Desiccation cracks in sludge

Centripetal desiccation cracks in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah. A dinosaur footprint is at center.

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container.

Science[link]

A vacuum desiccator (left) and desiccator (right). Silica gel with cobalt chloride indicator placed in the lower shelf is used as the desiccant.

Desiccator[link]

A desiccator is a heavy glass or plastic container used in practical chemistry for making or keeping small amounts of material very dry. The material is placed on a shelf, and a drying agent or desiccant, such as dry silica gel or anhydrous sodium hydroxide, is placed below the shelf.

Often some sort of humidity indicator is included in the desiccator to show, by color changes, the level of humidity. These indicators are in the form of indicator plugs or indicator cards. The active chemical is cobalt chloride (CoCl₂). Anhydrous cobalt chloride is blue. When it bonds with two water molecules, (CoCl₂•2H₂O), it turns purple. Further hydration results in the pink hexaaquacobalt(II) chloride complex [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺.

Biology and ecology[link]

In biology and ecology, desiccation refers to the drying out of a living organism, such as when aquatic animals are taken out of water, or when plants are exposed to sunlight or drought. Ecologists frequently study and assess various organisms' susceptibility to desiccation.

Broadcasting[link]

In broadcast engineering, a desiccator may be used to pressurize the feedline of a high-power transmitter. Because it carries very high electrical power levels from the transmitter to the antenna, the feedline must have a good dielectric. Because it must also be lightweight so as not to overload the radio tower, air is often used as the dielectric. Since moisture can condense in these lines, desiccated air or nitrogen gas is pumped in. This pressure also keeps water or other dampness from coming in the line at any point along its length.

See also[link]

• List of desiccants
• Hygroscopy
• Mummy

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009)

External links[link]

• A Desiccant Requirements Calculator

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2008)

Zaw Win Htut (Burmese: ဇော်ဝင်းထွဋ်, pronounced: [zɔ̀ wɪ́ɴ tʰʊʔ]; 21 January 1964) is a Burmese rock, country, and blues singer, and the lead vocalist of the band Emperor.

Early life[link]

Zaw Win Htut was born into a musical family in Yangon, Myanmar. His father Kyi Khin was a physician, and his mother Tin Aye was a famous folk singer with the stage name Htar. His maternal grandfather was Shwe Taing Nyunt, a famous songwriter of classical Burmese music.^[1] His nickname was Nyi Htut. He received a bachelor's degree in English from Yangon University.^[2]

Career[link]

Zaw Win Htut began his career in music as a drummer in a band called Oasis. He formed his own band, Emperor, in the 1980s with five members, Zaw Myo Htut (his brother and lead guitarist), Cin Khan Pun (bass), Wai Tun (drums), Maung Maung Lwin (keyboards), John O'Hara (acoustics). He was strictly a country, rock and roll singer in his early career. His first album, released in 1983, was not a success. His third album Hlyatsit Moe Kaungkin, released in 1989, made him a star.

Wearing someone else's cloths[link]

Like most Burmese pop singers, Zaw Win Htut became famous with Burmese language covers of foreign (mostly Western rock and pop) hits, written by successful cover "songwriters" such as Thukhamein Hlaing, Min Chit Thu, Win Min Htwe, Saw Khu Sae. Unlike most Burmese pop stars, this grandson of Shwe Taing Nyunt was actually embarrassed about it. He famously said that singing those songs were like wearing someone's else shirt. In a 2004 interview he said that his goal was to make original music.^[2]

He decided to make only "original" (i.e. non-cover) albums in mid 1990s. He was one of the first in the Burmese pop music industry to break away from taking the easy route of cover songs. (To be sure, some successful singers like Sai Htee Saing and Soe Lwin Lwin never recorded a cover song.) He did score a few hits with A-Hnaing-Me and Achit Mya Thu Si Mha. Nonetheless, his contrition has limits. He continues to perform his famous cover hits in concerts although he performs only the original songs in his overseas concerts. In a 2010 interview, he admitted that he refused to do any concerts overseas for many years because he did not have a sufficient number of original songs, and that he began doing overseas concerts only after he had collected enough original songs. In the same interview he said he had done over 20 overseas concerts.^[3]

In 2000, he introduced the blues to his records.

Politics[link]

"Though their profession calls for them to strut onstage like rebels, Burma's rockers can only mime the anti-establishment part. Zaw Win Htut works in the sanitized vacuum of a country run by military rulers who view him automatically as a threat, a potential subversive, because he holds a microphone. Burma's cultural input is zealously monitored and artistic expression heavily censored."^[4]

"As one of Burma's biggest rock stars, Zaw Win Htut faces constant government scrutiny of his lyrics, album covers and music videos, but some of his biggest clashes concerned the length of his hair." ^[5]

Emperor band[link]

The Emperor band consists of six members. Original founders are Zaw Win Htut [Vocals], Zaw Myo Htut [Lead Guitar], John Ohara [Rhythm Guitar], Boe Kyin [Drums], Leonard Maung Maung Lwin [Keyboard] and Wai Tun [Drums].

Current Band Members

• Vocals: Zaw Win Htut
• Lead guitar: Zaw Myo Htut
• Rhythm guitar: John Ohara
• Bass guitar: Myat Moe
• Keyboards - Leonard Maung Maung Lwin
• Drums: Ye Linn

Former Band Members

• Bass Guitar: Boe Kyin
• Drums: Wai Tun
• Percussion}: Sai Thar Htay

Personal[link]

Zaw Win Htut has a love for and is a supporter of other forms of arts. One of his dreams is to live in a house full of beautiful paintings. He has a collection of about 100 paintings by famous artists and others who are not so well-known.^[6]

His passion other than the music career is painting.

Zaw Win Htut is married to May Khaing Ohn, and they have a son who is also a singer, guitarist and songwriter Ito (Win Htut Thawdar) and a daughter Chan Chan (Win Htut Tara).

Discography[link]

Single albums[link]

• Mercury Nya (Mercury Night)
• Achit Swan-in (Love Power)
• Kye Dagun (Comet)
• Lann Thit [(New Way)..With his Brother]
• Best of Zaw Win Htut
• Rock Tasay (Evil of Rock)
• Shin Than Chin (Surviving) (1986)
• Shin Than Chin 2 (Surviving 2) (1989)
• Yazawin (History) (1991)
• Nayar Thit (New Place) (1993)
• Kayee Thwar Migo Dan Myar (Travelling Smoke ranges) (1994)
• Say Soe Pan Yite Myat Nhar (Face) (1995)
• Maha (Grandeur) (1995)
• Gypsy Moe Tain (Gypsy Cloud) (1996)
• Say Baung Kha Dae Nya (Angel Night) (1997)
• Tasay Lan(Ghost Lane) (2008)

- Pyay Lann Yae Asone (End of the Runway) - Ma Nat Phyan Yae Lann Myar (Tomorrow's Road) - Say Baung Kha Dae Nya 1 - Thet Tu Yae Amyit Aphyar (Root of Metal) - Brother John's Short Visit - Ngwal Kyi Zan (Silver Bullet) - Say Baung Kha Dae Nya 2 - Achit Sat Apyat Gyi (Broken Love Machine) - Lu Mhar (Wrong Person) - Rock n' Roll Bawa (Rock n' Roll Life) - Achit Yae Asone Athet (Ended Love) - Ta Mu Thar (1 Cent Higher)

• Achit Myar Thu Si Mhar (Loves are in her) (1998)
• Amone Myo Yae Away Mhar (Blues for You) (2000)
• Pya Tike Tae Ka Nay/ Nya (Day and Night from the Museum) (2002)
• Myaw Lint Chin Ka Yee Tha Myar
• Myaw Lint Chin Kan Chay (Hopeful Beach) (2005)
• Shin Than Chin Anhit 20 (Surviving 20 years) (2006)
• Ta Say Lann (The Road of the Ghost) (2009)
• Moe Htae (In The Rain) (2009)

Compilation albums[link]

• Hlyatsit Moe Kaungkin (Lightning Cloud) (1989)
• Hlyatsit Moe Kaungkin 2 (Lightning Cloud 2) (1991)
• Rock 'N Roll Thingyan (1994)
• Wutkyway (Sins) (1997)
• Kyanawdo Guitar Yatwunmha (In our guitar environment) (2006)

Couple albums[link]

• Achain Daing Nay Yar Daing (Anytime, Anywhere)
• Big V
• City FM Thu Khit Koe Khit (Their Time, Our Time)
• Nayt Thit Tway Hte Mhar (In the New Day)
• Thone Yarthi Chitthu (Lover for 3 Seasons)
• Zaw Win Htut Gaungzin Thachinmya (Album Titled Songs)

References[link]

See also[link]

• Here you play Zaw Win Htut's songs on Music Canvas!!!
• Listen to Zaw Win Htut's songs at Myarmar MP3.net
• Burmese media website All-Channel
• Listen to Zaw Win Htut's songs on LapePyar.com
• Time.com
• Official Site
• Zaw Win Htut's Music Videos

Helen Gregory (born 1946) is a prominent historian, author and retired public servant in and of Brisbane, Queensland Australia and its surrounds.

She holds a BA (Hons) from the University of Queensland and is a former adjunct professor of that institution.

In 1969 Helen Gregory was the first Queensland woman to be offered a Rotary Overseas Postgraduate Scholarship, but was unable to take up the award.^[1]

In the mid 1970s she was a consultant historian to the private and government sectors, and is believed to be the first graduate historian in Queensland to use her training in this way, demonstrating that privately commissioned histories could be undertaken without sacrificing academic standards or ethical integrity.^[2] She was the founder of the Brisbane History Group^[3] and the Professional Historians' Association (Queensland),^[4] the professional association which promotes the interests of consulting historians in Queensland, and maintains standards of practice. As well as commissioned history, Ms Gregory is the author or co-author of many academic articles and studies and several entries in the Australian Dictionary of Biography.^[5]

Ms Gregory became the first Chair of the Queensland Heritage Council in 1992, and subsequently became Director, Cultural Heritage in the Queensland Government's Environment and Heritage department (later renamed the Environmental Protection Agency, the first woman to be appointed to a senior executive position in that department.^[6]

In 2005 and subsequent years, Ms Gregory has been a judge of the History Book Award for the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards.^[7] In 2006 Ms Gregory was a member of the independent panel that suggested the name for the Elleanor Schonell Bridge to the Lord Mayor of Brisbane and in November 2007 she was appointed to the board of trustees of Newstead House, one of Queensland's oldest and most important cultural heritage sites.^[8]

Books[link]

Works by Helen Gregory include:

• Playing for keeps : C&K's first century, 1907-2007 Helen Gregory 2008 ^[9]

• Brisbane then & now Helen Gregory. 2007 ^[10]

• Capturing law and history : one hundred years of Queensland Law Reporting / by Helen Gregory. 2007 ^[11][12]

• Expressions of mercy : a history of the Mater Hospitals 1906-2006 Helen Gregory. 2006 ^[13]

• Women of the West Helen Gregory and W. Ross Johnston. 2004 ^[14]

• A century of sail : the South Brisbane Sailing Club 1903-2003 Helen Gregory 2003 ^[15]

• The Brisbane River story : meanders through time Helen Gregory. 1996 ^[16]

• Women on course : the McLeod Country Golf Club, 1968-1993 Helen Gregory and Margaret Kowald 1993 ^[17]

• Bearers of the tradition : nurses of The Royal Brisbane Hospital, 1888-1993 Helen Gregory, Cecilia Brazil. 1993 ^[18]

• UQ Alumni : the first twenty-five years of the Alumni Association of the University of Queensland Helen Gregory. 1993 ^[19]

• Managing the land : index to the Lands Department papers, Queensland votes and proceedings, 1880-1899 by W. Ross Johnston, Helen Gregory, Jennifer Harrison. 1992

• Making Maroochy : a history of the land, the people and the shire Helen Gregory. 1991 ^[20]

• The Queensland Law Society Inc. 1928-1988 : a history Helen Gregory. 1991 ^[21]

• Arcadian simplicity : J. B. Fewings memoirs of Toowong edited by Helen Gregory. 1990 ^[22]

• A tradition of care : a history of nursing at the Royal Brisbane Hospital Helen Gregory. 1988 ^[23]

• Vivant Professores : distinguished members of the University of Queensland, 1910-1940 Helen Gregory. 1987 ^[24]

• A church for its times : the story of S. Thomas' Church, Toowong by Helen Gregory ; with a foreword by the Archbishop of Brisbane, the Most Reverend Felix Arnott ; Cover design by Richard Stringer. 1977

• A register of some administrative divisions in Queensland 1850-1891 by Helen Gregory and Ross Johnston.

References[link]