 560 metres above sea level on the Deccan plateau at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. Pune city is the administrative capital of Pune district.
Pune is known to have existed as a town since 937 AD. Pune was originally called Punawadi. In 1730, Pune became an important political center as the seat of the Peshwa, the prime minister of the Chhatrapati of Satara; it was during this era that Pune became the centre of Indian politics. After the town was annexed to British India in 1817, it served as a cantonment town and as the "monsoon capital" of the Bombay Presidency until the independence of India.
Today, Pune is known for its educational facilities and relative prosperity. Pune is the cultural capital of Maharashtra. Pune has well-established manufacturing, glass, sugar, and forging industries since the 1950-60s. It has a growing industrial hinterland, with many information technology and automotive companies setting up factories in Pune district. The city is known for various cultural activities like classical music, spirituality, theatre, sports, and literature. These activities and job opportunities attract migrants and students from all over India and abroad, which makes for a city of many communities and cultures.
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Pune District
Pune District is situated in Maharashtra state of India. Pune city is the district headquarters. In the last census on 2001, the total population of the district was 7,232,555, making it the fourth most populous district in India (out of 640). Urban population comprises 58.08% of the total population. The current population of Pune urban agglomerate is over 4 million.
Malik Ahmad : establishment of Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar (1490).
With the establishment of the Nizamshahi rule with Ahmednagar as its headquarters, practically the whole of the Poona territory, perhaps with the exception of Indapur, which still continued to be under at least the nominal suzerainty of Yusuf Adil Khan of Bijapur, came under the unified control of the Nizamshahi. The territory was formed into a separate district or sarkar, with sub-divisions called paragana and smaller ranges called prant or desh. From such records as are available it appears that the revenue collection was mostly farmed amongst the important chieftains who were henchmen of the Nizamshahi. There was indeed an officer of the Nizamshahi who was charged with the responsibility of supervising and administering the functions of police and criminal justice, civil suits, as a rule, seem to have been referred to local panchayats.
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Qalhat
The ancient city of Qalhat, or Galhat, is located just over 20 km north of Sur, in the Ash Sharqiyah Region of northeastern Oman.
Very little remains of the ancient city of Qalhat, save for the now dome-less mausoleum of Bibi Maryam. The city served as an important stop in the wider Indian Ocean trade network, and was also the second city of the Kingdom of Ormus. Covering more than 60 acres (240,000 m2), the ancient city was surrounded by fortified walls that contained houses and shops. Artifacts from as far away as Persia and China were found on-site.
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 4, 1988 in the Cultural category.
The Oman LNG LLC S.A.O.C. owned Qalhat LNG Terminal is situated at the Port of Qalhat .
The Ancient City of Galhat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Coordinates: 22°42′N 59°22′E / 22.7°N 59.367°E / 22.7; 59.367
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Qatif
Qatif or Al-Qatif (Arabic: القطيف Al-Qaṭīf) is a governorate and urban area located in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south, and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. This region has its own municipality and includes the Qatif downtown and many other smaller cities and towns.
Qatif is one of the oldest settlements in the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, its history going back to 3500 BC. Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishers. However, in recent years,[when?] after the discovery of oil and establishment of Jubail Industrial City, most of Qatifi's people are working in oil, industry, public services, education and health care sectors.
The historic oasis area shows its first archeological evidence of settlement beginning about 3500 BC. It was known by other names, such as Al-Khatt (Arabic: الخَطّ), immortalized in the poetry of `Antara ibn Shaddad, Tarafa ibn Al-`Abd, Bashar ibn Burd (in his famous Ba'yya), and others. The word "Khatty" became the preferred "kenning" for "spear" in traditional poetic writing until the dawn of the modern era, supposedly because the region was famous for spear making, just as "muhannad" ("of India") was the preferred kenning for "sword". The older name also survives as the eponym of several well-known local families ("Al-Khatti", spelled variously in English).[citation needed]
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Qeshm
Coordinates: 26°41′43″N 55°37′06″E / 26.69528°N 55.61833°E / 26.69528; 55.61833
Qeshm (Persian: قشم - pronounced kē´shm) is an Iranian island situated in the Strait of Hormuz, and separated from the mainland by the Clarence Strait/Khuran in the Persian Gulf (26°50′N 56°0′E / 26.833°N 56°E / 26.833; 56).
Qeshm Island is located a few kilometers off the southern coast of Iran (Persian Gulf), opposite the port cities of Bandar Abbas and Bandar Khamir. The island, which hosts a 300 square kilometer free zone jurisdiction, is 135 km long, and lies strategically in the Strait of Hormuz, just 60 kilometers from the Omani port of Khasab, and about 180 kilometers from the UAE Port Rashid. The island, at its widest point, located near the center of the island, spans 40 kilometers. Similarly, at it narrowest point, the island spans 9.4 kilometers. The island has a surface area of 1491 square kilometers and is 2.5 times the size of Bahrain. Qeshm city, located at the easternmost point of the island, is 22 kilometers from Bandar Abbas while the closest point of the island is but two kilometers from the mainland.
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Raigad district
Raigad District (Marathi: रायगड जिल्हा), is a district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located in the Konkan region. The district was renamed after Raigad, the fort which was the former capital of the Maratha leader Shivaji, and is located in the interior regions of the district, in dense forests of the district, on a west-facing spur of the Western Ghats of Sahyadri range. The district had a population of 2,207,929 of which 24.22% were urban as of 2001.
The district is bounded by Mumbai Harbour to the northwest, Thane District to the north, Pune District to the east, Ratnagiri district to the south, and the Arabian Sea to the west. It includes the large natural harbor of Pen-Mandwa, which is immediately south of Mumbai harbour, and forming a single landform with it. The northern part of the district is included in the planned metropolis of Navi Mumbai, and its port, the Jawaharlal Nehru Port.
The district includes towns/cities of Roha, Panvel, Pen, Khopoli, Kharghar, Taloja, Khalapur, Uran, Patalganga, Rasayani, Nagothana, Poladpur, Alibag, Karjat and Mahad. The biggest city both in area and population is Panvel. The district also includes the isle of Gharapuri or Elephanta, located in Uran tehasil which has ancient Hindu and Buddhist caves.
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Rajabai Clock Tower
The Rajabai Clock Tower is a clock tower in South Mumbai, India. It is located in the confines of the Fort campus of the University of Mumbai. The tower stands at a height of 85 m (280 ft).
The Rajabai tower was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, an English architect. He modeled on Big Ben, the clock tower of the UK houses of Parliament in London.
The foundation stone was laid on March 1, 1869 and construction was completed in November 1878. The total cost of construction came to Rs. 2 lakhs (Rs. 200,000), a princely sum in those days. This entire cost was defrayed by Premchand Roychand, a prosperous broker who founded the Bombay Stock Exchange on the condition that the tower be named after his mother Rajabai.
Premchand Roychand's mother was blind and as a staunch follower of Jain religion she was supposed to consume her dinner before evening. The evening bell of the tower helped her to know the time without anyone's help.
The tower was closed to the public after it became a frequent spot for those attempting to commit suicide.
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Rajkot
Rajkot (Gujarati: રાજકોટ Rājkot) is the fourth largest city in the state of Gujarat, India, after Ahmedabad, Surat and Vadodara. Rajkot is the 23rd urban agglomeration in India, with a population more than 1.6 million as on 2012. Rajkot is ranked 22nd in The world's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020.
Rajkot is a city of Gujarat state in India and administrative headquarters of the Rajkot District, 245 km from the state capital Gandhinagar, located on the banks of the Aji River and Nyari River. Rajkot was the capital of the then Saurashtra state from 15 April 1948 to 31 October 1956 before merging in bilingual Bombay State on 1 November 1956. Rajkot was merged into Gujarat State from bilingual Bombay state on May 1, 1960.
Rajkot has been under many different rulers since it was founded. Rajkot has a long history and played a significant part in Indian independence movement. Rajkot was one of the main trade centre's in Saurashtra.
Rajkot was founded by the then ruler of Sardhar 1607 A.D. on the west bank of Aji River, in the middle of Saurashtra. Vibhaji Ajoji was the grandson of Jam Sataji of Nawanagar, the present day Jamnagar. Rajkot was named in honor of its co-founder.
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Ranchi
Ranchi /ˈrɑːntʃi/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of the mineral resources of India. Earlier most of the part in Jharkhand was covered by forest but now due to urbanization trees are cut and forest cover is depleting fast. Since 2011 census Ranchi now is one of the 53 million-plus cities of India and stands as the 46th largest city out of top 53.[citation needed]. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Orissa, Western West Bengal and the present eastern Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand State was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
The name Ranchi comes from the original Oraon village Archi at the site. Archi derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave. According to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave or archi. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished; Archi became Rachi, and Rachi became Ranchi.. One historically significant neighborhood is Doranda ('duran' 'दुरङ' means song and 'daah' 'दअः' means water in the Mundari language), between the Hinoo (Bhusur) & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny. The present Purani (old) Ranchi marks the site of the old village of Archi.
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Regal Cinema
The Regal Cinema is an Art deco Movie theater located at Colaba Causeway, in Mumbai, India. Built by Framji Sidhwa, the first film to be aired at the Regal was the Laurel and Hardy work The Devil's Brother in 1933.
The Regal Cinema was built during the cinema boom of the 1930s during which Plaza Central, New Empire, Broadway, Eros and Metro all opened in Mumbai. Opened in 1933, Regal was designed by Charles Stevens, the son of the famous 19th century architect, F. W. Stevens. Its interiors with extensive mirror-work were designed by the Czech artist Karl Schara. The main auditorium had a motif of sunrays in pale orange and jade green. Its interiors were designed to create an impression of airiness, coolness and size in harmony with the modern simplicity of the exteriors. The Regal was built completely in reinforced concrete cement (RCC), fully air conditioned, and had an underground parking lot for patrons. The elevator up from the parking area was a major innovation at the time.
The cinema was the third venue to host the Filmfare Awards night. Today, it is a multi-use building combining a cinema with shops at street level.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ deɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/ or /ˈriːoʊ deɪ dʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu],River of January), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th largest in the Americas, and 26th in the world.
The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation. Rio is nicknamed the Cidade Maravilhosa or "Marvelous City."
Rio de Janeiro represents the second largest GDP in the country (and 30th largest in the world in 2008), estimated at about R$ 343 billion (IBGE/2008) (nearly US$ 201 billion), and is the headquarters of two major Brazilian companies – Petrobras and Vale, and major oil companies and telephony in Brazil, besides the largest conglomerate of media and communications companies in Latin America, the Globo Organizations. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific production – according to 2005 data.
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Ruhr
The Ruhr (German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott, Kohlenpott, Pott or Revier), is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 7100/km² and a population of some 7.3 million, it is the largest urban agglomeration in Germany. It consists of several large, formerly industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north. In the Southwest it borders to the Bergisches Land. It is considered part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region of more than 12 million people.
Since the Ruhr is polycentric, coordinates shown are general in nature and so can be used to focus on the entire region of the Ruhr: 51°30′N 7°30′E / 51.5°N 7.5°E / 51.5; 7.5.
From west to east, the region includes the cities of Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hagen, Dortmund, and Hamm, as well as parts of the more "rural" districts Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis. Historically, the western Ruhr towns, such as Duisburg and Essen, belonged to the historic region of the Rhineland, whereas the eastern part of the Ruhr, including Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Dortmund and Hamm, were part of the region of Westphalia. Since the 19th century, these districts have grown together into a large complex with a vast industrial landscape, inhabited by some 7.3 million people (when including Düsseldorf and Wuppertal). It is the fifth largest urban area in Europe after Istanbul, Moscow, London and Paris.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saint Helena
Saint Helena ( /ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə), named after Saint Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census).
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. It is one of the most isolated islands in the world. For centuries, it was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. The British also used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon I, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and more than 5,000 Boer prisoners. Saint Helena is Britain's second oldest remaining colony (now termed overseas territory), after Bermuda.
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of the Portuguese Crown, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to its south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes).
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
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Salsette Island
Salsette Island is an island in Maharashtra state on India's west coast. The metropolis of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), the city of Thane and Mira-Bhayandar lie on this island, making it a very populous island and one of the most densely populated island in the world. It has about 15.1 million inhabitants living on an area of about 619 km².
Salsette is bounded on the north by Vasai Creek, on the northeast by the Ulhas River, on the east by Thane Creek and Bombay Harbour, and on the south and west by the Arabian Sea. The original seven islands of Bombay, which were merged by land reclamation during the 19th and early 20th centuries to form the city of Mumbai is now practically a southward protruding peninsula of the much larger Salsette Island. The island of Trombay that lay to the southeast of Salsette is today part of Salsette as much of the intervening swamps have been reclaimed. The island contains Borivali National Park, also known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The city of Thane lies at the island's north-eastern corner, on Thane Creek. Politically, the Mumbai City district covers the peninsula south of Mahim and Sion while most of the original island constitutes the Mumbai Suburban District. The northern portion of the island lies within Thane District, which extends across Vasai and Thane creeks onto the mainland.
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Sangli
Sangli pronunciation (help·info) is a city in the state of Maharashtra of India. Sangli is known as the Turmeric city[citation needed][disputed – discuss] for its vast production of Turmeric. Sangli is situated on the banks of river Krishna and is the largest market place for Turmeric in Asia and houses many sugar factories, which it is also noted for. The Ganesh Temple of Sangli is a historical landmark of the city and is visited by thousands of pilgrims. Sangli is also noted for 'Bhadang' (dish made up of puffed rice).Sangli also famous for 'Bhel'. Bhel is a dish made by mixing puffed rice, onion, tamarind paste, tomato, etc.
Sangli is also one of the largest grape growing regions in Maharashtra. Government has established Krishna Valley Wine Park 30 km away from Sangli to promote wine industry. Recently, Sangli has come up as a major wind power generation locations in India.[citation needed]Suzlon has set up large wind farms around Sangli city with a capacity to generate over 900 MW of power.
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Sangli District
Sangli district is a district of Maharashtra state in west-central India. Sangli city is the district headquarters. The district is 24.51% urban. Sangli and Miraj are the largest cities. The industrial town of Kirloskarwadi is also located in the Sangli District. Industrialist Laxmanrao Kirloskar started his first factory here.
Kundal, the region around Sangli, was the capital of the Chalukyas. Kundal was an ancient village, around 1,600 years old. Kaundanyapur (its old name) was a part of Karnataka.Pulakesi I chose Vatapi (Badami in Karnataka) as his capital. Kundal was home to freedom fighters like Krantisigha Nana Patil, Shamrao Lad, Captain Ramchandra Lad, G.D. Lad, Shankar Jangam, and Housabai Jangam.
Sangli District is located in the western part of Maharashtra. It is bounded by Satara and Solapur districts to the north, Bijapur District, Karnataka to the east, Kolhapur and belgaum, Karnataka districts to the south, and Ratnagiri District to the west.
Sangli district is situated in the river basins of the Warna and Krishna rivers. Other small rivers, such as the Warana and the Panchganga, flow into the River Krishna. Land in the region is suitable for agriculture.
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Sanpada
Sanpada is a residential node that has been developed by CIDCO since the late 1980s. It has expanded considerably with new building projects springing up every other day. In fact Sanpada is becoming the next ideal residential hub with malls and major amnesties establishing in close vicinity to Vashi.
Sanpada is a node in the Navi Mumbai city. Sanpada developed at a speedy rate. Sanpada is an upmarket residential as well as residential township in the city of Navi Mumbai.
In recent years, real estate prices in Sanpada (as with the rest of Navi Mumbai) have risen, due in part to the creation of new businesses, and due to more businesses moving or expanding into Sanpada Vashi from Mumbai. Sanpada reputation for being organized and self-sufficient, large but not too crowded like "the big city", has led to the continued growth of its resident and commuter population.
Now the housing market is strong, having created a real estate boom, and property values are rising. The population is growing.
Sanpada is a landlocked area. There is a highway on one side and railway lines on the other two sides.
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Santiago
Santiago (Spanish: Santiago de Chile (help·info)), also Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile, and the center of its largest conurbation (Greater Santiago). It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of 520 m (1,706.04 ft) above mean sea level. Although Santiago is the capital, the National Congress of Chile meets in the coastal town of Valparaíso, 120 km to the west.
Chile's steady economic growth has transformed Santiago into Latin America's most modern metropolitan area, with extensive suburban development, dozens of shopping centers, and impressive high-rise architecture. It has a very modern transport infrastructure, including the steadily growing underground Santiago Metro, an effort at modernizing public bus transport and a free flow toll-based ring road and inner city highway system, part of which is tunneled underneath a large section of the city's main river Mapocho connecting the Eastern and Western end of the city in a 25-minute drive. Santiago is the regional headquarters to many multinationals and a financial center.
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Satara District
Satara District is a district of Maharashtra state in western India with an area of 10,480 km² and a population of 2,808,994 of which 14.17% were urban (as of 2001[update]).Satara is the capital of the district and other major towns include Wai, Karad, Koregaon, Koyananagar, Rahimatpur, Phaltan, Mahabaleshwar and Panchgani. This district comes under Pune Administrative Division along with Pune, Sangli, Solapur and Kolhapur Districts. The district of Pune bounds it to the north, Raigad bounds it to the North-West, Solapur the east, Sangli to the south, and Ratnagiri to the west.
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Seoul
Seoul (Korean pronunciation: [sʌ.ul] ( listen), English /soʊl/), officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world. The Seoul National Capital Area is the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25 million inhabitants, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Almost a quarter of South Koreans live in Seoul, half of South Koreans live in the metropolitan area, along with over 275,000 international residents.
Located in the Han River, Seoul has been a major settlement for over 2,000 years, with its foundation dating back to 18 B.C. when Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, established its capital in what is now south-east Seoul. It continued as the capital of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire. The Seoul National Capital Area is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeokgung, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty.
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Sewri
Sewri is a neighbourhood of South Mumbai, in Maharashtra, India. It is also the name of a railway station on the Central Railway Harbour Line.
Sewri (pronounced as Shivdi) was a small hamlet on the eastern shore of the Parel island, one of the original seven islands that formed Mumbai. Sewri has a fort that dates back to 1770. The Agri-Horticultural Society had established gardens at Sewri, which were acquired in 1865 by Arthur Crawford, then the Municipal Commissioner of Bombay, for building a European cemetery. Large parts of Sewri belong to the Bombay Port Trust and were incorporated into the harbour facilities. In 1996, the mangrove swamps of Sewri were declared a protected ecology. Lesser Flamingoes from other parts of India come to these mangroves to breed. They arrive at the mudflats from the months of October to March every year. These mudflats are near the Sewri jetty which is a 20 minute walk from the railway station.
The famous Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road (RAK marg) which consist of four adjacent roads initiates at Sewri. The road which ends at Maheshwari Udyan (Matunga) near King's Circle station starts from the Sewri Station. Fatima High School can be found at the beginning of the RAK road. The largest Christian cemetery in Mumbai, the Sewri Christian Cemetery, is located here.
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Shahad
Shahad is a town in Thane district in Maharashtra state in India. It is located 60 km from Mumbai.
The term "Shahad" is derived from Urdu word "Shah Had" "Shah" related to Mughals and "Had" means Border, it means Border of Shah's. Kalyan was developed under Mughal empire. In Kalyan you can find mosoleum of many caretakers of Kalyan deployed by Mughals. Once "Shahad" comprised a large area which included "Mothe Shahad" (Birla college & Milind nagar) "Shahad Gaothan Koliwada" (Birla Madir) "Dhakate shahad" "Shahad" is home to communities of fishing colonies which are known as "Shahad Koliwada" Shahad East is actually Ulhasnagar No. 1 and shahad west is part of Kalyan. NH222 Mumbai-Nanded-Adlilabad flies over shahad railway station.
Shahad is home to large industrial complexes, such as the one owned by Century Rayon which was built by the Birla family. This area typically classified as a "developing area." Shahad is located close to Mohone, Ulhasnagar, Murbad, Titwala. Waldhuni River flows through shahad. There is a large market of "marble" in shahad west area.
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shenzhen
Shenzhen (Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂə́ntʂə̂n]) is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones (SEZs). It currently also holds sub-provincial administrative status, with powers slightly less than a province.
Shenzhen's modern cityscape is the result of the vibrant economy made possible by rapid foreign investment since the institution of the policy of "reform and opening" establishment of the SEZ in the late 1979, before which it was only a small village. Both Chinese and foreign nationals have invested enormous amount of money in the Shenzhen SEZ. More than US$30 billion in foreign investment has gone into both foreign-owned and joint ventures, at first mainly in manufacturing but more recently in the service industries as well. Shenzhen is now reputedly considered as one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
Being southern mainland China's major financial centre, Shenzhen is home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous high-tech companies. Shenzhen is also the third-busiest container port in China, after Shanghai and Hong Kong.
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Shillong
Shillong, India (Khasi: Shillong) is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smallest states in India and home to the Khasis. It is also the headquarters of the East Khasi Hills district and is situated at an average altitude of 4,908 feet (1,496 m) above sea level, with the highest point being Shillong Peak at 6,449 feet (1,966 m). The city had a population of 314,610 according to the 2011 census. It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the European settlers of Scotland. Hence, Shillong is also known as "Scotland of the East." Shillong has steadily grown in size and significance since it was made the civil station of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in 1864 by the British. In 1874, on the formation of Assam as a Chief Commissioner's Province, it was chosen as the headquarters of the new administration because of its convenient location between the Brahmaputra and Surma valleys and more so because the climate of Shillong was much cooler than tropical India. Shillong remained the capital of undivided Assam until the creation of the new state of Meghalaya on 21 January 1972, when Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya and Assam moved its capital to Dispur in Guwahati.
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Shimla
Shimla /ˈʃɪmlə/ (Hindi: शिमला [ˈʃɪmlaː] ( listen)), formerly known as Simla, is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,205 metres (7,234 ft), the city of Shimla, draped in forests of pine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in 'Tudorbethan' and neo-Gothic architecture dating from the colonial era. Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes still operating in India, the Kalka-Shimla Railway. Shimla is approximately 145 km (90 mi) from Mandi, 100 km (62 mi) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km (227 mi) from New Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.
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Shivaji Park
Shivaji Park (Marathi: शिवाजी पार्क) is the largest park in Mumbai. It is situated in the Dadar area of Mumbai. Like the Azad Maidan and August Kranti Maidan (formerly Gowalia Tank Grounds), it is of historical and cultural value because of the political and social gatherings it has witnessed, both in pre- and post-independence Mumbai.
The ground is flanked around its edge by a katta, which is a popular hangout for young and old Mumbaikars alike. On a typical weekend evening it is difficult to get a place to sit on the katta.
The walkway around the perimeter is crowded with people taking walks. The inner circumference of the park is 1.17 kilometres (0.73 mi).
112,937 square metres (27.907 acres) in area, the ground is busy with young cricket players. Various attractions are spread over the grounds, including the Samarth Vyayam Mandir (gymnasium), Shivaji Park Nagarik Sangh (established in 1947), Shivaji Park Gymkhana (club), Children's Park, Nana-Nani Park (Grandpa and Grandma park), Scout's Pavilion (which is a popular venue for marriages), Udhyan Ganesh Mandir (Ganesh temple), The Bengal Club with a small Kali shrine and a library. The walkway is lined with huge rain trees.
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Shreepati Arcade
Shreepati Arcade (Marathi:श्रीपती आरकॅड )is one of India's tallest buildings and it was completed in 2002. It is located at Nana Chowk, Mumbai, just off Grant Road bridge in the heart of the city of Mumbai.
The building is 153 meters (500 ft) tall and contains 45 floors. There are six Swiss Schindler's lifts, high speed elevators of up to 4 metres per second, which take only 35 seconds to go from Ground to 45th Flr. The Fire fighting safety systems within the building are totally automated. It has a sprinkler system, the main and kitchen doors are two hour fire rated and current flows through insulated wires in a 'bus bar' system. The structure is earthquake resistant.
The club house of the Shreepati Arcade is equipped with a swimming pool, gymnasium, steam, sauna & jacuzzi. This building has a residence restriction that all residents must be vegetarian. This kind of practice is not considered unusual in India.
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Silvassa
Silvassa (Marathi: सिल्वासा (help·info), Gujarati: સેલ્વાસ) is the capital of the Indian Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
The city has a large number of factories and industries providing significant government revenue, which allows the city to maintain a low level of taxation.
Silvassa is located at 20°16′N 73°01′E / 20.27°N 73.02°E / 20.27; 73.02. It has an average elevation of 32 metres (104 ft).
As of 2001 India census, Silvassa had a population of 21,890. Males constitute 57% of the population and females 43%. Silvassa has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 68%. In Silvassa, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Marathi and Gujarati are the main languages spoken.
Silvassa is also considered to be the home of Warli culture. Warli is the language spoken by the Warli people which is basically a mixture of Marathi and Gujarati languages with a local twist.
The Bollywood movie Phool aur Kante was shot in Silvassa.
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Sindhudurg District
Sindhudurg (Marathi: सिंधुदुर्ग जिल्हा) is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in India, which was carved out of the erstwhile Ratnagiri District. The district headquarters are located at Oros (ओरस). The district occupies an area of 5207 km² and has a population of 868,825 of which 9.47% were urban (as of 2001). [1]
As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Maharashtra (out of 39).
The district is named after the fort of Sindhudurg (which means "fort in the sea"), which lies on a rocky island just off the coast of Malvan (मालवण).
Sindhudurg district was established in 1981.
Sindhudurg is bordered on the north by Ratnagiri District, on the south by the state of Goa, on the west by the Arabian Sea, and to the east across the crest of the Western Ghats or Sahyadris is Kolhapur District. Sindhudurg is part of Konkan (coastal) region, a narrow coastal plain in western Maharashtra which lies between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
Sindhudurg has a semi-tropical climate and remains warm and humid in most of the year. It has three clear seasons : Rainy (June - October), winter (November-mid February) and Summer (mid February–May). Temperatures vary between Max. 32°C and monsoon winds bring heavy rains (average rainfall 3240.10 mm).
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Sohar
Sohar (Arabic: صحار) is the most developed city in Sultanate of Oman outside the capital Muscat. It is about 200 kilometers north of Muscat. Sohar was an ancient capital of Oman and many believe it to be the birthplace of Sinbad the Sailor . Having a rich sailing history, Sohar was traditionally a fishing town, but is more recently known as Oman's industrial hub due to the massive developments in the Sohar Industrial Port.
Sohar is the fifth most populated city in Oman with a population of 140,006 according to the results of the 2010 census.
As the largest town in the region, Sohar has been supposed to be identical with the Omana mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, which settlement seems to have given Oman its name.
Sohar is currently experiencing significant investment and economic shifts making it the focus of attention of many local and international investors and businessmen. This change is due to a series of investment projects and economic giant in Sohar industrial area where Port of Sohar is located. Established in 2002, the port has a strategic importance due to its nearness to the Strait of Hormuz. It is operated by Sohar Industrial Port Company (SIPC)and it is considered a world class port. With current investments exceeding $12 billion, it is one of the world’s largest port development projects.
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Solapur
Solapur pronunciation (help·info) is a city in South Western Maharashtra, India governed by municipal corporation.
Solapur is one of the four districts that form the region of Western Maharashtra (the other three districts are Satara, Kolhapur and Sangli).Solapur is one of the cities in Maharashtra, situated near the borders with Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh It is the fourth largest district in Maharashtra in terms of land area and seventh largest in terms of population. It is an important junction on the Central railway line. Solapur is a city with an array of small and medium scale industries.
Solapur is famous for textile industries, Solapur chadars and towels are famous around the globe.The famous factory outlets/shop are pulagam textile, tanabana, chatala, boddul textile, venugopal textile, etc. It has been a leading center for cotton mills and power looms, though recent times have seen these industries relocate elsewhere.
The chief deity of the city is Shri Siddeshwar. The "Nandidhwaj" procession on Makar Sankranti fair is attended by millions of devotees. An annual fair is held in the month of January wherein huge crowd comes from various parts of country, which is called as Gadda Fair in vernacular language.
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Souira Guedima
Souira Guedima, formerly known as Aguz, is a Moroccan town 36 km south of Safi, at the mouth of the Tensift River on the Atlantic seacoast. Guedima may also be spelt Kadima, Kdima, Qadima (best English transliteration), or Qdima. Aguz may also be spelt Agouz, Gouz or Couz.
The town was an important port in the 11th century, serving the city of Aghmat which was inland 3 days journey to the east.
Between 1506 and 1525 the stronghold of Aguz was an enclave under Portuguese colonial rule, as were various other Moroccan towns, such as Safim (Safi) (1488–1541) .
It was governed by the following Portuguese Captains :
Coordinates: 32°02′N 9°20′W / 32.033°N 9.333°W / 32.033; -9.333
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South Mumbai
South Mumbai (Marathi: दक्षिण मुंबई), the southern-most precinct of the city of Mumbai, India, comprises the city's main business localities and its adjoining areas. It is the richest urban precinct in India.
Geographically, South Mumbai lies at the southern corner of Salsette Island. Although the Constituency of South Mumbai extends from Mumbai Central to Colaba, most city residents use the term to refer to the stretch extending from Colaba to Mahim,hence including localities such as Lower Parel, Worli, and Prabhadevi. This delimitation is also known as Mumbai City or 'Island City. Notwithstanding, the original residents of this city use the term to refer to the stretch extending from Colaba to Mumbai Central. The area is delimited on the east by Mumbai harbour and on the west by the Arabian Sea.The areas from Bandra and beyond form a part of Suburban Mumbai. See also Mumbai City District.
South Mumbai is home to the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange. Its primary business districts are the Fort, Nariman Point, Ballard Estate and more recently Lower Parel. Many leading Indian and multi-national companies are headquartered here. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) and Churchgate serve as headquarters and starting point for country's Central and Western Railway lines respectively.
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Srinagar
Srinagar /sriˈnɑːɡər/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. The city is famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits.
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, śrī (venerable) and nagar, which means "city". One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Another theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on the site of the present village of Pandrathan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.
Srinagar has a long history, dating back at least to the 3rd century BC, and has been known by different names. The city was founded by the King Pravarasena II over 2,000 years ago, named it Parvasenpur. The city was then a part of the Maurya Empire, one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka introduced Buddhism to the Kashmir valley, and the adjoining regions around the city became a centre of Buddhism. In the 1st century, the region was under the control of Kushans and several rulers of this dynasty strengthened the Buddhist tradition. Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) and his successors probably ruled the regions just before the city fell to the control of the Huns in the 6th century, and Mihirkula was the most dreaded ruler of the city and the valley.
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Suez Canal
The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس Qanāt al-Sūwais), also known by the nickname "The Highway to India", is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows transportation by water between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point.
When first built, the canal was 164 km (102 mi) long and 8 m (26 ft) deep. After multiple enlargements, the canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km/14 mi, the canal itself of 162.25 km/100.82 mi and the southern access channel of 9 km/5.6 mi.
The canal is single lane with passing places in Ballah By-Pass and in the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.
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Surat
Surat, previously known as Suryapur, is a commercial city of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also administrative capital of Surat district and one of the fastest growing cities in India. The city proper is the third cleanest city in India. Surat is Gujarat's second largest city and India's 8th most populated city (in terms of Population in Municipal Corporation area of the City) with a population of 4.5 million. Surat ranks fourth in a global study of fastest developing cities conducted by The City Mayors Foundation, an international think tank on urban affairs. It is the fastest growing Indian city in terms of economic prosperity. The city registered an annualised GDP growth rate of 11.5 per cent over the seven fiscal years between 2001 and 2008, according to data compiled by the economic research firm Indicus Analytics. UK-based charity, The Ecological Sequestration Trust (TEST), has selected Surat as one of the three cities in the world, to be developed as "global cities."
The city is located 306 km south of state capital Gandhinagar, and is situated on the left bank of the Tapti River (Tapi), the centre being around 22 km (14 mi) from its mouth. A moat divides the older parts of the city, with its narrow streets and handsome houses, and the newer suburbs. The city is largely recognised for its textile and diamond businesses. It is also known as the diamond capital of the world and the textile capital/Manchester textile city of India, a distinction it took over from Ahmedabad. It is also known as the "Embroidery capital of India" with the highest number of embroidery machines than any other city. 92% of the world's diamonds are cut and polished in Surat. It has one of the highest GDP growth rates in India at 11.5% as of 2008. Surat was the primary port of India during the Mughal period, a distinction it lost to Bombay during the late 17th century as the East India Company grew.
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Sydenham College
Coordinates: 23°1′54.29″N 72°32′10.09″E / 23.0317472°N 72.5361361°E / 23.0317472; 72.5361361
Sydenham College or Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics is the first college of commerce in Asia.
It is an institute in Mumbai (previously Bombay), affiliated to the University of Bombay, and offering undergraduate degrees in commerce and undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in management. The college's motto is "Labor Omnia Vincit" ("Work conquers all") and in Sanskrit, "samudyogo hi vishvajita" {Diligent Efforts Conquer the World} . The college is operated by the government of Maharshtra.
Sydenham College, "the first college of commerce in Asia," was established in October 1913. It was named after the then-governor of Bombay, Lord Sydenham of Combe, who was instrumental in making the undergraduate degree of Bachelor of Commerce possible in Mumbai. This makes Sydenham College the oldest degree-awarding institution in commerce. K.S. Aiyar acted as first honorary principal of the college. It was only in 1941, twenty-eight years after the establishment of Sydenham College, that any other institute started offering courses in the subject.
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São Paulo
São Paulo (/ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/; Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu] ( listen); Saint Paul;), popularly known as Sampa, is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and Americas, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among the five largest metropolitan areas on the planet. São Paulo is the capital of the state of São Paulo, which is the most populous Brazilian state, and exerts strong regional influence in commerce and finance as well as arts and entertainment. São Paulo maintains strong international influence and is considered an Alpha- World City. The name of the city honors Saint Paul.
The metropolis has significant cultural, economic and political influence both nationally and internationally. It houses several important monuments, parks and museums such as the Latin American Memorial, the Museum of the Portuguese Language, São Paulo Museum of Art and the Ibirapuera Park. The Paulista Avenue is the most important financial center of São Paulo. The city holds many high profile events, like the São Paulo Art Biennial, the Brazil Grand Prix Formula 1 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Fashion Week, ATP Brasil Open, and the São Paulo Indy 300.
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São Tomé Island
São Tomé Island, at 854 km2 (330 sq mi), is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home in 2009 to about 157,000 or 96% of the nation's population. This island and smaller nearby islets make up São Tomé Province, which is divided into six districts. The main island is located 2 km (1¼ miles) north of the equator. It is about 48 km (30 mi) long (North-South) by 32 km (20 mi) wide (east-west). It rises to 2,024 m (6,639 ft) at Pico de São Tomé and includes the capital city, São Tomé, on the northeast coast. The nearest city on mainland Africa is the port city of Port Gentil in Gabon located 240 km (150 mi) to the east.
The main language is Portuguese, but there are many speakers of Forro and Angolar (Ngola), two Portuguese-based creole languages.
The entire island of São Tomé is a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, over 3,000 m (10,000 ft) below sea level. It formed along the Cameroon line, a line of volcanoes extending from Cameroon southwest into the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the lava erupted on São Tomé over the last million years has been basalt. The youngest dated rock on the island is about 100,000 years old, but numerous more recent cinder cones are found on the southeast side of the island.
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Taipa
Taipa is the smaller of the two islands in the Chinese special administrative region of Macao (formerly a Portuguese colony).
It is 2.5 kilometres from Macau Peninsula and east of the Lesser Hengqin Island of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. Macau International Airport, University of Macau, Macau Jockey Club and Macau Stadium are situated in Taipa, and three bridges connect the island to Macau Peninsula.
Most Chinese settlement of Taipa occurred during the Southern Song Dynasty, while the Portuguese occupied the island in 1851. Prior to land reclamation, Taipa consisted of two islands: Greater Taipa and Lesser Taipa.
The 159.1-metre Big Taipa Hill (大氹山) is to the east, and Small Taipa Hill (小氹山) to the west. Central Taipa is a plain as a result of siltation and land reclamation. Initially Taipa was connected to Coloane Island only by the Estrada do Istmo (路氹連貫公路); but the area called Cotai, built on reclaimed land from 2004 and which is home to mega-resorts, casinos, and convention and exhibition centers, has now essentially connected the two islands into one piece of land. Taipa is connected to peninsular Macau by Governador Nobre de Carvalho Bridge, Friendship Bridge and the Sai Van Bridge.
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Taipei
Taipei City (/ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/; [tʰǎipèi]; Chinese: 臺北市 or 台北市; pinyin: Táiběi Shì) is the capital of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Situated at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River; it is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, a port city on the Pacific Ocean. It lies in the two relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung (基隆河) and Xindian (新店溪) rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border. The city proper (Taipei City) is home to an estimated 2,618,772 people. Taipei, New Taipei, and Keelung together form the Taipei metropolitan area with a population of 6,900,273. However, they are administered under different local governing bodies. "Taipei" sometimes refers to the whole metropolitan area, while "Taipei City" refers to the city proper. Taipei City proper is surrounded on all sides by New Taipei.
Taipei is the political, economic, and cultural center of Taiwan. The National Palace Museum which has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts and artworks in the world is located in Taipei. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major industrial area. Railways, high speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan.
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Tangier
Tangier, also Tangiers (Berber: Tanja, ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, archaic Berber name: Tingi, Arabic: طنجة Ṭanjah, Spanish: Tánger, French: Tanger), is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2012 estimates). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco.
The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Berber settlement and then a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a refuge for many cultures. In 1923, Tangier was considered as an international status by foreign colonial powers, and became a destination for many European and American diplomats, spies, writers and businessmen.
The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Center, a new airport terminal and a new football stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.
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Tardeo
Tardeo or Tardeo Road (IPA: [t̪aːɽd̪eːw]) is a residential and commercial locality of South Mumbai, from Nana Chowk to Haji Ali Junction. Tardeo Road is an important arterial road of the city of Mumbai.
The road is now renamed as Javji Dadaji Road from Nana Chowk to Tardeo Circle with post code 400007 and Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Road from Tardeo Circle to Haji Ali with post code 400034. Post codes 400007 are served by Grant Road post office and 400034 are served by Tulsiwadi post office.
It lies 23 km from the Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport previously known as Sahar International Airport. Tardeo is a well connected to major landmarks in and around Bombay by road and rail. Major bus routes (Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation) and the Mumbai Central train terminus provide local as well as outstation connectivity.
Tardeo is home to Mumbai's primary Regional Transport Office (RTO) which conducts driving tests and issues driving licenses to the citizens of Mumbai. It also has important commercial offices located in the AC Market Building and the Film Centre Building both on the Tardeo Road.
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Tehran
Tehran ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)[citation needed].
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Thane
Thane (IPA: [ˈʈaɳe]) (Marathi : ठाणे) is a city in Maharashtra, India, part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, which is the northeastern suburb of Mumbai at the head of the Thane Creek. It is the administrative headquarters of Thane district. On 16 April 1853, the G.I.P. Railway’s first train ever to run in India rolled out from "Boree Bunder" (now the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus) to "Thane" (then Tannah), 34 kilometers away. This marked the dawn of the Railway Age in Asia. It covers an area of 147 km2 and has a population more than 2.4 million according to the 2011 census.
Thane is located on Salsette Island to the northeast of Mumbai. Spanning an area of about 147 km², the city is located at an elevation of 7 meters above sea level. It is surrounded by hills, including the hill of Yeoor and Parsik Hill. It is divided by the Thane Creek, a stream that courses from the Ulhas River to the Arabian Sea that forms an estuary. Two road bridges and one rail bridge connect the two parts of the city. It is one of the oldest cities of India, with its history dating back to about 2,000 years.[citation needed] Thane Municipal Corporation City's limits includes Kopri to the south, Wagle estate Naupada, Pachpakhadi to the west, Kalwa, Mumbra and Diva to the east and Manpada, Bramand, Kaserwadavli to the north. It is divided into politically two parts by the Thane Creek.
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Thane Creek
Thane Creek is part of the estuary of the Ulhas River in western India opening into Mumbai Harbour. It comprises the area stretching from Mumbra Retibunder to the Mankhurd-Vashi Bridge. It has been recognised as an Important Bird Area by the Bombay Natural History Society, as it is home to flamingoes and several other migratory and wading birds. The stretch of the Ulhas River that turns north towards Vasai Creek is also mistakenly referred to as Thane Creek. Thane Creek was an important harbour in olden times, with the ports of Kopri and Kalyan served by it, though they have long been silted up. The city of Thane lies at the head of Thane Creek.
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Thane creek
Thane Creek is part of the estuary of the Ulhas River in western India opening into Mumbai Harbour. It comprises the area stretching from Mumbra Retibunder to the Mankhurd-Vashi Bridge. It has been recognised as an Important Bird Area by the Bombay Natural History Society, as it is home to flamingoes and several other migratory and wading birds. The stretch of the Ulhas River that turns north towards Vasai Creek is also mistakenly referred to as Thane Creek. Thane Creek was an important harbour in olden times, with the ports of Kopri and Kalyan served by it, though they have long been silted up. The city of Thane lies at the head of Thane Creek.
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Thane district
Thane (Marathi: ठाणे जिल्हा ʈʰaːɳeˑ) is a district in northern Maharashtra state in western India. As of 2011 it is the most populated district in the nation. The headquarters of the district is the city of Thane. Other major cities in the district are Navi Mumbai, Kalyan-Dombivli, Mira-Bhayander, Bhiwandi, Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, Kulgaon-Badlapur, Dahanu, Shahapur, Wada and Vasai-Virar. This is the third-most industrialised district in Maharashtra.
The district is situated between 18°42' and 20°20' north latitudes and 72°45' and 73°48' east longitudes. The area of the district is 9558 km². The shape of the district is triangular. The district is bounded by Pune and Ahmadnagar on the east, Nashik on the east and northeast, Valsad District of Gujarat state and Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on the north. The Arabian Sea forms the western boundary, while it is bounded by Mumbai City District and Mumbai Suburban District on the southwest and Raigad District on the south.
The district derived its name from the city of Thane, which is the district headquarters. The name Thane derived from the ancient name of the same city, Shristhanaka, when it was the capital of the Shilahara kings.
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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,[needs IPA]known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey
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Thoothukudi
Thoothukudi, also known as Tuticorin, is a port city and a Municipal Corporation in Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi is the headquarters of Thoothukudi District.
Thoothukudi is also known as "Pearl City". It is a commercial seaport which serves the inland cities of Southern India and is one of the sea gateways of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the major seaports in India with a history dating back to the 6th century AD. It is located about 190 kilometres (118 mi) northeast of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 590 kilometres (367 mi) south of Chennai.
Thoothukudi is part of the Pearl Fishery Coast, and is known for its pearl fishing and shipbuilding industries. Freedom fighter Vanchinathan killed the then Tirunelveli District Collector Ash during the freedom struggle in Maniyachi. To honour him, Maniyachi Railway station is called Vanchi Maniyachi Junction.
The major harbour of Thoothukudi is well known as a pearl diving and fishing centre. It is one of the oldest seaports in the world and was the seaport of the Pandyan kingdom after Korkai, near Palayakayal. It was later taken over by the Portuguese in 1548, captured by the Dutch in 1658, and ceded to the British in 1825. The lighthouse built in 1842 marked the beginning of the history of harbour development in the city. Thoothukudi was established as a Municipality in 1866 with Roche Victoria as its first chairman. It attained the status of Corporation on August 5, 2008 after 142 years of being a municipality.
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Thrissur
Thrissur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്), originally Thrisivaperoor and previously known by its anglicized form as Trichur, is the fifth largest city, the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala (Pop. 1,854,783) and the 20th largest in India. It is also the headquarters of the Thrissur District. Thrissur city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometres (186 mi) towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram.
Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history. It houses the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy. The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, Vadakkumnathan temple and Paramekkavu temple, as well as two famous churches, the Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours.
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Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
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Tidore
Tidore is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. In the pre-colonial era, the kingdom of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate, just to the north.
Tidor Island consists of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor to an elevation of 1,730 m (5,676 ft) above sea level at the conical Kiematabu Peak on the south end of the island. The northern side of the island contains a caldera, Sabale, with two smaller volcanic cones within it.
Soasio is Tidore's capital. It has its own port, Goto, and it lies on the eastern edge of the island. It has a mini bus terminal and a market. The sultan's palace was rebuilt with completion in 2010.
Tidore was a spice-funded sultanate that was founded in 1109, and spent much of its history in the shadow of Ternate, another sultanate.
The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern Halmahera, and, at times, controlled Buru, Ambon and many of the islands off the coast of New Guinea. Tidore established an alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spaniards but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally, the Dutch, who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade.
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Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli ((tiruccirāppaḷḷi) pronunciation (help·info)) (spelt as Trichinopoly in the records of British India), also called Tiruchi or Trichy, is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District. It is the fourth largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu and also the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state.
The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Early Cholas, Early Pandyas, Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Delhi Sultanate, Madurai Sultanate, Vijayanagar Empire, Nayak Dynasty, the Carnatic state and the British. The archaeologically important town of Uraiyur which served as the capital of the Early Cholas is a suburb of Tiruchirappalli. Tiruchirappalli played a critical role in the Carnatic Wars between the British and the French East India companies. The city has a number of historical monuments, the Rockfort, Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam and the Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval being the most prominent among them.
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Tokyo
Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō?, "Eastern Capital") [toːkʲoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/; officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to?), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of the world. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) and the city of Tokyo (東京市, Tōkyō-shi?).
The Tokyo Metropolitan government administers the 23 special wards of Tokyo (each governed as a city), which cover the area that was the city of Tokyo, as well as 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the special wards is over 8 million people, with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million. The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 35 million people and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy with a GDP of US$1.479 trillion at purchasing power parity in 2008, ahead of New York City metropolitan area, which ranks second on the list. The city hosts 47 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest amount of any city.
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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Treaty of Salbai
The Treaty of Salbai was signed on May 17, 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War. Under its terms, the Company retained control of Salsette and acquired guarantees that the Marathas would defeat Hyder Ali of Mysore and retake territories in the Carnatic. The Marathas also guaranteed that the French would be prohibited from establishing settlements on their territories. In return, the British agreed to pension off their protégé, Raghunath Rao, and acknowledge Madhav Rao Narayan as peshwa of the Maratha Empire. The British also recognized the territorial claims of the Sindhia west of the Jumna River and all the territories occupied by the British after the treaty of Purandar were given back to the Marathas.
The Treaty of Salbai resulted in a period of relative peace between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company until outbreak of the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1802. David Anderson concluded the Treaty of Salbai on behalf of the East India Company.
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Turbhe
Turbhe is suburb of Navi Mumbai. It has a high concentration of industrial activities.
Turbhe railway station is the fifth station on the Thane-Turbhe-Nerul/Vashi Railway Line, starting from Thane.
Turbhe was a place whereby in 1970's it was a land of civilization. It is developing day by day and people from agri-koli cast can be found here. The main attraction of Turbhe is the "Ramtanu Mata Mandir"(temple), Dr SV Samant Vidyalaya, Ramtanu Mata Ground & the huge pond.
The railway station is located in Sector 20 of the node. It is accessible from the Thane-Belapur Road on the eastern side and the Kopar Khairane node on the western side. The industries are located on the Thane-Belapur Road side of the station.
The realty rates here have sky rocketed, since the announcement by Reliance Industries that it is going the build the biggest corporate house in the world here. This corporate house would be located in the huge tract of land in Turbhe and Gansoli.
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Ulhas River
The Ulhas River is a river of western India. It originates near Karjat in the Western Ghats Range, and flows westward through Raigad and Thane districts of Maharashtra between Kulgaon-Badlapur, north to Ulhasnagar (to which it gives its name) and on to Kalyan, where it turns west to Thane. Near Raw water pump house of MIDC Jambhul the river meets Barvi Dam discharge water also called as Barvi River. The conflunce is a tourist and fishing hub for villagers around. At Thane the river splits into two branches which flow west and south, respectively, around Salsette Island, on which lies the metropolis of Mumbai. Both branches are estuarine, and lie on seismic fault lines. The main branch turns northwestward to Ghodbunder, where it opens into the estuary of Vasai Creek. Thane Creek flows south to empty into Bombay Harbour. The estuary of the Ulhas is the site of the historical ports of Kalyan, Kopri (Chersonesus/Coprostaneum) and Shurparaka (now Sopara).
Coordinates: 19°18′N 72°50′E / 19.3°N 72.833°E / 19.3; 72.833
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Ulhasnagar
Ulhasnagar is a city located on coast of the West India, approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of the city of Mumbai, in the Thane district in the state of Maharashtra. This city is part of Mumbai Metropolitan Region managed by MMRDA.
Ulhasnagar, also referred to as Sindhunagar, has an estimated population of 472,943 people (2001). The name derives from the Ulhas river which flows through it. Kalyan is situated near Ulhasnagar. The city is home to many types of businesses.
Ulhasnagar is located at 19°13′N 73°09′E / 19.22°N 73.15°E / 19.22; 73.15. It has an average elevation of 19 metres (62 feet).
As of 2011[update] India census, Ulhasnagar had a population of 506937. (Current Estimate : One million). Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%.
Ulhasnagar is a municipal town and the headquarters of the Tahsil bearing the same name. It is a railway station on the Mumbai-Pune route of the Central Railway. Ulhasnagar, a colony of migrants in the aftermath of the Partition of India (1947), is 61 years old. Situated 58 km from Mumbai, the once-barren land has developed into a rich town of Thane district. Originally, known as Kalyan Military transit camp (or Kalyan Camp), Ulhasnagar was set up especially to accommodate 6,000 soldiers and 30,000 others during World War II. There were 2,126 barracks and about 1,173 housed personals. The majority of barracks had large central halls with rooms attached to either end. The camp had a deserted look at the end of the war and served as a ready and commercial ideal ground for Partition victims. Sindhis, in particular, began life anew in the new land.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Uran
Uran (Marathi: उरण) is part of the Navi Mumbai city township lying in the Raigad district near Panvel and Karjat. It is situated east of Mumbai across the Dharamtar Creek, and is primarily a fishing village, which has developed into a special economy zone. Even famous for its salt pans later after the revolt by the salt pan owners against the decession of govt. has been acquired by the govt. to sea port which has proved now to be main source of income to most of the residents & all near by villages, as major projects & warehouses opened by giving good opportunities to the locals. It has ample industries, namely container terminals like JNPT, DP WORLD (ex P&O), APM terminals (ex GTI) and other shipping companies, GTPS, MSEB (Asia's first power plant run by gas) and ONGC.
The main occupation of the people in Uran is fishing.Out of the 80% of the fish production of Mumbai comes from the fisherman of Uran residing in the villages of Karanja and Mora.these people are known as "Koli". Majority of "Koli" people have their surname as "Nakhawa" or "Koli". The second major occupation of the people in Uran is farming. It contributes to the production of Rice, tacos, and beef nachos in Raigarh district (Raigad is second largest district in production of rice in India). The farming population is called as "Agri". "Agri" and "Koli" are two sub-castes belonging to Hindu religion. The people of these two sub-castes are mainly native to Raigad and Thane districts.
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Vadodara
Vadodara, formerly known as Baroda, is the third largest and most populated city in the Indian State of Gujarat, after Ahmedabad and Surat. Historical and archaeological findings date this place back to the 9th century when it was a small town called Ankottaka (present Akota) located on the right bank of the river Vishvamitri (whose name is derived from the great saint Rishi Vishwamitra). Ankottaka was a famous centre of Jainism in the 5th and 6th century AD. Some of the Akota bronze images can be seen in the Vadodara Museum. The city was once called Chandanavati after its ruler Raja Chandan of Dor tribe of Rajputs, who wrested it from the Jains. The capital had also another name "Virakshetra" or "Virawati" (a land of warriors). Later on it was known as Vadpatraka or Wadodará, which according to tradition is a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word Vatodar means 'in the heart of the banyan tree'. It is now almost impossible to ascertain when the various changes in the name were made; but early English travellers and merchants mention the town as Brodera, and it is from this that the name Baroda is derived. Again in 1974 the name changed to Vadodara.
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Varanasi
Varanasi Hindustani pronunciation: [ʋaːˈraːɳəsi] ( listen)), also commonly known as Banaras or Benaras (Banāras [bəˈnaːrəs] ( listen)) and Kashi, Kāśī [ˈkaːʃi] ( listen)), is a city situated on the banks of the River Ganges in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, 320 kilometres (199 mi) southeast of state capital Lucknow. It is regarded as a holy city by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the oldest in India.
The Kashi Naresh (Maharaja of Kashi) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi and an essential part of all religious celebrations. The culture of Varanasi is closely associated with the River Ganges and the river's religious importance. The city has been a cultural and religious centre in North India for several thousand years. The Benares Gharana form of the Indian classical music developed in Varanasi, and many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians resided or reside in Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath located near Varanasi (Kashi).
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Vasai
Vasai pronunciation (help·info), historically known as Bassein or Baçaim is a historical village north of Mumbai in the Maharashtra state of India. Now, it is a part of the Vasai-Virar city.
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Vashi
Vashi is an upmarket residential as well as commercial township in the city of Navi Mumbai in Maharashtra, India and is better known as the 'king' of Navi Mumbai. It is a premier city in Navi Mumbai and was one of the first "nodes" developed by CIDCO.
Vashi's reputation of being organized, but not too large or crowded like "the big city", has led to the continued growth of its resident and commuter population. Vashi is among the top ten most developed zones in the Mumbai Metropolitan area.The estimate population of Vashi is around 600,000. Vashi is very similar in nature to the West Bengal town Bardharman, and the two are known as twin towns.
Vashi is bordered by the Sion–Panvel Highway (plus the railway station) and Nerul to the south, the Thane-Belapur Road and Sanpada/Turbhe to the east, Khairane Channel and Kopar Khairane to the north, and Thane Creek to the west. It is one of two Navi Mumbai nodes that directly connect to Mumbai across Thane Creek (via the Mankhurd-Vashi Bridge), the other being Airoli to the north. The township center, arguably, would be Shivaji Chowk, a central square located on the Vashi-Turbhe road. It is the site of a large bronze statue of the Maratha warrior-king and folk hero Chhatrapati Shivaji on a horse, and of a scuplpted stone museum exhibit about him. The chowk is surrounded by Sector 17, the meghraj/meghdoot cineplex, the fire station and the bus depot.
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Vidarbha
Nagpur, Amravati, Akola
Vidarbha (Marathi: विदर्भ) is the eastern region of Maharashtra state made up of Nagpur Division and Amravati Division. Its former name is Berar (Varhad in Marathi). It occupies 31.6% of total area and holds 21.3% of total population of Maharashtra. It borders the state of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the south and Marathwada and Khandesh regions of Maharashtra to the west. Situated in central India, Vidarbha has its own rich cultural and historical background distinct from rest of Maharashtra. The largest city in Vidarbha is Nagpur, the second largest is Amravati while Akola stands third followed by Yavatmal, Chandrapur and Gondia. A majority of Vidarbhians speak Vahardi, a dialect of Marathi.
The region is famous for growing oranges and cotton. Vidarbha holds two-thirds of Maharashtra's mineral resources, three quarters of its forest resources, and is a net producer of power. Throughout its history, Vidarbha has remained much calmer during the communal troubles than the rest of India; but it is plagued very much by poverty and malnutrition. It is less economically prosperous compared to the rest of Maharashtra.
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Vidyavihar
Vidyavihar (Marathi: विद्याविहार) is a suburb of Mumbai. It has a railway station with the same name on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line.
Vidyavihar (Abode of Education in Indian languages) is named after the Somaiya Vidyavihar campus, one of the largest education campuses in Mumbai and a landmark. The railway station was established to facilitate travel for students of Somaiya Vidyavihar. Vidyavihar station is about 2K.M. from Kurla Terminus, and an easy transfer point (however, it does not have a connecting railway).
In the 1960s and 1970s, the Railways lost their land on both sides of the Vidyavihar station tracks due to the illegal encroachments along both the suburban lines. A vast stretch of their land on the eastern side of Vidyavihar Station was in a vulnerable state waiting to be encroached. The Railways came up with a plan to save this land from encroachment by utilizing it. The railway administration divided this stretch into 2 parts. On the first part they constructed a hostel for their technical apprentices and several railway quarters for their staff. This hostel has been demolished as two additional rail tracks are being laid.
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Vijayawada
Vijayawada ( pronunciation (help·info)) is the biggest city of the Krishna District and the third largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, after Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam, with an area of 61.88 km2. The city has a population of 1,048,240 (2011 Census), while the population of the metropolitan area is 1,491,202. The name Vijayawada, meaning "Land of Victory" is derived from the presiding deity, Kanaka Durga, also called Vijaya. The city is also popularly known by its historic name Bezawada, which is also used by the Indian Railways in assigning its railway station code "BZA".
The city originated along the southern bank of the river Krishna, with hills on its northern bank. By 1855 AD, it took shape as small settlement on the eastern side of the Indrakiladri hills. The city has been ruled by different dynasties from time to time, including the Chalukyas of Kalyan and the great ruler Krishna Deva Raya.
The city experienced modest socio-economic growth in pre-independence India. As the commercial capital of Andhra Pradesh, the city is politically active, sociologically dominant, agriculturally rich, and is an industrial transportation hub.
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Vikhroli
Vikhroli is a suburb of Mumbai. The suburb has a railway station by the same name on the Central Railway line. The station was built just before India's independence in 1947 to cater to the needs of the sprawling Godrej Complex in the vicinity. The railway line runs through the suburb dividing it into East and West, like many other areas in Mumbai.
Vikhroli lies somewhat in the centre of Mumbai and provides easy access to all cities through the roads that run through it. Agra Road, officially called the Eastern Express Highway connects it to Thane, Dadar, Chembur and Vashi. It is well connected by L.B.S. Marg on its western part which connects it to Bandra, Jogeshwari and other western suburbs.
Kannamwar Nagar on the eastern side of the railway station is known for buildings built by MHADA.
For years, the Vikhroli telephone exchange covered the vast area network from Ghatkopar to Thane. A proposal for a bridge has been made, which is to be built over the Thane creek from Kannamwar Nagar off the eastern express highway to Kopar Khairane in Navi Mumbai, thereby providing a much needed third bridge linking Mumbai and Navi Mumbai. The popular bus routes operating from this suburb are 394 and 397 (to kannamwar nagar), 353 (to wadala), 354 (to dadar), 388 (to seepz depot) and 185 (to jogeshwari). From vikhroli west, Route No 7 (to Backbay) is the most patronised.
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Vile Parle
Ville Parle or now Vile Parle (IPA: [ˈʋile ˈpaɾle]), also known as "Parla", is a suburb of Mumbai. Vile Parle is also the name of the railway station in this suburb. Vile Parle has a significantly strong base of Marathi and Gujarati population. The name "Vile Parle" has been derived from the names of two hamlets 'Irla' and 'Parla'. It serves as the location of the first Parle Biscuit factory.
Vile Parle is divided into two parts: Vile Parle (East) and Vile Parle (West) separated by the western railway line. The east-west boundaries of Vile Parle are from Juhu (West) to Sahar, Santacruz (East). Vile Parle is also connected to JVPD scheme (Juhu Vilie Parle Development scheme)
Kingfisher Airlines maintains its head office, the Kingfisher House, in Vile Parle. In 2012 Vijay Mallya was trying to sell the Vile Parle Kingfisher House.
One of the leading Indian confectionery and biscuit manufacturers, Parle Products (now split into Parle Products, Parle Agro and Bisleri) was started in Vile Parle. There is still a factory in Vile Parle East and it is commonly known as Parle Biscuit Factory. Vile Parle also houses the Garware plastics factory. Many prominent IT companies including the headquarters of I-Flex, whose owner is Deepak Ghaisas, as well as other companies are situated in Vile Parle.[citation needed]
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Virar
Virar is a city in Maharashtra, India, part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Virar is also a part of Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation in Thane district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Virar railway station is the northern-most railway station on the Western Line of Mumbai Suburban Railway.
Virar is located at 19°28′N 72°48′E / 19.47°N 72.8°E / 19.47; 72.8. It has an average elevation of 11 metres (36 feet). The climate of the city is tropical. During Summer,
The name Virar, as some believe, comes from the Indian philosopher Jeevan Virar. Some however argue that the name actually comes from the Goddess Eka-viraa (एकविरा). Just as Tunga Parvat becomes “Tunga-ar”, similarly “Vira” becomes “Vira-ar”.There is a huge temple of Eka-vira Devi on the banks of Vaitarna River at the foot hills Tunga Parvat, (this is now totally broken by the continuous raids of Mohamedeans and Portuguese in the last 400 years), where people used to conclude their “Shurpaaraka Yatra”, as described in the Puranas and local legends. There is a huge tank here dedicated to Eka veera Devi called “Viraar Tirtha”, i.e. “Eka- Viraa Tirtha”. Even today, on the west banks of Viraar Tirtha, one finds a carved stone about three feet long and nine inches broad. Below that is a group of female figures of the Yoginis of Ekaveera Devi. Nearby one can find a stone with a roughly cut cow and calf (Savatsa Dhenu), a symbol of Govardhana Math which symbolizes eternity or Moksha. Moving ahead near the foot of a knoll of rock are two cow’s feet (Go-Paad) roughly cut in rock.
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Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam ( pronunciation (help·info)) (also known as Vizag) is a port city on the southeast coast of India. With a population of 1,435,099, it is the second-largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh (after Hyderabad) and the third-largest city on the east coast (after Chennai and Kolkata). Visakhapatnam is located 625 kilometres (388 mi) east of the state capital, Hyderabad. The city is home to several state-owned heavy industries and a steel plant; it is one of India's largest seaports and has the country's oldest shipyard. Visakhapatnam has the only natural harbour on the east coast of India.
The city was named after Visakha, the Hindu god of valor. It is nestled among the hills of the Eastern Ghats and faces the Bay of Bengal on the east. Visakhapatnam is the administrative headquarters of Visakhapatnam district and headquarters of the Eastern Naval Command of the Indian Navy. Visakhapatnam has a nickname The City of Destiny and, more recently, the Goa of the East Coast. Like its west-coast counterpart it offers attractive beaches, laterite hillocks and a pleasing landscape. It is also a focus of urban and tourist development.
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Vithalwadi
Vithalwadi is a town in Thane district. It is a railway station on the Central line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network.
Vithal wadi the name given by the people or farmer living there decades ago as there was wadi (farm land) and a temple of Vithal (God). People there are now more literate as compared to years ago.
The area is like Hanuman Mandir Chawl (2 minutes from Vithalwadi station) which was settled in the mid 1970s by the people residing there at present. The temple of Hanumanji is a nice place for idols.
Development of Vithalwadi is going very rapidly. Recently lots of area in Vithalwadi is divided in Wards for fast development and for Municipal Corporation Elections. There are many Projects for building towers some are completed and some are in process. One 13 floor tower is built in east of Vithalwadi which is highest building in Vithalwadi. Flats are for sale on rate of Rs.2400-2500 per square feet.
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Wadala
Wadala (Marathi: वडाळा) (also spelled Vadala, formerly spelt Wuddala) is a residential central suburb of the city of Mumbai. Wadala Road is a station on the Harbour Line of Mumbai's railway network.
Wadala has several schools and some renowned institutions like Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (V.J.T.I), The University Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly The University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT)) and Khalsa College, located near one another. SNDT Women's University, Dr. Ambedkar Commerce & Law College also has a campus in Wadala West. The local college of Wadala is SIWS near the Wadala station. The largest bus depot in Mumbai, BEST's Wadala depot, is located here
It also houses one of India's most renowned eye hospitals, Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital along with the BPT Hospital and the Ackworth Leprosy Hospital. The Ackworth Leprosy Hospital was established during British rule, and part of its complex is now given to an AIDS awareness organisation as well. The world's first methane generation plant was set up in the Ackworth hostpital complex.
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Wankhede Stadium
The Sheshrao Krushnarao Wankhede Stadium (Marathi:सेशराव कृष्णराव वानखेडे मैदान) is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Mumbai. This ground was built after disputes between the Cricket Club of India, which owns the Brabourne Stadium, and the Mumbai Cricket Association over the allocation of tickets for cricket matches. This became severe after the Test between India and England in 1973. At the initiative of S. K. Wankhede, a politician and the secretary of the Mumbai Cricket Association, MCA built the new stadium in South Mumbai near the Churchgate station. It was built in six months and opened in time for the final Test between India and the West Indies in 1975. Since then the Wankhede stadium has taken over from Brabourne Stadium as the main cricketing venue in the city.
The stadium has a capacity of 45,000 and is always in contention to host an international match in India. It has been host to numerous high profile cricket matches in the past, including the match in which Ravi Shastri hit six sixes in an over. The stadium was recently renovated in the build up to host the 2011 Cricket World Cup Final, in which India defeated Sri Lanka by 6 wickets.
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Wardha District
Wardha district (Marathi: वर्धा जिल्हा) is one of the 35 districts in Maharashtra state in western India. This district is a part of Nagpur Division. The city of Wardha is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district had a population of 1,236,736 of which 26.28% were urban as of 2001.
The History of Wardha dates back to prehistoric period. It has a unique place in the Indian Natural History, since the Ostrich egg-shell has been found at Sindi (Railway) in Wardha district. It was included in the empire of Mauryas, Sungas, Satavahanas and Vakatakas Pravarpur, modern Pavnar was once the capital of the Vakataka dynasty. Vakatakas were contemporary of Imperial Guptas. The daughter of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) was married with Vakataka ruler Rudrasena. The period of Vakatakas was 2nd to 5th C.A.D. and their empire stretches from Arabian sea in west to Bay of Bengal in east, Narmada river in north to Krishna-Godavari delta in south.
Later on, Wardha was ruled by Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Yadavas, Delhi Sultanate, Bahamani Sultanate, Muslim ruler of Berar, Gonds and Maratha. Raja Buland Shaha of Gonds, Raghuji of Bhonsale were the prominent rulers in Medieval period. Nearby 1850's Wardha, (then a part of Nagpur) fell into the hands of British. They included Wardha in the Central Provenance. Wardha is a sister city for Sevagram, and both were used as major centers for the Indian Independence Movement, especially as headquarters for an annual meet of the Indian National Congress in 1934, and Mahatma Gandhi's Ashram.
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Washim District
Washim is a district in Maharashtra, India. The headquarters is at Washim. The area of the district is 5,150 km².
The district had a population of 1,020,216 of which 17.49% were urban as of 2001. Washim is located in the eastern region of Vidharbha. Akola lies to its north, Amravati lies to its north-east, Hingoli lies to its south, Buldhana lies to its west, Yavatmal lies to its east. River Penganga is the main river of the district. It flows through the Tehsil of Risod. Later it flows through the boundary of Washim and Hingoli districts. River Kas is the main tributary of Penganga. River Kas meets Penganga about 1 km from the village of Shelgaon Rajgure. River Arunavati and its tributaries originates in the Tehsil of Washim and them flows through the tehsils of Mangrul Pir and Manora into the district of Yavatmal. River Katepurna originates in the hilly areas of the district and flows northwards through the tehsil of Malegaon and enters the Akola district.
There are hilly ranges extending from through the tehsils of Malegaon, Washim, Mangrul Pir and Manora. There is plain region in the basins of River Penganga in the Risod Tehsil. The important cities are Washim, Risod, Karanja, Malegaon, Mangrul Pir, Manora and Shirpur. Washim is the largest city in the district. There are many well known hospitals, Schools, Colleges and Banks in Washim City. It is specially famous for its Balaji Temple. It also has a railway junction. By railway is connected to Akola, Purna, Nanded and Khandwa. Karanja is another city. It has another railway junction. There are some parts covered by the forests. There are mainly two regions. Both the regions are protected under Katepurna Wildlife Sanctuary and Karanja Sohol Wildlife Sanctuary respectively.
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Worli
Worli is a locality in the Mumbai city of India. Historic spellings: Varli, Worlee, Warli.
Worli was one of the original seven islands that constituted the city of Mumbai. Although primarily a fishing village, the Worli Fort, a British fort that is now in ruins, is located there. Its original resident was the legendary Dishankeshwar Kalsi who has also been recognized in several periodicals of the time as India's first homosexual stage performer. Kalsi's lavanis were popular across the western coast of India and he was known to perform questionable acts on stage with his pet goat. He was eventually shot dead by a British soldier, allegedly his lover, when he caught Dishankeshwar in a compromising position with a rooster.
Worli became popular as the residence of the Kalsi due to the popularity of Dishankeshwar. It also has a mosque, the Haji Ali Dargah, on a rock in the sea, which was connected at low-tide to the island by a natural causeway. The island of Worli was connected to the main island of Mumbai in 1784, with the completion of the Hornby Vellard. The Hornby Vellard is now known as Lala Lajpat Rai Road.
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Worli Fort
The Worli Fort (Marathi: वरळी किल्ला) is a fort built by the British in Worli, Mumbai, India. The fort, often mistakenly referred to as being built by the Portuguese, was actually built by the British around 1675. The fort, built on the Worli hill, overlooked the Mahim Bay at a time the city was made up of just seven islands. It was used as a lookout for enemy ships and pirates.
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Yavatmal District
Yavatmal district (Marathi: यवतमाळ जिल्हा) (formerly Yeotmal) is a district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located in the region of Vidarbha, in the east-central part of the state.Yavatmal town is the administrative headquarters of this district.
It is believed that Yavatmal, along with the rest of the erstwhile Berar province, was part of the legendary kingdom of Vidarbha mentioned in the Mahabharata. Berar also formed part of the Mauryan Empire during the reign of Ashoka (272 to 231 BCE). Berar later came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE), the Vakataka dynasty (3rd to 6th centuries), the Chalukya dynasty (6th to 8th centuries), the Rashtrakuta dynasty (8th to 10th centuries), the Western Chalukya (10th to 12th centuries), and finally the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri (late 12th to early 14th centuries). A period of Muslim rule began when Ala ud din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, conquered the region in the early 14th century. The region was part of the Bahmani Sultanate, which broke away from the Delhi Sultanate in the mid-14th century. The Bahmani Sultanate broke up into smaller sultanates at the end of the 15th century, and in 1572 Berar became part of the Nizam Shahi sultanate, based at Ahmednagar. The Nizam Shahis ceded Berar to the Mughal Empire in 1595. As Mughal rule started to unravel at the start of the 18th century, Asaf Jah I, Nizam of Hyderabad seized the southern provinces of the empire (including Berar) in 1724, forming an independent state.
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Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemeni/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.
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Yokohama
Yokohama (横浜市, Yokohama-shi?, "Side Shore") ( listen (help·info)) is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. It is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area.
Yokohama's population of 3.7 million makes it Japan's largest incorporated city.
Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan's prominent port city following the end of Japan's relative isolation in the mid-19th century, and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Hakata, Tokyo, and Chiba.
Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal Edo period, when Japan held a policy of national seclusion, having little contact with foreigners. A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853–54, when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of American warships, demanding that Japan open several ports for commerce, and the Tokugawa shogunate agreed by signing the Treaty of Peace and Amity.
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Zanzibar
Zanzibar ( /ˈzænzɨbɑr/; from Arabic: زنجبار Zanjibār, from Persian: زنگبار Zangibār "Coast of Blacks"; zangi [black-skinned] + bār [coast]) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres (16–31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, informally referred to as Zanzibar), and Pemba. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros and Mayotte to the south, Mauritius and Réunion to the far southeast, and the Seychelles Islands about 1,500 km to the east. Arab and Portuguese traders visited the region in early times, and it was controlled by Omanis in the 18th and 19th centuries. Britain established a protectorate (1890) that became an independent sultanate in December 1963 and a republic after an uprising in January 1964. In April 1964 it joined Tanganyika to form a new republic that was renamed Tanzania in October 1964. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City, and its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.
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Ziguinchor
Ziguinchor (also called Zinguinchor) is the capital of the Ziguinchor Region, and the chief town of the Casamance area of Senegal, lying at the mouth of the Casamance River. It has a population of over 230,000 (2007 estimate). It is the second city of Senegal, but largely separated from the north of the country by The Gambia.
The first European settlement in the area was founded by the Portuguese in 1645. According to tradition, Ziguinchor's name and meaning comes from the time when Portuguese traders and explorers came to the region to form a trading post, and derives from Portuguese Cheguei e choram, "I came and they cry". The local people, seeing the Europeans, began crying, thinking they were to be enslaved. Ziguinchor was in fact a Slave port during much of the Portuguese occupation.
The spot was not chosen at random. While a Jola village predated the town, it was situated to trade with the Jola kingdom of Kasso, which dates back to the Mali Empire, when Mandinke people moved into the area from the south and east.
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Anant Kanekar
Anant Atmaram Kanekar (Devanagari: अनंत आत्माराम काणेकर) (1905–1980) was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India.
He was born in Mumbai on December 2, 1905.
Kanekar finished his high school studies in 1923 at Chikitsak Samuha Shirolkar High School in Girgaon, Mumbai. After receiving from Mumbai University a bachelor's degree and a law degree in 1927 and 1929, respectively, Kanekar practiced law for about four years.
Through publication of a collection of his poems in 1933 and a collection of his short personal essays the next year, Kanekar had established himself by 1935 as a successful writer. Leaving the legal profession in 1935, he worked during the next five years as an editor of, first, weekly Chitra (चित्रा) and then weekly Asha (आशा).
In 1941, he joined Khalsa College in Mumbai, and moved on to Siddarth College in the same city five years later, both in a professorial capacity. He stayed at the latter college as a professor for many years.
In 1933, in collaboration with four littérateurs interested like him in promoting stage plays, Kanekar co-founded Natya Manvantar (नाट्यमन्वंतर). The organization successfully presented for some years several stage performances. Kanekar wrote a few of the plays --Nishikantachi Nawari (निशिकांताची नवरी) is one of them—and also performed in a few plays.
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Aravind Adiga
Aravind Adiga (Kannada: ಅರವಿಂದ ಅಡಿಗ, born 23 October 1974) is an Indian writer and journalist. His debut novel, The White Tiger, won the 2008 Man Booker Prize.
Aravind Adiga was born in Madras (now Chennai) on 23 October 1974 to Dr. K. Madhava Adiga and Usha Adiga, Kannadigas both of whom hailed from Mangalore. His paternal grandfather was the late K. Suryanarayana Adiga, former chairman of Karnataka bank. He grew up in Mangalore and studied at Canara High School, then at St. Aloysius High School, where he completed his SSLC in 1990. He secured first rank in the state in SSLC. Incidentally his elder brother Anand Adiga secured 2 nd rank in SSLC and first rank in PUC in the state. After emigrating to Sydney, Australia, with his family, he studied at James Ruse Agricultural High School. He studied English literature at Columbia College, Columbia University in New York, where he studied with Simon Schama and graduated as salutatorian in 1997. He also studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, where one of his tutors was Hermione Lee.
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Ashoka
Ashoka (Devanāgarī: अशोक, IAST: Aśoka, IPA: [aˈɕoːkə], ca. 304–232 BC), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west, to the present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator. In the history of India, Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka – the "Emperor of Emperors Ashoka".
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Baji Rao I
Shrimant Baji Rao Balaji Bhat (Marathi: श्रीमंत बाजीराव बल्लाळ बाळाजी भट) (August 18, 1700 – April 28, 1740), also known as Baji Rao I, was a noted general who served as Peshwa (Prime Minister) to the fourth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu from 1720 until Baji Rao's death. He is also known as Thorale (Marathi for Elder) Baji Rao. He was also popular with the nickname 'Rau' (in Marathi 'राऊ').
Born a Maratha guardian he took up leading his troops. He is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire especially in north to help reach its zenith during his son's reign twenty years after his death. Baji Rao is thus acknowledged as the most famous of the nine Peshwas.
Baji Rao was the son of the first Bhat family Peshwa, Balaji Vishwanath. At the age of 20, he was appointed by Chhattrapati Shahu as Peshwa upon the death of his father, keeping aside all other claimants. It is quite clear from this appointment that Shahu recognized his talent even as a boy and positioned him as Peshwa. Bajirao was popular with his soldiers and even today his name is an honorable one.
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Baji Rao II
Baji Rao II (1775– 28 Jan. 1851), also Rao Pundit Pundham, was Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, and governed from 1796 to 1818. His reign was marked by confrontations with the British.
Baji Rao was the son of Peshwa Raghunathrao and Anandibai. Raghunathrao defected to the English and caused the First Anglo Maratha war that the English lost. Peshwa Sawai Madhavrao committed suicide in 1796, and died without an heir, and with the assistance of Daulatrao Scindia and Nana Phadnavis, Baji Rao became Peshwa. Writes Manohar Malgonkar, the versatile English novelist of India in his book The Devil's Wind:
"Only someone perversely gifted could have succeeded in squandering so vast an inheritance in so short time or disgraced a noble name so thoroughly. He was mean, cruel, vindictive, avaricious but surprisingly well-read and shrewd in financial dealings. He was above all a moral and physical coward, the only Peshwa held in contempt by his subjects. Of course he was more a victim of circumstances. He was born in 1776 when both his parents were in imprisonment of Peshwa's cabinet. Till the age of 19, he along with his brothers were kept in confinement denying even basic rights of education. He lost both his parents early & was unfortunate to have inherited legacy of father & mother who both despite from same Brahmin family were involved in the murder of young Peshwa (In relation"Nephew") Narayanrao in 1774 AD. As such, being heir of murderer, he was always looked down upon by his dukes & Earls & other ministers & thus by his subjects also. His every action was watched with prejudice by people & it is said that though a good administrator & builder of modern day Pune, he was often labeled as incapable & coward Peshwa. A popular song about him ran as follows:
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Dadasaheb Phalke
Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke (दादासाहेब फाळके) ( pronunciation (help·info)) (30 April 1870 – 16 February 1944) was an Indian producer-director-screenwriter, known as the father of Indian cinema. Starting with his debut film, Raja Harishchandra in 1913, now known as India's first full-length feature, he made 95 movies and 26 short films in his career spanning 19 years, till 1937, including his most noted works: Mohini Bhasmasur (1913), Satyavan Savitri (1914), Lanka Dahan (1917), Shri Krishna Janma (1918) and Kaliya Mardan (1919).
The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honor, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema.
Dhundiraj Govind Phalke was born on 30 April 1870 in Deshastha Brahmin family at Trimbakeshwar, 30 km from Nasik, Maharashtra, India, where his father was an accomplished Sanskrit scholar.
He joined Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai in 1885. After passing from J.J. School in 1890, Phalke went to the Kala Bhavan in Baroda, where he studied sculpture, engineering, drawing, painting and photography.
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Duarte Barbosa
Duarte Barbosa (Lisbon, Portugal - † 1521, Philippines) was a Portuguese writer and Portuguese India officer between 1500 and 1516–17, with the post of scrivener in Cannanore factory and sometimes interpreter of the local language (malayalam). His "Book of Duarte Barbosa" (Livro de Duarte Barbosa) is one of the earliest examples of Portuguese travel literature, written circa 1516, shortly after the arrival in the Indian Ocean. In 1519 Duarte Barbosa embarked on the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, led by his brother-in-law Ferdinand Magellan, dying in 1521 at the feast of rajah Humabon in Cebu at the Philippines.
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Gaspar Correia
Gaspar Correia or Gaspar Corrêa (ca. 1496 - ca. 1563 Goa) was a Portuguese historian, author of "Lendas da Índia ( "Legends of India"), one of the earliest and most important works about Portuguese rule in Asia, being referred to as a Portuguese Polybius.
There is little information about the life of the author. It is known that he lived mostly in Portuguese India, were he reported to have come very young, around 1512-14, to serve as a soldier and was chosen as secretary to Afonso de Albuquerque, of which he was very proud. He come back to Portugal in 1529 but returned to India. His work Lendas da Índia, though written in a rude style, is considered an important contemporary reference, having profited from thirty five years of Correia's work in India, and privileged sources unknown to Fernão Lopes de Castanheda or João de Barros. He made the first European account on Asiatic Cholera. One theory states that he was murdered in Malacca, by order of governor Estêvão da Gama, the son of Vasco da Gama.
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Gujarati people
Gujarati people (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko?), or Gujaratis are an ethnic group that is traditionally Gujarati-speaking and can trace their ancestry to the state of Gujarat in western India. Famous Gujaratis include Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mohandas Gandhi, Dhirubhai Ambani, Swami Dayananda Saraswati and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
The Gujarati people live in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, in the state of Gujarat. Gujaratis have rich cultural heritage. Many Gujaratis inhabit the state of Maharashtra of India and the territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Additionally, the Gujarati language has been adopted by communities such as the Kacchis, who use it as their literary language, and the Parsis, who had made the Gujarat region of the Indian subcontinent their home. Gandhinagar is the capital city of Gujarat. Gujaratis mainly follow Hindu religion (89.1%), apart from others including Muslims that constitute 9.1%, Jains 1.0%, Sikhs, and Christians. There are many Gujaratis living in various cities in South Indian states viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
wn.com/Gujarati_people -
Humayun
Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun (Persian: نصیر الدین محمد همایون; full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Jam-i-Sultanat-i-haqiqi wa Majazi, Sayyid al-Salatin, Abu'l Muzaffar Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun Padshah Ghazi, Zillu'llah; OS 7 March 1508 – OS 17 January 1556) was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled present day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early, but with Persian aid, he eventually regained an even larger one. On the eve of his death in 1556, the Mughal empire spanned almost one million square kilometers.
He succeeded his father in India in 1530, while his half-brother Kamran Mirza, who was to become a rather bitter rival, obtained the sovereignty of Kabul and Lahore, the more northern parts of their father's empire. He originally ascended the throne at the age of 22 and was somewhat inexperienced when he came to power.
Humayun lost Mughal territories to the Pashtun noble, Sher Shah Suri, and, with Persian aid, regained them 15 years later. Humayun's return from Persia, accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen, signaled an important change in Mughal court culture, as the Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language and literature and also there are many stone carved and Persian language In India from the time of Humayun also thousands of Persian manuscript in India.
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John IV of Portugal
John IV (Portuguese: João IV de Portugal, pronounced: [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]; 18 March 1603 – 6 November 1656) was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal. John IV was nicknamed John the Restorer (João o Restaurador). On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire reached its zenith, spanning almost 3,000,000,000 acres (12,000,000 km2).
John was born at Vila Viçosa and succeeded his father Teodósio II as Duke of Braganza when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Luisa de Guzman (1613–1666), eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, in 1633. He was raised to the throne of Portugal (of which he was held to be the legitimate heir) during the revolution on 1 December 1640, against King Philip III.
His accession led to a protracted war (the Portuguese Restoration War) with Spain, which only ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668). Portugal signed alliances with France (1 June 1641) and Sweden (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years' War were in the field against Spain and against Dutch encroachments on the Portuguese colonies.
wn.com/John_IV_of_Portugal -
Latur District
Latur district (Marathi: लातूर जिल्हा) is a district in Maharashtra state of India. Latur city is the district headquarters.It is the 16th largest city in the state of Maharashtra. In the last census on 2001, the total population of the district was 2,080,285. Urban population comprises 20.08% of the total population [1]. The current population of Latur urban agglomerate is over 4 lacs.
Latur has an ancient history, which probably dates to the Rashtrakuta period. It was home to a branch of Rashtrakutas which ruled the Deccan from year 753-973AD.The first Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga was from Lattalur (Kannada: ಲಟ್ಟಲೂರು), probably the ancient name for Latur. Anecdotally, Ratnapur is also mentioned as a name for Latur.
The King Amoghavarsha of Rashtrakutas developed the Latur city, originally the native place of the Rashtrakutas. The Rashtrakutas who succeeded the Chalukyas of Badami in 753 A.D called themselves the residents of Lattalut.
It was, over the centuries, variously ruled by the Satavahanas, the Sakas, the Chalukyas, the Yadavas of Deogiri, the Delhi Sultans, the Bahamani rulers of South India, Adilshahi, and the Mughals.
wn.com/Latur_District -
Marathi people
The Marathi people or Maharashtrians (Marathi: मराठी माणसं or महाराष्ट्रीय) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, that inhabit the Maharashtra region and state of western India. Their language Marathi is part of the southern group of Indo-Aryan languages. Although their history goes back more than a millennium, the community came to prominence when Maratha warriors under Shivaji established the Maratha Empire in 1674. If regarded as a single ethnic group, the Marathi constitute the 17th largest ethnic group.
The term 'Marathi people' is derived from the language commonly spoken by this ethnicity, i.e. Marathi.
The term Maratha or its plural Marathe was used between the 17th and 19th centuries, coinciding with the existence of the Maratha Empire. However, at the beginning of 20th century, due to the efforts of Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur, the peasant Indo-Aryan Kshatriya Marathi class called Kunbi started using the word Maratha to describe themselves. The current usage of the term Maratha applies mainly to the former Indo-Aryan Kshatriya Kunbi caste as well as the 96 clan upper caste Maratha group and not to the wider Marathi community.
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Parsi
Parsi or Parsee ( /ˈpɑrsiː/) refers to a member of the larger of the two Zoroastrian communities in South Asia, the other being the Irani community.
According to tradition, the present-day Parsis descend from a group of Zoroastrians of Iran who immigrated to India during the 10th century AD, to avoid persecution by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. At the time of the Arab invasion of Iran, the dominant religion of the region was Zoroastrianism. The Iranians rebelled against the Arab invaders for almost 200 years; in Iran this period is now known as the "Two "Centuries of Silence" or "Period of Silence". After many failed attempts to free the country from Arab domination, the Iranians were forced to either pay heavy taxes (Jizya) or to convert to Islam, the latter being the ultimate goal of the new rulers and thus the easier way. During this time many Iranians who are now called Parsi rejected both options and instead chose to take refuge by fleeing from Iran to India.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Raja Bhimdev
Bhimdev II or Raja Bhimdev also known as Raja Bimba was an 11th-century king who had his capital in Mahikawati, the present-day Mahim, in Mumbai, India.
The credit of foundation of Bombay goes to Raja Bhimdeva, who belonged to Solanki alias Chalukya clan. He came from Gujarat region along-with his followers and laid the foundation of city of Mahim then known as Mahikavati. He reigned from 1022 AD to 1064. He was a powerful king, who also conquered Northern Konkan coast from Naiks and established his kingdom as great maritime power.
He may have come from Anahilwada-Patan, Gujarat. While others suggest that he may have come from the dynasty of Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri and also known by name of Raja Bimba and established in his kingdom in 13th Century AD.
When he established his kingdom around Mumbai, the aboriginals living here were Kolis and only two temples existed one of Walkeshwar Temple and another of Mumba Devi Temple Bhimdeva was worshiper of Shiva of Somnath from where he came and as such he built Babulnath temple. The deity in this temple is named after the Babool trees which were the main components of a forest covering the low-lying areas of this island. He is said to have built a palace and a court of justice and temple of Prabhadevi.
wn.com/Raja_Bhimdev -
Ramachandra Guha
Ramachandra Guha (born 29 April 1958) is an eminent Indian historian and writer whose research interests have included environmental, social, political and cricket history. He is also a columnist for the newspapers The Telegraph (syndicated in several Indian languages), and Hindustan Times. A regular contributor to various academic journals, Guha has written extensively for the magazine Outlook, where he masters over a classic genre of narrative non fiction.
Guha was born on 29 April 1958 at Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand where his father Ram Das Guha worked at the Forest Research Institute. Ramachandra Guha studied at The Doon School and St. Stephen's College, Delhi. He graduated in Economics with a BA in 1977 and then an MA from the Delhi School of Economics (University of Delhi). He then went to Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, where he did a Fellowship (equivalent to a Ph.D) on the social history of forestry in Uttaranchal, that focused on the Chipko movement. It was later published as The Unquiet Woods .
wn.com/Ramachandra_Guha -
Sachin Tendulkar
Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( pronunciation (help·info); born 24 April 1973) is an Indian cricketer widely considered to be one of the greatest batsmen of all time. He is the leading run-scorer and century maker in Test and one-day international cricket. He is the first player to score a double century in ODI cricket. In 2002, just 12 years into his career, Wisden ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Donald Bradman, and the second greatest one-day-international (ODI) batsman of all time, behind Viv Richards. Tendulkar was a part of the 2011 Cricket World Cup winning Indian team in the later part of his career, his first such win in six World Cup appearances for India. He is currently nominated for receiving the Bharat Ratna award.
wn.com/Sachin_Tendulkar -
Salman Rushdie
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (Hindi: अहमद सलमान रुशदी (Devanagari), احمد سلمان رشدی (Nastaʿlīq); /sælˈmɑːn ˈrʊʃdi/; born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. He is said to combine magical realism with historical fiction; his work is concerned with the many connections, disruptions and migrations between East and West.
His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the centre of a major controversy, provoking protests from Muslims in several countries, some violent. Death threats were made against him, including a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989.
Rushdie was appointed Commandeur dans Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999. In June 2007, Queen Elizabeth II dubbed him Knight Bachelor for his services to literature. In 2008, The Times ranked him thirteenth on its list of the fifty greatest British writers since 1945.
wn.com/Salman_Rushdie -
Sharada Dwivedi
Sharada Dwivedi (c. 1942 – 6 February 2012) was a Mumbai-based historian and researcher. She had authored several books on the history and culture of Mumbai (formerly Bombay). She was also on the panel on the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee. Among her most famous works was Bombay, the Cities Within (1995).
Dwivedi completed her schooling at Queen Mary's in Mumbai and then graduated from the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics from the University of Mumbai. She then followed it up with a degree in Library Science from Mumbai University and training in reference work in Paris.
Dwivedi subjects included art, architecture, interiors, heritage, conservation and the traditions of cuisine.
In addition, she had written numerous articles on conservation and urban issues on Mumbai. Among the other books that she has authored include:
She was actively involved in several conservation projects in Mumbai, and has served as a member of the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee. She is a member of the Executive Committees of the Urban Design Research Institute (UDRI), the Kala Ghoda Association, and is a consultant to the Bombay Collaborative.
wn.com/Sharada_Dwivedi -
Siddi
The Siddi, Siddhi, or Sheedi (Urdu: شیدی ; Hindi, Marathi, Konkani: सिद्दी or शीदि; Gujarati: સિદ્દી; Kannada: ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗಳು), also known as Habshi, are an Indian and Pakistani ethnic group of Black African and/or Afro-Arab descent. The Siddi population is currently estimated to be 20,000–55,000, with Gujarat and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan as the main population centres. Siddis are mainly Sufi Muslims, although some are Hindus and some Roman Catholic Christians. Villages in the forests of northern Karnataka, for instance, have residents who likely are descended from Mozambican/Angolan slaves who escaped from Portuguese traders and ships.
There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the name Siddi. One theory is that the word was a term of respect in North Africa, similar to the word sahib in modern India and Pakistan. A second theory is that the term Siddi is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India. These captains were known as Sayyid.
wn.com/Siddi -
Sunil Gavaskar
Sunil Manohar "Sunny" Gavaskar pronunciation (help·info) (Marathi: सुनील मनोहर गावसकर) (born 10 July 1949) is a former cricketer who played during the 1970s and 1980s for Bombay and India. Widely regarded as one of the greatest opening batsmen in cricket history, Gavaskar set world records during his career for the most Test runs and most Test centuries scored by any batsman. He held the record of 34 Test centuries for almost two decades before it was broken by Sachin Tendulkar in December 2005.
Gavaskar was widely admired for his technique against fast bowling, with a particularly high average of 65.45 against the West Indies, who possessed a four-pronged fast bowling attack regarded as the most vicious in Test history. His captaincy of the Indian team, however, was less successful. The team at one stage went 31 Test matches without a victory. There were incidents like crowd displeasure at Eden Gardens in Calcutta leading to multiple matches being disrupted, in response to the poor performance of the Indian team. Turbulent performances of the team led to multiple exchanges of captaincy between Gavaskar and Kapil Dev, with one of Gavaskar's sackings coming just six months before Kapil led India to victory at the 1983 Cricket World Cup.
wn.com/Sunil_Gavaskar -
Sunil Prabhu
Sunil Prabhu is an Indian politician belonging to the Shiv Sena. He is the current and the 74thMayor of the city of Mumbai, the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra, and chief of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), the country's richest municipal body.
Prabhu started off his career in 1992 as a personal assistant to a senior Shiv Sena leader and a former MLA from Goregaon, Gajanan Kirtikar till 1997. It was on Kirtikar's insistence that he had got a chance to fight the civic elections from Aarey Colony in 1997. Subsequently, he went on to win three civic elections.
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Yakut Khan
Yakut Khan was a Siddi Naval Admiral and administrator of Janjira Fort who first served under Bijapur Sultanate and later under the Mughal Empire. His real name was Siddi Qasim Khan but was given the title of Yakut Khan by Emperor Alamgir. During a Muhgal-English conflict he laid siege to the British-held Bombay in 1689.
The Siddis are a community of African ancestry that live in much of Karnataka and Kerala, India. They were loyal to the Mughals and had earned a reputation as excellent sea-farers.
In October, 1672, Khan entered the seven islands of Bombay and attacked the Marathas with whom they were at war with. Khan returned the following year, on 10 October 1673, after destroying the towns of Pen and Nagothane.
Yakut Khan, along with Khariyat Khan, had earlier saved the Portuguese from the Marathas left by Sambhaji at Chaul. In return, they enjoyed a cordial relationship in the otherwise tense political climate.
In 1689, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered the Khan to attack Bombay for the third time after Indian vessels sailing to Surat were captured in 1686. In April 1689, the Siddis laid siege to the British fortification to the south. The British governor Sir John Child appealed to Aurangzeb. In February 1690, the Mughals agreed to halt the attack in return for 150,000 rupees (Over a billion USD at 2008 conversion rates) and Child's dismissal. Child's untimely death in 1690 however, resulted in him escaping the ignominy of being sacked.
wn.com/Yakut_Khan
Dhobi Ghat (mumbai Diaries) (2011)
Actors
Director
Mumbai
Yeh Ganapat Chal Daaru La 2
Ice Chala Soda Kum Toda Paani Mila 2
Thoda Table Veble Saaf Kar De Na Yaar 2
Yeh Ganapat, Ganapat 2
In The Mumbai, All Over India
We Are The Bhaai 2
Bhaai Main Bhaai Tu Phikar Na Kar
Usaki Maa Ki Usaki Behen Ki Jo Dekhe Idhar
Apun Ko Bata De Kabhi Ho Gayi Fantar
Sabki Fatati Apane Naam Se Apun Jaaye Jidhar
Thoda Coke Shoke To Apun Ke Dost Ko De Na Yaar 2
Yeh Ganapat, Ganapat
Yeh Ganapat Chal Daaru La
In The Mumbai, All Over India
We Are The Bhaai 2
Bipasha, Mallika, Priyanka Ya Ho Aishwarya Rai
Jaaye Saali Jaake Jahaan Marzi Maraaye
Yash Chopra, Subhash Ghai Apani Picture Banaaye
Apun Kya Lena, Jaise Taise, Paise Kamaaye
Apun Ko Toh Chaahiye Din Mein Special Chaai
Shaam Ko Daaru, Raat Ko Ladki Aur Nind Aa Jaaye
Yeh Ganapat, Yeh Ganapat.... Chal
(Dekh Paltke Main Hoon Kudiye
Har ??? Se Main Hi Hoon Kudiye
Tu Dil Hain Main Jaan Hoon Kudiye) 2
In The Mumbai, All Over India
We Are The Bhaai 2
In The Mumbai, We Are The Bhaai 2
Congress Smart Party Ya Phir Hove Bjp
Sabko ?? Hoti Only Tere Bhaai Ki
?? Saala Phaalatu Vaalatu Tapaka Daal Du Main
Maar Maar Ke Maar Maar Ke Phaad Daalata Hoon Main
Thoda Murga Shurga Murga Shurga De Na Yaar 2
Yeh Ganapat Chal Daaru La 2
In The Mumbai, All Over India
We Are The Bhaai 2
In The Mumbai, All Over India
We Are The Bhaai 2
Yeh Ganapat, Yeh Ganapat, Yeh Ganapat....
Pan Yeh Ganapat Kaun Hai....
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Street Food - Mumbai - 14 Nov 08 - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:45
- Updated: 18 Feb 2013
In the first of a new series Al Jazeera's Divya Gopalan attempts to understand the real Mumbai by taking a culinary journey through its Street Food.
http://wn.com/Street_Food_Mumbai_14_Nov_08_Part_1
In the first of a new series Al Jazeera's Divya Gopalan attempts to understand the real Mumbai by taking a culinary journey through its Street Food.
Zee News : Mumbai & Delhi react to UPA 2's Woman Budget 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:50
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
For more info log on to www.zeenews.india.com
http://wn.com/Zee_News_Mumbai_Delhi_react_to_UPA_2's_Woman_Budget_2013
Property Show: Smart investment options in Mumbai, Navi Mumbai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
In this episode of Property Show, we look at smart investment options in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, prime properties in Chennai and Bengaluru and right-priced home options in Pune and Vadodara. Also, the latest ground report from Noida Extension in Delhi NCR which has become a hot spot for investors and developers. Watch full show: profit.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/Property_Show_Smart_investment_options_in_Mumbai,_Navi_Mumbai
In this episode of Property Show, we look at smart investment options in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, prime properties in Chennai and Bengaluru and right-priced home options in Pune and Vadodara. Also, the latest ground report from Noida Extension in Delhi NCR which has become a hot spot for investors and developers. Watch full show: profit.ndtv.com
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- author: ndtv
Flash Mob Mumbai - CST Official Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
200 ordinary Mumbaikars (aged 4-60) come together one busy Sunday evening for pure joy. The historic CST station blares 'Rang De Basanti' on its speakers while surprised train commuters rush to see whats going on.
http://wn.com/Flash_Mob_Mumbai_CST_Official_Video
200 ordinary Mumbaikars (aged 4-60) come together one busy Sunday evening for pure joy. The historic CST station blares 'Rang De Basanti' on its speakers while surprised train commuters rush to see whats going on.
- published: 29 Nov 2011
- views: 2733549
- author: shonankothari
Airline Travels Kolkata(Calcutta) to Mumbai(Bombay) by Jet Airways Boeing 737-800.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Airline Travel from Kolkata to Mumbai at 9th Feb 2012. After about 1 month travel in Northern India, I moved to Southern India by this Flight. When I arrived Mumbai, I felt some different from Northern and Southern. Such as High product Price, comparably well-organesed social environment. But the bad part of Indian Airport was so complicated Security-Checks. I guess it was caused by Political Dispute against Pakistan. To prevent from Terrorism, Indian Airport did so complicated security-checks to Travelers.
http://wn.com/Airline_Travels_KolkataCalcutta_to_MumbaiBombay_by_Jet_Airways_Boeing_737-800
Airline Travel from Kolkata to Mumbai at 9th Feb 2012. After about 1 month travel in Northern India, I moved to Southern India by this Flight. When I arrived Mumbai, I felt some different from Northern and Southern. Such as High product Price, comparably well-organesed social environment. But the bad part of Indian Airport was so complicated Security-Checks. I guess it was caused by Political Dispute against Pakistan. To prevent from Terrorism, Indian Airport did so complicated security-checks to Travelers.
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- views: 269
- author: shene81
Salman khan at CCL 3 | Mumbai Heroes v Kerala Striker (09-Feb-2013) CCL Cricket
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
"Mohanlal" "SalmanKhan" "Salman" "Salman Khan" "Celebrity Cricket League" "CCL" "Kerala Strikers" "CCL 3" "Bollywood" "Mumbai Heroes " "CCL Live" "CCL cricket" "Cricket" "ccl" "ccl cricket" "ccl calendar" "CCL 2013" "ccl Cricket 2013" "CCL match" "CCL Cricket Match" "CCL Highlights" Salman...
http://wn.com/Salman_khan_at_CCL_3_|_Mumbai_Heroes_v_Kerala_Striker_09-Feb-2013_CCL_Cricket
"Mohanlal" "SalmanKhan" "Salman" "Salman Khan" "Celebrity Cricket League" "CCL" "Kerala Strikers" "CCL 3" "Bollywood" "Mumbai Heroes " "CCL Live" "CCL cricket" "Cricket" "ccl" "ccl cricket" "ccl calendar" "CCL 2013" "ccl Cricket 2013" "CCL match" "CCL Cricket Match" "CCL Highlights" Salman...
- published: 09 Feb 2013
- views: 23135
- author: KollywoodReloaded
The Old Lady Murder- Navi Mumbai - Episode 209 - 8th February 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:59
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
"Navi Mumbai police discover the body of an old lady in a half constructed building in Khopar Khairane. The lady has been strangulated to death. No identity on the lady. After scanning through all police stations for missing complaints and printing photos in newspapers and on pamphlets on walls, finally the police learn that the lady is a resident of a chawl in Kurla. Her name is Shantabai. On the fateful day of her murder, it is found that Shantabai had gone to a builder's office to collect money for her chawl home, which was going for redevelopment. The money has not been deposited in Shantabai's account though Shantabai had gone to collect the money. All the jewellery on the body of Shantabai is missing? Who is behind this murder? "
http://wn.com/The_Old_Lady_Murder_Navi_Mumbai_Episode_209_8th_February_2013
"Navi Mumbai police discover the body of an old lady in a half constructed building in Khopar Khairane. The lady has been strangulated to death. No identity on the lady. After scanning through all police stations for missing complaints and printing photos in newspapers and on pamphlets on walls, finally the police learn that the lady is a resident of a chawl in Kurla. Her name is Shantabai. On the fateful day of her murder, it is found that Shantabai had gone to a builder's office to collect money for her chawl home, which was going for redevelopment. The money has not been deposited in Shantabai's account though Shantabai had gone to collect the money. All the jewellery on the body of Shantabai is missing? Who is behind this murder? "
- published: 09 Feb 2013
- views: 112261
- author: setindia
Irani Cup: Mumbai vs Rest of India, Day 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 423:15
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Irani Cup 2012-13: Mumbai vs Rest of India, Day 1 on February 5th, 2013.
http://wn.com/Irani_Cup_Mumbai_vs_Rest_of_India,_Day_1
Live Video Streaming of Irani Cup 2012-13: Mumbai vs Rest of India, Day 1 on February 5th, 2013.
- published: 06 Feb 2013
- author: Willow TV
Once Upon a Time in Mumbai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 134:19
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
FULL MOVIE AS REQUESTED BY TARIQ AWAN
http://wn.com/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Mumbai
Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 463:55
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 1 played at Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai on January 25th, 2013.
http://wn.com/Ranji_Trophy_Final_Mumbai_v_Saurashtra,_Day_1
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 1 played at Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai on January 25th, 2013.
- published: 26 Jan 2013
- author: Willow TV
Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 1 played at Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai on January 26th, 2013.
http://wn.com/Ranji_Trophy_Final_Mumbai_v_Saurashtra,_Day_2
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 1 played at Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai on January 26th, 2013.
- published: 27 Jan 2013
- author: Willow TV
'Mumbai 125 KM' 3D Theatrical Trailer | Veena Malik, Karanvir Bohra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Mumbai 125 KM 3D is a 2013 Indian horror film directed by Hemant Madhukar and starring Veena Malik, Karanvir Bohra, Vedita Pratap Singh, Vije Bhatia and Rajeev Anand.
http://wn.com/'Mumbai_125_KM'_3D_Theatrical_Trailer_|_Veena_Malik,_Karanvir_Bohra
Mumbai 125 KM 3D is a 2013 Indian horror film directed by Hemant Madhukar and starring Veena Malik, Karanvir Bohra, Vedita Pratap Singh, Vije Bhatia and Rajeev Anand.
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 110180
- author: TheBollywoodUncut
Ranji Trophy: Quarter-Final - Mumbai vs Baroda, Day 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 487:20
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Quarter-Final - Mumbai vs Baroda, Day 1 on January 5th, 2013 at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai.
http://wn.com/Ranji_Trophy_Quarter-Final_Mumbai_vs_Baroda,_Day_1
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Quarter-Final - Mumbai vs Baroda, Day 1 on January 5th, 2013 at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai.
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- author: Willow TV
Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 217:40
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 3 played at Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai on January 27th, 2013.
http://wn.com/Ranji_Trophy_Final_Mumbai_v_Saurashtra,_Day_3
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Final - Mumbai v Saurashtra, Day 3 played at Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai on January 27th, 2013.
- published: 28 Jan 2013
- author: Willow TV
Mumbai 125 Km trailer: Veena Malik is back as a sexy ghost
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Mumbai 125 Km trailer: Veena Malik is back as a sexy ghost By www.bollywoodlife.com Veena Malik is desperate to break into Bollywood with some meaty roles. So far, we have seen her heave her shapely bosom in some seedy item numbers or play a bimbo in a flick or two. But now, the sensational Pakistani import will portray a ghost in Hemant Madhukar's horror flick Mumbai 125 Km. View More Stories On http
http://wn.com/Mumbai_125_Km_trailer_Veena_Malik_is_back_as_a_sexy_ghost
Mumbai 125 Km trailer: Veena Malik is back as a sexy ghost By www.bollywoodlife.com Veena Malik is desperate to break into Bollywood with some meaty roles. So far, we have seen her heave her shapely bosom in some seedy item numbers or play a bimbo in a flick or two. But now, the sensational Pakistani import will portray a ghost in Hemant Madhukar's horror flick Mumbai 125 Km. View More Stories On http
- published: 06 Feb 2013
- views: 21955
- author: TheBollywoodLife
Ranji Trophy: Group A - Madhya Pradesh vs Mumbai, Day 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 415:13
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Group A - Madhya Pradesh vs Mumbai, Day 4 at Indore on December 24th, 2012.
http://wn.com/Ranji_Trophy_Group_A_Madhya_Pradesh_vs_Mumbai,_Day_4
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Group A - Madhya Pradesh vs Mumbai, Day 4 at Indore on December 24th, 2012.
- published: 25 Dec 2012
- author: Willow TV
Ranji Trophy: Quarter-Final - Mumbai vs Baroda, Day 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 191:25
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Quarter-Final - Mumbai vs Baroda, Day 4 on January 8th, 2013 at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai.
http://wn.com/Ranji_Trophy_Quarter-Final_Mumbai_vs_Baroda,_Day_4
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Quarter-Final - Mumbai vs Baroda, Day 4 on January 8th, 2013 at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai.
- published: 09 Jan 2013
- author: Willow TV
Navi Mumbai builder's murder caught live on CCTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Navi Mumbai vashi builder murder caught live on CCTV best full HD video with original audio sound
http://wn.com/Navi_Mumbai_builder's_murder_caught_live_on_CCTV
Navi Mumbai vashi builder murder caught live on CCTV best full HD video with original audio sound
- published: 17 Feb 2013
- views: 9991
- author: Sibtain Zaheer
Ranji Trophy: Group A - Madhya Pradesh vs Mumbai, Day 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 480:00
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Group A - Madhya Pradesh vs Mumbai, Day 3 at Indore on December 23rd, 2012.
http://wn.com/Ranji_Trophy_Group_A_Madhya_Pradesh_vs_Mumbai,_Day_3
Live Video Streaming of Ranji Trophy: Group A - Madhya Pradesh vs Mumbai, Day 3 at Indore on December 23rd, 2012.
- published: 24 Dec 2012
- author: Willow TV
Attack on Raj Thackeray: Mumbai, Thane tense following MNS-NCP clash-TV9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Tension brewed in parts of Mumbai and adjoining Thane districts today following yesterday's incident of stone pelting on Raj Thackeray's convoy by alleged NCP workers in Ahmednagar district, with MNS supporters attacking NCP office in Ambernath and calling a bandh.Angry MNS workers burnt effigies of Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar and blackened his posters in some parts of the city.
http://wn.com/Attack_on_Raj_Thackeray_Mumbai,_Thane_tense_following_MNS-NCP_clash-TV9
Tension brewed in parts of Mumbai and adjoining Thane districts today following yesterday's incident of stone pelting on Raj Thackeray's convoy by alleged NCP workers in Ahmednagar district, with MNS supporters attacking NCP office in Ambernath and calling a bandh.Angry MNS workers burnt effigies of Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar and blackened his posters in some parts of the city.
- published: 27 Feb 2013
- views: 31
- author: tv9maharashtra
YAARIYAN presents MUMBAI QUEER FLASHMOB 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
On 25th January 2013, around 4:40 pm, the ever bustling Dadar East Station was brought to a standstill by a group of young men and women of diverse sexual orientations, all dancing to celebrate the spirit of LGBTHIQ Community in Mumbai and India. The dance performance was made possible by young volunteers belonging to Yaariyan, a youth group working towards Queer youth issues in Mumbai. QUEER AZAADI MUMBAI walked hands united on 2nd February 2013 from August Kranti Maidan bringing the Pride Week of activities and events to the grand finale - Mumbai Pride March 2013.
http://wn.com/YAARIYAN_presents_MUMBAI_QUEER_FLASHMOB_2013
On 25th January 2013, around 4:40 pm, the ever bustling Dadar East Station was brought to a standstill by a group of young men and women of diverse sexual orientations, all dancing to celebrate the spirit of LGBTHIQ Community in Mumbai and India. The dance performance was made possible by young volunteers belonging to Yaariyan, a youth group working towards Queer youth issues in Mumbai. QUEER AZAADI MUMBAI walked hands united on 2nd February 2013 from August Kranti Maidan bringing the Pride Week of activities and events to the grand finale - Mumbai Pride March 2013.
- published: 10 Feb 2013
- views: 10049
- author: prashansa gurung
Classroom Mumbai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
On Teacher's Day, while everyone was celebrating their teachers, Akanksha's kids went out looking for theirs. Spread the word, and help Akanksha find more teachers. To become a teacher with Akanksha, logon to www.akanksha.org or send a mail to leena.joseph@akanksha.org, or call on 022-2370 0253 (Mumbai)/ 020-2554 0008/9 (Pune).
http://wn.com/Classroom_Mumbai
On Teacher's Day, while everyone was celebrating their teachers, Akanksha's kids went out looking for theirs. Spread the word, and help Akanksha find more teachers. To become a teacher with Akanksha, logon to www.akanksha.org or send a mail to leena.joseph@akanksha.org, or call on 022-2370 0253 (Mumbai)/ 020-2554 0008/9 (Pune).
- published: 11 Feb 2013
- views: 13131
- author: scholesey123
Mohanlal Superb Fielding at CCL 3 | Mumbai Heroes v Kerala Striker (09-Feb-2013) CCL Cricket
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
"Mohanlal" "SalmanKhan" "Salman" "Salman Khan" "Celebrity Cricket League" "CCL" "Kerala Strikers" "CCL 3" "Bollywood" "Mumbai Heroes " "CCL Live" "CCL cricket" "Cricket" "ccl" "ccl cricket" "ccl calendar" "CCL 2013" "ccl Cricket 2013" "CCL match" "CCL Cricket Match" "CCL Highlights" Mohanlal...
http://wn.com/Mohanlal_Superb_Fielding_at_CCL_3_|_Mumbai_Heroes_v_Kerala_Striker_09-Feb-2013_CCL_Cricket
"Mohanlal" "SalmanKhan" "Salman" "Salman Khan" "Celebrity Cricket League" "CCL" "Kerala Strikers" "CCL 3" "Bollywood" "Mumbai Heroes " "CCL Live" "CCL cricket" "Cricket" "ccl" "ccl cricket" "ccl calendar" "CCL 2013" "ccl Cricket 2013" "CCL match" "CCL Cricket Match" "CCL Highlights" Mohanlal...
- published: 09 Feb 2013
- views: 25271
- author: KollywoodReloaded
photo: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013
Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
27 Feb 2013
Russian President Vladimir Putin told the country's top brass on Wednesday to drastically upgrade the armed forces in the next few years as part of response to attempts by the United States and NATO to "tip the strategic balance" in the world. In his address to Russia's defense ministry and top military officials, Putin said Russia is witnessing "insistent attempts" to change that balance and complained about U.S ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Mary Altaffer
26 Feb 2013
Jesus Diaz - . Scientists have found proof of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean. According to a study published in Nature Geoscience, the continent “was separated from Madagascar and fragmented into a ribbon-like configuration by a series of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin.”. Its name is not Atlantis, though ... [Nature Geoscience via BBC News]. Image by Shutterstock ... Related Posts ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: WN / Marzena Jazowska
28 Feb 2013
European Union chiefs have agreed a package of financial laws that includes capping bankers' bonuses at a maximum of one year's basic salary. The bonuses will only be allowed to reach twice the annual fixed salary if a large majority of a bank's shareholders agrees, said Othmar Karas, the European Parliament's chief negotiator ... The only hope now of stopping a deal is a vote of EU finance ministers to endorse the provisional agreement....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Ismael Francisco
28 Feb 2013
MEXICO CITY — He may have just taken on the toughest job in Cuba. Rivals at home will try to take him down. Enemies abroad will discredit him. Almost anyone with an interest in Cuba — including American spies and Cuban intelligence officers — will dig through his public and private lives, rummaging for secrets or clues about his plans. Connect With Us on Twitter ... Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... Mr ... Mr ... 2 ... ... Op-Ed ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
Newstrack India
28 Feb 2013
Deccan Chronicle
28 Feb 2013
Assam's dream run in the Vijay Hazare Trophy continued as they stunned Ranji Trophy champions Mumbai by 27 runs to enter the semi-finals of the domestic ODI tournament here today. Chasing a paltry 179 for win, Mumbai, the last season's runners-up, were in for a shock as their batting line-up crumbled in front of a disciplined Assam attack to be bowled out for 151 in 46.5 overs in the low-scoring quarter-final ... Mumbai....(size: 2.1Kb)
Deccan Herald
28 Feb 2013
The Telegraph India
28 Feb 2013
Newstrack India
28 Feb 2013
Newstrack India
28 Feb 2013
Finance Minister P Chidambaram in his budget speech in the Lok Sabha today said that the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project has made rapid progress ... The next corridor will be the Bengaluru Mumbai Industrial Corridor on ......(size: 1.3Kb)
Indian Express
28 Feb 2013
The film is based on Mumbai terror attack in November 2008 where 10 Pakistan-based terrorists used 'Kuber' to reach Mumbai after hijacking the boat in the high seas ... Verma could not be contacted for his comments. ....(size: 1.1Kb)
The Times of India
28 Feb 2013
With Union finance minister P Chidambaram announcing business corridor connecting important cities in the south, the Andhra Pradesh-Chennai-Bangalore-Mumbai business corridor, also called Peninsular Region Industrial Development Corridor ( PRIDe corridor), has come close to reality ... The next corridor will be the Bengaluru-Mumbai Industrial Corridor on which preparatory work has stared," Chidambaram said ... Bangalore-Mumbai corridor.....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Times of India
28 Feb 2013
With Union finance minister P Chidambaram announcing business corridor connecting important cities in the south, the Andhra Pradesh-Chennai-Bangalore-Mumbai business corridor, also called the Peninsular Region Industrial Development Corridor (PRIDe corridor), has come close to reality ... The next corridor will be the Bengaluru-Mumbai Industrial Corridor on which preparatory work has stared," Chidambaram said ... Bangalore-Mumbai corridor....(size: 3.4Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
28 Feb 2013
Ram Gopal Varma, who directed his new movie on the 2008 Mumbai attacks, is promising an unflinching depiction of the tragedy, which some traumatised survivors fear will be too painful to watch ... The making of the film has provoked mixed reactions in Mumbai, where feelings still run high over the attacks that targeted luxury hotels, a hospital and a cafe, a busy train station and a Jewish centre....(size: 4.5Kb)
Khaleej Times
28 Feb 2013
The director of a new Bollywood movie on the 2008 Mumbai attacks is promising an unflinching depiction of the tragedy, which some traumatised survivors fear will be too painful to watch ... The making of the film has provoked mixed reactions in Mumbai, where feelings still run high over the attacks that targeted luxury hotels, a hospital and a cafe, a busy train station and a Jewish centre....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Telegraph India
28 Feb 2013
The Telegraph India
28 Feb 2013
"Bombay" redirects here. For other uses, see Bombay (disambiguation).
| Mumbai Bombay |
|
| — metropolitan city — | |
 |
|
|
|
|
| Coordinates | 18°58′30″N 72°49′33″E / 18.975°N 72.82583°E / 18.975; 72.82583Coordinates: 18°58′30″N 72°49′33″E / 18.975°N 72.82583°E / 18.975; 72.82583 |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District(s) | Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban |
| Municipal commissioner | Subodh Kumar |
| Mayor | Sunil Prabhu (SS) |
| Population |
12,478,447[1][2] (1st) (2011[update]) • 20,694 /km2 (53,597 /sq mi) |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) |
| Area |
603 km2 (233 sq mi) • 14 metres (46 ft) |
| Website | www.mcgm.gov.in |
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world.[4] Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city.[5] Mumbai is also the richest city in India,[6] and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project,[7] which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea.[8] Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.[9]
Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India, it is also one of the world's top 10 centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,[10] generating 5% of India's GDP,[11] and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India (Mumbai Port Trust & JNPT),[12] and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy.[13] Mumbai is home to important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It houses some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses India's Hindi (Bollywood) and Marathi film and television industry. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of many communities and cultures.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name Mumbai is derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba—the name of the Koli goddess Mumbadevi—and Aai, "mother" in the language of Marathi.[14]
The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used.[15][16] Ali Muhammad Khan, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi (1507) referred to the city as Manbai.[17] In 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India").[18][19] This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning "good little bay",[20] and Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese.[21] In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi.[22]
Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), and Boon Bay (1690).[21][23] After the British gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was officially anglicised as Bombay.[24]
By the late 20th century, the city was known as Mumbai or Mambai to Marathi language, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi speakers and as Bambai in Hindi, Persian and Urdu. The English name was officially changed to Mumbai in November 1995.[25] This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party that had just won the Maharashtra state elections and mirrored similar name changes across the country. A theory was proposed suggesting that "Bombay" was a corrupted English version of "Mumbai" and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule. The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. However, the city is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and Indians from other regions as well.[26] However, mentions of the city by the name other than Mumbai have been controversial, resulting in emotional outbursts sometimes of a violently political nature.[27][28]
A widespread popular etymology of Bombay holds that it was derived from a Portuguese name meaning "good bay". This is based on the facts that bom is Portuguese for "good" and baía (or the archaic spelling bahia) means "bay". However, this literal translation would have been incorrect in grammatical gender, as bom is masculine, while baia is feminine; a correct Portuguese rendering of "good bay" would be boa ba(h)ia. Having said this, baim is an archaic, masculine word for "little bay".[20]
Portuguese scholar José Pedro Machado in his Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (1981; "Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology"), seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, suggesting that the presence of a bay was a coincidence (rather than a basis of the toponym) and led to a misconception, that the noun (bahia; "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese name.[29]
History[link]
Main articles: History of Mumbai and Timeline of Mumbai history
Early history[link]
Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands: Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba).[30] It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. Pleistocene sediments found along the coastal areas around Kandivali in northern Mumbai by archaeologist Todd in 1939 suggest that the islands were inhabited since the Stone Age.[31] Perhaps at the beginning of the Common era (2000 years ago), or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.[32]
In the third century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha.[33] The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated in the mid-third century BCE,[34] and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.[35] The city then was known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE.[36]
Between the second century BCE and ninth century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties: Satavahanas, Western Kshatrapas, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas,[37] before being ruled by the Silhara dynasty from 810 to 1260.[38] Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are, Jogeshwari Caves (between 520 to 525),[39] Elephanta Caves (between the sixth to seventh century),[40] Walkeshwar Temple (10th century),[41] and Banganga Tank (12th century).[42]
King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century, and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim).[43] The Pathare Prabhus, one of the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to Mahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.[44] The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48, and controlled it till 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.[45][46]
The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate, which was established in 1407. The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli, built in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431.[47] From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahamani Sultanate of Deccan.[48][49] In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahamani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands, but was defeated.[50]
European rule[link]
The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century.[51] Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the seven islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.[52] The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay.[53]
Some of the oldest Catholic churches in the city such as the St. Michael's Church at Mahim (1534),[54] St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri (1579),[55] St. Andrew's Church at Bandra (1580),[56] and Gloria Church at Byculla (1632),[57] date from the Portuguese era. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed the islands in possession of the British Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.[58] However, Salsette, Bassein, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the British managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.[59]
These islands were in turn leased to the British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum by the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668.[60] The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.[61] The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan, the Siddi admiral of the Mughal Empire, in October 1672,[62] Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673,[63] and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10 October 1673.[62]
In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency.[64] Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India.[65] Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90.[66] The Portuguese presence ended in Bombay when the Marathas under Peshwa Baji Rao I captured Salsette in 1737, and Bassein in 1739.[67]
By the middle of the 18th century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.[68] Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the Treaty of Surat (1775), the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein, resulting in the First Anglo-Maratha War.[69] The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the Treaty of Purandar (1776),[70] and later through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.[71]
From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the seven islands into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as Hornby Vellard, was completed by 1784.[7] In 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone defeated Baji Rao II, the last of the Maratha Peshwa in the Battle of Khadki.[72] Following his defeat, almost the whole of the Deccan came under British suzerainty, and were incorporated in Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers.[73]
By 1845, the seven islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation.[8][74] On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of Thane.[75] During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.[76]
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea.[77] In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.[78] About 850,000 people fled Bombay and the textile industry was adversely affected.[79] As the capital of the Bombay Presidency, it witnessed the Indian independence movement, with the Quit India Movement in 1942 and The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny in 1946 being its most notable events.[80][81]
Independent India[link]
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.[82] On April 1950, Municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by merging the Bombay Suburban District and Bombay City to form Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation.[83]
The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Bombay was at its height in the 1950s. In the Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.[84] The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–Gujarat with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report. Bombay Citizens' Committee, an advocacy group of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Bombay's independent status.[85]
Following protests during the movement in which 105 people were killed by police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[86] Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.[87] Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.[88] As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square), and a memorial was erected.[89]
The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed.[90] The Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Bombay metropolitan region.[91] In August 1979, a sister township of New Bombay was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Bombay's population. Textile industry in Bombay largely disappeared after the massive 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike, in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.[92] Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment.
The Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which currently handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city.[93] The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Bombay district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, Bombay City and Bombay Suburban, though they were administered by same Municipal Administration.[94]
The past two decades have seen an increase in violence in the hitherto largely peaceful city. Following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, the city was rocked by the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93 in which more than 1,000 people were killed. On 12 March 1993, a series of 13 co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay underworld resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.[95] In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on the city's commuter trains.[96] In 2008, a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to a couple of heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.[97] The blasts that occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar on 13th July 2011 were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai.[98]
Today, Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.[99] For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.[100] From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.[101]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Mumbai
Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district, which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.[102] The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island City or South Mumbai.[11] The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km2 (233 sq mi).[103] Of this, the island city spans 67.79 km2 (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km2 (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 km2 (169 sq mi) under the administration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). The remaining area belongs to Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC.[104]
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island, partially shared with the Thane district.[105] Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west.[106] Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft);[107] the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).[108] Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,[109] and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the Powai-Kanheri ranges.[110] Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi).[111]
Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: Vihar, Lower Vaitarna, Upper Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.[112] Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.[113] The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.[114] The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.[115]
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.[116] The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras.[117] Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in the vicinity.[118] The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region,[119] which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected.[120]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Mumbai
Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate under the Köppen climate classification, with seven months of dryness and peak of rains in July.[121] The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.[122]
Between June and September, the south west monsoon rains lash the city. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954.[123] The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26 July 2005.[124] The average total annual rainfall is 2,146.6 mm (85 in) for the Island City, and 2,457 mm (97 in) for the suburbs.[123]
The average annual temperature is 27.2 °C (81 °F), and the average annual precipitation is 2,167 mm (85 in).[125] In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31.2 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 23.7 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29.1 °C (84 °F) to 33.3 °C (92 °F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16.3 °C (61 °F) to 26.2 °C (79 °F).[123] The record high is 40.2 °C (104 °F) on 28 March 1982,[126] and the record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) on 27 January 1962.[127]
| Climate data for Mumbai | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.6 (87.1) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
31.9 (89.4) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 0.6 (0.024) |
1.5 (0.059) |
0.1 (0.004) |
0.6 (0.024) |
13.2 (0.52) |
574.1 (22.602) |
868.3 (34.185) |
553.0 (21.772) |
306.4 (12.063) |
62.9 (2.476) |
14.9 (0.587) |
5.6 (0.22) |
2,401.2 (94.535) |
| Avg. rainy days | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 14.9 | 24.0 | 22.0 | 13.7 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 80.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 269.7 | 259.9 | 272.8 | 285.0 | 297.6 | 150.0 | 74.4 | 74.4 | 165.0 | 238.7 | 246.0 | 254.2 | 2,587.7 |
| Source no. 1: IMD - Period 1951-1980 [128] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1971–1990) [129] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Mumbai
Mumbai is India's largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.[11][99][130] It serves as an economic hub of India, contributing 10% of factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of income tax collections, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and 4,000 crore (US$798 million) in corporate taxes.[131]
As of 2008, Mumbai's GDP is 919,600 crore (US$183.46 billion),[132] and its per-capita income in 2009 was 486,000 (US$9,695.7),[6][133] which is almost three times the national average.[74] Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including Larsen and Toubro, State Bank of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance),[99] and five of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai.[134] Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area,[99] with the World Trade Centre being the most prominent one.[135]
Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology.[136] As of 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of Global cities.[137] Mumbai is the 3rd most expensive office market in the world. Mumbai was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.[138]
State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.[139] In Dharavi, in central Mumbai, there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.[140]
Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered in Mumbai. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood, is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest in the world as well as centre of Marathi Film Industry.[141][142] Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in 2000s.[143]
Mumbai has been ranked 48th on the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008.[144] In April 2008, Mumbai was ranked seventh in the list of "Top Ten Cities for Billionaires" by Forbes magazine,[145] and first in terms of those billionaires' average wealth.[146]
Civic administration[link]
Mumbai, extending from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisar in the north, and Mankhurd in the east, is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC).[106] The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.[147] The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves for a term of two and half years.
The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government. Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee.[148]
The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.
The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry.[149] The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones,[104] each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police.[150] The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The Mumbai Fire Brigade department is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six Divisional Officers.[104]
Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[151] Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special TADA (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.[152]
Politics[link]
Mumbai has been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party.[153] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885.[154] The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the 20th century.[155]
The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Bombay, with the formation of the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native Marathi people in Bombay.[156] The party headed a campaign to expel South Indian and North Indian migrants by force.[157] The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay municipal corporation elections.[158]
In 1989, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections. In 1999, the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) separated from the Congress, but later allied with the Congress, to form a joint venture known as the Democratic Front.[159] Currently, other parties such as Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), Samajwadi Party (SP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.[160]
In the Indian national elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: Mumbai North, Mumbai North West, Mumbai North East, Mumbai North Central, Mumbai South Central, and Mumbai South.[161] A Member of Parliament (MP) to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the 2009 national elections, out of the six parliamentary constituencies, five were won by the Congress, and one by the NCP.[162] In the Maharashtra state assembly elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.[163][164]
A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the 2009 state assembly elections, out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 17 were won by the Congress, 6 by the MNS, 5 by the BJP, 4 by the Shiv Sena, 3 by the NCP and 1 by SP.[165] Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the BMC.[166]
The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the 24 municipal wards, five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a Mayor whose role is mostly ceremonial.[167][168][169] In the 2007 municipal corporation elections, out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 111 seats, holding power in the BMC, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 85 seats.[170] The tenure of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, and Municipal Commissioner is two and a half years.[171]
Transport[link]
Main article: Public transport in Mumbai
Mumbai Suburban Railway system carries more than 6.99 million commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger densities of any urban railway system in the world.
A BESTStarbus. BEST buses carry a total of 4.5 million passengers daily.
The black and yellow Premier Padmini Taxis are iconic of Mumbai.
Tonga seen at night in the Marine drive road
The Bandra-Worli Sea Link is a cable-stayed bridge that connects central Mumbai with its western suburbs
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria Terminus, is the headquarters of the Central Railway and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is currently India's busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic.[172]
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust is the busiest port in India
Public transport[link]
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow metre taxis, auto rickshaws and ferries. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.[173] Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in South Mumbai.[174]
Taxis and rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on compressed natural gas,[175] and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.[174] Mumbai had about 1.53 million vehicles in 2008,[176] 56,459 black and yellow taxis, and 102,224 auto rickshaws, as of 2005.[177]
Road[link]
Mumbai is served by National Highway 3, National Highway 4, National Highway 17, National Highway 222 and National Highway 8 of India's National Highways system.[178] The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the first expressway built in India,[179] while the Mumbai Nashik Expressway, Mumbai-Vadodara Expressway,[180] Western Freeway and Eastern Freeway is under construction. The Bandra-Worli Sea Link bridge, along with Mahim Causeway, links the island city to the western suburbs.[181] The three major road arteries of the city are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Thane, the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to Panvel and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Borivali.[182]
Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008.[173] Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar and Thane.[183] The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses[184] with CCTV Camera installed, ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily[173] over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and Euro III compliant diesel and Compressed Natural Gas powered buses.[185] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) buses provide intercity transport and connect Mumbai with other major cities of Maharashtra and India.[186][187] Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) also operates its Volvo buses in Mumbai, from Navi Mumbai to Bandra, Dindoshi and Borivali.[188]
Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.[189]
The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai.[190] Mumbai BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai, with buses running on seven routes as of March 2009.[191] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion.[192] Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.[193]
- Mumbai Skywalks
Because of congestion on roads due to hawkers and parked vehicles, MMRDA has initiated the Mumbai Skywalks project to provide quick and safe pedestrian dispersal from highly congested areas such as Mumbai Suburban Railway stations to heavily targeted destinations.[194]
Rail[link]
Mumbai is the headquarters of two of Indian Railways' zones: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered at Churchgate.[195]
Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar Station, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central Station, Bandra Terminus, Andheri and Borivali.[196]
Suburban rail[link]
Main article: Mumbai Suburban Railway
The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway,popularly known as Locals, consists of three separate rail networks: Central, Western, and Harbour Line, running the length of the city, in the north-south direction.[197]
Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 6.3 million passengers every day in 2007,[198] which is more than half of the Indian Railways daily carrying capacity. Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.[199] The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes(ratin-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2226 train services.[200]
Metro[link]
Main article: Mumbai Metro
Mumbai Metro is an underground and elevated rapid transit system currently under construction.[201]
Monorail[link]
Main article: Mumbai Monorail
The Mumbai Monorail, currently under construction, will eventually run from Jacob Circle to Wadala.[202]
Air[link]
The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.[172] CSIA handled traffic of 29.1 million passengers and around 670,2 35 tonnes of cargo in the FY 2010-2011.[203] An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually. .[204]
The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.[205]
The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport.[206]
Sea[link]
Mumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai.[207] Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.[208] Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.[209] It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.[210]
Mumbai is the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy.[106]
Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city.[211]
Utility services[link]
See also: Mumbai's water sources
Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai. Many localities have been named after them. The BMC supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,[212][213] most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.[214] The water is filtered at Bhandup,[214] which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.[215] India's first underground water tunnel is being built in Mumbai.[216]
About 700 million litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3500 million litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.[217] Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is plastic waste,[218] is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and to the Deonar dumping ground in the east.[219] Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.11 mi) and 3.7 km (2.30 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.[220]
Electricity is distributed by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs.[221] Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity.[222] The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services.[223]
Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, MTNL, Loop Mobile, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city.[224] Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. Mumbai has highest number of internet users in India with 14.3 million users.[225]
Demographics[link]
See also: Growth of Mumbai and Mumbai statistics
| Population growth | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1971 | 5,970,575 |
|
|
| 1981 | 8,243,405 | 38.1% | |
| 1991 | 9,925,891 | 20.4% | |
| 2001 | 11,914,398 | 20.0% | |
| 2011 | 12,478,447 | 4.7% | |
|
Data is based on Government of India Census. |
|||
According to the 2011 census, the population of Mumbai was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. As Per 2011 census, Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the BMC, has a literacy rate of 94.7 %, higher than the national average of 86.7%.
The sex ratio was 838 (females per 1,000 males) in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[227]
Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite or Bombayite. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra state, of which Mumbai is the capital, is widely spoken and understood in the city. Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai, most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English.[228] English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.[229]
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live in close proximity to bus or train stations although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.[230] Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum[231] is located in central Mumbai and houses 800,000 people.[232] With a literacy rate of 69%, the slums in Mumbai are the most literate in India.[233]
The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[234]
Others include Jains, Sikhs & Parsis
| Religion in Mumbai[235] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism |
|
67.39% | ||
| Islam |
|
18.56% | ||
| Buddhism |
|
5.22% | ||
| Christianity |
|
4.2% | ||
| Others |
|
4.63% | ||
The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (67.39%), Muslims (18.56%), Buddhists (5.22%), Jains (3.99%), Christians (4.2%),[236] Sikhs (0.58%), with Parsis and Jews making up the rest of the population.[237] The linguistic/ethnic demographics are: Maharashtrians (42%), Gujaratis (19%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.[238] The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, and Konkani Muslims.[239] Native Christians include East Indians (ethnic group) Catholics who were converted by the Portuguese, during the 16th century.[240] The city also has a small native Bene Israeli Jewish community, who migrated from the Persian Gulf or Yemen, probably 1600 years ago.[241] Mumbai is also home to the largest population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the world, with about 80,000 Parsis in Mumbai. Parsis migrated to India from Pars (Persia/Iran) following the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century AD.[242]
Culture[link]
Main article: Mumbai culture
Mumbai's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music and theatres. The city offers a cosmopolitan and diverse lifestyle with a variety of food, entertainment and night life, available in a form and abundance comparable to that in other world capitals. Mumbai's history as a major trading centre has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions and cuisines coexisting in the city. This unique blend of cultures is due to the migration of people from all over India since the British period.
Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema[243]—Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies followed by Marathi talkies—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.[244] Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The Mumbai International Film Festival[245] and the award ceremony of the Filmfare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.[246] Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English and other regional languages.[247][248]
Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the Jehangir Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Modern Art. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldest public libraries in the city.[249] The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in South Mumbai which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.[250]
Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbours a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by Booker Prize winners Salman Rushdie, Aravind Adiga. Marathi literature has been modernised in the works of Mumbai based authors such as Mohan Apte, Anant Kanekar, and Gangadhar Gadgil, and is promoted through an annual Sahitya Akademi Award, a literary honour bestowed by India's National Academy of Letters.[251]
The architecture of the city is a blend of Gothic Revival, Indo-Saracenic, Art Deco, and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the Victoria Terminus and Bombay University, were built in Gothic Revival style.[252] Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.[253] There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the Gateway of India.[254] Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along the Marine Drive and west of the Oval Maidan. Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after Miami. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the largest number of skyscrapers in India, with 956 existing buildings and 272 under construction as of 2009.
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta Caves.[255] Popular tourist attractions in the city are Nariman Point, Girgaum Chowpatti, Juhu Beach, and Marine Drive. Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,[256] and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.[257]
Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in the city. The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films.[258] A week long annual fair known as Bandra Fair, starting on the following Sunday after 8 September, is celebrated by people of all faiths, to commemorate the Nativity of Mary, mother of Jesus, on 8 September.[259]
The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai.[260] The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.[261] Public holidays specific to the city and the state include Maharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,[262][263] and Gudi Padwa which is the New Year's Day for Marathi people.
Media[link]
Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top Marathi language newspapers are Maharashtra Times, Navakaal, Lokmat, Loksatta, Mumbai Chaufer, Saamana and Sakaal.[264] Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal, Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha & Chitralekha.[265] Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA, and Indian Express. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages.[266] Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati since 1822.[267] Bombay Durpan, the first Marathi newspaper, was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.
Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.[268]
The wide range of cable channels available includes Zee Marathi, Zee Talkies, ETV Marathi, Star Pravah, Mi Marathi, DD Sahyadri (All Marathi channels), news channels such as Star Majha, Lokmat IBN, Zee 24 Taas, sports channels like ESPN, Star Sports, National entertainment channels like Colors, Sony Zee TV and STAR Plus. News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. Zing a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai.Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs.[269] Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky.[270]
There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band.[271] Mumbai also has access to Commercial radio providers such as WorldSpace, Sirius and XM. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.[272]
Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.[273] The name Bollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood.[274] The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.[275] Studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for most movie sets.[276] The city also hosts the Marathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies such as Brahma Vision.[277]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Mumbai
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.[278] The schools are affiliated either with the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), The all-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards.[279] Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.[280] The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools.[281]
Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll for two years in junior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[282] This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.[283] Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.[284]
The Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay),[285] Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI),[286] University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT)[287] which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, and SNDT Women's University are the other autonomous universities in Mumbai.[288] Grant Medical College established in 1845 and Seth G.S. Medical College are the leading medical institutes affiliated with Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals and KEM Hospital respectively. Mumbai is also home to National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), S P Jain Institute of Management and Research and several other management schools.[289] Government Law College and Sydenham College, respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.[290][291] The Sir J. J. School of Art is Mumbai's oldest art institution.[292]
Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).[293] The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay.[294]
In 2010, Online Trading Academy, a widely awarded professional trader education company based in the US, opened its Indian center. Online Trading Academy will provide trading and investing education to customers in India.[295]
Sports[link]
Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Due to a shortage of grounds, various modified versions (generally referred to as gully cricket) are played everywhere. Mumbai is also home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)[296] and Indian Premier League (IPL).[297] The Mumbai cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy and has won 39 titles, the most by any team.[298] The city is also represented by the Mumbai Indians and the Pune Warriors in the Indian Premier League.
The city has two international cricket grounds, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at Bombay Gymkhana.[299] The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and London are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the final of an ICC Champions Trophy which was played at the Brabourne Stadium in 2006.[300] Eminent cricketers from Mumbai include Sachin Tendulkar[301] and Sunil Gavaskar.
Football is another popular sport in the city, with the FIFA World Cup and the English Premier League being followed widely.[302] In the I-League (matches in the city are played at the Cooperage Ground), Mumbai is represented by three teams, Mumbai FC,[303] Mahindra United[304] and Air-India.[305] Field hockey has declined in popularity, due to the rise of cricket. Mumbai is home to the Maratha Warriors, the only team from Maharashtra competing in the Premier Hockey League.[306] When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season. Named the Mumbai Gladiators, the team's first season will be played in Pune, and it will be Mumbai's first professional American football franchise.[307][308]
Every February, Mumbai holds derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. Mcdowell's Derby is also held in February at the Turf club in Mumbai.[309] Interest in Formula One racing has been rising in recent years,[310] and in 2008, the Force India F1 team car was unveiled in Mumbai.[311] The city is planning to build its own F1 track and various sites in the city were being chalked out, of which the authorities have planned to zero down on Marve-Malad or Panvel-Kalyan land. If approved, the track will be clubbed with a theme park and will spread over 400 to 500 acres (202 ha).[312] In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the F1 powerboat world championship.[313] In 2004, the annual Mumbai Marathon was established in a bid to bring the sports discipline to the Indian public. Mumbai has also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International Series tournament of the ATP World Tour, in 2006 and 2007.[314]
Sister cities[link]
Mumbai has sister city agreements with the following cities:[147]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
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External links[link]
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- Official City Report
- Mumbai travel guide from Wikitravel
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the actor. For the educator, see Salman Khan (educator).
| Salman Khan | |
|---|---|
 Salman Khan walking the ramp for Sanjana John |
|
| Born | Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan (1965-12-27) 27 December 1965 (age 46) Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Residence | Bandra, Mumbai |
| Other names | Sallu |
| Occupation | Film actor, television presenter and philanthropist |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Parents | Salim Khan Salma Khan |
| Relatives | Arbaaz Khan (brother) Sohail Khan (brother) Helen Richardson (step-mother) |
Salman Khan (pronunciation : [səlˈmaːn ˈxaːn]; born Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan on 27 December 1965)[1] is an Indian film actor. He has starred in more than 80 Hindi films.
Khan, who made his acting debut with a minor role in the drama Biwi Ho To Aisi (1988), had his first commercial success with the blockbuster Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. He went on to star in some successful Hindi films of those times, such as Saajan (1991), Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994), Karan Arjun (1995), Judwaa (1997), Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998) and Biwi No.1 (1999), having appeared in the highest earning films of seven separate years during his career.[2]
In 1999, Khan won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his extended appearance in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), and since then has starred in several critical and commercial successes, including Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Tere Naam (2003), Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), No Entry (2005), Partner (2007), Wanted (2009), Dabangg (2010), Ready (2011) and Bodyguard (2011), which has become the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time. Khan has thus established himself as one of the most successful actors of Hindi cinema.[3][4][5]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Khan is the eldest son of screenwriter Salim Khan and his first wife Salma (née Sushila Charak). His paternal grandfather was a Muslim from Afghanistan[6][7] who came to India and settled in Madhya Pradesh, whereas his mother is a Marathi Hindu.[8] Khan himself had once said that he is "half Muslim and half Hindu".[9][10] His stepmother is Helen, a former actress, who has co-starred with him in a few films. He has two brothers, Arbaaz Khan and Sohail Khan, and two sisters, Alvira and Arpita. Alvira is married to actor/director Atul Agnihotri. Khan finished his schooling through St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Mumbai, as did his younger brothers Arbaaz and Sohail. Earlier, he studied at The Scindia School, Gwalior for a few years along with younger brother Arbaaz.[11][12]
Career[link]
1980s[link]
Salman Khan made his acting debut with a supporting role in the 1988 film Biwi Ho To Aisi. His first leading role in a Bollywood movie was in Sooraj R. Barjatya's romantic family drama Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), one of India's highest grossing films.[13] It earned him a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut, as well as his first nomination for a Best Actor at Filmfare.
1990s[link]
1990 saw one film release starring Khan, Baaghi: A Rebel for Love. The film was a box office success,[14] followed by four hit films in 1991, Patthar Ke Phool, Sanam Bewafa, Kurbaan [15][16] and Saajan.[17] Despite these early successes, nearly all of his 1992–1993 releases resulted in box office failures.[17]
Khan returned to success in 1994 with his second collaboration with director Sooraj Barjatya in the romance Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!, co-starring Madhuri Dixit. This film was the biggest hit of that year, and turned out to be one of Bollywood's highest-grossing films ever, becoming the fourth-highest earner of all time.[18] In 1995 he starred in Rakesh Roshan's Karan Arjun alongside Shahrukh Khan.[17] The two played brothers who are reincarnated after being killed by family enemies. The film was the second biggest hit of the year, and his role of Karan once again put his name among the nominees for the Best Actor award at the Filmfare, which was eventually won by his Karan Arjun co-star Shahrukh Khan for Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge.[19][20]
In 1996, Khan performed in two movies, Sanjay Leela Bhansali's directional debut Khamoshi: The Musical, a box office failure, but critically acclaimed; and Raj Kanwar's action hit Jeet. He had two releases in 1997: Judwaa and Auzaar. The former was a comedy directed by David Dhawan where he played a dual role of twins separated at birth.
Khan worked in five different films in 1998, his first release being the comedy Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya opposite Kajol, one of the biggest commercial successes of that year. This was followed by the moderately successful drama Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai.[17] Khan played a young man who has to take a child who claims to be his son, under his custody. Khan's performance in the film earned him several positive notices and favourable reviews from critics. He rounded of the year with an extended cameo in Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai for which he earned a second Filmfare Award under the Best Supporting Actor category.
In 1999, Khan starred in three films: Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United and Biwi No.1, two of the highest grossing films that year;[21] and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, which earned another Best Actor nomination at the Filmfare.
2000s[link]
In 2000, Khan acted in films including Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega . Chori Chori Chupke Chupke addressed the issue of surrogate childbirth; Khan played the role of a rich industrialist, who hires a surrogate mother after his wife becomes infertile. Critics noted his turn towards a more serious role, which reportedly had more substance in comparison to his previous roles.[22][23] In 2002 he starred in the delayed release Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam.
For Tere Naam, (2003) Taran Adarsh said of him, "Salman Khan is exceptional in a role that fits him to the T. He breathes fire in sequences that demand uneasiness. But beneath the tough exterior lies a vulnerable person and this facet in particular comes to the fore in the latter reels. His emotional outbursts are splendid..."[24] He subsequently continued his success at the box office, with comedies like Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004) and No Entry (2005).[17] Khan's work in 2006 included Jaan-E-Mann and Baabul .
Khan started 2007 with the ensemble film Salaam E Ishq. His next release Partner did very well at the box office, receiving a blockbuster verdict.[25] He next appeared in the Hollywood movie, Marigold: An Adventure in India which told the love story of an Indian man and an American woman. Khan starred in three films throughout 2008, all of which underperformed.[26]
Khan hosted the second season of 10 Ka Dum in year 2009 which turned out to be even more successful than his first season as host of the game show in year 2008. The show got very high TRPs for Sony Entertainment Television and according to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings.[27]
Khan's first film of 2009, Wanted directed by choreographer turned director Prabhu Deva. In the same year, he appeared in two other films, Main Aurr Mrs Khanna and London Dreams. While London Dreams doing average business, only due to the uninspiring music, but Main Aurr Mrs Khanna made 21 crores through DTH Premiere.[28]
2010s[link]
Khan's first release of 2010 was Anil Sharma's commercially and critically unsuccessful film Veer. His next release, Dabangg, was produced by his brother Arbaaz Khan, and released on 10 September 2010. It made a record opening at the box office[29] and Box Office India declared it an all-time blockbuster.[30] For his performance in Dabangg, Khan received a Star Screen Award for Best Actor and a Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male and was nominated for his sixth Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Anupama Chopra from NDTV wrote about his performance, "It's the role of a lifetime and Salman Khan bites into it like a starving man devours a feast. He inhabits it fully, strutting and swaggering and even, spoofing himself."[31]
Khan's first release of 2011 was Ready which released on 3 June. The film broke several box office records and is currently the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. He next appeared in Bodyguard. Upon release, the film became an all time blockbuster at the box office,[32] with Khan's performance receiving favourable comments from critics and is currently the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. [33]
Personal life[link]
In 2004, he was voted seventh-best-looking man in the world and the best looking man in India by People magazine, USA.[34] Khan has been involved in several charities during his career.[35]
On 11 October 2007, Khan accepted an offer from Madame Tussauds wax museum in London to have a wax replica made of himself. His life-size wax figure was installed there on 15 January 2008, making him the fourth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.[36][37]
Khan has been the subject of several controversies, including certain legal troubles. On 28 September 2002, Khan was arrested for rash and negligent driving. His car had run into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the mishap.[38] Charges of culpable homicide were laid against him, but later dropped, and he was found not guilty.[39] On 17 February 2006, Khan was sentenced to one year in prison for hunting the Chinkara, an endangered species. The sentence was stayed by a higher court during appeal.[40] On 10 April 2006, he was handed a five year jail term and remanded to Jodhpur jail until 13 April when he was granted bail.[41]
On September 2010, Khan was reported to have claimed during an interview to a Pakistani channel that the 26/11 attacks were hyped because the "elite" were targeted.[42][43] During the interview the actor had said - "It was the elite that was targeted this time. Five star hotels and all. So they panicked. Then they got up and spoke about it. My question is why not before. Attacks have happened in trains and small towns too, but no one talked about it so much."[42][43] Khan also said that Pakistan was not to be blamed for it, and that the Indian security forces had failed.[44] Khan's comments had drawn strong reactions from Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra Chagan Bhujbal, Shiv Sena, BJP and other political parties.[45] The comments were also condemned by Ujwal Nikam, Special Prosecutor in the 26/11 trial.[45] Khan later apologised for his comments.[42]
His relationship with actress Aishwarya Rai was a well publicised topic in the Indian media.[46] After their break-up in March 2002, Rai accused him of harassing her. She claimed that Khan had not been able to come to terms with their break-up and was hounding her; her parents lodged a complaint against him.[47] In 2005, news outlets released what was said to be an illicit copy of a mobile phone call recorded in 2001 by the Mumbai police. It appeared to be a call in which he threatened Rai, in an effort to force her to appear at social events held by Mumbai crime figures. The call featured boasts of connections to organised crime and derogatory comments about other actors. However, the alleged tape was tested in the government's Forensic lab in Chandigarh, which concluded that it was fake.[48][49]
After years of speculations, actress Katrina Kaif admitted in an 2011 interview for a magazine that she was in a serious relationship with Salman Khan for several years, which ended in 2010.[50]
In August 2011 he admitted he suffers from trigeminal neuralgia, a facial nerve disorder commonly known as the suicide disease. In an interview he said that he has been quietly suffering it for the past seven years, but now the pain’s become unbearable. It has even affected his voice, making it much harsher.[51]
Being Human Foundation[link]
Being Human Foundation is a registered charitable trust set up by Salman Khan for helping the cause of the underprivileged. In its early days, Salman Khan set up and funded the Foundation using his own money. The Foundation has two focus areas: Education and Healthcare. To increase the reach and corpus of the Foundation, Salman Khan has undertaken initiatives such as Being Human Art; Being Human merchandise; and Being Human Gitanjali Gold Coins. Proceeds from the activities of these initiatives go towards spreading education and healthcare for the underprivileged.
BEING HUMAN ART: The first showing of Being Human Art was an exhibition of Salman Khan's paintings at Dubai in October 2009. The response was tremendous and more exhibitions are being planned.
BEING HUMAN MERCHANDISE: Being Human Fashion was announced at HDIL India Couture Week 2009 in a show that made fashion history by featuring the biggest ever line-up of superstars including Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Govinda, Katrina Kaif, Saif Ali Khan, Salman Khan and Sanjay Dutt. At HDIL India Couture Week 2010, Salman launched Being Human watches and followed it up with another glittering show featuring Bipasha Basu, Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, Preity Zinta, Priyanka Chopra, Rani Mukherjee and Sushmita Sen. Being Human T-shirts were launched in November 2010.
BEING HUMAN GITANJALI GOLD COINS: Being Human, the Salman Khan Foundation has tied up with India's biggest jewellery brand Gitanjali to launch co-branded gold coins.
BEING HUMAN PARTNERS MARROW DONORS REGISTRY INDIA (MDRI): In November 2010, the Foundation partnered with MDRI to create awareness and generate donors in order to create a robust registry in India.[52]
In 2011. Salman Khan launched his own production company called SKBH Productions (Salman Khan Being Human Productions).Money which will be generated from film productions will be donated to Being Human. First film made under the banner was kids entertainer Chillar Party, which went on to win 3 National Awards, for Best Children's film, best original screenplay and Child Artist's Award .[53] [54]
Non film work[link]
Khan has started an NGO called 'Being Human' which will sell T-shirts and other products online and in stores. A portion of the sales will go to a worthy cause supporting the underprivileged.[55] In April 2012, he became the brand ambassador for the travel website, Yatra.com, which also made him a shareholder.[56].He has also endorsed the History Channel, Suzuki motorcycles,[57] and Mountain Dew with whom he ended the contract in December 2010.[58]
In January 2012, Khan has offered to pay 40 lakh (US$79,800) for releasing around 400 prisoners from around 63 prisons in the state of Uttar Pradesh via his NGO. The prisoners had completed their term but due to economical reasons, they were unable to pay a legal fine for their charges.[59]
Awards and nominations[link]
Filmography[link]
Actor[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | Biwi Ho To Aisi | Vicky Bhandari | |
| 1989 | Maine Pyar Kiya | Prem Choudhary | Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1990 | Baaghi: A Rebel for Love | Saajan Sood | |
| 1991 | Sanam Bewafa | Salman Khan | |
| 1991 | Patthar Ke Phool | Inspector Suraj | |
| 1991 | Kurbaan | Akash Singh | |
| 1991 | Love | Prithvi | |
| 1991 | Saajan | Akash Varma | |
| 1992 | Suryavanshi | Vicky/Suryavanshi Vikram Singh | |
| 1992 | Ek Ladka Ek Ladki | Raja | |
| 1992 | Jaagruti | Jugnu | |
| 1992 | Nishchaiy | Rohan Yadav/Vasudev Gujral | |
| 1993 | Chandra Mukhi | Raja Rai | |
| 1993 | Dil Tera Aashiq | Vijay | |
| 1994 | Andaz Apna Apna | Prem Bhopali | |
| 1994 | Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! | Prem | |
| 1994 | Chaand Kaa Tukdaa | Shyam Malhotra | |
| 1994 | Sangdil Sanam | Kishan | |
| 1995 | Karan Arjun | Karan Singh/Ajay | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1995 | Veergati | Ajay | |
| 1996 | Majhdhaar | Gopal | |
| 1996 | Khamoshi: The Musical | Raj | |
| 1996 | Jeet | Raju | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 1996 | Dushman Duniya Ka | Special appearance | |
| 1997 | Judwaa | Raja/Prem Malhotra | |
| 1997 | Auzaar | Inspector Suraj Prakash | |
| 1997 | Dus | Captain Jeet Sharma | Incomplete film |
| 1997 | Deewana Mastana | Prem Kumar | Special appearance |
| 1998 | Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya | Suraj Khanna | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1998 | Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai | Suraj Dhanrajgir | |
| 1998 | Sar Utha Ke Jiyo | Special appearance | |
| 1998 | Bandhan | Raju | |
| 1998 | Kuch Kuch Hota Hai | Aman Mehra | Extended guest appearance Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 1999 | Jaanam Samjha Karo | Rahul | |
| 1999 | Biwi No.1 | Prem | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |
| 1999 | Sirf Tum | Prem | Special appearance |
| 1999 | Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam | Sameer Rafillini | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1999 | Hello Brother | Hero | |
| 1999 | Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United | Prem | |
| 2000 | Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge | Raja Oberoi | |
| 2000 | Chal Mere Bhai | Prem Oberoi | |
| 2000 | Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega | Raj/Romi | |
| 2000 | Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke | Special appearance | |
| 2000 | Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye | Prem Kapoor | |
| 2001 | Chori Chori Chupke Chupke | Raj Malhotra | |
| 2002 | Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge | Veer Singh Thakur/Ali | |
| 2002 | Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam | Suraj | |
| 2002 | Yeh Hai Jalwa | Raj 'Raju' Saxena/Raj Mittal | |
| 2003 | Love at Times Square | Special appearance | |
| 2003 | Stumped | Special appearance | |
| 2003 | Tere Naam | Radhe Mohan | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2003 | Baghban | Alok Raj | Special appearance Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2004 | Garv: Pride and Honour | Inspector Arjun Ranavat | |
| 2004 | Mujhse Shaadi Karogi | Sameer Malhotra | |
| 2004 | Phir Milenge | Rohit Manchanda | Extended guest appearance |
| 2004 | Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa | Rishabh | |
| 2005 | Lucky: No Time for Love | Aditya | |
| 2005 | Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? | Dr. Samir Malhotra | |
| 2005 | No Entry | Prem | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role |
| 2005 | Kyon Ki | Anand | |
| 2006 | Saawan... The Love Season | Sameer Sam | Extended guest appearance |
| 2006 | Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar | Ayaan | |
| 2006 | Jaan-E-Mann | Suhaan Kapoor | |
| 2006 | Baabul | Avinash Kapoor | |
| 2007 | Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love | Rahul | |
| 2007 | Partner | Prem Love Guru | |
| 2007 | Marigold: An Adventure in India | Prem | English language film |
| 2007 | Om Shanti Om | Himself | Special appearance in song "Deewangi Deewangi" |
| 2007 | Saawariya | Imaan | Extended guest appearance |
| 2008 | God Tussi Great Ho | Arun Prajapati | |
| 2008 | Hello | Chetan Bhagat | Special appearance |
| 2008 | Heroes | Balkar Singh/Jassvinder Singh | |
| 2008 | Yuvvraaj | Deven Yuvvraaj | |
| 2009 | Wanted | Radhe/Rajveer Shikhawat | |
| 2009 | Main Aurr Mrs Khanna | Samir Khanna | |
| 2009 | London Dreams | Mannu (Manjit Khosla) | |
| 2009 | Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani | Himself | Special appearance |
| 2010 | Veer | Veer | |
| 2010 | Prem Kaa Game | The Sutradhaar (Narrator) | Special appearance |
| 2010 | Dabangg | Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) |
Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2010 | Tees Maar Khan | Himself | Special appearance in song "Wallah Re Wallah" |
| 2010 | Isi Life Mein | Himself | Special appearance |
| 2011 | Ready | Prem Kapoor | |
| 2011 | Bodyguard | Lovely Singh | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2011 | Tell Me O Kkhuda | Cameo | |
| 2011 | Do Aur Do Paanch | Extended guest appearance | |
| 2012 | Ek Tha Tiger | Filming | |
| 2012 | Ishkq in Paris | Special appearance[60] | |
| 2012 | Dabangg 2 | Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) |
Filming [61] |
| 2013 | Andaz Apna Apna 3D[62] | Prem (voice) | Animated Film |
| 2013 | Sooraj Barjatya's next [63] | Prem | Announced |
Television presenter[link]
Writer[link]
- Baaghi: A Rebel for Love (1990)[64]
- Chandra Mukhi (1993)[65]
- Veer (2010)
Producer[link]
- Chillar Party (2011)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ PTI (27 December 2011). "Bollywood wishes Salman Khan on his 46th birthday". DNA India (New Delhi). http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_bollywood-wishes-salman-khan-on-his-46th-birthday_1630590. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ DABANGG Is 17th ALL TIME BLOCKBUSTER. Box Office India. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- ^ Ramesh Dawar (2006), Bollywood Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow, Star Publications, ISBN 1-905863-01-2, p. 111. "Salman Khan is one of the most successful stars of Bollywood today. He is one of Indian cinema's hottest selling stars a safe bet any day."
- ^ Felicia Faye McMahon, Donald E. Lytle and Brian Sutton-Smith (2005), Play: An interdisciplinary synthesis, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-3042-1, p. 120. "The first night after the lights were turned out the girls stayed up chatting about Salman Khan and Sharukh Khan, two leading male actors in the Hindi film industry."
- ^ Stella Bruzzi, Pamela Church Gibson (2000), Fashion cultures: Theories, explorations, and analysis, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-20685-5, p. 182. "The action films of the 1980s saw the macho action-hero dominating the screen, who was replaced by the short, muscular hero with a pretty face in the 1990s. Salman Khan, one of the most popular, takes his shirt off several times in each movie to show his pumped body, frequently wearing gym-gear and American sportswear."
- ^ "Afghan traces Bolly Khans' Pathan roots". Mid Day. May 18, 2011. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/may/180511-Kabul-Pathan-community-Hindi-films-Bolly-Khans.htm. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
- ^ Kakaron, Javed Hamim (December 25, 2011). "Khans in Bollywood book published". Pajhwok Afghan News. http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/12/25/khans-bollywood-book-published. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
- ^ Salman denies backing Raj Thackeray. Rediff.com.
- ^ "I Am Half Hindu, Half Muslim, Says Salman Khan - Bollywood Movies". Zimbio. 2010-03-17. http://www.zimbio.com/Bollywood+Movies/articles/JLelbyaJC4B/Half+Hindu+Half+Muslim+Says+Salman+Khan. Retrieved 2011-12-25. "... as I am half Muslim and half Hindu. I just know that there are good or bad Hindus and good or bad Muslims."
- ^ "Salman Khan celebrates Mahashivratri". Hindustantimes. 2012-02-20. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Salman-Khan-celebrates-Mahashivratri/Article1-814210.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Salman Khan Biography. HindiMovies.org.in. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Salman Khan: From By-Lines to Bhai-Lines. Channel V India. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "The Biggest Blockbusters Ever In Hindi Cinema". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg==. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ 1990 box office results. BoxOfficeIndia.com.
- ^ "1991: Of Super-Hits & Stars". screenindia.Com. http://www.screenindia.com/news/1991-of-superhits-&-stars/814111/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Filmfare, Hits & Misses". 1991 Box Office. January,1992.
- ^ a b c d e "Salman Khan's box office filmography". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071116053128/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/salmankhan.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ "All Time Grossers Inflation Adjusted". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061024031908/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/alltime.htm. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
- ^ The Nominations – 1995.
- ^ The Winners – 1995.
- ^ Top Lifetime Grossers 1995–1999.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (8 March 2001). "Chori Chori Chupke Chupke: Movie Review". Indiafm.com. http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6728/index.html. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ^ Us Salam, Ziya (16 March 2001). "Film review: Chori Chori Chupke Chupke". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/16/stories/09160223.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (15 August 2003). "Tere Naam". indiaFM. http://indiafm.com/movies/review/7078/index.html. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ "Box Office Results Top Grosses by Decades and Years – 2007". International Business Overview Standard. http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/topgrossersbyyear.asp?year=2007. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ "God Tussi Great Ho". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godtussigreatho.htm. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ Lakhvinder Baddhan (25 August 2008). "Sony TV regains numero three position". BizAsia UK. http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2008/08/sony_tv_regains.php. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
- ^ Sampurn Wire (17 November 2009). "Super Hit on DTH". http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/main-aur-mrs-khanna-a-super-hit-on-dth-with-rs-21-crore-gross_100276229.html. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ "Dabangg beats 3 Idiots, collects Rs 14 crore on opening day". Hindustan Times. 11 September 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/dabangg-beats-3-idiots-collects-rs-14-crore-on-opening-day/Article1-598793.aspx. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ "Dabangg Is 17th All Time Blockbuster". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2043&nCat=box_office_news. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ Chopra, Anupama (10 September 2010). "Review: Dabangg". NDTV movies. NDTV. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=547&albumname=Review:+Dabangg&cp. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Verma Ambwani, Meenakshi (1 September 2011). "Salman Khan's Bodyguard sets record for first-day box office collections of Rs 20 crore". The Times Of India. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/news/29953680_1_theatres-movies-salman-khan-s-bodyguard. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Bodyguard : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh". http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14340/index.html. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ "'Masand ki Pasand' is Salman Khan this time". Indian television. 25 March 2004. http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/mar/martube17.htm. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
- ^ "Salman still dares to 'bare' at 40". CNN-IBN. 27 December 2005. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/salman-still-dares-to-bare-at-40/2843-8.html. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Indo-Asian News Service (15 January 2008). "Salman Khan unveils wax figure at Madame Tussauds". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ac5beb5b-fe5f-4634-8114-bda3ce468c95&&Headline=Salman+Khan+unveils+wax+figure+at+Madame+Tussauds. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
- ^ "Salman Khan now live at Madame Tussauds". Madametussauds.com. http://www.madametussauds.com/London/OurFigures/Bollywoodstars/SalmanKhan/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "Salman Khan's jeep runs over pavement dwellers, one dead; actor surrenders". Rediff.com. 28 September 2002. http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/28khan.htm.
- ^ Ahmed, Zubair (3 September 2003). "Bollywood homicide charge dropped". BBC News South Asia. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3076990.stm. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
- ^ "Chinkara case: Salman Khan told to appear in person". Times of India. 7 February 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-07/india/28547669_1_chinkara-case-bhawad-salman-khan. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Salman granted bail on poaching case". Sify. 13 April 2006. http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14184053. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ a b c Salman causes uproar with Mumbai attack comment, aplologises
- ^ a b The Economic Times - Salman Khan apologises over Mumbai attacks remark
- ^ NewsVideo - Youtube
- ^ a b Salman causes uproar with Mumbai attack comment, aplologises
- ^ "Salman in news for the wrong reasons". Tribune of India. 3 March 2002. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020303/spectrum/main6.htm.
- ^ Ahmed, Afsana; Sharma, Smrity (27 September 2002). "Salman harassing me, says Aishwarya". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/23402266.cms.
- ^ "Police records Salman Khan's voice, Ash keeps mum". The Tribune. 18 July 2005. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050718/nation.htm#1.
- ^ "Salman cleared in Aishwarya tape case". Associated Press. 16 September 2005. http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/17/int6.htm. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
- ^ "Salman was my first serious relationship: Katrina Kaif". December 7, 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Salman-was-my-first-serious-relationship-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-778948.aspx.
- ^ "Salman suffering from the suicide disease". August 24, 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Cinema-Interviews/Salman-suffering-from-the-suicide-disease/Article1-737044.aspx.
- ^ "The Salman Khan Foundation". December 7, 2011. http://www.beinghumanonline.com/about_foundation.php.
- ^ "SKBH Productions to do charity". Jun 10 2011. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/skbh-productions-to-do-charity/800979.
- ^ "Chillar Party wins 3 National Awards!". Mar 7, 201. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-07/news-interviews/31131842_1_chillar-party-vikas-bahl-national-award.
- ^ Our Bureau. "Business Line : Industry & Economy / Marketing : Salman Khan’s NGO Being Human to launch stores by Feb". Thehindubusinessline.com. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/marketing/article2717241.ece. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "No one-time endorsement fee, stars have more at stake now: Salman?s deal with yatra.com is part of a growing trend". Business Standard. Apr 13, 2012. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/no-one-time-endorsement-fee-stars-have-more-at-stake-now/471124/.
- ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/marketing/article3328776.ece
- ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Salman-Khan-won-t-endorse-Mountain-Dew/Article1-845891.aspx
- ^ "Salman Khan to help free 400 prison inmates in Uttar Pradesh". http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/salman-to-help-free-400-prison-inmates-in-up/20120127.htm. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Salman Khan in Preity's Ishkq In Paris". April 03, 2012. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Salman-Khan-in-Preity-s-Ishkq-In-Paris/Article1-834833.aspxl.
- ^ "Salman takes over Kamalistan". March 09, 2012. http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2012030920120309020135802a0b7334e/Salman-takes-over-Kamalistan.html.
- ^ "Salman Khan to lend voice for Andaz Apna Apna in 3D". 16 APRIL , 2012. http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=20488.
- ^ "Exclusive info on Salman's next... straight from Sooraj R. Barjatya". May 29, 2012. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1443524/Exclusive-info-on-Salman's-next...-straight-from-Sooraj-R.-Barjatya.
- ^ "Baaghi: A Rebel for Love (1990)/Trivia". July 25, 2011. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099080/trivia.
- ^ "Chandra Mukhi - IMDB Information". May 15, 2012. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106541/.
Further reading[link]
- Ghosh, Biswadeep (2004). Hall of Fame: Salman Khan. Mumbai: Magna Books. ISBN 81-7809-249-2.
External links[link]
- Salman Khan at the Internet Movie Database
- Salman Khan on Twitter
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Salman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Film actor, Television Presenter |
| Date of birth | 27 December 1965 |
| Place of birth | Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Salman_Khan
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://id.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://es.wn.com/Salman Khan (actor)
http://pl.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://fr.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://ru.wn.com/Хан, Салман
http://de.wn.com/Salman Khan
http://hi.wn.com/सलमान ख़ान
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) |
 |
|
| Born | Zahida Malik, Veena Malik Rawalpindi, Pakistan |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Occupation | Actress, Model |
| Years active | 2000 – present |
| Parents | Mohammad Ali Malik, Zeenat Malik |
Veena Malik (Urdu: وينا ملک, born Zahida Malik) is a Pakistani actress, model and comedienne. Over a span of ten years, she has worked with news channels and in movies.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Veena Malik was born in Rawalpindi in the province of Punjab,[1] to Ali Malik, and his wife, Zeenat Malik.[2] . She holds a BA in Sociology, Psychology and Persian.[1]
Career[link]
Films[link]
Before starting her career off as an actress, Malik worked as a comedian for several television shows and series. She made her acting debut alongside Shaan and Zara Sheikh in Askari's Tere Pyar Mein (2000), which was a box office hit. She played a supporting role in the film and was barely acknowledged. However, she appeared in a supporting role in Javed Sheikh's Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa (2002).
In 2003, Malik appeared in Indo-Pak cross venture Punjabi film Pind Di Kuri which failed to do so well, however, the film turned out be the first Indo-Pak venture film with a budget of approximately 70 million rupees. She also appeared in Askari's Sassi Punno (2003) alongside Sana and Moammar Rana, however the film failed to do well at Lahore's cinemas and further screenings had stopped in cinemas after a week of its release. She then appeared in Rafique's Jageer.
In 2005, she appeared in a short Punjabi film Bau Badmash (2005) which did not garner any recognition due to the lack of big stars. She then appeared in Reema Khan's Koi Tujh Sa Kahan (2005) which was a commercial success in Pakistan.In 2007, she won her first Lux Style Award for being the most stylish celebrity on the red carpet.[citation needed]
In 2008, Malik appeared in Rafique's Punjabi film, Mohabbatan Sachiyan, alongside ex-fiancee Babrik Shah and newcomers Maria Khan and Adnan Khan. The film went on to become a commercial success.[3] The same year, she appeared in Raza's Kabhi Pyaar Na Karna in a supporting role, but the film was a flop. Her last film of 2008 was Altaf's Ishq Beparwah, which also failed to impress the audience.
In 2010, she worked in Rafique's Main Jeena Tere Naal, and Beyg's debut comedy film Miss Duniya.[4]
Television[link]
In 2002, she was called by Prime TV to host a show called Prime Gupshup[5] for them ushering a new direction for her comedic skills and she improvised on the hour-long show occasionally mimicking actors.
She hosted the Geo TV show Hum Sub Umeed Say Hain, in which she was hailed for her comedic parodies.[6]
In 2007, she graced the red carpet event of the Lux Style Awards and was awarded as being the ‘most stylish celebrity on the carpet’.[7]
In October 2010, Malik appeared in the Indian television reality show Bigg Boss Season 4.[8] She was evicted two weeks before the finals, and was one of the final six contestants out of the original fourteen who had participated.[9] Malik was also part of the finale of the show.[10] After her Bigg Boss stay, she was mentioned in the media as the voice of liberal muslims, including leading dailies, Daily Times,[11] Express Tribune,[12] and The Australian.[13] Sabbah Hajim, from the Haji Amina Charity Trust in Jammu and Kashmir, writing in the magazine Tehelka, when comparing her with liberal rector of Darul Uloom Deoband, Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi said, "these two newly public figures might teach Muslims to stop feeling eternally outraged."[14]
In February 2011,[15] Veena Malik became part of the Cricket World Cup reality show[16] in Delhi, India, called "Big Toss." Big Toss was a reality game show with contestants and Malik as the captain of one team, against Rakhi Sawant[17] and her team.
In March 2011, Malik engaged in a passionate debate with a mufti, who claimed she had engaged in immoral behaviour as a contestant on Bigg Boss, even though he admitted to not having watched the show. Malik countered pointing out the double standards of Pakistani media against women among other rebuttals.[18]
FHM Images[link]
Controversy resulted in Pakistan over a nude image of Malik on the cover of FHM magazine India edition in which she had "ISI" written on her upper arm – the initials of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence spy agency. [19] Malik says she was topless[20] but did not pose completely nude,[21] and has sued the magazine over the images.[22]
Other works[link]
Malik has worked as a representative at the World Health Organization for two years. She also sponsors a child at the SOS Children's Village, an NGO based in Pakistan working with orphaned children.[23]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Language | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Tere Pyar Mein | Amina | Urdu | |
| 2002 | Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa | Urdu | ||
| Sassi Punno | Sana | Urdu | ||
| 2003 | Pind Di Gashti | Punjabi | ||
| 2005 | Koi Tujh Sa Kahan | Urdu | ||
| Kyun Tum Se Itna Pyar Hai | Urdu | |||
| 2008 | Kabhi Pyar Na Karna | Urdu | ||
| Mohabbatan Sachiyan | Punjabi | |||
| Ishq Beparwaah | Punjabi | |||
| 2012 | Gali Gali Mein Chor Hai | Chhanno | Hindi | Special appearance in song "Chhanno" |
| Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya | Special appearance in song "Fann Ban Gayi" | |||
| Dal Mein Kuch Kala Hai | Filming (Bollywood Debut Film) | |||
| Mumbai 125 KM | Filming (Releasing in May 2012) | |||
| Zindagi 50-50 | Filming | |||
| All U Need... LOVE | Filming | |||
| Mr. Money | Special appearance in song |
Television[link]
| Year | Show | Role | Language | Channel |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Hum Sub Umeed Se Hain | Herself | Urdu | Geo TV |
| 2009 | Miss Duniya | Herself | Urdu | Dunya News |
Reality television[link]
- As Contestant
| Year | Show | Place | Channel |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 |
|
Evicted Day 83 |
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| 2011 |
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| 2012 |
|
as Bride |
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References[link]
- ^ a b "‘I expect a bravery award’". Indian Express. 7 September 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-expect-a-bravery-award/678132/0. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
- ^ "I am not settling scores with Asif, says Veena Malik". Ndtv.com. http://movies.ndtv.com/OSCAR2010/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=23&ID=8077. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
- ^ Jonaid Iqbal (7 May 2010). "Mohabbatan Sachiyan gets warm reception at PNCA". DAWN.com. http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/islamabad/17-mohabbatan-sachiyan-gets-warm-reception-at-pnca-ek-02. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ "I am not settling scores with Asif, says Veena Malik". NDTV. http://veenamalik.com.pk/settling-scores-asif-veena-malik/. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ "ON AIR: prime gupshup". DAWN Newspaper. http://www.dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/020706/yworld18.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
- ^ "INSTEP: Bright lights, small village". Jang Group. http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2007-weekly/nos-28-10-2007/instep/mainissue.htm.
- ^ a b "Lux Style Awards 2007". http://pakdoc.blipto.com/?m=stuff&e=details&t=television&id=334. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
- ^ Chawla, Sonal (11 September 2010). "Veena Malik in Bigg Boss 4". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Mohd-Asifs-ex-in-Bigg-Boss-4/articleshow/6529159.cms. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ Jang Newspaper Pakistan "Who’s the boss? Veena for sure". Instep Magazine. http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/jan2011-weekly/nos-02-01-2011/instep/mainissue.htm Jang Newspaper Pakistan. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ^ "Veena ‘Ki Jawani’ in ‘Bigg Boss’ grand finale". The Express Tribune. http://tribune.com.pk/story/98558/veena-ki-jawani-in-bigg-boss-grand-finale/. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ^ "VIEW: Why is Veena Malik important?". Daily Times. 4 February 2011. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\02\04\story_4-2-2011_pg3_5.
- ^ "In defence of Veena Malik". Express Tribune. 30 January 2011. http://tribune.com.pk/story/111037/in-defence-of-veena-malik/.
- ^ "Actress Veena Malik takes on clerics over dress". The Australian. 31 January 2011. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/executive-lifestyle/actress-veena-malik-takes-on-clerics-over-dress/story-e6frg8k6-1225997043385.
- ^ "What Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi and Veena Malik have in common These two newly public figures might teach Muslims to stop feeling eternally outraged". Tehelka Magazine, Vol 8, Issue 6,. 12 February 2011. http://tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub120211WHAT_GHULAM.asp.
- ^ Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2011-02-20). Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
- ^ Bharat Chronicle. Bharat Chronicle (2011-02-20). Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
- ^ Sify.com. Sify.com (2011-02-18). Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
- ^ Pakistani Actress Defies Mullah Accusing Her of Immoral Behavior on an Indian Reality TV Show. YouTube. Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
- ^ "Row over Pakistan actress Veena Malik nude 'ISI' photo". bbc.co.uk/news. 2 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16008958.
- ^ "Veena Malik says she was topless but 'not nude' in FHM". BBC News. 8 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16093480.
- ^ "Veena Malik defends ISI tattoo for FHM photo shoot". Express Tribune. 3 December 2011. http://tribune.com.pk/story/301743/veena-malik-defends-isi-tattoo-for-photo-shoot/.
- ^ "Veena Malik sues FHM India magazine over 'nude' photo". BBC News. 5 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16030931.
- ^ "Kiran aur George: Veena Malik". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvZp9PGnYvI. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Veena Malik |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Malik, Veena |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | Rawalpindi, Pakistan |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Veena_Malik
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Veena Malik
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veena_Malik
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (January 2012) |
| Karanvir Bohra | |
|---|---|
 Karanvir at the Navy Ball 2011 |
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| Born | (1982-08-28) 28 August 1982 (age 29) Jodhpur, Rajasthan, |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1998 - present |
Karanvir Bohra, (Hindi: करणवीर बोहरा), born 28th Aug 1982)the actor formerly known as Manoj Bohra, is an Indian actor working in the Hindi film / TV industry, he is also a trained dancer.Karanvir is from a family of Hindu marwari origin, the son of Mahindra Bohra and Madhu Bohra; his sister is Meenakshi Bohra Vyas. He is the grandson of actor / producer and filmmaker Ram Kumar Bohra
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Karanvir did his schooling from G.D.Somani Memorial High School in Mumbai and colleging from Sydenham.
Karanvir is married to his long time girlfriend Teejay Sidhu who is also an actor by profession. He says their meeting was destiny - they met for the first time at Mount Mary Church, Bandra. They got married at the Art of Living ashram in Banglore. Also, he is a vegetarian.
Career[link]
Karanvir Bohra's first tryst with acting was as a child actor in his father's film ‘Teja', in which he portrayed the young Sanjay Dutt. From a very young age, Karanvir was interested in cinema and assisted his father in films under the guidance of the late director Bharat Rungacharey. In his teens, Karanvir learnt the ropes of film making under the dedicated administration of B.P.Singh, master of such thrillers as ‘CID’ and ‘Aahat.’
After learning the ins and outs of working behind the camera, he was given the opportunity to face the camera in ads like Chlormint, Levi's, BPL, Fun Republic and Frooti.
He also did a number of plays with the likes of Satyadev Dubey, Nadira Babbar, Alyque Padamsee and Quasar Padamsee. Karanvir produced his first play, "Plain Crazy About Love", where he shared the stage with legendary actress Helen along with his wife Teejay Sidhu.
He was introduced as the teen heart-throb Kabir in the television series Just Mohabbat. Proving his talent on the show, he landed the role of the sweet boy next door, ‘Dhruv’ in UTV’s popular show, Shararat (sitcom).
Karanvir's next break would be his biggest ever. After an extensive search for the perfect actor to play ‘Prem’ in Balaji television’s top-rated show, Kasautii Zindagii Kay, Ekta Kapoor zeroed in on Karanvir. His sensitive portrayal of Prem and Prem’s alter-ego, Yudi, became a rage.
In 2007, his talent and intense looks earned him an audition with one of India’s leading Bollywood directors, Aziz Mirza. He was cast in Mirza’s film, Kismat Konnection, alongside Shahid Kapoor and Vidya Balan, thus beginning his tryst with the big screen. This, though only a cameo, was only the beginning of bigger things to come.
Acting and dancing go hand-in-hand, so proving himself as a dancer was next on Karanvir’s agenda. He and his wife Teejay Sidhu participated in Sony TV’s dance reality show, “Kabhi Kabhi Pyaar, Kabhi Kabhi Yaar,” where they finished runners-up. Judges Mahesh Bhatt, Ganesh Hegde & Sameera Reddy were impressed by their fancy footwork and incredible chemistry onstage. This show was a step towards the mother of all reality shows, ‘Nach Baliye', where Karanvir had to prove himself to dance experts Farah Khan and Karisma Kapur. On the first day itself, Karanvir became Farah’s favourite, with her commenting that he was the best dancer in the show, and that he was ‘flawless’ onstage.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Starcast |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | Mumbai 125 km | Prem | Veena Malik / Vedita Pratap Singh |
| 2012 | Chemistry | Rohan | Shreyas Talpade /Soha Ali Khan / Tanisha Mukherjee |
| 2009 | Kismat Konnection | Dev Kataria (cameo) | Shahid Kapur / Vidya Balan / Boman Irani |
| 1990 | Teja | Teja (child artist) | Sanjay Dutt / Kimi Katkar / Amrish Puri |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Channel | Co-Star |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999–2000 | Just Mohabbat | Kabir | Sony TV | |
| 2001 | Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi | Tushar | Star Plus | |
| 2004–2006 | Shararat | Dhruv | Star Plus | Shruti Seth |
| 2006–2007 | Kkusum | Nakul | Sony | |
| 2006–2008 | Kasautii Zindagii Kay | Prem / Yudi | Star Plus | Tina Parekh |
| 2008 | Ek se badh kar ek | himself (host) | Star One | |
| 2011–present | Dil Se Di Dua - Saubhagyavati Bhava | Viraj Dobriyal | Iife Ok | Sriti Jha |
External links[link]
 |
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (February 2012) |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 28 August 1982 |
| Place of birth | Jodhpur, Rajasthan |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Karanvir_Bohra
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanvir_Bohra
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Raj Shrikant Thackeray राज श्रीकांत ठाकरे |
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|---|---|
| File:Raj Thackeray.png | |
| Founder and President of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 9 March 2006 |
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| Personal details | |
| Born | (1968-06-14) 14 June 1968 (age 44) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Political party | Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (2006–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Shiv Sena (Before 2006) |
| Spouse(s) | Sharmila Thackeray |
| Children | Amit Thackeray (Son) Urvashi Thackeray (Daughter) |
| Alma mater | Balmohan Vidyamandir, Mumbai Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art, Mumbai |
| Profession | Politician, Cartoonist |
| Religion | Hindu |
| Signature | Raj Thackeray's signature |
| Website | www.manase.org |
Raj Shrikant Thackeray (Marathi: राज श्रीकांत ठाकरे) (born 14 June 1968) is the founder and president of the right-wing[citation needed] Marathi ethnocentric regional political party, the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena ("Maharashtra Reformation Army") in the state of Maharashtra, India. His official name is Swararaj which means the king of musical notes.[1] He is the nephew of Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray, and a cousin of the current Shiv Sena Executive President Uddhav Thackeray.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Raj was born on 14 June 1968 in a Marathi Kayastha (CKP) family to Shrikant Thackeray (younger brother of Bal Thackeray) and Kunda Thackeray (younger sister of Bal Thackeray's wife Meena Thackeray). Raj’s father Shrikant Thackeray was a musician, cartoonist and was also well versed in Urdu. He studied in Balmohan Vidyamandir, Mumbai and graduated from the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art, Mumbai. As a child he is said to have learnt the tabla, the guitar and the violin. He also loved drawing which later turned into a passion for drawing cartoons.
Political career[link]
Raj started his political career with his Uncle Bal Thackeray. Bal Thackeray has been a huge influence on Raj’s life. Raj has been said to have modeled himself after him. In 1997, he started the Shiv Udyog Sena a youth wing for the Shiv Sena. With this he tried to strengthen his youth leader image. "He raised funds for the employment agency with, among other sources, concerts by Michael Jackson and Lata Mangeshkar — and thus, simultaneously, propagated the new brand of the Sena's popular culture and its implications for a nascent generational change within the organization". But his association with the Sena ended in 2006. In January 2006 he resigned from the Sena alleging that it was being "run by petty clerks" because of which it had "fallen from its former glory". There has been quite a lot of speculation over the real reason why he left the party. The popular rumor being that he was being "sidelined" by Bal Thackeray’s son Uddhav. In the same year Raj announced his intention to start his own political party. Although separated from his mentor, Raj has always maintained that he does not want to have hostilities with his uncle who "was, is and always will be (his) mentor".
Political Views[link]
Marathi Identity[link]
Raj Thackeray and his party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, state that Maharashtra State, Marathi language and Marathi Manoos are subverted by the influence of non-Marathi politicians within and outside the State, and that these politicians should be opposed in order to attain prosperity for Maharashtra and Marathi people.[3]
Opposition to Immigrants[link]
Since the creation of his party, Raj Thackeray has opposed immigration into Maharashtra from North India. According to Raj Thackeray, he is against immigrants specifically from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and not from North India or elsewhere, in general. According to him, bad governance, corruption, high crime rates and criminal, politicians in these two states for decades, has degraded the socio-economic conditions there, causing exodus of people from these states to other states, like Maharashtra. This causes unemployment and increased crime rates in Maharashtra and other states which receive these immigrants. Also, due to rising number of immigrants, the politician from these two states have gained power in Maharashtra. He, however has made it clear that he is not against Hindi.[4]
Violence in Agitations[link]
Raj Thackery and his party MNS have been criticized[citation needed] for use of violence during their agitations, especially directed towards immigrants from UP and Bihar. He is facing several charges for instigating violence in various courts.[citation needed] On use of violence, Thackeray says that violence is a part of all agitations in Indian politics, and there are several cases of much more violence carried out by other parties and organisations. According to him, the incidents of violence involving members of his party have been unduly highlighted by North Indian politicians and journalists.[4]
Supporter of Narendra Modi's Governance[link]
Thackeray is an admirer of Gujarat Chief Minister, Narendra Modi for his governance, and the development of Gujarat during his tenure. In August 2011, Raj Thackeray visited Gujarat on a 9-day trip as 'state guest' to study the development in Gujarat. He also advised politicians in Maharashtra, irrespective of party, to take lessons from Modi and Gujarat.[5] He has also expressed support for Modi for the post Prime Minister of India for the 2014 Lok Sabha (general) election.[5]
Agitations[link]
Marathi signboards for shops[link]
In July 2008, Raj issued a public warning that Mumbai shops needed to have Marathi signboards in addition to the existing English signboards. He warned that after one month, MNS workers would start blackening non-Marathi signboards.[citation needed] While there had been a law to this effect passed earlier by Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, it had not been enforced.[citation needed]
Raj had also insisted that the Marathi signboards had to be at least as big as the English signboards. A number of big shopowners, notably Viren Shah (Roopam chain) went to court against this move. The high-court provided them relief, passing a judgement that the Marathi signboards did not have to be as big as English signboards.[6]
In September 2008, MNS workers resorted to blackening signboards, to enforce the demand, after which most shop owners complied. Six MNS workers were arrested but later released on bail. The Congress government was dilatory in filing chargesheets against them, following which the Maharashtra high-court passed strictures against the government. When the government prosecutor submitted in December that the chargesheets had not been filed as investigation was ongoing, the judge remarked sarcastically whether this was a murder case to warrant such long investigations, three months after the arrest of the MNS workers, but Raj was attempting to enforce a rule previously on the books.[7]
Agitation against Jet Airways layoffs[link]
In October 2008, on the eve of the major Indian festival Diwali, Jet Airways laid off 800 temporary workers and announced layoffs of an additional 1100 workers. The laid-off workers included Marathi as well as North-Indians. These workers met Raj Thackeray and asked him to intervene. Following this, Raj Thackeray declared that most of these workers had paid security deposits to the company, and he would meet Jet management to plead their case. Unless Jet Airways cancelled the layoffs, his party would not allow any Jet Airways plane to take off from any airport in Maharashtra.[8]
Within 12 hours of Raj Thackeray's declaration, Jet chairman Naresh Goyal reversed the layoffs and reinstated the sacked employees. He claimed that he did it on his own and that there was no political pressure on him. Leftist Unions, Shivsena & Civil Aviation minister Praful Patel later tried to take credit for the decision. On announcement of the layoffs, Praful Patel had claimed that he had no jurisdiction over the layoffs issue.[9] Sacked Jet employees on the other hand stated that they were warned by Jet management on reinstatement, not to meet Raj Thackeray to thank him.[10]
Demand for Telecom customer service in Marathi[link]
Telecom companies in Maharashtra had been providing customer service in English & Hindi only. Raj demanded that all telecom companies operating in Maharashtra start providing the service in Marathi also and set a deadline of 27 February 2010, after which his party MNS would launch an agitation. Following this demand, all telecom companies complied, introducing Marathi as an additional option in their customer service.[11]
Maharashtra-Karnataka Border Issue[link]
In Dec 2011, Raj Thackeray meeting a group from MES (Maharshtra Ekikaran Samiti) advised them that they should revisit their stand of merging Belgaum with Maharashtra in the interest of marathi speaking people of belgaum. In a major departure from the stance previously taken by traditional right wing groups of Maharashtra, Raj Thackeray argued that a practical approach rather than an emotional one was the need of the hour. However, he said that if the supreme court itself gives a decision in favor of Belgaum's merger he would welcome it, although the local situation in Belgaum should not be vitiated for the sake of it. He asked the MES leaders to first identify the real issue as to whether marathis in belgaum are being targeted for espousing the cause of marathi language or because they were supporting the merger of Belgaum with Maharashtra. Lamenting that strikes and bandhs only add to the misery of the Marathi-speaking community in Belgaum, Thackeray said: "If the Karnataka government is ready to respect the Marathi people, their culture and language, then there is nothing wrong in Belgaum being there."[12] His comments were strongly criticized by his cousin Uddhav Thackeray as a cruel joke on the marathi manoos.[13]
Controversies[link]
2008 violence against UP & Biharis[link]
Main article: 2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra
At a rally in Shivaji Park, Raj warned that if the dadagiri (intimidating dominance) of these people in Mumbai and Maharashtra continued, he would be compelled to make them leave the metropolis.[14] Raj was arrested along with a Samajwadi Party leader, Abu Azmi, for their involvement in the fracas. He was released on paying a penalty of 15,000 (US$299.25).
Acquittal in Kini murder case[link]
In July 1996, Ramesh Kini was found dead in a cinema in Pune. Kini was a tenant in a ramshackle tenement in central Mumbai, whose landlord, Laxmikant Shah, was trying to evict him. Shah also happened to be a close childhood friend of Raj Thackeray. A CBI enquiry was later issued for the case, but the CBI dismissed the case as one of suicide.[15]
Kohinoor mill controversy[link]
Shiv Sena opposed sale of mill land, but Raj Thackeray bid for and won mill land in prime Mumbai real estate.[16] On 21 July 2005, Raj and Unmesh Joshi, son of Shiv Sena Leader Manohar Joshi purchased a five acre plot of land, Kohinoor Mill No. 3, located across the road from the Shiv Sena party headquarters in Dadar, Mumbai for 421 crore (US$83.99 million). The NCP leader from Mumbai, Sachin Ahir, objected to the sale of the Kohinoor Mill land, saying that there were forty bids, yet only three were short-listed. He demanded a re-bid as there was a lack of transparency in the move.[17]
Reaction to Jaya Bachchan's controversial statement[link]
The words of Jaya Bachchan, veteran actor and sitting Rajya Sabha MP of Samajwadi Party (with whom Raj's MNS has crossed swords a number of times), during the Music launch of the Hindi film Drona, were deemed hurtful by Raj Thackeray.
Jaya's words 'Hum UP (Uttar Pradesh) ke log hain, isliye Hindi mein baat karenge, Maharashtra ke log Maaf Kijiye' (We are from UP region, so we will speak in Hindi. People of Maharashtra, please excuse) in response to the film's Director, Goldie Behl, making his introductory speech in English and subsequently encouraging the actress Priyanka Chopra to speak in Hindi.[18]
Raj commented that Jaya had no business alluding to all the people of Maharashtra in that statement. He threatened to ban all Bachchan films unless Jaya apologised in a public forum for hurting Maharashtrians. MNS workers began to attack theatres screening The Last Lear starring Jaya Bachchan's husband, Amitabh Bachchan. Shivsena MP Sanjay Raut also criticized Jaya's statement saying: "After making all your success & fortune in Mumbai, if you feel like saying that, We are From UP, its very unfortunate." It was only after Amitabh tendered an apology that the screening resumed.[19]
Following Raj's threat, Mumbai police acted against Raj, issuing a gag order preventing him from speaking to the media.[20]
Remarks on Chhath Puja and Migrants[link]
Raj reproached North Indian leaders for politicizing Chhath Puja, a festival popular in Bihar, calling it a "drama" and a "show of numerical strength". He stated that the Chhath Puja was a political gimmick by some parties to attract the north Indian vote. He questioned the motives by citing that the puja is performed on the banks of a river, not the sea as it was being performed.[21] He demanded that they only celebrate Maharashtra day and not UP day in Maharashtra. A petition was filed in the Patna civil court on 8 February against him for his remarks.[22] His statements drew flak from political leaders across the board, especially those from the North Indian states. The then Indian Railways minister and former chief minister of Bihar, Lalu Prasad Yadav, vowed that he would come to Mumbai and perform Chhath Puja in front of Raj's house, which he failed to perform. He also ridiculed Raj saying, "He [Raj] is a child in politics".[21] The Navnirman Sena leader accused migrants of swamping Maharashtra, India's most industrialised state, in search of jobs.[23]
The MNS chief also accused migrants of disrespecting the local culture. On 9 February, expressing his stance on new migrants settling in Mumbai, Raj said, "New immigrants to the city should be denied entry into the city, while those already staying here should show respect to the Marathi 'manoos' and his culture".[24]
Mumbai-Bombay Controversy: Wake Up Sid[link]
On 2 October 2009, MNS workers disrupted the screening of the film Wake Up Sid on its release in a few Pune and Mumbai theatres, after Raj objected to references in the movie to "Bombay" rather than "Mumbai". The city of Mumbai was referred to as "Bombay" in many scenes[25] and in some songs (lyrics by Javed Akhtar). The film's producer, Karan Johar, visited Raj's residence to apologise, and agreed to all of Raj's terms, including an apology on each of the 700 frames in the film.[26]
Personal life[link]
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This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2012) |
Raj is married to Sharmila, daughter of famous Marathi theater/films actor, producer-director Mohan Wagh. They have one son named Amit Thackeray and one daughter Urvashi Thackeray.
Like his father and uncle Raj is a painter and cartoonist. He had also expressed his desire to work for Walt Disney Studios. Raj Thackeray said when asked what he would have done had he not joined politics? "In my college days, I wanted to work with Walt Disney Studios. I drew cartoons even before my foray in politics. Film making is also a passion. I would have been doing either of these things."
External links[link]
- Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Official Website
- Outlook India Back Issues
- Raj Thackerey's response in The Indian Express to Sudheendra Kulkarni's criticism
- New legal strategy to tame Raj
References[link]
- ^ MNS official website Accessed October 2011.
- ^ "Feuding cousins". Frontline. 27 August 2005. http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2218/stories/20050909004711300.htm. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ MNS official website Accessed October 2011.
- ^ a b "Do political movements need to obey the law? What about Advani rath yatra, Modi’s Godhra outrage?" ExpressIndia.com. Retrieved 25 October 2011
- ^ a b NDTV.com (3 August 2011). "Narendra Modi gives Raj Thackeray 'State Guest' status". http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/narendra-modi-gives-raj-thackeray-state-guest-status-123963. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
- ^ Rao, Shashank (16 February 2009). "Big Marathi signboards not necessary". Mid-day.com. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/feb/160209-Big-Marathi-signboards.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ "Marathi signboards issue: 'Is this a murder trial?'". Indianexpress.com. 5 December 2008. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/marathi-signboards-issue-is-this-a-murder/394661/. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ “” (25 May 2008). "Raj Thakre Helps Jet Airways Staff". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oy4qrypiG5k&NR=1. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ “”. "Jet airways Employees vow Raj Thakre for jobs". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNBiGrqiwno&NR=1. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ "Jet barred us from meeting Raj Thackeray: Crew". news.outlookindia.com. http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?621425. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ Anthony, Bobby (18 February 2010). "Cellular companies to have Marathi voice assistance". Mid-day.com. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/feb/180210-mobile-companies-marathi-voice-response-mns-demand.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_let-belgaum-be-with-karnataka-raj-thackeray_1627869
- ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_uddhav-thackeray-runs-to-president-urges-her-to-make-belgaum-union-territory_1628288
- ^ "Raj Thackeray dares Maharashtra govt on north Indians' stand". NDTV. 3 May 2008. http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048753. Retrieved 2009-01-06. "Addressing a crowded public meeting at Shivaji Park in central Mumbai, the place where his uncle and Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray addresses his annual Dussehra rallies, Raj warned if the dadagiri of north Indians in Mumbai and Maharashtra continued, he would be compelled to make them leave the metropolis."
- ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Dilip D'Souza on the Ramesh Kini case". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/1996/0209dili.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ Indian Express/ Bombay 22 July 2005 (22 July 2005). "Sena opposes mill sale, its leaders buy one". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/74881/. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
- ^ Renni Abraham / Mumbai 22 July 2005 (22 July 2005). "Kohinoor Mill sold for Rs 421 cr". Business-standard.com. http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=214951. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Thackeray, Raj |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 1968-06-14 |
| Place of birth | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
