Cobh an Cóbh
—  Town  —
Coat of arms
Motto: Statio Fidissima Classi  (Latin)
Cobh Location in Ireland
Coordinates: 51°51′04″N 8°17′48″W / 51.851°N 8.2967°W / 51.851; -8.2967Coordinates: 51°51′04″N 8°17′48″W / 51.851°N 8.2967°W / 51.851; -8.2967
Country	Ireland
Province	Munster
County	County Cork
Dáil Éireann	Cork East
Elevation	47 m (154 ft)
Population (2011)
• Urban	6,500
• Rural	5,847
Irish Grid Reference	W793666
Website	www.cobh.ie

Cobh ( /ˈkoʊv/ KOHV,  Irish: an Cóbh) is a seaport town on the south coast of County Cork, Ireland. Cobh is on the south side of Great Island in Cork Harbour. Facing the town are Spike Island and Haulbowline Island. On a high point in the town stands Cobh (St Colman's) Cathedral, one of the tallest buildings in Ireland and seat of the diocese of Cloyne.

Name[link]

The locality, which had had several Irish-language names, was first called Cove ("The Cove of Cork") in 1750. It was renamed Queenstown in 1850 to commemorate a visit by Queen Victoria. This remained the town's name until 1922 when it was renamed Cobh^[1] with the foundation of the Irish Free State. Cobh is a gaelicization of the English name Cove and has no meaning in the Irish language.

History[link]

Statue on the waterfront of Annie Moore and her brothers. Annie Moore was the first person to be admitted to the United States of America through the new immigration centre at Ellis Island, New York on 1 January 1892.

According to legend, one of the first colonists of Ireland was Neimheidh, who landed in Cork Harbour over 1000 years BC^{[citation needed]} He and his followers were said to have been wiped out in a plague, but the Great Island was known in Irish as Oilean Ard Neimheadh because of its association with him. Later it became known as Crich Liathain because of the powerful Uí Liatháin kingdom who ruled in the area from Late Antiquity into the early 13th century. The island subsequently became known as Oilean Mor An Barra, (the Great Island of Barry & Barrymore) after the Barry family who inherited it.

The village on the island was known as Ballyvoloon, overlooking "The Cove" and this was first referred to as Cove village in 1750 by Smith the historian who said "it was inhabited by seamen and revenue officials". The Cork directory of 1787 shows about thirty businesses in the town including one butcher and one draper. The Water Club established at Haulbowline in 1720 was the progenitor of the present Royal Cork Yacht Club (now based in Crosshaven) and is the oldest yacht club in the world. The Royal Cork Yacht Club (RCYC) was based for many years in Cobh and the present Sirius Arts Centre was formerly a clubhouse of the RCYC organisation. In 1966 the Royal Cork Yacht Club merged with the Royal Munster Yacht Club, retaining the name of the RCYC but moving its headquarters to those of the RMYC at Crosshaven at the other side of the harbour.

The tower of St. Colman Cathedral from the streets below.

Cobh is well served by pubs and hotels and leisure facilities which include the newly built Coral Leisure Center. The oldest recorded pub on the island is reputed to have been the "Anti Gallicon" situated in the Holy Ground, and apparently liable to flooding when the tide came in. This pub dated back to the 1780s and was named after opponents to the French "Gallicon" faction who opposed the powers of the Pope^{[citation needed]}.

Cove underwent rapid development in the early 19th century assisted by world events. Due to its naturally protected harbour Cobh has historically been important as a tactical base for naval military bases. For instance, Cobh was of major tactical military importance as a naval base during the Napoleonic wars between France and England. Today, the Irish Naval Service is based on Haulbowline island facing Cobh. It has eight ships based there, all armed with canon mainly supplied by Bofors, as well as twin Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202 autocanons. They are also equipped with small arms, including GPMG's. LÉ Eithne is the biggest at almost 85 metres (278 feet) long. She also has a helipad.

The Napoleonic Wars meant the town became a British Naval port with its own admiral and much of the present day buildings were built. The cessation of hostilities dented its prosperity for a time but it became widely known as a health resort and many convalescents came to Cove to avail of its temperate climate. Amongst these was Rev. Charles Wolfe who wrote "The Burial of Sir John Moore After Corunna" and whose remains are buried in the Old Church Cemetery outside the town.

Titanic Memorial, Westbourne Place, Cobh

One of the major transatlantic Irish ports, Cobh was the departure point for 2.5 million of the six million Irish people who emigrated to North America between 1848 and 1950. On 11 April 1912 Queenstown was the final port of call for the RMS Titanic as she set out across the Atlantic on her ill-fated maiden voyage. She was assisted by the PS America and PS Ireland, two aging White Star Line tenders, along with several other smaller boats delivering first-class luggage. Local lore has it that a Titanic crew member John Coffey, a native of Queenstown, jumped ship although there is no record of him on the crew list. 123 passengers boarded in all; only 44 survived the sinking.

Cobh was also a major embarkation port for men, women and children who were deported to penal colonies such as Australia. The records of such deportations can be found in the ship log books in the Cobh Museum, which since 1973 is housed in Scots church (Presbyterian church until 1969 closure) overlooking the harbour.

Due to its maritime advantages, a significant shipbuilding industry developed in Cobh and the remnants of the Verolme Shipyard today maintain many of the original cranes and hoists which now form part of the significant industrial and maritime heritage of Cobh which is considered to have major tourism potential. Underutilised dockyards in Holland (e.g. NDSM/Stichting Kinetisch Noord in Amsterdam which has been redeveloped as an artistic and cultural centre and where MTV has since located) and other European countries are now emerging as major hubs of cultural and economic development, focusing on fostering creative class and knowledge-intensive industries such as media and computing. [1]. The Verolme Shipyard currently contains the Philip Gray Gallery of Fine Art [2].

The original pier (as it appeared in 2007) that passengers used to board tenders to get to the Titanic, which was anchored near the mouth of Cobh harbour. The corner of the office building of the White Star Line can be seen on the right. The building today houses a Titanic museum.

The age of steam brought famous achievements to Cobh, most notably the first steam ship to sail from Ireland to England (1821) and the first steam ship to cross the Atlantic (Sirius 1838) which left from Passage West. In 1849 the name of the town was changed to Queenstown to honour Queen Victoria who visited Ireland in that year.

Several other notable ships are associated with the town, including:

• The Cunard passenger liner RMS Lusitania was sunk by a German U-Boat off the Old Head of Kinsale while en route to Liverpool in on May 7, 1915. 1198 passengers died, while 700 were rescued. The survivors and victims were brought to the town of Cobh, and over one hundred lie buried in the Old Church Cemetery just north of the town. The Lusitania Peace memorial is located in Casement Square opposite the arched building housing the Cobh Library and Courthouse.

During World War I, Queenstown was a naval base for British and American destroyers operating against U-boats that preyed upon allied merchant vessels. Q-ships (heavily armed merchant ships with concealed weaponry, designed to lure submarines into making surface attacks) were called "Q-ships" as many were fitted out in Queenstown. The first division of American destroyers arrived in May 1917, and the sailors who served on those vessels were the first American servicemen in combat duty in the war. When the convoy arrived in port, after a rough passage in what were little more than open boats, they were met with a great crowd of sailors and townspeople, thankful for their help in stopping the U-boats that were blockading western Europe. The British Commodore met the captain of the American flagship by jumping onto the dock, and asked him how soon the weather-beaten American ships could be put to use. "We're ready now, sir!" was the widely quoted answer from the Captain.

Due to its tactical military importance, under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 the port remained a UK sovereign base, see Treaty Port. Along with the other Treaty ports it was handed over to the government of the Irish Free State in 1938.

Demography and people[link]

The population of the Cobh area has increased greatly in recent times with large new housing estates established on the outskirts of the town, placing severe pressures on the transport infrastructure. The town boundary has not yet reflected these changes in order to accommodate the new housing developments in areas such as Rushbrooke and Carrignafoy. Cobh is gradually becoming a satellite town to the nearby Cork City, reflected in the commuter train service and the Carrigaloe–Passage car ferry.

Economy[link]

• Haulbowline Island which faces Cobh town is the headquarters of the Irish Naval Service, formerly a British naval base.
• Cobh was home to Ireland's only steelworks, the former state-owned Irish Steel works which was closed by its buyer, Ispat International, in 2001. There is a controversy over the slag heap on the steelworks, where there are concerns that it may be leaching into the harbour.^[2]
• Tourism is a large employer in Cobh. Large cruise liners visit Cobh each year, mainly during the summer months, although many of the tourists are transported out of Cobh by bus to other tourist destinations.
• Another important employer in Cobh had been the Dutch-owned Verolme Cork Dockyard, in Rushbrooke. It opened in 1960 and ceased operations in the mid-1980s. In 1981 the mvLeinster was built at Verolme for service on the Dublin – Holyhead route.^[3] The last ship built at Verolme was the Irish Naval Service's LÉ Eithne (P31).^[4] Some ship repair work is still carried at Rushbrooke using the impressive drydock^[5] and other facilities. The drydock pumps are reputed^{[according to whom?]} to date from 1912. Due to large-scale development in Cobh many^[quantify] new facilities have been built and many^[quantify] people from Midleton, Glanmire, and surrounding areas commute to Cobh each day for work and shopping purposes.

Transport and communications[link]

• Outside of the Dublin metropolitan area, Cobh is one of the few towns in Ireland served by a commuter train service. The town is the effective southern terminus of the railway line from Dublin to Cork. Regular commuter services run between Cork city and Cobh, calling at, amongst others, Fota railway station, Carrigaloe railway station, and Rushbrooke railway station, along the way, the line ends at Cobh railway station, which opened on 10 March 1862 and was closed for goods traffic on 3 November 1975.^[6]
• Nearest airport Cork Airport which can be reached in 20–30 minutes from Cobh accessible by the R624 road and the N25 road.
• The Port Operations Centre for Cork Harbour is located in the town including the Harbour pilot base at the Camber.
• A Major upgrade of the R624 road is planned with the construction of a new bridge (replaces old Belvelly bridge) and a new road from Belvelly in the North of Cobh, to Tullagreen where the R624 road joins the N25 road from Cork City to Rosslare at the N25 Carrigtwohill-Cobh Interchange.