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The term southern Europe, at different times, has had different meanings, providing additional political, linguistic and cultural context to the definition in addition to the typical geographical, phytogeographic or climatic approach. Most coastal countries in the United Nations-designated southern Europe border the Mediterranean Sea. Exceptions are Portugal which has only Atlantic coastline, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia, which are landlocked, and Bulgaria, which borders the Black Sea.

Geographical definition[link]

Southern Europe

Geographically, southern Europe is the southern half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.

Countries geographically considered part of southern Europe include:

[edit] Iberian Peninsula

•  Andorra
•  Gibraltar (British overseas territory)
•  Portugal (including: Madeira and Azores)
•  Spain (including: Balearic Islands)

[edit] Italian Peninsula

•  Italy (including: Sardinia and Sicily)
•  San Marino
•  Vatican City
•  Malta (including: Gozo)

[edit] Balkans

•  Albania
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina
•  Bulgaria
•  Croatia (below Sava and Kupa); the northern regions (Slavonia, Zagreb, Međimurje and Zagorje) are sometimes considered as central Europe)
•  Greece (including: Aegean Islands, Crete, and Ionian Islands)
•  Kosovo
•  Macedonia
•  Montenegro
•  Serbia (below Sava and Danube; the northern regions (Vojvodina, northern Belgrade, Mačva region) are sometimes considered as central Europe)
•  Slovenia (region of Primorska)

Other[link]

•  Armenia (geographically part of Asia but considered European for historic and cultural reasons)
•  Cyprus (geographically part of Asia but considered European for historic and cultural reasons)
•  Romania (Northern Dobruja is considered southern European and sometimes Wallachia. Transylvania is sometimes considered as central Europe)
•  Turkey (whilst most Turkish territory is geographically part of Asia, Turkey can be considered part of Europe for political and historical reasons; the region East Thrace is on the European continent)

United Nations geoscheme[link]

Southern Europe as defined by the United Nations (marked green):

  Northern Europe

  Western Europe

  Eastern Europe

  Southern Europe

For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. Southern Europe, as defined by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), comprises the following countries and territories:^[1]

•  Albania
•  Andorra
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina
•  Croatia
•  Gibraltar (a territory of the United Kingdom)
•  Greece (including: Aegean Islands, Crete, and Ionian Islands)
•  Italy (including: Sardinia and Sicily)
•  Kosovo
•  Macedonia
•  Malta (including: Gozo)
•  Montenegro
•  Portugal (including: Madeira and Azores)
•  San Marino
•  Serbia
•  Slovenia
•  Spain (including: Balearic Islands)
•  Vatican City

As of 2009, there were 163,865,210 people living in southern Europe with an average population density of 74 inhabitants per square kilometer:^[1]

Southern Europe:[1]
Country	Area (km²)	Population (2010 est.)	Population density (per km²)	Capital
Albania	28,748	3,695,000	111.1	Tirana
Andorra	467.63	84,082	179.8	Andorra la Vella
Bosnia and Herzegovina	51,129	4,613,414	90.2	Sarajevo
Croatia	56,594	4,489,409	81	Zagreb
Gibraltar (United Kingdom)	6.8	29,431	4,328	Gibraltar
Greece	131,990	11,295,002	85.3	Athens
Italy	301,338	60,418,711	200.5	Rome
Republic of Macedonia	25,713	2,114,550	82.2	Skopje
Malta	316	412,966	1,306.8	Valletta
Montenegro	13,812	672,181	50	Podgorica
Portugal	92,090	11,317,192	114	Lisbon
San Marino	61.2	31,716	501	City of San Marino
Serbia	88,361	7,120,666	102.46	Belgrade
Slovenia	20,273	2,054,199	99.6	Ljubljana
Spain	504,030	46,030,109	93	Madrid
Vatican City	0.44	826	1877	Vatican City
Total	1,338,694	163,865,210	74.05

Climatical definition[link]

Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area.

Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.

The area which is considered climatically southern Europe is:

•  Albania
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina (coasts)
•  Croatia (coasts)
•  Cyprus
•  France (southeast coast, and the island of Corsica)
•  Gibraltar
•  Greece
•  Italy (except the Po River plain and Alps region)
•  Macedonia
•  Malta
•  Monaco
•  Montenegro
•  Portugal^[2]
•  Serbia (south)^[3]
•  Slovenia (coasts)
•  Spain (the whole of the country except the northern coast)

Phytogeographical definition[link]

The European floristic regions

southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe comprise the following countries and territories:^[4]

•  Bosnia and Herzegovina*
•  Bulgaria
•  Croatia
•  Cyprus
•  France (the southern and southeastern part, and the island of Corsica)
•  Greece (including: Aegean Islands, Crete, and Ionian Islands)
•  Hungary (the southwestern part till the Lake Balaton)
•  Italy
•  Macedonia
•  Malta
•  Montenegro
•  Portugal
•  Romania (only the southern part along the Danube river)
•  Serbia
•  Slovenia
•  Spain (except for the northwestern part)
•  Switzerland (only Ticino)
•  Ukraine (only the southern part of Crimea)

Linguistic southern Europe[link]

[edit] Romance languages

Romance languages and modern Greek are the heirs of Latin and ancient Greek as the main historical languages of the Mediterranean area. Romance languages have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of southern-western Europe: the "Latin Arch" (Romania and Moldova are an exception on that point); modern Greek is used in Greece and Cyprus.

•  Albania
•  Andorra: Catalan
•  France: French, Occitan, Franco-Provençal, Catalan, Corsican
•  Italy: Italian, Friulian, Ladin, Sardinian, Catalan, Occitan, Franco-Provençal, plus the "Italian dialects", not officially recognised by Italian Republic (Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Venetian, Emiliano and Romagnolo, Neapolitan, Sicilian)
•  Malta: Maltese, Sicilian, Italian
•  Moldova: Romanian
•  Monaco: French, Monégasque
•  Portugal: Portuguese, Mirandese
•  Romania: Romanian
•  San Marino: Italian
•  Spain: Spanish, Catalan, Galician (plus Aragonese, Asturian, Leonese, Extremaduran)
•  Switzerland: French, Italian, Romansh
•  Vatican City: Italian

[edit] Greek language

•  Albania: Himariote
•  Cyprus: Cypriot Greek
•  Greece: Cappadocian, Cretan, Maniot, Pontic, Tsakonian, Romano-Greek, Yevanic
•  Italy: Griko
•  Turkey: Pontic
•  Ukraine: Crimean Greek

[edit] Albanian language

•  Albania
• Kosovo

Albanian is also a language rooted in southern Europe, spoken in the Balkan peninsula.

Gheg:

• Northern Albania
• Kosovo
• West Macedonia
• South-east Montenegro

Tosk:

• Southern Albania
• West Macedonia
• Arbëria

[edit] South Slavic languages

Slavic languages that are now spoken in southern Europe are not rooted in the Mediterranean area nor spoken mainly in those areas: In that sense those languages are not part of the linguistic definition of southern Europe, since they are logically associated with their "core". That said, southern Slavic languages form a quite homogenous area, geographically separated from north Slavic languages by Hungary and Romania.

•  Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
•  Bulgaria: Bulgarian
•  Croatia: Croatian, Serbian
•  Macedonia: Macedonian
•  Montenegro: Montenegrin, Serbian
•  Serbia: Serbian
•  Slovenia: Slovene
•  Italy: Slovene (in Eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia)

[edit] Germanic languages

Due to the English colonisation in Malta and Gibraltar, Germanic languages have a little presence in southern Europe, far from the core of Germanic languages in northwestern Europe. Malta uses English as a second language in some cases (after Maltese, which still is the original and main native language). In Gibraltar, English is the official language but Spanish and Llanito (mix of Andalusian, Spanish with some English) are also spoken.

•  Gibraltar: English
•  Malta: English
•  Italy: German (in South Tyrol and some small areas in the Northern part of the country)

[edit] Maltese language

•  Malta: Maltese

[edit] Turkic language

•  Turkey: Turkish

[edit] Basque language

The Basque language is a linguistic isolate spoken by the Basque people, who inhabit the Basque Country, a region spanning an area in northeastern Spain and southwestern France.

•  France: Basque
•  Spain: Basque

See also[link]

• Southeast Europe

	Geography portal
	Europe portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Southern Europe

References[link]

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Rafael Puyana Michelsen (born 14 October 1931 in Bogotá) is a Colombian harpsichordist.

Puyana began piano lessons at age 6 with his aunt and at age 13 made his debut at the Teatro Colón in Bogotá. When he was 16, he went to Boston to continue his piano studies at the New England Conservatory. He subsequently studied harpsichord with Wanda Landowska and musical composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris.

Puyana made his harpsichord début in New York in 1957. In 1961, Puyana débuted in Boston in the Peabody Mason Concert series.^[1] One reviewer was so impressed by his performance, the sub-headline read: "Without any doubt, Rafael Puyana's recital at Jordan Hall last night was by far the greatest program of harpsichord music I have ever heard".^[2] He made his London debut in 1966. Puyana has performed with Yehudi Menuhin, Leopold Stokowski, and Andrés Segovia. Composers Federico Mompou and Xavier Montsalvatge have dedicated compositions to him - in Mompou's case, No. 11 of his Cançons i Danses.

Aside from concerts, Puyana has taught such artists as Christopher Hogwood and Elizabeth de la Porte. Puyana also collects historical instruments such as a 3-manual harpsichord made in 1740 by H.A. Hass.

References[link]

Sources[link]

• The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music, published by Oxford University Press, 1994.

This Colombian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2010)

Derek Roland Clark MEP
Member of the European Parliament for East Midlands, UK
Incumbent
Assumed office 10 June 2004
Personal details
Born	(1933-10-10) 10 October 1933 (age 78) Bristol, England
Nationality	British
Political party	United Kingdom Independence Party
Profession	Science teacher (retired)
Website	http://www.derekclarkmep.org.uk/

Derek Roland Clark (born 10 October 1933 in Bristol) is a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the East Midlands region. He is a member of the United Kingdom Independence Party, first elected in 2004, and subsequently re-elected in 2009.^[1]

He is a retired science teacher.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Profile on European Parliament website