- published: 22 Nov 2010
- views: 138338
- author: Israel
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1'); return false" style="display: block;" />
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 2000 Terminal
- 2009 World Outgames
- 24 7
- ????? ????
- Abu Kabir
- Achaemenid Empire
- AFC Champions League
- Afeka
- Ahad Ha'am
- Al-Nasir Muhammad
- Al-Shaykh Muwannis
- Alexandria
- Allenby Street
- Almaty
- Anthony Parker
- Arab World
- Arabic language
- Architectural style
- Argentina
- Arieh Sharon
- Ariel Sharon
- Arnhem
- Art Deco
- Ashdod
- Ashkelon
- Ashkenazi Jews
- Athens
- Atlanta
- Australia
- Austria
- Ayalon Highway
- Azor
- Azrieli Center
- Bagrut
- Baibars
- Bar-Ilan University
- Barcelona
- Basketball team
- Bat Yam
- Bauhaus
- Beersheba
- Beijing
- Beit Lessin Theater
- Beit Shemesh
- Beitar Tel Aviv F.C.
- Belgrade
- Ben Gurion House
- Beth Hatefutsoth
- Better Place
- Bloomfield Stadium
- Bnei Brak
- Bonn
- Book of Ezekiel
- Book of Jonah
- Book of Joshua
- Books of Chronicles
- Brazil
- British Muslim
- Bronze Age
- Bryant Park
- Budapest
- Buenos Aires
- Bulgaria
- Café Apropo bombing
- Cameri Theater
- Canada
- Cannes
- Chaim Levanon
- Channel 10 (Israel)
- Charging station
- Charles Clore Park
- Chemistry
- Chief Rabbi
- China
- Chişinău
- Collage
- Cologne
- Community centre
- Computer science
- Conducting
- Contemporary art
- Contemporary dance
- Cosmopolitanism
- Cost of living
- Count
- Crowne Plaza
- Cyprus
- Dan Bus Company
- Dan Hotels
- Daylight saving time
- Demonym
- Districts of Israel
- Dizengoff Center
- Dizengoff Street
- Donald Trump
- Dov Khenin
- Dubnow Park
- Earth Hour
- Eclectic
- Eclectic Style
- Eclecticism in art
- Ecology
- Egged
- El Al
- El Salvador
- Electric vehicle
- England
- Eretz Israel Museum
- Essen
- Eytan Fox
- Fashion Week
- Fertility (soil)
- Fifth Aliyah
- Film festival
- Financial capital
- Financial Times
- First Aliyah
- First Crusade
- First Intifada
- Florentin, Tel Aviv
- Fodor's
- Football in Israel
- Forbes
- Foreign worker
- France
- Frankfurt
- Freiburg
- Fringe theatre
- Galgalatz
- Gamma world city
- Gannett Company
- Garden city movement
- Gentrification
- German Jews
- Germany
- Giv'at Shmuel
- Giv'atayim
- Glacis
- Global city
- Godfrey of Bouillon
- Gottex
- Greece
- Guardian Media Group
- Haaretz
- Habima Theater
- Habima Theatre
- Hadera
- Haganah
- Haifa
- Haifa District
- HaKirya
- Hakoah Tel Aviv F.C.
- Half marathon
- Hamas
- Haoman 17
- Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.
- Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.
- Hassan Bek Mosque
- Hatikva Quarter
- Hayarkon Park
- Hebrew
- Hebrew language
- Hebrew school
- Heidelberg
- Herzliya
- Highway 1 (Israel)
- Highway 2 (Israel)
- Highway 20 (Israel)
- Highway 4 (Israel)
- Hilton Hotels
- Hiriya
- Holon
- Human resources
- Humidity
- Hungary
- I. M. Pei
- IATA airport code
- Ibn Gabirol Street
- Incheon
- Ira Sharkansky
- Irgun
- Iron Age
- Israel
- Israel Army Radio
- Israel Border Police
- Israel Railways
- Israel Rokach
- Israel Standard Time
- Israel State Cup
- Israel Summer Time
- Israeli Labor Party
- Israelis
- Israir Airlines
- Isrotel Tower
- Istanbul
- Italian cuisine
- Italy
- Jabotinsky
- Jaffa
- Jaffa orange
- Jaffa Port
- Jaffa riots
- Japan
- Japheth
- Jerusalem
- Jerusalem District
- Jerusalem Law
- Jewish diaspora
- Jewish studies
- Jonah
- Judah Halevi
- Judo
- Kaplan Street
- Kavim
- Kazakhstan
- Kerem HaTeimanim
- Keshet (TV)
- Kfar Saba
- Kfar Shmaryahu
- Khabur River
- Kibbutz
- Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Kiryat Ata
- Kiryat Atidim
- Kiryat Ono
- Knight Frank
- Land of Israel
- Landscape architect
- Le Corbusier
- LGBT
- LGBT tourism
- Liga Artzit
- Light rail
- Likud
- Limassol
- Linguistics
- Liwa of Gaza
- Lod
- London
- Lonely Planet
- Los Angeles
- Maariv
- Maccabi Jaffa F.C.
- Maccabi Tel Aviv
- Manshiya
- Matkot
- Meir Dizengoff
- Meir Park, Tel Aviv
- Meretz
- Mesopotamia
- Metropoline
- Metropolitan area
- Mexico
- Mexico City
- Milan
- Military base
- Military history
- Mizrahi Jews
- Modernism
- Moldova
- Mordechai Namir
- Moscow
- Moshe Aviv Tower
- Nahariya
- Nahum Sokolow
- Napoleon I
- Nazareth
- Netanya
- Netherlands
- Neve Tzedek
- New York (magazine)
- New York City
- Newsweek
- Nightclub
- Nightlife
- Noah
- Open House Tel Aviv
- Or Yehuda
- Ottawa
- Ottoman Empire
- Out (magazine)
- Pagoda House
- Palmach
- Paris
- Park
- Park Tzameret
- Patrick Geddes
- Performance
- Performing arts
- Petah Tikva
- Peter Latz
- Pharaoh
- Philadelphia
- Philippe Starck
- Physics
- Pink Paper
- Plácido Domingo
- Poland
- Popular music
- Port
- Portal Israel
- Post-Soviet states
- Power station
- Prevailing winds
- Ra'anana
- Rabin Square
- Rahat
- Ramat Aviv
- Ramat Aviv Mall
- Ramat Gan
- Ramat HaSharon
- Ramla
- Rehovot
- Reshet
- Richard I of England
- Richard Meier
- Rio de Janeiro
- Rishon LeZion
- Road pricing
- Roberto Cavalli
- Rome
- Ron Huldai
- Roni Milo
- Rothschild Boulevard
- Rowing (sport)
- Rural-urban fringe
- Russia
- Saarbrücken
- Saladin
- Salama, Jaffa
- San Salvador
- Sarona (colony)
- Satellite town
- Scientific method
- Scud
- Sde Dov Airport
- Sea Peoples
- Seaside resort
- Seawall
- Second Aliyah
- Second Intifada
- Secularity
- Segway PT
- Seoul
- Sephardi Jews
- Serbia
- Shalom Meir Tower
- Share taxis
- Shas
- Shevah Mofet
- Shlomo Lahat
- Silicon Wadi
- Snowfall
- Sofia
- Soho
- Solo (music)
- Solomon ibn Gabirol
- Solomon's Temple
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sports club
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Stage Club bombing
- Stanford University
- Steven Runciman
- Stock exchange
- Stoke Mandeville
- Suicide attack
- Sushi
- Sustainable city
- Sydney
- São Paulo
- Tarshish
- Tel Abib
- Tel Aviv
- Tel Aviv 1
- Tel Aviv City Hall
- Tel Aviv District
- Tel Aviv Light Rail
- Tel Aviv Lightning
- Tel Aviv Magazine
- Tel Aviv Marathon
- Tel Aviv Port
- Tel Aviv Pride
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel-O-Fun
- The Economist
- The Forward
- The Greens (Israel)
- The Jerusalem Post
- The Old New Land
- Theodor Herzl
- Thessaloniki
- Thutmose III
- Time zone
- Tmuna
- Tokyo
- Toronto
- Toto Cup
- Toulouse
- Travel + Leisure
- Tribe of Dan
- Tzavta
- Unemployment
- UNESCO
- United Kingdom
- United States
- United Torah Judaism
- Urban area
- Urban planning
- Urban wilderness
- UTC+2
- UTC+3
- Venture capital
- Via Maris
- Vienna
- W-Tower
- Warsaw
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wired (magazine)
- World Heritage Site
- Yael Arad
- Yarkon Park
- Yarkon River
- Yedioth Ahronot
- Yedioth Ahronoth
- Yehoshua Rabinovitz
- Yemenite Jewish
- Yemenite Jews
- Yeshiva
- Yisrael Meir Lau
- Yitzhak Rabin
- Ynet
- Yoo Tel Aviv
- Zionism
- Łódź
- הצפון הישן
-
1992 Summer Olympics
The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated in Barcelona, Spain, in 1992. The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games, which had been held in the same year since 1924, and place them in alternating even-numbered years, beginning in 1994. The 1992 Summer Games were the last to be staged in the same year as the Winter Games. Due to the end of the Cold War, these games were the first without boycotts since 1972.
Barcelona, the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, was selected over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane and Paris in Lausanne, Switzerland, on October 17, 1986, during the 91st IOC Session. It had bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, losing out to Berlin.
See the medal winners, ordered by sport:
169 nations sent athletes to compete in these Games (the number of competitors for each country below is given in brackets). With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, twelve states formed a Unified Team, while the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had their own teams. For the first time, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina competed as independent nations after separation from Socialist Yugoslavia. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was banned due to UN sanctions, but individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as Independent Olympic Participants. It was also the first Olympics since 1964 that a unified Germany competed at the Olympics. This was the Olympic debut for Namibia and the unified team of Yemen, after several separate participations of North and South Yemen. South Africa returned to the Games after 32 years. Four National Olympic Committees didn't send their athletes to compete: Afghanistan, Brunei, Liberia and Somalia.
wn.com/1992_Summer_Olympics -
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
wn.com/Achaemenid_Empire -
Afeka
Afeka is a residential neighborhood of Tel Aviv, Israel. It is located in the northwestern part of the city.
32°07′21″N 34°48′24″E / 32.122595°N 34.80656°E / 32.122595; 34.80656
wn.com/Afeka -
Alexandria
Alexandria (Arabic: الإسكندرية Al Iskandariyya, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ Rakotə, Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια Alexándria, Koine Greek: Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ κατ' Αἴγυπτον IPA: [ɑlɛˈksɑndɾiɑ e kɑt ˈɛʝypton] "Alexandria in Egypt", Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه [eskendeˈrejːæ]) is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.1 million, extending about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country; it is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. It is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important tourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). It is an important industrial centre because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez.
Alexandria was founded around a small pharaonic town c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great. It remained Egypt's capital for nearly a thousand years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641, when a new capital was founded at Fustat (Fustat was later absorbed into Cairo). Alexandria was known because of its Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its library (the largest library in the ancient world); and the Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. Ongoing maritime archaeology in the harbor of Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealing details of Alexandria both before the arrival of Alexander, when a city named Rhacotis existed there, and during the Ptolemaic dynasty.
wn.com/Alexandria -
Allenby Street
Allenby Street (Hebrew: רחוב אלנבי) is a major street in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was named in honor of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby.
Allenby Street stretches from the Mediterranean sea in the northwest to HaAliya Street in the southeast. It was first paved with concrete in 1914. During the day, it is a commercial street with many small businesses and clothing stores. At night it becomes a hub of nightlife, known for its cafes, pubs and restaurants. Many public buses run along Allenby Street.
The 1925 Lederberg house, at the intersection of Rothschild Boulevard and Allenby, features a series of large ceramic murals designed by Ze'ev Raban of the Bezalel school. The four murals show a Jewish pioneer sowing and harvesting, a shepherd, and Jerusalem with a verse from Jeremiah 31:4, "Again I will rebuild thee and thou shalt be rebuilt."
Coordinates: 32°4′2.42″N 34°46′16.6″E / 32.0673389°N 34.771278°E / 32.0673389; 34.771278
wn.com/Allenby_Street -
Almaty
Almaty (Kazakh: Алматы / Almatı / الماتى , i.e. "city of apples" or "city of apple trees", under the Russian Empire from 1867 to 1921 known by the Russian name of Верный, Vierny, i.e. "the Faithful," and under the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1993 known as Alma-Ata (Russian: Алма́-Ата́, from the Kazakh алма/alma, i.e. "apple", and ата/ata, i.e. "grandfather"), is the former capital of Kazakhstan and the nation's largest city, with a population of 1,348,500 (at 1 September 2008). This represents approximately 9% of the country's population.
Almaty was the capital of the Kazakh SSR from 1929 to 1991 and of independent Kazakhstan from 1991 to 1997. Despite losing its status as the capital to Astana in 1997, Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan. The city is located in a mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan.
From 1927 to 1936, Almaty was the capital of Kazakh ASSR. From 1936 to 1991, it was the capital of Kazakh SSR. From 1991 to 1997, it was the capital of Kazakhstan. Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan. The city is located in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau (or Zailiysky Alatau) in the extreme south-east and has a peculiar, relatively mild climate regime with a difficult environmental situation. Since the city is located in a tectonically active area there is a constant possibility of the earthquakes, most of which do not represent any significant danger or cause damage. However, Almaty has a record of some large destructive earthquakes too.
wn.com/Almaty -
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Arnhem
Arnhem (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑrn.ɦɛm] (
listen), South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the river Nederrijn as well as on the Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem has almost 150,000 residents (per 1 January 2012) as one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the city region Arnhem-Nijmegen, a metropolitan area with 736,500 inhabitants. Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen and ArtEZ Institute of the Arts.
Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as Arneym or Arentheym, referring to the many eagles that inhabited the hills and forests of Arnhem back then. Traces of human residence date back much further, however.
The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. This comes from the stone age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, tracks of a hunter's camp have been discovered from around 5000 BC. In Schaarsbergen, 12 grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic revolution to the area of Arnhem, i.e. the rise of the farmers.
wn.com/Arnhem -
Ashdod
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד
(audio) (help·info); Arabic: اشدود, إسدود Isdud), is the sixth-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country, on the Mediterranean coast, located 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Tel Aviv and 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Ashkelon and 53 kilometres (33 mi) west of Jerusalem. Ashdod is an important regional industrial center. The Port of Ashdod is Israel's largest port accounting for 60% of the country's imported goods.
The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BCE, making the city one of the oldest in the world. Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible. During its history the city was settled by Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders and Arabs.
Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town, and incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 206,400 at the end of 2009, the sixth largest city in Israel, and had an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).
wn.com/Ashdod -
Ashkelon
Ashkelon (also Ashqelon and Ascalon; Hebrew: אַשְׁקְלוֹן (audio) (help·info); Arabic: عسقلان (ˁAsqalān); Latin: Ascalonia; Akkadian: Isqalluna) is a coastal city in the South District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Tel Aviv, and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the border with the Gaza Strip. The ancient seaport of Ashkelon dates back to the Neolithic Age. In the course of its history, it has been ruled by the Canaanites, the Philistines, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Phoenicians, the Romans, the Persians, the Egyptians and the Crusaders, until it was destroyed by the Mamluks in 1270. The Arab village of al-Majdal (Arabic: المجدل, Hebrew: אל-מג'דל, מגדל), was established nearby in the 16th century, under Ottoman's own rule.
In 1918, Ashkelon became part of the British Mandate for Palestine. In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Majdal was the forward position of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force based in Gaza. The village was occupied by Israeli forces on November 5, 1948, by which time most of the Arab population of 11,000 had been forced to leave. In 2010, the population of Ashkelon was 112,900.
wn.com/Ashkelon -
Atlanta
Atlanta ( /ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
wn.com/Atlanta -
Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Azor
Azor (Hebrew: אָזוֹר) (also Azur) is a small town (local council) in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, on the old Jaffa-Jerusalem road southeast of Tel Aviv. Established in 1948, Azor was granted local council status in 1951. It was named for the ancient city of Azur (lit. mighty, heroic), preserved in the name of the Arab village of Yazur. In 2006, it had a population of 10,200 and a jurisdiction of 2,415 dunams (~2.4 km²).
wn.com/Azor -
Azrieli Center
Azrieli Center is a complex of skyscrapers in Tel Aviv. At the base of the center lies a large shopping mall. The center was originally designed by Israeli-American architect Eli Attia, and after he fell out with the developer of the center David Azrieli (after whom it is named), completion of the design was passed on to the Tel Aviv firm of Moore Yaski Sivan Architects.
The Azrieli Center is located on a 34,500 square meter site in Tel Aviv, Israel which was previously used as Tel Aviv's dumpster-truck parking garage. The $350,000,000 project revitalized the area. The Fain Towers are now expected to be built directly across HaShalom Road.
The Azrieli Center Circular Tower, is the tallest of the three towers, measuring 187 m (614 ft) in height. Construction of this tower began in 1996 and was completed in 1999. The tower has 49 floors, making it the tallest building in Tel Aviv and the second tallest in Israel, after the Moshe Aviv Tower in Ramat Gan built in 2001. The top floor has an indoor observation deck and a high-end restaurant, and the 48th floor is home to Mr. Azrieli's personal office.
wn.com/Azrieli_Center -
Barcelona
Barcelona (English /bɑrsɨˈloʊnə/, Catalan: [bərsəˈɫonə], Spanish: [barθeˈlona]) is the capital of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of 101.4 km2 (39 sq mi). The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km2 (310 sq mi), being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, Madrid and Milan. About five million people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the main component of an administrative area of Greater Barcelona, with a population of 3,218,071 in an area of 636 km² (density 5,060 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge (512 m/1,680 ft).
Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, Barcelona became one of the most important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona, the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures, and the 2004 World Urban Forum.
wn.com/Barcelona -
Bat Yam
Bat Yam (Hebrew: בַּת יָם (audio) (help·info)) is a city located on Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, on the central coastal strip, just south of Tel Aviv. Part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area, in the Tel Aviv District, the city is home to 130,000 people.
Bat Yam was established in 1926 as Bayit VaGan (Hebrew: בית וגן; House and Garden). During the 1929 Palestine riots, the town was attacked by Palestinian fighters from Jaffa and was evacuated by British Authorities. In 1930, it was re-settled. In 1936, it was granted local council status and renamed Bat Yam. By 1945, 2,000 Jews were living in Bat Yam. According to the Jewish National Fund, in 1947 it had a population of 4,000.
Following the United Nations vote in favour of a partition plan on November 29, 1947 and the subsequent civil war, inhabitants of both Bat Yam and Jaffa complained on violent incidents, including sniping. On May 13, 1948, Jaffa surrendered to Jewish forces.
In the years following Israel's creation, Bat Yam grew dramatically due to mass immigration and gained city status in 1958. A small Hasidic enclave of Bobover Hasidim, known as Kiryat Bobov, was established in 1959. The city gained a sizeable community of Jews from Turkey (est. 23% of the population). Bat Yam again experienced a period of rapid growth in the early 1980s to the late 1990s with the mass immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union, and Ethiopia. There is also a fairly large Arab community in Bat Yam, both Muslim and Christian many of whom relocated from Jaffa. The vast majority of Vietnamese-Israelis or Vietnamese people of Israeli origin, live in Bat Yam.
wn.com/Bat_Yam -
Beersheba
Beersheba (/bɪərˈʃiːbə/; officially Be'er Sheva; Hebrew: בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע [bəʔe̞rˈʃe̞va]; Greek: Βηρσαβεε; Latin: Bersabee; Arabic: بئر السبع, Bi'r as-Sab` (info); Turkish: Birüssebi) is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel with a population of 194,300.
Beersheba grew in importance in the 19th century, when the Ottoman Turks built a regional police station there. The Battle of Beersheba was part of a wider British offensive in World War I aimed at breaking the Turkish defensive line from Gaza to Beersheba. In 1947, Bir Seb'a (Arabic: بيئر شيبع), as it was known, was envisioned as part of the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. Following the declaration of Israel's independence, the Egyptian army amassed its forces in Beersheba as a strategic and logistical base. In October 1948, the city was conquered by the Israel Defense Forces.
Beersheba has grown considerably since then. A large portion of the population is made up of Jews who immigrated from Arab countries after 1948, and has been significantly boosted since 1990 by immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. With the influx of Russian immigrants, chess became a major sport in Beersheba. The city is now Israel's national chess center, home to more chess grandmasters than any city in the world.
wn.com/Beersheba -
Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
wn.com/Beijing -
Beit Lessin Theater
Beit Lessin Theater (Hebrew: תאטרון בית לסין, translit: Teatron Beit Lessin) is a theater in Tel Aviv, Israel.
Established in 1978 by Yaakov Agmon for the Histadrut, the theater resided in Lessin House until moving to the old residence of the Cameri Theater in 2003.
Over the years the theater has shown over a thousand contemporary American and European plays, as well as original productions. In 1993, Zipi Pines started managing the theater. It was separated from the Histadrut and started showing mostly original Israeli material reflecting the political and social situation in Israel.
Beit Lessin Theater is considered one of the leading theaters in Israel and is known for pleasing the audience. Its critics say this comes at the expense of the quality of plays, but Pines says this is due to low funding that doesn't allow the production of experimental material.
The theater has 30,000 subscription holders. In 2005 it had 780,000 viewers.
In 2003, the theater moved from Lessin House to the old residence of the Cameri Theater after it was remodeled. This venue having more seats allowed larger and more expensive plays to be produced, such as Chicago and Guys and Dolls.
wn.com/Beit_Lessin_Theater -
Beit Shemesh
Beit Shemesh (Hebrew: בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ,; Greek: Βαιθσαμύς; Latin: Bethsames) is a city located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District, with a population of 80,600 in 2010. The history of Beit Shemesh goes back to pre-biblical times. The modern city of Beit Shemesh was founded in 1950.
The ancient city of Beit Shemesh ("house of the sun" or "temple of the sun" in Hebrew) was originally named after the Canaanite sun-goddess Shemesh, who was worshipped there in antiquity. The ruins of the ancient biblical city can still be seen in the tell of Beit Shemesh, located near the modern city.
Several important and unique archaeological discoveries have been made in recent digs at the tel. The most ancient iron workshop in the world was discovered here in 2003. The only remnants of a fortified city with an advanced water system, from the time of the early Kingdom of Judah was found here. The bones of animals found in the 12th-11th centuries BCE layer indicate a diet typical of the Israelites who inhabited the hill country in this period. These together with the pottery finds indicate the cultural influences on the inhabitants of this border town. However, it is not possible to determine their specific ethnic identity, which could be Canaanite, Philistine or Israelite.
wn.com/Beit_Shemesh -
Belgrade
Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/; Serbian: Београд; [beǒɡrad] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. Its name in English translates to White city. The city proper has a population of over 1.1 million, while its metropolitan area has over 1.6 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Southeast Europe.
One of the largest prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved around the area Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region, and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city, naming it Singidūn. It was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus, and awarded city rights in the mid 2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times before it became the capital of King Stephen Dragutin (1282–1316). In 1521 Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of a the Sanjak of Smederevo. It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars. Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. The north of Belgrade remained a Habsburg outpost until 1918, when it was merged into the capital city. As a strategic location, the city was battled over in 115 wars and razed to the ground 44 times. Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia (in various forms of governments) from its creation in 1918, to its final dissolution in 2006.
wn.com/Belgrade -
Ben Gurion House
The Ben-Gurion House is an historic house museum in Tel Aviv, in which between 1931 and 1968 served as an additional residence for Israel's first Defense and Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, and his family, along with another additional residence, Tzrif Ben-Gurion at Sde Boker Kibbutz in the Negev (known as his desert home), and parallelly with his official residence as Prime Minister of Israel, at Beit Julius Jacobs in Jerusalem. It is located at 17 Ben-Gurion Boulevard, in Tel Aviv.
The house was built in 1930–1931, where David Ben-Gurion and his family lived until they settled in Sde-Boker, in 1953, after which they lived only part of each year. It was built on one of the Jewish National Fund's (JNF) property lands, when the first laborer neighborhood was established there at the time.
The house was designed by the Israeli architect David Tuvia, and as customary in laborer neighborhoods in Israel at the time, the house included only one room, and was worth 350 British Mandate Pound (lira eretz-yisra'elit). The house was expanded in 1946, and renovated in 1960.
wn.com/Ben_Gurion_House -
Beth Hatefutsoth
Beth Hatefutsoth or Diaspora Museum (Hebrew: בית התפוצות, "The Diaspora House") — the Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, is located on the campus of Tel Aviv University in Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. Its president is Natan Sharansky.
The museum opened in May 1978. At the time, it was considered as one of the most innovative museums in the world. The idea to establish Beth Hatefutsoth was proposed by Nahum Goldmann, founder and President of the World Jewish Congress, who sought to create a monument to the Jewish diaspora, past and present.
Using audio-visual displays, the museum traces the history of communities of the Jewish diaspora through the ages and throughout the world, telling the story of the Jewish people from the time of their expulsion from the Land of Israel 2,600 years ago to the present. The layout of the Museum, based on the proposal of the poet Abba Kovner, is divided into six thematic parts. Exhibitions are arranged thematically, with a study area on each floor.
wn.com/Beth_Hatefutsoth -
Bnei Brak
Bnei Brak (or Bene Beraq) (Hebrew: בְּנֵי בְרַק (audio) (help·info), Bəne βəraq) is a city located on Israel's central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, in the Dan metropolitan region and Tel Aviv District. Bnei Brak is a center of Orthodox Judaism.
Bnei Brak covers an area of 709 hectares. According to figures of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the population was 154,400, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%. Bnei Brak is one of the poorest and most densely populated cities in Israel.
Bnei Brak takes its name from the ancient Biblical city of Beneberak, preserved in the name of the Palestinian village of Ibn Ibraq ("Son of Ibraq/Barak") which was located 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) to the south of where Bnei Barak was founded in 1924.
Bnei Brak was founded as an agricultural village by Yitzchok Gerstenkorn and a group of Polish chasidim. Due to a lack of land many of the founders turned to other occupations and the village began to develop an urban character. Arye Mordechai Rabinowicz, formerly rabbi of Kurów in Poland, was the first rabbi. He was succeeded by Rabbi Yosef Kalisz, a scion of the Vurker dynasty. The town was set up as a religious settlement from the outset, as is evident from this description of the pioneers: "Their souls were revived by the fact that they merited what their predecessors had not. What particularly revived their weary souls in the mornings and toward evening, when they would gather in the beis medrash situated in a special shack which was built immediately upon the arrival of the very first settlers, for tefilla betzibbur (communal prayer) three times a day, for the Daf Yomi shiur, and a Gemara shiur and an additional one in Mishnayos and the Shulchan Oruch."bnei brak was once mentioned in a mishnah
wn.com/Bnei_Brak -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Bryant Park
Coordinates: 40°45′14″N 73°59′01″W / 40.7537916°N 73.983607°W / 40.7537916; -73.983607
Bryant Park is a 9.603 acre (39,000 m²) privately managed public park located in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is located between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and between 40th and 42nd Streets in Midtown Manhattan. Although technically the main building of the New York Public Library is located within the park, effectively it forms the park's functional eastern boundary, making Sixth Avenue the park's primary entrance. Although part of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Bryant Park is managed by a private not-for-profit corporation, the Bryant Park Corporation (see below). The park is cited as a model for the success of public-private partnerships.
Bryant Park is built entirely over an underground structure which houses the New York Public Library's archives. In the 1980s, the park was closed to the public and excavated. The new library facilities were built below ground level and the park was restored above it.
wn.com/Bryant_Park -
Budapest
Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/, /ˈbuːdəpɛʃt/ or /ˈbʊdəpɛst/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and the largest city of Hungary, the largest in East-Central Europe and the seventh largest in the European Union. It is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre, sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. According to 2011 Census, Budapest had 1.74 million inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2.1 million due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3.3 million people. The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7 sq mi) within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of west-bank Buda and Óbuda with east-bank Pest.
The history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture in the 15th century. Following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification. It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, when Hungary lost 72% of its former territory, culturally and economically the country became wholly Budapest-dominated. The capital dominates the country both by the size of its population—which dwarfs those of Hungary's other cities Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.
wn.com/Budapest -
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( /ˈbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /ˈaɪrɪs/,Spanish: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after Greater Sao Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around thirteen million.
The city of Buenos Aires is not a part of Buenos Aires Province, nor is it the Province's capital, but an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are currently neighborhoods of the city). The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.
wn.com/Buenos_Aires -
Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
wn.com/Bulgaria -
Cameri Theater
The Cameri Theater (Hebrew: התיאטרון הקאמרי, HaTeatron HaKameri), established in 1944 in Tel Aviv, is one of the leading theaters in Israel, and is housed at the Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center.
The Cameri, Tel Aviv's municipal theater, stages up to ten new productions a year, in addition to its repertoire from previous years. The theater has 34,000 subscribers and attracts some 900,000 spectators annually.
In 2003, the Cameri moved into its new home at the Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center complex, adjacent to the New Israeli Opera, the Municipal Library and the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. The new theater has five auditoriums: Cameri 1, the largest auditorium, has 930 seats; Cameri 2 has 430 seats, the Black Box seats 250, and the Rehearsal Hall seats 160.
The Cameri's social action programs include the Peace Foundation, which brings together young Israelis and Palestinians to watch theater performances, and Theater in Education, which brings high school students, university students and special needs audiences to the theater. The Cameri also offers ticket subsidies for senior citizens and simultaneous translation of its productions into English, Russian and Arabic.
wn.com/Cameri_Theater -
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Cannes
Coordinates: 43°33′05″N 7°00′46″E / 43.5513°N 7.0128°E / 43.5513; 7.0128
Cannes (French pronunciation: [kan], in Occitan Canas) is a city located in the French Riviera. It is a busy tourist destination and host of the annual Cannes Film Festival. It is a commune of France located in the Alpes-Maritimes department.
The city is also famous for its various luxury shops, restaurants, and hotels. On 3 November 2011 it played host to the G20 organisation of industrialised nations.
By the 2nd century BC the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna. Historians are unsure what the name means. The area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands.
In 69 AD it became the scene of violent conflict between the troops of Othos and Vitellius.
In the 10th century the town was known as Canua[citation needed]. The name may derive from "canna", a reed. Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower which overlooked swamps where the city now stands. Most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins islands and the history of Cannes is the history of the islands.
wn.com/Cannes -
Charles Clore Park
Charles Clore Park is a beachfront public park in southwestern Tel Aviv, Israel. The park covers 29.6-acre (0.120 km2) of public land and runs along the Mediterranean Sea. It opened to the public in 1974, and in 2007 underwent a two-year makeover.
Coordinates: 32°3′55″N 34°45′40″E / 32.06528°N 34.76111°E / 32.06528; 34.76111
wn.com/Charles_Clore_Park -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
wn.com/Cyprus -
Dizengoff Center
Dizengoff Center (Hebrew: דיזנגוף סנטר) is a shopping mall at the intersection of Dizengoff Street and King George Street in Tel Aviv. The mall is named for Meir Dizengoff, the first mayor of Tel Aviv.
Dizengoff Center, designed by Israeli architect Yitzhak Yashar, was Israel's first mall. The center was built on the site of the Nordiya neighborhood. Construction began in 1972, and the first store opened five years later in 1977. The rest of the mall was finished in 1983.
On March 4, 1996, during the Jewish holiday of Purim, the Dizengoff Center suicide bombing outside Dizengoff Center killed 13 people, many of them youngsters in costume.
The mall has around 420 stores and is visited by about 20,000 people on weekdays and around 45,000 people on Fridays. It operates two movie theatres, stores and restaurants, an internet cafe, a design center holding exhibitions from around the world (Soho), specialty stores (Comic books, video games, gadgets, stamp-collecting, posters), and a roof top swimming pool and gym. The mall is divided into two parts and straddles both sides of Dizengoff Street with the two parts linked by skywalks and underground passages. Two towers were built upon the mall - a residential tower above the northern part of the mall commonly referred to as the "Dizengoff Tower", and an office tower above the south-western part of the mall commonly referred to as "Top Tower". The mall also has a big underground parking lot.
wn.com/Dizengoff_Center -
Dizengoff Street
Dizengoff Street (Hebrew: רחוב דיזנגוף, Rehov Dizengoff) is a major street in central Tel Aviv, named after Tel Aviv's first mayor, Meir Dizengoff.
The street runs from the corner of Ibn Gabirol Street in its southernmost point to the port area of Tel Aviv in its northwestern point. Dizengoff Street is one of the most important streets in Tel Aviv, and has played an essential role in the development of the city.
In the street's heyday, it was described as the "Champs-Élysées of Tel Aviv". In Hebrew slang, a new word was coined based on the iconic status of this street: "l'hizdangef" (Hebrew: להזדנגף), literally to "to Dizengoff oneself, ie., to stroll down Dizengoff." Since the 1970s, Dizengoff Street has declined. The advent of the shopping mall, Dizengoff Center is cited as a principal reason for the decline, along with changes in the configuration of Dizengoff Square.
The stretch of Dizengoff Street northward to Dizengoff Square was once very upscale but has since declined. North of Dizengoff Square, the street still has better and more upscale shops, filled with designer name stores. The street is still full of coffee shops and clothes stores, in addition to a large number of bridal clothing stores. Towards the southern end of the street is the landmark Dizengoff Square and Dizengoff Center shopping mall.
wn.com/Dizengoff_Street -
Dubnow Park
Dubnow Park is a public park located in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel, lying at the back of the Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center. The park is named for Simon Dubnow, a Jewish Belarusian historian, writer and activist, with Dubnow Street running at its western end.
It is a very popular relaxing place with young families, students and dog owners.
Coordinates: 32°4′40.15″N 34°47′4.11″E / 32.0778194°N 34.784475°E / 32.0778194; 34.784475
wn.com/Dubnow_Park -
El Salvador
El Salvadori/ɛl ˈsælvədɔr/ (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the west, and the countries of Guatemala to the north and Honduras to the east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca, opposite Nicaragua. As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos.
The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar.
In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization. In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20 percent from the year 1992 to 2010. Making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
wn.com/El_Salvador -
England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
wn.com/England -
Eretz Israel Museum
The Eretz Israel Museum is a historical and archeological museum in the Ramat Aviv neighborhood of Tel Aviv, Israel.
Eretz Israel Museum, established in 1953, has a large display of archaeological, anthropological and historical artifacts organized in a series of exhibition pavilions on its grounds. Each pavilion is dedicated to a different subject: glassware, ceramics, coins, copper and more. The museum also has a planetarium.
The "Man and His Work" wing features live demonstrations of ancient methods of weaving, jewelry and pottery making, grain grinding and bread baking. Tel Quasile, an excavation in which 12 distinct layers of culture have been uncovered, is on the grounds of the museum.
Inside the pavilion, visitors find themselves in a reconstructed mine from the Chalcolithic period and the Late Bronze Age, showing marks of mining tools such as stone hammers, flint blades and copper chisels.
Four smelting furnaces are on display:
Remnants of a glass furnace from the 13th century CE were discovered alongside the Crusader fortress at Sommelaria, north of Acre.
wn.com/Eretz_Israel_Museum -
France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
wn.com/France -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
wn.com/Greece -
Habima Theatre
The Habima Theatre (Hebrew: הבימה - התיאטרון הלאומי, lit. "The Stage"), is the national theatre of Israel and one of the first Hebrew language theatres. It is located in Habima Square in the center of Tel Aviv.
Habima was founded by Nahum Zemach in Moscow soon after the 1905 revolution. Because its performances were in Hebrew and it dealt with issues of the Jewish people, it met with persecution by the Czarist government. Beginning in 1918, it operated under the auspices of the Moscow Art Theatre, which some consider its true beginning. It encountered difficulties under the Soviet government as well after the Russian Revolution.Stanislavski arranged for the mainly Jewish Polish actors to be trained by Yevgeny Vakhtangov. The People's Commissar of Nationalities Affairs, Joseph Stalin, also authorized the theatre's creation.
In 1926, the theatre left the Soviet Union to tour abroad, including in the United States. Zemach and some actors stayed in New York City, where their productions had met with success. Their productions included plays from the Jewish folk tradition, and they were performed in Hebrew. The company split up, with some members choosing to stay in New York.
wn.com/Habima_Theatre -
Hadera
Hadera (Hebrew: חֲדֵרָה, Ḥadera; Arabic: الخضيرة, Al-Ḫuḍayraḧ) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel approximately 45 kilometers (28.0 mi) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 kilometers (4 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. The city has a population of 80,200 which includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union.
Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. It was declared a city in 1952. With an area of jurisdiction of 53,000 dunams.
Several projects are under way to improve the quality of life in Hadera, including regenerating the city center, constructing a hi-tech business park, and building the world's largest desalination plant.
Hadera was founded in 1891, in the early days modern Zionism by Eastern European immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, known as the Redeemer of the Valley. The land was purchased from Christian effendi Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Palestine by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling reeds. The town may derive its name from the Arabic word khadra, meaning "green" in reference to the wild weeds which covered the marshes on which the town is built.
wn.com/Hadera -
Haifa
Haifa (Hebrew: חֵיפָה, Hebrew pronunciation: [χeiˈfä], Ḥefa; Arabic: حيفا Ḥayfā) is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of over 268,000. Another 300,000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including the cities of the Krayot, as well as, Tirat Carmel, Daliyat al-Karmel and Nesher. Together these areas form a contiguous urban area home to nearly 600,000 residents which makes up the inner core of the Haifa metropolitan area. Haifa is a mixed city: 90% are Jews, more than a quarter of whom are immigrants from the former Soviet Union, while 10% are Arabs, predominantly of the Christian religion. It is also home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the history of settlement at the site spans more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the centuries, the city has changed hands: It has been conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, British, and the Israelis. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the city has been governed by the Haifa Municipality.
wn.com/Haifa -
Haifa District
Haifa District (Hebrew: מחוז חיפה, Mehoz Ḥeifa; Arabic: منطقة حيفا) is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The district is one of six administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km2 (299.3 mi2).
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2005, the population of the district stood at 858,000, of which 71.27% are Jewish, 18.81% are Arab Muslims, 1.78% are Arab Christians, 2.52% are Druze, and 4.9% are "not classified by religion", and grew at an average annual rate of 0.8%.
Coordinates: 32°35′N 35°00′E / 32.583°N 35°E / 32.583; 35
wn.com/Haifa_District -
HaKirya
HaKirya, or The Kirya (Hebrew: הַקִּרְיָה, lit. The Campus), is an area in central Tel Aviv, containing various government structures, including the major Israel Defense Forces base, Camp Rabin (Hebrew: מַחֲנֶה רַבִּין, Mahaneh Rabin), named for Yitzhak Rabin. It was one of the first IDF bases and has served as the IDF headquarters since its founding in 1948.
Much of the Kirya today is located on the lands of Sarona, a Templer settlement founded in the 19th Century. Sarona was an agricultural colony, and kept this nature despite the expansion of Tel Aviv and attempts by the city to buy some of Sarona's lands. In World War II, the British forces took control of Sarona and converted it into a prison camp for Germans. After the war, the German prisoners were deported, mostly to Australia, and Sarona became a British military and police base. The base was the site of the first ever unconcealed Haganah attack on a British installation.
The base was taken over by the Haganah on December 16, 1947, and renamed to Camp Yehoshu'a, after Yehoshu'a Globerman, who was killed near Latrun while returning from a mission to Jerusalem. It was the first independent Jewish military base in modern history. The base was dubbed HaKirya because it contained the government offices in Tel Aviv, the provisional capital of Israel at the time, until Jerusalem was secured and declared the capital. The Haganah and then Israel Defense Forces also used the Templer buildings as their first headquarters, including the headquarters of the Sherut Avir (later Israeli Air Force) and the Kiryati Brigade. The Givati Brigade was also founded at the base.
wn.com/HaKirya -
Hatikva Quarter
The Hatikva Quarter (Hebrew: שכונת התקווה, Shkhunat Hatikva) is a neighbourhood in south-eastern Tel Aviv, Israel, long known as a poor and working class area. It was founded in 1935 and was merged into Tel Aviv following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
The neighbourhood is home to the Bnei Yehuda football club, which played at the Hatikva Neighborhood Stadium until they moved to the larger Bloomfield Stadium, as well as the headquarters of the Israeli Labor Party. It is also the birthplace and origin of Ofra Haza, one of Israel's most famous singers, who drew inspiration from her childhood in the rough and down-trodden neighborhood.
Hatikva was named after "Mount Hope" ("Har Tikva" in Hebrew), a farm built in 1855 by Protestant Prussian and American immigrants. Almira Steinbeck, who left the farm with her family, was grandmother to John Steinbeck. Shevah Mofet school in Tel Aviv stands where the farm house once stood.
Coordinates: 32°03′N 34°47′E / 32.05°N 34.783°E / 32.05; 34.783
wn.com/Hatikva_Quarter -
Herzliya
Herzliya (Hebrew: הֶרְצְלִיָּה) is a city in the central coast of Israel, at the western part of the Tel Aviv District. It has a population of 87,000 residents. Named after Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism, Herzliya covers an area of 26 km². At its western municipal boundaries is Herzliya Pituah, one of Israel's most affluent districts, home to ambassadors, foreign diplomats and businessmen.
Herzliya, named after Theodor (Benyamin Zeev) Herzl, was founded in 1924 as a semi-cooperative farming community (moshava) with a mixed population of new immigrants and veteran residents. In the 1920s, the father and grandfather of Tal Brody helped build the country's first airfield in Herzliya. After the establishment of the state in 1948, large numbers of immigrants settled there. In 1960, when the population reached 25,000, Herzliya was declared a city.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, residents of Herzliya are among the wealthiest in Israel. In 2003–2005, average monthly salaries were NIS 8,211, or about NIS 1,500 above average in a survey of Israel's 15 largest cities. However, there is a large gap between the city's seven working class neighborhoods, among them Yad Tisha, Neve Yisrael and Neve Amal, and upscale Herzliya Pituah. The population is older than that of other cities in the Sharon region: 18% are under 14 years old, compared to a national average of 27.5%.
wn.com/Herzliya -
Hiriya
Hiriya (Hebrew: חירייה) is a former waste dump located southeast of Tel Aviv, Israel. After accumulating 25 million tons of waste, the facility was shut down in August 1998.It is visible on approach into Ben Gurion International Airport as a flat-topped mountain. Three recycling facilities have been established at the foot of the mountain: a waste separation center, a green waste facility that produces mulch and a building materials recycling plant.
The landfill is located on the lands of the Palestinian village of al-Khayriyya, from which the name Hiriya is derived. The village, formerly called Ibn Ibraq, preserving the name of the ancient biblical site Beneberak, was renamed al-Khayriyya in 1924. According to Rachelle Gershovitz of the Israel Venture Capital Journal, the British authorities designated the area as Crown Land and plans were drawn up to use it as a draining plain to solve the annual flooding problem during the British Mandate. In the weeks prior to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, its residents fled the village before advancing Haganah forces.
wn.com/Hiriya -
Holon
Holon (Hebrew: חוֹלוֹן (audio) (help·info)) is a city on the central coastal strip south of Tel Aviv, Israel. Holon is part of the metropolitan Gush Dan area. In 2009, it had a population of 184,700. Holon has the second-largest industrial zone in Israel, after Haifa.[citation needed]
The name of the city comes from the Hebrew word holon, meaning "(little) sand". The name Holon also appears in the Bible: "And Holon with its suburbs, and Debir with its suburbs" (Book of Joshua, 21:15).
Holon was founded on sand dunes six kilometers from Tel Aviv in 1935. The Łódzia textile factory was established there by Jewish immigrants from Łódź, Poland, along with many other industrial enterprises. In the early months of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Holon was on the front line, with constant shooting taking place on the border with the village of Tel A-Rish to its northwest—a suburb of Arab Jaffa—and clashes also in the direction of the town of Yazur to the east. An attack by the Holon-based Haganah militia units on Tel A-Rish was repulsed with considerable losses. After the establishment of the state, Holon expanded to include Tel A-Rish (renamed "Tel Giborim", "The Mound of the Heroes") and the orange groves of Yazur.
wn.com/Holon -
Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
wn.com/Hungary -
Ibn Gabirol Street
Ibn Gabirol Street (Hebrew: רְחוֹב אִבְּן גַבִּירוֹל) (also Ibn Gvirol) is a major street in Tel Aviv, Israel.
Ibn Gabirol Street is named after the medieval Hebrew poet and philosopher Solomon ibn Gabirol. It carries traffic north and south, and is a busy residential and shopping street.It intersects Marmorek, Laskov, Carlebach and Yehuda HaLevi streets on the south, and runs northbound along Rabin Square and Hayarkon Park to Shmuel Yosef Agnon Street in the north. The street is also home to Tel Aviv City Hall.
Ibn Gabirol is a commercial thoroughfare with special appeal to chocolate lovers. Two chocolatiers make fresh chocolates on the premises and three shops import Belgian chocolates which are flown into Israel every two weeks under carefully controlled conditions.
Coordinates: 32°4′58.45″N 34°46′52.52″E / 32.0829028°N 34.7812556°E / 32.0829028; 34.7812556
wn.com/Ibn_Gabirol_Street -
Incheon
Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
The Incheon Metropolitan City (인천, 仁川, literally 'wise river' - formerly Inchon; named Jinsen during the time of Japanese rule) is located in northwestern South Korea. The city was home to just 4,700 people when Jemulpo port was built in 1883. Today 2.76 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and Busan Metropolitan City. While people have inhabited the area from the New Stone Age, the city’s growth was assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city.
Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world, issuing in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as Korea’s first free economic zone. Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.
wn.com/Incheon -
Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
wn.com/Israel -
Isrotel Tower
The Isrotel Tower is a skyscraper hotel located on the beachfront of Tel Aviv, Israel.
Standing 108 meters high, the 29 floor tower is operated by the Israeli Isrotel hotel group and is the tallest tower on Tel Aviv's Promenade. The tower was completed in 1997 and features a rooftop swimming pool, the highest in Israel, and one of only three hotels in Tel Aviv to feature this. Upon completion, this tower was also the tallest building in the country with balconies although the Tel Aviv Towers now have this position. Designed by A Gvirtzman Architects, the tower's were completed in 1966, whilst the main core was completed in the 1980s. The diameter of the structure is 29 meters and the tower is constructed on the site of the Gan Rina Theatre. The hotel consists of 90 suites whilst the top floors house 62 apartments. The tower is constructed on a narrow pedestal.
Isrotel is expected to open its second Tel Aviv hotel, the Sea One hotel, during the year 2013. Sea One will also be located on the Tel Aviv promenade rising 23 floors high and offering 241 rooms and suites. Unlike Isrotel Tower, Sea One is branded as one the chain's exclusive hotels aimed at hosting wealthier crowds.
wn.com/Isrotel_Tower -
Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
wn.com/Istanbul -
Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
wn.com/Italy -
Jaffa
Jaffa (English pronunciation: /ˈdʒæfə/, /ˈdʒɑːfə/;Hebrew: יָפוֹ, Yāfō (help·info); Arabic: يَافَا Yāfā (help·info); Latin: Joppe; also Japho, Joppa (transliteration from the Greek "Ιόππη") is an ancient port city believed[by whom?] to be one of the oldest in the world. Jaffa was incorporated with Tel Aviv in 1950 creating the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. Jaffa is famous for its association with the biblical story of the prophet Jonah.
The name of the city is mentioned in Egyptian sources and the Amarna Letters as Yapu. There are several legends about the origin of the name Jaffa. Some say it is named for Japheth, one of the sons of Noah, who built it after the Great Flood.[citation needed] The Hellenist tradition links the name to "Iopeia", which is Cassiopeia, the mother of Andromeda. An outcropping of rocks near the harbor is reputed to have been the place from which Andromeda was rescued by Perseus. Pliny the Elder associates the name with Jopa, the daughter of Aeolus, god of wind. The Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi mentions it under the name Yaffa, which is used by Arabic speakers today.
wn.com/Jaffa -
Jaffa Port
Jaffa Port (Hebrew: נמל יפו, Nemal Yafo) is an ancient port located in the Old City of Jaffa, Israel.
Jaffa and its port have a history spanning over three millennia. The port itself is mentioned in various ancient works, including the Bible and Josephus. Still functional as a small fishing port, the port is currently a recreational zone featuring restaurants and cafés. A lighthouse, Jaffa Light, is located above the port.
Coordinates: 32°3′5.95″N 34°44′58.62″E / 32.0516528°N 34.7496167°E / 32.0516528; 34.7496167
wn.com/Jaffa_Port -
Jaffa riots
The Jaffa riots (Hebrew: מאורעות תרפ"א ) were a series of violent riots in Palestine on May 1–7, 1921, which began as a fight between two Jewish groups but developed into an attack by Arabs on Jews during which many were killed. The rioting began in Jaffa and spread to other places.
On the night of 1 May 1921, the Jewish Communist Party (precursor of the Palestine Communist Party) distributed Arabic and Yiddish fliers calling for the toppling of British rule and the establishing a "Soviet Palestine". The party announced its intention to parade from Jaffa to neighbouring Tel Aviv to commemorate May Day. On the morning of the parade, despite a warning to the 60 members present from one of Jaffa's most senior police officers, Toufiq Bey al-Said, who visited the party's headquarters, the march headed from Jaffa to Tel Aviv through the mixed Jewish-Arab border neighbourhood of Manshiyya.
Another large May Day parade had also been organized for Tel Aviv by the rival socialist Ahdut HaAvoda group, with official authorization. When the two processions met, a fistfight erupted.Police attempted to disperse the about 50 communist protestors, and Muslims and Christians intervened to help the police against the Jews. A general disturbance quickly ensued and spread to the southern part of town.
wn.com/Jaffa_riots -
Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
wn.com/Japan -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
wn.com/Jerusalem -
Jerusalem District
The Jerusalem District (Hebrew: מחוז ירושלים; Arabic: منطقة القدس) is one of six administrative districts of Israel. The district capital is Jerusalem. The Jerusalem District has a land area of 652 km². The population of 910,300 is 67.8% Jewish and 30.6% Arab. A fifth (21%) of the Arabs in Israel live in the Jerusalem District, which includes both East and West Jerusalem.
The majority of Arabs in the Jerusalem District are Palestinians, eligible for citizenship under Israeli law, but non-citizens by collective choice. The minority are Israeli Arabs living in Abu Ghosh, Beit Safafa and East Jerusalem, where Israeli Arab professionals have settled since the late 1970s, mainly for the provision of legal and other services to the local population. The non-Jewish population is 28.3% Muslims, 1.8% Christians and 1.4% unclassified by religion.
Coordinates: 31°45′N 35°00′E / 31.75°N 35°E / 31.75; 35
wn.com/Jerusalem_District -
Kaplan Street
Kaplan Street is a major thoroughfare in central Tel Aviv, Israel, running from the Azrieli Center interchange on its eastern edge, to Ibn Gabirol Street on its western edge. Named after Eliezer Kaplan, an important Israeli politician, the street connects the city center to the Ayalon Highway, and is one of the busiest streets in the city. Right next to it, lies the old Templer neighborhood of Sarona, which is undergoing a major renovation programme, in addition to the street itself, which has been widened in recent years.
Grounds of the Templer buildings in the Sarona colony on Kaplan Street
Grounds of the Templer buildings in the Sarona colony on Kaplan Street
Beit Yachin (Yachin House) in Kaplan Street
Kaplan street (renewed)
Azrieli mall
Jewish Agency for Israel Bilding
Dizengof Center. Castro (clothing), SuperPharm and Orange (telecommunications) signs are noticeable
Coordinates: 32°4′23.17″N 34°47′11.68″E / 32.0731028°N 34.7865778°E / 32.0731028; 34.7865778
wn.com/Kaplan_Street -
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Kerem HaTeimanim
Kerem HaTeimanim (Hebrew: כרם התימנים) is a neighbourhood in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel. Its English translation is literally 'Vineyard of the Yemenites'. Its population is estimated at around 80,000, the majority of whom being Yemenite Jews. It is believed to be the largest Yemenite Jewish community in the world. It is adjacent to the Carmel Market and Allenby Street, and is close to Geula Beach. Unlike other Tel Avivian neighbourhoods, it is quite observant, owing mainly to the high observance rate of the Yemenite pioneers who built the neighbourhood. The majority of the descendants of those pioneers still inhabit the neighbourhood today.
wn.com/Kerem_HaTeimanim -
Kfar Saba
Kfar Saba (Hebrew: כְּפַר סָבָא, lit. "Grandfather's Village"), officially Kfar Sava, is a city in the Sharon region, of the Center District of Israel. At the end of 2009, Kfar Saba had a population of 83,600.
Kfar Saba (ancient Capharsaba) was an important settlement during the Second Temple period, and is mentioned for the first time in the writings of Josephus, in his account of the attempt of Alexander Jannaeus to halt an invasion from the North led by Antiochus (Antiquities, book 13, chapter 15). Kfar Saba also appears in the Talmud in connection to corn tithing and the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree. The settlement was probably named after a person called Sava, though this person's importance is not known.
Excavations on the site have revealed the remains of a large Roman bathhouse. In the Byzantine periods the ruins of the bathhouse were first converted into fish pools, and later into some form of industrial installation.
In 1596, the Arab village of Kafr Saba was inhabited by 42 Muslim families. In the 1870s it was described as "a mud village of moderate size with mud-ponds around it and good water in the wells of Neby Yemin, to the east." The Jewish town of Kfar Saba was established in 1898 on 7,500 dunams of land purchased from the Arab village. Despite attractive advertisements in Jerusalem and London, attempts to sell plots to private individuals were unsuccessful, as the land was located in a desolate, neglected area far from any other Jewish settlement. The Ottoman pasha of Nablus, to whose governorate the land belonged, refused to give building permits, therefore the first settlers lived in huts made of clay and straw. They earned their living by growing almonds, grapes and olives. Most of the manual laborers on the land were peasants from Qalqilya. Only in 1912 were permits given and the settlers moved to permanent housing.
wn.com/Kfar_Saba -
Kfar Shmaryahu
Kfar Shmaryahu is a local council in Israel, within the Tel Aviv District. The council was founded in 1937, during the Fifth Aliyah to Israel.
Kfar Shmaryahu is ranked very highly on the Israeli socio-economic scale (10 out of 10). According to Yedioth Ahronoth, Kfar Shmaryahu's municipality annually spends NIS 8,700 per resident, a figure higher than Tel Aviv and over twice as high as Jerusalem.
wn.com/Kfar_Shmaryahu -
Kiryat Ata
Kiryat Ata (Hebrew: קִרְיַת אָתָא; also Qiryat Ata) is a city in the Haifa District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 50,700. It is also still known by its former name of Kfar Ata (Hebrew: כְּפַר עָטָּה).
Archeological surveys at Khirbet Sharta in the northeast part of the city revealed traces of habitation dating to the Bronze, Iron, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Mamluk eras.
In the early 20th century, the lands of the Arab village of Kofrita were purchased by a Warsaw religious foundation named "Avodat Israel" through intermediaries in the American Zion Commonwealth. Avodat Israel founded Kfar Ata in 1925, which was renamed Kiryat Ata in 1965 when the village was merged with adjacent Kiryat Binyamin. During the 1929 riots the town was attacked and abandoned. A year later the residents returned and rebuilt the community. The town was known for the Ata textile factory, established in 1934 by Erich Moller. In 1969, Kiryat Ata was declared a city.
wn.com/Kiryat_Ata -
Kiryat Atidim
Kiryat Atidim is the Hi Tech area of Tel Aviv. It is located in North East of Tel Aviv near the Petah Tikva industrial zone. The zone was opened in 1972 as a project of Tel Aviv University and Tel Aviv City Hall.
Coordinates: 32°6′53.23″N 34°50′36″E / 32.1147861°N 34.84333°E / 32.1147861; 34.84333
wn.com/Kiryat_Atidim -
Kiryat Ono
Kiryat Ono (Hebrew: קִרְיַת אוֹנוֹ) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel. It is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) east of Tel Aviv, on what is believed to be the site of the biblical Ono Valley (Nehemiah 6:2). At the end of 2007, it had a population of 31,000.
A settlement named Kfar Ono was established in 1939. In the 1950s, a ma'abara (transit camp for new immigrants) was established nearby. In 1954, the settlement merged with other communities to form Kiryat Ono. It achieved city status in 1992. It began to grow during the British era, probably due to its proximity to the military compound now known as Tel Hashomer British Base. A lone tree stands on a hill overlooking the base; this tree has been adopted as the city's spiritual and cultural icon. The lands surrounding the tree were owned as agricultural land and maintained by Aryeh Konikov. When the lone tree was planted, it seemed unique in its location, and Mr. Konikov nourished it and maintained the land surrounding it for many years.
wn.com/Kiryat_Ono -
Limassol
Limassol or Lemesos (Greek: Λεμεσός, Lemesós;, Turkish: Limasol/Leymosun) is the second-largest city in Cyprus, with a population of 235,056 (2011). It is the largest city in geographical size, and the biggest municipality on the island. The city is located on Akrotiri Bay, on the island's southern coast and it is the capital of Limassol District.
Limassol is the biggest Cypriot port in the Mediterranean transit trade. It has also become one of the most important tourism, trade and service-providing centres in the area. Limassol is renowned for its long cultural tradition, and is home to the Cyprus University of Technology. A wide spectrum of activities and a number of museums and archaeological sites are available to the interested visitor. Consequently, Limassol attracts a wide range of tourists mostly during an extended summer season to be accommodated in a wide range of hotels and apartments. A large marina is currently being constructed near the old town.
Limassol was built between two ancient cities, Amathus and Kourion, so during Byzantine rule it was known as Neapolis (new town). Limassol's tourist strip now runs east along the coast as far as Amathus. To the west of the city is the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area, part of the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
wn.com/Limassol -
Lod
Lod (Hebrew: לוֹד; Arabic: الْلُدّ al-Ludd; Greco-Latin: Lydda, Diospolis) is a city 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv in the Center District of Israel. At the end of 2011, it had a population of 74,000.
The name is derived from the Biblical city of Lod. When al-Ludd, as it was known by its Arab inhabitants was captured by Israel, the Arab inhabitants fled or were expelled and the city was settled by Jewish immigrants, most of them refugees from Arab countries. Of the former Arab population, only 1,056 inhabitants remained. It is today known as Lod, its biblical name.
Israel's main international airport, Ben Gurion International Airport (previously known as Lydda Airport, RAF Lydda, and Lod Airport) is located on the outskirts of the city.
The Hebrew name Lod appears in the bible as a town of Benjamin, founded by Shamed or Shamer (1 Chronicles 8:12; Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:35). In the New Testament it appears as its Greek form, Lydda. The city also finds reference in an Islamic Hadith, as the location of the battlefield where 'Dajjal' (the Anti-Christ) will be slayed before the Day of Judgment.
wn.com/Lod -
London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
wn.com/London -
Los Angeles
Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
wn.com/Los_Angeles -
Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
wn.com/Mexico -
Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
wn.com/Mexico_City -
Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
wn.com/Milan -
Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
wn.com/Moldova -
Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
wn.com/Moscow -
Moshe Aviv Tower
Moshe Aviv Tower (Hebrew: מגדל משה אביב), is a 250 m (820 ft) tall skyscraper located in the demarcated area of the bursa (Israel Diamond Exchange) on Jabotinsky Road in northern Ramat Gan, Israel. The 68-storey building is commonly known as City Gate (Hebrew: שער העיר), its original name. It is the tallest building in Israel.
The building was designed by architects Amnon Niv and Amnon Schwartz. It was named after Moshe Aviv, the owner of the construction company, who died in an accident in October 2001, before its completion.
The design for City Gate was inspired by the famous Westend Tower in Frankfurt. Construction on the tower began in 1998 and was completed in 2003 when the tower became occupied. The construction period was extremely short, achieving a sequence of five stories per month with only one shift of 40 workers. The rate of concrete placement per month was 3,000 m3 (3,900 cu yd) and on a typical floor there are 42 windows. Total cost of construction was US $133 million. The tower has a total of 180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft) of space. The building appeared in a TV advertisement for the Mifal HaPayis national lottery before it was completed, in December 2002. To this date it is the most expensive single building in Israel.
wn.com/Moshe_Aviv_Tower -
Nahariya
Nahariya (Hebrew: נַהֲרִיָּה) is the northernmost coastal city in Israel, with an estimated population of 51,200.
Nahariya, takes its name from the river - nahar in Hebrew - that bisects it.
A church from the Byzantine period, dedicated to St. Lazarus, was excavated in the 1970s. It was destroyed by fire, probably at the time of the Persian invasion in 614.
Nahariya was founded by German Jewish immigrants from the Fifth Aliyah in the 1930s. Construction of homes started in 1933, and the first two families permanently settled in Nahariya on February 10, 1935, which is now considered the official founding date of Nahariya.
Nahariya was intended to be an agricultural village, but the residents soon realized that agriculture was impractical and chose to focus on tourism, taking advantage of the natural surroundings and beaches. During the British Mandate of Palestine, many British officers coming from Khartoum stopped in Nahariya.
Nahariya became a development town in the 1950s after the nearby ma'abara was integrated. The town hence become a home to many Jewish refugees from North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. During the 1990s, the city absorbed a significant number of immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nahariya experienced a construction boom.
wn.com/Nahariya -
Nazareth
Nazareth ( /ˈnæzərəθ/; Hebrew: נָצְרַת, Natzrat or Natzeret; Arabic: اَلنَّاصِرَة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the largest city in the North District of Israel. Nazareth is known as "the Arab capital of Israel"; the population is made up predominantly of Arab citizens of Israel, the majority of whom are Muslim. In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events.
Nazareth is not mentioned in pre-Christian texts and appears in many different Greek forms in the New Testament. There is no consensus regarding the origin of the name. One theory holds that "Nazareth" is derived from the Hebrew noun ne·ṣer, נֵ֫צֶר, meaning branch.Ne·ṣer is not the common Hebrew word for "branch," but one understood as a messianic title based on a passage in the Book of Isaiah. Alternatively, the name may derive from the verb na·ṣar, נָצַר, "watch, guard, keep." The negative references to Nazareth in the Gospel of John suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the town's name to prophecy.
wn.com/Nazareth -
Netanya
Netanya (Hebrew: נְתַנְיָה, lit., "gift of God"), sometimes spelled Nathania, is a city in the Northern Centre District of Israel, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is located 30 km (18.64 mi) north of Tel Aviv, and 56 km (34.80 mi) south of Haifa between the 'Poleg' stream and Wingate Institute in the south and the 'Avichail' stream in the north. Netanya was named in honor of Nathan Straus, a prominent Jewish American merchant and philanthropist in the early twentieth century.
Its 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) of beaches have made the city a very popular tourist resort. Today the city houses a notably large population of English-speaking immigrants from the United Kingdom, USA, and Canada.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 183,200. An additional 150,000 people live in the local and regional councils within 10 kilometers from Netanya which serves as a regional center for them. The city mayor is Miriam Feirberg. The city is expected to reach a population of 350,000 by 2020.
wn.com/Netanya -
Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
wn.com/Netherlands -
Neve Tzedek
Neve Tzedek (Hebrew: נְוֵה צֶדֶק, lit. Abode of Justice) is a neighborhood located in southwestern Tel Aviv, Israel. It was the first Jewish neighborhood to be built outside the walls of the ancient port of Jaffa. For years, the neighborhood prospered as Tel Aviv, the first modern Hebrew city, grew up around it. Years of neglect and disrepair followed, but since the early 1980s, Neve Tzedek has become one of Tel Aviv's latest fashionable and expensive districts, with a village-like atmosphere. Literally, Neve Tzedek means Abode of Justice, but it is also one of the names for God (Jeremiah 50:7).
Neve Tzedek was established in 1887, 22 years before the 1909 founding of the City of Tel Aviv, by a group of Jewish families seeking to move outside of over-crowded Jaffa. Soon, additional small developments grew up around Neve Tzedek and were incorporated into the contemporary boundaries of the neighbourhood.
The residents preferred to construct their new neighborhoods with low-rise buildings along narrow streets. These homes frequently incorporated design elements from the Jugendstil/Art Noveau and later Bauhaus Art movements and featured contemporary luxuries such as private bathrooms.
wn.com/Neve_Tzedek -
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
wn.com/New_York_City -
Or Yehuda
Or Yehuda (Hebrew: אוֹר יְהוּדָה) is a city in the Tel Aviv District in Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the city had a population of 32,200 at the end of 2007.
Or Yehuda is located where the biblical city of Kefar Ono used to stand.[citation needed] Or Yehuda was established in 1950 on the site of former Arab village of Saqiya, to settle Jews from Iraq and North Africa. In 1988, Or Yehuda was declared as a city. Or Yehuda and Milwaukee have been sister cities since 1978. In 2008, part of the Ef'al Regional Council, including Ramat Pinkas (Hebrew: רָמַת פִּנְקָס), merged into Or Yehuda.
According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 100.0% Jewish. In 2001 there were 13,900 males and 14,000 females. The population of the city was spread out with 34.6% 19 years of age or younger, 17.7% between 20 and 29, 20.5% between 30 and 44, 15.8% from 45 to 59, 3.1% from 60 to 64, and 8.2% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.4%.
wn.com/Or_Yehuda -
Ottawa
Ottawa (i/ˈɒtəwɑː/ or /ˈɒtəwə/) is the capital of Canada. It is the second largest city in Ontario and the fourth largest city in the country. The city is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, located on the north bank of the Ottawa River; together they form the National Capital Region (NCR).
Founded in 1826 as Bytown and incorporated as "Ottawa" in 1855, the city has evolved into a political and technological centre of Canada. Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous minor annexations and ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and major amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area. The name "Ottawa" is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade". Initially an Irish and French Christian settlement, Ottawa has become a multicultural city with a diverse population.
The 2011 census had the city's population as 883,391, and the metropolitan population as 1,236,324.Mercer ranks Ottawa with the second highest quality of living of any large city in the Americas, and 14th highest in the world. It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world. In 2012, the city was ranked for the third consecutive year as the best community in Canada to live in by MoneySense.
wn.com/Ottawa -
Pagoda House
Pagoda House (Hebrew: בית הפגודה, Beit HaPagoda) is an Eclectic Style building in central Tel Aviv built in 1924.
The building, located at King Albert Square on the corner of Nahmani and Montefiore streets, was designed by the architect Alexander Levy. Over the years, the building fell into disrepair. In the 1990s, it was purchased by an American businessman who restored it. The Pagoda House was built during the architectural boom of the 1920s. It was inspired by a cafe in the United States, combining Oriental and Western style elements.
Coordinates: 32°3′57.18″N 34°46′27.26″E / 32.0658833°N 34.7742389°E / 32.0658833; 34.7742389
wn.com/Pagoda_House -
Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
wn.com/Paris -
Park Tzameret
Park Tzameret is a newly built neighborhood of Tel Aviv, Israel, currently under construction in the east-central side of the city. Set to contain twelve luxurious tall apartment buildings, surrounded by green space, the 133 dunam area has been modelled upon similar projects in London and Paris. Only 18% of the area will contain buildings. Two squares will be built at the southern and northern sides of the neighborhood with a 60 meter wide avenue linking them. Mature trees and vegetation will be planted along the avenue. In total, 1,747 apartments will be built in the neighborhood with 6,000 sqm of commercial and public buildings. The east and west boundaries of the area will be delineated by 4.5 meter high acoustic barriers.
Approved in September 2002, the first project in the neighborhood to be completed is Yoo Tel Aviv.
The area of Park Tzameret was part of a Bedouin village called Jamasin al-Gharbi, which was evacuated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The empty houses were used to shelter Jewish refugees of World War II and the Jewish exodus from Arab lands. The quarter was integrated into Tel Aviv and called Giv'at Amal Gimel (Amal Hill C). The creation of Park Tzameret led to the demolition of the old homes, which was accompanied by a lengthy legal battle and negotioations for the compensation of the Giv'at Amal residents who would be displaced.
wn.com/Park_Tzameret -
Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva (Hebrew: פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה, IPA: [ˈpetaħ tiqˈva], "Opening of Hope") known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot"), is a city in the Center District of Israel, 10.6 km (6.59 mi) east of Tel Aviv.
According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the city's population stood at 209,600. The population density is approximately 5,800 inhabitants per square kilometre (15,000 /sq mi). Petah Tikva's jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9 km² or 15 sq mi).
The name of Petach Tikva was chosen by its founders in 1878 from the prophecy of Hosea (2:15), "And I will give her vineyards from thence, and the Valley of Achor for an opening of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt."
Petach Tikva's emblem appears on a postage stamp designed by Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a founding member of Petah Tikva. The plow symbolizes Petach Tikva's origins as an agricultural settlement, the field symbolizes the drying of the Yarkon River swamps and cultivation of the land, and the orange tree symbolizes Petach Tikva's citrus industry, starting with the first tree planted by Rabbi Arye Leib Frumkin.
wn.com/Petah_Tikva -
Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
wn.com/Philadelphia -
Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
wn.com/Poland -
Rabin Square
Rabin Square (Hebrew: כיכר רבין, Kikar Rabin), formerly Kings of Israel Square (Hebrew: כיכר מלכי ישראל, Kikar Malkhey Yisrael), is a large public city square in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel. Over the years it has been the site of numerous political rallies, parades, and other public events. In 1995 the square was renamed 'Rabin Square' following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin which occurred there on November 4 of that year.
The square is surrounded by the city hall building to the north (designed by the architect Menachem Cohen), Ibn Gabirol Street to the east, Frischmann Street to the south and Hen Boulevard to the west. It was designed alongside the city hall in 1964 by architects Yaski and Alexandroni.
Until the early 1990s, the square was used on Israel's Independence Day, as a public exhibition ground for IDF field units (mostly armor and heavy artillery). The square has also been the site of many political rallies and demonstrations, including the September 1982 protest by 400,000 demonstrators against Israel's role in the Sabra and Shatila Massacre.
wn.com/Rabin_Square -
Rahat
Rahat (Hebrew: רַהַט, Arabic: راهط) is a predominantly Bedouin city in the South District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 51,700. As such, it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world, and the only one in Israel to have city status.
Rahat was established in 1972, by the government of Israel, as a new settlement for Bedouins who lived in the surrounding area without permanent domicile. Until 1980, Rahat was part of the Bnei Shimon Regional Council and from then on (until 1994) it was a local council (administered by a private board until 1989). In 1994 it was recognized as a city—the first Bedouin city in Israel.
The city has a total of 33 neighborhoods. All but one of the neighborhoods consist entirely of separate Bedouin clans but one is a mixed-clan neighborhood. Between every neighborhood, there is a wadi. The city also has a market, public and commercial services, neighborhood parks, public areas, women's employment centers, children's play areas, and several mosques.
wn.com/Rahat -
Ramat Aviv
Ramat Aviv (Hebrew: רָמַת אָבִיב, lit. Spring Heights) is a neighborhood in Tel Aviv, Israel. Ramat Aviv has expanded over the years and now consists of four quarters: Neve Avivim (Ramat Aviv Bet); Ramat Aviv Aleph; Ramat Aviv Gimmel; and Ramat Aviv HaHadasha.
Ramat Aviv was founded in the 1950s, following the great influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe into Israel. Over the years additional neighborhoods were built to the north and northwest. Landmarks in Ramat Aviv include Tel Aviv University, the Eretz Israel Museum, the Palmach Museum, Beth Hatefutsoth and the Ramat Aviv Mall.
Remains of a building believed to be 7,800-8,400 years old were discovered in an archaeological excavation carried out in Ramat Aviv by the Israel Antiquities Authority, attesting to permanent habitation on the northern bank of the Yarkon River.
Ramat Aviv Gimmel was the name of a soap opera on Israeli TV. A luxury residential complex in Kiev (capital of Ukraine) is modelled after Ramat Aviv Gimmel.
Coordinates: 32°06′51″N 34°47′49″E / 32.11417°N 34.79694°E / 32.11417; 34.79694
wn.com/Ramat_Aviv -
Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, many high-tech industries, and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower.
Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2009, the population was 145,000. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918. The settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan (lit: Garden Heights) in 1923. The settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents. In the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the country's language war: A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists.
wn.com/Ramat_Gan -
Ramat HaSharon
Ramat HaSharon (Hebrew: רָמַת הַשָּׁרוֹן, lit. Height of the Sharon) is a city located on Israel's central coastal strip in the south of the Sharon region, bordering Tel Aviv to the south and Herzliya and Kibbutz Glil Yam to the north. It is part of the Tel Aviv District, within Gush Dan metropolitan area. In 2009, the city had a population of 40,600.
Ramat HaSharon, originally Ir Shalom, was a moshava established in 1923 (Hebrew: עִיר שָׁלוֹם, lit. City of Peace) by olim from Poland. It was built on 2,000 dunams (2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi)) of land purchased for 5 Egyptian pounds per dunam.[citation needed] In the 1931 census, the village had a population of 312.
In 1932,[citation needed] the city was renamed Kfar Ramat HaSharon (Heights of Sharon village). By 1950, the population was up to 900. Rapid population growth in the 1960s and 70s led to construction of many new roadways, schools and parks. Several distinct neighborhood evolved in the 1970s, including Morasha on the southern edge, one with many military and air force personnel in the eastern edge, and many successful professionals moved into the developing city. Ramat HaSharon became a highly desirable place to live in the 1980s as a very safe place, containing many gardens and wide boulevards, and attracting many upper middle class suburban families.
wn.com/Ramat_HaSharon -
Ramla
Ramla (Hebrew: רַמְלָה Ramlāh; Arabic: الرملة ar-Ramlah, also Ramlah,Ramle, Remle and sometimes Rama), is a city in central Israel. The city is predominantly Jewish with a significant Arab minority. Ramla was founded circa 705–715 AD by the Umayyad Caliph Suleiman ibn Abed al-Malik after the Arab conquest of the region. Ramla lies along the route of the Via Maris, connecting old Cairo (Fustat) with Damascus, at the intersection of the roads connecting the port of Jaffa with Jerusalem.
It was conquered many times in the course of its history, by the Abbasids, the Ikhshidids, the Fatamids, the Seljuqs, the Crusaders, the Mameluks, the Turks, the British, and the Israelis. After an outbreak of the Black Death in 1347, which greatly reduced the population, an order of Franciscan monks established a presence in the city. Under Arab and Ottoman rule the city became an important trade center. Napoleon's French Army occupied it in 1799 on its way to Acre.
Most of the town's Arab residents were expelled or fled during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War while others remained in the town. The town was subsequently repopulated by Jewish immigrants. In 2001, 80% of the population were Jewish and 20% Arab (16% Muslim Arabs and 4% Christian Arabs).
wn.com/Ramla -
Rehovot
Rehovot (Hebrew: רְחוֹבוֹת) is a city in the Center District of Israel, about 20 km (12 mi) south of Tel Aviv. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 112,700. Rehovot's official website estimates the population at 114,000.
Rehovot was built on the site of Doron, a Jewish community that existed in the time of the Mishna. The site was also the location of Khirbet Duran, populated during the Roman, Byzantine and early Arab periods. The city is named after a biblical town of the same name (Rehoboth in the KJV Bible), which stood at a different location, in the Negev Desert.[citation needed]
Rehovot was founded in 1890, in the coastal plain relatively sparsely settled by Arabs, by Polish Jews who wanted a township independent of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild's aid and management. Israel Belkind, one of the original founders of the settlement, proposed the name Rehovot (lit. 'wide expanses') based on Genesis 26:22 : "And he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said: 'For now the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land.'" The name was accepted. In 1908 they were joined by immigrants from Yemen, who settled in the city's Sha'arayim district. These early settlers planted vineyards, almond orchards and citrus groves. They withstood agricultural failures, plant diseases, and marketing problems.
wn.com/Rehovot -
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ deɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/ or /ˈriːoʊ deɪ dʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu],River of January), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th largest in the Americas, and 26th in the world.
The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation. Rio is nicknamed the Cidade Maravilhosa or "Marvelous City."
Rio de Janeiro represents the second largest GDP in the country (and 30th largest in the world in 2008), estimated at about R$ 343 billion (IBGE/2008) (nearly US$ 201 billion), and is the headquarters of two major Brazilian companies – Petrobras and Vale, and major oil companies and telephony in Brazil, besides the largest conglomerate of media and communications companies in Latin America, the Globo Organizations. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific production – according to 2005 data.
wn.com/Rio_de_Janeiro -
Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion (Hebrew: רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן (audio) (help·info), lit. First to Zion), is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area.
The city had a population of 228,200 at the end of 2009. Founded in 1882 by European Jewish immigrants, it was the second Jewish farm colony established in Land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
The name Rishon LeZion is derived from a biblical verse: "First to Zion are they, and I shall give herald to Jerusalem" (Hebrew: ראשון לציון הנה הינם, ולירושלים מבשר אתן) (Isaiah 41:27) and literally translates as "First to Zion".
Rishon LeZion was founded on July 31, 1882 by ten Hovevei Zion pioneers from Kharkov, Ukraine (then the Russian Empire) headed by Zalman David Levontin. Reuven Yudalevich was also a member of the group. The pioneers purchased 835 acres (337.91 ha) of land southeast of present-day Tel Aviv, part of the townland of the Arab village of Ayun Kara (literally ' fountain of the crier'). Ayun Kara was the scene of a bloody battle between Turkish and New Zealand troops on November 14, 1917. A stone cenotaph was erected by the people of Rishon LeZion to the memory of the New Zealanders who fell that day, but it has since been destroyed.
wn.com/Rishon_LeZion -
Rome
Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in 1,285.3 km2 (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.7 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.
Rome's history spans two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.
wn.com/Rome -
Rothschild Boulevard
Rothschild Boulevard (Hebrew: שְׂדֵרוֹת רוֹטשִׁילד, Sederot Rotshield) is one of the principal streets in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel, beginning in Neve Tzedek at its southwestern edge and running north to Habima Theatre. It is one of the most expensive streets in the city, being one of the city's main tourist attractions. It features a wide, tree-lined central strip with pedestrian and bike lanes.
Rothschild Boulevard was initially called Rehov HaAm ("Street of the people"). Later, the residents requested it to be renamed in honor of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild. One house, on the corner of Rothschild Boulevard and Herzl Street, was built in 1909 by the Eliavson family, one of Tel Aviv's sixty founding families. In 2007, the building was purchased and restored by the French Institute.
Israel's Declaration of Independence was signed at Independence Hall on Rothschild Boulevard. Many of the historic buildings are built in the Bauhaus or International style, forming part of the White City of Tel Aviv, a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site. The 1925 Lederberg house, at the intersection of Allenby Street features a series of large ceramic murals designed by Ze'ev Raban a member of the Bezalel school. The four murals show a Jewish pioneer sowing and harvesting, a shepherd and Jerusalem, with a verse from Jeremiah 31:4, "Again I will rebuild thee and thou shalt be rebuilt."
wn.com/Rothschild_Boulevard -
Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
wn.com/Russia -
San Salvador
The city of San Salvador (English: "Holy Saviour") is the capital city of the Republic of El Salvador. San Salvador is a part of the San Salvador Department, one of fourteen in the nation. San Salvador is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center. As a "gamma" global city, San Salvador is one of the most important financial centers in Central America. It is located in the Salvadoran highlands, surrounded by volcanoes and prone to earthquakes, which is why the Pipil and the Spaniards called the area in which the city is located "el valle de las hamacas" (the valley of the hammocks, "salcoatitan" in Pipil language). The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 540,000 people (2.3million metropolitan), making it the third largest Central American city and the second largest metropolitan area. San Salvador is nicknamed "San Sivar" by Salvadorans.
Before the Spanish conquest, the Pipil peoples established their capital, Cuzcatlán, near the current location of San Salvador. Not much is known about Cuzcatlán, as it was abandoned by its inhabitants in an effort to avoid Spanish rule.
wn.com/San_Salvador -
Seoul
Seoul (Korean pronunciation: [sʌ.ul] ( listen), English /soʊl/), officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world. The Seoul National Capital Area is the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25 million inhabitants, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Almost a quarter of South Koreans live in Seoul, half of South Koreans live in the metropolitan area, along with over 275,000 international residents.
Located in the Han River, Seoul has been a major settlement for over 2,000 years, with its foundation dating back to 18 B.C. when Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, established its capital in what is now south-east Seoul. It continued as the capital of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire. The Seoul National Capital Area is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeokgung, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty.
wn.com/Seoul -
Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
wn.com/Serbia -
Shalom Meir Tower
Shalom Meir Tower (Hebrew: מגדל שלום מאיר, Migdal Shalom Meir; commonly known as Migdal Shalom, Hebrew: מגדל שלום) is an office tower in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was Israel's first skyscraper. When its construction was completed in 1965, it rivaled the tallest buildings in Europe in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.
Migdal Shalom has 34 floors and stands at a height of 120–130 m.
The tower was built on the site of the Herzliya Hebrew High School. The school's architecturally and historically significant structure was razed and the school relocated in order to build the tower in 1962. This decision was later regretted. 50,000 cubic meters of concrete, 4,000 tons of steel, 35 kilometers of water pipes, and 500 kilometres of wiring were used in the tower.
The building has a cream hue tile facade which was created especially for the tower and was manufactured in Italy. The retail promenade features a mosaic mural wall by the Israeli artist Nachum Gutman.
wn.com/Shalom_Meir_Tower -
Shevah Mofet
Shevah Mofet (Hebrew: שבח מופת; also Shevach Moffet) is a high school on HaMasger Street in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was established in 1946 as a vocational school. Since the 1990s, new programs were inaugurated to meet the needs of the Russian immigrant population in Israel.
The school was originally called Shevah, named after a British World War II pilot, who was the uncle of one of the founders of the school.[citation needed]Founded in 1945, it was the second Hebrew high school in Tel Aviv, after Gymnasia Herzliya.[citation needed] It was founded on the ruins of a Templer colony called Mountain of Hope.
Shevah was initially a vocational school teaching trades such as carpentry. As the demand for such schools declined, it became an academic high school.
In the 1990s, with the onset of mass immigration from the former Soviet Union, Shevah introduced a new educational approach to help Russian youngsters from falling behind due to the language barrier. Intensive Hebrew language classes were organized based on proficiency in Hebrew rather than age, and a program for parents was developed that included Hebrew language studies, Jewish history and culture.
wn.com/Shevah_Mofet -
Sofia
Sofia (Bulgarian: София, pronounced [ˈsɔfijɐ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 15th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.2 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.
Prehistoric settlements were excavated in the centre of the present city, near the royal palace, as well as in outer districts Slatina and Obelya. The well-preserved town walls (especially their substructures) date back before the 7th century BC, when Thracians established their city around a mineral spring, which exists to the present day. Sofia has had several names in the different periods of its existence. Its ancient name, Serdika or Serdica, derives from the local Celtic tribe of the serdi who inhabited the region since the 1st century BC. Serdica was a Roman capital during the tetrarchic system of government. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the major commercial centres of the Bulgarian Empire, along with Tarnovo. Sofia's population remained small until 1879, when it was declared a capital of the Principality of Bulgaria after the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
wn.com/Sofia -
Soho
Coordinates: 51°30′47″N 0°07′52″W / 51.513°N 0.131°W / 51.513; -0.131
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and part of the West End of London. Long established as an entertainment district, for much of the 20th century Soho had a reputation for sex shops as well as night life and film industry. Since the early 1980s, the area has undergone considerable transformation. It now is predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of sex industry venues.
The area of Soho was grazing farmland until 1536, when it was taken by Henry VIII as a royal park for the Palace of Whitehall. The name "Soho" first appears in the 17th century. Most authorities believe that the name derives from a former hunting cry. The Duke of Monmouth used "soho" as a rallying call for his men at the Battle of Sedgemoor, half a century after the name was first used for this area of London.
In the 1660s the Crown granted Soho Fields to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans. He leased 19 of its 22 acres (89,000 m2) to Joseph Girle, who gained permission to build and promptly passed his lease and licence to bricklayer Richard Frith in 1677. Frith began the development. In 1698 William III granted the Crown freehold of most of this area to William, Earl of Portland. Meanwhile the southern part of what became the parish of St. Anne, Soho, was sold by the Crown in parcels in the 16th and 17th centuries, with part going to Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester.
wn.com/Soho -
South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
wn.com/South_Korea -
Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
wn.com/Spain -
Stanford University
Coordinates: 37°26′N 122°10′W / 37.43°N 122.17°W / 37.43; -122.17
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is an American private research university located in Stanford, California on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus near Palo Alto, California, United States. It is situated in the northwestern Silicon Valley, approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco.
Leland Stanford, a Californian railroad tycoon and politician, and his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford founded the university in 1891 in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid two months before his 16th birthday. The university was established as a coeducational and nondenominational institution, but struggled financially after the senior Stanford's 1893 death and after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, was one of the original four ARPANET nodes, and had transformed itself into a major research university in computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, and social sciences.
wn.com/Stanford_University -
Stoke Mandeville
Coordinates: 51°47′10″N 0°47′29″W / 51.7861°N 0.7914°W / 51.7861; -0.7914
Stoke Mandeville is a village and also a civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south-east of Aylesbury in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. Although a separate civil parish, the village falls within the Aylesbury Urban Area. Stoke Mandeville Hospital, although named after the village, is located on the parish's border with Aylesbury and has the largest spinal injuries ward in Europe.
The village was originally recorded as Stoches in the Domesday Book of 1086, from the Old English word stoc meaning an outlying farm or hamlet. The suffix Mandeville was first recorded in 1284 when the manor was listed as being in the hands of the powerful Norman de Mandeville family. The former medieval parish church on the outskirts of the village was condemned in the mid 20th Century and was demolished in January 1966. The newer red brick parish church of St Mary, consecrated in July 1866 by Bishop of Oxford Samuel Wilberforce, remains as the only church in the village apart from the Methodist church in Eskdale Road.
wn.com/Stoke_Mandeville -
Sydney
Sydney ( /sɪdni/) is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is classified as an Alpha+ World City indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.
Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population.
The site of the first British colony in Australia, Sydney was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, commodore of the First Fleet as a penal colony. The city is built on hills surrounding Port Jackson which is commonly known as Sydney Harbour, where the iconic Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge feature prominently. The hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous Bondi Beach and Manly Beach. Within the city are many notable parks, including Hyde Park and the Royal Botanic Gardens.
wn.com/Sydney -
São Paulo
São Paulo (/ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/; Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu] ( listen); Saint Paul;), popularly known as Sampa, is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and Americas, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among the five largest metropolitan areas on the planet. São Paulo is the capital of the state of São Paulo, which is the most populous Brazilian state, and exerts strong regional influence in commerce and finance as well as arts and entertainment. São Paulo maintains strong international influence and is considered an Alpha- World City. The name of the city honors Saint Paul.
The metropolis has significant cultural, economic and political influence both nationally and internationally. It houses several important monuments, parks and museums such as the Latin American Memorial, the Museum of the Portuguese Language, São Paulo Museum of Art and the Ibirapuera Park. The Paulista Avenue is the most important financial center of São Paulo. The city holds many high profile events, like the São Paulo Art Biennial, the Brazil Grand Prix Formula 1 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Fashion Week, ATP Brasil Open, and the São Paulo Indy 300.
wn.com/São_Paulo -
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ; Arabic: تل أبيب), is the second most populous city in Israel. It has a population of 404,400 within city limits, on a land area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi). The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in central-west Israel. In 2010, it was the largest and most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area of 3,325,700 residents, known as Gush Dan. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are referred to as Tel Avivim.
Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 by the Jewish Community of Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ Yafo; Arabic: يافا Yāfā), on the outskirts of the ancient port city. The growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time. Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of Bauhaus buildings.
wn.com/Tel_Aviv -
Tel Aviv City Hall
The Tel Aviv City Hall (Hebrew בית עיריית תל אביב - יפו) is the center of the government of Tel Aviv, Israel, and houses the mayor's office and the meeting chambers and offices of the Tel Aviv City Council.
The City Administration was initially established by the water tower on Rothschild Boulevard.
In 1928, the city bought the hotel building at 27 Bialik Street, next to the original City Hall. For the next forty years they remained there. However, the rapidly expanding city had outgrown the small building. For this reason it was decided to build a new town hall.
The building was designed in the 1950s by the architect Menachem Cohen, in the Brutalist style. The project was selected in 1957.
City Hall was built on the largest town square, which was to function as a central resource for events, rallies, demonstrations, festivals and ceremonies. Politicians could watch the ceremony from the top floors of the building. According to the original plan, the entrance to the town hall was to be located on the side of the square. However, this entrance was rarely used (mainly due to problems with access for disabled persons) and the role of the main entrance to the hall fell entrance on Ibn Gabirol Street.
wn.com/Tel_Aviv_City_Hall -
Tel Aviv District
The Tel Aviv District (Hebrew: מחוז תל אביב; Arabic: منطقة تل أبيب) is the smallest and most densely populated of six administrative districts of Israel with a population of 1.2 million residents. It is 99.0% Jewish and 1.0% Arab (0.7% Muslim, 0.3% Christian)[citation needed].
The district's capital is Tel Aviv and the metropolitan area created by the Tel Aviv district and its neighboring cities is named Gush Dan.
Coordinates: 32°05′N 34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.8°E / 32.083; 34.8
wn.com/Tel_Aviv_District -
Tel Aviv Port
The Tel Aviv Port is a commercial and entertainment district in northwest Tel Aviv, Israel along the Mediterranean Sea. The port was opened on February 23, 1938 and closed on October 25, 1965 when its operations moved to the Ashdod Port. In recent years, it underwent a major restoration program and is now a popular attraction in Tel Aviv. In 2011, it was announced that the site would be developed to become a major tourist site with recreational and cultural venues similar to Times Square.
Coordinates: 32°5′47.34″N 34°46′23.71″E / 32.0964833°N 34.7732528°E / 32.0964833; 34.7732528
wn.com/Tel_Aviv_Port -
Tel Aviv University
Tel-Aviv University (TAU) (Hebrew: אוניברסיטת תל־אביב Universitat Tel Aviv) is a public university located in Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. With nearly 30,000 students, TAU is Israel's largest university.
Located in Israel's cultural, financial and industrial core, Tel Aviv University is a major center of teaching and research, comprising 9 faculties, 27 schools, 98 departments and 128 research institutes and centers. Its origins go back to 1956, when three research institutes – the Tel Aviv School of Law and Economics, the Institute of Natural Sciences, and the Institute of Jewish Studies – joined together to form the University of Tel Aviv. Initially operated by the Tel Aviv municipality, the university was granted autonomy in 1963. The Ramat Aviv campus, covering an area of 170-acre (0.69 km2), was established that same year.
The university also maintains academic supervision over the Center for Technological Design in Holon, the New Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, and the Afeka College of Engineering in Tel Aviv. The Wise Observatory is located in Mitzpe Ramon.
wn.com/Tel_Aviv_University -
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη [θesaloˈnici] ( listen)), also known as Thessalonica ( /ˌθɛsəlɵˈnaɪkə/) and historically known as Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. Its honorific title is Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévusa), literally "co-capital", and stands as a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa), "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire, alongside Constantinople.
According to the 2011 census the municipality of Thessaloniki today has a population of 322,240, while the Thessaloniki Urban Area (the contiguous built up area forming the "City of Thessaloniki") has a population of 790,824; making it the fifth largest and most populated city in the Balkans and the second most populated city that is not a capital. Furthermore, the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area extends over an area of 1,455.62 km2 (562.02 sq mi) and its population in 2011 reached a total of 1,006,730 inhabitants.
wn.com/Thessaloniki -
Tokyo
Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō?, "Eastern Capital") [toːkʲoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/; officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to?), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of the world. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) and the city of Tokyo (東京市, Tōkyō-shi?).
The Tokyo Metropolitan government administers the 23 special wards of Tokyo (each governed as a city), which cover the area that was the city of Tokyo, as well as 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the special wards is over 8 million people, with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million. The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 35 million people and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy with a GDP of US$1.479 trillion at purchasing power parity in 2008, ahead of New York City metropolitan area, which ranks second on the list. The city hosts 47 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest amount of any city.
wn.com/Tokyo -
Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
wn.com/Toronto -
Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
wn.com/Toulouse -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
wn.com/Vienna -
Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
wn.com/Warsaw -
Yarkon Park
Yarkon Park (Hebrew: פארק הירקון, Park HaYarkon) is a large public urban park (3.8 km²) in Tel Aviv, Israel, with about sixteen million visitors annually. Bounded by Rokach Boulevard on the north and Bavli on the south, the park includes extensive lawns, sports facilities, botanical gardens, an aviary, a water park, two outdoor concert venues and artificial lakes.
Planning of the park began in 1969. When it was opened to the public in 1973, it was called Ganei Yehoshua, honoring Yehoshua Rabinovich, the mayor of Tel Aviv between 1969-1974.
One of the park's main attractions is Tel Afek and its Ottoman-period fortress, Binary Bashi, overlooking the springs of the Yarkon River. Binary Bashi was built in 1571 on top of an ancient tell. The fortress offers a view of the Rosh HaAyin springs, which flow at the foot of Tel Afek. On the eastern part of the tell are the remains of a pumping station from the British Mandate period, used to transport spring water to Jerusalem.
The park has six gardens: Gan HaBanim (Fallen Soldiers Memorial Garden), Gan Nifga'ei HaTeror (Terror Victims Memorial Garden), Gan HaSlaim (Rock Garden), Gan HaKaktusim (Cactus Garden), Gan HaGazum (Trimmed Garden), and Gan HaTropi (Tropical Garden).
wn.com/Yarkon_Park -
Łódź
Łódź ([wut͡ɕ] ( listen); Yiddish: לאדז', Lodzh) is the third-largest city in Poland. Located in the central part of the country, it had a population of 742,387 in December 2009. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is approximately 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-west of Warsaw. The city's coat of arms is an example of canting: depicting a boat, it alludes to the city's name which translates literally as "boat".
Łódź first appears in the written record in a 1332 document giving the village of Łodzia to the bishops of Włocławek. In 1423 King Władysław Jagiełło granted city rights to the village of Łódź. From then until the 18th century the town remained a small settlement on a trade route between Masovia and Silesia. In the 16th century the town had fewer than 800 inhabitants, mostly working on the nearby grain farms.
With the second partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź became part of the Kingdom of Prussia's province of South Prussia, and was known in German as Lodsch. In 1798 the Prussians nationalised the town, and it lost its status as a town of the bishops of Kuyavia. In 1806 Łódź joined the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and in 1810 it had 190 inhabitants. In the 1815 Congress of Vienna treaty it became part of Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire.
wn.com/Łódź
-
Anthony Parker
Anthony Michael Parker (born June 19, 1975) is an American professional basketball player who plays with the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
After graduating from Bradley University with a major in liberal arts, he entered the 1997 NBA Draft and played briefly in the NBA before plying his trade in Europe. There, Parker spent five seasons with the Israeli Super League basketball club Maccabi Tel Aviv and one season with the Italian Lega A club Lottomatica Roma. With Maccabi he won five Israeli Super League national championships, five Israeli National Cups, three European titles (2 ULEB Euroleague titles and the FIBA SuproLeague title in 2001), and was voted two consecutive times Euroleague MVP.
After returning to the NBA as a free agent in 2006, Parker established himself as the Toronto Raptors' starting shooting guard, as well as one of the best three point shooters and perimeter defenders in the league. In his first season with the Raptors, Parker helped the team clinch their first ever division title, first NBA Playoffs berth in five years, and best regular season record in franchise history. He helped the Raptors reach the playoffs again in the 2007–08 season, before becoming a free agent in 2009.
wn.com/Anthony_Parker -
Arieh Sharon
Arieh Sharon (Hebrew: אריה שרון; May 28, 1900 – July 24, 1984) was an Israeli architect and winner of the Israel Prize for Architecture in 1962—the first in this discipline. Sharon was a critical contributor to the early architecture in Israel and the leader of the first master plan of the young state, reporting to then Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion. Sharon studied at the Bauhaus in Dessau under Walter Gropius and Hannes Meyer and on his return to Israel (then Palestine) in 1931, started building in the international or so-called Bauhaus style in Tel Aviv. Sharon built private houses, cinemas and in 1937 his first hospital, a field in which he specialized in his later career, planning and constructing many of the country's largest medical centers.
During the War of Independence in 1948, Sharon was appointed head of the Government Planning Department, whose main challenge was where to settle the waves of immigrants who were arriving in the country, and in 1954 returned to his private architectural office. In the Sixties, he expanded his activities abroad and during the next two decades built the Ife University campus in Nigeria. As the city of Tel Aviv rose from three and four storey buildings to multi-storey buildings in the Sixties and Seventies, Sharon’s office designed many high-rise buildings for the government and for public institutions.
wn.com/Arieh_Sharon -
Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon (Hebrew: אריאל שרון, also known by his diminutive Arik, אַריק, born Ariel Scheinermann, אריאל שיינרמן on 26 February 1928) is an Israeli statesman and retired general, who served as Israel’s 11th Prime Minister. He has been in a permanent vegetative state since suffering a stroke on 4 January 2006.
Sharon was a commander in the Israeli Army since its inception in 1948. As a paratrooper and then officer he participated prominently in the 1948 War of Independence, becoming platoon commander of the Alexandroni Brigade and taking part in many battles, including Operation Ben Nun Alef. He was an instrumental figure in the creation of Unit 101, the Retribution operations, the 1956 Suez War, the Six-Day War of 1967, the War of Attrition and the Yom-Kippur War of 1973. As Minister of Defense, he directed the 1982 Lebanon War. During his military career, he was considered the greatest Field Commander in Israel's history, and one of the country's greatest ever military strategists. After his assault of the Sinai in the Six-Day War and his encirclement of the Egyptian Third Army in the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli public nicknamed him "The King of Israel" and "The Lion of God".
wn.com/Ariel_Sharon -
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, pronounced [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; also יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנָז, Y'hudey Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.[citation needed]
The name Ashkenazi derives from the bibilical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). In the Rabbinic literature, Ashkenaz's kingdom was first associated with the Scythian region, then later on with the Slavic territories, and from the 11th century onwards with Northern Europe and Germany. The Jews living in the northern regions, associated with Ashkenaz's kingdom, thus came to call themselves the Ashkenazi Jews. Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe also came to be called "Ashkenazi" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany.
Many Ashkenazi Jews later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in non German-speaking areas, including Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, and elsewhere between the 11th and 19th centuries. With them, they took and diversified Yiddish, a High German language written using the Hebrew alphabet. It had developed in medieval times as the lingua franca among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish communities of three cities along the Rhine: Speyer, Worms and Mainz, created the SHUM league (SHUM after the first Hebrew letters of Shpira, Vermayza, and Magentza). The ShUM-cities are considered the cradle of the distinct Ashkenazi culture and liturgy.
wn.com/Ashkenazi_Jews -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Baibars
Baibars or Baybars (Arabic: الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري, al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari), nicknamed Abu l-Futuh (Arabic: أبو الفتوح) (1223 – July 1, 1277, Damascus), was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. He was one of the commanders of the forces which inflicted a devastating defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France and he led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongol army and is considered a turning point in history. His reign marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in Syria and to unite Egypt and Syria into one powerful state that was able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols. As Sultan, Baibars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action which allowed the Mamluks to greatly expand their empire.
wn.com/Baibars -
Chaim Levanon
Chaim Levanon (Hebrew: חיים לבנון) (1899 - 1986) was an Israeli politician and mayor of Tel Aviv between 13 April 1953 and 1959.
Levanon was born in Kraków, Poland, in 1899 as Chaim Yosef Levinstein. After graduating from a yeshiva, he studied agricultural engineering at the Jagiellonian University.
He made aliyah in 1927 and taught at the Ehad HaAm gymnasium in Petah Tikva. In 1928 he married Miriam Levit Shamrot.
Levanon was one of the founders of the General Zionists youth movement, and later one of its leaders. He also founded and headed the Civilian Housing organization. In 1936 he served as the chairman of the election committee in Tel Aviv and the secretary-general of the General Zionists' labor union.
In 1951 he was elected to Tel Aviv's city council and served as the deputy mayor from 1952. Due to Israel Rokach's resignation and ministerial appointment, he was elected mayor by the city council on 13 April 1953. In 1955, Levanon was publicly re-elected into office.
Levanon was the main founder of the Tel Aviv University, which he helped advance even after his mayoral tenure, and one of its main streets was named after him following his death.
wn.com/Chaim_Levanon -
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump, Sr. (born June 14, 1946) is an American business magnate, television personality and author. He is the chairman and president of The Trump Organization and the founder of Trump Entertainment Resorts. Trump's extravagant lifestyle, outspoken manner and role on the NBC reality show The Apprentice have made him a well-known celebrity who was No. 17 on the 2011 Forbes Celebrity 100 list. He is well-known as a real-estate developer who amassed vast hotel, casino, and other real-estate properties, in the New York City area and around the world.
Trump is the son of Fred Trump, a wealthy New York City real-estate developer. He worked for his father's firm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, while attending the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1968 officially joined the company. He was given control of the company in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization.
In 2010, Trump expressed an interest in becoming a candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 election. In May 2011, he announced he would not be a candidate, but a few weeks later he said he had not completely ruled out the possibility. In December 2011, Trump was suggested as a possible Vice Presidential selection by Michele Bachmann. Bachmann has since suspended her presidential campaign.
wn.com/Donald_Trump -
Dov Khenin
Dov Khenin (Hebrew: דב חנין, born 10 January 1958) is an Israeli political-scientist, lawyer, and member of the Knesset for the far left Hadash party. He is a member of the central committee of Maki (the Israeli Communist Party and the largest faction within Hadash), an activist for socio-economic equality and an environmentalist. His father was David Khenin, one of the leaders of Maki.
Dov Khenin was born in 1958 in the city of Petah Tikva, the son of David Khenin, a leader of Maki. His first name, Dov Boris, is after his father’s brother, who was killed in World War II. In his youth, Khenin began to be involved in the Banki Youth Movement and other leftist youth circles that were active in Tel Aviv.
Khenin finished his military service with the rank of sergeant. As a soldier, he refused to serve in the West Bank and Gaza. In 1982 he completed his studies in law at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
From 1984 to 2004, Khenin worked as a lawyer in the office of Amnon Zichroni. This professional framework led Khenin take on some of the key cases dealing with human rights violations in Israel and in the Territories. In the mid-eighties, he represented Yitzhak Laor in a petition to the High Court against the banning of his play “Ephraim Returns to the Army,” which was censored by the Israeli Committee on Film and Theatre. Following the case, the Supreme Court annulled the ban and permitted the performance of the play. In 2003, Khenin took on the case, pro-bono, of five left-wing military refusers.
wn.com/Dov_Khenin -
Eytan Fox
Eytan Fox (Hebrew: איתן פוקס) (born on August 21, 1964) is an Israeli film director.
Fox was born in New York City and moved with his family to Israel when he was two. His father, Seymour Fox, was a Conservative rabbi and a leading professor of Jewish education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His mother, Sara Kaminker-Fox, was the head of the Jerusalem city council and involved in Jerusalem urban planning. Fox has two brothers, David and Danny. He grew up in Jerusalem, served in the army, and studied at Tel Aviv University's School of Film and Television. He is openly gay and many of his films contain themes of homosexuality, as well as the effect the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has on interpersonal relationships.
Fox and his partner, Gal Uchovsky, have been together for over 18 years. They are also professional collaborators, Uchovsky, a writer and journalist, is involved in much of the scriptwriting for Fox's movies.
In 2006, Fox was the first recipient of the Washington Jewish Film Festival's Decade Award, a prize given to a filmmaker whose work has made a significant contribution to Jewish cinema over a period of at least ten years.
wn.com/Eytan_Fox -
Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper. It is a morning daily newspaper published in London and printed in 24 cities around the world.
Along with FT.com, it has an average daily readership of 2.1 million people worldwide (PwC audited figures, November 2011). FT.com has 4 million registered users and 250,000 digital subscribers, as well as 585,681 paying users. FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. The Financial Times in print format has an average daily circulation of three hundred and five thousand copies worldwide (the British edition has a daily circulation of eighty eight thousand and a combined Saturday and Sunday, weekend, circulation of one hundred and thirteen thousand copies), as of April 2012.
Founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley, the Financial Times competed with four other finance-oriented newspapers, in 1945 absorbing the last, the Financial News (founded in 1884). The FT specialises in UK and international business and financial news, and is printed as a broadsheet on light salmon paper.
wn.com/Financial_Times -
Godfrey of Bouillon
Godfrey of Bouillon (c. 1060 – 18 July 1100) was a medieval Frankish knight who was one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 until his death. He was the Lord of Bouillon, from which he took his byname, from 1076 and the Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1087. After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, Godfrey became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, although he refused the title "king" as he said that title (i.e., "King of Jerusalem") belonged to God.
Godfrey of Bouillon was born around 1060 in either Boulogne-sur-Mer in France or Baisy, a city in the region of Brabant (part of present-day Belgium). During Godfrey's lifetime this region was part of the Holy Roman Empire.
He was the second son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida of Lorraine (daughter of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine and his wife, Doda). As second son, he had fewer opportunities than his older brother and seemed destined to become just one more minor knight in service to a rich landed nobleman. However, his uncle on his mother's side, Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, died childless and named his nephew, Godfrey of Bouillon, as his heir and next in line to his duchy of Lower Lorraine. This duchy was an important one at the time, serving as a buffer between the kingdom of France and the German lands.
wn.com/Godfrey_of_Bouillon -
Ira Sharkansky
Ira Sharkansky (born 1938, Fall River, Massachusetts) is professor emeritus of political science and public administration at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is a prolific author on policy and politics in Israel and the United States. He regularly blogs for The Jerusalem Post and San Diego Jewish World.
Sharkansky graduated from Wesleyan University, writing his thesis on "The Portuguese of Fall River: A Study of Ethnic Acculturation". He earned his PhD in political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1964. His dissertation was published as "Four Agencies and an Appropriations Subcommittee: A comparative study of budget relations". His first academic post was as assistant professor at Ball State University that same year; he subsequently held assistant professorships at Florida State University (1965–1966) and University of Georgia (1966–1968). From 1968 to 1971 he was an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin, where he advanced to full professor from 1971 to 1975. In 1975 he moved to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he was a full professor in the political science and public administration departments until 2005 and professor emeritus thereafter.
wn.com/Ira_Sharkansky -
Israel Rokach
Israel Rokach, Honorary CBE (Hebrew: ישראל רוקח) (December 31, 1886 – September 13, 1959) was an Israeli politician, Knesset member, and mayor of Tel Aviv from November 15, 1936 to April 13, 1953.
Israel Rokach was born in 1886 in Neve Tzedek, then part of Jaffa. His father, Shimon, a journalist, was one of the founders of the neighborhood. His grandfather, Israel Beck, revived the Hebrew printing industry in Palestine. Rokach attended a cheder and then an Alliance Israélite Universelle school. He traveled to Switzerland, where he continued his education at a high school in Lausanne and then studied electrical engineering at the Zürich polytechnic.
In 1920 Rokach moved to the United Kingdom, where he worked as an electrical engineer. In 1922 he returned to Jaffa, where he opened a store for electrical supplies. In 1933, Rokach married Esther Epstein. He called their daughter Iri (Hebrew: עירי), meaning "My City". She became known also as Livia Rokach, the authoress of "Israel's Sacred Terrorism", a study based on Moshe Sharett's personal diary and other documents.
wn.com/Israel_Rokach -
Israelis
Israelis (Hebrew: ישראלים, Yisra'elim), are citizens or nationals of the modern state of Israel. Although Israel is a Jewish state, it has a multiethnic society, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds. The largest ethnic group is that of Israeli Jews, followed by Arab citizens, mostly Arab Muslims, with smaller numbers of Arab Christians in addition to Druze, Circassians, and others. As a result, some Israelis don't take their nationality as an ethnicity, but identify themselves with both their nationality and their ancestral origins.
Due to the multi-ethnic composition, Israel is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of traditions and values. Large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from Europe and Yemen and more recent Large-scale immigration from North Africa, Western Asia, North America, Former Soviet Union and Ethiopia introduced many new cultural elements and has had broad impact. The resulting cultural mix may be described as a melting pot.
wn.com/Israelis -
Japheth
Japheth /ˈdʒeɪfɛθ/ (Hebrew יפת, Yapheth, Modern Hebrew: Yafet; Greek Ἰάφεθ, Turkish Yafes, Iapheth, Latin Iafeth or Iapetus, Arabic يافث) is one of the sons of Noah in the Abrahamic tradition. In Arabic citations, his name is normally given as Yafeth bin Nuh (Japheth son of Noah).
Japheth is often regarded as the youngest son, though some traditions regard him as the eldest. They are listed in the order Shem, Ham, and Japheth in Genesis 5:32 and 9:18, but treated in the reverse order in chapter 10.
Genesis 10:21 refers to relative ages of Japheth and his brother Shem, but with sufficient ambiguity to have given rise to different translations. The verse is translated in the KJV as follows, "Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born". However, the Revised Standard Version reads, "To Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the elder brother of Japheth, children were born." The differing interpretations depend on whether the Hebrew word ha-gadol ("the elder") is taken as grammatically referring to Japheth, or Shem.
wn.com/Japheth -
Jewish diaspora
The Jewish diaspora (or simply the Diaspora) is the English term used to describe the Galut גלות (Yiddish: 'Golus'), or 'exile', of the Jews from the region of the Kingdom of Judah and Roman Judaea and later emigration from wider Eretz Israel.
The diaspora began with the 6th century BCE conquest of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, the destruction of the First Temple (c. 586 BCE), and the expulsion of the population, as recorded in the Bible. The Babylonian ruler, Nebuchadnezzar allowed them to remain in a unified community in Babylon. Another group of Jews fled to Egypt, where they settled in the Nile delta. From 597 BCE onwards, there were three distinct groups of Hebrews: a group in Babylon and other parts of the Middle East, a group in Judaea, and another group in Egypt. While Cyrus the Persian allowed the Jews to return to their homeland in 538 BCE, most chose to remain in Babylon. A large number of Jews in Egypt became mercenaries in Upper Egypt on an island called the Elephantine. All of these Jews retained their religion, identity, and social customs; both under the Persians and the Greeks, they were allowed to conduct their lives according to their own laws.
wn.com/Jewish_diaspora -
Jonah
Jonah (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, Modern Yona Tiberian Yônā ; dove; Arabic: يونس, Yūnus or يونان, Yūnān; Greek/Latin: Ionas) is the name given in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) to a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BC, the eponymous central character in the Book of Jonah, famous for being swallowed by a fish or a whale, depending on translation. The Biblical story of Jonah is also repeated, with minor changes, in the Qur'an.
Jonah son of Amittai appears in 2 Kings as a prophet from Gath-Hepher (a few miles north of Nazareth) active during the reign of Jeroboam II (c.786-746 BC), where he predicts that Jeroboam will recover certain lost territories.
wn.com/Jonah -
Judah Halevi
Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי; Arabic: يهوذا هاليفي; c. 1075–1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela, in 1075 or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in Palestine in 1141. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.
Convention suggests that Judah ben Shmuel HaLevi was born in Toledo, Spain in 1075. He often referred to himself as coming from Christian territory, which would point to Toledo, which was conquered by Alfonso VI from the Muslims in Halevi's childhood (1086). As a youth, he seems to have gone to Granada, the main center of Jewish literary and intellectual life at the time, where he found a mentor in Moses Ibn Ezra. Although it is often said that he studied in the academy at Lucena, there is no evidence to this effect. He did compose a short elegy on the death of Isaac Alfasi, the head of the academy. His aptitude as a poet was recognized early. He was educated in traditional Jewish scholarship, in Arabic literature, and in the Greek sciences and philosophy that were available in Arabic. As an adult he was a physician, apparently of renown, and an active participant in Jewish communal affairs. For at least part of his life he lived in Toledo and may have been connected with the court there as a physician. In Toledo he complains of being too busy with medicine to devote himself to scholarship. At other times he lived in various Muslim cities in the south.
wn.com/Judah_Halevi -
Le Corbusier
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier (French pronunciation: [lə kɔʁbyzje]; October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was an architect, designer, urbanist,and writer, famous for being one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout Europe, India and America.
He was a pioneer in studies of modern high design and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities.
Le Corbusier adopted his pseudonym in the 1920s, allegedly deriving it in part from the name of a distant ancestor, "Lecorbésier."
He was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal in 1961.
He was born as Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small city in Neuchâtel canton in north-western Switzerland, in the Jura mountains, just 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) across the border from France. He attended a kindergarten that used Fröbelian methods.
wn.com/Le_Corbusier -
Meir Dizengoff
Meir Dizengoff (Hebrew: מאיר דיזנגוף, Russian: Меер Янкелевич Дизенгоф, 25 February 1861- 23 September 1936) was a Zionist politician and the first mayor of Tel Aviv.
Meir Dizengoff was born in 1861 in the village of Akimovici near Orhei, Bessarabia. In 1878, his family moved to Kishinev, where he graduated from high school and studied at the polytechnic school. In 1882, he volunteered in the Imperial Russian Army, serving in Zhitomir (now in the northwestern Ukraine) until 1884. There he first met Zina Brenner, whom he married in the early 1890s. After his military service, Dizengoff remained in Odessa, where he became involved in the Narodnaya Volya underground. In 1885, he was arrested for insurgency. In Odessa, he met Leon Pinsker, Ahad Ha’am and others, and joined the Hovevei Zion movement. Upon his release from prison, Dizengoff returned to Kishinev and founded the Bessarabian branch of Hovevei Zion, which he represented at the 1887 conference. He left Kishinev in 1889 to study in Paris.
wn.com/Meir_Dizengoff -
Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim (Hebrew: מזרחים), also referred to as Adot HaMizrach (עֲדוֹת-הַמִּזְרָח) (Communities of the East; Mizrahi Hebrew: ʿAdot(h) Ha(m)Mizraḥ) are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus. The term Mizrahi is used in Israel in the language of politics, media and some social scientists for Jews from mostly Arab-ruled geographies and adjacent, primarily Muslim-majority countries. This includes Jews from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Azerbaijan, Iran/Persia, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kurdish areas, Northern and Eastern Sudan, as well as Ethiopia, and within and nearby Israel. Sometimes, Sephardi Jews such as Jews from Morocco, Algeria, or Turkey are erroneously grouped into the Mizrahi category for some historical reasons.
Despite their heterogeneous origins, Mizrahi Jews generally practice rites identical or similar to traditional Sephardic Judaism, although with some differences among the minhagim of the particular communities. This has resulted in a conflation of terms, particularly in Israel, and in religious usage, where "Sephardi" is used in a broad sense to include Mizrahi Jews as well as Sephardim proper. Indeed, from the point of view of the official Israeli rabbinate, the Mizrahi rabbis in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel who, in most cases, is a Mizrahi Jew. Today they make up more than half of Israel's Jewish population, but before the mass immigration of 1,000,000 mostly Ashkenazi immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s they made up over 70% of Israel's Jewish population.
wn.com/Mizrahi_Jews -
Mordechai Namir
Mordechai Namir (Hebrew: מרדכי נמיר, born Mordechai Nemirovsky on 23 February 1897, died 22 February 1975) was an Israeli politician, who served as the mayor of Tel Aviv, a Knesset member and government minister, as well as being one of the heads of the Labour Zionist movement.
Namir was born in Bratolinbovka in Ukraine, (then Russian Empire) and studied at a heder before graduating from the Odessa University, where he studied law and economics. In 1924 he was arrested by the Soviet authorities for his work for Zionism, and upon his release made aliyah. In Mandate Palestine, he worked for the Davar newspaper.
Namir became the secretary of the Ahdut HaAvoda party in 1926, a position he held until 1930. From 1929 to 1935 he also served as the director of the statistics department in the Histadrut. From 1935 he was a member of Tel Aviv's city council and from 1936, secretary of the workers' union in the city. Additionally, he was a member of the Haganah command in the city and later in all of Mandate Palestine.
wn.com/Mordechai_Namir -
Nahum Sokolow
Nahum Sokolow (Nahum ben Joseph Samuel Sokolow, Hebrew: נחום ט' סוקולוב Nachum ben Yoseph Shmuel Soqolov, Yiddish: סאָקאָלאָוו, 1859 - 1936) was a Zionist leader, author, translator, and a pioneer of Hebrew journalism.
Born to a rabbinic family in Wyszogród, Poland (then Russian Empire), Sokolow began writing for the local Hebrew newspaper, HaTzefirah, when he was only seventeen years old. He quickly won himself a huge following that crossed the boundaries of political and religious affiliation among Polish Jews, from secular intellectuals to anti-Zionist Haredim, and eventually had his own regular column. Over the years, he would eventually become the newspaper's senior editor and a co-owner.
In 1906 Sokolow was asked to become the secretary general of the World Zionist Congress. In the ensuing years, he crisscrossed Europe and North America to promote the Zionist cause. During World War I, he lived in London, where he was a leading advocate for the Balfour Declaration of 1917, in which the British government declared its support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. In 1931 he was elected President of the World Zionist Congress, and served in that capacity until 1935, when he was succeeded by Chaim Weizmann. He also served as President of the Jewish Agency for Palestine between 1931 and 1933 and was succeeded by Arthur Ruppin.
wn.com/Nahum_Sokolow -
Noah
Noah ( /ˈnoʊ.ə/; or Noé, Noach; Hebrew: נֹחַ, נוֹחַ, Modern Noaẖ Tiberian Nōăḥ; Arabic: نُوح Nūḥ; Ancient Greek: Νῶε) was the tenth and last of the antediluvian Patriarchs. The story of Noah and the ark is told in chapters 6–9 of the book of Genesis, which is followed by the story of the Curse of Ham. Outside Genesis his name is mentioned in Ezekiel, Isaiah and Chronicles. He was the subject of much elaboration in later Abrahamic traditions, including the Qur'an.
Noah was the tenth of the pre-Flood Patriarchs. His father Lamech named him nûaḥ (the final ḥ is a more gutteral sound than the English h), saying, "This same shall comfort us in our work and in the toil of our hands, which cometh from the ground which the LORD hath cursed." This connects the future patriarch's name with nāḥam, "comfort", but it seems better related to the word nûaḥ, meaning "rest", and is more a play on words than a true etymology.
In his five hundredth year Noah had three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth. In his six hundredth year God, saddened at the wickedness of mankind, sent a great deluge to destroy all life, but because Noah was "righteous in his generation" God instructed him to build an ark and save a remnant of life. After the Flood Noah offered a sacrifice (the word nihoah, describing the "pleasant" odour of the sacrifice, is yet another pun on Noah's name) and entered into a covenant with God regulating the shedding of blood (i.e., mankind's permnission to kill under regulated circumstances). After this he became "the first tiller of the soil", planted a vineyard, and drank the wine, and fell asleep naked; Noah's son Ham saw his father naked and told his brothers, and Noah cursed Ham's son Canaan.
wn.com/Noah -
Patrick Geddes
Sir Patrick Geddes FRSE (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner (see List of urban theorists). He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology.
He was responsible for introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and is also known to have coined the term "conurbation".
An energetic Francophile, Geddes was the founder of the Collège des Écossais (Scots College) an international teaching establishment in Montpellier, France.
The son of Janet Stevenson and soldier Alexander Geddes, Patrick Geddes was born in Ballater, Aberdeenshire, and educated at Perth Academy.
He studied at the Royal College of Mines in London under Thomas Henry Huxley between 1874 and 1878, and lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880 to 1888.
Geddes wrote with J. Arthur Thomson an early book on sexology, The Evolution of Sex (1889). He held the Chair of Botany at University College Dundee from 1888 to 1919, and the Chair of Sociology at the University of Bombay from 1919 to 1924.
wn.com/Patrick_Geddes -
Peter Latz
Peter Latz (born 1939) is a German landscape architect and a professor for landscape architecture at the Technical University of Munich. He is best known for his emphasis on reclamation and conversion of former industrialized landscapes. Retired today, he is an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and is also a visiting professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.
Latz once noted in a foreword for the book Visionary Gardens by Ernst Cramer that the overall of landscape architecture could be applied in abstract rules. "The beauty of nature lies within the essence and effect of plants and materials."
Peter Latz was born in Darmstadt and grew up in the Saarland as the son of Heinrich Latz, a German architect. After graduating from high-school he studied landscape architecture at the Technische Schule in Munich, and after taking his diploma in 1964, he joined the four year post graduate education in town planning at the Institute of Urban Development and Regional Planning at the RWTH Aachen. Peter Latz and his wife, Anneliese, founded their landscape architecture office in Aachen and in 1968 in Saarbrücken under the name Latz + Partner. Another urban planning, system planning and landscape planning was set up in 1970 and directed until 1976. Latz continue to practice landscape architecture and town planning since then, working with groups of architects, sociologists, and economists. Peter Latz started teaching in 1968 as a lecturer at the Limburgse Akademie voor Bouwkunst in Maastricht. He became a full time professor for landscape architecture at the Gesamthochschule Kassel in 1973 and was appointed as a professor at the Landscape Architecture and Landscape Planning Department at the Technical University of Munich in 1983 where he retired in 2008.
wn.com/Peter_Latz -
Pharaoh
Pharaoh ( /ˈfeɪ.roʊ/ or /fɛ.roʊ/) is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. The title originates in the term "pr-aa" which means "great house" and describes the royal palace. The title of Pharaoh started being used for the king during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty.
Pharaoh, meaning "Great House", originally referred to the king's palace, but by the reign of Thutmose III (ca. 1479-1425 BC) in the New Kingdom, had become a form of address for the person of the king.
The term pharaoh ultimately was derived from a compound word represented as pr-`3, written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and `3 "column". It was used only in larger phrases such as smr pr-`3 'Courtier of the High House', with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace itself. From the twelfth dynasty onward the word appears in a wish formula 'Great House, may it live, prosper, and be in health', but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person.
wn.com/Pharaoh -
Philippe Starck
Philippe Patrick Starck (born January 18, 1949, Paris) is a French product designer and probably the best known designer in the New Design style. His designs range from interior designs to mass produced consumer goods such as toothbrushes, chairs, and even houses.
He was educated in Paris at the École Camondo and in 1968, he founded his first design firm, which specialized in inflatable objects. In 1969, he became art director of his firm along with Pierre Cardin.
Starck's career started to climb in earnest in 1982 when he designed the interior for the private apartments of the French President François Mitterrand.
In 1986 he joined Domus Academy Department of Design as an associate lecturer.
Starck has worked both independently as an interior designer and as a product designer since 1975. In 2002, he created a number of what are considered relatively inexpensive product designs for the large American retailer Target Stores.
His most recent notable designs include an optical mouse for Microsoft, several yachts including the $300 million A, and even new packaging for a beer company. He was commissioned to design the Virgin Galactic "spaceport" in New Mexico (Foster and Partners are its architects).
wn.com/Philippe_Starck -
Plácido Domingo
Plácido Domingo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈplaθiðo ðoˈmiŋɡo]; born 21 January 1941), born José Plácido Domingo Embil, is a Spanish tenor and conductor known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range. In March 2008, he debuted in his 128th opera role, and as of July 2011, his 136 roles give Domingo more roles than any other tenor.
One of The Three Tenors, he has also taken on conducting opera and concert performances, and he is the General Director of the Los Angeles Opera in California.
Plácido Domingo was born on January 21, 1941, in the distrito de Retiro section of Madrid, Spain, and in 1949 moved to Mexico with his family, who ran a zarzuela company. He studied piano at first privately and later at the National Conservatory of Music in Mexico City.
In 1957, Domingo made his first professional appearance, performing with his mother in a concert at Mérida, Yucatán. He made his opera debut performing in Manuel Fernández Caballero's zarzuela, Gigantes y cabezudos, singing a baritone role. At that time, he was working with his parents' zarzuela company, taking baritone roles and as an accompanist for other singers. Among his first performances was a minor role in the first Mexican production of My Fair Lady where he was also the assistant conductor and assistant coach. The company gave 185 performances, which included a production of Lehár's The Merry Widow in which he performed alternately as either Camille or Danilo.
wn.com/Plácido_Domingo -
Richard I of England
Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was known as Cœur de Lion, or Richard the Lionheart, even before his accession, because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The Saracens called him Melek-Ric or Malek al-Inkitar – King of England.
By the age of sixteen, Richard was commanding his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father, King Henry II. Richard was a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, effectively leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and scoring considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, but was unable to reconquer Jerusalem.
Although speaking only langue d'oïl and langue d'oc and spending very little time in England (he lived in his Duchy of Aquitaine in the southwest of France, preferring to use his kingdom as a source of revenue to support his armies), he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. He remains one of the very few Kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal number, and is an enduring, iconic figure in England and France.
wn.com/Richard_I_of_England -
Richard Meier
Richard Meier (born October 12, 1934) is an American architect, whose rationalist buildings make prominent use of the color white.
Meier is Jewish and was born in Newark, New Jersey. He earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Cornell University in 1957, worked for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill briefly in 1959, and then for Marcel Breuer for three years, prior to starting his own practice in New York in 1963. Identified as one of The New York Five in 1972, his commission of the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California catapulted his popularity into the mainstream. Richard Meier & Partners Architects has offices in New York and Los Angeles with current projects ranging from China and Tel Aviv to Paris and Hamburg.
Much of Meier's work builds on the work of architects of the early to mid-20th century, especially that of Le Corbusier and, in particular, Le Corbusier's early phase. Meier has built more using Corbusier's ideas than anyone, including Le Corbusier himself[citation needed]. Meier expanded many ideas evident in Le Corbusier's work, particularly the Villa Savoye and the Swiss Pavilion.
wn.com/Richard_Meier -
Roberto Cavalli
Roberto Cavalli (Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto kaˈvalːi]) (born 15 November 1940) is an Italian fashion designer from Florence. He is known for detailed exotic prints and for creating the sand-blasted look for jeans which are now a standard style for the majority of jean makers.
Roberto Cavalli was born in Florence, Tuscany. His grandfather, Giuseppe Rossi, was a member of the Macchiaioli Movement, whose work is exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery. Cavalli decided to enroll at the local Art Institute, concentrating in textile print. While still a student, he made a series of flower prints on knit that caught the attention of major Italian hosiery factories.
In the early 1970s, he invented and patented a revolutionary printing procedure on leather, and he started creating patchworks of different materials. He debuted these techniques in Paris, immediately getting commissions from the likes of Hermès and Pierre Cardin. At age 30, he presented his first namesake collection at the Salon for Prêt-à-Porter in Paris. He brought it to the catwalks of the Sala Bianca of Palazzo Pitti in Florence, and later on those of Milano Collezioni jeans made of printed denim, intarsia leathers, brocade and wild prints. He then opened his first boutique in 1972 in Saint-Tropez.
wn.com/Roberto_Cavalli -
Ron Huldai
Ron Huldai (Hebrew: רון חולדאי; born 26 August 1944) is an Israeli politician, academic administrator, former fighter pilot and current mayor of Tel Aviv. He was born in 1944 in Hulda (his surname is taken from the name of the kibbutz) to Polish parents from Łódź. He is a history graduate of Tel Aviv University, Auburn University Montgomery (Alabama), the U.S. Air Force Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base (Montgomery, AL), and the Advanced Management Program at Wharton College, University of Pennsylvania.
In the course of his twenty six years of military service in the Israeli Air Force (1963-1989), he served as a combat pilot and held several key senior command positions. As Brigadier General, he was in charge of the Air Force Pilots Training School. He also served as a coordinator of the government authorities and supervisor of civilian construction projects for the IAF.
Following his retirement from active duty in 1989, he entered the private sector. Three years later, he became headmaster of the prestigious Herzliya Hebrew High School and remained in office for six years.
wn.com/Ron_Huldai -
Roni Milo
Roni Milo (Hebrew: רוני מילוא, born 26 November 1949 as Ron Milikovsky) is an Israeli politician, lawyer and journalist, and a former Knesset member who held several ministerial positions. He was also mayor of Tel Aviv from 1993 to 1998.
Milo started his political activity during his student days, when he was Chairman of the Israeli Student Union. After graduating from Tel Aviv University with a law degree, he moved into politics with the Herut faction of Likud, and was Chairman of the party's Information Department. Elected to the ninth Knesset in 1977 as a Likud MK, Milo was the country's first ever Minister of the Environment in Yitzhak Shamir's government in 1988, before becoming Minister of Labor and Social Welfare in 1990, though he switched to Minister of Police in a cabinet reshuffle later in the year. He also became Chairman of the World Likud Organisation, and was editor of the Yoman HaShavua (lit. Diary of the Week) weekly publication.
In 1993 Milo was elected Mayor of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, and resigned from the Knesset on 30 December 1993 to concentrate on his mayoral duties.
wn.com/Roni_Milo -
Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی, Selah'edînê Eyubî) (ca. 1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a KurdishMuslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and parts of North Africa.
Under his personal leadership, his forces defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, leading the way to his re-capture of Palestine, which had been seized from the Fatimid Egyptians by the Crusaders 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for a period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslims and Arabs. As such, Saladin is a prominent figure in Kurdish, Arab, and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict adherent of Sunni Islam. His noble and chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the Siege of Kerak, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders, he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.
wn.com/Saladin -
Sea Peoples
The Sea Peoples, or Peoples of the Sea, were a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty and especially during year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. The Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples') of the sea" (Egyptian n3 ḫ3s.wt n<.t> p3 ym) in his Great Karnak Inscription. Although some scholars believe that they invaded Cyprus, Hatti and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed.
The Late Bronze Age in the Aegean was characterized by the raiding of migratory peoples and their subsequent resettlement. The identity of the Sea Peoples has remained enigmatic to modern scholars, who have only the scattered records of ancient civilizations and archaeological analysis to inform them. Evidence shows that the identities and motives of these peoples were not unknown to the Egyptians. In fact, many had been subordinate to the Egyptians or in a diplomatic relationship with them for at least as long as the few centuries covered by the records.
wn.com/Sea_Peoples -
Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Sfaraddi Tiberian Səp̄āraddî) is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, the term Sephardic Jew refers to the Jews following the Sephardic Halakha.
The term essentially means "Spanish". It comes from Sepharad (Hebrew: סְפָרַד, Modern Sfarád Tiberian Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location. This location is disputed, but "Sepharad" was identified by later Jews as the Iberian Peninsula, and still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.[citation needed]
In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" translates as plural Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Sfaraddim Tiberian Səp̄āraddîm; Spanish: Sefardíes; Portuguese: Sefarditas; Catalan: Sefardites; Basque: Sefardiak; Galician: Sefardís; Italian: Sefarditi; Greek: Σεφαρδίτες Sefardites; Bulgarian: Сефаради Sefaradi; Bosnian: Sefardi; Serbian: Сефарди Sefardi; Turkish: Sefarad, Judaeo-Spanish: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and Arabic: سفارديون Safārdīyyūn.
wn.com/Sephardi_Jews -
Shlomo Lahat
Maj. Gen. Shlomo "Chich" Lahat (Hebrew: שלמה להט; born November 9, 1927 in Berlin) is a former Israeli general and politician.
Lahat was born in Germany and made Aliyah in 1933. He served in the Haganah and the Israel Defense Forces. In the IDF, he eventually became the head of the Manpower Directorate and served in that capacity until 1973.
In February 1974, he became the eighth mayor of Tel Aviv, continuing his tenure until November 1993. He was elected mayor as a member of the Likud.
wn.com/Shlomo_Lahat -
Solomon ibn Gabirol
Solomon ibn Gabirol, also Solomon ben Judah (Hebrew: שלמה בן יהודה אבן גבירול, Shelomo ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol; Arabic: أبو أيوب سليمان بن يحيى بن جبيرول, Abu Ayyūb Suleiman ibn Yahya ibn Jabirūl; Latin: Avicebron, a corruption of Ibn Gibran), was an Andalusian Hebrew poet and Jewish philosopher with a Neoplatonic bent. He was born in Málaga about 1021; died about 1058 in Valencia.
Little is known of Gabirol's life. His parents died while he was a child. At seventeen years of age he became the friend and protégé of Jekuthiel Hassan. Upon the assassination of the latter as the result of a political conspiracy, Gabirol composed an elegy of more than 200 verses. The death of Hai Gaon also called forth a similar poem. When barely twenty Gabirol wrote Anaḳ, a versified Hebrew grammar, alphabetical and acrostic, consisting of 400 verses divided into ten parts. Of this grammar, ninety-five lines have been preserved by Solomon Parḥon. In these Gabirol reproaches his townsmen with their neglect of the Hebrew language.
wn.com/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol -
Steven Runciman
Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman CH (7 July 1903 – 1 November 2000) — known as Steven Runciman — was a British historian known for his work on the Middle Ages. His best known work is his three volume A History of the Crusades (1951-54).
Born in Northumberland, he was the second son of Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford, and Hilda Runciman, Viscountess Runciman of Doxford. Both of his parents were or became Members of Parliament for the Liberal Party. His father was created Viscount Runciman of Doxford in 1937. His paternal grandfather, Walter Runciman, 1st Baron Runciman, was a shipping magnate. He was named after his maternal grandfather, James Cochran Stevenson, the MP for South Shields.
It is said that he was reading Latin and Greek by age five. In the course of his long life he would master an astonishing number of languages, so that, for example, when writing about the Middle East, he relied not only on accounts in Latin and Greek and the Western vernaculars, but consulted Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Hebrew, Syriac, Armenian and Georgian sources as well. A King's Scholar at Eton College, he was an exact contemporary and close friend of George Orwell. While there, they both studied French under Aldous Huxley.
wn.com/Steven_Runciman -
Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl (Hebrew: תאודור הרצל, Hungarian: Herzl Tivadar; May 2, 1860 – July 3, 1904), born Benjamin Ze’ev Herzl (Hebrew: בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב הֵרצְל, also known as חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה, Hozeh HaMedinah, lit. "Visionary of the State") was an Ashkenazi Jewish Austro-Hungarian journalist and the father of modern political Zionism and in effect the State of Israel.
He was born in Pest, Hungary, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family originally from Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia), which was then part of Austria-Hungary. He was second child of Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews. A precocious, moody daydreamer, he aspired to follow the footsteps of Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal. He did not succeed in the sciences, and he developed a growing enthusiasm for poetry and the humanities. This passion would later develop into a successful career in journalism and a less celebrated pursuit of play-writing.
Herzl had minimal interest in religious Judaism as a child, consistent with his parents’ lax adherence to the Jewish tradition. His mother relied more on German humanist Kultur than Jewish ethics. Instead of a Bar Mitzvah, Herzl's thirteenth birthday was advertised as a "confirmation". He grew up as a "thoroughly emancipated, antitraditional, secular, would-be German boy" who dismissed all religion, and spoke of Judaism with "mocking cynicism." He exhibited a secularist disdain toward religion, which he saw as uncivilized. Even after becoming interested in the "Jewish question," Herzl's writing retained traces of Jewish self-contempt, according to Elon.
wn.com/Theodor_Herzl -
Thutmose III
Thutmose III (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis III, and meaning Thoth is born) was the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. During the first twenty-two years of Thutmose's reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut, who was named the pharaoh. While he is shown first on surviving monuments, both were assigned the usual royal names and insignia and neither is given any obvious seniority over the other. He served as the head of her armies.
After her death and his later rise to being the pharaoh of the kingdom, he created the largest empire Egypt had ever seen; no fewer than seventeen campaigns were conducted, and he conquered from Niya in North Syria to the fourth waterfall of the Nile in Nubia.
Officially, Thutmose III ruled Egypt for almost fifty-four years, and his reign is usually dated from April 24, 1479 BC to March 11, 1425 BC; however, this includes the twenty-two years he was co-regent to Hatshepsut—his stepmother and aunt. During the final two years of his reign, he appointed his son-and successor-Amenhotep II, as his junior co-regent. When Thutmose III died, he was buried in the Valley of the Kings as were the rest of the kings from this period in Egypt.
wn.com/Thutmose_III -
Yael Arad
Yael Arad (Hebrew: יעל ארד) (born May 1, 1967) is an Israeli judoka.
She was the first Israeli to win an Olympic medal. She is widely recognized as one of Israel's most successful athletes and is credited with bringing judo into the athletic mainstream.
In 2005, she was voted the 103rd-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website Ynet to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis.
Yael Arad, who is Jewish, was born in Tel Aviv. She started taking judo classes at the age of eight and within half a year, ranked second in Israel in her weight class. Later, lacking judo partners, she trained with the coach of the men's team. In 1995, Arad married Lior Kahane.
In 1984, at the age of 17, Arad won her first international title in a middleweight competition. She came in 7th in the world judo championships in Vienna. In 1989, 1990 and 1991, she won medals in the European championships. To hone her skills, she underwent training in Japan.
In 1992, at the Olympic games in Barcelona, Arad became the first Israeli athlete to win an Olympic medal. She narrowly missed the gold based on a judge's decision in the half middleweight competition, but won the silver medal. She lost to Catherine Fleury of France. Arad dedicated the medal to the victims of the 1972 Munich Massacre.
wn.com/Yael_Arad -
Yehoshua Rabinovitz
Yehoshua Rabinovitz (Hebrew: יהושע רבינוביץ, born 12 November 1911, died 14 August 1979) was an Israeli politician who served as a government minister and mayor of Tel Aviv.
Born in Vishneva in the Russian Empire (today in Belarus), Rabinovitz attended high school in Vilnius, and went on to train as a teacher in the same city. He worked as a teacher and headmaster, and was a member of the HeHalutz movement. He made aliyah to the Mandate Palestine in 1934 and studied in the economics and law school of Tel Aviv University. Prior to independence, he worked for Mashbir HaZarhan, and was involved in the Haganah.
In 1955 he was elected onto Tel Aviv city council, serving until 1959. That year he became Deputy Mayor in charge of Finances, a position he held until becoming mayor in 1969. He served as mayor until 1974.
Although not a member of the Knesset, he was appointed Minister of Housing in March 1974 by Golda Meir. After Meir resigned, he became Minister of Finance in Yitzhak Rabin's government, serving until 1977. In the 1977 elections he was voted into the Knesset on the Alignment's list, but lost his cabinet post as Likud formed a right-wing government. He died whilst still a Knesset member at the age of 67 on 14 August 1979. His seat was taken by Esther Herlitz.
wn.com/Yehoshua_Rabinovitz -
Yisrael Meir Lau
Yisrael (Israel) Meir Lau (Hebrew: ישראל מאיר לאו; born 1 June 1937 Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland) is the Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv, Israel, and Chairman of Yad Vashem. He previously served as the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel from 1993 to 2003.
Lau was born on 1 June 1937, in the Polish town of Piotrków Trybunalski. His father, Rabbi Moshe Chaim Lau, was the last Chief Rabbi of the town; he died in the Treblinka death camp. Yisrael Meir is the 38th generation in an unbroken family chain of rabbis.
Lau was freed from the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1945. Lau has credited a teen prisoner with protecting him in the camp (later determined by historian Kenneth Waltzer to be Fyodor Michajlitschenko). His entire family was murdered, with the exception of his older brother, Naphtali Lau-Lavie, his half brother, Yehoshua Lau-Hager, and his uncle already living in Mandate Palestine.
Lau immigrated to Mandate Palestine with his brother Naphtali in July 1945, where he studied in the famous yeshiva Kol Torah under Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach as well as in Ponevezh and Knesses Chizkiyahu. He was ordained as a rabbi in 1961. He married the daughter of Rabbi Yitzchok Yedidya Frankel, the Rabbi of South Tel Aviv. He served as Chief Rabbi in Netanya (1978–1988), and at that time developed his reputation as a popular orator.
wn.com/Yisrael_Meir_Lau -
Yitzhak Rabin
Yitzhak Rabin (help·info) (Hebrew: יִצְחָק רַבִּין IPA: [jitsˈχak ʁaˈbin]; March 1, 1922 – November 4, 1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–77 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995.
In 1994, Rabin won the Nobel Peace Prize together with Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat. He was assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir, who was opposed to Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin was the first native-born prime minister of Israel, the only prime minister to be assassinated and the second to die in office after Levi Eshkol.
Rabin was born in Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine to Nehemiah and Rosa (née Cohen), two immigrants of the Third Aliyah, the third wave of Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe. Nehemiah Rubitzov was born in the Ukrainian village Sydorovychi near Ivankiv in 1886. His father died when he was a child, and he worked to support his family from a young age. At the age of 18, he emigrated to the United States, where he joined the Poale Zion party and changed his surname to Rabin. In 1917, Nehemiah went to the British Mandate of Palestine with a group of volunteers from the Jewish Legion.
wn.com/Yitzhak_Rabin
I'm climbing the stairway that leads from the kitchen
In a bar in Tel Aviv
He asks for my age, he thinks I'm a virgin
That's why he asked for me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody come get me
I dream of my country, I think of my mother
I send her what I can
She thinks I'm a waitress, she's proud I'm a waitress
In the promised land
They promised me work and they promised me TV
They promised I'd never get bored
I'm back on the stairway, I'm higher than ever
They promised that I could get more
Somebody's missing me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody come get me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody come get me
There's a boat down on the shore
Wish I could steal away
I'm back on the farm with my friend Sofia
She's running and laughing out loud
We're down by the river in the middle of summer
I wish he'd get off of me now
Somebody's missing me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody come get me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody come get me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody come get me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody's missing me
Somebody come get me
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Tel Aviv - voted top world city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
www.israel.org The Lonely Planet travel guide ranks Tel Aviv as the third-best city in the world. Locals and tourists agree, though some would say it's really No. 1. Lonely Planet calls it "a modern sin city by the sea." With its 300 sunny days a year, there's no "weather-permitting" about an outing in Tel Aviv. And the possibilities are endless. From art to music, beach culture to nightlife, you can find an activity to suit every whim, mood or state of mind in the city that never stops. Some say the people are the warmest and friendliest in the world, while others say the same about the climate. In the truly diverse, 21st-century Mediterranean hub you can go to the opera or numerous museums; see shows ranging from low comedy to high Shakespeare; take in a concert or dance performance; cycle, jog or walk through ports and parks, down shady boulevards lined with cafes, and through quaint restored alleyways lined with designer boutiques. Or you can rummage through flea markets and vintage shops; explore outdoor fairs; lounge on the beach; check out restored period structures; visit galleries and exhibitions; enjoy the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Bauhaus architecture; sample myriad cuisines, local bars and clubs and quality Israeli wines -- it's the New York, London and Paris of the Middle East. Tel Aviv beckons! Visit the MFA's Social Media Channels Facebook - www.facebook.com www.facebook.com Twitter - www.twitter.com www.twitter.com Please credit the MFA for any use of ...
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv_voted_top_world_city
www.israel.org The Lonely Planet travel guide ranks Tel Aviv as the third-best city in the world. Locals and tourists agree, though some would say it's really No. 1. Lonely Planet calls it "a modern sin city by the sea." With its 300 sunny days a year, there's no "weather-permitting" about an outing in Tel Aviv. And the possibilities are endless. From art to music, beach culture to nightlife, you can find an activity to suit every whim, mood or state of mind in the city that never stops. Some say the people are the warmest and friendliest in the world, while others say the same about the climate. In the truly diverse, 21st-century Mediterranean hub you can go to the opera or numerous museums; see shows ranging from low comedy to high Shakespeare; take in a concert or dance performance; cycle, jog or walk through ports and parks, down shady boulevards lined with cafes, and through quaint restored alleyways lined with designer boutiques. Or you can rummage through flea markets and vintage shops; explore outdoor fairs; lounge on the beach; check out restored period structures; visit galleries and exhibitions; enjoy the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Bauhaus architecture; sample myriad cuisines, local bars and clubs and quality Israeli wines -- it's the New York, London and Paris of the Middle East. Tel Aviv beckons! Visit the MFA's Social Media Channels Facebook - www.facebook.com www.facebook.com Twitter - www.twitter.com www.twitter.com Please credit the MFA for any use of ...
Tel Aviv Video Clip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
www.visit-tlv.co.il
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv_Video_Clip
TEL AVIV , ISRAEL - 2010 WALKING TOUR - HD 1080P
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
A walk around the city of Tel Aviv during the day and night. Shot in December 2010. Please only post comments relevant to travel and refrain from ANY political comments, positive or negative. There are plenty of other Youtube videos which would welcome political commentary. Camera equipment: - Sony HDR AX2000 HD video camera (Night) - Sony Nex VG10 HD video camera (Day) Camera Accessories: - Glidecam HD-2000 hand-held camera stabilization (Nex VG10) - Glidecam HD-4000 hand-held camera stabilization (HDR AX2000) - Glidecam 'Smooth Shooter' body mounted camera stabilization system. (HDR AX2000) - Sennheiser K6 module + ME66 shotgun microphone capsule.
http://wn.com/TEL_AVIV_,_ISRAEL_2010_WALKING_TOUR_HD_1080P
A walk around the city of Tel Aviv during the day and night. Shot in December 2010. Please only post comments relevant to travel and refrain from ANY political comments, positive or negative. There are plenty of other Youtube videos which would welcome political commentary. Camera equipment: - Sony HDR AX2000 HD video camera (Night) - Sony Nex VG10 HD video camera (Day) Camera Accessories: - Glidecam HD-2000 hand-held camera stabilization (Nex VG10) - Glidecam HD-4000 hand-held camera stabilization (HDR AX2000) - Glidecam 'Smooth Shooter' body mounted camera stabilization system. (HDR AX2000) - Sennheiser K6 module + ME66 shotgun microphone capsule.
- published: 27 Mar 2011
- views: 95718
- author: GlobeTrotterAlpha
Raw: Israel Shoots Down Tel Aviv-bound Rocket
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
The Israeli military says its "Iron Dome" rocket-defense system has shot down an incoming projectile bound for Tel Aviv. Footage from AP shows a plume of smoke emanating from an Iron Dome battery followed by a flash as the rocket is intercepted. (Nov. 17)
http://wn.com/Raw_Israel_Shoots_Down_Tel_Aviv-bound_Rocket
The Israeli military says its "Iron Dome" rocket-defense system has shot down an incoming projectile bound for Tel Aviv. Footage from AP shows a plume of smoke emanating from an Iron Dome battery followed by a flash as the rocket is intercepted. (Nov. 17)
- published: 17 Nov 2012
- views: 582845
- author: AssociatedPress
yes glee flash mob Tel Aviv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Friday afternoon at Dizingof Center, Tel_aviv A great flash mob for glee series premire
http://wn.com/yes_glee_flash_mob_Tel_Aviv
Friday afternoon at Dizingof Center, Tel_aviv A great flash mob for glee series premire
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 154562
- author: yeswalla
Last flight Sao Paulo-Tel Aviv LY042 10/Nov/2011 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Último dia de operação da rota ligando Israel eo Brasil, encerrando assim as operações na estação de São Paulo/Guarulhos. Voos EL AL LY041 LLBG-SBGR e EL AL LY042 SBGR-LLBG 10/Nov/2011 Aircraft data: EL AL Boeing 777-200 4X-ECE - Sderot ModeS: 738075 Reg: 4X-ECE Typecode: B772 Type: Boeing 777-258ER Serial number: 36083 Airline: EL AL Israel Airlines data.flight24.com Soundtrack: A Gentleman's Honor - Philip Glass Am Yisrael Chai - Eisner Camp The song and the lyrics belongs to their respective owners, producers, label, etc. No copyright infringement intended. "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."
http://wn.com/Last_flight_Sao_Paulo-Tel_Aviv_LY042_10_Nov_2011_HD
Último dia de operação da rota ligando Israel eo Brasil, encerrando assim as operações na estação de São Paulo/Guarulhos. Voos EL AL LY041 LLBG-SBGR e EL AL LY042 SBGR-LLBG 10/Nov/2011 Aircraft data: EL AL Boeing 777-200 4X-ECE - Sderot ModeS: 738075 Reg: 4X-ECE Typecode: B772 Type: Boeing 777-258ER Serial number: 36083 Airline: EL AL Israel Airlines data.flight24.com Soundtrack: A Gentleman's Honor - Philip Glass Am Yisrael Chai - Eisner Camp The song and the lyrics belongs to their respective owners, producers, label, etc. No copyright infringement intended. "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."
- published: 15 Nov 2011
- views: 30220
- author: hermann2006
Tel Aviv by Duran Duran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Ode to Rock Instrumentals... Tel Aviv by Duran Duran
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv_by_Duran_Duran
Ode to Rock Instrumentals... Tel Aviv by Duran Duran
- published: 13 Sep 2008
- views: 40755
- author: memphismadam
Yom HaShoah view of Tel Aviv Highway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
View of Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv during minutes of silence
http://wn.com/Yom_HaShoah_view_of_Tel_Aviv_Highway
View of Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv during minutes of silence
- published: 01 May 2008
- views: 69965
- author: sokoban1155
Palestinian Song on the Internet: We Will Strike a Blow at Tel Aviv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
War Song on Palestinian Websites: "Strike a Blow at Tel Aviv" The Internet - November 17, 2012 www.memri.org www.memri.org http Follow MEMRI on Facebook: on.fb.me Follow MEMRI on Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Palestinian_Song_on_the_Internet_We_Will_Strike_a_Blow_at_Tel_Aviv
War Song on Palestinian Websites: "Strike a Blow at Tel Aviv" The Internet - November 17, 2012 www.memri.org www.memri.org http Follow MEMRI on Facebook: on.fb.me Follow MEMRI on Twitter: twitter.com
- published: 18 Nov 2012
- views: 73596
- author: MEMRITVVideos
Telefon Tel Aviv - TTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
From Telefon Tel Aviv's first album, Fahrenheit Fair Enough. iTunes - itunes.apple.com Amazon - www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/Telefon_Tel_Aviv_TTV
From Telefon Tel Aviv's first album, Fahrenheit Fair Enough. iTunes - itunes.apple.com Amazon - www.amazon.com
- published: 03 Aug 2010
- views: 58817
- author: TheCluh
Tel Aviv - La ville qui ne dort jamais
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:40
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Tel Aviv - La ville qui ne dort jamais www.telavivhotels.org.il
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv_La_ville_qui_ne_dort_jamais
Tel Aviv - La ville qui ne dort jamais www.telavivhotels.org.il
- published: 05 Mar 2008
- views: 28098
- author: dotcomisrael
Telefon Tel Aviv - fahrenheit fair enough
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:44
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
brilliant combination of complex but mature electronic elements, tinged with a subtle jazzy/lounge flavor. enjoy :)........RIP Charlie Cooper
http://wn.com/Telefon_Tel_Aviv_fahrenheit_fair_enough
brilliant combination of complex but mature electronic elements, tinged with a subtle jazzy/lounge flavor. enjoy :)........RIP Charlie Cooper
- published: 20 Jul 2009
- views: 156745
- author: maxwolfeee
Rockets over Tel Aviv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:26
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Watch the sky as the Iron Dome shoots down a rocket over Tel Aviv. Note: this video was sent to me by a friend immediately following the sirens in Tel Aviv by MMS. I did not film it, I was in shelter.
http://wn.com/Rockets_over_Tel_Aviv
Watch the sky as the Iron Dome shoots down a rocket over Tel Aviv. Note: this video was sent to me by a friend immediately following the sirens in Tel Aviv by MMS. I did not film it, I was in shelter.
- published: 17 Nov 2012
- views: 543826
- author: emilykschrader
Apparat - Tel Aviv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
No intend to copyright
http://wn.com/Apparat_Tel_Aviv
I Charleston Tel Aviv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
I Charleston Tel Aviv Production of HolyLindyLand www.holylindyland.com HolyLindyLand on Facebook www.facebook.com As part of I Charleston The World Project www.icharlestontheworld.com Edited By Anat ZK http Music By Caravan Palace - "Rock It For Me"
http://wn.com/I_Charleston_Tel_Aviv
I Charleston Tel Aviv Production of HolyLindyLand www.holylindyland.com HolyLindyLand on Facebook www.facebook.com As part of I Charleston The World Project www.icharlestontheworld.com Edited By Anat ZK http Music By Caravan Palace - "Rock It For Me"
- published: 30 Jun 2012
- views: 107011
- author: HolyLindyLand
Tel Aviv, the gorgeous city in Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Take a ride to the most cool city in Israel
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv,_the_gorgeous_city_in_Israel
Take a ride to the most cool city in Israel
- published: 06 Dec 2006
- views: 181145
- author: Hollyyyyyyy
Telefon Tel Aviv - Sound In a Dark Room
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
soft & sexy
http://wn.com/Telefon_Tel_Aviv_Sound_In_a_Dark_Room
TELEFON TEL AVIV | What is it without the hand...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Experimental editting and shooting change the mood of this event. Music by Telefon Tel Aviv.
http://wn.com/TELEFON_TEL_AVIV_|_What_is_it_without_the_hand
Experimental editting and shooting change the mood of this event. Music by Telefon Tel Aviv.
- published: 19 Jun 2007
- views: 145331
- author: invisiblescottie
Nagel-Tel Aviv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Nagel-Tel Aviv von der 10 Inch NAGEL-WAS KOSTET DIE WELT
http://wn.com/Nagel-Tel_Aviv
Nagel-Tel Aviv von der 10 Inch NAGEL-WAS KOSTET DIE WELT
- published: 30 Jan 2011
- views: 49809
- author: Mike Lambert
Telefon Tel Aviv - Stay Away From Being Maybe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
.
http://wn.com/Telefon_Tel_Aviv_Stay_Away_From_Being_Maybe
Telefon Tel Aviv - Helen of Troy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Starring Nicholas Karabinis, Cut Jade and Cut West. Directed, filmed, edited by Joshua Eustis Music taken from the current Telefon Tel Aviv album "Immolate Yourself" on BPitch Control BPC Webshop: www.bpitchcontrol.de
http://wn.com/Telefon_Tel_Aviv_Helen_of_Troy
Starring Nicholas Karabinis, Cut Jade and Cut West. Directed, filmed, edited by Joshua Eustis Music taken from the current Telefon Tel Aviv album "Immolate Yourself" on BPitch Control BPC Webshop: www.bpitchcontrol.de
- published: 08 Sep 2009
- views: 32849
- author: BPitchControlTV
Tel Aviv Fashion Week 2011 Review: The Best of TAFW 2011 ft Roberto Cavalli | FashionTV - FTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:04
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
SUBSCRIBE: bit.ly www.FTV.com TEL AVIV - Tel Aviv held its first fashion week in almost 20 years with special guest of honor Roberto Cavalli showcasing his Spring/Summer 2012 collection for the crowds. While Cavalli and wife Eva had exclusive interviews with FTV, we also attended many of...
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv_Fashion_Week_2011_Review_The_Best_of_TAFW_2011_ft_Roberto_Cavalli_|_FashionTV_FTV
SUBSCRIBE: bit.ly www.FTV.com TEL AVIV - Tel Aviv held its first fashion week in almost 20 years with special guest of honor Roberto Cavalli showcasing his Spring/Summer 2012 collection for the crowds. While Cavalli and wife Eva had exclusive interviews with FTV, we also attended many of...
- published: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 103697
- author: fashiontv
Telefon Tel Aviv - Nothing Is Worth Losing That
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
www.myspace.com/telefontelaviv "nothing is worth losing that" COMMENT PLEASE
http://wn.com/Telefon_Tel_Aviv_Nothing_Is_Worth_Losing_That
www.myspace.com/telefontelaviv "nothing is worth losing that" COMMENT PLEASE
- published: 20 Jun 2008
- views: 87969
- author: MissMinxyMay
photo: AP / Los Angeles Police Department
11 Feb 2013
A San Bernardino County sheriff's deputy searches a home for Christopher Dorner, a former police officer, on Sunday in Big Bear Lake, Calif. (Jae C. Hong, The Associated Press) ... "We will not tolerate anyone undermining the security of the community," Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said at a news conference. "We will not tolerate this reign of terror." ... "He has targeted those we entrust to protect the public." ... Copyright 2012 The Denver Post ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
12 Feb 2013
A magnitude 5.1 “artificial earthquake” was reported near a nuclear test site in North Korea on Tuesday morning, with South Korean Defence Ministry officials telling local media that the seismic activity was the result of a third nuclear test conducted by the reclusive state ... The reported test has, however, not yet been confirmed by North Korean State media ... The move is set to heighten regional tensions ... Keywords....(size: 3.4Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
12 Feb 2013
JULIAN BORGER. North Korea’s and Iran’s ambitions to become nuclear powers may make US plans to cut its own warheads difficult to pass. President Barack Obama is expected to address the threat posed by North Korea in tonight’s state of the union speech, after news of Pyongyang’s third underground nuclear test triggered some last-minute rewriting of the presidential text ... Obama speech ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
11 Feb 2013
ALLAHABAD, India (Reuters) - A stampede at a railway station in northern India killed at least 36 Hindu pilgrims on Sunday, the busiest day of the world's largest religious festival at which some 30 million had gathered to wash away their sins in the sacred Ganges river. Twenty-seven of the dead were women, mostly elderly and poor. An eight-year-old girl was also crushed to death ... Daily Press Eyewitness ... M ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
photo: AP / Riccardo De Luca
12 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict XVI will not interfere in choosing his successor after his shock decision to resign at the end of the month, the pontiff's brother has said. Georg Ratzinger told the BBC the Pope would only "make himself available" if he were needed. Benedict said on Monday he would resign after nearly eight years as the head of the Catholic Church because he was too old to continue at the age of 85 ... But resignation is extremely rare....(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
12 Feb 2013
Maccabi Tel-Aviv) 12/02/2013 ... Ticket sales have started for Maccabi Tel Aviv's 23rd round "Winner" League match against Bnei Yehuda ... After this week's convincing Yellow victory in the "Big" Tel Aviv Derby, next week will be the turn of the "Little" Tel Aviv Derby against Bnei Yehuda....(size: 2.0Kb)
noodls
12 Feb 2013
Maccabi Tel-Aviv) Maccabi Tel Aviv midfielder Gal Alberman summed up his feelings after last night's big Derby win ... The more than 13,000 spectators that turned up at Bloomfield Stadium to watch the latest installment of the best show in town saw Maccabi Tel Aviv dispatch city rivals Hapoel Tel Aviv 4-0 ... Maccabi Tel Aviv skipper Sheran Yeini summed things up and described how he felt after the big win....(size: 3.6Kb)
U~T San Diego
12 Feb 2013
Madrid, 12 feb (EFE). — Real Madrid y Barcelona, líderes de los grupos E y F del 'Top 16' de la Euroliga, respectivamente, podrán en juego tan privilegiada posición en sus visitas al Anadolu en Estambul y al Maccabi en Tel Aviv, en la jornada que marca el paso del ecuador de esta fase ... El Barcelona visita el pabellón de La Mano de Elías en Tel Aviv, una plaza siempre complicada ... ... Maccabi Tel Aviv Barcelona Regal 20.05 ... ... Videos ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
Daily Press
12 Feb 2013
TEL AVIV (Reuters) - A U.S. official sought to reassure Israel this week on President Barack Obama's determination to curb Iran's disputed nuclear program, as the clock ticks on a threatened Israeli pre-emptive strike ... Barack Obama. Explosions ... Tel Aviv (Israel). U.S ... A speech she gave on Tuesday to Israeli officials and academics at Tel Aviv University's Institute for National Security Studies, attended by Reuters, was kept off-record ... ....(size: 6.0Kb)
Bloomberg
12 Feb 2013
climbed in New York to trade at the widest premium over Tel Aviv since August 2011 on prospects new contracts will spur the Israeli company to post the highest profit in three years ... Israel’s benchmark TA-25 Index rose 0.9 percent to 1,229 in Tel Aviv yesterday ... and B.O.S ... Gilat shares traded in Tel Aviv rose 2 percent to 20.73 shekels, or $5.62, the highest price since Dec ... Shares traded in Tel Aviv rose 0.1 percent to 196.1, or $53.15....(size: 4.6Kb)
Bloomberg
12 Feb 2013
Radware Ltd ... Shares of the Tel Aviv-based company, which rallied 10 percent in January, marking the best start to a year since 2004, slipped 0.8 percent to $35.36 in New York yesterday ... 2. Israel’s benchmark TA-25 Index rose 0.5 percent to 1,218.38 in Tel Aviv ... Elbit shares traded in Tel Aviv added 3 percent to one-week high of 143 shekels, or the equivalent $38.71 ... Shares traded in Tel Aviv rose 2.1 percent to 406.4 shekels, or $110 ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
PR Newswire
12 Feb 2013
NEW YORK and TEL AVIV, Israel, Feb ... Magisto's New York office will helm the marketing operations for the company, and eventually bring on staff in product marketing, research, customer care, design, UX and other marketing-related roles. Magisto also has offices in California in addition to its headquarters in Tel Aviv. The company currently has 20 employees and plans to expand that by the end of 2013....(size: 3.5Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
12 Feb 2013
One Facebook initiative is trying to get Obama to in Tel Aviv, where organizers are hoping he will deliver a historic speech before a peace rally. Among those who have joined this movement is Tel Aviv Mayor Ron Huldai, who invited Obama to speak at the place that symbolizes Israeli democracy and the "ongoing desire to live a peaceful and normal life." ....(size: 5.0Kb)
Ha'aretz
12 Feb 2013
The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange closed modestly higher yesterday amid expectations that Wall Street would begin the trading week on the upside. The benchmark Tel Aviv-25 index gained 0.5%, closing at 1,218.38 points. The broader TA-100 index was also up by half a percent, ending the trading day at 1,088.92.. The Technology index gained a little more than 1.0% yesterday, while the Biomed index climbed 0.3% ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
Chicago Tribune
12 Feb 2013
The unsourced ABC story named the man, known previously only as "prisoner x", as Ben Zygier. It added that it "understood" the 34-year-old from Melbourne had been previously recruited by the Israeli spy agency Mossad ... The Australian embassy in Tel Aviv also declined comment, referring questions back to the government in Canberra ... Zygier was allegedly held in Ayalon Prison near Tel Aviv and was found hanged in his cell in December 2010 ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Huffington Post
12 Feb 2013
The unsourced ABC story named the man, known previously only as "prisoner x", as Ben Zygier. It added that it "understood" the 34-year-old from Melbourne had been previously recruited by the Israeli spy agency Mossad ... The Australian embassy in Tel Aviv also declined comment, referring questions back to the government in Canberra ... Zygier was allegedly held in Ayalon Prison near Tel Aviv and was found hanged in his cell in December 2010 ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
Ha'aretz
12 Feb 2013
related articles ... By Eran Azran ... Perrigo, which is dual-listed on Wall Street and in Tel Aviv, said Rosemont, which had net sales of more than $60 million in 2012, will become a part of its prescription drugs business ... Despite that, Glazer yesterday started coverage of the Israel Corp with a Buy recommendation and a target of NIS 3,156 per share, an upside of 20% from its starting share price on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange on Tuesday ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
Wall Street Journal
12 Feb 2013
By JOSHUA MITNICK. TEL AVIV—Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called for new tougher sanctions against Iran and advanced a plan to expand a settlement deep in the West Bank, signaling plans to hold firm on sticking points with the Obama administration ahead of a presidential visit here next month. Speaking at a conference of American Jewish leaders in Jerusalem, Mr ... Enlarge Image. Close ... Embassy in Tel Aviv declined to comment ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
This article is about the city in Israel. For other uses, see Tel Aviv (disambiguation).
| Tel Aviv תֵּל־אָבִיב تل أبيب-يافا |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): The White City, The City That Never Sleeps, The Big Orange[1] |
|||
 Tel Aviv
|
|||
| Coordinates: 32°4′N 34°47′E / 32.067°N 34.783°E / 32.067; 34.783 | |||
| Country |  Israel |
||
| District | Tel Aviv | ||
| Metropolitan Area | Gush Dan | ||
| Founded | 11 April 1909 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-council | ||
| • Body | Tel Aviv municipality | ||
| • Mayor | Ron Huldai (Labor) | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 52 km2 (20 sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 176 km2 (68 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 1,516 km2 (585 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) | ||
| Population (2010)[2] | |||
| • City | 404,400 | ||
| • Rank | 2nd in Israel | ||
| • Density | 7,867.7/km2 (20,377/sq mi) | ||
| • Density rank | 12th in Israel | ||
| • Urban | 1,284,400 | ||
| • Urban density | 7,297.7/km2 (18,901/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 3,325,700 | ||
| • Metro density | 2,193.7/km2 (5,682/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Tel Avivi | ||
| Ethnicity | |||
| • Jews | 91% | ||
| • Muslims | 3% | ||
| • Christians | 1% | ||
| • Unclassified | 5% | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+2) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | IDT (UTC+3) | ||
| Postal code | 61999 | ||
| Area code | +972 (Israel) 3 (City) | ||
| Website | tel-aviv.gov.il | ||
Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ; Arabic: تل أبيب), is the second most populous city in Israel. It has a population of 404,400 within city limits, on a land area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi).[2] The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in central-west Israel. In 2010, it was the largest and most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area of 3,325,700 residents, known as Gush Dan.[3] The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are referred to as Tel Avivim.[4]
Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 by the Jewish Community of Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ Yafo; Arabic: يافا Yāfā), on the outskirts of the ancient port city. The growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time.[5] Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of Bauhaus buildings.[6][7][8]
Known as "The City That Never Sleeps", Tel Aviv is a popular international tourist destination.[9] It is renowned for its 24-hour culture, beaches, bars, restaurants, cafés, parks, shopping, cosmopolitan lifestyle, and landmark neighborhoods such as Old Jaffa and Neve Tzedek.[10][11] Tel Aviv is an economic hub, home to the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, corporate offices and research and development centers.[12] It is the country's financial capital and a major performing arts and business center.[13] Tel Aviv has the second-largest economy in the Middle East, and is the 19th most expensive city in the world.[14][15]
In 2010, Knight Frank's world city survey ranked it 34th globally.[16] Tel Aviv has been named the third "hottest city for 2011" (behind only New York City and Tangier) by Lonely Planet, third-best in the Middle East and Africa by Travel + Leisure magazine (behind only Cape Town and Jerusalem), and the ninth-best beach city in the world by National Geographic.[17][18][19] Tel Aviv is consistently ranked as one of the top LGBT destinations in the world.[20][21]
Etymology[link]
Tel Aviv is the Hebrew title of Theodor Herzl's Altneuland ("Old New Land"), translated from German by Nahum Sokolow. Sokolow had adopted the name of a Mesopotamian site in Ezekiel 3:15: "Then I came to them of the captivity at Tel Aviv, that lived by the river Chebar, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days.";[22] The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "Herzliya". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. Aviv is Hebrew for "spring", symbolizing renewal, and tel is a man-made mound accumulating layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient.[23]
Theories vary about the etymology of Jaffa or Yafo in Hebrew. Some believe that the name derives from yafah or yofi, Hebrew for "beautiful" or "beauty". Another tradition is that Japheth, son of Noah, founded the city and that it was named after him.
History[link]
Jaffa[link]
The ancient port of Jaffa changed hands many times in the course of history. Archeological excavations from 1955 to 1974 unearthed towers and gates from the Middle Bronze Age.[24] Subsequent excavations, from 1997 onwards, helped date earlier discoveries.[24] They also exposed sections of a packed-sandstone glacis and a "massive brick wall", dating from the Late Bronze Age as well as a temple "attributed to the Sea Peoples" and dwellings from the Iron Age.[24] Remnants of buildings from the Persian and Hellenistic periods were also discovered.[24]
The city, Jaffa, is first mentioned in letters from 1470 BCE that record its conquest by Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III.[8] Jaffa is mentioned several times in the Bible, as the port from which Jonah set sail for Tarshish;[25] as bordering on the territory of the Tribe of Dan;[26] and as the Jaffa Port at which the wood for Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem arrived from Lebanon.[27] According to some sources it has been a port for at least 4,000 years.[28]
In 1099, the Christian armies of the First Crusade, led by Godfrey of Bouillon occupied Jaffa, which had been abandoned by the Muslims, fortified the town and improved its harbor.[29] As the County of Jaffa, the town soon became important as the main sea supply route for the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[30] Jaffa was captured by Saladin in 1192 but swiftly re-taken by Richard Coeur de Lion, who added to its defenses.[31] In 1223, Emperor Frederick II added further fortications.[31] Crusader domination ended in 1268, when the Mamluk Sultan Baibars captured the town, destroyed its harbor and razed its fortifications.[31][32] In 1336, when a new Crusade was being planned, Al-Nasir Muhammad had the harbor destroyed to prevent the Franks from landing there.[33] For the same reason, both the town and the harbor were destroyed in 1345.[33] In the 16th century, Jaffa was conquered by the Ottomans and was administered as a village in the Sanjak of Gaza.[32]
Napoleon besieged the city in 1799 and killed scores of inhabitants; a plague epidemic followed, decimating the remaining population.[32] The surrendering garrison of several thousand Muslims was massacred.[34]
Jaffa began to grow as an urban center in the early 18th century, when the Ottoman government in Istanbul intervened to guard the port and reduce attacks by Bedouins and pirates.[32] However, the real expansion came during the 19th century, when the population grew from 2,500 in 1806 to 17,000 in 1886.[8]
From 1800 to 1870, Jaffa was surrounded by walls and towers, which were torn down to allow for expansion as security improved.[35] The sea wall, 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) high, remained intact until the 1930s, when it was built over during a renovation of the port by the British Mandatory authorities.[35] During the mid-19th century, the city grew prosperous from trade, especially in silk and Jaffa oranges, with Europe.[8] In the 1860s Jaffa's small Sephardic community was joined by Jews from Morocco and small numbers of Ashkenazi Jews, making by 1882 a total Jewish population of more than 1,500.[8]
The first Jews to build outside of Jaffa, in the area of modern day Tel Aviv, were Yemenite Jews. These homes, built in 1881, became the core of Kerem HaTeimanim (Hebrew for "the Vineyard of the Yemenites"). In 1896 the Yemenite Jews established Mahane Yehuda, and in 1904, Mahane Yossef. These neighbourhoods later became the Shabazi neighbourhood.
During the 1880s, Ashkenazi immigration to Jaffa increased with the onset of the First Aliyah. The new arrivals were motivated more by Zionism than religion and came to farm the land and engage in productive labor.[8] In keeping with their pioneer ideology, some chose to settle in the sand dunes north of Jaffa.[8] The beginning of modern-day Tel Aviv is marked by the construction of Neve Tzedek, a neighborhood built by Ashkenazi settlers between 1887 and 1896.[6]
Ahuzat Bayit[link]
The Second Aliyah led to further expansion.[8] In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of Akiva Arye Weiss and banded together to form the Ahuzat Bayit (lit. "homestead") society. The society's goal was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene".[8] The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the ideas of the Garden city movement.[36] In 1908, the group purchased 5 hectares (12 acres) of dunes northeast of Jaffa.[citation needed] Following this purchase, Meir Dizengoff, who later became Tel Aviv's first mayor, decided to join Ahuzat Bayit.[37][38] His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with the Arabs.[8]
In April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune on what is now Rothschild Boulevard to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv, although some neighbourhoods, such as Kerem HaTeimanim, already existed. The lottery was organised by Akiva Arye Weiss, president of the building society. The names of the families were inscribed on white shells and the plot number on shells of a different color.[39] Within a year, Herzl, Ahad Ha'am, Yehuda Halevi, Lilienblum, and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66 houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.[36] At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the Herzliya Hebrew High School, founded in Jaffa in 1906.[36] On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.[36] Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water at each house and street lights.[40]
By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than 1 square kilometre (247 acres).[36] However, growth halted in 1917 when the Ottoman authorities expelled the Jews of Jaffa and Tel Aviv.[36] A report published in The New York Times by United States Consul Garrels in Alexandria, Egypt described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population.[41]
Under the British Mandate[link]
Under British administration, political friction between Jews and Arabs in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the Jaffa Riots erupted resulting in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.[42] In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv, increasing the population of Tel Aviv from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000 by 1925.[6][43] New businesses opened in Tel Aviv, leading to the decline of Jaffa as a commercial center.[36] In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner Patrick Geddes drew up a master plan for Tel Aviv that was adopted by the city council led by Meir Dizengoff. This first plan for developing the northern part of the city was called "The Geddes Plan".[8] The core idea was the development of a Garden City. The boundaries he worked within, the Yarkon River in the North and Ibn Gvirol Street in the East, are now the boundaries of Tel Aviv's Old North.
Tel Aviv continued to expand in 1926, but suffered an economic setback between 1927 and 1930.[8][36] The Ben Gurion House was built in 1930–31, part of a new worker's housing development. At the same time, cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theater and the decision of Habima Theatre to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.[36]
The Tel Aviv Port was opened on 23 February 1938, and closed on 25 October 1965.
Tel Aviv gained municipal status in 1934.[36] The population rose dramatically during the Fifth Aliyah when the Nazis came to power in Germany.[36] As the Jews fled Europe, many settled in Tel Aviv, bringing the population in 1937 to 150,000, compared to Jaffa's 69,000 residents. Within two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of the country's total Jewish population.[36] Many new immigrants remained after disembarking in Jaffa, turning the city into a center of urban life. In the wake of the 1936–39 Arab revolt, a local port independent of Jaffa was built in 1938, and Lydda Airport (later Ben Gurion Airport) and Sde Dov Airport opened between 1937 and 1938.[8]
Tel Aviv's White City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2003, emerged in the 1930s. Many of the German Jewish architects trained at the Bauhaus, the Modernist school of architecture closed by the Nazis in 1933, fled Germany. Some, like architect Arieh Sharon, came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus as well as other similar schools, to local conditions, creating what is claimed to be the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.[6][8]
Tel Aviv was a major target of the Italian Bombing of Palestine in World War II. On 9 September 1940, 137 were killed in the bombing of Tel Aviv.[44]
According to the 1947 UN Partition Plan for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was slated for inclusion in the Jewish state. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people, 53,930 of whom were Muslim and 16,800 Christian, making up the Arab population, and 30,820 Jewish, was designated as part of the Arab state.[45] The Arabs, however, rejected the plan.[8] Between 1947 and 1948, tensions grew on the border between Tel Aviv and Jaffa, with Arab snipers who were firing at Jews from the minaret of the Hassan Bek Mosque. The Haganah and Irgun Jewish forces retaliated with a siege on Jaffa.[8] From April 1948, the Arab residents began to leave. When Jaffa was conquered by Israeli forces on 14 May, few remained.[8]
After Israeli independence[link]
When Israel declared Independence on 14 May 1948, the population of Tel Aviv was over 200,000.[2] Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the government moved to Jerusalem in December 1949. Due to the international dispute over the status of Jerusalem, most foreign embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.[23] In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the UN's measures responding to Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law.[46] Today, all national embassies are in Tel Aviv or environs.[47] The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948.[48] The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.[48] The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.[48] On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the ex-Arab neighborhood of Abu Kabir, the ex-Arab village of Salama and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish 'Hatikva' slum.[48] On 25 February 1949, the abandoned Arab village of al-Shaykh Muwannis was also annexed to Tel Aviv.[48] On 18 May 1949, Manshiya and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.[48] The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor Israel Rokach.[48] The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.[48]
Tel Aviv thus grew to 42 square kilometers (16.2 sq mi). In 1949, a memorial to the 60 founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.[49] Over the past 60 years, Tel Aviv has developed into a secular, liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.[8]
In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. Shalom Meir Tower was Israel's tallest building until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16 percent of the country's total.[50] A long period of steady decline followed, however, and by the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.[50] High property prices pushed families out and deterred young people from moving in.[50] At this time, gentrification began in the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv, and the old port in the north was renewed.[8] New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by UNESCO recognition of the Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site. In the early 1990s, the decline in population was reversed, partly due to the large wave of immigrants from the former Soviet Union.[50] Tel Aviv also began to emerge as a high-tech center.[8] The construction of many skyscrapers and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as a world city.[51] The city is regarded as a strong candidate for global city status.[13]
In the Gulf War in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by Scud rockets from Iraq, but there were few casualties and no fatalities. The inhabitants of the southeastern suburb of HaTikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude, that "it was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of a Scud rocket."[52]
On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed Rabin Square.[8]
In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.[53] In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;[53] the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies;[54] and Stanford University's Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection,[55] documenting the history of the city.
Arab-Israeli conflict[link]
Since the First Intifada, Tel Aviv has suffered from Palestinian political violence. The first suicide attack in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the Line 5 bus, when a bomber killed 22 civilians and injured 50 as part of a Hamas suicide campaign.[56] On 6 March 1996, another Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier) in the Dizengoff Center suicide bombing.[57][58] Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the Café Apropo bombing on 27 March 1997.[59][60][61]
One of the most deadly attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the Second Intifada, when a suicide bomber exploded at the entrance to the Dolphinarium discotheque, killing 21, mostly teenagers, and injuring 132.[62][63][64][65] Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and injured 70 in the Allenby Street bus bombing.[66][67][68][69][70] Twenty-three civilians were killed and over 100 injured in the Tel-Aviv central bus station massacre.[71][72] Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack. In the Mike's Place suicide bombing, an attack on a bar by a British Muslim suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over 50.[73] Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber killed five and wounded over 50 in the 25 February 2005 Stage Club bombing.[74] The most recent suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70 wounded in a suicide bombing near the old central bus station.[75]
The most recent attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular Haoman 17 nightclub in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000[74] Israeli teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing spree, injuring eight people.[74] Due to an Israel Border Police roadblock at the entrance and immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.[76]
Geography[link]
Tel Aviv is located around 32°5′N 34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.8°E / 32.083; 34.8 on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, in central Israel, the historic land bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor soil fertility. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the Yarkon River mouth.[77] Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.
The city is located 60 kilometers (37 mi) northwest of Jerusalem and 90 kilometers (56 mi) south of the city of Haifa.[78] Neighboring cities and towns include Herzliya to the north, Ramat HaSharon to the northeast, Petah Tikva, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan and Giv'atayim to the east, Holon to the southeast, and Bat Yam to the south.[79] The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is generally reputed to be poorer than Northern Tel Aviv with the exception of Neve Tzedek and some recent development on Jaffa beach. Central Tel Aviv is home to Azrieli Center and the important financial and commerce district along Ayalon Highway. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University, Hayarkon Park, and upscale residential neighborhoods such as Ramat Aviv and Afeka.[80]
Climate[link]
Tel Aviv has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with hot, humid summers, unpredictable springs and autumns, and cool, rainy winters. Humidity tends to be high year-round due to ocean breeze. In winter, average temperatures are usually between 9 °C (48 °F) and 17 °C (63 °F), with temperatures as low as 7 °C (45 °F) and as high as 20 °C (68 °F) occurring several times a winter.[81] In summer, average temperatures are usually between 24 °C (75 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F). Heatwaves are most common during spring, with temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F). There are barely any days in the year without sunshine, and even during the winter there are many clear days.
Tel Aviv averages 530.7 millimeters (20.9 in) of precipitation annually, which mostly occurs in the months of October through April. Winter is the wettest season, often accompanied by heavy showers and thunderstorms. Snow is extremely rare, with the last recorded snowfall within city limits occurring in February 1950. The rainiest month on record was January 2000 with 424.9 mm (16.73 in). The rainiest day on record was 8 November 1955 with 133 mm (5.24 in). However, Tel Aviv enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year with more than 300 sunny days annually.
| Climate data for Tel Aviv (1916–2007) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
40.4 (104.7) |
46.5 (115.7) |
37.6 (99.7) |
37.4 (99.3) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.3 (95.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
46.5 (115.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
24.04 (75.27) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.44 (61.59) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15 (59) |
19 (66) |
20 (68) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 126.9 (4.996) |
90.1 (3.547) |
60.6 (2.386) |
18.0 (0.709) |
2.3 (0.091) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.7 (0.028) |
1.4 (0.055) |
26.3 (1.035) |
79.3 (3.122) |
126.4 (4.976) |
532 (20.94) |
| % humidity | 73 | 71 | 69 | 65 | 68 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 72 | 69 |
| Avg. rainy days | 12.8 | 10.0 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 7.5 | 10.9 | 57.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 192.2 | 205.9 | 235.6 | 270.0 | 328.6 | 357.0 | 368.9 | 356.5 | 300.0 | 279.0 | 234.0 | 189.1 | 3,316.8 |
| Source: Israel Meteorological Service,[81][82] Hong Kong Observatory for data of sunshine hours[83] | |||||||||||||
Local government[link]
Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term in direct proportional elections.[84] All Israeli citizens over the age of 18 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.[85][86][87] The Tel Aviv City Hall is located at Rabin Square. Ron Huldai has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.[84] Huldai was reelected in the 2008 municipal elections, defeating Dov Henin's list.[88] The longest serving mayor was Shlomo Lahat, who was in office for 19 years. The shortest serving was David Bloch, in office for two years, 1925–27. Outside the kibbutzim, Meretz receives more votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.[89]
Mayors[link]
| Name | Term | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Meir Dizengoff | 1921–1925 | General Zionists |
| 2 | David Bloch | 1925–1927 | Ahdut HaAvoda |
| 3 | Meir Dizengoff | 1928–1936 | General Zionists |
| 4 | Israel Rokach | 1936–1952 | General Zionists |
| 5 | Chaim Levanon | 1953–1959 | General Zionists |
| 6 | Mordechai Namir | 1959–1969 | Mapai |
| 7 | Yehoshua Rabinovitz | 1969–1974 | Alignment |
| 8 | Shlomo Lahat | 1974–1993 | Likud |
| 9 | Roni Milo | 1993–1998 | Likud |
| 10 | Ron Huldai | 1998– | Tel Aviv 1 |
City council[link]
The coalition is led by Tel Aviv 1 and consists of 23 of 31 seats.
| Party | Seats |
|---|---|
| Tel Aviv 1 | 5 |
| City for All | 5 |
| Power for Pensioners | 3 |
| Meretz | 3 |
| City Majority | 3 |
| The Greens | 2 |
| Likud | 2 |
| United Torah Judaism | 2 |
| Shas | 2 |
| Latet Lihyot – Let Live | 2 |
| Social Justice | 1 |
| Jaffa | 1 |
Education[link]
In 2006, 51,359 children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977 were in municipal kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.[90] Sixty-four percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the national average.[90] About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000 by 2012.[91] As a result, 20 additional kindergarten classes were opened in 2008–09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.[91]
The first Hebrew high school, called Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, was built in 1905 on Herzl Street. It was demolished in 1962.
Tel Aviv University, the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for its physics, computer science, chemistry and linguistics departments. Together with Bar-Ilan University in neighboring Ramat Gan, the student population numbers over 50,000, including a sizeable international community.[92][93] Its campus is located in the neighborhood of Ramat Aviv.[94] Tel Aviv also has several colleges.[95] The Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium moved from Jaffa to Tel Aviv in 1909. The school continues to operate, although it has moved to Jabotinsky Street.[96] Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include Shevah Mofet, the second Hebrew school in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and Alliance.
Demographics[link]
Tel Aviv has a population of 404,400 spread over a land area of 52,000 dunams (52.0 km2) (20 mi²), yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square kilometer (19,699 per square mile). According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of 2009 Tel Aviv's population is growing at an annual rate of 0.5%. Jews of all backgrounds form 91.8% of the population, Muslim and Arab Christian make up 4.2%, and the remainder belong to other groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).[97] As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city, many languages are spoken in addition to Hebrew. According to some estimates, about 50,000 unregistered Asian foreign workers live in the city.[98] Compared with Westernised cities, crime in Tel Aviv is relatively low.[99]
According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which has an unemployment rate of 6.9%, is 20% above the national average.[90] The city's education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4% are eligible for matriculation certificates.[90] The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2% aged under 20, 18.5% aged 20–29, 24% aged 30–44, 16.2% aged between 45 and 59, and 19.1% older than 60.[100]
Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from moving in.[50] Since the mass immigration from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s, population has steadily grown.[50] Today, the city's population is young and growing.[91] In 2006, 22,000 people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,[91] and many of the new families had young children. The population is expected to reach 450,000 by 2025; meanwhile, the average age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.[91] The population over age 65 stands at 14.6% compared with 19% in 1983.[91]
Jewish population[link]
Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population in Tel Aviv consists of immigrants from all parts of the world and their descendants, including Ashkenazi Jews from Europe, North America, South America and South Africa, as well as Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West Asia,and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of Ethiopian Jews and their descendants living in Tel Aviv.
Non-Jewish population[link]
In Addition to the Muslim and Arab Christian minorities in Tel Aviv, there are also several hundred Armenian Christians who are concentrated mainly in Jaffa and some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and relatives. In recent years Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants, students, foreign workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees from Belarus, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Cyprus, Estonia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, India, the Ivory Coast, Japan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Nepal, Nigeria, the Philippines, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand, Turkey, the United States, the UK, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. There are many refugees from African countries located near the Central Bus Station.[101]
Neighborhoods[link]
Further information: Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv is divided into nine districts that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient port city out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent gentrification is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearby Neve Tzedek, the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. Ramat Aviv, a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes Tel Aviv University, is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.[102] The area known as HaKirya is the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) headquarters and a large military base.[80]
Historically, there was a demographic split between the Ashkenazi northern side of the city, including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more Sephardi and Mizrahi neighborhoods including Neve Tzedek and Florentin.[8]
Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern Tel Aviv.[8] Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian malls, and housing. The municipality invested 2 million shekels in the project. The goal was to make Florentin the Soho of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals.[103] Florentin is now a hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.[104]
Economy[link]
Tel Aviv was built on sand dunes in an area unsuitable for farming, and maritime commerce was centered in Haifa and Ashdod. Instead, the city developed as a center of business and scientific research.[8] Economic activities account for 17 percent of GDP.[50] In 2011, Tel Aviv had an unemployment rate of 4.4%.[105]
The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by Newsweek and a "miniature Los Angeles" by The Economist.[106][107] In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek as one of the 10 most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.[107] The Tel Aviv metropolitan area (including satellite cities such as Herzliya and Petah Tikva) is Israel's center of high-tech, sometimes referred to as Silicon Wadi.[107][108]
Tel Aviv is home to the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE), Israel's only stock exchange, which has reached record heights since the 1990s.[109] The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009 Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting[110] Many international venture-capital firms, scientific research institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city. Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food manufacturers.[8] The city's nightlife, cultural attractions and architecture attract tourists whose spending benefits the local economy.[111]
In 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) at Loughborough University reissued an inventory of world cities based on their level of advanced producer services. Tel Aviv was ranked as a beta+ world city.[112]
According to Forbes, nine of its fifteen Israeli-born billionaires live in Israel; four live in Tel Aviv and its suburbs.[113][114] The cost of living in Israel is high, with Tel Aviv being its most expensive city to live in. According to Mercer, a human resources consulting firm based in New York, as of 2010 Tel Aviv is the most expensive city in the Middle East and the 19th most expensive in the world.[108]
Shopping malls in Tel Aviv include Ramat Aviv Mall, Azrieli Shopping Mall and Dizengoff Center, and markets such as Carmel Market, Ha'Tikva Market, and Bezalel Market.
Architecture[link]
Tel Aviv is home to different architectural styles that represent influential periods in its history. The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-story houses with red-tiled roofs.[115] Neve Tzedek, the first neighborhood to be constructed outside of Jaffa is characterised by two-story sandstone buildings.[6] By the 1920s, a new eclectic Orientalist style came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, domes and ornamental tiles.[115] Municipal construction followed the "garden city" master plan drawn up by Patrick Geddes. Two- and three-story buildings were interspersed with boulevards and public parks.[115] Various architectural styles, such as Art Deco, classical and modernist also exist in Tel Aviv.
Bauhaus[link]
Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's White City, around the city center, contains more than 5,000 Modernist-style buildings inspired by the Bauhaus school and Le Corbusier.[6][7] Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, continued until the 1950s in the area around Rothschild Boulevard.[7][116] Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone.[115] In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.[8] Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.[117]
High-rise construction and towers[link]
See also: List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv
The Shalom Meir Tower, Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivalled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East. The Azrieli Center, composed of three buildings— one square, one triangular, and one circular—usurped that title. Since 2001, Israel's tallest building is the City Gate Tower, which is located in the neighboring city of Ramat Gan, although the country's tallest wholly residential building, the W-Tower, is in Tel Aviv.
New neighborhoods, such as Park Tzameret, have been constructed to house apartment towers such as YOO Tel Aviv towers, designed by Philippe Starck. Other districts, such as Sarona, have been developed with office towers. Other recent additions to Tel Aviv's skyline are the 1 Rothschild Tower and First International Bank Tower.[118][119] As Tel Aviv celebrated its centennial in 2009,[120] the city attracted a number of architects and developers, including I. M. Pei, Donald Trump, and Richard Meier.[121] American journalist David Kaufman reported in New York magazine that since Tel Aviv “was named a UNESCO World Heritage site, gorgeous historic buildings from the Ottoman and Bauhaus era have been repurposed as fabulous hotels, eateries, boutiques, and design museums.”[122]
In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and Ibn Gabirol Street, and also between the Yarkon River and Eilat Street. It did not extend to skyscrapers already under construction. According to the plan, the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits would be "flooded" with skyscrapers and high-rise buildings.[123]
Environment and urban restoration[link]
Tel Aviv is ranked as the greenest city in Israel.[125] Since 2008, City lights are turned off annually in support of Earth Hour.[126] In February 2009, the municipality launched a water saving campaign, including competition granting free parking for a year to the household that is found to have consumed the least amount of water per person.[127]
In the early 21st century, Tel Aviv's municipality transformed a derelict power station into a public park, now named "Gan HaHashmal" (electric park), paving the way for eco-friendly and environmentally conscious designs.[128] In October 2008, Martin Weyl turned an old garbage dump near Ben Gurion International Airport, called Hiriya, into an attraction by building an arc of plastic bottles.[129] The site, which was renamed Ariel Sharon Park to honor Israel’s former prime minister, will serve as the centerpiece in what is to become a 2,000-acre (8.1 km2) urban wilderness on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, designed by German landscape architect, Peter Latz.[129]
At the end of the 20th century, the city began restoring historical neighborhoods such as Neve Tzedek and many buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. Since 2007, the city hosts its well-known, annual Open House Tel Aviv weekend, which offers the general public free entrance to the city's famous landmarks, private houses and public buildings. In 2010, the design of the renovated Tel Aviv Port (Nemal Tel Aviv) won the award for outstanding landscape architecture at the European Biennial for Landscape Architecture in Barcelona.[130]
Electric cars[link]
In early 2008, Tel Aviv Municipality announced a pilot scheme to build charging stations for electric cars. Initially, five charging points will be built, and eventually 150 points will be set up across the city as part of the Israeli electric car project, Project Better Place.[131] Battery replacement points will be located at the city's entrances. A visitor center of Better Place is located in northwestern entrance to the city at Pi-Glilot site. Better Place's primary R&D facility is in Tel Aviv and is headed by Lior Storfer.[132]
Religion[link]
The city has 544 active synagogues,[133] including historic buildings such as the Great Synagogue, established in the 1930s.[134] In 2008, a center for secular Jewish Studies and a secular yeshiva opened in the city.[135] Tensions between religious and secular Jews before the gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.[136] The number of churches has grown to accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.[137]
The population consists of 93% Jewish, 1% Muslim, and 1% Christian. The remaining 5 percent are not classified by religion.[138] Israel Meir Lau is chief rabbi of the city.[139]
Culture and contemporary life[link]
Entertainment and performing arts[link]
Tel Aviv is a major center of culture and entertainment.[140] Eighteen of Israel's 35 major centers for the performing arts are located in the city, including five of the country's nine large theaters, where 55% of all performances in the country and 75% of all attendance occurs.[50][141] The Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center is home of the Israeli Opera, where Plácido Domingo was house tenor between 1962 and 1965, and the Cameri Theater.[142] With 2,760 seats, the Frederic R. Mann Auditorium (Culture Palace) is the city's largest theater.[143] Habima Theater, Israel's national theater, was closed down for renovations in early 2008, and reopened in November, 2011 after major remodelling. Enav Cultural Center is one of the newer additions to the cultural scene.[141] Other theaters in Tel Aviv are the Gesher Theater and Beit Lessin Theater; Tzavta and Tmuna are smaller theaters that host musical performances and fringe productions. In Jaffa, the Simta and Notzar theaters specialize in fringe as well. Tel Aviv is home to the Batsheva Dance Company, a world famous contemporary dance troupe. The Israeli Ballet is also based in Tel Aviv.[141] Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater in Neve Tzedek.[144]
The city often hosts pop and rock concerts in venues such as Hayarkon Park, the Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center, the Barby Club and the Zappa Club.[145][146][147]
Opera and classical music performances are held daily in Tel Aviv, with many of the world's leading classical conductors and soloists performing on Tel Aviv stages over the years.[141]
The Tel Aviv Cinematheque screens art movies, premieres of short and full-length Israeli films, and hosts a variety of film festivals, among them the Festival of Animation, Comics and Caricatures, the Student Film Festival, the Jazz, Film and Videotape Festival and Salute to Israeli Cinema. The city has several multiplex cinemas.[141]
Nightlife[link]
Tel Aviv is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight. The largest area for nightclubs is the Tel Aviv port, where the city's large, commercial clubs and bars draw big crowds of young clubbers from both Tel Aviv and neighboring cities. The "TLV club" is the largest and often hosts big international acts and DJs. Another major clubbing area is the Yad Harutsim area, near the old central bus station area of town. The South of Tel Aviv is known for the popular "Haoman 17" club, as well as for being the city's main hub of alternative clubbing, with underground venues including established clubs like the "Block" club, "Comfort 13" and the "Sublime", as well as various warehouse and loft party venues. If you are looking for a low Key Winebar you can also find a great variety all around. One of the most known Winebars for local experience with great hospitality for backpackers is the Wineberg Winebar located on Ben Yehuda st.[148]
Tourism and recreation[link]
Tel Aviv is an international tourist destination.[9] It is known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its thriving nightlife, young atmosphere and famous 24-hour culture.[149][150][151] NBA player Anthony Parker called Tel Aviv the best basketball city to go out in. Tel Aviv has branches of some of the world's leading hotels, including the Crowne Plaza, Sheraton, Dan, Isrotel and Hilton. It is home to many museums, architectural and cultural sites, with city tours available in different languages.[152] Apart from bus tours, architectural tours, Segway tours, and walking tours are also popular.[153][154][155] Tel Aviv has 44 hotels with more than 6,500 rooms.[90]
The beaches of Tel Aviv play a major role in the cultural and touristic scene in the city, often ranked as some of the best beaches in the world.[19] Hayarkon Park is the most visited urban park in Israel, with 16 million visitors annually. Other parks within city limits include Charles Clore Park, Independence Park, Meir Park and Dubnow Park. About 19% of the city land are green spaces.[156]
Cuisine[link]
Tel Aviv is famous for its wide variety of world-class restaurants, offering traditional Israeli dishes as well as international fare.[157] More than 100 sushi restaurants, the third highest concentration in the world, do business in the city, and an Italian restaurant in Tel Aviv was called the best Italian restaurant outside of Italy by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture.[7][158]
LGBT culture[link]
Named by Out Magazine "The gay capital of the Middle East", Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, with a large LGBT community.[159][160] American journalist David Kaufman has described the city as a place “packed with the kind of ‘we're here, we're queer’ vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco. The city hosts its well-known pride parade, the biggest in Asia, attracting over 100,000 people yearly.[161] In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city's LGBT Community Center, providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay and lesbian athletes for the 2009 World Outgames in Copenhagen.[162] In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT Film Festival.
Tel Aviv's LGBT community is the subject of Eytan Fox's 2006 film The Bubble.
In 2011, in an online poll conducted on LGBT travel website gaycities.com, Tel Aviv was voted best gay city of the year with 43% of the votes.[163]
Fashion[link]
Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design.[164] It has been called the “next hot destination” for fashion.[165] Israeli designers, such as swimwear company Gottex show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York’s Bryant Park fashion show.[166] In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first Fashion Week since the 1980s, with Italian designer Roberto Cavalli as a guest of honor.[167]
Museums[link]
Israel has the highest number of museums per capita of any country, with three of the largest located in Tel Aviv.[168][169] Among these are the Eretz Israel Museum, known for its collection of archaeology and history exhibits dealing with the Land of Israel, and the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Housed on the campus of Tel Aviv University is Beth Hatefutsoth, a museum of the international Jewish diaspora that tells the story of Jewish prosperity and persecution throughout the centuries of exile. Batey Haosef Museum specializes in Israel Defense Forces military history. The Palmach Museum near Tel Aviv University offers a multimedia experience of the history of the Palmach. Right next to Charles Clore Park is a museum of the Etzel. The Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center, located in the northern part of the city, hosts more than 60 major events annually. Many offbeat museums and galleries operate in the southern areas, including the Tel Aviv Raw Art contemporary art gallery.[170][171]
Sports[link]
Tel Aviv is the only city with three clubs in Israeli Premier League, the country's top football league. Maccabi Tel Aviv Sports Club was founded in 1906 and competes in more than 10 sport fields. Its basketball team, Maccabi Tel Aviv, is a world-known professional team, that holds 50 Israeli titles, has won 39 editions of the Israel cup, and has five European Championships, and its football team has won 18 Israeli league titles and has won 22 State Cups, two Toto Cups and two Asian Club Championships. Yael Arad, an athlete in Maccabi's judo club, won a silver medal in the 1992 Olympic Games.[172]
National Sport Center – Tel Aviv (also Hadar Yosef Sports Center) is a compound of stadiums and sports facilities. It also houses the Olympic Committee of Israel and the National Athletics Stadium with the Israeli Athletic Association.
Hapoel Tel Aviv Sports Club, founded in 1923, comprises more than 11 sports clubs,[173] including Hapoel Tel Aviv Football Club (13 championships, 11 State Cups, one Toto Cup and once Asian champions) which plays in Bloomfield Stadium, men's and women's basketball clubs.
Bnei Yehuda (once Israeli champion, twice State Cup winners and twice Toto Cup winner) is the only Israeli football team in the top division that represents a neighborhood, the Hatikva Quarter in Tel Aviv, and not a city.
Shimshon Tel Aviv and Beitar Tel Aviv both formerly played in the top division, but dropped into the lower leagues, and merged in 2000, the new club now playing in Liga Artzit, the third tier. Another former first division team, Maccabi Jaffa, is now defunct, as are Maccabi HaTzefon Tel Aviv, Hapoel HaTzefon Tel Aviv and Hakoah Tel Aviv, who merged with Maccabi Ramat Gan and moved to Ramat Gan in 1959.
Tel Aviv is also the home to Hapoel Ussishkin, a fan-owned basketball club founded in 2007 due to disagreements between the Hapoel Tel Aviv basketball club's management and the fans.
Two rowing clubs operate in Tel Aviv. The Tel Aviv Rowing Club, established in 1935 on the banks of the Yarkon River, is the largest rowing club in Israel.[174] Meanwhile, the beaches of Tel Aviv provide a vibrant Matkot (beach paddleball) scene.[175] Tel Aviv Lightning represent Tel Aviv in the Israel Baseball League.[176] Tel Aviv also has an annual half marathon, run in 2008 by 10,000 athletes with runners coming from around the world.[177]
In 2009, the Tel Aviv Marathon was revived after a fifteen-year hiatus, and is run annually since, attracting a field of over 18,000 runners.[178]
Tel Aviv is also ranked to be 10th best to-skateboarding city by Transworld Skateboarding.
Media[link]
The three largest newspaper companies in Israel – Yedioth Ahronoth, Maariv and Haaretz – are all based within the city limits.[179] Several radio stations cover the Tel Aviv area, including the city-based Radio Tel Aviv.[180]
The three major Israeli television networks, Israel Broadcasting Authority, Keshet, Reshet, and Channel 10, are based in the city, as well as two of the most popular radio stations in Israel: Galatz and Galgalatz, which are both based in Jaffa.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transport in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network, with many major routes of the national transportation network running through the city.
Bus and taxi[link]
As with the rest of Israel, bus transport is the most common form of public transport and is very widely used. The Tel Aviv Central Bus Station is located in the southern part of the city.The main bus network in Tel Aviv metropolitan area operated by Dan Bus Company, Metropoline and Kavim. the Egged Bus Cooperative, the world's second-largest bus company, provides intercity transportation.[181]
The city is also served by local and inter-city share taxis. Many local and inter-city bus routes also have sherut taxis that follow the same route and display the same route number in their window. Fares are standardised within the region and are comparable to or less expensive than bus fares. Unlike other forms of public transport, these taxis also operate on Fridays and Saturdays (the Jewish sabbath "Shabbat"). Private taxis are white with a yellow sign on top. Fares are standardised and metered, but may be negotiated ahead of time with the driver.
Rail[link]
The Tel Aviv Central train station is the main train station of the city, and the busiest station in Israel. The city has three additional train stations along the Ayalon Highway: Tel Aviv University, HaShalom (adjacent to Azrieli Center) and HaHagana (near the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station). It is estimated that over a million passengers travel by train to Tel Aviv monthly. The trains do not run on Saturday and holidays.
Roads[link]
The main highway leading to the city is the Ayalon Highway (Highway 20), which runs along the eastern side of the city from north to south along the Ayalon River riverbed, dividing for the most part Tel Aviv and Ramat Gan. Driving south on the Ayalon gives access to Highway 1, leading to Ben Gurion International Airport and Jerusalem. Within the city, main routes include Kaplan Street, Allenby Street, Ibn Gabirol Street, Dizengoff Street, Rothschild Boulevard, and in Jaffa the main route is Jerusalem Boulevard. Namir Road connects the city to Highway 2, Israel's main north–south highway, and Begin/Jabotinsky Road, which provides access from the east through Ramat Gan, Bnei Brak and Petah Tikva. Tel Aviv, accommodating about 500,000 commuter cars daily, suffers from increasing congestion. In 2007, the Sadan Report recommended the introduction of a congestion charge similar to that of London in Tel Aviv as well as other Israeli cities. Under this plan, road users traveling into the city would pay a fixed fee.[182]
Air[link]
The main airport serving Tel Aviv is Ben Gurion International Airport (IATA: TLV). Located in the neighboring city of Lod, it is the main airport of Israel, handling over 12 million passengers in 2010. The airport serves both international flights and domestic flights, and is the main hub of El Al, Arkia Israel Airlines, Israir Airlines and Sun D'Or International Airlines. The airport is 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv, on Highway 1 between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. It is often rated as the best airport in the Middle East. Another airport in the Tel Aviv area, Sde Dov (IATA: SDV), in northwestern Tel Aviv close to Tel Aviv Port, serves mainly domestic flights and may be closed in favor of real-estate development.[183] In the future all services to Sde Dov will be transferred to Ben Gurion Airport.
Bicycle sharing system[link]
In April 2011, Tel Aviv municipality launched Tel-O-Fun, a bicycle sharing system, in which 150 stations of bicycles for rent were installed within the city limits.[184] As of October 2011, there are 125 active stations, providing more than 1,000 bicycles. As of April 2011 the municipality has completed construction of about 100 kilometers of bicycle paths.
Light rail[link]
Main article: Tel Aviv Light Rail
The first line of a light rail system is under construction and scheduled to open in 2016.[185] The Red Line starts at Petah Tikva's Central Bus Station, east of Tel Aviv and follows the Jabotinsky Road (Route 481) westwards at street level. At the point were Jabotinsky Road and Highway 4 intersect the line drops into an underground tunnel for 10 km (6.21 mi) through Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan and Tel Aviv and emerges again to street level just before Jaffa, were it turns southwards towards Bat Yam.
The underground section will include 10 stations, including an interchange with Israel Railways services at Tel Aviv Central Railway Station and the nearby 2000 Terminal. A maintenance depot, connected via a branch line and tunnel to the main section of the line, will be constructed in Kiryat Arye, across from the existing Kiryat Arye suburban railway station. The intended builder and operator of the first line, MTS, has had financial difficulties that postponed the line's opening. In May 2010, the ministry of finance decided to cancel the agreement with MTS due to the difficulties and the agreement was cancelled in August 2010.[186] The line is being built instead by NTA – The Tel Aviv region's mass transit development authority. Initially, the line's targeted opening was in 2012 and today the target is 2016 after several postponements due to the disagreements with MTS and NTA's takeover of the project.
Twin towns and sister cities[link]
Tel Aviv has a partnership with Los Angeles (
), and is twinned with:
|
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ NYT Travel – Introduction to Tel Aviv
- ^ a b c לוח 3.- אוכלוסייה( 1), ביישובים שמנו מעל 2,000 תושבים( 2) ושאר אוכלוסייה כפרית Population (1) of localities numbering above 2,000 Residents (2) and other rural population. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ "Localities, Population and Density per km²., by Metropolitan Area and Selected Localities" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of Israel 2009. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton60/st02_16.pdf. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ "Tel Aviv Municipality". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/index.htm. Retrieved 2 February 2008. [dead link]
- ^ 85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)
- ^ a b c d e f "The White City of Tel Aviv" (PDF). UNESCO. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
- ^ a b c d Strimpel, Zoe (16 February 2008). "Hip and happening in Tel Aviv". The Times (London). http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Economist City Guide-Tel Aviv". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History. Retrieved 21 January 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b Sapty, Tanya (19 July 2011). "Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032. Retrieved 19 July 2011. [dead link]
- ^ Alford, Henry (20 July 2008). "Seizing the Day in Tel Aviv". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/20/travel/20telaviv.html. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ Spano, Susan (17 December 2008). "Tel Aviv: A modern city in an ancient land". Los Angeles Times. http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-tr-telaviv21-2008dec21. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
- ^ "New Economy: Silicon Wadi". Wired. 16 April 1998. http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/04/11669. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
- ^ a b Kipnis, B.A. (8 October 2001). "Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a Deadend of the Global Economy". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network at Loughborough University. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html. Retrieved 17 July 2007. Cities in Transition. Ljubljana: Department of Geography, University of Ljubljana, pp. 183–194.
- ^ "The 150 Richest Cities in the World by GDP in 2005". http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
- ^ "Cost of living — The world's most expensive cities". City Mayors. http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html.
- ^ "Results Of The Knight Frank Global Cities Survey". http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/.
- ^ "Tel Aviv ranked world's 3rd hottest city for 2011". http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
- ^ "World's Best Awards 2011 – Africa and the Middle East". http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ^ a b "Top 10 Beach Cities". http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/beach-cities-photos/#beaches-tel-aviv-cities_22323_600x450.jpg. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Huldai proud of Tel Aviv winning best gay city of 2011Jerusalem Post, By JPOST.COM STAFF01/11/2012 11:21
- ^ Tel Aviv emerges as top gay tourist destination CBS NEWs, 24 January 2012 9:52 am
- ^ Book of Ezekiel 3:15
- ^ a b "Tel Aviv". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d "Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa)". Tel Aviv University. http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_jaffa.html. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
- ^ Book of Jonah 1:3
- ^ Book of Joshua 19:40–48
- ^ Books of Chronicles II 2:15
- ^ "Jaffa". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/jaffa.html. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ Runciman, Steven (1951). A History of the Crusades Vol 1: The First Crusade. London: Penguin. pp. 282, 308. ISBN 978-0-14-013706-4.
- ^ Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades Vol 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem. London: Penguin. pp. 191–92. ISBN 978-0-14-013704-0.
- ^ a b c Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades Vol 3: The Kingdom of Acre. London: Penguin. pp. 70–71, 186, 324. ISBN 978-0-14-013705-7.
- ^ a b c d Kark, Ruth (1990). Jaffa: A City in Evolution 1799–1917. Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978–965–217–065–1.
- ^ a b PN Bearman et al., ed. Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition. Yafi.
- ^ Jacques-François Moit (1814). Mémoires pour servir à l'historoire des expéditions en Egypte et en Syrie. , quoted in Véronique Nahoum-Grappe (2002). "The anthropology of extreme violence: the crime of desecration". International Social Science Journal 54 (174): 549–557. DOI:10.1111/1468-2451.00409.
- ^ a b "Archaeological discoveries may prove barrier to Jaffa port rejuvenation". Haaretz. 15 January 2008. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944906.html. Retrieved 21 January 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "From Spring Hill to Independence". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/tahist.html. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- ^ "Dizengoff, Meir". Jewish Agency. http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ Bridger, David (1906). The New Jewish Encyclopedia. Behrman House, Inc. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-87441-120-1. http://books.google.com/?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117&dq=founder+tel-aviv.
- ^ Seashell lottery
- ^ Bernthal, Ron. "The White City: Tel Aviv And Its Bauhaus Tradition". Travel Writer's Magazine. http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ The New York Times Current History. The New York Times Co. 1917. p. 167. http://books.google.com/?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa&dq=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the disturbances in Palestine in May, 1921, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.
- ^ "Tel Aviv History". Travelnet.co.il. http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- ^ Maya Zamir, The Day of The bombing, Tel Aviv Magazine, 7 September 2007 (Hebrew)
- ^ Supplement to a Survey of Palestine. http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Maps/Story574.html. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
- ^ "Foreign Ministry reaction to the transfer of the Dutch embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv". Israel's Foreign Relations: Selected Documents. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 26 August 1980. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ "Embassies and Consulates in Israel". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Israel Science and Technology. http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Arnon Golan (1995), The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's municipal boundaries, Planning Perspectives, vol. 10, pp. 383–398.
- ^ "Founders Monument and Fountain". Fodors. http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "City Profile" (PDF). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf. Retrieved 30 March 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Kipnis, Baruch A. (2004). "Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a Deadend of the Global Economy" (PDF). http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
- ^ Citation from a web travel guide about modern places in Israel, with Biblical references
- ^ a b "Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year 1909–2009". City of Tel Aviv-Yafo. http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN/. [dead link]
- ^ "Ahuzat Bayit Collection" (in Hebrew). http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/.
- ^ "Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection". Stanford University. http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv.
- ^ Death toll
- ^ "Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sept 1993)". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 24 September 2000. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ Serge Schmemann (5 March 2010). "Bombing in Israel:The Overiew;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print.
- ^ Michal Avrahami (Hebrew)
- ^ Yael Gilad (Hebrew)
- ^ Anat Winter-Rosen (Hebrew)
- ^ The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion – From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax
- ^ O'Sullvian, Arieh (25 November 2001). "No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv.". Jerusalem Post. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ Fisher, Ian (29 January 2006). "In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ Ynet – פיגוע בדולפינריום – חדשות
- ^ "USATODAY.com – Six killed, scores wounded in suicide attack on Tel Aviv bus". USA Today (McLean, VA: Gannett). ISSN 0734-7456. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "Tel Aviv bus bomb shatters hopes of truce | World news | The Guardian". The Guardian (London: GMG). 20 September 2002. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/sep/20/israel1. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | Middle East | Fatal bus blast rocks Tel Aviv". BBC News (London: BBC). 19 September 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "Suicide Bomber Kills 5 on a Bus in Tel Aviv – New York Times". The New York Times (New York: NYTC). 20 September 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "CNN.com – Jerrold Kessel: Heart of Tel Aviv hit – Sep. 19, 2002". cnn. 2011 [last update]. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ Avi Kotzer
- ^ Viktor Shebayev
- ^ Khazzoom, Loolwa (29 September 2003). "Tel Aviv bar and bomb target slowly getting its groove back". jewishsf.com. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d USATODAY.com – Syria-based Islamic Jihad claims role for Tel Aviv bombing
- ^ "Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel". Anti-Defamation League. http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ Terror attack in Tel Aviv leaves eight wounded – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News
- ^ "Tel Aviv". Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013102915/http://jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About+Israel/Cities/Tel+Aviv.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ "Cities located close to Tel Aviv". TimeandDate.com. http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html?n=676. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ "Map of Israel". Carta. http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ a b Yarkoni, Amir. "Real Estate in Tel Aviv – continued". Tel Aviv Insider. http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
- ^ a b "Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records [Excluding February and May written in the page)"]. Israel Meteorological Service. http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo.
- ^ "Extremes for Tel Aviv [Records of February and May"]. Israel Meteorological Service. http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Tel Aviv, Israel". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm.
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica Staff (1974). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 66. ISBN 0-85229-290-2. http://books.google.com/?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council&dq=tel-aviv+city+council.
- ^ "Social Services Administration". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm. Retrieved 29 March 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Community Life". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm. Retrieved 29 March 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Tourism". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080302120451/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
- ^ Lappin, Yaakov (12 November 2008). "Huldai beats Henin in TA mayor race". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1226404704522. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
- ^ Shiner, Doron. "How they voted: See Israel election results by city/sector – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz. Israel. http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Tel Aviv-Yafo in Numbers". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. July 2006. http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:Fmggdk2FbeIJ:www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf+http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=uk. Retrieved 27 January 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f "Tel Aviv getting younger". Jerusalem Post. 21 January 2008. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200572495562&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv University". QS Top Universities. http://www.topuniversities.com/. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Higher Education". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "TAU History". Tel Aviv University. http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ "Colleges in Israel". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ "Gymnasia Herzlia" (in Hebrew). http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv Ethnic Breakdown" (Excel). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 31 December 2005. http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls. Retrieved 7 July 2007. "Others" refers to non-Arab Christians and unclassified.
- ^ "Migration News". UC Davis. http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
- ^ "Israel 2007 Crime & Safety Report: Tel Aviv". Overseas Security Advisory Agency. https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217. Retrieved 26 January 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ Christian Science Monitor: "Israel, land of Jewish refugees, riled by influx of Africans" By Joshua Mitnick May 24, 2012
- ^ Petersburg, Ofer (3 July 2007). "Tel Aviv airport to make way for luxury project". Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3420369,00.html. Retrieved 3 July 2007.
- ^ Forester, Fischler, Shmueli, John, Raphael, Deborah (2001). . Israeli Planners and Designers: Profiles of Community Builders. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 33–41.
- ^ Mayer, Joel (4/12/11). "Tel Aviv Chic; Exploring Graffiti in Florentine". Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152. Retrieved 3/12/11.
- ^ Unemployment rate at historic low in Q4 2011Globes, 28 February 12 14:00, Adrian Filut
- ^ "Tel Aviv City Guide". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures#Economic_profile. Retrieved 28 May 2007. [dead link]
- ^ a b c Levy, Stephen; Matt Rees (9 November 1998). "Focus on Technology: The Hot New Tech Cities". Newsweek.
- ^ a b "Cost of living top 50 cities". Mercer Human Resource Consulting. http://www.mercer.com/costofliving. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
- ^ Sandler, Neal (21 June 2007). "Israel: A Hotbed of...Investment". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
- ^ Senor, Singer, Dan, Saul (2009). Start Up Nation. New York: Twelve. pp. 13–14.
- ^ "Tel Aviv". Thomsonfly. http://www.thomsonfly.com/en/destination_3863.html. Retrieved 19 July 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "The World's Billionaires". Forbes. 8 March 2007. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
- ^ Bin-Nun, Boaz (9 December 2006). "Israel's 40 Richest". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d "Green, White or Black City?" (PDF). Martin Wein, Emory University. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080409004022/http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
- ^ "White City of Tel Aviv". UNESCO. http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1096. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Bauhaus Architecture". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv Towers". Tel Aviv in Focus. http://telavivinf.com/info/infoitems.asp?lang=eng&cat=1&status=completed. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=948. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ Ynetnews.com, by Reuven Weiss, Ynet, 3 March 2009.
- ^ Tel Aviv’s Upscale Revolution, by Adam H. Graham, Town & Country Travel, 12 February 2008.
- ^ Go Out With the Old in Tel Aviv, David Kaufman, New York Magazine, Published 28 August 2008.
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html
- ^ Tel Aviv-Yaffo Municipality, Beaches
- ^ "Tel Aviv ranked Israel's greenest city". Globes. 11 April 2011. http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ^ "Tel Aviv goes dark as part of global 'Earth Hour' campaign". Haaretz. 30 March 2008. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0. Retrieved 30 March 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Senyor, Eli (22 February 2009). "Tel Aviv launches water saving campaign". Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
- ^ Electric Tel Aviv, by David Kaufman, Financial Times, 12 February 2008.
- ^ a b Recycling in Israel, Not Just Trash, but the Whole Dump, by Isabel Kershner, 24 October 2007.
- ^ Israelis win Barcelona landscape prize
- ^ "Tel Aviv commits to electric car". Globes. 17 January 2008. http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000299280&fid=942. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
- ^ "Meet Our Team". Better Place. http://www.betterplace.com/the-company-leadership-detail/index/id/lior-storfer. Retrieved 4/12/11.
- ^ Baruch, Uzi (17 May 2009). "תל אביב דתית יותר ממה שנהוג לחשוב". Israel National News. http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306. Retrieved 17 May 2009. (Hebrew)
- ^ Michelson, Udi (19 January 2007). "The Jewish underground of Tel Aviv". Ynetnews. http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
- ^ Arfa, Orit (21 October 2006). "Jewish learning on the rise in Tel Aviv". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193467733&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ Cohen, Avi (2 November 2006). "Synagogue vandalized as gay parade controversy picks up steam". Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv-Jaffa". Israeli Tourism Ministry. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080303015041/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
- ^ "Population by District, Sub-District and Religion" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007. Israel CBS. 2007. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_06x&CYear=2007. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- ^ Associated Press (9 November 2008). "Former Chief Rabbi Lau named as chair of Yad Vashem council". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
- ^ Schamp, Eike W., Felsenstein, Daniel (2002). Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel Aviv Compared. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-0924-2. http://books.google.com/?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196&dq=tel+aviv+israel+cultural+capital. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "Tel Aviv Culture". TravelGuides.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071217073110/http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "History and Architecture". Israel Opera. http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Mann Auditorium". Hatarbut.co.il. http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv Activities". iExplore.com. http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel+Aviv/Activities. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ "McCartney wows fans with historic Israel concert". Reuters. 25 September 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^ "Depeche Mode to kick off next world tour in Israel". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "Madonna To Wrap Up Tour in Tel Aviv". The Forward. http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ^ "Tel Aviv Nightclubs". DIY Tel Aviv guide. Retrieved 2011-08-04
- ^ "The world's top 10 party towns". Sydney Morning Herald. 19 November 2009. http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Lonely Planet's top 10 cities for 2011". http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ Brijbassi, Adrian (15 March 2011). "5 best Irish pubs not in Ireland". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ "Tel Aviv bus tour". Tel Aviv City Tours. http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv architecture tour". TelAvivArchitecture.com. http://www.telavivarchitecture.com. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv segway tours". Segways.co.il. http://www.segways.co.il/. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv walking tours". http://www.telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html. Retrieved 19 January 2008 publisher=TelAviv4Fun.com.
- ^ "Tel Aviv Statistical Overview". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm. [dead link]
- ^ Benwick, Bonnie S. (4 April 2010). "Tasting Tel Aviv, Israel's culinary capital". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ Saradas-Trutino, Sarit (28 January 2008). "Israel becomes sushi mecca". Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
- ^ "Was Arafat Gay?". Out. http://out.com/detail.asp?id=22719.
- ^ "Top 10 gay and lesbian holiday destinations". Pink Paper. 29 June 2011. http://news.pinkpaper.com/Feature.aspx?id=2342. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ^ Sherwood, Harriet (10 June 2011). "Tel Aviv's Gay Pride parade draws thousands". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/10/tel-aviv-gay-pride-parade. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Zeitun, Yoav (26 December 2008). "Tel Aviv recruits gay athletes for 2009 World Outgames". Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
- ^ Tel Aviv voted best gay city of 2011 on LGBT website
- ^ What’s New in Tel Aviv, by David Kaufman, March 2008.
- ^ Promoting Israel in a Downturn[dead link], David Saranga, 17 December 2008
- ^ Fashion Week: Gottex, 9 September 2008.
- ^ Merle Ginsberg (21 November 2011). "Roberto Cavalli Shows Spring 2012 Collection at First Ever Tel Aviv Fashion Week". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ "Museums and Galleries". Tel Aviv Municipality. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011022740/http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
- ^ Sharkansky, Ira (2005). Governing Israel: Chosen People, Promised Land and Prophetic Tradition. Transaction Publishers. p. 22. ISBN 0-7658-0277-5.
- ^ "Treasure of the State". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "The Museums of Tel-Aviv-Jaffa". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Archived from the original on 14 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080114035243/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ Slater, Robert (2003). Great Jews in Sports. Jonathan David Company, Inc.. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8246-0453-0. http://books.google.com/?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ "Hapoel Tel Aviv". Fotw.net. http://www.fotw.net/flags/il@hapta.html. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Rowers Almanac". Rowersalmanac.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061018033258/http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Sports in the Tel-Aviv". Tel Aviv Insider. http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Israel Baseball League starts in June". St. Louis Jewish Light. http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
- ^ "10,000 athletes to run in Tel Aviv half marathon". http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ "Thousands sport sneakers for Tel Aviv marathon". Haaretz. Israel. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
- ^ "Israel Newspapers". Abzynewslinks.com. http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Tel Aviv Israel news media". Mondotimes.com. http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/il/235/4739. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ Solomon, Shoshanna (1 November 2001). "Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ Wrobel, Sharon (1 August 2008). "Public transportation to be overhauled". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1198517321459. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
- ^ Bar-Eli, Avi (30 November 2006). "Sde Dov to be vacated, state gets half of Big Bloc". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ "Tel-O-Fun". Tel Aviv Municipality. http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ "Israel Treasury: We decided to take the light rail from Leveiev. New opening target: 2016" (PDF). Yedioth Ahronot. http://80.70.129.175/data/SIP_STORAGE/files/1/2021.pdf. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
- ^ Now it's final? The government cancelled the agreement with MTS to construct the Tel Aviv Light Rail, Calcalist, 10 August 2010, In Hebrew
- ^ "Frankfurt -Partner Cities". 2008 Stadt Frankfurt am Main. http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok. Retrieved 1 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Tel-aviv.gov
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 4 May 2005. http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11. Retrieved 29 August 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr Destrict". 2009 Twins2010.com. http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd. Retrieved 28 October 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Twin Cities". The City of £َdں Office.
2007. http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029. Retrieved 23 October 2008. [dead link] (English) (Polish) - ^ "Milano – Città Gemellate". 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ "Twinning Cities". City of Thessaloniki. http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/English/twinning-cities.htm. Retrieved 7 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). 2006–2009 Ajuntament de Barcelona. http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
- ^ "Sمo Paulo – Sister Cities Program". 2005–2008 Fiscolegis – Todos os direitos reservados Editora de publicaçُes periodicas – LTDA / 2008 City of Sمo Paulo. http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=/detalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ International Relations – Sمo Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities
Bibliography[link]
- Michael Turner, Catherine Weill-Rochant, Geneviève Blondiau, Silvina Sosnovsky, Philippe Brandeis, Sur les traces du modernisme, Tel-Aviv-Haïfa-Jérusalem, CIVA (ed.), Bruxelles 2004. (Hebrew and French)
- Catherine Weill-Rochant, L'Atlas de Tel-Aviv 1908–2008, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2008. (Historical maps and photos, French, soon in Hebrew and English)
- Catherine Weill-Rochant, Bauhaus » – Architektur in Tel-Aviv, L’architecture « Bauhaus » à Tel- Aviv, Rita Gans (éd.), Zurich, Yad Yearim, 2008. (German and French)
- Catherine Weill-Rochant, 'The Tel-Aviv School : a constrained rationalism', DOCOMOMO journal (Documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement), April 2009.
- Rochant Weill, Catherine (2006) (PDF). Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la « ville blanche » de Tel Aviv : une part d’ombre et de lumière. Volume 1 (PhD thesis). Paris: Université Paris 8. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf. Retrieved 9 July 2010. [dead link] And: Rochant Weill, Catherine (2006) (PDF). Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la « ville blanche » de Tel Aviv : une part d’ombre et de lumière. Volume 2 (PhD thesis). Paris: Université Paris 8. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf. Retrieved 9 July 2010. [dead link]
- Catherine Weill-Rochant, Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombre et de lumière, Saarbrücken, ةditions Universitaires Européennes, May 2010.
- Jochen Visscher (ed.): "Tel Aviv The White City", Photographs by Stefan Boness, JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-939633-75-4
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tel Aviv-Yaffo |
- The official Tel Aviv municipality website
- The official Tel Aviv municipality website (Hebrew)
- The official Tel Aviv municipality website (Arabic)
- The History of Tel Aviv (Arabic)
- Tel Aviv official tourism website
- The Tel Aviv Foundation
- Tel Aviv beach guide
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
|||||
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Tel Aviv-Jaffa
http://es.wn.com/Tel Aviv
http://ru.wn.com/Тель-Авив
http://cs.wn.com/Tel Aviv
http://pt.wn.com/Tel Aviv
http://pl.wn.com/Tel Awiw-Jafa
http://hi.wn.com/तेल अविव
http://it.wn.com/Tel Aviv
http://id.wn.com/Tel Aviv
http://nl.wn.com/Tel Aviv
http://fr.wn.com/Tel Aviv-Jaffa
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Helen of Troy (disambiguation).
In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy (in Greek, Ἑλένη, Helénē), also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda (or Nemesis), step-daughter of King Tyndareus, wife of Menelaus and sister of Castor, Polydeuces and Clytemnestra. Her abduction by Paris brought about the Trojan War.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The etymology of Helen's name has been a problem to scholars until the present. Georg Curtius related Helen (Ἑλένη) to the moon (Selene Σελήνη). Émile Boisacq considered Ἑλένη from the noun ἑλένη meaning "torch".[1] It has also been suggested that the λ of Ἑλένη arose from an original ν, and thus the etymology of the name is connected with the root of Venus. Linda Lee Clader, however, says that none of the above suggestions offers much satisfaction.[2]
If the name has an Indo-European etymology, it is possibly a suffixed form of a root *wel- "to turn, roll",[3] or of *sel- "to flow, run".[4] The latter possibility would allow comparison to the Vedic Sanskrit Saraṇyū, a character who is abducted in Rigveda 10.17.2. This parallel is suggestive of a Proto-Indo-European abduction myth. Saraṇyū means "swift" and is derived from the adjective saraṇa ("running", "swift"), the feminine of which is saraṇā; this is in every sound cognate with Ἑλένα, the form of her name that has no initial digamma.[5] The possible connection of Helen's name to ἑλένη ("torch"), as noted above, may also support the relationship of her name to Vedic svaranā ("the shining one").[6][7]
Prehistoric and mythological context[link]
The origins of Helen's myth date back to the Mycenaean age.[8] The first record of her name appears in the poems of Homer, but scholars assume that such myths invented or received by the Mycenaean Greeks made their way to Homer. Her mythological birthplace was the Sparta of the Age of Heroes, which features prominently in the canon of Greek myth: in later ancient Greek memory, the Mycenaean Bronze Age became the age of the Greek heroes. The kings, queens, and heroes of the Trojan Cycle are often related to the gods, since mythic origins gave stature to the Greeks' heroic ancestors. The fall of Troy came to represent a fall from an illustrious heroic age, remembered for centuries in oral tradition before being written down.[9] Recent archaeological excavations in Greece suggest that modern-day Laconia was a distinct territory in the Late Bronze Age, while the poets narrate that it was a rich kingdom. Archaeologists have unsuccessfully looked for a Mycenaean palatial complex buried beneath present-day Sparta.[10] An important Mycenaean site at the Menelaion was destroyed by c. 1200 BC, and most other Mycenaean sites in Lakonia also disappear. There is a shrinkage from fifty sites to fifteen in the early twelfth century, and then to fewer in the eleventh century.[11]
Life[link]
Birth[link]
In most sources, including the Iliad and the Odyssey, Helen is the daughter of Zeus and Leda, the wife of the Spartan king Tyndareus.[12] Euripides' play Helen, written in the late 5th century BC, is the earliest source to report the most familiar account of Helen's birth: that, although her putative father was Tyndareus, she was actually Zeus' daughter. In the form of a swan, the king of gods was chased by an eagle, and sought refuge with Leda. The swan gained her affection, and the two mated. Leda then produced an egg, from which Helen emerged.[13] The First Vatican Mythographer introduces the notion that two eggs came from the union: one containing Castor and Pollux; one with Helen and Clytemnestra. Nevertheless, the same author earlier states that Helen, Castor and Pollux were produced from a single egg.[14] Pseudo-Apollodorus states that Leda had intercourse with both Zeus and Tyndareus the night she conceived Helen.[15]
On the other hand, in the Cypria, one of the Cyclic Epics, Helen was the daughter of Zeus and the goddess Nemesis.[16] The date of the Cypria is uncertain, but it is generally thought to preserve traditions that date back to at least the 7th century BC. In the Cypria, Nemesis did not wish to mate with Zeus. She therefore changed shape into various animals as she attempted to flee Zeus, finally becoming a goose. Zeus also transformed himself into a goose and mated with Nemesis, who produced an egg from which Helen was born.[17] Presumably, in the Cypria, this egg was somehow transferred to Leda.[18] Later sources state either that it was brought to Leda by a shepherd who discovered it in a grove in Attica, or that it was dropped into her lap by Hermes.[19]
Asclepiades[disambiguation needed 
] and Pseudo-Eratosthenes related a similar story, except that Zeus and Nemesis became swans instead of geese.[20] Timothy Gantz has suggested that the tradition that Zeus came to Leda in the form of a swan derives from the version in which Zeus and Nemesis transformed into birds.[21]
Pausanias states that in the middle of the 2nd century AD, the remains of an egg-shell, tied up in ribbons, were still suspended from the roof of a temple on the Spartan acropolis. People believed that this was "the famous egg that legend says Leda brought forth". Pausanias traveled to Sparta to visit the sanctuary, dedicated to Hilaeira and Phoebe, in order to see the relic for himself.[22]
Abduction by Theseus and youth[link]
Two Athenians, Theseus and Pirithous, thought that since they were both sons of Gods, both should have divine wives; they thus pledged to help each other abduct two daughters of Zeus. Theseus chose Helen, and Pirithous vowed to marry Persephone, the wife of Hades. Theseus took Helen and left her with his mother Aethra or his associate Aphidnus at Aphidnae or Athens. Theseus and Pirithous then traveled to the underworld, the domain of Hades, to kidnap Persephone. Hades pretended to offer them hospitality and set a feast, but, as soon as the pair sat down, snakes coiled around their feet and held them there. Helen's abduction caused an invasion of Athens by Castor and Pollux, who captured Aethra in revenge, and returned their sister to Sparta.[23]
In most accounts of this event, Helen was quite young; Hellanicus of Lesbos said she was seven years old and Diodorus makes her ten years old.[24] On the other hand, Stesichorus said that Iphigeneia was the daughter of Theseus and Helen, which obviously implies that Helen was of childbearing age.[25] In most sources, Iphigeneia is the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, but Duris of Samos and other writers followed Stesichorus' account.[26]
Ovid's Heroides give us an idea of how ancient and, in particular, Roman authors imagined Helen in her youth: she is presented as a young princess wrestling naked in the palaestra; an image alluding to a part of girls' physical education in classical (and not in Mycenaean) Sparta. Sextus Propertius imagines Helen as a girl who practices arms and hunts with her brothers:[27]
[...] or like Helen, on the sands of Eurotas, between Castor and Pollux, one to be victor in boxing, the other with horses: with naked breasts she carried weapons, they say, and did not blush with her divine brothers there.
Suitors of Helen[link]
When it was time for Helen to marry, many kings and princes from around the world came to seek her hand, bringing rich gifts with them, or sent emissaries to do so on their behalf. During the contest, Castor and Pollux had a prominent role in dealing with the suitors, although the final decision was in the hands of Tyndareus.[28] Menelaus, her future husband, did not attend but sent his brother, Agamemnon, to represent him.
There are three available and not entirely consistent lists of suitors, compiled by Pseudo-Apollodorus (31 suitors), Hesiod (11 suitors), and Hyginus (36 suitors), for a total of 45 distinct names. There are only fragments from Hesiod's poem, so his list would have contained more. Achilles' absence from the lists is conspicuous, but Hesiod explains that he was too young to take part in the contest.[29] Taken together, the list of suitors matches well with the captains in the Catalog of Ships from the Iliad; however, some of the names may have been placed in the list of Helen's suitors simply because they went to Troy. It is not unlikely that relatives of a suitor may have joined the war.
Six Suitors listed in all three sources[30]
- Ajax - Son of Telamon. Led 12 ships from Salamis to Troy. Commits suicide there.
- Elephenor - Son of Chalcodon. Led 50 ships to Troy and died there
- Menelaus - Son of Atreus. Led 60 ships from Sparta to Troy. He returned home to Sparta with Helen.
- Menestheus - Son of Peteos. Led 50 ships from Athens to Troy. He returned to Athens after the war.
- Odysseus - Son of Laertes. Led 12 ships from Ithaca to Troy. He returned home after 10 years of wandering the seas.
- Protesilaus - Son of Iphicles. Led 40 ships from Phylace to Troy. He was the first Greek to die in battle at the hands of Hector.
Nineteen Suitors listed by both Apollodorus and Hyginus
- Agapenor - Son of Ancaeus, King of Arcadia. Takes 60 ships of men to Troy. Returns home.
- Ajax (AKA Ajax the Lesser or Locrian Ajax) - Son of Oileus. Led 40 ships to Troy, drowned on the way home when Poseidon split the rock he was on.
- Amphimachus - Son of Cteatus. With Polyxenus and Thalpius, he led 40 ships from Elis to Troy. Killed by Hector.
- Antilochus - Son of Nestor. Went with his father and 90 ships to Troy. Killed in battle while protecting his father from Memnon.
- Ascalaphus - Son of Ares and King of Orchemenus. Led 30 ships to Troy. Killed in battle by Deiphobus.
- Diomedes - Son of Tydeus. Diomedes was one of the Epigoni and King of Argos. He led 80 ships to Troy. His wife took a lover and Diomedes lost his kingdom, so after the war he settled in Italy.
- Eumelus - Son of Admetus and King of Pherae. Led 11 ships to Troy.
- Eurypylus - Son of Euaemon. Led 40 ships from Thessaly to Troy.
- Leonteus - Son of Coronos. With Polypoetes he led 40 ships of the Lapiths to Troy.
- Machaon - Son of Asclepius, brother of Podalirius. An Argonaut and physician. Led 30 ships. Killed in battle by Eurypylus (the son of Telephus).
- Meges - Son of Phyleus. Led 40 ships to Troy.
- Patroclus - Son of Menoetius. His younger cousin Achilles went with him to Troy. Killed by Hector.
- Peneleus - Son of Hippalcimus. An Argonaut. He went with the Boetian force of 50 ships to Troy. Killed in battle by Eurypylus (the son of Telephus).
- Philoctetes - Son of Poeas. Led 7 ships from Thessaly to Troy, he was an archer and killed Paris.
- Podalirius - Son of Asclepius, brother of Machaon. A physician. After the war he founded a city in Caria.
- Polypoetes - Son of Pirithous. With Leonteus, he led 40 ships of the Lapiths to Troy.
- Polyxenus - Son of Agasthenes. With Amphimachus, and Thalpius, he led 40 ships from Elis to Troy.
- Sthenelus - Son of Capaneus. One of the Epigoni, he went with Diomedes to Troy.
- Thalpius - Son of Eurytus. With Amphimachus and Polyxenus, he led 40 ships from Elis to Troy.
One Suitor listed by Apollodorus and Hesiod
- Amphilochus - Son of Amphiaraus and younger brother of Alcmaeon.
One Suitor listed by Hesiod and Hyginus
- Idomeneus - Son of Deucalion and King of Crete. Led 80 ships to Troy. Survived the war, but was exiled from Crete.
Three Suitors listed only by Hesiod
- Alcmaeon - Son of Amphiaraus and one of the Epigoni.
- Lycomedes - a Cretan.
- Podarces - The younger brother of Protesilaus. He led the troops after his brother's death.
Ten Suitors listed only by Hyginus
- Ancaeus -
- Blanirus -
- Clytius -
- Meriones - A companion of Idomeneus of Crete.
- Nireus - He led 3 ships from Syme to Troy.
- Phemius -
- Phidippus - He led 30 ships to Troy.
- Prothous - He led 40 ships from Magnetes to Troy.
- Thoas - He led 40 ships from Aetolia to Troy.
- Tlepolemus - He led 9 ships from Rhodes to Troy.
Five Suitors listed only by Apollodorus
- Epistrophus - Son of Iphitus, brother of Schedius.
- Ialmenus - Companion of Ascalaphus, who led 30 ships to Troy
- Leitus - Son of Alector and father of Peneleus.
- Schedius - Son of Iphitus, brother of Epistrophus. He was killed by Hector who was trying to throw a spear towards Ajax.
- Teucer - The half-brother of Ajax. Survived the war.
The Oath of Tyndareus[link]
Tyndareus was afraid to select a husband for his daughter, or send any of the suitors away, for fear of offending them and giving grounds for a quarrel. Odysseus was one of the suitors, but had brought no gifts because he believed he had little chance to win the contest. He thus promised to solve the problem, if Tyndareus in turn would support him in his courting of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. Tyndareus readily agreed, and Odysseus proposed that, before the decision was made, all the suitors should swear a most solemn oath to defend the chosen husband against whoever should quarrel with him. After the suitors had sworn not to retaliate, Menelaus was chosen to be Helen's husband. As a sign of the importance of the pact, Tyndareus sacrificed a horse.[31] Helen and Menelaus became rulers of Sparta, after Tyndareus abdicated.
The marriage of Helen and Menelaus marks the beginning of the end of the age of heroes. Concluding the catalog of Helen's suitors, Hesiod reports Zeus' plan to obliterate the race of men and the heroes in particular. The Trojan War, caused by Helen's elopement with Paris, is going to be his means to this end.[32]
Seduction by Paris[link]
See also: Judgement of Paris
 |
 |
|
|
In western painting, Helen's journey to Troy is usually depicted as a forced abduction. The Rape of Helen by Francesco Primaticcio (left, c. 1530–1539, Bowes Museum) is representative of this tradition. In Guido Reni's homonymous painting (right, 1631, Louvre, Paris), however, Paris holds Helen by her wrist, and leave together for Troia.
|
||
Some years later, Paris, a Trojan prince, came to Sparta to claim Helen, in the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission. Before this journey, Paris had been appointed by Zeus to judge the most beautiful goddess; Hera, Athena, or Aphrodite. In order to earn his favour, Aphrodite promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world. Swayed by Aphrodite's offer, Paris chose her as the most beautiful of the goddesses, earning the wrath of Athena and Hera.
Although Helen is sometimes depicted as being raped by Paris, Ancient Greek sources are often elliptical and contradictory. Herodotus states that Helen was abducted, but the Cypria simply mentions that, after giving Helen gifts, "Aphrodite brings the Spartan queen together with the Prince of Troy."[33] Sappho argues that Helen willingly left behind Menelaus and Hermione, her nine-year-old daughter, to be with Paris:
- Some say a host of horsemen, others of infantry and others
- of ships, is the most beautiful thing on the dark earth
- but I say, it is what you love
- Full easy it is to make this understood of one and all: for
- she that far surpassed all mortals in beauty, Helen her
- most noble husband
- Deserted, and went sailing to Troy, with never a thought for
- her daughter and dear parents.[35]
Dio Chrysostom gives a completely different account of the story, questioning Homer's credibility: after Agamemnon had married Helen's sister, Klytaemnestra, Tyndareus sought Helen's hand for Menelaus on account of political reasons. However, Helen was sought by many suitors, who came from far and near, among them Paris who surpassed all the others and won the favor of Tyndareus and his sons. Thus he won her fairly and took her away to Troia, with the full consent of her natural protectors.[36] Cypria narrate that in just three days Paris and Helen reached Troy. Homer narrates that during a brief stop-over in the small island of Kranai, where, according to Iliad, the two lovers consummated their passion. On the other hand, Cypria note that this happened the night before they left Sparta.[37]
Helen in Egypt[link]
At least three Ancient Greek authors denied that Helen ever went to Troy; instead, they suggested, Helen stayed in Egypt during the duration of the Trojan War. Those three authors are Euripides, Stesichorus, and Herodotus.[38] In the version put forth by Euripides in his play Helen, Hera fashioned a likeness of Helen (eidolon, εἴδωλον) out of clouds at Zeus' request, Hermes took her to Egypt, and Helen never went to Troy, spending the entire war in Egypt. Eidolon is also present in Stesichorus' account, but not in Herodotus' rationalizing version of the myth.
Herodotus adds weight to the "Egyptian" version of events by putting forward his own evidence—he traveled to Egypt and interviewed the priests of the temple of (Foreign Aphrodite, ξείνης Ἀφροδίτης) at Memphis. According to these priests, Helen had arrived in Egypt shortly after leaving Sparta, because strong winds had blown Paris's ship off course. King Proteus of Egypt, appalled that Paris had seduced his host's wife and plundered his host's home in Sparta, disallowed Paris from taking Helen to Troy. Paris returned to Troy without a new bride, but the Greeks refused to believe that Helen was in Egypt and not within Troy's walls. Thus, Helen waited in Memphis for ten years, while the Greek and the Trojans fought. Following the conclusion of the Trojan War, Menelaus sailed to Memphis, where Proteus reunited him with Helen.[39]
Helen in Troy[link]
 |
 |
|
|
Helen on the Ramparts of Troy was a popular theme in the late 19th century art. Both Frederick Leighton (left), and Gustave Moreau (right) depict an expressionless Helen; a blank or anguished face.
|
||
When he discovered that his wife was missing, Menelaus called upon all the other suitors to fulfill their oaths, thus beginning the Trojan War. The Greek fleet gathered in Aulis, but the ships could not sail, because there was no wind. Artemis was enraged with a sacrilegious act of the Greeks, and only the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter, Iphigenia, could appease her. In Euripides Iphigenia in Aulis, Clytemnestra, Iphigenia's mother and Helen's sister, begs her husband to reconsider his decision, calling Helen a "wicked woman". Clytemnestra (unsuccessfully) warns Agamemnon that sacrificing Iphigenia for Helen's sake is, "buying what we most detest with what we hold most dear".[40]
Before the opening of hostilities, the Greeks dispatched a delegation to the Trojans under Odysseus and Menelaus; they endeavored to persuade Priam to hand Helen back without success. A popular theme, The Request of Helen (Helenes Apaitesis, Ἑλένης Ἀπαίτησις) was the subject of a drama by Sophocles, now lost.[41]
Homer paints a poignant, lonely picture of Helen in Troy. She is filled with self-distaste and regret for what she has caused; by the end of the war, the Trojans have come to hate her. When Hector dies, she is the third mourner at his funeral, and she says that, of all the Trojans, Hector and Priam alone were always kind to her:[42]
- Wherefore I wail alike for thee and for my hapless self with grief at heart;
- for no longer have I anyone beside in broad Troy that is gentle to me or kind;
- but all men shudder at me.
These bitter words reveal that Helen gradually realized Paris' weaknesses, and she decided to ally herself with Hector. There is an affectionate relationship between the two of them, and Helen has harsh words to say for Paris, when she compares the two brothers:[43]
- Howbeit, seeing the gods thus ordained these ills, would that I had been wife to a better man,
- that could feel the indignation of his fellows and their many revilings. [...]
- But come now, enter in, and sit thee upon this chair, my brother,
- since above all others has trouble encompassed thy heart because of shameless me, and the folly of Alexander.
During the fall of Troy, Helen's role is ambiguous. In Virgil's Aeneid, Deiphobus gives an account of Helen's treacherous stance: when the Trojan Horse was admitted into the city, she feigned Bacchic rites, leading a chorus of Trojan women, and, holding a torch among them, she signaled to the Greeks from the city's central tower. In Odyssey, however, Homer narrates a different story: Helen circled the Horse three times, and she imitated the voices of the Greek women left behind at home—she thus tortured the men inside (including Odysseus and Menelaus) with the memory of their loved ones, and brought them to the brink of destruction.[44]
After the death of Hector and Paris, Helen became the paramour of their younger brother, Deiphobus; but when the sack of Troy began, she hid her new husband's sword, and left him to the mercy of Menelaus and Odysseus. In Aeneid, Aeneas meets the mutilated Deiphobus in Hades; his wounds serve as a testimony to his ignominious end, abetted by Helen's final act of treachery.[45]
However, Helen's portraits in Troy seem to contradict each other. From one side, we read about the treacherous Helen who simulated Bacchic rites and rejoiced over the carnage of Trojans. On the other hand, there is another Helen, lonely and helpless; desperate to find sanctuary, while Troy is on fire. Stesichorus narrates that both Greeks and Trojans gathered to stone her to death.[46] When Menelaus finally found her, he raised his sword to kill her. He had demanded that only he should slay his unfaithful wife; but, when he was ready to do so, she dropped her robe from her shoulders, and the sight of her beauty caused him to let the sword drop from his hand.[47] Electra wails:[48]
Alas for my troubles! Can it be that her beauty has blunted their swords?
Fate[link]
Helen returned to Sparta and lived for a time with Menelaus, where she was encountered by Telemachus in The Odyssey. According to another version, used by Euripides in his play Orestes, Helen had long ago left the mortal world by then, having been taken up to Olympus almost immediately after Menelaus' return.
According to Pausanias the geographer (3.19.9–10): "The account of the Rhodians is different. They say that when Menelaus was dead, and Orestes still a wanderer, Helen was driven out by Nicostratus and Megapenthes and came to Rhodes, where she had a friend in Polyxo, the wife of Tlepolemus. For Polyxo, they say, was an Argive by descent, and when she was already married to Tlepolemus, shared his flight to Rhodes. At the time she was queen of the island, having been left with an orphan boy. They say that this Polyxo desired to avenge the death of Tlepolemus on Helen, now that she had her in her power. So she sent against her when she was bathing handmaidens dressed up as Furies, who seized Helen and hanged her on a tree, and for this reason the Rhodians have a sanctuary of Helen of the Tree."[49]
Tlepolemus was a son of Heracles and Astyoche. Astyoche was a daughter of Phylas, King of Ephyra who was killed by Heracles. Tlepolemus was killed by Sarpedon on the first day of fighting in the Iliad. Nicostratus was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Pieris, an Aetolian slave. Megapenthes was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Tereis, no further origin.
In Simonianism, it was taught that Helen of Troy was one of the incarnations of the Ennoia in human form.
Artistic representations[link]
From Antiquity, depicting Helen would be a remarkable challenge. The story of Zeuxis deals with this exact question: how would an artist immortalize ideal beauty?[51] He eventually selected the best features from five virgins. The ancient world starts to paint Helen's picture or inscribe her form on stone, clay and bronze by the 7th century BC.[52] Helen is frequently depicted on Athenian vases as being threatened by Menelaus and fleeing from him. This is not the case, however, in Laconic art: on an Archaic stele depicting Helen's recovery after the fall of Troy, Menelaus is armed with a sword but Helen faces him boldly, looking directly into his eyes; and in other works of Peloponnesian art, Helen is shown carrying a wreath, while Menelaus holds his sword aloft vertically. In contrast, on Athenian vases of c. 550–470, Menelaus threateningly points his sword at her.[53]
The abduction by Paris was another popular motive in ancient Greek vase-painting; definitely more popular than the kidnapping by Theseus. In a famous representation by the Athenian vase painter Makron, Helen follows Paris like a bride following a bridegroom, her wrist grasped by Paris' hand.[54] The Etruscans, who had a sophisticated knowledge of Greek mythology, demonstrated a particular interest in the theme of the delivery of Helen's egg, which is depicted in relief mirrors.[55]
In Renaissance painting, Helen's departure from Sparta is usually depicted as a scene of forcible removal (rape) by Paris. This is not, however, the case with certain secular medieval illustrations. Artists of the 1460s and 1470s were influenced by Guido delle Colonne's Historia destructionis Troiae, where Helen's abduction was portrayed as a scene of seduction. In the Florentine Picture Chronicle Paris and Helen are shown departing arm in arm, while their marriage was depicted into Franco-Flemish tapestry.[56]
In Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus (1604), Faust conjures the shade of Helen. Upon seeing Helen, Faustus speaks the famous line: "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships, / And burnt the topless towers of Ilium." (Act V, Scene I.) Helen is also conjured by Faust in Goethe's Faust.
In Pre-Raphaelite art, Helen is often shown with shining curly hair and ringlets. Other painters of the same period depict Helen on the ramparts of Troy, and focus on her expression: her face is expressionless, blank, inscrutable.[57] In Gustave Moreau's painting, Helen will finally become faceless; a blank eidonon in the middle of Troy's ruins.
Cult[link]
The major centers of Helen's cult were in Laconia. At Sparta, the urban sanctuary of Helen was located near the Platanistas, so called for the plane-trees planted there. Ancient sources associate Helen with gymnastic exercises or/and choral dances of maidens near the Evrotas River. Theocritus conjures up the epithalamium Spartan women sung at Platanistas commemorating the marriage of Helen and Menelaus:[58]
- We first a crown of low-growing lotus
- having woven will place it on a shady plane-tree.
- First from a silver oil-flask soft oil
- drawing we will let it drip beneath the shady plane-tree.
- Letters will be carved in the bark, so that someone passing by
- may read in Doric: "Reverence me. I am Helen's tree."
Helen's worship was also present on the opposite bank of Eurotas at Therapne, where she shared a shrine with Menelaus and the Dioscuri. The shrine has been known as "Menelaion" (the shrine of Menelaus), and it was believed to be the spot where Helen was buried alongside Menelaus. Despite its name, both the shrine and the cult originally belonged to Helen; Menelaus was added later as her husband.[59] Isocrates writes that at Therapne Helen and Menelaus were worshiped as gods, and not as heroes. Clader argues that, if indeed Helen was worshiped as a goddess at Therapne, then her powers should be largely concerned with fertility.[60] There is also evidence for Helen's cult in Hellenistic Sparta: rules for those sacrificing and holding feasts in their honor are extant.[61]
Helen was also worshiped in Attica along with her brothers, and on Rhodes as Helen Dendritis (Helen of the Trees, Έλένα Δενδρῖτις); she was a vegetation or a fertility goddess.[62] Martin F. Nilsson has argued that its cult in Rhodes has its roots to the Minoan, pre-Greek era, when Helen was allegedly worshiped as a vegetation goddess.[63] Claude Calame and other scholars try to analyze the affinity between the cults of Helen and Artemis Orthia, pointing out the resemblance of the terracotta female figurines offered to both deities.[64]
Modern Culture[link]
- Helen appears in various versions of the Faust Myth, such as Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus - of which Faustus' summoning Helen and courting her is one of the most well-known scenes, and which contributed the line "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships...?" which inspired many later references to Helen (see below).
- German poet and polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe re-envisioned the meeting of Faust and Helen. In Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy, the union of Helen and Faust becomes a complex allegory of the meeting of the classical-ideal and modern worlds.
- In 1928, Richard Strauss wrote the German opera Die ägyptische Helena, The Egyptian Helena, which is the story of Helen and Menelaus's troubles when they are marooned on a mythical island.
- In 1928, a silent film The Private Life of Helen of Troy, was made.
- In 1956, a British-Italian epic titled Helen of Troy was released, directed by Oscar-winning director Robert Wise and starring Italian actress Rossana Podestà in the title role. It was filmed in Italy, and featured well-known British character actors such as Harry Andrews, Cedric Hardwicke, and Torin Thatcher in supporting roles.
- In 1971, Michael Cacoyannis directed a film version of The Trojan Women in which Helen is played by Irene Papas.
- A 2003 television version of Helen's life up to the fall of Troy, Helen of Troy, in which she was played by Sienna Guillory.
- Helen was portrayed by Diane Kruger in the 2004 film Troy. In this adaptation she does not return to Sparta with Menelaus but leaves Troy with Aeneas when the city falls.
- Appeared in the episode 12 of Season 1 called "Beware Greeks Bearing Gifts" in Xena: Warrior Princess. Played by Galyn Görg, Helen was supposedly a close friend of Xena's and sent out a messenger to fetch her during the Trojan War.
- Helen of Troy is referenced in the climactic scene of The Truth About Cats & Dogs.
- Margaret George wrote an epic adult novel, Helen of Troy, in 2006, told through Helen's first-person narrative.
- Esther Friesner wrote a young-adult novel, Nobody's Princess, published in 2007, of Helen's childhood and early life, and its sequel, Nobody's Prize.
- Caroline B. Cooney also wrote a young-adult novel, Goddess of Yesterday, where Helen is one of the main characters.
- Kimberly-Clark's 2010 TV campaign for Poise adult underwear with Whoopi Goldberg as Helen.[65]
- Josephine Angelini wrote a young adult novel, Starcrossed about Helen of Troy.
- Irish poet William Butler Yeats compared Helen to his lover, Maude Gonne, in his poem "No Second Troy".[66]
- Canadian novelist and poet Margaret Atwood re-envisioned the myth of Helen in modern, feminist guise in her poem "Helen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing".[67]
- Henry Rider Haggard wrote a novel, The World's Desire in which Odysseus finds Helen in Egypt as a priestess and they wed.
- Inspired by the above-mentioned line "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships...?" from Marlowe's Faustus, Isaac Asimov jocularly coined the unit "millihelen" to mean the amount of beauty that can launch one ship.[68]
- Also inspired by the same Marlowe quotation is "If a face could launch a thousand ships, then where am I to go?", a line from the song "If" by David Gates and Bread.
- The modernist poet H.D. wrote an epic poem Helen in Egypt from Helen's perspective.<
- Jacob M. Appel's play, Helen of Sparta, retells Homer's Iliad from Helen's point-of-view.[69]
- The Memoirs of Helen of Troy by Amanda Elyot is about the life of Helen.
- The anthology Of Other Worlds by C. S. Lewis includes "After Ten Years". In Egypt after the Trojan War, Menelaus is allowed to choose between the real, disappointing Helen and an ideal Helen conjured by Egyptian magicians. As it stands, it recalls "The Lady, or the Tiger?". Which would Menelaus choose?
- The band Glass Wave entitled a song on their 2010 album "Helen". In the song, Helen remembers her life before the Trojan War.
- Star Trek: The Original Series produced an episode that is called "Elaan of Troyius" in which a woman's beauty causes problems for the crew of the Enterprise.
- In the movie English dubbed version of Kung Fu Hustle, The Beast asks if they are the fated Lovers, to which the Landlord and Landlady refer to themselves as Paris and Helen of Troy.
- Her cuff bracelet is briefly mentioned in a Warehouse 13 episode as having seductive properties.
- In the novel "Faust Among Equals" by Tom Holt, the relationship between Faust and Helen of Troy is a central theme.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.21:8:173.LSJ.
- ^ Clader, Helen, 63–64; Skutsch, Helen, 191
- ^ or "to cover, enclose" (compare Varuna, Veles)
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary, "Indo-European roots: wel₂"
- ^ The name of Helen as worshipped at Sparta and Therapne began with a digamma. On the other hand, at Corinth, there is evidence of Helen without a digamma. Scutsch (Helen, 189, 190 and passim) suggests that we have to make do "with two different names, two different mythological Helens".
- ^ Scutsch, Helen, 190–191, 192
- ^ Compare Proto-Indo-European *sa(e)wol: Greek helios, Latin sol, Sanskrit suryah -from *sawel=to shine. The relation with Selene is quite possible.
- ^ Nilsson, The Mycenaean Origin, 41
- ^ Meagher, The Meaning of Helen, 14–15; Thompson, The Trojan War, 20
- ^ Hughes, Helen of Troy, 29
- ^ Whitby, Sparta, 7
- ^ Homer, Iliad, III, 199, 418, 426; Odyssey, IV, 184, 219; XXIII, 218.
- ^ Euripides, Helen 16–21, 257–59
- ^ First Vatican Mythographer, VM I 204.
* Gantz, Early Greek Myth, 320–321; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 350; Moser, A Cosmos of Desire, 443–444 - ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, III, 10.7
- ^ Cypria, fr. 9 PEG.
- ^ Athenaeus 8.334b-d, quoting the Cypria; Cypria, fr. 10 PEG.
- ^ In the 5th century comedy "Nemesis" by Cratinus, Leda was told to sit on an egg so that it would hatch, and this is no doubt the egg that was produced by Nemesis (Cratinus fr. 115 PCG; Gantz, Early Greek Myth, ibid).
- ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, III, 10.7
* Hard & Rose, The Roudlegde Handbook, 438–439 - ^ Asclepiades 12F11, Pseudo-Eratosthenes Catast. 25.
- ^ Gantz, Early Greek Myth, ibid
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, III, 16.1
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 26–27 - ^ The most complete accounts of this narrative are given by Apollodorus, Diodorus 4.63.1-3, and Plutarch, Theseus 31-34. For a collection of ancient sources narrating Helen's abduction by Theseus, see Hughes, Helen, 357; Mills, Theseus, 7–8
- ^ Hellanicus 4F134; Diodorus 4.63.1-3.
- ^ Stesichorus, fr. 191 PMG.
- ^ Gantz, pp. 289, 291.
- ^ Ovid, Heroides, 16.149–152; Propertius, 3.14
* Cairns, Sextus Propertius, 421–422; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 60; Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 28: "In the Roman period, because Sparta was a destination for tourists, the characteristics that made Sparta distinctive were emphasized. The athleticism of women was exaggerated." - ^ In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women fr. 198.7–8, and 199.0–1, they are the recipients of the bridal presents. For further details, see A Catalog within a Catalog, 133–135
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae, fr. 196–204; Hyginus, Fables, 81; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca II, 10.8
* Cingano, A Catalog within a Catalog, 124; Clader, Helen, 10 - ^ Carlos Parada's website Greek Mythology Link
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae, fr. 204; Hyginus, Fables, 78; Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.20.9; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 3.10.9
* Cingano, A Catalog within a Catalog, 128; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 76 - ^ Cypria, fr. 1; Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae, fr. 204.96–101
* Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 7–8 - ^ Cypria, fr. 1; Herodotus, Histories, 113–119
- ^ Kimmelman, Michael (March 1 2007). "Lights! Darks! Action! Cut! Maestro of Mise-en-Scène". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/01/arts/design/01tint.html. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
* Schjeldahl, Peter (February 12 2007). "Venetial Brass". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/artworld/2007/02/12/070212craw_artworld_schjeldahl. Retrieved July 11, 2009. - ^ Sappho, fr. 16. See an analysis of the poem by Gumpert, Grafting Helen, 92
- ^ Dio Chrysostom, Discourses, 1.37–53
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 128–129 - ^ Cypria, fr. 1; Homer, Iliad, III, 443–445
* Cyrino, "Helen of Troy", 133–134 - ^ Alan, Introduction, 18–28
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, 113–120; Kim, Homer, poet and historian, 30–35 ; Alan, Introduction, 22–24 ; Lindsay, Helen in the Fifth Century, 135–138
- ^ Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis, 1166–1170; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 195–196
- ^ Ancient writers do not agree on whether the embassy was dispatched before the gathering of the Greek army in Aulis or after it reached Tenedos or Troia. In Herodotus' account the Trojans swore to the Greek envoys that Helen was in Egypt, not in Troy; but the Greeks did not believe them, and laid siege to the city, until they took it (Cypria, fr. 1; Herodotus, Histories, II, 118.2–4; Homer, Iliad, III, 205; Pseudo-Appolodorus, Epitome, 28–29). About Euripides lost drama, see Hughes, Helen of Troy, 191.
- ^ Homer, Iliad, XXIV, 773–775
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 219; Redfold, The Tragedy of Hector, 122 - ^ Homer, Iliad, VI, 349–351, 354–356
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 219; Redfold, The Tragedy of Hector, 122; Suzuki, Metamorphoses of Helen, 36 - ^ Homer, Odyssey, IV, 277–289; Virgil, Aeneid, 515&ndASH;519.
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 220; Suzuki, Metamorphoses of Helen, 99–100. - ^ Virgil, Aeneid, 494&ndASH;512.
* Suzuki, Metamorphoses of Helen, 101–102. - ^ Stesichorus, fr. 201 PMG.
- ^ According to the ancient writers, it was the sight of Helen's face or breasts that made Menelaus drop his sword. See, inter allia, Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 155; Little Iliad, fr. 13 EGF.
* Maguire, Helen of Troy, 52 - ^ Euripides, Orestes, 1286
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece
- ^ Pliny, National History, 35.64–66. Cicero (De Inventione, 2.1–3) sets the story in Croton.
- ^ Mansfield, Too Beautiful to Picture, 29
- ^ Hughes, Helen of Troy, 1–2
- ^ Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 169
- ^ Anderson, The Fall of Troy, 257; Matheson, Polygnotos and Vase Painting, 225
- ^ Caprino, Etruscan Italy, 66–71
- ^ David, Narrative in Context, 136; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 181–182
- ^ Maguire, Helen of Troy, 39–43, 47
- ^ Theocritus, The Epithalamium of Helen, 43–48
* Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 12 - ^ Herodotus, Histories, VI, 61.3
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 30–31; Lynn Budin, The Ancient Greeks, 286 - ^ Isocrates, Helen, 63
* Clader, Helen, 70; Jackson, The Transformations of Helen, 52. For a criticism of the theory that Helen was worshiped as a goddess in Therapne, see Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 20–24 - ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, III, 15.3, and 19.9
* Allan, Introduction, 14–16; Calame, Choruses of Young Women, 192–197; Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 114–118 - ^ A shared cult of Helen and her brothers in Attica is alluded to in Euripides, Helen, 1666–1669. See also, Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 26–29. Concerning Helen Dendritis, Gumpert (Grafting Helen, 96), and Skutsch (Helen, 109) support that she was a vegetation goddess. Meagher (The Meaning of Helen, 43–44) argues that her cult in Rhodes reflects an ancient fertility ritual associated with Helen not only on Rhodes but also at Dendra, near Sparta. Edmunds (Helen's Divine Origins, 18) notes that it is unclear what an ancient tree cult might be.
- ^ Cited by Gumpert, Grafting Helen, 96, Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 15–18, and Skutsch, Helen, 109. See critical remarks on this theory by Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 16.
- ^ Calame, Choruses of Young Women, 201; Eaverly, Archaic Greek Equestrian Sculpture, 9; Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 162–163
- ^ "Whoopi Goldberg as Helen of Troy" youtube.com', April 23, 2010
- ^ bartleby.com
- ^ poemhunter.com
- ^ The Humanism of Isaac Asimov
- ^ Horwitz, Jane. Washington Post, December 16, 2008. P. C08.
References[link]
Primary sources[link]
- Aristophanes, Lysistrata. For an English translation see the Perseus Project.
- Cicero, De inventione II.1.1-2
- Cypria, fragments 1, 9, and 10. For an English translation see the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- Dio Chrysostom, Discourses. For an English translation, see Lacus Curtius.
- Euripides, Helen. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis. For an English translation, see the Perseus project.
- Euripides, Orestes. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Herodotus, Histories, Book II. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae. For an English translation see the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- Homer, Iliad, Book III; Odyssey, Books IV, and XXIII.
- Hyginus, Fables. Translated in English by Mary Grant.
- Isocrates, Helen. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Servius, In Aeneida I.526, XI.262
- Lactantius Placidus Commentarii in Statii Thebaida I.21.
- Little Iliad, fragment 13. For an English translation, see the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- Ovid, Heroides, XVI.Paris Helenae. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, Book III. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, Book III; Epitome.
- Sappho, fragment 16.
- Sextus Propertius, Elegies, 3.14. Translated in English by A.S. Kline.
- Theocritus, Idylls, XVIII (The Epithalamium of Helen). Translated in English by J.M. Edmonds.
- Virgil, Aeneid. Book VI. For an English translation see the Perseus Project.
Secondary sources[link]
- Allan, Williams (2008). "Introduction". Helen. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83690-5.
- Anderson, Michael John (1997). "Further Directions". The Fall of Troy in early Greek Poetry and Art. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815064-4.
- Cairns, Francis (2006). "A Lighter Shade of Praise". Sextus Propertius. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86457-7.
- Calame, Claude (2001). "Chorus and Ritual". Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece (translated by Derek Collins and Janice Orion). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1525-7.
- Caprino, Alexandra (1996). "Greek Mythology in Etruria". In Franklin Hall; John. Etruscan Italy. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-8425-2334-0.
- Chantraine, Pierre (2000). "Ἐλένη" (in French). Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Gercque. Klincksieck. ISBN 2-252-03277-4.
- Cingano, Ettore (2005). "A Catalog within a Catalog: Helen's Suitors in the Hesiodic Catalog of Women". In Hunter; Richard L.. The Hesiodic Catalog of Women. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83684-0.
- Clader, Linda Lee (1976). Helen. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04721-2.
- Cyrino, Monica S. (2006). "Helen of Troy". In Winkler; Martin M.. Troy: from Homer's Iliad to Hollywood. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-4051-3182-9.
- David, Benjamin (2005). "Narrative in Context". In Jenkens, Lawrence A.. Renaissance Siena. Truman State University. ISBN 1-931112-43-6.
- Eaverly, Mary Ann (1995). "Geographical and Chronological Distribution". Archaic Greek Equestrian Sculpture. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10351-2.
- Edmunds, Lowell (May 2007). "Helen's Divine Origins". Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics X (2): 1–44. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V10N2/. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- Frisk, Hjalmar (1960). "Ἐλένη" (in German). Griechisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. I. French & European Pubns. ISBN 0-8288-6839-5.
- Gantz, Timothy (2004). Early Greek Myth. Baltimore, MD and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5362-1.
- Gumpert, Matthew (2001). "Helen in Greece". Grafting Helen. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-17124-8.
- Hard, Robin; Rose, Herbert Jennings (2004). "the Trojan War". The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18636-6.
- Hughes, Bettany (2005). Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-224-07177-7.
- Executive ed.: Joseph P. Pickert... (2000). "Indo-European roots: wel₂". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
- Jackson, Peter (2006). "Shapeshifting Rape and Xoros". The Transformations of Helen. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 3-89754-260-9.
- Kim, Lawrence (2010). "Homer, poet and historian". Homer Between History and Fiction in Imperial Greek Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19449-5.
- Lindsay, Jack (1974). "Helen in the Fifth Century". Helen of Troy: Woman and Goddess. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-87471-581-4.
- Lynn Badin, Stephanie (2006). "Religion and Ideology". The Ancient Greeks. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-814-0.
- Maguire, Par (2009). "Beauty". Helen of Troy. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 1-4051-2635-3.
- Mansfield, Elizabeth (2007). "Helen's Uncanny Beauty". Too Beautiful to Picture. University of MinnesotaPress. ISBN 0-8166-4749-6.
- Matheson, Susan B. (1996). "Heroes". Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-13870-4.
- Meagher, Robert E. (2002). The Meaning of Helen. Bolchazy–Carducci Publishers. ISBN 0-86516-510-6.
- Mills, Sophie (1997). "Theseus and Helen". Theseus, Tragedy, and the Athenian Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815063-6.
- Moser, Thomas C. (2004). A Cosmos of Desire. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11379-8.
- Nilsson, Martin Persson (1932). "Mycenaean Centers and Mythological Centers". The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology. Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-60506-393-2.
- Pomeroy, Sarah B. (2002). "Education". Spartan Women. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513067-7.
- Redfield, James (1994). "The Hero". The Tragedy of Hector. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1422-3.
- Skutsch, Otto (1987). "Helen, her Name and Nature". The Journal of Hellenic Studies 107: 188–193. DOI:10.2307/630087. JSTOR 630087.
- Suzuki, Mihoko (1992). "The Iliad". Metamorphoses of Helen. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8080-9.
- Thompson, Diane P. (2004). "The Fall of Troy – The Beginning of Greek History". The Trojan War. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1737-4.
- Whitby, Michael (2002). "Introduction". Sparta. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-93957-7.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Helen of Troy |
- See reviews of Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore by Bettany Hughes (2005) New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-224-07177-7, which has been translated into ten languages, on http://www.bettanyhughes.co.uk/
|
|||||
http://wn.com/Helen_of_Troy
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Elena (mitologia)
http://cs.wn.com/Helena (mytologie)
http://id.wn.com/Helene
http://es.wn.com/Helena (mitología)
http://ru.wn.com/Елена Прекрасная
http://nl.wn.com/Helena (mythologie)
http://pt.wn.com/Helena (mitologia)
http://pl.wn.com/Helena Trojańska
http://fr.wn.com/Hélène (mythologie)
http://de.wn.com/Helena (Mythologie)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2011) |
| Roberto Cavalli | |
|---|---|
 Photo: Ed Kavishe, Fashion Wire Press |
|
| Born | (1940-11-15) 15 November 1940 (age 71) Florence, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Fashion designer |
| Labels | Cavalli |
Roberto Cavalli (Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto kaˈvalːi]) (born 15 November 1940) is an Italian fashion designer from Florence. He is known for detailed exotic prints and for creating the sand-blasted look for jeans which are now a standard style for the majority of jean makers.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Roberto Cavalli was born in Florence, Tuscany. His grandfather, Giuseppe Rossi, was a member of the Macchiaioli Movement, whose work is exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery. Cavalli decided to enroll at the local Art Institute, concentrating in textile print. While still a student, he made a series of flower prints on knit that caught the attention of major Italian hosiery factories.
In the early 1970s, he invented and patented a revolutionary printing procedure on leather, and he started creating patchworks of different materials. He debuted these techniques in Paris, immediately getting commissions from the likes of Hermès and Pierre Cardin. At age 30, he presented his first namesake collection at the Salon for Prêt-à-Porter in Paris. He brought it to the catwalks of the Sala Bianca of Palazzo Pitti in Florence, and later on those of Milano Collezioni jeans made of printed denim, intarsia leathers, brocade and wild prints. He then opened his first boutique in 1972 in Saint-Tropez.
In 1980 Roberto Cavalli married Eva Düringer, who has been his lifelong companion and business partner. In Milan in 1994 Cavalli presented the first sand-blasted jeans. By December of the same year, he had opened boutiques in Saint Barth, in the French Caribbean, followed by others in Venice and Saint-Tropez. Besides the main line, which is sold in over fifty countries worldwide, Roberto Cavalli designs RC Menswear as well as the youth aimed line Just Cavalli, launched in 1998 and comprising today men’s wear, women’s wear and accessories, eyewear, watches, perfumes, underwear and beachwear. There is also the Angels & Devils Children Collection, the Class line, two underwear collections, shoes, eyewear, watches and perfumes. In 2002 Cavalli opened his first café-store in Florence, revamping it with his signature animal prints. This was shortly followed by the opening in Milan of the Just Cavalli café at Torre Branca and another boutique on Via della Spiga.
Roberto Cavalli was a judge at the Miss Universe 1977 pageant where his future wife (Eva Duringer) was a contestant. He did not pick her to win; she was first runner-up. The girl that won was the first Black Miss Universe. In July 2011 his company collection was presented at the catwalk of The Brandery fashion show in Barcelona.[1]
Criticism[link]
Cavalli was sharply criticized in 2004 by the Hindu community for marketing a line of feminine underwear (designed for Harrods) which featured the images of Hindu goddesses. The line was eventually withdrawn and formal apologies were made.[2]
References[link]
- ^ The Brandery, Catwalk, TV Fashion Runway Show
- ^ "Harrods apology over Hindu bikinis". BBC.org.uk. 2004-06-09. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3790315.stm. Retrieved 2004-06-09.
- Press Office Roberto Cavalli Piazza San Babila 3, Milan +39027630371
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roberto Cavalli |
- RobertoCavalli.it - Official website
- - Official Facebook Fan Page
- RobertoCavalliBlog.com - Official blog
- Roberto Cavalli designer profile at Fashion Model Directory
- Roberto Cavalli in fashion art film by Imagine Fashion
- Roberto Cavalli interview by VOGUE.COM
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cavalli, Roberto |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Fashion designer |
| Date of birth | 1940-11-15 |
| Place of birth | Florence |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Roberto_Cavalli
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Roberto Cavalli
http://pt.wn.com/Roberto Cavalli
http://ru.wn.com/Кавалли, Роберто
http://de.wn.com/Roberto Cavalli
http://it.wn.com/Roberto Cavalli
http://es.wn.com/Roberto Cavalli
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
