- published: 09 Nov 2011
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![Let's Play Shadow Hearts (HD) - 28 - [Rouen]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130217132657im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OAhTRnvmJ_I/default.jpg "Traveling to Rouen; encountering Albert Simon; reuniting with Margarete. Shadow Hearts (c) Sacnoth, walkthrough, models upscaled to 720p with texture filtering. Good ending. Seraphic Radiance obtained. Forced widescreen in the field and hacked widescreen in battle (16:9). Played on PCSX2 and recorded with Fraps. Enjoy!")
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Agen
Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.
wn.com/Agen -
Ain
Ain (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity and the dynamic economic development of the department. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. In the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does viticulture in the Bugey. The high diversification of the department's industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in and around Oyonnax (so-called "Plastics Valley").
wn.com/Ain -
Aisne
Aisne (French pronunciation: [ɛːn]) is a department in the northern part of France, named after a river.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France, Picardie, and Champagne.
Most of the old growth forests in the area were destroyed during battles in World War I. The French offensive against the Chemin des Dames in spring 1917 is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of the Aisne.
Aisne borders the Ardennes Forest and Belgium to the northeast. The Aisne River crosses the area from east to west, where it joins the Oise River. The Marne forms part of the southern boundary of the department with the department of Seine-et-Marne. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The landscape is dominated by masses of rock which often have steep flanks. These rocks appear all over the region, but the most impressive examples are at Laon and the Chemin des Dames ridge.
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Ajaccio
Coordinates: 41°55′36″N 8°44′13″E / 41.9267°N 8.7369°E / 41.9267; 8.7369
Ajaccio (Latin: Adiacium; French: Ajaccio, [aʒaksjo]; Corsican: Aiacciu [aˈjattʃu]; Italian: Ajaccio, [aˈjattʃo]), is a commune on the island of Corsica in France. It is the capital and largest city of the region of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
The geopolitical arrangements of the commune are slightly different from those typical of Corsica and France. Usually an arrondissement includes cantons and a canton includes one to several communes including the chef-lieu, "chief place", from which the canton takes its name. The city of Ajaccio is one commune, but it contains six cantons, Cantons 1–6, and a fraction of Canton 7. The latter contains five other communes: Bastelicaccia, Alata, Afa, Appietto and Villanova, making a total of six communes for the seven cantons of Ajaccio.
Each canton contains a certain number of quartiers, "quarters". Cantons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 are located along the Gulf of Ajaccio from west to east, while 4 and 5 are a little further up the valleys of the Gravona and the Prunelli Rivers. These political divisions subdivide the population of Ajaccio into units that can be more democratically served but they do not give a true picture of the size of Ajaccio. In general language, "greater Ajaccio" includes about 100,000 people with all the medical, educational, utility and transportational facilities of a big city. Up until World War II it was still possible to regard the city as being a settlement of narrow streets localized to some part of the harbor or the Gulf of Ajaccio; such bucolic descriptions do not fit the city of today, and travellogues intended for mountain or coastal recreational areas do not generally apply to Corsica's few big cities.
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Albi
Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 2°08′47″E / 43.9289°N 2.1464°E / 43.9289; 2.1464
Albi (French pronunciation: [albi]; Occitan: Albi [ˈalβi]) is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department. It is located on the River Tarn, c. 85 km northeast of Toulouse. Its inhabitants are called Albigensians (French: Albigeois, Albigeoise(s), Occitan: albigés -esa(s)). It was the seat of the Archbishop of Albi and is the seat of the Diocese of Albi. The episcopal city, situated in the center of the actual city, around the cathedral, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2010.
Albi is the seat of 6 cantons, covering 18 communes, with a total population of 67,729.
The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became Civitas Albigensium, the territory of the Albigeois, Albiga. Archaeological digs have not revealed any traces of Roman buildings, which seems to indicate that Albi was a modest Roman settlement.
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Alençon
Coordinates: 48°25′50″N 0°05′35″E / 48.4306°N 0.0931°E / 48.4306; 0.0931
Alençon (French pronunciation: [a.lɑ̃.sɔ̃]) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated 105 miles (169 km) west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people).
It was probably during the fourth century, while the area was being Christianised, that the city of Alençon was founded. The name is first seen in a document dated in the seventh century. During the tenth century, Alençon was a buffer state between Normandy and the Maine regions. In 1047, William Duke of Normandy, later known as William the Conqueror and king of England, laid siege to the town. The citizens insulted William by hanging animal skins from the walls, in reference to his ancestry as the illegitimate son of Duke Robert and a tanner's daughter. On capturing the town, William had a number of the citizens' hands cut off in revenge. Alençon was occupied by the English during the Anglo-Norman wars of 1113 to 1203.
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Allier
Allier (French pronunciation: [a.lje]; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in central France named after the river Allier.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.
In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.
The department belongs to the region Auvergne and is surrounded by the following French departments: Cher, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Creuse.
The following rivers run through Allier:
Allier is the most productive agricultural area of the Auvergne. Vichy has long been known for its water, which is exported worldwide.
Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins are the principal cities. The rest of the department consists of smaller towns, mostly along the rivers. In general, the department is sparsely populated. The population increased until the end of the 19th century because of the growth of industry in Montluçon and Moulins and development of the thermal resources at Vichy. At that time the department had over 420,000 inhabitants. After the losses of World War I, the population stagnated, with a small increase in the 1960s. Since then, it has decreased slightly from 386,533 in 1968 to 344,721 in 1999.
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Alvimare
Coordinates: 49°36′23″N 0°37′57″E / 49.6064°N 0.6325°E / 49.6064; 0.6325
Alvimare is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated some 23 miles (37 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the N15 and the D104.
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Ambrumesnil
Coordinates: 49°51′30″N 0°59′42″E / 49.8583°N 0.995°E / 49.8583; 0.995
Ambrumesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A light industrial and farming village situated near the banks of the river Scie in the Pays de Caux, some 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D123 and D327 roads.
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Amiens
Coordinates: 49°53′31″N 2°17′56″E / 49.892°N 2.299°E / 49.892; 2.299
Amiens (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]) is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
Originally called Samarobriva ("Somme bridge") by the Gauls, the town was later given the name Ambianum by the Romans as it was a settlement of the Gallic Ambiani people. The Ambiani derive their name from the Gaulish word ambe meaning 'river' – a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens.
The Paleolithic culture named Acheulean was named for its first identified site, in Saint-Acheul, a neighbourhood of Amiens.
Amiens, the Roman Samarobriva, was the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint Martin of Tours, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar. The prosperity of the city made it a target for barbarian tribes such as the Alans, the Burgundians or the Vandals. They conquered the city several times.
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Anceaumeville
Coordinates: 49°34′33″N 1°03′50″E / 49.5758°N 1.0639°E / 49.5758; 1.0639
Anceaumeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Clérette some 10 miles (16 km) north of Rouen at the junction of the D251 and the D115 roads.
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Ancourt
Coordinates: 49°54′38″N 1°11′04″E / 49.9106°N 1.1844°E / 49.9106; 1.1844
Ancourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in the Petit-Caux, by the banks of the river Eaulne, some 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Dieppe, at the junction of the D54 and D920 roads.
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Angers
Coordinates: 47°28′25″N 0°33′15″W / 47.4736°N 0.5542°W / 47.4736; -0.5542
Angers (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.ʒe]) is the main city in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France about 300 km (190 mi) south-west of Paris. Angers is located in the French region known by its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, and its inhabitants are called Angevins.
Angers proper has a population of 157,000 inhabitants, while c. 283,000 live in its metropolitan area. The city traces its roots to early Roman times. It occupies both banks of the Maine, which is spanned by six bridges. The district along the river has flourishing nurseries and market gardens. It is known for its fresh produce and cut flowers.
The first sign of human presence on the site of Angers is a stone tool dated back to 400,000 BCE (Lower Paleolithic).[citation needed]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Andecavi, a Gallic tribe that was overrun by the Romans. The city, while under Roman rule, was called Juliomagus.
The Council of Angers was held here in 453.
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Angiens
Coordinates: 49°49′46″N 0°47′28″E / 49.8294°N 0.7911°E / 49.8294; 0.7911
Angiens is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D75, D37 and D468 roads.
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Angoulême
Coordinates: 45°38′56″N 0°09′39″E / 45.6489°N 0.1608°E / 45.6489; 0.1608
Angoulême [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] (
listen) is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Charente department, in Poitou-Charentes. Based on a plateau overlooking a meander of the Charente River, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 50,000 but is the center of an urban area of 110,000 people, stretched over fifteen kilometers from north to south.
When it was the old capital of the Angoumois in the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town which was highly coveted due to its position at the center of many roads important to communication, and therefore suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious and urban patrimony, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Nowadays, Angoulême is the center of an agglomeration which is one of the most industrialised between Loire and Garonne (paper industry in 15th century, foundry and electromechanical engineering until a recent period). It is also a commercial and administrative city, with its own university and a very animated cultural life.
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Annecy
Coordinates: 45°54′58″N 6°07′59″E / 45.916°N 6.133°E / 45.916; 6.133
Annecy (French pronunciation: [an.si]; Èneci / Ènneci in Arpitan language) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy (Lac d'Annecy), 35 kilometres south of Geneva.
Annecy is the capital of the department of Haute-Savoie.
The metropolitan area of Annecy includes 13 municipalities.
Annecy is the capital of three cantons:
Starting as the capital of the county of Geneva, after the demise of the counts of Geneva, it became integrated into the House of Savoy's possessions in 1401. In 1444, it was set up by the Princes of Savoy as the capital of a region covering the possessions of the Genevois, Faucigny and Beaufortain. With the advance of Calvinism in 1535, it became a center for the Counter-Reformation and the bishop's see of Geneva was transferred here.
During the French Revolution the Savoy region was conquered by France. Annecy became attached to the département of Mont Blanc, of which the capital was Chambéry. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, it was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia (heir of the Duchy of Savoy). When Savoy was sold to France in 1860, it became the capital of the new département of Haute-Savoie.
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Anquetierville
Coordinates: 49°31′57″N 0°38′08″E / 49.5325°N 0.6356°E / 49.5325; 0.6356
Anquetierville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D440, D982 and the D28 roads.
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Anvéville
Coordinates: 49°41′59″N 0°44′21″E / 49.6997°N 0.7392°E / 49.6997; 0.7392
Anvéville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Le Havre, between the D110 and the D142.
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Aquitaine
Aquitaine (French pronunciation: [a.ki.tɛn], English /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/; Occitan: Aquitània; Basque: Akitania), archaic Guyenne/Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the 5 departments of Dordogne, Lot et Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes and Gironde. In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably.
There are traces of human settlement by prehistoric peoples, especially in the Périgord, but the earliest attested inhabitants in the south-west were the Aquitani, who were not proper Celtic people, but more akin to the Iberians (see Gallia Aquitania). Although a number of different languages and dialects were in use in the area during ancient times, it is most likely that the prevailing language of Aquitaine during the late pre-historic to Roman period was an early form of the Basque language. This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by the Romans, and which are currently easily readable as Basque. Whether this Aquitanian language (Proto-Basque) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region is not currently known. One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on the languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French.
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Ardouval
Coordinates: 49°44′49″N 1°16′27″E / 49.7469°N 1.2742°E / 49.7469; 1.2742
Ardouval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming and forestry village in the Pays de Bray, situated some 16 miles (26 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D212 and D915 roads.
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Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁ.dɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.[citation needed] The river is the largest natural canyon in Europe and the caves that dot the cliffs (which go as high as 300 m (1,000 feet) are known for signs of prehistoric inhabitants (arrowheads and flint knives are often found).
The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of St Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. (Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.) Auxonius, in 430, transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.
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Argueil
Coordinates: 49°32′30″N 1°30′57″E / 49.5417°N 1.5158°E / 49.5417; 1.5158
Argueil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Bray, situated some 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D921 and D41 roads. It is the smallest chef-lieu of any canton in the department.
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Ariège
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ]; Occitan: Arièja) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
Ariège is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the counties of Foix and Couserans.
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English Prisoners of War can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
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Arras
Coordinates: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.2897°N 2.7808°E / 50.2897; 2.7808
Arras (French pronunciation: [aʁɑːs]; Dutch: Atrecht) is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France on the Scarpe river. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect. Unlike many French words, the final "s" in the name should be pronounced.
Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgic tribe of the Atrebates, who named it Nemetacum or Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton (sacred grove) that probably existed there. It was later renamed Atrebatum by the Romans, under whom it became an important garrison town.
The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Inoccent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. Around 130 years later, St. Vedast (also known as St. Vaast) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast. The modern town of Arras initially grew up around the abbey as a grain market. Both town and abbey suffered during the 9th century from the attacks of the Vikings, who later settled to the west in Normandy. The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in the development of medieval painting, successfully synthesising the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art.
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Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Champagne.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
After the allied victory over Napoleon at Waterloo the department was occupied by Russian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In 1911, following the revolt of the Champagne producers, a series of major riots erupted in Aube. Dozens of serious injuries resulted.
In 1919, by a new decree, Aube wine producers were authorized to produce champagne.
Aube is perhaps best known for the 1932 visit of the late Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.
The department is part of the current region of Champagne-Ardenne. It is surrounded by the departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, Côte-d'Or, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne.
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Aubéguimont
Coordinates: 49°48′30″N 1°40′26″E / 49.8083°N 1.6739°E / 49.8083; 1.6739
Aubéguimont is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming and forestry village in the Pays de Bray, situated some 28 miles (45 km) southeast of Dieppe on the D60 road.
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Auch
Coordinates: 43°38′47″N 0°35′08″E / 43.6465°N 0.5855°E / 43.6465; 0.5855
Auch (French pronunciation: [ɔʃ]; Gascon: Aush [awʃ]) is a commune in southwestern France. Located in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, it is the capital of the Gers department. Auch is the historical capital of Gascony.
Auch is a very ancient town. The name of Auch comes from the Aquitanian tribe that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. The name of this tribe, as recorded by the Romans, was Ausci (pronounced [awski] in Latin), singular Auscus. Aquitanians spoke a language related to the old Basque language, and a striking fact is that the name Ausci seems related to the native name of the modern Basques, who call themselves Euskal (pronounced [euskal] in Basque).[citation needed]
At the time of the Roman conquest, the native name of Auch, as recorded by the Romans, was Elimberris. Elimberris is itself a variant of Iliberri, where Ili- comes from the Iberian word iltir' or iltur (the "t" is mute) meaning town, city, oppidum, a frequent prefix in names of Iberian cities, and which was probably borrowed into Basque and also Aquitanian (cf. modern Basque hiri, meaning "town"). In modern Basque there is also the word berri which means "new", so Iliberri is often interpreted as meaning "new oppidum" (based on the fact that Aquitanian and old Basque are related). However, this interpretation should be taken with caution. In the south of Spain, near Granada, an area far away from the Basque homeland, there was an Iberian city whose name the Romans also recorded as Iliberi, and here it seems the name recorded by the Romans is the phonetic transcription of Iberian Ilbirir, which comes from the Iberian stem ilbi- (meaning unknown), and not at all from an hypothetical il(t)i- (town) and Basque berri.
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Aude
Aude (French pronunciation: [od]; Occitan: Aude) is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
Aude is also a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Saint Hubertus's brother Eudo. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de gestes.
Human traces have been found in the department from 1,500,000 years BCE in the form of hammers and worked tools on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne. The most interesting discovery, however, is that of the skull of ‘Tautavel Man’ made by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the oldest skull known in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BCE. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, installed themselves first of all at Narbonne in 118 BCE on the oppidum of Montlaurès, which became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the cross roads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea and near the mouth of the River Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BCE with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, the Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
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Auffay
Coordinates: 49°43′07″N 1°06′04″E / 49.7186°N 1.1011°E / 49.7186; 1.1011
Auffay is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and associated light industry, situated in the valley of the Scie River of the Pays de Caux, some 18 miles (29 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D50, D22, D3 and D301 roads.
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Aumale
Coordinates: 49°46′17″N 1°45′11″E / 49.7714°N 1.7531°E / 49.7714; 1.7531
Aumale is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in north-western France.
A village of farming and associated light industry, situated in the valley of the Bresle River of the Norman Pays de Bray in Normandy on the border with Picardie. It is around 34 miles (55 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D 916, D 920, D 929 and D 49 roads. The A29 autoroute (Saint-Quentin-Beuzeville) passes through the commune’s northern sector. SNCF, the French railway has a TER station here, on the Beauvais – Le Tréport-Mers line.
The English title of nobility Albemarle comes from the ancient French county of Aumale, Normandy.
Aumale church
North side of the church
Sculpted wood panels on the pulpit
The Bresle river by the Moulin du Roy
The Bresle Viaduct, 755m long, constructed during 2002-2004 to carry the A29 motorway
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Auppegard
Coordinates: 49°49′49″N 1°01′50″E / 49.8303°N 1.0306°E / 49.8303; 1.0306
Auppegard is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D108 and D308 roads.
Appelgart 1160; Anglo-Norse place name æppel > apple and gardr > yard, garden. Like Applegarth (Yorkshire, Appelgard 1160 ) and Épégard (Eure, Alpegard 1199 ).
It shows, that apples have been grown in Normandy for a long time, probably already to make cider.
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Auquemesnil
Coordinates: 49°56′44″N 1°19′50″E / 49.9456°N 1.3306°E / 49.9456; 1.3306
Auquemesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 12 miles (19 km) east of Dieppe on the D22 road.
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Aurillac
Coordinates: 44°55′34″N 2°26′26″E / 44.9261°N 2.4406°E / 44.9261; 2.4406
Aurillac (Orlhac in Occitan) is a commune in the Auvergne region in south-central France, capital of the Cantal department.
Aurillac's inhabitants are called Aurillacois, and are also Cantaliens (from Cantal) or Cantalous in Occitan.
Aurillac is 558km away from Paris and 223km from Toulouse. Aurillac was part of a former Auvergne province called Haute-Auvergne and is only 20km away from the heart of the Auvergne Volcano Park.
Aurillac is often thought to be one of the coldest cities in France. However, this is untrue, as it is simply the city at the highest altitude shown on the TV weather forecasts.
Aurillac stands on the Jordanne River.
The historical capital of the umbrella, Aurillac makes more than half the umbrellas produced in France. In 1999, Aurillac produced around 250,000 umbrellas, generating around 100 jobs.[citation needed]
After declining for several decades at the end of the 20th century, Aurillac umbrella producers decided to join their forces and created the Economic Interest Group, or GIE in 1997. They then launched their products under a single label, L'aurillac Parapluie.[citation needed]
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Autretot
Coordinates: 49°39′08″N 0°43′55″E / 49.6522°N 0.7319°E / 49.6522; 0.7319
Autretot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 23 miles (37 km) northwest of Rouen on the D131 road. The commune has the distinction of having been awarded the Grand Prix and four flowers
for its floral display.
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Auvilliers
Coordinates: 49°45′36″N 1°34′37″E / 49.76°N 1.5769°E / 49.76; 1.5769
Auvilliers is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 26 miles (42 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D59 and D7 roads, just to the north of the N29 and the A29 autoroute. It was here that petit-suisse cheese was first produced.
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Auxerre
Coordinates: 47°47′55″N 3°34′02″E / 47.7986°N 3.5672°E / 47.7986; 3.5672
Auxerre (French pronunciation: [osɛʁ]) is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.
Auxerre's population today is about 45,000. People there are called Auxerrois. Auxerre's urban area accounts for more than 88,000 people.
It is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. Auxerre is also world-famous for the wine produced in the neighbourhood, including the renowned Chablis.
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, Antissiodorum through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne River (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a Cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal Counts of Auxerre.
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Auzebosc
Coordinates: 49°35′49″N 0°43′40″E / 49.5969°N 0.7278°E / 49.5969; 0.7278
Auzebosc is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and associated light industry situated in the Pays de Caux, some 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Rouen on the D131 road.
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Aveyron
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a département in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins.
During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue.
In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end on the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
The department is part of the current Midi-Pyrénées region. It is surrounded by the départements of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
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Avignon
Coordinates: 43°57′N 4°49′E / 43.95°N 4.81°E / 43.95; 4.81
Avignon (French pronunciation: [aviˈɲɔ̃]; Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm) is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city (as of 1 January 2010), about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.
Often referred to as the "City of Popes" because of the presence of popes and antipopes from 1309 to 1423 during the Catholic schism, it is currently the largest city and capital of the département of Vaucluse. This is one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts, its historic centre, the palace of the popes, Rocher des Doms, and the bridge of Avignon. It was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the criteria I, II and IV.
As a showcase of arts and culture, the fame of its annual theatre festival, known as the Festival of Avignon, has far exceeded the French borders.
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Avremesnil
Coordinates: 49°51′02″N 0°55′40″E / 49.8506°N 0.9278°E / 49.8506; 0.9278
Avremesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the valley of the Saâne river, in the Pays de Caux, situated some 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D27 and D2 roads.
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Baillolet
Coordinates: 49°47′38″N 1°26′19″E / 49.7939°N 1.4386°E / 49.7939; 1.4386
Baillolet is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village in the valley of the Eaulne river, in the Pays de Bray, situated some 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Dieppe, on the D117 and D1314 roads.
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Bardouville
Coordinates: 49°26′13″N 0°55′39″E / 49.4369°N 0.9275°E / 49.4369; 0.9275
Bardouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in the Roumois, inside a meander of the river Seine, some 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Rouen on the D64 road.
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Barentin
Coordinates: 49°32′43″N 0°57′16″E / 49.5453°N 0.9544°E / 49.5453; 0.9544
Barentin is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A town of light industry and farming situated by the banks of the Austreberthe River in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D6015, D143 and the D104 roads. SNCF operates a TER rail service here.
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Baromesnil
Coordinates: 49°59′15″N 1°24′43″E / 49.9875°N 1.4119°E / 49.9875; 1.4119
Baromesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village in the valley of the Yères river, in the Pays de Caux, situated some 15 miles (24 km) east of Dieppe, at the junction of the D258 and D78 roads.
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Bastia
Coordinates: 42°42′03″N 9°27′01″E / 42.7008°N 9.4503°E / 42.7008; 9.4503
Bastia (French pronunciation: [bas.tja], French and Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the northeast of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It is also the second-largest city in Corsica after Ajaccio and the capital of the department.
Bastia is the principal port of the island and its principal commercial town, especially famous for its wines. According to the 2006 census, Bastia has 43,577 inhabitants. Approximately 10% of the population are immigrants. The unemployment rate in the commune has persistently been one of the highest in France, standing at over 20% in 2004.
Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, meaning "the port of Cardo."
The Genoese felt the need for shelter from the sea storms and in 1380 began to construct, under Governor Leonello Lomellini, a bastiglia, Italian for stronghold or citadel. With time, the bastiglia (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo. Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.
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Bazinval
Coordinates: 49°57′35″N 1°33′11″E / 49.9597°N 1.5531°E / 49.9597; 1.5531
Bazinval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village in the valley of the Bresle river and in the forest of Eu, situated some 25 miles (40 km) east of Dieppe, on the D115 road.
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Beaussault
Coordinates: 49°41′09″N 1°33′49″E / 49.6858°N 1.5636°E / 49.6858; 1.5636
Beaussault is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Bray, situated by the banks of the Béthune River, some 26 miles (42 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D35, D135 and D102 roads.
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Beautot
Coordinates: 49°38′38″N 1°02′10″E / 49.6439°N 1.0361°E / 49.6439; 1.0361
Beautot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 15 miles (24 km) north of Rouen on a small road near the junction of the D927 and the D2 roads. The A29 autoroute meets the A151 autoroute within the boundaries of the commune’s territory.
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Beauvais
Coordinates: 49°25′49″N 2°05′43″E / 49.4303°N 02.09520°E / 49.4303; 02.09520
Beauvais (French pronunciation: [bovɛ]) is a city approximately 79 kilometres (49 mi) by highway north of central Paris, in the northern French region of Picardie. It currently has a population of over 60,000 inhabitants.
Beauvais was known to the Romans by the Gallo-Roman name of Caesaromagus (magos is Common Celtic for "field".) . The post-Renaissance Latin rendering is Bellovacum from the Belgic tribe the Bellovaci, whose capital it was. In the ninth century it became a countship, which about 1013 passed to the bishops of Beauvais, who became peers of France from the twelfth century. At the coronations of kings the Bishop of Beauvais wore the royal mantle and went, with the Bishop of Langres, to raise the king from his throne to present him to the people.
In 1346 the town had to defend itself against the English, who again besieged it in 1433. The siege which it endured in 1472 at the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, was rendered famous by the heroism of the town's women, under the leadership of Jeanne Hachette, whose memory is still celebrated by a procession on the 14 October (the feast of Sainte Angadrême), during which women take precedence over men.
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Belbeuf
Coordinates: 49°23′23″N 1°08′37″E / 49.3897°N 1.1436°E / 49.3897; 1.1436
Belbeuf is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small town of forestry, farming and a little light industry situated by the banks of the Seine, some 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Rouen at the junction of the D6015 and the D7 roads.
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Belfort
Coordinates: 47°38′30″N 6°51′00″E / 47.6417°N 6.85°E / 47.6417; 6.85
Belfort (French pronunciation: [bɛl.fɔʁ-]) is a city in north-east France in the Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the administrative town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Franche-Comté region. Belfort is located at 400 km (249 mi) from Paris, 141 km (88 mi) from Strasbourg, 290 km (180 mi) from Lyon and 150 km (93 mi) from Zürich. The residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration (metropolitan area) in Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants.
Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement and made it a target for armies.
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Bellencombre
Coordinates: 49°42′30″N 1°13′37″E / 49.7083°N 1.2269°E / 49.7083; 1.2269
Bellencombre is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated by the banks of the Varenne River in the Pays de Bray, some 18 miles (29 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D151, D154 and D48 roads.
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Belmesnil
Coordinates: 49°46′13″N 1°02′57″E / 49.7703°N 1.0492°E / 49.7703; 1.0492
Belmesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 13 miles (21 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D76 and D927 roads.
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Bennetot
Coordinates: 49°40′19″N 0°33′11″E / 49.6719°N 0.5531°E / 49.6719; 0.5531
Bennetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D926 and the D217.
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Bermonville
Coordinates: 49°38′30″N 0°38′09″E / 49.6417°N 0.6358°E / 49.6417; 0.6358
Bermonville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D926 and the D29. Junction 8 of the A29 autoroute is within the commune’s borders.
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Bertheauville
Coordinates: 49°45′20″N 0°35′44″E / 49.7556°N 0.5956°E / 49.7556; 0.5956
Bertheauville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 27 miles (43 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D10 and D210 roads.
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Bertreville
Coordinates: 49°46′07″N 0°34′52″E / 49.7686°N 0.5811°E / 49.7686; 0.5811
Bertreville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 26 miles (42 km) southwest of Dieppe, on the D210 road.
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Bertrimont
Coordinates: 49°40′04″N 1°00′06″E / 49.6678°N 1.0017°E / 49.6678; 1.0017
Bertrimont is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 20 miles (32 km) south of Dieppe, near the junction of the N29 and the D2 roads.
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Besançon
Coordinates: 47°14′35″N 6°01′19″E / 47.2431°N 6.0219°E / 47.2431; 6.0219
Besançon (French and Arpitan: [bəzɑ̃sɔ̃]; archaic German: Bisanz, Spanish: Besanzón), is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008. Located close to the border with Switzerland, it is the capital of the department of Doubs.
Once proclaimed first green city of France, it has been labeled a 'Town of Art and History' since 1986, and has been on the UNESCO world heritage list since 2008.
The city is first recorded in 58 BC as Vesontio in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of Vesontio is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derivated from wes, meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion and then underwent several transformation to become Besançon in 1243.
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Betteville
Coordinates: 49°33′08″N 0°47′39″E / 49.5522°N 0.7942°E / 49.5522; 0.7942
Betteville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 17 miles (27 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D22, D205 and the D289 roads.
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Beuzevillette
Coordinates: 49°34′22″N 0°32′13″E / 49.5728°N 0.5369°E / 49.5728; 0.5369
Beuzevillette is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, surrounded by woodland, some 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Le Havre, just off the D30 road.
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Bierville
Coordinates: 49°32′24″N 1°16′27″E / 49.54°N 1.2742°E / 49.54; 1.2742
Bierville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray some 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D90 and the D213 roads.
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Bihorel
Coordinates: 49°27′19″N 1°07′01″E / 49.4553°N 1.1169°E / 49.4553; 1.1169
Bihorel is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A suburban and light industrial town forming part of the conglomeration of Rouen, situated at the junction of the D243 and the D443 roads.
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Blacqueville
Coordinates: 49°33′51″N 0°51′50″E / 49.5642°N 0.8639°E / 49.5642; 0.8639
Blacqueville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D263 and the D22 roads.
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Blois
Coordinates: 47°35′38″N 1°19′41″E / 47.5939°N 1.3281°E / 47.5939; 1.3281
Blois (French pronunciation: [blwɑ]) is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.
Though of ancient origin, Blois is first distinctly mentioned by Gregory of Tours in the 6th century, and the city gained some notability in the 9th century, when it became the seat of a powerful countship with «Blesum castrum» («Le château de Blois»). In 1171, Blois was the site of a blood libel accusation against its Jewish community that led to 31 Jews (by some accounts 40) being burned to death. In 1196, Count Louis granted privileges to the townsmen; a commune, which survived throughout the Middle Ages, probably dated from this time. The counts of the Châtillon line resided at Blois more often than their predecessors, and the oldest parts of the château (from the thirteenth century) were built by them. In 1429, Joan of Arc made Blois her base of operations for the relief of Orléans. Joan of Arc rode the thirty-five miles on Wednesday 29 April to Blois to relieve Orléans. After his captivity in England, Charles of Orléans in 1440 took up his residence in the château, where in 1462 his son, afterwards Louis XII, was born. In the 16th century Blois was often the resort of the French court. The Treaty of Blois, which temporarily halted the Italian Wars, was signed there in 1504–1505.
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Blosseville
Coordinates: 49°51′17″N 0°47′49″E / 49.8547°N 0.7969°E / 49.8547; 0.7969
Blosseville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 15 miles (24 km) west of Dieppe, at the junction of the D69 and the D57 roads.
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Bobigny
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 2°26′23″E / 48.9106°N 2.4397°E / 48.9106; 2.4397
Bobigny (French pronunciation: [bo.bi.ɲi]) is a commune, or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris. Bobigny is the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Saint-Denis département, as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Bobigny. It is only the 12th-largest commune in Seine-Saint-Denis (1999 census).
Inhabitants are called Balbyniens.
Bobigny is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 5: Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau and Bobigny – Pablo Picasso.
Valeo has management branches (Valeo Transmissions group and Valeo Friction Materials group) here. It was also the manufacturing base by Meccano of French Dinky Toys from 1933 to 1971.
During WW II, approximately 20,000 Jews were shipped from a railway station in Bobigny. Their ultimate destination was the Nazi camps.
Bobigny is the place where the registrations for the guns bought for the war before 1930s are kept.refer,"the nostradamus prophecies"by Mario Reading.
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Boissay
Coordinates: 49°31′12″N 1°21′30″E / 49.52°N 1.3583°E / 49.52; 1.3583
Boissay is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in north-western France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray some 14 miles (23 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D87, D93 and the D261 roads.
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Bolbec
Coordinates: 49°34′22″N 0°28′25″E / 49.5728°N 0.4736°E / 49.5728; 0.4736
Bolbec is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France. Its inhabitants are called Bolbécais or Bolbécaises.
A farming, quarrying and light industrial town situated at the heart of three valleys in the Pays de Caux, some 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Le Havre. It is the source of the river Commerce, though here it is known as the river Bolbec. The town has many small lanes (ruelles) with some pretty houses.
The first written record of the town dates from the end of the 11th century, as Bolebec. Archeological discoveries indicate that the site has been inhabited since ancient times. The first lord of Bolbec was Osbern de Bolbec (around 992) and the last was the Duc de Charost who was executed during the French revolution.
Bolbec developed thanks to the numerous mills which lined the river banks through the town. These mills, numbering 14 in the middle of the 19th century, allowed the development of a textile industry based on water power, and later steam, to power the machinery.
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Bonsecours
Coordinates: 49°25′43″N 1°07′43″E / 49.4286°N 1.1286°E / 49.4286; 1.1286
Bonsecours is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A southern residential suburb of Rouen situated at the junction of the D6014, D6105 and the D95 roads. A little light industry takes place by the banks of the river Seine, the commune’s westerly border.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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Bornambusc
Coordinates: 49°37′40″N 0°21′09″E / 49.6278°N 0.3525°E / 49.6278; 0.3525
Bornambusc is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 14 miles (23 km) northeast of Le Havre, served by the D10 road.
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Bosville
Coordinates: 49°45′23″N 0°41′24″E / 49.7564°N 0.69°E / 49.7564; 0.69
Bosville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D75, D88 and the D250 roads.
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Boudeville
Coordinates: 49°43′35″N 0°52′54″E / 49.7264°N 0.8817°E / 49.7264; 0.8817
Boudeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 26 miles (42 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D106 and the D142 roads.
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Bouelles
Coordinates: 49°42′51″N 1°29′47″E / 49.7142°N 1.4964°E / 49.7142; 1.4964
Bouelles is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the valley of the Béthune River in the Pays de Bray, some 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D7 and the D1314 roads.
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Bourdainville
Coordinates: 49°40′31″N 0°56′42″E / 49.6753°N 0.945°E / 49.6753; 0.945
Bourdainville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 27 miles (43 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D103 and the D929 roads.
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Bourges
Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.
The name of the city is either derived from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: Bourg. Spanish: Burgos. English, others: Burgh, Berg, or Borough), for "hill/village". Its Celtic name was Avaricon and its Latin name was Avaricum. In the Gallic Wars, the Gauls practised a scorched-earth policy, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned, and it was spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes and a strong southern wall. Following the siege of Avaricum in the winter of 52 BC, Julius Caesar's forces destroyed the city and killed all but 800 of its inhabitants.
The city was reconstructed as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part re-using stone from earlier public buildings.
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Bourville
Coordinates: 49°47′44″N 0°49′15″E / 49.7956°N 0.8208°E / 49.7956; 0.8208
Bourville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D108 and the D237 roads.
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Brachy
Coordinates: 49°48′57″N 0°57′02″E / 49.8158°N 0.9506°E / 49.8158; 0.9506
Brachy is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Saâne in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D4, D108 and the D152 roads.
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Bracquemont
Coordinates: 49°56′29″N 1°08′46″E / 49.9414°N 1.1461°E / 49.9414; 1.1461
Bracquemont is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the neighbouring town of Dieppe, at the junction of the D100 and the D113 roads. Huge cliffs, overlooking the English Channel, form the commune’s northern border
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Bracquetuit
Coordinates: 49°40′00″N 1°10′08″E / 49.6667°N 1.1689°E / 49.6667; 1.1689
Bracquetuit is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, 21 miles (34 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the N29 and the D96 roads.
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Bradiancourt
Coordinates: 49°39′25″N 1°23′20″E / 49.6569°N 1.3889°E / 49.6569; 1.3889
Bradiancourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northwestern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, 31 miles (50 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D24 and the D83 roads.
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Brametot
Coordinates: 49°47′10″N 0°52′04″E / 49.7861°N 0.8678°E / 49.7861; 0.8678
Brametot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D142 and the D307 roads.
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Brunville
Coordinates: 49°58′02″N 1°16′08″E / 49.9672°N 1.2689°E / 49.9672; 1.2689
Brunville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Dieppe, on the D113 road.
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Bréauté
Coordinates: 49°37′46″N 0°24′01″E / 49.6294°N 0.4003°E / 49.6294; 0.4003
Bréauté is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D52 and D910 roads.
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Butot
Coordinates: 49°36′59″N 1°01′42″E / 49.6164°N 1.0283°E / 49.6164; 1.0283
Butot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 15 miles (24 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D54 and the D467 roads.
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Bénarville
Coordinates: 49°40′25″N 0°29′33″E / 49.6736°N 0.4925°E / 49.6736; 0.4925
Bénarville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D11 and D28 roads.
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Bénesville
Coordinates: 49°45′18″N 0°50′07″E / 49.755°N 0.8353°E / 49.755; 0.8353
Bénesville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D25, D89 and the D50 roads.
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Bézancourt
Coordinates: 49°26′37″N 1°37′35″E / 49.4436°N 1.6264°E / 49.4436; 1.6264
Bézancourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 25 miles (40 km) east of Rouen, at the junction of the D62 and the D401 roads.
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Caen
Coordinates: 49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.1831°N 0.3694°W / 49.1831; -0.3694
Caen (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the English Channel.
Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city.
Two hours north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen-(Ouistreham)-Portsmouth ferry route, Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, over which it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power.
As the city of William the Conqueror, the city has a long and complex history. In the Second World War, it was a key site of the Battle of Normandy. The city has preserved the memory by erecting a memorial for peace.
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Cahors
Coordinates: 44°26′54″N 1°26′29″E / 44.4483°N 1.4414°E / 44.4483; 1.4414
Cahors (French pronunciation: [kaɔʁ]; Occitan: Caors [kaˈurs, ˈkɔws, ˈkɔw]) is the capital of the Lot department in south-western France.
Its site is dramatic being contained on three sides within an udder shaped twist in the river Lot known as a 'presqu'île' or peninsula. Today it is perhaps best known as the centre of the famous AOC 'black' wine known since the Middle Ages and exported via Bordeaux, long before that region had developed its own viticulture industry.
Cahors has had a rich history since Celtic times. The original name of the town was Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci," a Celtic people of Gaul before the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. Cahors derives from Cadurcorum. It has declined economically since the Middle Ages, and lost its university in the eighteenth century. Today it is a popular tourist centre with people coming to enjoy its mediaeval quarter and the unique 14th century fortified Valentré bridge. It is the seat of the Diocese of Cahors.
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Cailleville
Coordinates: 49°49′57″N 0°43′59″E / 49.8325°N 0.7331°E / 49.8325; 0.7331
Cailleville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
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Cailly
Coordinates: 49°34′49″N 1°13′56″E / 49.5803°N 1.2322°E / 49.5803; 1.2322
Cailly is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Rouennais, some 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D6, D12 and the D44 roads. The commune is the source of the small river of the same name, the Cailly.
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Calais
Calais (/ˈkæleɪ/ CAL-ay, traditionally /ˈkælɨs/; French pronunciation: [ka'lɛ]; Dutch: Kales) is a town and major ferry port in Northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's capital is its third-largest city of Arras. The population of the metropolitan area at the 1999 census was 125,584. Calais overlooks the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only 34 km (21 mi) wide here, and is the closest French town to England. The White Cliffs of Dover can easily be seen on a clear day from Calais. Calais is a major port for ferries between France and England, and since 1994 the Channel Tunnel has linked to nearby Coquelles from Folkestone by rail.
Due to its position, Calais since the Middle Ages has been a major port and a very important centre for transport and trading with England. It was annexed by Edward III of England in 1347 and grew into a thriving centre for wool production and Calais was a territorial possession of England until its capture by France in 1558. The town came to be called the "brightest jewel in the English crown" owing to its great importance as the gateway for the tin, lead, lace and wool trades (or "staples"). In 1805 it was a staging area for Napoleon's troops for several months during his planned invasion of the United Kingdom. The town was virtually razed to the ground during World War II, when in May 1940, it was a strategic bombing target of the invading German forces who took the town during the Siege of Calais. During World War II, the Germans built massive bunkers along the coast in preparation for launching missiles on England.
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Callengeville
Coordinates: 49°48′40″N 1°31′15″E / 49.8111°N 1.5208°E / 49.8111; 1.5208
Callengeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Dieppe, at junction 6 of the A28 autoroute with the D928 road.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados (pronounced: [kal.va.dos]) is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the English Channel coast. The pronunciation varies: in French the final 's' is not mute; in English usually Calvadoss with stress on the first syllable.
Calvados is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Normandy. The name "Orne inférieure" was originally proposed for the department, but it was ultimately decided to call the area Calvados.
Its etymology is most likely derived from the Salvador, a ship from the Spanish Armada that sank by the rocks near Arromanches-les-bains in 1588. However, others insist that the name Calvados was derived from calva dorsa, meaning bare backs, in reference to two sparsely vegetated rocks off its shore.
After the allied victory at Waterloo the department was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
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Campneuseville
Coordinates: 49°51′32″N 1°39′32″E / 49.8589°N 1.6589°E / 49.8589; 1.6589
Campneuseville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village surrounded by woodland and situated in the Pays de Bray, some 29 miles (47 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D216 with the D260 and D7 roads.
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Canehan
Coordinates: 49°58′40″N 1°20′40″E / 49.9778°N 1.3444°E / 49.9778; 1.3444
Canehan is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D226 and the D113 roads.
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Canouville
Coordinates: 49°48′24″N 0°36′06″E / 49.8067°N 0.6017°E / 49.8067; 0.6017
Canouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 26 miles (42 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D271, D71 and the D69 roads.
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Cantal
Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃.tal]; Occitan: Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau) is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
Cantal is part of the current region of Auvergne. It borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère, and Corrèze. Its principal towns are Aurillac, Saint-Flour, and Mauriac. The highest point in Cantal is Le Plomb du Cantal at 1858 metres.
Cantal remains, with Lozère and Creuse, one of the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated French departments. Aurillac is the farthest removed departmental capital from a major motorway.
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Auvergne, called Haute-Auvergne.
The Occitan language was historically dominant in Cantal.
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Canteleu
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°01′34″E / 49.4411°N 1.0261°E / 49.4411; 1.0261
Canteleu is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small town of forestry and light industry situated by the banks of the river Seine, just 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest and over the river from the centre of Rouen, at the junction of the D51, D982 and the D94 roads.
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Carcassonne
Coordinates: 43°12′47″N 2°21′07″E / 43.2131°N 2.352°E / 43.2131; 2.352
Carcassonne (French pronunciation: [kaʁ.ka.sɔn]; Occitan: Carcassona) is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the former province of Languedoc.
It is divided into the fortified Cité de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse. Carcassone was founded by the Visigoths in the fifth century, though the Romans had fortified the settlement earlier. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored in 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named Carcas, a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona") – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention. The name can be derived as a hyperbole of the name Carcas. Similarly in the Italian language, there are derived names like Castellino (little castle) – Castello – Castellone (big castle), or Ombrellino (small umbrella) – Ombrello – Ombrellone (large umbrella). A double 's' in the name appears for phonetic reasons, otherwise as a self standing 's' it would be pronounced as 'z'.
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Catenay
Coordinates: 49°30′47″N 1°19′33″E / 49.5131°N 1.3258°E / 49.5131; 1.3258
Catenay is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Crevon, some 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D7 and the D261 roads.
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Cayenne
Coordinates: 4°55′22″N 52°19′37″W / 4.9227°N 52.3269°W / 4.9227; -52.3269
Cayenne (French pronunciation: [kajɛn]) is the capital of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "Ferit Aurum Industria" which means "Work brings wealth". Most geosynchronous satellites are launched from Cayenne.
At the 2006 census, there were 100,323 inhabitants in the urban area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 50,594 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper, and the remainder in the neighbouring commune of Remire-Montjoly. The commune of Matoury (18,032 inhabitants in 1999), where Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport is located, is also a suburb of Cayenne, but it was not included in the official definition of the urban area by INSEE in 1999.
Cayenne is located on the banks of the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean. The city occupies part of the Ile de Cayenne. It is located 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.
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Cergy
Coordinates: 49°02′10″N 2°03′47″E / 49.0361°N 2.0631°E / 49.0361; 2.0631
Cergy (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ.ʒi]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.8 km (17.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s, of which it is the central and most populated commune.
Although neighboring Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, on the other hand, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
The name Cergy comes from Medieval Latin Sergiacum, meaning "estate of Sergius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
Cergy is the chief town of two cantons:
When Cergy was selected to become the center of a "new town", it was only a village. The commune had only 2,895 inhabitants in 1968. It then started to develop very quickly, exceeding 10,000 inhabitants in the mid-1970s and then 20,000 in the early-1980s. It is in this decade that its growth was most spectacular, since the city exceeded 48,000 inhabitants in 1990. The increase continued since, but at a notably slower pace, to reach 54,500 as of 2004 estimates. However, on 1 January 2000, the commune lost a portion of its territory (net 0.03 km2 (0.012 sq mi) with a 1999 population of 62 persons) to the adjacent commune of Courdimanche. The official census figures have thus been revised downward from the 1999 official 54,781 to 54,719, and the land area from 11.68 km2 (4.51 sq mi) to 11.65 km².
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Chambéry
Coordinates: 45°34′12″N 5°54′42″E / 45.57°N 5.9118°E / 45.57; 5.9118
Chambéry (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃.be.ʁi]; Italian: Ciamberì; Piemontese: Ciamberì; Arpitan: Chambèri) is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.
Chambéry was founded at crossroads of ancient routes through the Dauphiné (Dôfenâ), Burgundy, Switzerland, and Italy, in a wide valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse Mountains on the Leysse River. The metropolitan area has more than 125,000 residents, extending from the vineyard slopes of the Combe de Savoie, almost to the shores of the Lac du Bourget, the largest natural lake in France. The city is a major railway hub, at the mid-point of the Franco-Italian "Lyon-Turin Ferroviaire" rail link.
Chambéry is situated in the south-east of France, 523 km from Paris, 326 km from Marseille, 214 km from Turin, 100 km from Lyon and 85 km from Geneva. It is found in a large valley, surrounded by massif des Bauges to the east (dominated by le Nivolet, upon which la croix du Nivolet is found), le Mont Granier (Chartreuse) and la Chaîne de Belledonne to the south, la chaîne de l'Épine (the most southern mountain of the Jura) to the west and le lac du Bourget to the north.
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Charente
Charente (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t], Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Poitou-Charentes region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
Charente is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Angoumois, west and south of Saintonge.
Prior to the creation of the department, the area was not a natural unit, but much of it was commercially prosperous thanks to traditional industries such as salt and cognac production. Although the river became silted up and was unnavigable for much of the twentieth century, in the eighteenth century it provided important links with coastal shipping routes both for traditional businesses and for newly evolving ones such as paper goods and iron smelting.
The accelerating pace of industrial and commercial development during the first half of the nineteenth century led to a period of prosperity, and the department's population peaked in 1851. During the second half of the nineteenth century Charente, like many of France's rural departments, experienced a declining population as the economic prospects available in the cities and in France's overseas empire attracted the working age generations away. Economic ruin came to many in the Charentais wine industry with the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Chartres
Coordinates: 48°27′21″N 1°29′03″E / 48.4558°N 1.4842°E / 48.4558; 1.4842
Chartres (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. It is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Paris.
Chartres is built on the left bank of the Eure River, on a hill crowned by its famous cathedral, the spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding country. To the south-east stretches the fruitful plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres was one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, and by the Romans was called Autricum, from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. The name "Chartres" derives from "Carnutes".The American name is "Chartrey". It was burnt by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.
During the Middle Ages it was the chief town of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois and Champagne and afterwards by the house of Châtillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by Francis I. After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the family of Orléans.
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China
China (
i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Châteauroux
Coordinates: 46°48′37″N 1°41′28″E / 46.8103°N 1.6911°E / 46.8103; 1.6911
Châteauroux (French pronunciation: [ʃa.to.ru]) is the capital of the Indre department in central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges.
Its residents are called Castelroussins.
Châteauroux lies on the Indre River 250 km south of Paris and 142 km south of Orléans. It is situated on the edge of the government-owned Châteauroux forest and the Brenne national park. The city boasts 450 hectares (1112 acres) of parks, amounting to 52 m2 (560 sq ft) for each resident. Châteauroux's average elevation is 154 m above sea level.
Châteauroux enjoys a mild climate. Temperature extremes range from an average January low of 0.8 °C (33 °F) to an average August high of 25.1 °C (77 °F).
The old town, close to the river, forms a nucleus around which a newer and more extensive quarter, bordered by boulevards, has grown up; the suburbs of St. Christophe and Déols lie on the right bank of the Indre. The castle from which the city takes its name was built in the latter part of the 10th century by Raoul, prince of Déols. During the Middle Ages it was the seat of a seigniory, which was raised to the rank of countship in 1497. In 1616, when it was held by Henry II, prince of Condé, it was raised to the rank of duchy. In 1736 it returned to the crown, and was given to Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess of Châteauroux, by Louis XV in 1744. The present Château Raoul housing the préfecture offices dates from the 15th century.
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Cideville
Coordinates: 49°37′01″N 0°53′48″E / 49.6169°N 0.8967°E / 49.6169; 0.8967
Cideville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 21 miles (34 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D304 and the D263 roads.
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Clais
Coordinates: 49°48′31″N 1°27′01″E / 49.8086°N 1.4503°E / 49.8086; 1.4503
Clais is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Eaulne in the Pays de Bray, some 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D1314 and the D14 roads.
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Clasville
Coordinates: 49°47′29″N 0°37′10″E / 49.7914°N 0.6194°E / 49.7914; 0.6194
Clasville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Durdent in the Pays de Caux, some 28 miles (45 km) southeast of Dieppe, near the junction of the D925 and the D271 roads.
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Cleuville
Coordinates: 49°42′39″N 0°38′00″E / 49.7108°N 0.6333°E / 49.7108; 0.6333
Cleuville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 24 miles (39 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D109 and D306 roads.
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Cleveland
Cleveland (
/ˈkliːvlənd/) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
As of the 2010 Census, the city proper had a total population of 396,815 and was the 45th largest city in the United States, and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2011 ranked as the 28th largest in the United States with 2,068,283 people. Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2011 had a population of 2,871,084, and ranked as the country's 15th largest.
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Cliponville
Coordinates: 49°40′37″N 0°39′36″E / 49.6769°N 0.66°E / 49.6769; 0.66
Cliponville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 28 miles (45 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D5, D149 and D228 roads.
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Clères
Coordinates: 49°36′01″N 1°06′40″E / 49.6003°N 1.1111°E / 49.6003; 1.1111
Clères is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A large farming and forestry village situated by the banks of the Clérette river, in the Pays de Caux, some 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D2, D6, D53 and the D100 roads. SNCF has a TER railway station in the town.
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Cléon
Coordinates: 49°18′57″N 1°02′11″E / 49.3158°N 1.0364°E / 49.3158; 1.0364
Cléon is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Upper Normandy region in northern France.
A small town situated inside a meander of the river Seine some 11 miles (18 km) south of Rouen, at the junction of the D7 and the D144 roads. The French car manufacturer Renault has its principal engine and gearbox factory within the commune’s territory, covering an area of 135 hectares (330 acres).
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Colmar
Coordinates: 48°04′54″N 7°21′20″E / 48.0817°N 7.3556°E / 48.0817; 7.3556
Colmar (French: Colmar, pronounced: [kɔlmaʁ]; Alsatian: Colmer [ˈkolməʁ]; German: Colmar, between 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court.
It is situated along the Alsatian Wine Route and considers itself to be the "Capital of Alsatian Wine" (capitale des vins d'Alsace).
In 2006, the city of Colmar had a population of 65,713 and the metropolitan area of Colmar had a population of 120,367. Colmar is the center of the arrondissement of Colmar, which has 144,700 inhabitants in 2006.
Colmar is the home town of the painter and engraver Martin Schongauer and the sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who designed the Statue of Liberty. The city is renowned for its well preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the Unterlinden Museum.
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Compainville
Coordinates: 49°39′46″N 1°33′37″E / 49.6628°N 1.5603°E / 49.6628; 1.5603
Compainville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in north-western France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the Béthune River in the Pays de Bray, some 33 miles (53 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D20 and the D13 roads.
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Contremoulins
Coordinates: 49°43′36″N 0°25′41″E / 49.7267°N 0.4281°E / 49.7267; 0.4281
Contremoulins is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village, surrounded on 3 sides by woodland, situated in the Pays de Caux, some 26 miles (42 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D68 and D926 roads.
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Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔ.ʁɛːz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens or Corréziennes according to gender.
Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).
The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.
Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.
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Corsica
Corsica ( /ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse, IPA: [kɔʁs]; Corsican: Corsica; Italian: Corsica, IPA: [ˈkɔrsika]) is a French island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. Mountains comprise two-thirds of the island, forming a single chain.
Corsica is one of the 27 régions of France, although strictly speaking Corsica is designated as a territorial collectivity (collectivité territoriale) by law. As a territorial collectivity, it enjoys greater powers than other French régions, but for the most part its status is quite similar. Corsica is referred to as a "région" in common speech, and is almost always listed among the other régions of France.
Although the island is separated from the continental mainland by the Ligurian Sea and is closer to Italy than to the French mainland, politically Corsica is part of Metropolitan France. It was once briefly an independent Corsican Republic, until being incorporated into France in 1769. Its culture has French and Italian elements blended into it.
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Cottévrard
Coordinates: 49°38′01″N 1°13′23″E / 49.6336°N 1.2231°E / 49.6336; 1.2231
Cottévrard is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 31 miles (50 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D15, D19 and the D26 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the north of the commune.
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Creuse
Creuse (French pronunciation: [kʁøz]; Occitan: Cruesa) is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche.
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin. With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Criquiers
Coordinates: 49°40′31″N 1°42′24″E / 49.6753°N 1.7067°E / 49.6753; 1.7067
Criquiers is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D82, D236 and the D8 roads and on the border with the Oise département.
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Critot
Coordinates: 49°36′45″N 1°15′07″E / 49.6125°N 1.2519°E / 49.6125; 1.2519
Critot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 32 miles (51 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D12 and the D57 roads. The A28 autoroute borders the commune to the east.
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Croixdalle
Coordinates: 49°48′55″N 1°21′51″E / 49.8153°N 1.3642°E / 49.8153; 1.3642
Croixdalle is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 16 miles (26 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D17 and the D56 roads.
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Cropus
Coordinates: 49°44′27″N 1°08′52″E / 49.7408°N 1.1478°E / 49.7408; 1.1478
Cropus is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D100 and the D76 roads.
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Créteil
Coordinates: 48°47′28″N 2°27′46″E / 48.7911°N 2.4628°E / 48.7911; 2.4628
Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁe.tɛj]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.5 km (7.1 mi) from the center of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese (bishopric) and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.
The name Créteil was recorded for the first time as Cristoïlum in the martyrology written by a monk named Usuard in 865. The name Cristoïlum is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning "clearing, glade", "place of") suffixed to a pre-Latin radical crist- whose meaning is still unclear. Some believe crist is a Celtic word meaning "ridge", a cognate of Latin crista and modern French crête, in which case the meaning of Cristoïlum would be "clearing on the ridge" or "place on the ridge." A more traditional etymology was that crist referred to Jesus Christ, due to the very ancient presence of Christianity in Créteil and the veneration of Saint Agoard and Saint Aglibert, martyred in Créteil around AD 400.
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Darnétal
Coordinates: 49°26′43″N 1°09′07″E / 49.4453°N 1.1519°E / 49.4453; 1.1519
Darnétal is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A light industrial suburban town surrounded by woodland, situated some 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the centre of Rouen at the junction of the D43, D15 and the N31 roads. Two small rivers flow through the town, the Robec and the Aubette.
SNCF operates a TER service, having a railway station in the town.
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Derchigny
Coordinates: 49°56′19″N 1°11′19″E / 49.9386°N 1.1886°E / 49.9386; 1.1886
Derchigny is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Dieppe, at the junction of the D54 and the D925 roads.
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Dijon
Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
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Dordogne
Dordogne (French pronunciation: [dɔʁ.dɔɲ]; Occitan: Dordonha) is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great Dordogne River that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls, it was home to four tribes, the name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne: the "Périgord Vert" (Green Périgord) with its main town of Nontron, consists of verdant valleys in a region crossed by many rivers and streams; the "Périgord Blanc" (White Périgord) situated around the department's capital of Périgueux, is a region of limestone plateaux, wide valleys and meadows; the "Périgord Pourpre" (Purple Périgord) with its capital of Bergerac, is a wine region; and the "Périgord Noir" (Black Périgord) surrounding the administrative center of Sarlat, overlooks the valleys of the Vézère and the Dordogne, where the woods of oak and pine give it its name.
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Doubs
Doubs (French pronunciation: [du]; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department the Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke the Franc-Comtois language, a dialect of Langue d'Oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
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Doudeville
Coordinates: 49°43′16″N 0°46′59″E / 49.7210°N 0.7830°E / 49.7210; 0.7830
Doudeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
Called the flax capital, the town is situated at the centre of the Pays de Caux, the chalk plateau in High Normandy and one widely known for its fields of blue-flowered flax.
Since 1793, the population has varied between 3,792 and 1,993. In the early 21st century, it is 87% of that at the dawn of the nineteenth, when there was more demand for labour on the land.
At Doudeville, the General Assemblies of linen producers were held regularly - which is where the idea of Doudeville's claim to be linen capital arose. In the nineteenth century, there was a trade in linen cloth and canvas; enough to employ 8,000 people in ten businesses in the region.
Guy de Maupassant set a good number of his stories in this region. "The yard of the farm, enclosed by trees, seemed to sleep ... The shade of the apple trees gathered itself round their feet and the thatched roofs of the buildings at the summit of which grew irises ..." from The Story of a Farm Girl (Histoire d'une fille de ferme) by Guy de Maupassant. For more, see Pays de Caux.
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Douvrend
Coordinates: 49°52′12″N 1°19′25″E / 49.87°N 1.3236°E / 49.87; 1.3236
Douvrend is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the valley of the Eaulne river in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D58 and the D920 roads.
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Drosay
Coordinates: 49°47′42″N 0°44′29″E / 49.795°N 0.7414°E / 49.795; 0.7414
Drosay is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D75, D108 and the D107 roads.
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Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom]; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a département in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
St Vallier in Drôme, was the birthplace of one of France's most famous courtesans, the noble-born Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566), long-term mistress of King Henri II (1547-1559).
The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. The territory formed part of the former French province of Dauphiné.
Drôme lies within the region of Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) and is surrounded by the departments of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Vaucluse.
The boundaries of the department have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the department of Vaucluse in 1793. Drôme surrounds an enclave of the department of Vaucluse, the Canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
The President of the General Council is Didier Guillaume of the Socialist Party.
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Duchy of Normandy
The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Norwegian, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish (from the Danelaw) invasions of France in the 9th century. A fief, probably as a county, was created by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911 out of concessions made by King Charles, and granted to Rollo, leader of the Vikings known as Northmen (or in Latin Nortmanni).
Originally coterminous with the ecclesiastical province of Rouen composed of the northern portion of the province of Neustria that was centered around Rouen on the Seine, it was later expanded by Rollo's conquests southward to include the areas of Évreux and Alençon and westward into Breton territory. Eventually the County roughly corresponded to the two present-day Regions of Upper and Lower Normandy of the modern French Republic, plus the Channel Islands, which remain under the British crown as successors of the dukes of Normandy. All former mainland territory is now part of France, and the Duchy now consists solely of the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, which are Crown Dependencies of the British Monarchy. The British sovereign is the current Duke of Normandy.
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Duclair
Coordinates: 49°29′08″N 0°52′34″E / 49.4856°N 0.8761°E / 49.4856; 0.8761
Duclair is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming and light industrial town situated some 11 miles (18 km) west of the centre of Rouen at the junction of the D43, D5 and the D982 roads.
The Austreberthe River joins the Seine at Duclair, which is linked by ferry to the south bank. SNCF operates a TER service, having a railway station in the town.
A breed of duck is named after the town; the canard Duclair is black with a white bib.
Ronnenberg, Germany
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Dénestanville
Coordinates: 49°48′42″N 1°05′51″E / 49.8117°N 1.0975°E / 49.8117; 1.0975
Dénestanville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Scie in the Pays de Caux, some 8 miles (13 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D107 and the D3 roads.
Danestanvilla 1051, Donestanville 1088, Dunestanvilla 1142. Dunstan's farm, name of an Anglo-Saxon farmer who came from danelaw with the danes, probably in the 10th century, to settle in Normandy. Seat of the family de Dunstanville. See Reginald de Dunstanville.
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Elbeuf
Coordinates: 49°17′12″N 1°00′33″E / 49.2867°N 1.0092°E / 49.2867; 1.0092
Elbeuf is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A light industrial town situated by the banks of the Seine some 11 miles (18 km) south of Rouen at the junction of the D7, D321 and the D313 roads. The commune’s territory is largely residential to the north but the southern section is covered by thick woodland. Its position by a meander of the Seine leaves the town susceptible to flooding.
The first written record of the town was in the 10th century, on a map of Richard I of Normandy, under the name "Wellebou". According to the Nuttall Encyclopedia of 1907, it had a flourishing manufacturing business in cloth, woollens, and similar items.
Lingen, Germany
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Ellecourt
Coordinates: 49°47′54″N 1°42′57″E / 49.7983°N 1.7158°E / 49.7983; 1.7158
Ellecourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated at the border with the département of the Somme, in the valley of the Bresle river in the Pays de Bray, some 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D49 and the D102 roads.
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Envermeu
Coordinates: 49°53′49″N 1°15′56″E / 49.8969°N 1.2656°E / 49.8969; 1.2656
Envermeu is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A town of light industry and farming situated in the valley of the Eaulne river, in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) east of Dieppe, at the junction of the D149 and the D920 roads.
Known by various versions of the name over the years, it is first cited as Edremau, around 735-745, then Ebremau and Evremou in 875 then Envremou in the 12th century. The name is derived from the Celtic Eburomagos, based on the terms eburo (wild boar) and magos, a market.
Archaeological excavations have unearthed Gallic gold and some Roman coins found at a place called Le Bucq. Many other relics dating after the fall of the Roman Empire have been found 500m northeast of the church. 800 graves were brought to light, with 460 skeletons of warriors with their weapons (angons, seax, spatha, etc.), also women adorned with jewelry and other ornaments. There were horses'tombs typical for the Germanic tradition, that is often found in the north of Europe, but quite rarely in France. These tombs demonstrate a Frankish military presence (5th and 6th century), with their families.
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Envronville
Coordinates: 49°39′45″N 0°40′14″E / 49.6625°N 0.6706°E / 49.6625; 0.6706
Envronville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 26 miles (42 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D29 and the D5 roads.
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Ermenouville
Coordinates: 49°48′00″N 0°47′21″E / 49.8°N 0.7892°E / 49.8; 0.7892
Ermenouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small village of forestry and farming situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D37 and the D108 roads.
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Esclavelles
Coordinates: 49°42′28″N 1°23′21″E / 49.7078°N 1.3892°E / 49.7078; 1.3892
Esclavelles is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D929 and the D114 roads. Junction 10 of the A28 autoroute lies within the commune’s territory.
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Eslettes
Coordinates: 49°32′49″N 1°03′12″E / 49.5469°N 1.0533°E / 49.5469; 1.0533
Eslettes is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the Cailly River in the Pays de Caux, some 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D251, D44 and the D297 roads. The A151 autoroute pass through the territory of the commune.
Mentioned in a Latinized version : Esletis ab. 1040.
Old Norse sletta "flat land" with an Old English plural -s.
Same place-name as Sleights (Yorkshire), and without -s, Sletten (Denmark).
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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Esteville
Coordinates: 49°36′24″N 1°13′21″E / 49.6067°N 1.2225°E / 49.6067; 1.2225
Esteville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D15 and the D57 roads.
Abbé Pierre, priest and founder of the Emmaus movement, lived here for more than 20 years and was buried here, alongside 20 of his companions and his secretary, Lucie Coutaz who assisted him for much of his life. A centre of the Emmaus Movement, housing youngsters in difficulty, was built here where the priest’s own private room may still be seen. Today his grave has become a place of meditation and the village of Esteville sometimes receives between 300 and 500 visitors per day.
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Eure
Eure (French pronunciation: [œʁ]) is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Normandy.
After the allied victory at Waterloo, Eure was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In the wake of Louis-Napoléons December coup of 1851, Eure was one of the departments placed under a state of emergency in order to avert resistance to the post-republican régime. In the event fewer than 100 government opponents in Eure were arrested.
Eure is part of the current region of Haute-Normandie and is surrounded by the departments of Seine-Maritime, Oise, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines, Eure-et-Loir, Orne, and Calvados.
The department is a largely wooded plateau intersected by the valleys of the Seine River and its tributaries.
The altitude varies from sea level to 248 metres in the south.
The President of the General Council is Jean-Louis Destans of the Socialist Party.
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Fallencourt
Coordinates: 49°52′05″N 1°34′06″E / 49.8681°N 1.5683°E / 49.8681; 1.5683
Fallencourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming and forestry village situated by the banks of the river Yères in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D216 and the D928 roads. The A28 autoroute passes through the commune’s territory.
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Fesques
Coordinates: 49°47′26″N 1°28′39″E / 49.7906°N 1.4775°E / 49.7906; 1.4775
Fesques is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the river Eaulne in the Pays de Bray, some 21 miles (34 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D36 and the D928 roads. The A28 autoroute passes through the commune’s territory.
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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Flocques
Coordinates: 50°02′15″N 1°21′52″E / 50.0375°N 1.3644°E / 50.0375; 1.3644
Flocques is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D126 and the D940 roads.
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Foix
Coordinates: 42°57′59″N 1°36′28″E / 42.9664°N 1.6078°E / 42.9664; 1.6078
Foix (French pronunciation: [fwa]; Occitan: Fois [ˈfujs, ˈfujʃ]; Catalan: Foix [ˈfoʃ]) is a commune, the capital of the Ariège department in southwestern France. It is the least populous administrative centre of a department in all of France, although it is only very slightly smaller than Privas. It lies south of Toulouse, close to the border with Spain and Andorra.
The town of Foix probably owes its origin to an oratory founded by Charlemagne, which afterwards became the Abbey of Saint Volusianus in 849. The current area was preceded by the County of Foix.
The coat of arms used by the commune has the blazon Or, three pallets gules. This is replicated on the flag, and in the arms of the département. It originates from the arms of the Counts of Foix, and, as such, dates back into medieval times. It bears a resemblance to the coat of arms of Aragon, both featuring in the coat of arms of Andorra.
Foix was the birthplace of Charles de Freycinet (1828–1923), statesman and prime minister.
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Fongueusemare
Coordinates: 49°40′45″N 0°18′22″E / 49.6792°N 0.3061°E / 49.6792; 0.3061
Fongueusemare is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming and woodland village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D72 and the D79 roads.
Much of the action in André Gide's book Strait Is the Gate is set in the home of the Bucolin family at Fongueusemare.
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Foucarmont
Coordinates: 49°50′51″N 1°34′10″E / 49.8475°N 1.5694°E / 49.8475; 1.5694
Foucarmont is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A large village of farming and associated light industry, situated by the banks of the river Yères, in the Pays de Bray, some 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D928, the D16 and the D920 roads. The A28 autoroute passes within the borders of the commune.
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Foucart
Coordinates: 49°36′52″N 0°35′46″E / 49.6144°N 0.5961°E / 49.6144; 0.5961
Foucart is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D40, D104 and D29 roads. The A29 autoroute pass through the northern sector of the commune.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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French Grand Prix
The French Grand Prix (1906-1967: Grand Prix de l'ACF, 1968-2008: Grand Prix de France) is a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's annual Formula One automobile racing championships. The last race was held in 2008, but the event is scheduled to return in 2013.
Grand Prix motor racing originated in France and the French Grand Prix, open to international competition, is the oldest Grand Prix race, first run on 26 June 1906 under the auspices of the Automobile Club de France in Sarthe, with a starting field of 32 automobiles.
The first World Championships were organized in 1925 with the French Grand Prix, the Italian Grand Prix, the Belgian Grand Prix and the Indianapolis 500. The French Grand Prix was part of the Formula One championships from their inception in 1950 until 2008. It was designated the European Grand Prix four times between 1924 and 1966, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one grand prix race in Europe.
The race has been held at various racetracks throughout France, such as the Autodrome de Montlhéry. Since 1991 its permanent home was the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours. The move to Magny-Cours was an attempt to stimulate the economy of the area, but many within Formula One complained about the remote nature of the circuit.
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French Guiana
French Guiana (French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations: Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) have a very low population density of less than 3 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi), with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital.
The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá, a state in far northern Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and comprise one large shield landmass.
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Fresles
Coordinates: 49°44′39″N 1°20′56″E / 49.7442°N 1.3489°E / 49.7442; 1.3489
Fresles is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D97 and the D114 roads.
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Fresquiennes
Coordinates: 49°33′52″N 1°00′20″E / 49.5644°N 1.0056°E / 49.5644; 1.0056
Fresquiennes is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D44, D504 and the D124 roads.
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Freulleville
Coordinates: 49°49′35″N 1°14′13″E / 49.8264°N 1.2369°E / 49.8264; 1.2369
Freulleville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and forestry situated by the banks of the Béthune River in the Pays de Bray, some 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D1, D14 and the D107 roads.
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Frichemesnil
Coordinates: 49°37′22″N 1°08′25″E / 49.6228°N 1.1403°E / 49.6228; 1.1403
Frichemesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 15 miles (24 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D100 and the D97 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the commune’s northern section.
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Froberville
Coordinates: 49°43′21″N 0°19′56″E / 49.7225°N 0.3322°E / 49.7225; 0.3322
Froberville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D940 and D279 roads.
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Fréauville
Coordinates: 49°49′34″N 1°25′02″E / 49.8261°N 1.4172°E / 49.8261; 1.4172
Fréauville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the river Eaulne in the Pays de Bray, some 21 miles (34 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D117 and the D1314 roads.
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Fultot
Coordinates: 49°45′27″N 0°47′12″E / 49.7575°N 0.7867°E / 49.7575; 0.7867
Fultot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D50, D20 and the D37 roads. The origin of the name is probably from Nordic "intruders". In Sweden you have the same name of the village "Fulltofta". There are several other places in Normandie and Bretagne that have changed from the Scandinavian language in the same way
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Fécamp
Coordinates: 49°45′30″N 0°22′48″E / 49.7583°N 0.38°E / 49.7583; 0.38
Fécamp is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
Fécamp is situated in the valley of the river Valmont, at the heart of the Pays de Caux, on the Albaster Coast. It is around 35 km northeast of Le Havre, and around 60 km northwest of Rouen.
According to its late medieval founding legend, the trunk of a fig tree (ficus) carrying the Precious Blood of Christ collected by Joseph of Arimathea was washed ashore on the riverbank at Fécamp in the 1st century. Immediately, a fountain of holy blood gushed from the site; the relic attracted many medieval pilgrims, enhancing the reputation of the city.
The monks' legend justified the artificial etymology of the name to Fici-campus, the camp of the fig tree. Fécamp, however, is mentioned in 875 as Fiscannum and in 990 as Fiscannus and as late as 1496 which stem from the Germanic root fisc (English "fish") with an unknown suffix. It used to be the name of the Valmont River.
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Gaillefontaine
Coordinates: 49°39′16″N 1°37′01″E / 49.6544°N 1.6169°E / 49.6544; 1.6169
Gaillefontaine is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small town of farming, forestry and light industry situated by the banks of the river Béthune in the Pays de Bray, some 36 miles (58 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D919, the D9 and the D135 roads.
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Gainneville
Coordinates: 49°31′07″N 0°15′08″E / 49.5186°N 0.2522°E / 49.5186; 0.2522
Gainneville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming town situated in the Pays de Caux, some 7 miles (11 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the D6015 (ex-N15) and D111 roads.
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Ganzeville
Coordinates: 49°44′09″N 0°24′45″E / 49.7358°N 0.4125°E / 49.7358; 0.4125
Ganzeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 24 miles (39 km) northeast of Le Havre, near the junction of the D28 and D68 roads.
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Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ]; Occitan: Gard) is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
The department is named after the River Gardon, and the Occitan name of the river has been replacing the French name of the department in recent decades, even among French speakers.
The Gard area was settled by the Romans in classical times. It was crossed by the Via Domitia, which was constructed in 118 BC.
Gard is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the ancient province of Languedoc.
It was originally intended to include the canton of Ganges in the department which would have been geographically logical, but Ganges was transferred to the neighbouring department of Hérault at the outset. In return, Gard received from Hérault the fishing port of Aigues Mortes which gave the department its own outlet to the Gulf of Lion.
During the middle of the nineteenth century the prefecture, traditionally a centre of commerce with a manufacturing sector focused on textiles, was an early beneficiary of railway development, becoming an important railway junction. Several luxurious hotels were built, and the improved market access provided by the railways also encouraged, initially, a rapid growth in wine growing: however, many of the department's viticulturalists were ruined by the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/; Polish: [ˈɡdaɲsk]; German: Danzig, pronounced [ˈdantsɪç]) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the center of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over 800,000. Gdańsk itself has a population of 455,830 (June 2010), making it the largest city in the Pomerania region of Northern Poland.
Gdańsk is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former late medieval/modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city. It has been part of modern Poland since 1945.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gerponville
Coordinates: 49°45′10″N 0°33′55″E / 49.7528°N 0.5653°E / 49.7528; 0.5653
Gerponville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 28 miles (45 km) northeast of Le Havre, near the junction of the D5 and D10 roads.
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Gascon: Gers, pronounced: [ʒɛʁs] or [ʒɛʁ]) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
Inhabitants are called les Gersois or Gersoises.
In the Middle Ages, the Lordship of L'Isle-Jourdain was nearby.
The Gers is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
In 1808 it lost Lavit on its the north-eastern side to the newly created department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
The culture is largely agricultural, with great emphasis on the local gastronomical specialties such as:
Also, some prominent cultivated crops are corn, colza, sunflowers and grain.
The Gascon language is a dialect of Occitan, but it is not widely spoken.The department is characterised by sleepy bastide villages and rolling hills with the Pyrenees visible to the south.
Alexandre Dumas, père created the famous Gersois d'Artagnan, the fourth musketeer of The Three Musketeers. A museum to d'Artagnan is found in the Gersois village of Lupiac.
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Gerville
Coordinates: 49°41′48″N 0°19′49″E / 49.6967°N 0.3303°E / 49.6967; 0.3303
Gerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D79 and D11 roads.
The commune comprises 6 hamlets or place-names: La Mare Chanseuse, Le Bihorel, La Hêtrée, Le Parlement, Le Beau Soleil and Vue-du-Coquet
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Gironde
For the Revolutionary party, see Girondists.
Gironde (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃d]; in Gascon Gironda) is a common name for the Gironde estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France. The Bordeaux wine region is in the Gironde.
Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to Bec-d'Ambès to avoid the association with the revolutionary party, the Girondists.
Gironde is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km², Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km² of Guyane.
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Glicourt
Coordinates: 49°56′09″N 1°14′30″E / 49.9358°N 1.2417°E / 49.9358; 1.2417
Glicourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) east of Dieppe, on the D454 road.
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Goderville
Coordinates: 49°38′49″N 0°21′59″E / 49.6469°N 0.3664°E / 49.6469; 0.3664
Goderville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming and light industrial town situated 7 miles (11 km) to the south of Fécamp, at the junction of the D10, D925 and D139 roads, in the Pays de Caux.
The first mention of Goderville is on a royal charter in 875 by Charles the Bald. It dealt with the value and number of properties belonging to the chapter of Rouen. The town got its name from the family of Godard of Vaulx, first known lord of the manor. In 1492, they allied themselves by marriage to the Roussel family. In March 1651, Goderville was elevated to a barony by letters patent.
Until the French revolution, the town was governed as a ‘sergenterie’.
The market, notable for linen, has existed since the 16th century.
Goderville absorbed the commune of Crétot in 1825.
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Gonnetot
Coordinates: 49°45′53″N 0°53′56″E / 49.7647°N 0.8989°E / 49.7647; 0.8989
Gonnetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 13 miles (21 km) southwest of Dieppe, on the D27 road and in the valley of the river Saâne.
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Gonzeville
Coordinates: 49°45′52″N 0°48′39″E / 49.7644°N 0.8108°E / 49.7644; 0.8108
Gonzeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D50 and the D25 roads.
Valérie Lemercier, (b.1964) French actress, spent her childhood here.
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Gouchaupre
Coordinates: 49°55′52″N 1°17′59″E / 49.9311°N 1.2997°E / 49.9311; 1.2997
Gouchaupre is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 11 miles (18 km) east of Dieppe, at the junction of the D26 and the D22 roads.
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Graimbouville
Coordinates: 49°34′25″N 0°19′48″E / 49.5736°N 0.33°E / 49.5736; 0.33
Graimbouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D234 and D434 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the southern tip of the commune.
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Graval
Coordinates: 49°43′41″N 1°32′32″E / 49.7281°N 1.5422°E / 49.7281; 1.5422
Graval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 26 miles (42 km) southeast of Dieppe, on the D7 road near junction 11 of the A29 autoroute.
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Grenoble
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Greny
Coordinates: 49°56′51″N 1°18′25″E / 49.9475°N 1.3069°E / 49.9475; 1.3069
Greny is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 9 miles (14 km) east of Dieppe on the D117 road.
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Greuville
Coordinates: 49°48′33″N 0°54′45″E / 49.8092°N 0.9125°E / 49.8092; 0.9125
Greuville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D27, D108 and D270 roads.
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Grigneuseville
Coordinates: 49°39′16″N 1°11′25″E / 49.6544°N 1.1903°E / 49.6544; 1.1903
Grigneuseville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 24 miles (39 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D225, D96 and D151 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the territory of the commune.
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Grugny
Coordinates: 49°37′20″N 1°06′40″E / 49.6222°N 1.1111°E / 49.6222; 1.1111
Grugny is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated some 15 miles (24 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D3, D3a and the D97 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the northern section of the commune’s territory.
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Grumesnil
Coordinates: 49°36′36″N 1°41′36″E / 49.61°N 1.6933°E / 49.61; 1.6933
Grumesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
Grumesnil is a farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D105 and the D8 roads. The commune borders the neighbouring département of Oise.
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Grèges
Coordinates: 49°55′25″N 1°08′45″E / 49.9236°N 1.1458°E / 49.9236; 1.1458
Grèges is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming and suburban village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Dieppe at the junction of the D920 and the D100 roads.
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Grémonville
Coordinates: 49°40′17″N 0°49′39″E / 49.6714°N 0.8275°E / 49.6714; 0.8275
Grémonville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated some 19 miles (31 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D20, D55 and the D253 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the southern section of the commune’s territory.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe ( /ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Gueures
Coordinates: 49°50′40″N 0°57′47″E / 49.8444°N 0.9631°E / 49.8444; 0.9631
Gueures is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated at the confluence of the Saâne and the Vienne rivers, in the Pays de Caux, some 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D70, the D123 and the D152 roads.
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Gueutteville
Coordinates: 49°39′01″N 1°00′20″E / 49.6503°N 1.0056°E / 49.6503; 1.0056
Gueutteville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village situated some 15 miles (24 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D22, D63 and the D253 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the southern section of the commune’s territory.
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Guilmécourt
Coordinates: 49°58′02″N 1°18′11″E / 49.9672°N 1.3031°E / 49.9672; 1.3031
Guilmécourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D222, D117 and the D454 roads.
Guilmécourt church
Guilmécourt under snow
A field of flax
Harvest time
Oil-seed rape fields
Wheatfields
The countryside
Sheep
The countryside
Guilmécourt at night
Flower of the flax
A field of cut flax
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Guéret
Coordinates: 46°10′17″N 1°52′09″E / 46.1714°N 1.8692°E / 46.1714; 1.8692
Guéret (Occitan: Garait) is a commune and the prefecture of the Creuse department in the Limousin region in central France.
A light industrial town, the largest in the department, with a big woodland and a little farming not far from the town centre. It is approximately 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Limoges at the junction of the D942, D940 and the N145 roads.
Guéret is twinned with: Stein, Bavaria, Germany since 1991
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Harcanville
Coordinates: 49°42′54″N 0°45′21″E / 49.715°N 0.7558°E / 49.715; 0.7558
Harcanville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D149 and the D110 roads. It is very close to the section of Secantan.
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Harfleur
Coordinates: 49°30′26″N 0°11′56″E / 49.5072°N 0.1989°E / 49.5072; 0.1989
Harfleur is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
It was the principal seaport in north-western France for six centuries, until Le Havre was built about five kilometres (three miles) downstream in the sixteenth century to take advantage of anchorages less prone to siltation. Harfleur is now on the eastern edge of Le Havre's urban area.
A light industrial town situated in the Pays de Caux by the banks of the Seine and Lézarde rivers, some 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the N282, D231 and D9015 roads. SNCF railways have a station here.
In Roman times, Harfleur was known as Caracotinum, the principal port of the ancient Calates. A Roman road led from Harfleur to Troyes. Another road that disappeared during the Hundred Years War linked Harfleur to Fécamp.
Several Merovingian sarcophagi have been unearthed at the foot of Mount Cabert.
In the Middle Ages, the town's name, Herosfloth, Harofluet or Hareflot, was still sufficiently uncorrupted to indicate its Norman origins. The suffix fleur comes from Old Norse Flöthe meaning "estuary or arm of the sea" and is related to the word fjord. The precise meaning of the prefix "har" is unknown.
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Hattenville
Coordinates: 49°39′13″N 0°32′18″E / 49.6536°N 0.5383°E / 49.6536; 0.5383
Hattenville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
The most famous reference to Hattenville is in Paul Cézanne's painting 'Farm in Normandy, Summer'. This was painted at the farm of one of Cézanne's friends, very near Hattenville.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D28 and D217 roads.
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Haudricourt
Coordinates: 49°44′03″N 1°42′21″E / 49.7342°N 1.7058°E / 49.7342; 1.7058
Haudricourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 42 miles (68 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D9 and D436 roads. The commune borders the département of Oise.
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Haussez
Coordinates: 49°35′00″N 1°40′02″E / 49.5833°N 1.6672°E / 49.5833; 1.6672
Haussez is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the Epte river in the Pays de Bray, some 41 miles (66 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D41, D120 and D130 roads. The commune borders the département of Oise.
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Hermeville
Coordinates: 49°35′52″N 0°15′52″E / 49.5978°N 0.2644°E / 49.5978; 0.2644
Hermeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 9 miles (14 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D925 and D125 roads.
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Heurteauville
Coordinates: 49°26′43″N 0°48′51″E / 49.4453°N 0.8142°E / 49.4453; 0.8142
Heurteauville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in a meander of the river Seine, some 12 miles (19 km) west of Rouen, on the D65 road.
Old peat bogs have been preserved as a nature reserve alongside the forest.
The commune is thought to be unique in France for having two separate ferry services over the river.
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Houdetot
Coordinates: 49°48′54″N 0°48′14″E / 49.815°N 0.8039°E / 49.815; 0.8039
Houdetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux situated some 17 miles (27 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D70 and the D437 roads.
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Houppeville
Coordinates: 49°30′48″N 1°04′49″E / 49.5133°N 1.0803°E / 49.5133; 1.0803
Houppeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A large village of forestry and farming, surrounded by woodland and situated just 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the centre of Rouen, at the junction of the D90, D121 and the D321 roads.
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Houquetot
Coordinates: 49°36′19″N 0°23′23″E / 49.6053°N 0.3897°E / 49.6053; 0.3897
Houquetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Le Havre, near the junction of the D252 and D910 roads.
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Héberville
Coordinates: 49°46′37″N 0°48′10″E / 49.7769°N 0.8028°E / 49.7769; 0.8028
Héberville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux situated some 21 miles (34 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D107 and the D237 roads.
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Hénouville
Coordinates: 49°29′00″N 0°58′00″E / 49.4833°N 0.9667°E / 49.4833; 0.9667
Hénouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of forestry and farming by the banks of the river Seine, situated just 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of the centre of Rouen, at the junction of the D67, D86 and the D982 roads.
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Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.
The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.
During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Hérault is part of the current region of Languedoc-Roussillon and is surrounded by the departments of Aude, Tarn, Aveyron, Gard, and the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion) on the south.
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Héronchelles
Coordinates: 49°31′50″N 1°23′02″E / 49.5306°N 1.3839°E / 49.5306; 1.3839
Héronchelles is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village, source of the tiny river Héronchelles, situated some 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D46, D261 and the D290 roads.
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Imbleville
Coordinates: 49°42′58″N 0°57′13″E / 49.7161°N 0.9536°E / 49.7161; 0.9536
Imbleville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village by the banks of the Saâne river in the Pays de Caux situated some 20 miles (32 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D2 with the D25.
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Incheville
Coordinates: 50°00′42″N 1°29′40″E / 50.0117°N 1.4944°E / 50.0117; 1.4944
Incheville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of forestry, farming and light industry situated by the banks of the Bresle river in the Pays de Bray, some 23 miles (37 km) northeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D49 and the D58 roads.
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Indre
Indre (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ]) is a department in the center of France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
Indre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Berry.
Indre is part of the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne.
The President of the General Council is Louis Pinton of the Union for a Popular Movement.
The Indre has two villages classified among the most beautiful villages of France: Saint-Benoît-du-Sault and Gargilesse-Dampierre.
Media related to Indre (department) at Wikimedia Commons
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Ingouville
Coordinates: 49°50′26″N 0°41′16″E / 49.8406°N 0.6878°E / 49.8406; 0.6878
Ingouville, also known as Ingouville-sur-Mer, is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D105 and the D925 roads. The small northern border of the commune comprises huge cliffs overlooking the English Channel.
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Intraville
Coordinates: 49°55′59″N 1°16′48″E / 49.9331°N 1.28°E / 49.9331; 1.28
Intraville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 9 miles (14 km) east of Dieppe at the junction of the D222 and the D256 roads.
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Isneauville
Coordinates: 49°29′58″N 1°08′36″E / 49.4994°N 1.1433°E / 49.4994; 1.1433
Isneauville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small light industrial and farming town, situated some 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Rouen, at the junction of the D928, D47, D61 and the D151 roads. The A28 autoroute forms the south-eastern border of the commune.
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Isère
Isère (pronounced: [izɛːʁ]; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Dauphiné. Its area has been reduced twice, in 1852 and again in 1967, on both occasions losing territory to the department of Rhône.
In 1852 in response to rapid urban development round the edge of Lyon, the (hitherto Isère) communes of Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux and Villeurbanne were transferred to Rhône. In 1967 the redrawing of local government frontiers led to the creation of the Urban Community of Lyon (more recently known simply as Greater Lyon / Grand Lyon). At that time intercommunal groupings of this nature were not permitted to straddle departmental frontiers, and accordingly 23 more Isère communes (along with 6 communes from Ain) found themselves transferred to Rhône. The affected Isère communes were Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay and Toussieu.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jeju City
Jeju (Jeju-si) is the capital of Jeju province in South Korea and the largest city on the island of Jeju. Its geographical location is 33°30′N 126°31′E / 33.5°N 126.517°E / 33.5; 126.517. The city is served by Jeju International Airport (IATA code CJU).
Located in a southern part of Korea, apart from the peninsula, the weather is mild and warm throughout the year. The city is a well-known resort, with prestigious hotels and public casino facilities. In 2011, 9.9 million passengers flew between the two cities of Seoul and Jeju, making the Gimpo–Jeju route the world's busiest passenger air route. Jeju welcomes over four million visitors from mainland Korea, Japan, and China every year;[citation needed]
The area of the city has played a central role in Jeju since before recorded history. The Samseonghyeol, holes from which the three ancestors of the Jeju people are said to have come, are located in downtown Jeju City.
The city has grown quite rapidly since the 1970s. Shin Jeju (신제주), or "new Jeju", was created some decades ago, up the hill from the airport and houses many government buildings. The thatched roof buildings that were common throughout the city until the 1970s are gradually disappearing.
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Jumièges
Coordinates: 49°26′04″N 0°49′17″E / 49.4344°N 0.8214°E / 49.4344; 0.8214
Jumièges is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in a meander of the river Seine, some 13 miles (21 km) west of Rouen, at the junction of the D65 and the D143 roads. A ferry service operates here, connecting the commune with the south and west sides of the river.
It is best known as the site of Jumièges Abbey, a typical Norman abbey of the Romanesque period, and the home of the pro-Norman chronicler William of Jumièges who wrote the Gesta Normannorum Ducum about 1070. Now ruined, the abbey dates from 1067, when it was consecrated in the presence of William the Conqueror.
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La Bouille
Coordinates: 49°21′04″N 0°55′55″E / 49.351°N 0.932°E / 49.351; 0.932
La Bouille is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small village (in area) surrounded by woodland situated south of a meander of the river Seine, some 11 miles (18 km) southwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D64, D132 and the D675 roads. A ferry service crosses the river to Sahurs.
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La Cerlangue
Coordinates: 49°30′27″N 0°24′53″E / 49.5075°N 0.4147°E / 49.5075; 0.4147
La Cerlangue is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the D112 and D910 roads. The canal de Tancarville and the A131 autoroute cut through the middle of the commune. The river Seine forms the commune’s southern border .
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La Crique
Coordinates: 49°41′29″N 1°11′54″E / 49.6914°N 1.1983°E / 49.6914; 1.1983
La Crique is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D115, the D99 and the D15 roads.
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La Folletière
Coordinates: 49°34′29″N 0°48′08″E / 49.5747°N 0.8022°E / 49.5747; 0.8022
La Folletière is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small forestry and farming village situated by the banks of the river Cesne in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D89 and the D289 roads.
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La Fontelaye
Coordinates: 49°41′49″N 0°57′14″E / 49.6969°N 0.9539°E / 49.6969; 0.9539
La Fontelaye is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village situated by the banks of the Saâne river in the Pays de Caux, some 21 miles (34 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D303 and the D23 roads.
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La Frénaye
Coordinates: 49°31′41″N 0°34′29″E / 49.5281°N 0.5747°E / 49.5281; 0.5747
La Frénaye is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of forestry and farming in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the D484 and D982 roads.
The village is located on an old Roman road which runs from "Juliobona" (Lillebonne) to "Rotomagus" (Rouen). Another Roman road linking "Breviodurum" (Brionne) to "Mediolanum" (Évreux), also crosses La Frenaye’s borders.
The name comes from the Latin fracsinus, meaning ‘’place of the ash trees’’.
The Gallo-Roman period is often mentioned in the history of the region, many relics having been found in excavations and having discovered the foundations of two military camps protecting the Roman roads. A farm still operates to this day, bearing the name of ‘’Lionnière’’, supposedly used to keep the lions and other wild animals during the celebrations organized in the amphitheatre at Lillebonne.
The 1st August 1914 saw the mobilization of 60 men of the village. 30 were killed and five were missing by the end of World War I. In 1939, soldiers were again mobilised. In 1940 the exodus of Frenaysiens reached its peak, with rumours of German atrocities. During this period many Frenaysien soldiers were imprisoned in Germany or were requisitioned for compulsory labour. During the night of 7 August 1944, a Royal Air Force Lancaster crashed in La Frenaye. Three British airmen were killed and now rest in La Frenaye cemetery . On August 30, 1944, the Germans left La Frenaye.
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La Gaillarde
Coordinates: 49°50′11″N 0°51′39″E / 49.8364°N 0.8608°E / 49.8364; 0.8608
La Gaillarde is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the Dun river in the Pays de Caux, some 11 miles (18 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D4 and the D237 roads.
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La Hallotière
Coordinates: 49°31′09″N 1°28′13″E / 49.5192°N 1.4703°E / 49.5192; 1.4703
La Hallotière is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the Andelle river in the Pays de Bray, some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Rouen near the junction of the D57 and the D921 roads.
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La Londe
Coordinates: 49°18′22″N 0°57′11″E / 49.306°N 0.953°E / 49.306; 0.953
La Londe is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France. It was first mentioned in historical records in 1170
A forestry and farming village situated some 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D132 and the D38 roads. The commune borders the department of the Eure.
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La Remuée
Coordinates: 49°31′43″N 0°24′15″E / 49.5286°N 0.4042°E / 49.5286; 0.4042
La Remuée is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the D112 and D81 roads.
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La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°09′33″N 1°09′06″W / 46.1591°N 1.1517°W / 46.1591; -1.1517
La Rochelle (French pronunciation: [la ʁɔ.ʃɛl]) is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department.
The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9 km (1.8 mi) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche.
The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.
The Romans then occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, which was then re-exported throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period.
La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130 and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon. In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreuneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).
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La Vaupalière
Coordinates: 49°29′19″N 0°59′45″E / 49.4886°N 0.9958°E / 49.4886; 0.9958
La Vaupalière is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of forestry, farming and a little light industry, situated some 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D267, D43 and the D94 roads. The A151 autoroute passes through the commune’s south-eastern section.
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Lammerville
Coordinates: 49°47′50″N 0°58′58″E / 49.7972°N 0.9828°E / 49.7972; 0.9828
Lammerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the Vienne river in the Pays de Caux, some 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D152, the D127 and the D270 roads.
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Lanquetot
Coordinates: 49°35′09″N 0°31′34″E / 49.5858°N 0.5261°E / 49.5858; 0.5261
Lanquetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, some 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D9015, D30 and D109 roads.
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Laon
Coordinates: 49°33′50″N 3°37′28″E / 49.5639°N 3.6244°E / 49.5639; 3.6244
Laon (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃]) is the capital city of the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France.
The hilly district of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held strategic importance. In the time of Julius Caesar there was a Gallic village named Bibrax where the Remis (inhabitants of the country round Reims) had to meet the onset of the confederated Belgae. Whatever may have been the precise locality of that battlefield, Laon was fortified by the Romans, and successively checked the invasions of the Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Alans and Huns. At that time it was known as Alaudanum or Lugdunum Clavatum.
Remigius, archbishop of Reims, who baptised Clovis, was born in the Laonnais, and it was he who, at the end of the fifth century, instituted the bishopric of Laon. Thenceforward Laon was one of the principal towns of the kingdom of the Franks, and the possession of it was often disputed. Charles the Bald had enriched its church with the gift of very numerous domains. About 847 the Irish philosopher John Scotus Eriugena appeared at the court of Charles the Bald, and was appointed head of the palace school. Eriugena spent the rest of his days in France, probably at Paris and Laon. After the fall of the Carolingians Laon took the part of Charles of Lorraine, their heir, and Hugh Capet only succeeded in making himself master of the town by the connivance of the bishop, who, in return for this service, was made second ecclesiastical peer of the kingdom.
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Le Bocasse
Coordinates: 49°36′23″N 1°04′59″E / 49.6064°N 1.0831°E / 49.6064; 1.0831
Le Bocasse is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village with associated light industry situated some 12 miles (19 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D53 and the D6 roads and also the D927 and D99.
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Le Catelier
Coordinates: 49°45′19″N 1°08′58″E / 49.7553°N 1.1494°E / 49.7553; 1.1494
Le Catelier is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village, situated between the valleys of the Scie and Varenne rivers in the Pays de Caux, some 12 miles (19 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D100 and the D476 roads.
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Le Fossé
Coordinates: 49°36′34″N 1°34′23″E / 49.6094°N 1.5731°E / 49.6094; 1.5731
Le Fossé is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming and forestry village situated by the banks of the Epte river in the Pays de Bray, some 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D9 and the D915 roads.
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Le Hanouard
Coordinates: 49°43′49″N 0°39′49″E / 49.7303°N 0.6636°E / 49.7303; 0.6636
Le Hanouard is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village surrounded by woodland in the Pays de Caux, some 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D131 and D109 roads and by the banks of the Durdent river.
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Le Havre
Coordinates: 49°29′24″N 0°06′00″E / 49.49000°N 0.100000°E / 49.49000; 0.100000
Le Havre (French pronunciation: [lə avʁ]) is a city in the Seine-Maritime department of the Haute-Normandie region in France. It is situated in north-western France, on the right bank of the mouth of the river Seine on the English Channel. Le Havre is the most populous commune in the Haute-Normandie region, although the total population of the greater Le Havre conurbation is smaller than that of Rouen. It is also the second largest subprefecture in France (after Reims). Its port is the second busiest in France (after that of Marseille). Since 1974 it has been the see of the diocese of Le Havre.
Le Havre was provisionally renamed Franciscopolis in the documents, after King Francis I, who developed the city in 1517. A chapel known as Notre-Dame-de-Grâce ("Our Lady of Grace") existed at the site before the city was established, and the denomination lent its name to the port, to be called Le Hable de Grâce (already in 1489, "the harbor of Grace"). The shortened name Le Havre, as used in modern times, simply translates as "the port" or "the harbour".
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Le Houlme
Coordinates: 49°30′29″N 1°02′10″E / 49.508°N 1.036°E / 49.508; 1.036
Le Houlme is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small light industrial and farming town situated by the banks of the Cailly River, some 7 miles (11 km) northwest of the centre of Rouen at the junction of the D51, D90 and the D927 roads. SNCF operates a TER service here. The town is located in a place where the Cailly River's valley is beginning to narrow. Thus, the town extends from the Cailly River's valley to the beginning of the plateau of Normandy, with some housings located on the cliffs leading to the plateau itself.
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Le Héron
Coordinates: 49°29′51″N 1°23′39″E / 49.4975°N 1.3942°E / 49.4975; 1.3942
Le Héron is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small forestry and farming village situated at the confluence of the small Héron river with the Andelle, some 16 miles (26 km) east of Rouen at the junction of the D13, D46 and the D62 roads.
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Le Mans
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 0°11′54″E / 48.0077°N 0.1984°E / 48.0077; 0.1984
Le Mans (French pronunciation: [ləmɑ̃]) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles. It has been host to the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race since 1923.
First mentioned by Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani). Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, lies in the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. An amphitheatre built in the third century AD is still visible, but the thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century to build the city's walls, which remain some of the most complete circuit of Gallo-Roman city walling that survives.
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Le Trait
Coordinates: 49°29′19″N 0°48′22″E / 49.4886°N 0.8061°E / 49.4886; 0.8061
Le Trait is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
An ex-shipbuilding town, nowadays involved in farming, forestry, light industry and port activity. Technip produces flexible pipes for the offshore oil industry in Le Trait and is the biggest employer. Le Trait is situated by the banks of the river Seine, some 15 miles (24 km) west of Rouen on the D982 road.
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Le Tréport
Coordinates: 50°03′41″N 1°22′19″E / 50.0614°N 1.3719°E / 50.0614; 1.3719
Le Tréport is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small fishing port and light industrial town situated in the Pays de Caux, some 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D940, the D78 and the D1015 roads. The mouth of the Bresle river meets the English Channel here, in between the high (110 metres) chalk cliffs and the pebbly beach. Le Tréport is also a sea-side resort and home to a casino.
Paul Paray, conductor, was born here in 1886.
The three towns of Le Tréport, Eu and Mers-les-Bains are known locally as the Three sisters.
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Les Ifs
Coordinates: 49°53′08″N 1°23′46″E / 49.8856°N 1.3961°E / 49.8856; 1.3961
Les Ifs is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A tiny farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 16 miles (26 km) east of Dieppe just off the D115 road.
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Lestanville
Coordinates: 49°44′51″N 0°57′25″E / 49.7475°N 0.9569°E / 49.7475; 0.9569
Lestanville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village situated by the banks of the river Saâne in the Pays de Caux, some 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D507 and D55 roads.
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Lille
Coordinates: 50°38′14″N 3°03′48″E / 50.6372°N 3.0633°E / 50.6372; 3.0633
Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.
The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.[citation needed]
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.
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Lillebonne
Coordinates: 49°31′08″N 0°32′03″E / 49.5189°N 0.5343°E / 49.5189; 0.5343
Lillebonne is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France. It lies 3.5 miles (5.6 km) miles north of the Seine and 24 miles (39 km) east of Le Havre by railway.
Before the Roman conquest of Gaul Juliobona was the capital of the Caletes, or inhabitants of the Pays de Caux. It was destroyed bu Julius Caesar and afterwards rebuilt by Augustus. Before it was again ruined by the barbarian invasions it had become an important centre whence Roman roads branched out in all directions. It was an administrative, military and commercial city located close to the Seine. This made it a great transportation route between Brittany (current England) and the remainder of the Roman Empire. It was also a crossroads of communication in order to bring Roman ways to Harfleur, Étretat, Dieppe, Évreux and Rouen.
The remains of Roman baths and of a theater capable of holding 3,000 persons have been brought to light. Many Roman and Gallic relics, notably a bronze statue of a woman and two fine mosaics, have been found and transported to the museum at Rouen. In the Middle Ages the fortifications of the town were constructed out of materials supplied by the theater. The town recovered some of its old importance under William the Conqueror.
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Limoges
Coordinates: 45°50′07″N 1°15′45″E / 45.8353°N 1.2625°E / 45.8353; 1.2625
Limoges (French pronunciation: [li.mɔʒ], Lemòtges or Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and the administrative capital of the Limousin région in west-central France.
Limoges is known for its medieval enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels (Limousin oak), which are used for Cognac production.
Limoges is the chief-town of 16 cantons: Limoges-Beaupuy, Limoges-Carnot, Limoges-Centre, Limoges-Cité, Limoges-Condat, Limoges-Corgnac, Limoges-Couzeix, Limoges-Émailleurs, Limoges-Grand-Treuil, Limoges-Isle, Limoges-La Bastide, Limoges-Landouge, Limoges-Le Palais, Limoges-Panazol, Limoges-Puy-las-Rodas, and Limoges-Vigenal.
Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the Gaulish people of the Lemovices, who lived in the area, was probably some kilometres south-east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat.
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Limpiville
Coordinates: 49°41′26″N 0°30′13″E / 49.6906°N 0.5036°E / 49.6906; 0.5036
Limpiville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux situated some 24 miles (39 km) northeast of Le Havre, between the D17 and D28 roads.
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Limésy
Coordinates: 49°36′50″N 0°55′36″E / 49.6139°N 0.9267°E / 49.6139; 0.9267
Limésy is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D142, D63 and the D67 roads.
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Lindebeuf
Coordinates: 49°42′43″N 0°54′28″E / 49.7119°N 0.9078°E / 49.7119; 0.9078
Lindebeuf is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux some 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D25, D225 and the D103 roads.
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Lintot
Coordinates: 49°33′50″N 0°34′09″E / 49.5639°N 0.5692°E / 49.5639; 0.5692
Lintot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, some 21 miles (34 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the D30 and D34 roads.
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Loiret
Loiret (French pronunciation: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in north-central France
The department is named after the river Loiret, a tributary of the Loire. The Loiret is located wholly within the department.
Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Loiret is part of the current region of Centre and is surrounded by the departments of Essonne, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Eure-et-Loir.
Orléans is a popular tourist destination, with its cathedral of Ste. Croix.
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Londinières
Coordinates: 49°49′57″N 1°24′10″E / 49.8325°N 1.4028°E / 49.8325; 1.4028
Londinières is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming town situated by the banks of the river Eaulne in the Pays de Bray, some 16 miles (26 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D920, the D12, D117 and the D1314 roads.
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Longmesnil
Coordinates: 49°36′52″N 1°36′42″E / 49.6144°N 1.6117°E / 49.6144; 1.6117
Longmesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A tiny farming village situated in the valley of the river Epte in the Pays de Bray, some 38 miles (61 km) southeast of Dieppe on the D129 near its junction with the D156 road.
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Longroy
Coordinates: 49°59′23″N 1°32′15″E / 49.9897°N 1.5375°E / 49.9897; 1.5375
Longroy is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated by the banks of the river Bresle in the Pays de Bray, some 21 miles (34 km) east of Dieppe on the D49 at its junction with the D14 road.
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Longuerue
Coordinates: 49°32′52″N 1°17′38″E / 49.5478°N 1.2939°E / 49.5478; 1.2939
Longuerue is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department
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Louvetot
Coordinates: 49°34′21″N 0°42′50″E / 49.5725°N 0.7139°E / 49.5725; 0.7139
Louvetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D33 and the D131 roads.
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Lower Normandy
Lower Normandy (French: Basse-Normandie, IPA: [bas nɔr.mɑ̃.di]; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is an administrative region of France. It was created in 1956, when the Normandy region was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. The region includes three departments, Calvados, Manche and Orne, that cover the part of Normandy traditionally termed "Lower Normandy" lying west of the Dives River, the Pays d'Auge (except a small part remaining in Upper Normandy), a small part of the Pays d'Ouche (the main part remaining in Upper Normandy), the Norman Perche and part of the "French" Perche. It covers 10,857 km2, 3.2 percent of the surface area of France.
The traditional districts of Lower Normandy include the Cotentin Peninsula and La Hague, the Campagne de Caen, the Norman Bocage, the Bessin and the Avranchin.
The traditional province of Normandy, with an integral history reaching back to the 10th century, was divided in 1957 into two regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.
During the Roman era, the region was divided into several different city-states. That of Vieux was excavated in the 17th century, revealing numerous structures and vestiges bearing testimony to the prosperity of the Caen region.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Lugdunum
Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum (modern: Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul. The city was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus. It served as the capital of the Roman province Gallia Lugdunensis. To 300 years after its foundation Lugdunum was the most important city to the west part of Roman Empire, after Rome[vague]. Two emperors, Claudius (Germanicus) and Caracalla, were born in Lugdunum.
The original Roman city was situated west of the confluence of the Rhône and Saône, on the Fourvière heights. By the late centuries of the empire much of the population was located in the Saône River valley at the foot of Fourvière.
The Roman city was originally founded as Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity and the blessing of the gods. The city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum (and occasionally Lugudunum) by the end of the 1st century AD.
The etymology of Lugdunum is a latinization of the Gaulish place name Lugodunon. Gaulish was the predominant language of the region when conquered by the Romans. While dunon means hill fort, the source of Lug is uncertain. The most commonly offered meaning is the Celtic god named Lug, whose messenger was the crow (lugus), and who was associated with the cock (rooster), ultimately to become the symbol of France. Most references to Mercurius in Gaul really refer to Lug, as he was the Celtic god that the Romans considered to be Mercury (see interpretatio graeca for more about this practice). Lug was popular in Ireland and Britain, but there is no evidence of his cult or worship in Lugdunum, except for the apparent use of crows as an early symbol of the city. An alternative derivation is that lug refers to the Celtic word for light (a cognate of Latin lux and English light), with roughly the same meaning as Clermont (clarus mons). During the Middle Ages, Lugdunum was transformed to Lyon by natural sound change.
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Luneray
Coordinates: 49°49′45″N 0°54′51″E / 49.8292°N 0.9142°E / 49.8292; 0.9142
Luneray is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small town of farming and light industry situated in the Pays de Caux, some 11 miles (18 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D70, the D4 and the D27 roads. The commune is also served by the TER railway.
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Lyon
Coordinates: 45°45′35″N 4°50′32″E / 45.7597°N 4.8422°E / 45.7597; 4.8422
Lyon (French pronunciation: [ljɔ̃] ( listen), locally: [lijɔ̃]; Occitan: Lion [liˈu]; Arpitan: Liyon [ʎjɔ̃]; English: /liːˈɒn/), traditionally spelt Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located approximately 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 420 km (261 mi) from Strasbourg, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.
The city of Lyon has 483,181 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the largest conurbation in France outside Paris with a population estimated to be 1,422,331; its overall metropolitan area was estimated to have a population of 2,118,132. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.
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Malaunay
Coordinates: 49°31′37″N 1°02′28″E / 49.5269°N 1.0411°E / 49.5269; 1.0411
Malaunay is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small town of farming and light industry situated by the banks of the Cailly River, some 9 miles (14 km) north of Rouen, at the junction of the D51, D155 and the D927 roads.
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Mamoudzou
Coordinates: 12°46′50″S 45°13′40″E / 12.7806°S 45.2278°E / -12.7806; 45.2278
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou, known as Momoju in the local Shimaore language, is the most populated commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), but Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977. The island is located in the Mozambique Channel, between northern Mozambique and northern Madagascar.
The commune is composed of 6 villages in addition to its central habitation, also called Mamoudzou. These are: Kawéni, Mtsapéré, Passamainti, Vahibé, Tsoundzou I and Tsoundzou II.
The commune is also subdivided into 3 cantons; Mamoudzou I, Mamoudzou II and Mamoudzou III.
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Manche
Manche (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃ʃ]) is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
Manche is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Normandie.
The first capital was Coutances until 1796, and it resumed that role after World War II because of the almost complete destruction of Saint-Lô during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it again became the capital.
The Department includes the Cotentin Peninsula down to the famous Mont St Michel; though not the off-shore Îles Anglo-Normandes, which are British Crown Dependencies. These islands are a wonderful example of when Normandy invaded England and vice-versa, and oaths of allegiance to new kings got mixed up. Other reefs and not quite islands such as the Minquiers are technically British, though they are annually contested in good fun by French and Channel Island fishermen. The coast is fantastic for sailing and boating though the unusually fast tidal races require a certain yachting skill to navigate safely.
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Maniquerville
Coordinates: 49°41′35″N 0°20′39″E / 49.6931°N 0.3442°E / 49.6931; 0.3442
Maniquerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D11 and D279 roads.
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Mannevillette
Coordinates: 49°35′51″N 0°10′33″E / 49.5975°N 0.1758°E / 49.5975; 0.1758
Mannevillette is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux situated some 8 miles (13 km) north of Le Havre, at the junction of the D111 and D79 roads.
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Manéglise
Coordinates: 49°34′02″N 0°15′18″E / 49.5671°N 0.2549°E / 49.5671; 0.2549
Manéglise is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux situated some 7 miles (11 km) north of Le Havre, at the junction of the D926 and D52 roads.
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Manéhouville
Coordinates: 49°50′09″N 1°04′53″E / 49.8358°N 1.0814°E / 49.8358; 1.0814
Manéhouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the river Scie in the Pays de Caux, some 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D927, the D23 and the D3 roads.
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Marne
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne (Matrona in Roman times) which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne.
Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne.
Marne has a long association with the French Army. The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of the Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain.
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Maromme
Coordinates: 49°28′57″N 1°02′34″E / 49.4825°N 1.0428°E / 49.4825; 1.0428
Maromme is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A suburban town of forestry and light industry situated by the banks of the Cailly River, just 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Rouen city centre, at the junction of the D51, D56, D43 and the D6015 roads. SNCF operates a TER rail service here.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Martinique
Martinique (French pronunciation: [maʁtinik]) is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-seven regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1502.
As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, and its currency is the Euro. Its official language is French, although many of its inhabitants also speak Antillean Creole (Créole Martiniquais).
The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. It was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. It was claimed by France in 1635 and, despite several interludes of British occupation, once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars, has remained a French possession. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an overseas department.
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Mathonville
Coordinates: 49°37′20″N 1°22′59″E / 49.6222°N 1.3831°E / 49.6222; 1.3831
Mathonville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
Its inhabitants are called Mathonville and Mathonvillaises.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D118 and the D38 roads.
Surrounded by the municipalities of Bosc-Bordel , Montérolier and Buchy , Mathonville is located 28 km northeast of Mont-Saint-Aignan, the largest city nearby.
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Maucomble
Coordinates: 49°40′58″N 1°20′03″E / 49.6828°N 1.3342°E / 49.6828; 1.3342
Maucomble is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming and forestry village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 31 miles (50 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D118 and the D929 roads. The A28 autoroute passes through the territory of the commune.
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Mauny
Coordinates: 49°23′06″N 0°53′09″E / 49.385°N 0.8858°E / 49.385; 0.8858
Mauny is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming and forestry village situated in the Roumois, in a meander of the river Seine, some 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Rouen at the junction of the D64, D46 and the D265 roads.
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Mauquenchy
Coordinates: 49°36′16″N 1°28′08″E / 49.6044°N 1.4689°E / 49.6044; 1.4689
Mauquenchy is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Andelle in the Pays de Bray, some 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D102 and the D919 roads.
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Mayenne
Mayenne (French pronunciation: [majɛn]) is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou.
After the Coalition's victory at Waterloo, between June 1815 and November 1818, Mayenne was occupied by Prussian troops.
Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. This demonym is not the source of the word mayonnaise.
The town is featured as a level in the World War II video game Call of Duty 3.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore: Maore, IPA: [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori) is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi), and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 /km2 or 1,300 /sq mi). Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros. In a 2009 referendum, the population overwhelmingly approved accession to status of department (95.2% voted in favour of departmental status). On March 31, 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department.
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Melleville
Coordinates: 49°57′31″N 1°28′23″E / 49.9586°N 1.4731°E / 49.9586; 1.4731
Melleville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 20 miles (32 km) east of Dieppe at the junction of the D315 and the D78 roads.
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Melun
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
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Mentheville
Coordinates: 49°41′31″N 0°24′36″E / 49.6919°N 0.41°E / 49.6919; 0.41
Mentheville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
Mentheville is a small farming village in the Pays de Caux situated some 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Le Havre at the junction of the D11 and D75 roads.
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Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (French: France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France or as the French mainland and the island of Corsica. By contrast, Overseas France (la France d'outre-mer, or l'Outre-mer, or colloquially les DOM-TOM) is the collective name for the French overseas departments (départements d'outre-mer or DOM),territories (territoires d'outre-mer or TOM), collectivities (collectivités d'outre-mer or COM) and the sui generis collectivity (collectivité sui generis) of New Caledonia.
Metropolitan France and Overseas France together form what is officially called the French Republic. Metropolitan France accounts for 81.8% of the territory and 95.9% of the population of the French Republic.
The five overseas departments—Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, French Guiana, and Mayotte—have the same political status as metropolitan France's departments. Metropolitan France and these five overseas departments together are sometimes called France entière ("entire France") by the French administration, especially by INSEE, although in reality this France entière does not include the French overseas collectivities and territories which have more autonomy than the overseas departments (read the Origin of the name section below).
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Metz
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.
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Meulers
Coordinates: 49°50′29″N 1°13′46″E / 49.8414°N 1.2294°E / 49.8414; 1.2294
Meulers is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated by the banks of the Béthune River in the Pays de Bray, some 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D1 and the D114 roads.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Millebosc
Coordinates: 49°58′25″N 1°29′34″E / 49.9736°N 1.4928°E / 49.9736; 1.4928
Millebosc is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated by the banks of the Bresle river in the middle of the forest of Eu, some 19 miles (31 km) east of Dieppe at the junction of the D126 and the D315 roads.
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Mirville
Coordinates: 49°36′38″N 0°26′35″E / 49.6106°N 0.4431°E / 49.6106; 0.4431
Mirville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux situated some 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D252 and D72 roads.
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Molagnies
Coordinates: 49°31′16″N 1°43′24″E / 49.5211°N 1.7233°E / 49.5211; 1.7233
Molagnies is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the Epte river in the Pays de Bray, some 31 miles (50 km) east of Rouen on the D57 road and at the border with the department of Oise.
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Montauban
Coordinates: 44°01′05″N 1°21′21″E / 44.0181°N 1.3558°E / 44.0181; 1.3558
Montauban (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.to.bɑ̃]; Montalban in Occitan) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse.
The town, built mainly of a reddish brick, stands on the right bank of the Tarn River at its confluence with the Tescou.
Montauban is the second oldest (after Mont-de-Marsan) of the bastides of southern France. Its foundation dates from 1144 when Alphonse Jourdain, count of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were drawn chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard.
In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.
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Montivilliers
Coordinates: 49°32′49″N 0°11′20″E / 49.5469°N 0.1889°E / 49.5469; 0.1889
Montivilliers is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A large light industrial and farming town by the banks of the river Lézarde in the Pays de Caux, situated just 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Le Havre, at the junction of the D489, D52, D926 and D31 roads.
Pre-Roman archaeological discoveries include Bronze Age axes and jade jewelry. The old Roman road from here to Harfleur was destroyed by the English in 1415.
The Abbey Church of Notre-Dame, sometimes referred to as 'Montvilliers Abbey' dates back to 684, although it was destroyed a Viking raid in 850, and rebuilt as a church in both the Romanesque and Gothic styles.
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Montpellier
Coordinates: 43°36′43″N 3°52′38″E / 43.6119°N 3.8772°E / 43.6119; 3.8772
Montpellier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.pe.lje]; Occitan: Montpelhièr; Catalan: Montpeller) is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region, as well as the Hérault department. Montpellier is the 8th largest city of the country, and is also the fastest growing city in France over the past 25 years.
Montpellier is one of the few large cities in France without any (Gallo-)Roman heritage and also one of the few cities in southern France without a Greek foundation.
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Montroty
Coordinates: 49°26′24″N 1°40′02″E / 49.44°N 1.6672°E / 49.44; 1.6672
Montroty is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small village of farming and forestry situated in the Pays de Bray, some 24 miles (39 km) east of Rouen at the junction of the D1, D62 and the D916 roads. The commune is found at the furthest point southeast within the department, near the border with the departments of Oise and Eure.
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Montérolier
Coordinates: 49°37′48″N 1°20′49″E / 49.63°N 1.3469°E / 49.63; 1.3469
Montérolier is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D24 and the D38 roads. The Varenne River has its source here.
Surrounded by the common Neufbosc, Mathonville and Saint-Martin-Osmonville, Montérolier is located 26 km northeast of Mont-Saint-Aignan, the largest city nearby.
During 1943, in the Clairefeuille woods at Montérolier, the Germans built underground galleries in which to store V-1 flying bombs. After the Second World War, the galleries were opened to the public. On the 21 and 22 June 1995, 13 people died accidentally in the tunnels.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Morienne
Coordinates: 49°46′58″N 1°42′38″E / 49.7828°N 1.7106°E / 49.7828; 1.7106
Morienne is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the valley of the river Bresle in the Pays de Bray, some 29 miles (47 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D502 and the D920 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the territory of the commune.
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Moselle
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔ.zɛl]) is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.
In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.
By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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Motteville
Coordinates: 49°38′10″N 0°51′22″E / 49.6361°N 0.8561°E / 49.6361; 0.8561
Motteville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 22 miles (35 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D20, D89, D53 and the D336 roads. SNCF operates a TER (train) train service here.
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Moulineaux
Coordinates: 49°20′35″N 0°58′00″E / 49.34306°N 0.96667°E / 49.34306; 0.96667
Moulineaux is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of light industry and forestry situated by the banks of the river Seine, some 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Rouen at the junction of the D3, D64 and the D67 roads. The A13 autoroute passes through the commune’s territory.
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Muchedent
Coordinates: 49°46′21″N 1°10′59″E / 49.7725°N 1.1831°E / 49.7725; 1.1831
Muchedent is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in north-western France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the river Varenne in the Pays de Caux, some 13 miles (21 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D77, the D154 and the D476 roads.
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Mâcon
Coordinates: 46°18′23″N 4°49′53″E / 46.30630°N 4.8313°E / 46.30630; 4.8313
Mâcon (French pronunciation: [ma.kɔ̃]) is a small city (commune) in central France. It is prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department, in the region of Bourgogne, and the capital of the Mâconnais district. Mâcon is home to over 35,000 residents, called Mâconnais.
The city lies on the western bank of the Saône river, between Bresse in the East and the Beaujolais hills in the South. Mâcon is the southernmost city in the region of Burgundy. It is located 65 kilometres north of Lyon and 400 kilometres from Paris.
The Saône river runs through the town. The climate is temperate with a slight continental tendency.
The agglomeration of Mâcon originates from the establishment of an oppidum and of a river port by the Celts from the Aedui, probably at the beginning of the first century BC. Known then under the name of Matisco, the town developed significantly during the age of the Roman Empire. During the 4th century, the town was fortified.
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Mélamare
Coordinates: 49°32′18″N 0°27′05″E / 49.5383°N 0.4514°E / 49.5383; 0.4514
Mélamare is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming town in the Pays de Caux, situated some 14 miles (23 km) east of Le Havre, near the junction of the D34 and D312 roads.
Tradition holds that Saint Honorina (Sainte-Honorine) was martyred here in 303AD. There is a chapel dedicated to her in the town. The town name was recorded as Mellomara in the thirteenth century. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Protestantism survived here clandestinely.
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Ménerval
Coordinates: 49°33′56″N 1°39′31″E / 49.5656°N 1.6586°E / 49.5656; 1.6586
Ménerval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the river Epte in the Pays de Bray, some 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D130 and the D76 roads.
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Ménonval
Coordinates: 49°46′22″N 1°29′37″E / 49.7728°N 1.4936°E / 49.7728; 1.4936
Ménonval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the river Eaulne in the Pays de Bray, some 21 miles (34 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D928 with two motorways at junction 7 of the A28 autoroute and the A29 autoroute.
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Mésangueville
Coordinates: 49°32′49″N 1°33′36″E / 49.5469°N 1.56°E / 49.5469; 1.56
Mésangueville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small forestry and farming village situated in the valley of the river Epte in the Pays de Bray, some 23 miles (37 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D128 with the D41.
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Nanterre
Coordinates: 48°53′56″N 2°11′49″E / 48.8988°N 2.1969°E / 48.8988; 2.1969
Nanterre (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃.tɛʁ]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km (6.9 mi) west of the center of Paris.
Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre.
The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux, contains a small part of the La Defense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in the Paris region. Because the headquarters of many major corporations are located in La Défense, the court of Nanterre is well known in the media for the number of high-profile lawsuits and trials that take place in it. The city of Nanterre also includes the University Paris X – Nanterre, one of the largest universities in the Paris region.
The name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum. It is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning "shrine" or "sacred place" and the Celtic word duron (neuter) "hard, tough, enduring". The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a famous shrine that existed in antiquity on the top of the hill known as Mont-Valérien.
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Nantes
Coordinates: 47°13′05″N 1°33′10″W / 47.2181°N 1.5528°W / 47.2181; -1.5528
Nantes (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃t]) (Breton: Naoned, Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants.
Nantes is the capital city of the Pays de la Loire region and Loire-Atlantique département. Together with Vannes, Rennes and Carhaix, it was one of the major cities of the historic province of Brittany, and the ancient Duchy of Brittany. Culturally, Nantes is a Breton city.
In 2004, Time described Nantes as "the most liveable city in Europe". In 2010, Nantes was named a hub city for innovation in the Innovation Cities Index by innovation agency, 2thinknow. The city was ranked 36th globally from 289 cities and 4th overall in France, behind Paris, Lyon and Strasbourg for innovation across multiple sectors of the economy.
The name Nantes, pronounced [nɑ̃t] in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Namnetes, who founded a town there around 70 BC. The city was called Portus Namnetum during the Roman occupation that began in 56 BC. The inhabitants of Nantes are known in French as Nantais ([nɑ̃tɛ]).
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Neufbosc
Coordinates: 49°38′46″N 1°21′52″E / 49.6461°N 1.3644°E / 49.6461; 1.3644
Neufbosc is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
The inhabitants of the town of Neufbosc are "Neufboscois, Neufboscoises."
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D24 with the D118 roads.
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Nevers
Coordinates: 46°59′36″N 3°09′26″E / 46.9933°N 3.1572°E / 46.9933; 3.1572
Nevers (French pronunciation: [nəˈvɛʀ]; Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is a commune in – and the administrative capital of – the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne region in central France. It was the principal city of the former province of Nivernais, and is located 260 km (160 mi) SSE of Paris.
Nevers first enters written history as Noviodunum, a town held by the Aedui at Roman contact. The quantities of medals and other Roman antiquities found on the site indicate the importance of the place, and in 52 BCE, Julius Caesar made Noviodunum, which he describes as in a convenient position on the banks of the Loire, a depot (B. G. vii. 55). There he had his hostages, corn, his military chest, with the money in it allowed him from home for the war, his own and his army's baggage and a great number of horses which had been bought for him in Spain and Italy. After his failure before Gergovia, the Aedui at Noviodunum massacred those who were there to look after stores, the negotiatores, and the travellers who were in the place. They divided the money and the horses among themselves, carried off in boats all the corn that they could, and burnt the rest or threw it into the river. Thinking they could not hold the town, they burnt it. This was a great loss to Caesar; and it may seem that he was imprudent in leaving such great stores in the power of treacherous allies. But he was in straits during this year, and probably he could not do otherwise than he did. Dio Cassius (xl. 38) tells the story out of Caesar of the affair of Noviodunum. He states incorrectly what Caesar did on the occasion, and he shows that he neither understood his original nor knew what he was writing about.
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Nice
Coordinates: 43°42′12″N 7°15′59″E / 43.7034°N 7.2663°E / 43.7034; 7.2663
Nice ( /ˈniːs/, French pronunciation: [nis]; Niçard Occitan: Niça [classical norm] or Nissa [nonstandard], Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek: Νίκαια, Latin: Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km2 (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille.
The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of the Alpes Maritimes département and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille.
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Ningbo
Ningbo (Chinese: 宁波; pinyin: Níngbō (help·info); Ningbo dialect: Nyin-poh/Nyin-pou (help·info)) is a seaport city in the northeast of Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. Holding sub-provincial administrative status and separate state-planning status, as of the 2010 census, the municipality has a population of 7,605,700 inhabitants, 3,491,000 of whom reside in the urban area which comprises 6 districts. It lies south of the Hangzhou Bay, facing the East China Sea to the east. Ningbo borders Shaoxing to the west and Taizhou to the south, and is separated from Zhoushan by a narrow body of water.
The first character in the city's name (宁 or 寧) means "serene", while its second character (波) translates to "waves". Together, the name literally means "Serene Waves". The city is abbreviated Yǒng (甬), after the Yong Hill (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the city, like the Yong River (甬江) that flows through Ningbo. The abbreviation Ning is used more commonly for Nanjing.
It was once named "明州" (Míngzhōu). The character Ming (明) was composed by two parts, representing two lakes inside the city wall, i.e., the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖), but only Moon Lake remains.
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Niort
Coordinates: 46°19′33″N 0°27′38″W / 46.3258°N 0.4606°W / 46.3258; -0.4606
Niort is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
The Latin name of the city was Novioritum.
The population of Niort is 60,486 and more than 137,000 people live in the urban area.
Near Niort at Maisonnay there is one of the tallest radio masts in France (height: 330 metres).
The town is located on the Sèvre Niortaise River and is a centre of angelica cultivation in France.
Niort is the French capital of mutual insurance and bank companies, with the headquarters of MAAF, MAIF, MACIF, SMACL and regional branches of national mutual companies such as Groupama, Banque Populaire. Niort is a main financial centre of France (fourth ranked after Paris, Lyon and Lille). Chemistry and aeronautics are the main industries.
Niort is a major administrative and commercial centre.
Niort has a railway station on the TGV route between Paris and La Rochelle, Gare de Niort. Direct TGV to Paris Montparnasse station takes 2 hours and 15 minutes Niort is a road and motorway junction, connected to Paris and Bordeaux by the A10 motorway, with Nantes by the A83, and with La Rochelle by the N11.
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Nièvre
Nièvre (IPA: [njɛvʁ]) is a department in the centre of France named after the Nièvre River.
Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Nivernais.
Nièvre is part of the current region of Burgundy, although historically it was not part of the province of Burgundy, and it is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Cher, and Loiret. The département is crossed by the Loire river, the longest river in France.
Nièvre is a rural department with about 50 inhabitants / km². The main cities are : Nevers, Cosne-sur-Loire, Varennes-Vauzelles, Marzy, Decize, Imphy and La Charité. Only three cities reach 10 000 inhabitants. It indicates the characteristic of the département, which is predominantly rural.
Nièvre is also well known for its white wine, Pouilly Fumé. The vineyards are scattered around villages including Pouilly-Sur-Loire, which lends its name to the appellation, Tracy sur Loire, Boisgibault, Saint Andelain. The word fumé is French for "smoky", and it's said the name comes from the smoky or flinty quality of these wines. The only grape allowed in the Pouilly-Fumé AC is Sauvignon Blanc, which produces wines that are generally crisp, tart, and somewhat grassy.
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Nointot
Coordinates: 49°35′56″N 0°28′41″E / 49.5989°N 0.4781°E / 49.5989; 0.4781
Nointot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming town in the Pays de Caux, situated some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Le Havre, near the junction of the D73 and D73a roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the northern part of the commune. The village is served by SNCF, having a TER railway station here.
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Nolléval
Coordinates: 49°29′41″N 1°28′56″E / 49.4947°N 1.4822°E / 49.4947; 1.4822
Nolléval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated by the banks of the river Andelle in the Pays de Bray, at the junction of the D961, D38 and D262 roads, some 16 miles (26 km) east of Rouen.
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Norville
Coordinates: 49°28′35″N 0°38′23″E / 49.4764°N 0.6397°E / 49.4764; 0.6397
Norville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated by the banks of the river Seine, some 23 miles (37 km) east yof Le Havre, at the junction of the D81 and D281 roads.
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Norwich
Norwich (i/ˈnɒrɪdʒ/ NORR-ij, (also /ˈnɒrɪtʃ/ NORR-ich) is a city on the River Wensum in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom. Until the Industrial Revolution, Norwich was the capital of England's most populous county and vied with Bristol as England's second city.
The urban area of Norwich has a population of 194,839. This area extends beyond the city boundary, with extensive suburban areas on the western, northern and eastern sides, including Costessey, Hellesdon, Bowthorpe, Old Catton, Sprowston and Thorpe St Andrew. The parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local government districts. 135,800 (2008 est.) people live in the City of Norwich and the population of the Norwich Travel to Work Area (i.e. the area of Norwich in which most people both live and work) is 367,035 (the 1991 figure was 351,340)[citation needed]. Norwich is the fourth most densely populated local government district within the East of England with 3,480 people per square kilometre (8,993 per square mile).
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Nullemont
Coordinates: 49°46′08″N 1°38′28″E / 49.7689°N 1.6411°E / 49.7689; 1.6411
Nullemont is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray at the junction of the D82 and the D102 roads, some 31 miles (50 km) southeast of Dieppe .
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Néville
Coordinates: 49°49′25″N 0°42′28″E / 49.8236°N 0.7078°E / 49.8236; 0.7078
Néville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D53, D69 and the D105 roads, some 21 miles (34 km) southwest of Dieppe .
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Nîmes
Coordinates: 43°50′16″N 4°21′39″E / 43.8378°N 4.3608°E / 43.8378; 4.3608
Nîmes (/niːm/; French: [nim]; Provençal Occitan: Nimes) is the capital of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France. Nîmes has a rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire, and is a popular tourist destination.
The city derives its name from that of a spring in the Roman village. The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription COLNEM, for Colonia Nemausus, meaning the "colony" or "settlement" of Nemausus, the local Celtic god of the Volcae Arecomici. Veterans of the Roman legions who had served Julius Caesar in his Nile campaigns, at the end of fifteen years of soldiering, were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes.
The city was located on the Via Domitia, a Roman road constructed in 118 BC which connected Italy to Spain.
The site on which the built-up area of Nîmes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which butts up against low hills: to the northeast, Mont Duplan; to the southwest, Montaury; to the west, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc.
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Ocqueville
Coordinates: 49°48′05″N 0°41′19″E / 49.8014°N 0.6886°E / 49.8014; 0.6886
Ocqueville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D105 and the D70 roads, some 23 miles (37 km) southwest of Dieppe .
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Offranville
Coordinates: 49°52′18″N 1°02′57″E / 49.8717°N 1.0492°E / 49.8717; 1.0492
Offranville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in north-western France.
A small town of farming and light industry situated in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D55, the D54 and the D237 roads, some 5 miles (8.0 km) south-west of Dieppe. The river Scie forms most of the commune’s eastern border with Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie.
Jacques-Émile Blanche (1861–1942), artist, lived and died here.
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Oherville
Coordinates: 49°43′18″N 0°40′45″E / 49.7217°N 0.6792°E / 49.7217; 0.6792
Oherville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D131 and D105 roads and in the wooded valley of the river Durdent.
The origin of the name is from the Germanic man's name ‘’Odardus’’ and from the Latin ‘’villa’’.
The commune is made up of the union of two hamlets, Oherville, first mentioned in 1240 and Auffray, mentioned in 1040.
The existence of a feudal motte indicates the presence of a medieval castle on the site. The first seigneurs of the place are mentioned in 1170. In the Middle Ages it was a dependancy of the Duchy of Longueville. Oherville was a fiefdom under the lordship of Veauville until the 16th century.
The village’s position by the banks of the Durdent river led the construction of a number of mills. These were used for various processes, from grinding corn to the pressing of oil and the production of linen from flax. Traces of some of these mills can still be found.
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Oise
Oise (French pronunciation: [waz]) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.
After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
Oise is part of the current region of Picardie and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.
Natives of the department are called Isariens.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Another very interesting site is Beauvais Cathedral. Also to be seen is the Chateau de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire. One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent Van Gogh spent his last 70 days and it is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
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Oissel
Coordinates: 49°20′33″N 1°05′32″E / 49.3425°N 01.0922°E / 49.3425; 01.0922
Oissel is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A suburban and light industrial town situated by the banks of the river Seine, just 8 miles (13 km) south of Rouen at the junction of the D18 and the D13 roads. Junction 22 of the A13 autoroute is entirely within the commune’s borders. SNCF operates a TER rail service here.
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Omonville
Coordinates: 49°47′52″N 1°02′53″E / 49.7978°N 1.0481°E / 49.7978; 1.0481
Omonville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D102 and the D927 roads, some 10 miles (16 km) south of Dieppe.
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Orléans
Coordinates: 47°54′09″N 1°54′32″E / 47.9025°N 1.9090°E / 47.9025; 1.9090
Orléans (pronounced: [ɔʁleɑ̃]) is a city in north-central France, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Paris. It is the capital of the Loiret department and of the Centre region.
Orléans is located on the Loire River where the river curves south towards the Massif Central.
The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orléans), in the United States is named after the commune of Orléans.
Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire, which was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The capital of Orléanais, 120 kilomètres south-south-west of Paris, it is bordered to the north by the Beauce region and the forêt d'Orléans, and the Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood and the Sologne region to the south.
Five bridges in the town cross the river :
To the south of the Loire (on the "rive gauche") is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais.
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Orne
Orne (French pronunciation: [ɔʁn]) is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
Orne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.
Orne is in the region of Basse-Normandie neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Calvados. It is the only department of Basse Normandie and Haute Normandie to be landlocked.
The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres: agriculture remains the economic focus of Orne.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.
The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments, and by the time of the 1936 census the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s employment opportunities became less restricted and by 2008 the population level had recovered a little to 292,282.
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Ouainville
Coordinates: 49°47′10″N 0°35′28″E / 49.7861°N 0.5911°E / 49.7861; 0.5911
Ouainville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D471 and the D71 roads, some 29 miles (47 km) southwest of Dieppe.
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Oudalle
Coordinates: 49°30′23″N 0°17′57″E / 49.5064°N 0.2992°E / 49.5064; 0.2992
Oudalle is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village with light industry in its southern sector and farming in the northern part, in the Pays de Caux, situated some 8 miles (13 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the A131 autoroute with junction 5 of the A29 autoroute as it crosses the canal de Tancarville, the canal du Havre and the river Seine.
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Paluel
Coordinates: 49°50′01″N 0°37′44″E / 49.8336°N 0.6289°E / 49.8336; 0.6289
Paluel is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and light industry situated by the banks of the river Durdent in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D10, D68 and the D79 roads, some 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Dieppe.
The village owes its name to the marshes (in Latin "Palus"), in the lower valley of the Durdent.
A Roman mosaic was excavated in 1849 at a place known as the Rosy.
A church has existed here from 988, under the jurisdiction of the abbey at Fécamp.
The manor of Janville was given to the seigneurs of Paluel by Henri III in 1582.
There was a leper colony here until 1695.
The commune had 638 inhabitants in 1876.
The United States "Lucky Strike" army camp counted 300,000 inhabitants after the offensive against Germany during 1944/45.
In 1977, EDF, the French electricity company, built a nuclear power station, with 4 reactors of 1300MW each. It covers 200 hectares (490 acres) of land within the commune.
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Pavilly
Coordinates: 49°34′09″N 0°57′16″E / 49.5692°N 0.9544°E / 49.5692; 0.9544
Pavilly is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A town of farming and light industry situated by the banks of the Austreberthe River in the Pays de Caux, some 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D4, D142, D22 and the D67 roads.
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Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (French pronunciation: [pɛ.i də la lwaʁ]; Breton: Broioù al Liger) is one of the 27 regions of France. It is one of the regions created in the late 20th century to serve as a zone of influence for its capital, Nantes, one of a handful so-called "balancing metropolises" (métropoles d'équilibre)¹. Other examples of "artificially created" regions include Rhône-Alpes, which was created as the region for Lyon, and Midi-Pyrénées, which was created as the region for Toulouse.
Pays de la Loire is made up of the following historical provinces:
Consequently, the name of the region, chosen by the French central government, was not based on history, but purely on geographical references: Pays (i.e. "lands") de la Loire (i.e. "of the Loire River"). However, the majority of the famous châteaux of the Loire Valley are located in the Centre region, and not inside Pays de la Loire, despite the confusing name. The Pays de la Loire present many great monuments as the castles of Angers, Laval, Mayenne and the Nantes "Château des Ducs de Bretagne", the Royal Fontevraud Abbey (the widest monastic ensemble in Europe), the old city of Le Mans, and also many natural parks such as the Brière and the Marsh of Poitou.
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Penly
Coordinates: 49°58′49″N 1°13′57″E / 49.9803°N 1.2325°E / 49.9803; 1.2325
Penly is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and light industry situated by the cliffs of the English Channel in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D313 and the D925 roads, some 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Dieppe.
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Perpignan
Coordinates: 42°41′55″N 2°53′44″E / 42.6986°N 2.8956°E / 42.6986; 2.8956
Perpignan (French pronunciation: [pɛʁpiɲɑ̃], Catalan: Perpinyà [pərpiˈɲa]) is a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. Perpignan was the capital of the former province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.
As of 2009[update], Perpignan had 120,100 inhabitants (Perpignanais, Perpinyanés) in the city proper. The metropolitan area has a total population of 300,221 in 2009.
Though settlement in the area goes back to Roman times, the medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpiniarum in 927). Soon Perpignan became the capital of the counts of Roussillon. In 1172 Count Girard II bequeathed his lands to the Counts of Barcelona. Perpignan acquired the institutions of a partly self-governing commune in 1197. French feudal rights over Roussillon were given up by Louis IX in the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).
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Pierrefiques
Coordinates: 49°40′18″N 0°13′59″E / 49.6717°N 0.2331°E / 49.6717; 0.2331
Pierrefiques is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Le Havre, just off the D139 road.
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Pierreval
Coordinates: 49°32′36″N 1°15′26″E / 49.5433°N 1.2572°E / 49.5433; 1.2572
Pierreval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated some 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D15 and the D122 roads. The A28 autoroute forms the northwest border of the commune.
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Poitiers
Coordinates: 46°34′55″N 0°20′10″E / 46.5819°N 0.3361°E / 46.5819; 0.3361
Poitiers [pwatje] ( listen) is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque period. Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years' War.
Poitiers is strategically situated on the Seuil du Poitou, a shallow zone which is a gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif and connects the Aquitaine Basin to the Paris Basin. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain. The old town occupies the slopes and summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Pommereux
Coordinates: 49°36′12″N 1°37′30″E / 49.6033°N 1.625°E / 49.6033; 1.625
Pommereux is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Eaulne valley in the Pays de Bray at the junction of the D156 and the D61 roads, some 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Dieppe.
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Pommeréval
Coordinates: 49°44′14″N 1°18′53″E / 49.7372°N 1.3147°E / 49.7372; 1.3147
Pommeréval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated at the edge of the forest of Eawy in the Pays de Bray at the junction of the D12 and the D915 roads, some 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Dieppe.
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Pontoise
Coordinates: 49°03′06″N 2°06′06″E / 49.0516°N 02.1017°E / 49.0516; 02.1017
Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km (17.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.
Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, although in reality the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the neighboring commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise.
Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
Pontoise is the historical capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from the Roman times (Pontisara). At that time, the rock piton overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia (Paris) and Rotomagus (Rouen). The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen.
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Preuseville
Coordinates: 49°52′16″N 1°31′00″E / 49.8711°N 1.5167°E / 49.8711; 1.5167
Preuseville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray at the junction of the D26 and the D214 roads, some 19 miles (31 km) east of Dieppe.
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Privas
Coordinates: 44°44′09″N 4°35′49″E / 44.7358°N 4.597°E / 44.7358; 4.597
Privas is a commune of France, capital of the Ardèche department. It is the second-smallest administrative center of any department in France, larger than only the commune of Foix. It is the fifth-largest commune in the Ardèche, behind Annonay, Aubenas, Guilherand-Granges, and Tournon-sur-Rhône. It was the location of the 1629 Siege of Privas. today Privas is known for the puree made from the local chestnuts, and for its sweetened marron glacé.
The earliest traces of the commune are attested in the hamlet of Lac where recent archaeological excavations have revealed a Roman villa dating to the beginning of the Empire, as well as a medieval burying-ground. Moulds for counterfeiting coinage found in the 19th century on the slopes of Mont-Toulon had not been interpretable as signifying a local centre of population.
The earliest bourg of Privas developed around the church of Saint-Thomas (place de la République), a dependency of the Cluniac priory of Rompon. The château (castri) of Privas on the site of the present collège-couvent des Récollets is not attested prior to the 13th century, when the town was walled. Laid waste in 1621 and again following the siege of 1629, nothing of it remains.
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Puisenval
Coordinates: 49°53′07″N 1°28′19″E / 49.8853°N 1.4719°E / 49.8853; 1.4719
Puisenval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A tiny farming village situated in the Pays de Bray on the D26 road, some 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Dieppe. The commune currently has the smallest population in the Haute-Normandie region.
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Périgueux
Coordinates: 45°11′34″N 0°43′18″E / 45.1929°N 0.7217°E / 45.1929; 0.7217
Périgueux (French pronunciation: [peʁiɡø] ( listen); Occitan: Peireguers [pejɾeˈɣɥes, pejɾeˈɡœː] or Periguers [peɾiˈɣɥes, peɾiˈɡœː]) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Périgueux is the prefecture of the department and the capital of the region. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese.
The name Périgueux comes from Petrocorii, a Latinization of Celtic words meaning "the four tribes" – the Gallic people that held the area before the Roman conquest. Périgueux was their capital city. In 200 BC, the Petricorii came from the North and settled at Périgueux and established an encampment at La Boissière. After the Roman invasion, they left this post and established themselves on the plaine of L'Isle, and the town of Vesunna was created. This Roman city was eventually embellished with amenities such as temples, baths, amphitheatres, and a forum. At the end of the third century AD, the Roman city was surrounded by ramparts, and the town took the name of Civitas Petrocoriorum.
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Quevillon
Coordinates: 49°25′12″N 0°57′15″E / 49.42°N 0.9542°E / 49.42; 0.9542
Quevillon is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in a meander of the river Seine, some 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Rouen at the junction of the D67 and the D267 roads.
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Quiberville
Coordinates: 49°53′57″N 0°55′13″E / 49.8992°N 0.9203°E / 49.8992; 0.9203
Quiberville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of tourism and farming situated by the mouth of the river Saâne in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D2, the D75 and the D127 roads, some 8 miles (13 km) west of Dieppe. Here, huge chalk cliffs look out over a pebble beach and the English Channel.
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Quincampoix
Coordinates: 49°31′31″N 1°11′07″E / 49.5253°N 1.1853°E / 49.5253; 1.1853
Quincampoix is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated some 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D90, D928 and the D51 roads.
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Quièvrecourt
Coordinates: 49°44′04″N 1°25′23″E / 49.7344°N 1.4231°E / 49.7344; 1.4231
Quièvrecourt is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Béthune in the Pays de Bray at junction 9 of the A28 autoroute with the D928 road, some 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Dieppe.
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Raffetot
Coordinates: 49°36′03″N 0°30′55″E / 49.6008°N 0.5153°E / 49.6008; 0.5153
Raffetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Le Havre, sandwiched between the D30 road and the A29 autoroute.
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Rainfreville
Coordinates: 49°47′28″N 0°56′17″E / 49.7911°N 0.9381°E / 49.7911; 0.9381
Rainfreville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village situated by the banks of the river Saâne in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D2 with the D270 road, some 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Dieppe.
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Rebets
Coordinates: 49°30′42″N 1°23′26″E / 49.5117°N 1.3906°E / 49.5117; 1.3906
Rebets is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D47 and the D86 roads. The small Héronchelles river, a tributary of the Andelle, flows through the commune.
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/12141942 [1]
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Reuville
Coordinates: 49°45′06″N 0°52′07″E / 49.7517°N 0.8686°E / 49.7517; 0.8686
Reuville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 27 miles (43 km) north of Rouen at the junction of the D50 and the D149 roads.
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Ricarville
Coordinates: 49°38′15″N 0°36′30″E / 49.6375°N 0.6083°E / 49.6375; 0.6083
Ricarville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Le Havre, in the triangle formed by the D928, D40 and the A29 autoroute.
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Riville
Coordinates: 49°43′37″N 0°33′45″E / 49.7269°N 0.5625°E / 49.7269; 0.5625
Riville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D28 and D75 roads.
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Robertot
Coordinates: 49°43′11″N 0°41′52″E / 49.7197°N 0.6978°E / 49.7197; 0.6978
Robertot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village by the wooded banks of the Durdent river, in the Pays de Caux, some 31 miles (50 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D53 and D106 roads.
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Rocquefort
Coordinates: 49°40′00″N 0°41′50″E / 49.6667°N 0.6972°E / 49.6667; 0.6972
Rocquefort is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Le Havre, between the D29 and D131 roads, by the banks of the river Durdent.
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Rodez
Coordinates: 44°21′02″N 2°34′30″E / 44.3506°N 2.5750°E / 44.3506; 2.5750
Rodez (Occitan: Rodés) is a town and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron department, of which it is the capital. Its inhabitants are called Ruthénois.
Existing from at least the 5th century BC, Rodez was founded by the Celts. After the Roman occupation, the oppidum (fortified place) was renamed Segodunum, while in late Imperial times it was known as Civitas Rutenorum, whence the modern name. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was captured by the Visigoths and then by the Franks, being also ravaged by the Arabs in 725. Later it was occupied by the armies of the Dukes of Aquitaine and of the Counts of Toulouse. English troops occupied Rodez during the Hundred Years War.
However, in medieval times the city's history was marked by strong rivalry between the Counts and the Bishops of Rodez, who exerted their authorities in different sectors of the city, divided by a wall. The counts were able to defy the royal French authority until the submission of count John IV by the future King Louis XI in the 15th century. In the following century bishop François d'Estaing built the Rodez Cathedral.
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Rogerville
Coordinates: 49°30′17″N 0°16′00″E / 49.5047°N 0.2667°E / 49.5047; 0.2667
Rogerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village with light industry in its southern sector and farming in the northern part, in the Pays de Caux, situated some 9 miles (14 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the A131 autoroute with junction 5 of the A29 autoroute as it crosses the canal de Tancarville, the canal du Havre and the river Seine.
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Rolleville
Coordinates: 49°35′00″N 0°12′43″E / 49.5833°N 0.2119°E / 49.5833; 0.2119
Rolleville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village with some light industry, by the banks of the Lézarde river in the Pays de Caux, situated some 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Le Havre, on the D32 road. SNCF has a TER railway station here.
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Ronchois
Coordinates: 49°43′25″N 1°37′42″E / 49.7236°N 1.6283°E / 49.7236; 1.6283
Ronchois is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray at the junction of the D16 and the D436 roads, some 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Dieppe. The A29 autoroute passes through the northern part of the commune’s territory.
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Rouen
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°05′47″E / 49.4412°N 1.0963°E / 49.4412; 1.0963
Rouen (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃]), in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe[citation needed], it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: agglomération) at the 1999 census was 518,316, and 532,559 at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.
Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région, as well as a commune and the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Maritime département.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA), with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Rouen Airport
Coordinates: 49°23′27″N 001°11′02″E / 49.39083°N 1.18389°E / 49.39083; 1.18389
Rouen Airport or Aéroport de Rouen - Vallée de Seine (IATA: URO, ICAO: LFOP) is an airport located in Boos and 10 km southeast of Rouen, both communes of the Seine-Maritime département in the Haute-Normandie région of France.
Both Airline are seasonal.
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Rouen Cathedral
Rouen Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rouen) is a Roman Catholic Gothic cathedral in Rouen, in northwestern France. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Rouen and Normandy.
A church was already present at the location in late 4th century, and eventually a cathedral was established in Rouen as in Poitiers. It was enlarged by St. Ouen in 650, visited by Charlemagne in 769.
All the buildings perished during a Viking raid in the 9th century, Rollo was baptized here in 915 and buried in 931, Richard I further enlarged it in 950, St. Romain's tower was built in 1035. The buildings of Archbishop Robert II were consecrated in 1065. The cathedral was struck by lightning in 1110.
Construction on the current building began in the 12th century in the Early gothic style for Saint Romain's tower, front side porches and part of the nave. The cathedral was burnt in 1200. Others were built in the High gothic style for the mainworks: nave, transept, choir and first floor of the lantern tower in the 13th century; side chapels, lady's chapel and side doorways in the 14th century. Some windows are still decorated with stained glass of the 13th century, famous because of a special cobalt blue colour, known as "the blue from Chartres". The north transept end commenced in 1280.
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Roumare
Coordinates: 49°30′41″N 0°58′28″E / 49.5114°N 0.9744°E / 49.5114; 0.9744
Roumare is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of forestry and farming situated in the pays de Caux, just 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D47, D90 and the D67 roads. The junction of the A150 autoroute with the A151 lies entirely within the commune’s territory.
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Routes
Coordinates: 49°43′52″N 0°44′40″E / 49.7311°N 0.7444°E / 49.7311; 0.7444
Routes is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux, some 33 miles (53 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D88 and D420 roads.
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Royville
Coordinates: 49°46′33″N 0°57′22″E / 49.7758°N 0.9561°E / 49.7758; 0.9561
Royville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the Saâne river in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D101, D107 and the D149 roads, some 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Dieppe.
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Réalcamp
Coordinates: 49°51′12″N 1°37′21″E / 49.8533°N 1.6225°E / 49.8533; 1.6225
Réalcamp is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in the Pays de Bray at the junction of the D7, D116 and the D407 roads, some 26 miles (42 km) east of Dieppe.
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Rétonval
Coordinates: 49°49′15″N 1°35′39″E / 49.8208°N 1.5942°E / 49.8208; 1.5942
Rétonval is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small village of forestry and farming situated in the Pays de Bray at the junction of the D116 and the D82 roads, some 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Dieppe.
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Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion, IPA: [la 'ʁeynjɔ̃] ( listen); previously Île Bourbon) is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.
Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.
Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin,. The island possibly features on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island may also have been visited by Swahili or Malay sailors.
The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by Portuguese explorers, but the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may have been first sighted by the expedition led by Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint, which suggests that the date of the Portuguese discovery may have been February 9, her saint day. Diego Lopes de Sequeira is claimed to have landed on the island in 1509.
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Sahurs
Coordinates: 49°21′34″N 0°56′39″E / 49.3594°N 0.9442°E / 49.3594; 0.9442
Sahurs is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of forestry and farming situated inside a meander of the river Seine, some 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Rouen at the junction of the D5 and the D351 roads. A car ferry connects the commune with the south bank.
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Sainneville
Coordinates: 49°33′26″N 0°17′17″E / 49.5572°N 0.2881°E / 49.5572; 0.2881
Sainneville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D31 and D234 roads.
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Salerno
Salerno listen (help·info) is a city and comune in Campania (south-western Italy) and is the capital of the province of the same name. It is located on the Gulf of Salerno on the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Salerno is the main town close to the Costiera Amalfitana (the "Amalfi Coast" on the Tyrrhenian, which includes the famous towns of Amalfi, Positano, and others) and is mostly known for its Schola Medica Salernitana (the first University of Medicine in the world). In the 16th century, under the Sanseverino family, amongst the most powerful feudal lords in Southern Italy, the city became a great centre of learning, culture and the arts, and the family hired several of the greatest intellectuals of the time. Later, in 1694, the city was struck by several catastrophic earthquakes and plagues, and afterwards a period of Spanish rule which would last until the 18th century. After that, Salerno became part of the Parthenopean Republic and saw a period of Napoleonic rule.
In recent history the city hosted the King of Italy, who moved from Rome in 1943 after Italy negotiated a peace with the Allies in World War II. A brief so-called "government of the South" was then established in the town, that became the "capital" of Italy for some months. Some of the Allied landings during Operation Avalanche (the invasion of Italy) occurred near Salerno.
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Sandouville
Coordinates: 49°29′52″N 0°19′12″E / 49.4978°N 0.32°E / 49.4978; 0.32
Sandouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming and light industrial village, by the banks of the Seine, in the Pays de Caux, situated some 11 miles (18 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the D80 and D982 roads. The commune has two distinct parts: the north contains the village, farms and woodland, the south, separated by the A131 autoroute and the canal de Tancarville, has some port activity, a Renault factory and reclaimed marshland
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Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt]) is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
The department was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, pursuant to the law of December 22, 1789, starting from a part of the province of Maine which was divided into two departments, Sarthe to the east and Mayenne to the west.
In Roman Times, this province contained the city of Mans, and many of its ruins are still left standing. The Thermal Bathhouse attracts many tourists, as does the Theater of Aubigné-Racan, both located on the outskirts of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.
Marin Mersenne, perhaps the most important scientific figure in the early 1600s, was born in the vicinity of Sarthe.
The department of Sarthe is at the north end of the administrative region of Pays-de-la-Loire. This places it south of Basse-Normandie and on the south edge of the Armorican Massif. It is bordered by the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne.
Approximately 300,000 people, comprising more than half of the department's population, live in Le Mans, its conurbation or the essentially urban communes close by. The rest of the department retains its rural character, however, being dominated economically by agriculture.
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Sasseville
Coordinates: 49°47′19″N 0°40′56″E / 49.7886°N 0.6822°E / 49.7886; 0.6822
Sasseville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the valley of the Durdent river in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D50, D70 and the D925 roads.
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Sauchay
Coordinates: 49°55′24″N 1°12′09″E / 49.9233°N 1.2025°E / 49.9233; 1.2025
Sauchay is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
It comprises two farming villages situated in the valley of the Eaulne river in the Pays de Caux, some 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Dieppe on the D920 and D454 roads.
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Sauqueville
Coordinates: 49°51′24″N 1°04′15″E / 49.8567°N 1.0708°E / 49.8567; 1.0708
Sauqueville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the valley of the Scie river in the Pays de Caux, some 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D927, D3 and D70 roads.
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Savoie
Savoie (pronounced: [sa.vwa]; Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, Italian: Savoia, pronounced [saˈvɔja], English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes region in the French Alps.
Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. For history before 1860, details of the annexation, and modern regionalism, see Savoy.
It is widely accepted that Savoie takes its name from the Latin Sapaudia or Sabaudia, meaning land covered in fir trees.
Savoie was long part of the states of Savoy, though it was occupied many times by France starting in the 16th century. It was integrated into the Mont-Blanc department from 1792 to 1815 (and partially into the Léman department from 1798 to 1814). The province was annexed by France in 1860. The former Duchy of Savoy became the two departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Moûtiers, capital of the former province of Tarentaise Valley (French: Vallée de la Tarentaise) ceased to be the county seat after a law passed on September 10, 1926.
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Sierville
Coordinates: 49°35′26″N 1°02′14″E / 49.5906°N 1.0372°E / 49.5906; 1.0372
Sierville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 11 miles (18 km) north of Rouen at the junction of the D927 with the D6, D504 and the D251 roads. The A151 autoroute runs through the middle of the commune’s territory.
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Smermesnil
Coordinates: 49°50′32″N 1°28′26″E / 49.8422°N 1.4739°E / 49.8422; 1.4739
Smermesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming commune created from three ancient parishes and situated at the 2nd highest point in the department, between the valleys of the Yères and the Eaulne rivers in the Pays de Bray. The commune is about 17 miles (27 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D920, D14 and D59 roads.
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Somme
Somme (French pronunciation: [sɔm]) is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardy region of France.
The north central area of the Somme département was the site of a series of battles through the Great War. Particularly significant was the 1916 Battle of the Somme. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area the department is home to many military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields.
At the beginning of the First World War, during the September 1914 Race to the Sea, the Somme became the site of the Battle of Albert. The battle was a five day engagement between the 25th and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme would be fought on and around the same ground.
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Sommery
Coordinates: 49°38′07″N 1°26′27″E / 49.6353°N 1.4408°E / 49.6353; 1.4408
Sommery is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 28 miles (45 km) southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D915, D1 and D7 roads. Three streams within the commune’s territory feed the river Béthune. SNCF railways have a TER station here.
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Sommesnil
Coordinates: 49°42′43″N 0°40′25″E / 49.7119°N 0.6736°E / 49.7119; 0.6736
Sommesnil is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village, in the Durdent valley of the Pays de Caux, situated some 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D105 and D106 roads.
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Sorquainville
Coordinates: 49°42′22″N 0°33′06″E / 49.7061°N 0.5517°E / 49.7061; 0.5517
Sorquainville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village, in the Valmont valley of the Pays de Caux, situated some 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D75 and D33 roads.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
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Sévis
Coordinates: 49°42′32″N 1°09′50″E / 49.7089°N 1.1639°E / 49.7089; 1.1639
Sévis is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 16 miles (26 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D48 and D15 roads.
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Tancarville
Coordinates: 49°29′16″N 0°27′16″E / 49.4878°N 0.4544°E / 49.4878; 0.4544
Tancarville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Upper Normandy region of northern France.
Tancarville is a farming village surrounded by woodland, by the banks of the river Seine in the Pays de Caux, some 14 miles (23 km) east of Le Havre and near the junction of the D39, D982 and D910 roads at the eastern end of the A131 autoroute. The canal de Tancarville to le Havre starts here and it is also the site of the 125m high Tancarville Bridge.
Tancarvilla 1103; Tancardi villae 1114; Tankrad's farm. Germanic male given name Tankrad > Tancred, common in the duchy of Normandy. The first lords of Tancarville were the chamberlains of the Norman dukes, and then of the King of England too. The title Earl of Tankerville was created in the Peerage of England for John Grey by King Henry V, during the Hundred Years' War and still exists, albeit in a later creation.
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Tarbes
Coordinates: 43°13′51″N 0°04′21″E / 43.230700°N 0.072600°E / 43.230700; 0.072600
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants.
It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.
To the south of Tarbes is the pilgrimage town of Lourdes and the border with Spain. The Pyrenees mountains, lying along the border between France and Spain, can be seen from the town.
The Gare de Tarbes railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and several regional destinations. The A64 motorway connects Tarbes with Bayonne and Toulouse. It is also served by the small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport.
Tarbes is the birthplace of:
Tarbes is twinned with:
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Thiergeville
Coordinates: 49°43′14″N 0°29′43″E / 49.7206°N 0.4953°E / 49.7206; 0.4953
Thiergeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 27 miles (43 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D17 and D69 roads.
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Thiouville
Coordinates: 49°41′40″N 0°37′11″E / 49.6944°N 0.6197°E / 49.6944; 0.6197
Thiouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 27 miles (43 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D233 and D109 roads.
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Thiétreville
Coordinates: 49°43′00″N 0°30′55″E / 49.7167°N 0.5153°E / 49.7167; 0.5153
Thiétreville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 27 miles (43 km) northeast of Le Havre, between the D271 and D17 roads.
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Thérouldeville
Coordinates: 49°45′34″N 0°31′27″E / 49.7594°N 0.5242°E / 49.7594; 0.5242
Thérouldeville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the woodland valley of the Valmont River in the Pays de Caux, situated some 29 miles (47 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D33, D69 and D17 roads.
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Toulon
Coordinates: 43°08′N 5°55′E / 43.13°N 5.92°E / 43.13; 5.92
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence.
Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the French Navy aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle and her battle group. The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
Archaeological excavations, such as those at the Cosquer Cave near Marseilles, show that the coast of Provence was inhabited since at least the Paleolithic era. Greek colonists came from Asia Minor in about the 7th century BC and established trading depots along the coast, including one, called Olbia, at Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre south of Hyères, to the east of Toulon. The Ligurians settled in the area beginning in the 4th century BC.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
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Triquerville
Coordinates: 49°30′16″N 0°37′43″E / 49.5044°N 0.6286°E / 49.5044; 0.6286
Triquerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 25 miles (40 km) east of Le Havre, on the D28 road.
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Troyes
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792
Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa]) is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa.
Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa which led north to Reims and south to Langres and eventually to Milan; other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses, who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes ("three").
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Trémauville
Coordinates: 49°39′58″N 0°31′21″E / 49.6661°N 0.5225°E / 49.6661; 0.5225
Trémauville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A very small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 22 miles (35 km) east of Le Havre, in between the D17 and D217 roads.
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Tulle
Coordinates: 45°16′02″N 1°45′56″E / 45.2673°N 1.7655°E / 45.2673; 1.7655
Tulle (Occitan: Tula) is a commune and capital of the Corrèze département in the Limousin region in central France. It is also the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle. It is the third-largest town in the Limousin region, after Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde.
Known sometimes as "the town on the seven hills", Tulle rose to prominence through the development of its manufacturing sector.
Initially, the Gauls settled an oppidum at the site of what is now the Puy St Clair because it was a site surrounded by cliffs and so easy to get off. After the conquest, the city moved downwards, to the Trech district and the Romans established a temple to honor Tutela, goddess of protection of property and persons. The name of the city comes from this goddess. She was honoured here because it was a ford over the Corrèze where passed a very old road between Brittany and the Mediterranean sea. In the seventh century was built a monastery dedicated to St. Michael. The local population settled around the buildings. The first monastery, destroyed by the Viking invasions in 846, was rebuilt but disappeared in the eleventh century.
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Turretot
Coordinates: 49°36′29″N 0°13′41″E / 49.6081°N 0.2281°E / 49.6081; 0.2281
Turretot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D78 and D125e roads.
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Tôtes
Coordinates: 49°40′46″N 1°02′52″E / 49.6794°N 1.0478°E / 49.6794; 1.0478
Tôtes is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France. It is famous for being the first home of Charles and Emma Bovary in Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 19 miles (31 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D927 and the D929 roads, formerly route nationale 27 and route nationale 29. Prior to the construction of the autoroute system, it was a strategically important crossroads.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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University of Rouen
The University of Rouen (Université de Rouen) is a French university, in the Academy of Rouen.
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Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di]; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is one of the 27 regions of France. It was created in 1984 from two départements: Seine-Maritime and Eure, when Normandy was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. This division continues to provoke controversy, and some continue to call for reuniting the two regions. However, the name Upper Normandy existed prior to 1956 and referred by tradition to territories currently included within the administrative region: the Pays de Caux, the Pays de Bray (not that of Picardy), the Roumois, the Campagne of Le Neubourg, the Plaine de Saint André and the Norman Vexin. Today, most of the Pays d'Auge, as well as a small portion of the Pays d'Ouche, are located in Lower Normandy.
Rouen is the regional capital, historically important with many fine churches and buildings, including the tallest cathedral tower in France. The region's largest city, in terms of metropolitan population, is Le Havre. The region is twinned with the London Borough of Redbridge in England. Its economy is centered around agriculture, industry, petrochemicals and tourism.
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Valliquerville
Coordinates: 49°36′52″N 0°41′25″E / 49.6144°N 0.6903°E / 49.6144; 0.6903
Valliquerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D6015 with the D131e and the D110 roads.
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Vannes
Coordinates: 47°39′21″N 2°45′37″W / 47.6559°N 2.7603°W / 47.6559; -2.7603
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2000 years ago.
Vannes is located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin. It is around 100 km northwest of Nantes and 450 km south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town and often linked to the sea.
The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; all the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum (the romanized Gaulish name of Vannes) in a location previously belonging to the Veneti.
The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461.
The first historical ruler of Vannes was Waroch.
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Vassonville
Coordinates: 49°41′44″N 1°05′37″E / 49.6956°N 1.0936°E / 49.6956; 1.0936
Vassonville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated by the banks of the river Scie in the Pays de Caux, some 19 miles (31 km) south of Dieppe on the D57 road.
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Vatierville
Coordinates: 49°47′31″N 1°31′24″E / 49.7919°N 1.5233°E / 49.7919; 1.5233
Vatierville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated by the banks of the river Eaulne in the Pays de Bray, some 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D928 and the D36.
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (French pronunciation: [vokˈlyz]; Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes (later renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II.
Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south. Mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux (1,912 m), also known as "the Giant of Provence", dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, and the Luberon. Fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme department, the canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
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Vendée
The Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃.de]) is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the south-east corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) and was part of her kingdom. Eleanor's son, Richard I of England (the Lionheart) often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.
Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. Eventually King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée.
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Vergetot
Coordinates: 49°37′09″N 0°16′48″E / 49.6192°N 0.28°E / 49.6192; 0.28
Vergetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D925 and D39 roads.
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Vesoul
Coordinates: 47°37′23″N 6°09′21″E / 47.6231°N 06.1558°E / 47.6231; 06.1558
Vesoul is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France.
The town is the capital of the department, its inhabitants are known in French as Vésuliens.
Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.
Vesoul is also the name of a song by Jacques Brel from 1968, a fast paced waltz during the recording of which Brel famously yelled «Chauffe, Marcel, chauffe!» ("heat up, Marcel, heat up!") at his accordionist, Marcel Azzola.
The town is also mentioned facetiously in the satirical rap Fous ta cagoule by Michael Youn.
Media related to Vesoul at Wikimedia Commons
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Vibeuf
Coordinates: 49°41′38″N 0°54′20″E / 49.6939°N 0.9056°E / 49.6939; 0.9056
Vibeuf is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 22 miles (35 km) northwest of Rouen near the junction of the D263 with the D142 road.
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Vienne
Vienne (French pronunciation: [vjɛn]) is the northernmost département of the Poitou-Charentes region of France, named after the river Vienne.
Vienne is one of the original 83 departments, established on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry. The original Acadians who settled in Nova Scotia and what is today other maritime provinces of Canada, left Vienne for North America after 1604.
Goat cheese making is an important industry of Vienne.
The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne & the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.
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Villainville
Coordinates: 49°39′40″N 0°14′35″E / 49.6611°N 0.2431°E / 49.6611; 0.2431
Villainville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 14 miles (23 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D139 and D74 roads.
Newchurch, Isle of Wight, England
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Villequier
Coordinates: 49°30′49″N 0°40′29″E / 49.5136°N 0.6747°E / 49.5136; 0.6747
Villequier is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and forestry situated by the banks of the river Seine in the Pays de Caux, some 23 miles (37 km) west of Rouen near the junction of the D281 with the D81 road.
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Vinnemerville
Coordinates: 49°48′25″N 0°33′24″E / 49.8069°N 0.5567°E / 49.8069; 0.5567
Vinnemerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Le Havre, on the D471 road.
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Virville
Coordinates: 49°35′33″N 0°21′21″E / 49.5925°N 0.3558°E / 49.5925; 0.3558
Virville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D125 and D10 roads. An SNCF TER railway station serves both this and a neighbouring commune.
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Vittefleur
Coordinates: 49°49′10″N 0°38′18″E / 49.8194°N 0.6383°E / 49.8194; 0.6383
Vittefleur is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated on the banks of the Durdent river in the Pays de Caux, some 23 miles (37 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D69, D10 and the D268 roads.
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Vosges
Vosges (French pronunciation: [voʒ]) is a French department, named after the local mountain range. It contains the hometown of Joan of Arc, Domrémy.
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on February 9, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was made of territories that had been part of the province of Lorraine. In German it is referred to as Vogesen.
In 1793 the independent principality of Salm-Salm (town of Senones and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795 the area of Schirmeck was detached from the Bas-Rhin department and incorporated into the Vosges department. The Vosges department had now an area of 6,127 km² (2,366 sq. miles) which it kept until 1871.
In 1794 the Vosges was the site of a major battle between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. See Battle of the Vosges.
The Place des Vosges in Paris was so renamed in 1799 when the department became the first to pay the new Revolutionary taxes.
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Vénestanville
Coordinates: 49°47′43″N 0°54′17″E / 49.7953°N 0.9047°E / 49.7953; 0.9047
Vénestanville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D27 and the D270 roads.
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Wejherowo
Wejherowo [vɛi̯xɛˈrɔvɔ] (Kashubian: Wejrowò, German: Neustadt in Westpreußen) is a town in Gdańsk Pomerania, northern Poland, with 47,435 inhabitants (2007). It has been the capital of Wejherowo County in Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999; previously, it was a town in Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Wejherowo was founded in 1643 as Wola Wejherowska, by the voivode of the Malbork Voivodeship, Jakub Wejher, with the consent of King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland. Wejher, who was saved during the Smolensk War, built two churches in the new settlement (The Holy Trinity and Saint Ann). He also brought in Franciscan Fathers, built a monastery, and founded the Calvary of Wejherowo, consisting of 26 chapels.
After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, administered within the new province of West Prussia, and had its name in German changed from Weihersfrei to Neustadt in Westpreußen ("new town in West Prussia"). Decisive factors which boosted the development of the town in the 19th century were the 1818 establishment of Landkreis Neustadt (Westpr.), an administrative district, and the construction of the Danzig (Gdańsk) – Stettin (Szczecin) railway line. Neustadt became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany. During the second half of the 19th century, a significant number of Jewish families began migrating to Syracuse, New York, including the renowned Shubert theatrical family.
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Yainville
Coordinates: 49°27′12″N 0°49′51″E / 49.4533°N 0.8308°E / 49.4533; 0.8308
Yainville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and light industry situated inside a meander of the river Seine, some 15 miles (24 km) west of Rouen at the junction of the D982 with the D143 road. A car ferry service connects the commune with Heurteauville.
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Yerville
Coordinates: 49°40′08″N 0°53′49″E / 49.6689°N 0.8969°E / 49.6689; 0.8969
Yerville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming and light industrial town situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D929 with the D142 road. The A29 autoroute forms the southern border of the commune’s territory.
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Ymare
Coordinates: 49°20′59″N 1°10′35″E / 49.3497°N 1.1764°E / 49.3497; 1.1764
Ymare is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Roumois, some 8 miles (13 km) south of Rouen at the junction of the D95 with the D13 road.
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Yonne
Yonne (French pronunciation: [jɔn]) is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Burgundy in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
It elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly - in the 2002-7 parliamentary term, all three are drawn from the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Its two senators also represent the UMP.
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Yport
Coordinates: 49°44′19″N 0°18′50″E / 49.7386°N 0.3139°E / 49.7386; 0.3139
Yport is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France. The residents are known as Yportais or Yportaises.
Yport is located on the D104 road, about 19 miles (31 km) north of Le Havre, on the coast of the English Channel.
The site was probably occupied during the neolithic period, and later the Pays de Caux was inhabited by the Calates. During the Roman time, a road connecting Fécamp to Étretat passed through the locality at Pitron Fund from where a junction towards the village existed. The current D940 follows the route of this Roman road. The Roman presence was discovered following various archaeological excavations but nothing proves that it was permanently inhabited. It may have been only a fishing site. Starting from the early Middle Ages the village was attached to Criquebeuf-en-Caux, where the church, the cemetery and the school were located, several kilometres away from Yport. Only in the 19th century did the commune of Yport come into existence, primarily because of the construction of the church. Officially, the commune of Yport was created on January 1, 1843 and its first mayor was Jean-Baptiste Feuilloley. The 19th century marked the beginning of the rise of sea-fishing. Many people were attracted to the area by the work and the population reached 1800. The sea front evolved considerably during this period. As a working port, the sea front had fishing-smacks, skiffs, caïques and other vessels moored up to the bollards.
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Yquebeuf
Coordinates: 49°35′54″N 1°15′22″E / 49.5983°N 1.2561°E / 49.5983; 1.2561
Yquebeuf is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Rouen on the D24. The A28 autoroute passes through the territory of the commune.
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Yvecrique
Coordinates: 49°41′17″N 0°48′40″E / 49.6881°N 0.8111°E / 49.6881; 0.8111
Yvecrique is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Rouen near the junction of the D27 with the D20 road.
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Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application (a decree specifying how a law should be enforced) from 26 February 1965.
It gained the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble from the adjacent department of Essonne in 1969.
The departmental capital, Versailles, which grew up around Louis XIV's château, was also the French capital for more than a century under the Ancien Régime and again between 1871 and 1879 during the early years of the Third Republic. Since then the château has continued to welcome the parlement when called upon to sit in a congressional sitting, jointly with the upper house in order to enact constitutional changes or, as happened most recently in June 2009, to listen to a formal declaration by the president.
Yvelines is bordered by the departments of Val-d'Oise on the north, Hauts-de-Seine on the east, Essonne on the southeast, Eure-et-Loir on the southwest, and Eure on the west.
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Yvetot
Coordinates: 49°37′04″N 0°45′15″E / 49.6178°N 0.7542°E / 49.6178; 0.7542
Yvetot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
The town’s prosperity was linked to strong commerce, developed as early as the 17th century, thanks to its fiscal statutes and to cotton spinning, which saw massive expansion after 1794. In the 19th century, the town developed fabric production. Until 1926, Yvetot had been chef-lieu of the old arrondissement of Yvetot, and a sub_prefecture. During this period of reorganisation, it lost its status of sub-prefecture. In World War II, Yvetot was practically razed in 1940 by the Germans. Later, the 75th Division of the U.S. Army, 575th Signal Co., maintained its command post in the town from December 14–20, 1944, as it counterattacked against the German army. After the war, Yvetot was rebuilt in a classical style and regained its importance in the middle of the 20th century.
The stained-glass window, considered the largest in Europe with an area of 1046 m², was constructed in the 1950s by Max Ingrand. The window's main colors are in shades of crimson, gold and blue. Meticulous assembly from a thousand pieces of glass, the stained-glass window portrays saints, with a wide section consecrated to the Normans of the diocese of Rouen. Either side of Christ are St. Peter (patron saint of Yvetot for a thousand years) and the apostles, including St. Valery (apostle of Calluses and Vimeux in the 7th century), St. Saëns (an Irish monk and founder of an abbey in the valley of the Varenne), St. Ouen (who introduced monasteries to Rouen) and St. Wandrille. The bishops of Rouen are also depicted. Among the bishops are St. Roman (in the process of strangling the gargoyle that devastated Rouen), St Rémy, and St Hugues. Others represented in the stained-glass include the Virgin Mary and Joan of Arc shining in her armour.
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Yébleron
Coordinates: 49°38′01″N 0°32′16″E / 49.6336°N 0.5378°E / 49.6336; 0.5378
Yébleron is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D18, D104 and D149 roads. The A29 autoroute forms part of the commune’s southern border.
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Écrainville
Coordinates: 49°39′09″N 0°19′17″E / 49.6525°N 0.3214°E / 49.6525; 0.3214
Écrainville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming commune made up of 11 villages and hamlets in the Pays de Caux, situated some 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D68 and D139 roads.
The origin of the name is uncertain, but Escrainvilla is first mentioned at the end of the 12th century. Many documents trace the occupation of the territory at the time of the Franks and even earlier. Abbé Dicquemare described, in 1778, the 150 human skeletons found in the crypt at the former quarry at Maucomble at Val-Miellé, and suggests that the crypt was prior to the 11th century, as the church of Saint-Denis dates from that period.
The first written mention of Écrainville or one of its hamlets dates back in the late 11th century. In 1180, the lord of Tennemare or Tannemare appeared in the records of the Exchequer of Normandy. Until the 17th century, the seigneurie passed from father to son of the Folville family.
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Életot
Coordinates: 49°47′21″N 0°27′17″E / 49.7892°N 0.4547°E / 49.7892; 0.4547
Életot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village on the coast of the Pays de Caux, situated some 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Le Havre, on the D79 road. A pebble beach and spectacular limestone cliffs can be reached by way of the steps of the val d’Ausson.
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Épinal
Coordinates: 48°10′28″N 6°27′04″E / 48.1744°N 6.4512°E / 48.1744; 6.4512
Épinal is a commune in northeastern France and the capital (prefecture) of the Vosges department. Inhabitants are known as Spinaliens.
The commune has a land area of 59.24 km² (22.873 sq mi). It is situated on the Moselle River, 60 km (37 mi) south of Nancy.
The old town centre features the Place des Vosges, the Chapitre district, Saint-Maurice's Basilica, medieval castle remains and the Roman House (11th and 13th centuries). It is also known for its parks and gardens, as well as a large communal forest with arboretum (the Arboretum de la Forêt d'Épinal).
There are major fortifications, extended and maintained until the early 20th century. There is a legend, among the populace of Épinal, that Napoleon's ghost strolls the wall ramparts on 9 September of each year at 5:00 am It was on this day and at this time that, in 1811, Napoleon gave his first and last oration to the city of Épinal, wherein he addressed the challenges posed by northern expansion.
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Épouville
Coordinates: 49°33′47″N 0°13′25″E / 49.5631°N 0.2236°E / 49.5631; 0.2236
Épouville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A light industrial and farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D925, D52 and D32 roads and by the banks of the river Lézarde.
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Épretot
Coordinates: 49°32′27″N 0°18′56″E / 49.5408°N 0.3156°E / 49.5408; 0.3156
Épretot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D31 and C3 roads. Junction 6 of the A29 autoroute with the D31 road is within the commune’s boundary.
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Épreville
Coordinates: 49°42′28″N 0°22′03″E / 49.7078°N 0.3675°E / 49.7078; 0.3675
Épreville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A light industrial and farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D11 and D925 roads.
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Étaimpuis
Coordinates: 49°38′48″N 1°08′41″E / 49.6467°N 1.1447°E / 49.6467; 1.1447
Étaimpuis is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming commune consisting of several villages and hamlets situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) south of Dieppe at the junction of the D57, D100 and the D225 roads. The A29 autoroute crosses the southern part of the commune’s territory.
The commune was formed in 1824 by the merger of the 3 former parishes of Biennais, Étaimpuis and Leuilly.
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Étainhus
Coordinates: 49°34′05″N 0°18′49″E / 49.5681°N 0.3136°E / 49.5681; 0.3136
Étainhus is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
Étainhus is a farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D234 and D39 roads.
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Étalleville
Coordinates: 49°44′20″N 0°49′32″E / 49.7389°N 0.8256°E / 49.7389; 0.8256
Étalleville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D149 and the D89 road.
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Étalondes
Coordinates: 50°01′51″N 1°23′12″E / 50.0308°N 1.3867°E / 50.0308; 1.3867
Étalondes is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A village of farming and light industry situated in the Pays de Caux, some 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D926, D126 and the D78 roads.
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Étoutteville
Coordinates: 49°40′39″N 0°47′06″E / 49.6775°N 0.785°E / 49.6775; 0.785
Étoutteville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 23 miles (37 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D27, D37 and the D53 roads.
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Étretat
Coordinates: 49°42′26″N 0°12′27″E / 49.7072°N 0.2075°E / 49.7072; 0.2075
Étretat is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France. It is a tourist and farming town situated c. 32 km northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D940, D11 and D139 roads. It's located on the coast of the Pays de Caux area.
Étretat is best known for its cliffs, including 3 natural arches and the pointed "needle". These cliffs and the associated resort beach attracted artists including Eugène Boudin, Gustave Courbet and Claude Monet, and were featured prominently in the 1909 Arsène Lupin novel The Hollow Needle by Maurice Leblanc.
Two of the three famous arches seen from the town are the Porte d'Aval, and the Porte d'Amont. The Manneporte is the third and the biggest one which cannot be seen from the town.
The GR 21 long-distance hiking path (Le Havre to Le Tréport) passes through the town.
Étretat was the birthplace of Élie Halévy (1870–1937), philosopher and historian.
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Évreux
Coordinates: 49°01′27″N 1°09′12″E / 49.0242°N 1.1533°E / 49.0242; 1.1533
Évreux (French pronunciation: [e.vʁø]) is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.
The city is on the Iton river.
In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis.
The present-day name of Évreux originates from the Gallic tribe of Eburovices, literally Those who overcome by the yew?, from the Gaulish root eburo.
The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy; these counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed in right of Agnes, William's sister, wife of Simon de Montfort-l'Amaury (d. 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III of Montfort ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip Augustus, whose successor Philip the Fair presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the countship of Évreux into a peerage of France in 1317.
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Adrien Auzout
Adrien Auzout (28 January 1622 – 23 May 1691) was a French astronomer.
He was born in Rouen, France, the son and eldest child of a clerk in the court of Rouen. His educational background is unknown, although he may have attended the Jesuit college in Rouen. Adrien left for Paris during the 1640s, where he developed an interest in astronomer and became a well known in academic circles. In 1664–1665 he made observations of comets, and argued in favor of their following elliptical or parabolic orbits. (In this he was opposed by his rival Johannes Hevelius.) Adrien was briefly a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences from 1666 to 1668, and a founding member of the French Royal Obseratory. (He may have left the academy due to a dispute.) He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1666. He then left for Italy and spent the next 20 years in that region, finally dying in Rome in 1691. Little is known about his activities during this last period.
Auzout made contributions in telescope observations, including perfecting the use of the micrometer. He made many observations with large aerial telescopes and he is noted for briefly considering the construction of a huge aerial telescope 1,000 feet in length that he would use to observe animals on the Moon. In 1647 he performed an experiment that demonstrated the role of air pressure in function of the mercury barometer. In 1667–68, Adrien and Jean Picard attached a telescopic sight to a 38-inch quadrant, and used it to accurately determine positions on the Earth.
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Alain Blanchard
Alain Blanchard (born 14th century, executed in Rouen in 1419) was a commander of the crossbowmen of Rouen during the Hundred Years' War.
He was active in the defence of the city during its siege by king Henry V of England. When the city capitulated on 20 January 1419 the English demanded that three notable inhabitants be surrendered to be decapitated. One of them was Alain Blanchard.
Alain Blanchard is the hero of a tragedy by Antoine Viellard presented in 1793, of another play by Alexandre Dupias, presented in 1826 and of a musical drama by Ruféville with music by Adrien Boïeldieu, son of the better known composer François-Adrien Boïeldieu. He is also presented in two poems by Auguste Thorel de Saint-Martin (1815) et Émile Coquatrix (1847) and of a story by P. Dumesnil (1849).
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330–after 391) was a fourth-century Roman historian. He wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity (the last was written by Procopius). His work chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353–378 are extant.
Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes. The surviving books of his history, the Res Gestae, cover the years 353 to 378. Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia.
He was "a former soldier and a Greek" (miles quondam et graecus), he tells us, and his enrollment among the elite protectores domestici (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militum.
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Anny Duperey
Anny Duperey (born Annie Legras on June 28, 1947 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France) is a French stage, film and television actress and best-selling author. She is a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.
Duperey made her screen debut in the 1967 Jean-Luc Godard film, "2 ou 3 choses que je sais d'elle" (Two or Three Things I Know About Her ). In the 1974 Alain Resnais film Stavisky, she portrayed Arlette, the beautiful real-life wife of flamboyant swindler Alexandre Stavisky played by Jean-Paul Belmondo. Anny Duperey was nominated for the 1977 César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance in "Un éléphant ça trompe énormément" (An Elephant Can Be Extremely Deceptive). For her work in television, she has won two 7 d'Or Best Actress awards. In English-language film, Anny Duperey appeared with Al Pacino in the 1977 Sydney Pollack film Bobby Deerfield. Other notable appearances include Les Compères and TV series since 1992 Une famille formidable.
In addition to her talents as an actress, Anny Duperey is a successful author of a number of bestselling books including L'admiroir (1976), Le Nez de Mazarin (Mazarin's Nose) (1986), Le voile noir (The Black Veil) (1992), Je vous écris (I'm Writing To You) (1993), Les chats de hasard (The fortune cats) (1999), Allons plus loin, veux-tu? (Let's go further, will you?) (2002) Les chats mots (The cats words) (2003) and Une soirée (An evening) (2005).
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Armand Carrel
Armand Carrel (8 May 1800 – 25 July 1836) was a French journalist and political writer.
Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Armand Carrel was born at Rouen. His father was a wealthy merchant, and he received a liberal education at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen., afterwards attending the military school at St Cyr. He had a deep admiration for the great generals of Napoleon, and his uncompromising spirit and independent views marked him as a leader. Entering the army as sub-lieutenant, he took a secret but active part in the unsuccessful Belfort Conspiracy. At the outbreak of war with Spain in 1823, Carrel, whose sympathies were with the liberal cause, resigned, and succeeded in escaping to Barcelona. He enrolled in the foreign legion and fought gallantly against his former comrades. The legion was compelled to surrender near Figueres, and Carrel was taken prisoner by his former general, Damas. There was considerable difficulty about the terms of his capitulation, and one council of war condemned Carrel to death. The sentence was not carried out, and he was soon acquitted and freed.
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Arsène Lupin
Arsène Lupin is a fictional character who appears in a book series of detective fiction / crime fiction novels written by French writer Maurice Leblanc, as well as a number of non-canonical sequels and numerous film, television such as Night Hood, stage play and comic book adaptations.
A contemporary of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Maurice Leblanc (1864–1941) was the creator of the character of gentleman thief Arsène Lupin who, in Francophone countries, has enjoyed a popularity as long-lasting and considerable as Sherlock Holmes in the English-speaking world.
There are twenty volumes in the Arsène Lupin series written by Leblanc himself, plus five authorized sequels written by the celebrated mystery writing team of Boileau-Narcejac, as well as various pastiches.
The character of Lupin was first introduced in a series of short stories serialized in the magazine Je Sais Tout, starting in No. 6, dated 15 July 1905. He was originally called Arsène Lopin, until a local politician of the same name protested, resulting in the name change.
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Charles Nicolle
Charles Jules Henry Nicolle (21 September 1866 Rouen – 28 February 1936 Tunis) was a French bacteriologist who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
He learned about biology early from his father Eugène Nicolle, a doctor at a Rouen hospital. He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen He received his M.D. in 1893 from the Pasteur Institute. At this point he returned to Rouen, as a member of the Medical Faculty until 1896 and then as Director of the Bacteriological Laboratory.
In 1903 Nicolle became Director of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis, where he did his Nobel Prize-winning work on typhus. He was still director of the Institute when he died in 1936.
He also wrote fiction and philosophy through his life, including the books Le Pâtissier de Bellone, Les deux Larrons, and Les Contes de Marmouse.
He married Alice Avice in 1895, and had two children, Marcelle (b. 1896) and Pierre (b. 1898).
Nicolle's major accomplishments in bacteriology and parasitology were:
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Christophe Mendy
Christophe Mendy (born August 4, 1971 in Rouen) is a retired boxer who competed for France in the heavyweight division (– 91 kg) during the 1990s. He won the bronze medal at the 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Berlin, Germany, where he was defeated in the semifinals by Cuban legend Félix Savón. A year later he ended up second at the 1996 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Vejle, Denmark. A couple of months later Mendy represented France at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
Mendy was born in Rouen, Normandy, a region of Western France. He began boxing at the age of 10 and soon came to be noticed by the local trainers, becoming an amateur boxer in the cruiser-weight division at the age of 17. He won various local championships and became vice-champion of France. He then came to be noticed by scouts for the French national team.
In 1990, his first international tournament in Medan, Indonesia, he was the gold medallist. When he returned home, he joined the Battalion of Joinville, E.I.S. (National Army School for Sports) reserved for the French sports elite. This year he also became the Heavyweight Champion of France.
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Claude Monet
Claude Monet (French pronunciation: [klod mɔnɛ/mɔne]) (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant).
Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the 5th floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the second son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet, both of them second-generation Parisians. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the local parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude, but his parents called him simply Oscar. In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the family grocery business, but Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was a singer.
On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts. Locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy in about 1856/1857, he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet "en plein air" (outdoor) techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind.
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Darnel Situ
Darnel Situ-Buyente (born 18 March 1992 in Rouen) is a French football player of Congolese descent who currently plays for Swansea City in the Premier League. He is a French youth international and has captained at all levels of youth he has played at. Situ primarily plays as a centre back or a holding midfielder and is known for his robust physique and physical strength.
Situ began his career playing for Football Club Saint-Étienne du Rouvray in the department of Seine-Maritime, spending his childhood years with the club's under-11 squad. In 2003, he moved up north to the next region over joining RC Lens on a youth contract. While at the Gaillette, short for the Centre Technique et Sportif de la Gaillette, Lens's youth academy, Situ established himself as one of the club's top youth prospects, alongside fellow defender William Rémy and midfielders Alexandre Coeff and Mehdi Abeid. He captained Lens's under-16 team that reached the semi-final stage of the Championnat National under-16 league, though Lens finished the group stage without a single point. While playing with the national under-16 team, Situ, alongside Rennes starlet Jérémy Hélan, drew the interest of Premier League clubs Manchester United, Chelsea, and Liverpool, as well as Portsmouth. Situ, at one point, met with Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson, but a deal could not be reached. France teammate Helan later joined Manchester City.
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David Trezeguet
David Sergio Trezeguet (French pronunciation: [david sɛʀʒjo tʀezeˈɡɛ]) (born 15 October 1977) is a World Cup winning French-Argentinian international footballer who plays for hometown club River Plate.
He previously played for Juventus in the Italian Serie A for ten years and for the French national team. He is the highest scoring non-Italian ever to play for Juventus. He is perhaps most famous for scoring the golden goal in the Euro 2000 final against Italy, which gave France a 2–1 win in extra time.
Trezeguet was born in Rouen, Upper Normandy, France, and grew up in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is the son of former French-Argentine footballer Jorge Trezeguet, who now works as his agent. David and his wife Béatrice have two children together: Aaron and Noraan. His wife is from Alicante, Spain.
At club level, Trezeguet played for Club Atlético Platense and Club Atlético River Plate in the Argentine Primera División, AS Monaco in Ligue 1, Juventus in Serie A and Hércules CF in La Liga.
In 1998, Trezeguet scored the fastest ever goal in terms of velocity in UEFA Champions League history in a quarter-final match against Manchester United. The shot that resulted in a goal was clocked at 97.6 mph (157.3 km/h).[citation needed] With AS Monaco, he won Ligue 1 twice and was named Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year in 1998. He scored a total of 60 goals in 113 appearances for the French club and it was here that he made his name as a potent goalscoring poacher.
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Denis
Saint Denis (also called Dionysius, Dennis, or Denys) is a Christian martyr and saint. In the third century, he was Bishop of Paris. He was martyred in connection with the Decian persecution of Christians, shortly after A.D. 250. After his head was chopped off, Denis is said to have picked it up and walked ten kilometres (six miles), preaching a sermon the entire way, making him one of many cephalophores in hagiology. He is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church as patron of Paris, France and as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The medieval and modern French name "Denis" derives from the ancient name Dionysius.
Gregory of Tours states that Denis was bishop of the Parisii and was martyred by being beheaded by a sword. The earliest document giving an account of his life and martyrdom, the "Passio SS. Dionysii Rustici et Eleutherii" dates from c. 600, is mistakenly attributed to the poet Venantius Fortunatus, and is legendary. Nevertheless, it appears from the Passio that Denis was sent from Italy to convert Gaul in the third century, forging a link with the "apostles to the Gauls" reputed to have been sent out under the direction of Pope Fabian. This was after the persecutions under Emperor Decius had all but dissolved the small Christian community at Lutetia. Denis, with his inseparable companions Rusticus and Eleutherius, who were martyred with him, settled on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine. Roman Paris lay on the higher ground of the Left Bank, away from the river.
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Diocletian
Diocletian (Latin: Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus; c. 22 December 244 – 3 December 311), was a Roman Emperor from 284 to 305. Born to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia, Diocletian was proclaimed Emperor. The title was also claimed by Carus' other surviving son, Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus. With his accession to power, Diocletian ended the Crisis of the Third Century. He appointed fellow officer Maximian Augustus his senior co-emperor in 285.
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Dominique Lokoli
Dominique Lokoli (born 29 January 1952) is a former French footballer who played for Paris Saint-Germain F.C., AS Nancy, AJ Auxerre and Stade de Reims.
Born in Rouen, Lokoli began his football career at AS Choisy-le-Roi, a club located in the southeastern suburbs of Paris. In 1974, the right-sided defender joined a professional football club at age 22, and would appear in 148 competitive matches during five seasons with Paris SG. His teammates gave him the nickname "Bip-Bip", a reference to the Warner Bros. Road Runner, for his pace. He left Paris SG for Ligue 1 rivals Nancy, and would finish his career with Auxerre, Reims and Montélimar.
Lokoli is the father of French tennis player, Laurent Lokoli.
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Eugène Ketterer
Eugène Ketterer (7 July 1831 Rouen, France – 18 December 1870 Paris) was a French composer and pianist.
In early youth he was a student at the Paris Conservatoire, where he won Second Prize for solfege in 1847 and a premier accessit in 1852, under Antoine François Marmontel. After his graduation until his death, which took place during the siege of Paris, 18 December 1870, he appeared constantly as a pianist winning wide repute for his fantasies and drawing-room pieces, of which he wrote a large number, but only a few of which are now well known.
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François Hollande
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa ɔlɑ̃d]; born 12 August 1954) is the 24th President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra. He previously served as the First Secretary of the French Socialist Party from 1997 to 2008 and as a Deputy of the National Assembly of France for Corrèze's 1st Constituency from 1988 to 1993 and then again from 1997 to 2012. He also served as the Mayor of Tulle from 2001 to 2008 and the President of the General Council of Corrèze from 2008 to 2012.
He was elected President of France on 6 May 2012, defeating the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy, and was inaugurated on 15 May. He is the second Socialist President of the Fifth French Republic, after François Mitterrand who served from 1981 to 1995.
Hollande was born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Upper Normandy, to a middle-class family. His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009), was a social worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande, an ear, nose, and throat doctor who "had once run for the extreme right in local politics." The surname "Hollande" is "believed to come from Calvinist ancestors who escaped Holland (the Netherlands) in the 16th century and took the name of their old country." Hollande was raised Catholic but quietly rebelled against the strict religious brothers chosen by his father to educate him. The family moved to Neuilly, a suburb of Paris, when Hollande was 13.
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Gabriel Daniel
Gabriel Daniel (February 8, 1649 – June 23, 1728), French Jesuit historian, was born in Rouen.
He was educated by the Jesuits, entered the order at the age of eighteen, and became superior at Paris.
He is best known by his Histoire de France depuis l'établissement de la monarchie française (first complete edition, 1713), which was republished in 1720, 1721, 1725, 1742, and (the last edition, with notes by Henri Griffet) 1755–1760. Daniel published an abridgment in 1724 (English trans., 1726), and another abridgment was published by Dorival in 1751.
Though full of prejudices which affect his accuracy, Daniel had the advantage of consulting valuable original sources. His Histoire de la milice française, etc. (1721) is superior to his Histoire de France. Daniel also wrote a reply to Pascal's Provincial Letters, entitled Entretiens de Cleanthe et d'Eudoxe sur les lettres provinciales (1694); two treatises on Descartes' theory as to the intelligence of the lower animals, and other works.
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Gaston Leroux
Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux (6 May 1868 – 15 April 1927) was a French journalist and author of detective fiction.
In the English-speaking world, he is best known for writing the novel The Phantom of the Opera (Le Fantôme de l'Opéra, 1910), which has been made into several film and stage productions of the same name, notably the 1925 film starring Lon Chaney; and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical.
Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux was born in Paris in 1868. He went to school in Normandy and studied law in Paris, graduating in 1889. He inherited millions of francs and lived wildly until he nearly reached bankruptcy. Subsequently in 1890, he began working as a court reporter and theater critic for L'Écho de Paris. His most important journalism came when he began working as an international correspondent for the Paris newspaper Le Matin. In 1905, he was present at, and covered, the Russian Revolution.
Another case he was present at involved the investigation and in-depth coverage of the former Paris Opera (presently housing the Paris Ballet). The basement contained a cell that held prisoners of the Paris Commune.[citation needed]
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Georges Guillain
Georges Charles Guillain (French pronunciation: [ɡilɛ̃]) (March 3, 1876 - June 29, 1961) was a French neurologist born in Rouen.
He studied medicine in Rouen and Paris, where he learned clinical education at several hospitals. He developed an interest in neurology, and his first important scientific work involved lesions of the plexus brachialis. He earned his medical doctorate at Paris in 1898.
He later became chef de clinique for nervous disease and in 1910 attained the title of agrégé. After World War I he worked at Charité Hospital in Paris, and in 1923 became a professor of neurology at the Salpêtrière.
Guillain was a prolific writer, in 1920 with his friend Jean Barré (1880-1967), he published a major work titled Travaux neurologiques de guerre concerning their clinical experiences during the war. He was a member of French, American, and Japanese academies of science, and in 1949 was appointed commander of the Légion d'honneur. He died in Paris.
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Guillaume Couture
Guillaume Cousture (January 14, 1617/8 – April 4, 1701) was a citizen of New France. During his life he was a lay missonary with the Jesuits, a survivor of torture, a member of an Iroquois council, a translator, a diplomat, a militia captain, and a lay leader among the colonists of the Pointe-Lévy (actually named (Lévis) City) in the Seigneury of Lauzon. A district of New France located on the South Side of Quebec City.
Cousture was born in Rouen in 1618, Rouen was the political center Normandy, a province in Northern France, the son of Guillaume Cousture Sr. and Madeleine Mallet (at this time in France married women kept their birth names). Guillaume Sr. was a carpenter in the St Godard district, young Guillaume was brought up to follow in his father's footsteps. However, by 1640 Guillaume Couture was recruited by Jesuits to be a donne in New France. A donne was a lay missionary who would assist the Jesuits in converting the natives of New France to Roman Catholicism. Cousture had to take a vow of celibacy and give up his inheritance, transferring it to his relatives in Rouen.
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Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert (French pronunciation: [ɡystav flobɛʁ]) (December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among the greatest Western novelists. He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857), and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style.
Flaubert was born on December 12, 1821, in Rouen, in the Seine-Maritime department of Upper Normandy, in northern France. He was the second son of Achille-Cléophas Flaubert (1784–1846), a surgeon, and Anne Justine Caroline (née Fleuriot) (1793–1872). He began writing at an early age, as early as eight according to some sources.
He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen. and did not leave until 1840, when he went to Paris to study law. In Paris, he was an indifferent student and found the city distasteful. He made a few acquaintances, including Victor Hugo. Toward the close of 1840, he traveled in the Pyrenees and Corsica. In 1846, after an attack of epilepsy, he left Paris and abandoned the study of law.
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Guy de la Brosse
Guy de La Brosse (1586 – 1641 in Paris), was a French botanist, doctor, and pharmacist. A physician to King Louis XIII of France, he is also notable for the creation of a major botanical garden of medicinal herbs, which was commissioned by the king. This garden, the Jardin des Plantes (originally Jardin du Roi) was the first botanical garden in Paris.
Guy de La Brosse, doctor to Louis XIII, obtained royal permission on 6 July 1626 to found, in Paris, a herb garden destined to culture plants useful to medicine to replace those of Montpellier created by Henri IV. But this project took some time to come to fruition since the Faculty of Medicine in Paris considered the garden as competition to their activities, because La Brosse wished to teach botany and chemistry there.
This garden, called "Jardin du roi" (Garden of the King), would not be officially inaugurated until 1640, more than 5 years after its actual creation. To calm the university faculty, the king only authorised one teacher without diploma at the garden, with this choice being left to the garden supervisor.
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Heath Ledger
Heath Andrew Ledger (4 April 1979 – 22 January 2008) was an Australian television and film actor. After performing roles in Australian television and film during the 1990s, Ledger left his homeland for the United States in 1998 to develop his film career. His work comprised nineteen films, including 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), The Patriot (2000), A Knight's Tale (2001), Brokeback Mountain (2005), and The Dark Knight (2008). In addition to acting, he produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director.
For his portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Brokeback Mountain, Ledger won the 2005 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and the 2006 "Best Actor" award from the Australian Film Institute and was nominated for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Actor as well as the 2006 BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Posthumously he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the ensemble cast, the director, and the casting director for the film I'm Not There, which was inspired by the life and songs of American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. In the film, Ledger portrayed a fictional actor named Robbie Clark, one of six characters embodying aspects of Dylan's life and persona. Ledger received numerous accolades for his critically acclaimed portrayal of the Joker in The Dark Knight, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards, for which he became the first actor to win an award posthumously, the 2008 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor, the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and the 2009 BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor.
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Henry II of France
Henry II (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559. Henry II's reign was dominated by war against the House of Habsburg, chiefly in Italy. He suffered an untimely death in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis at the conclusion of the conflict. During Henry's reign, Protestantism became an important minority religion in France, in spite of his efforts to suppress it. His death led to a weakening of French royal authority that helped spur decades of religious violence between Protestants and Catholics.
Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the son of Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany (daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany).
His father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by his sworn enemy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and held prisoner in Spain. To obtain his release it was eventually agreed that Henry and his older brother be sent to Spain in his place. They remained in captivity for three years.
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Henry V of England
Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster.
After military experience fighting various lords who rebelled against his father, Henry IV, Henry came into political conflict with the increasingly ill king. After his father's death, Henry rapidly assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France. From an unassuming start, his military successes in the Hundred Years' War, culminating with his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt, saw him come close to conquering France. After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France, the Treaty of Troyes recognized Henry V as regent and heir-apparent to the French throne, and he was subsequently married to Charles' daughter, Catherine of Valois. Following Henry V's sudden death in France of dysentery, he was succeeded by his infant son, who reigned as Henry VI.
Henry features in three plays by William Shakespeare. He is shown as a young scapegrace who redeems himself in battle in the two Henry IV plays and as a decisive leader in Henry V.
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House of Plantagenet
The House of Plantagenet ( /plænˈtædʒənət/ plan-TAJ-ə-nət) is the name given in England's historical narrative for the 14 Kings that ruled for the 331 years from 1154 until 1485. There is little evidence for the Plantagenet name before the mid-fifteenth century and it was evidently popularised by Shakespeare.
As a dynasty it is considered a branch of the Angevins. The dynasty's origins as a royal house result from the matchmaking of Fulk V le Jeune which were planned to neutralise the threat of the rise of Normandy. First he married his daughter Alice to William Adelin heir to Henry I of England. Following William's drowning he married his daughter Sibylla of Anjou to William Clito heir to Robert Curthose although King Henry had this annulled because of the political threat of a rival claim to his throne. Finally he married his son Geoffrey to Henry's heir Matilda thereby bringing about the historical convergence of the Angevins, House of Normandy and the House of Wessex.
Plantagenet kings first ruled the Kingdom of England in the 12th century. Their paternal ancestors originated in the French province of Gâtinais and gained the County of Anjou through marriage during the 11th century. The dynasty accumulated several other holdings, building the Angevin Empire that at its peak stretched from the Pyrenees to Ireland and the border with Scotland.
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Ian Mahinmi
Ian Mahinmi (born November 5, 1986, in Rouen) is a French professional basketball player, currently playing for the Dallas Mavericks of the NBA. At 6'11" and 230 lbs, he plays the position of power forward and center. He formerly played for the San Antonio Spurs.
Mahinmi was born to a Beninese father who helped other Africans immigrate to France and a Jamaican mother who taught preschool. Mahinmi preferred playing soccer as a child along with his older brother, but eventually switched to playing basketball. He was 6 feet tall when he was 14 years old. He also played some volleyball.
Mahinmi made his impression on international scouts at the 2004 Under-18 European Championships in Zaragoza, Spain. It was there that he first caught the attention of international scouts, including San Antonio Spurs scout Sam Presti. After playing with the French national team he signed his first contract with the club STB Le Havre (France). He played three seasons with Le Havre, averaging 9.7 points and 5.2 rebounds per game in 2005–06.
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Isaac Oliver
Isaac Oliver (c. 1565 – bur. October 2, 1617) was a French-born English portrait miniature painter.
Born in Rouen, he moved to London in 1568 with his Huguenot parents Peter and Epiphany Oliver to escape the Wars of Religion in France. He then studied miniature painting under Nicholas Hilliard; and developed a naturalistic style, which was largely influenced by Italian and Flemish art. His first wife, Elizabeth, died in 1599. With her he fathered Peter Oliver, who was also a famous "limner". In 1602 he married Sara, daughter of the well-known portrait painter Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder (c. 1520 – c. 1590) and his wife Susannah de Critz. Susannah was the daughter of Troilus de Critz, a goldsmith from Antwerp, and close relative of John de Critz, the Queen's Serjeant-Painter. She was also the older sister or cousin of Magdalen de Critz who married Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger (1562 – 1635).
After the death of Elizabeth I, he became a painter of James I's court, painting numerous portraits of the queen Anne of Denmark and Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.
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Jacques Duphly
Jacques Duphly (January 12, 1715 – July 15, 1789) was a French harpsichordist and organist, and the composer of bright, lively, and attractive keyboard music.
He was born in Rouen, France, the son of Jacques-Agathe Duphly and Marie-Louise Boivin. As a boy, he studied the harpsichord and organ, and was employed as organist at the cathedral in Évreux.
His teacher was François d'Agincourt.
On 11 September 1734 'le sieur Dufliq, organist of the cathedral of Évreux' applied for a position at the church at St. Eloi; the register goes on to make clear that he had been trained by Dagincourt at Rouen, went to Évreux (c. 1732) for what must have been his first appointment (he was only 19 when he resigned from it) and returned to his native parish. His tenure at St Eloi began inauspiciously since the old man he was replacing did not take kindly to this personnel decision, and locked the organ loft before he left and threw away the key, but the church quickly changed the locks. To St Eloi he added Notre Dame de la Ronde in 1740, his sister Marie-Anne-Agathe sometimes substituting for him when duties conflicted. He left both appointments in 1742 and moved to Paris. According to the clerk of St Eloi, it was affairs that drew him there, but other reports suggest that it was the realization that he would do better as a specialist of the harpsichord in Paris than as an organist in Rouen. Therefore in 1742 he settled in Paris, making his name as a harpsichordist, teacher and composer. He was praised for his light touch and a great ability to bring out the character of the pieces. In 1742, after the death of his father, Duphly moved to Paris, where he became famous as a performer and teacher. He was considered by Pascal Taskin, the harpsichord maker, to be one of the best teachers in Paris.
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Jacques Rivette
Jacques Rivette (French pronunciation: [ʒak ʁivɛt]; born 1 March 1928) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic. His best-known films include Celine and Julie Go Boating, La Belle Noiseuse and the cult film Out 1.
He was a member of the French New Wave, a group that included François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Éric Rohmer and Claude Chabrol, who all began their careers as film critics at Cahiers du Cinéma in the 1950s and gained international recognition as film directors in the 1960s (though Rivette perhaps had greater success and recognition as a filmmaker in the 1970s). As a film critic, he expressed his admiration for popular American cinema, especially genre directors such as Robert Aldrich, Otto Preminger, Alfred Hitchcock and Frank Tashlin. As a film director, he is known for using extending running times and loose narratives to explore the symbiosis and clash between one's reality and one's imagination (a space that frequently occurs when characters voluntarily extend the logic/rules of game boards or theatrical stages into their everyday existence). His films often combine the paranoid and conspiratorial crime stories from films by Louis Feuillade and Fritz Lang with the more carefree characters from the films of Jean Renoir and Howard Hawks.
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Jean Dubuc
Jean Joseph Octave "Chauncey" Dubuc (September 15, 1888 – August 28, 1958) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played with the Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, and New York Giants during his nine year career. Dubuc had an overall record of 85–76 with a 3.04 ERA.
Born in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, Dubuc began his baseball career at Saint Michael's College in Vermont. Dubuc, who attended Saint Michael's as a high school student and threw a no-hitter for the Purple Knights' college team against the University of Vermont in 1906, was elected to the St. Michael's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2006.
After one year at St. Michael's, Dubuc transferred to the University of Notre Dame, where he was 14–2 in the 1907 and 1908 seasons. During the early summer of 1908, Dubuc was caught playing a semi-pro game under an assumed name and was declared ineligible to continue his baseball career at Notre Dame. He quickly signed with the Cincinnati Reds and debuted in the Major Leagues on June 25, 1908.
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Jean II Restout
Jean II Restout (26 March 1692 – 1 January 1768) was a French painter, whose late baroque classicism rendered his altarpieces, such as the Death of Saint Scholastica an "isolated achievement" that ran counter to his rococo contemporaries.
Jean Restout was born in Rouen, the son of Jean I Restout and Marie M. Jouvenet, sister and pupil of the then well-known painter Jean Jouvenet.
In 1717, the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture having elected him a member on his work for the Prix de Rome, he remained in Paris, instead of proceeding to Italy, exhibited at all the salons, and filled successively every post of academical distinction. His works, chiefly altar-pieces (Louvre Museum), ceilings and designs for Gobelin tapestries, were engraved by Charles-Nicolas Cochin, Drevet and others.
His son, Jean-Bernard Restout (1732–1797), won the Prix de Rome in 1758, and on his return from Italy was received into the Academy; but his refusal to comply with rules led to a quarrel with that body. Roland appointed him keeper of the Garde Meuble, but this piece of favor nearly cost him his life during the Terror.
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Jean Jouvenet
Jean-Baptiste Jouvenet (1644 – 5 April 1717) was a French painter, especially of religious subjects.
He was born into an artistic family in Rouen. His first training in art was from his father, Laurent Jouvenet; a generation earlier, his grandfather, Noel Jouvenet, may have taught Nicolas Poussin.
Jouvenet early showed remarkable aptitude for his profession, and, on arriving in Paris, attracted the attention of Le Brun, by whom he was employed at Versailles, and under whose auspices, in 1675, he became a member of the Académie royale, of which he was elected professor in 1681, and one of the four perpetual rectors in 1707. He also worked under Charles de La Fosse in the Invalides and Trianon.
The great mass of works that he executed, chiefly in Paris, many of which, including his celebrated Miraculous Draught of Fishes (engraved by Audran; also Landon, Annales, i. 42), are now in the Louvre, show his fertility in invention and execution, and also that he possessed in a high degree that general dignity of arrangement and style which distinguished the school of Le Brun. Anthony Blunt found in Jouvenet's manner reminiscences of Poussin, Le Sueur, and the late work of Raphael, but with a characteristic Baroque emotionalism that "is still far from the full Baroque ... His compositions are primarily planned as high reliefs, and the movements are in sharp diagonal straight lines rather than in curves." The naturalism of Jouvenet's style sets his work apart from most of the religious painting of his time.
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Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (French: Jeanne d'Arc,IPA: [ʒan daʁk]; ca. 1412 – 30 May 1431), is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in what is now eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII of France. She was captured by the Burgundians, transferred to the English in exchange for money, put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon for charges of "insubordination and heterodoxy," and was burned at the stake for heresy when she was only 19 years old.
Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr. Joan of Arc was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. She is – along with St. Denis, St. Martin of Tours, St. Louis IX, and St. Theresa of Lisieux – one of the patron saints of France. Joan said that she had visions from God that instructed her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims and settled the disputed succession to the throne.
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Julien Dubuque
Julien Dubuque (born January 1762 and died March 24, 1810) was a French Canadian from the area of Champlain, Quebec who arrived near what now is known as Dubuque, Iowa - which was named after him. He was one of the first men to settle in the area. He initially received permission from the Meskwaki Native American tribe to mine the lead in 1788. Subsequently the Spanish confirmed that by giving him a land grant in 1796.
Once he had received permission from the Meskwaki to mine lead, Julien Dubuque remained in the area for the rest of his life. He befriended the local Meskwaki Chief Peosta - for whom the nearby town of Peosta, Iowa is named. It is widely believed that Dubuque married Peosta's daughter, who was supposedly named "Potosa"; however, there is no evidence that this was ever the case. Those who back the marriage claim point to letters that mention a Madame Dubuque as meaning Dubuque's wife.
After his death, the Meskwaki built a log crypt for Dubuque; which was replaced in the late 19th century by an imposing stone monument.
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Karin Viard
Karin Viard (born 24 January 1966) is a multi-award-winning French actress. She made her film debut in Tatie Danielle in 1990. Viard is one of the most critically acclaimed French actresses of the past decade.
Since then she has appeared in such films as Delicatessen, L'Emploi du temps (Time Out), Adultère, mode d'emploi and La parenthèse enchantée.
She was a member of the 2003 Cannes Film Festival jury.
She was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen
Viard has won two César Awards. The first for Best Actress for her role in Haut les coeurs! and the second for Best Supporting Actress for Embrassez qui vous voudrez. She was nominated for the César Awards three other times.
Viard has also won the Best Actress award at the Montréal World Film Festival for her performance in Le Rôle de sa vie.
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Marcel Dupré
Marcel Dupré (3 May 1886 – 30 May 1971), was a French organist, pianist, composer, and pedagogue.
Marcel Dupré was born in Rouen (Normandy, France). Born into a musical family, he was a child prodigy. His father Albert Dupré was organist in Rouen and a friend of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, who built an organ in the family house when Marcel was 14 years old. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1904, where he studied with Louis Diémer and Lazare Lévy (piano), Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne (organ), and Charles-Marie Widor (fugue and composition). In 1914, Dupré won the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata, Psyché. In 1926, he was appointed professor of organ performance and improvisation at the Paris Conservatoire, a position he held until 1954.
Dupré became famous for performing more than 2000 organ recitals throughout Australia, the United States, Canada and Europe, which included a recital series of 10 concerts of the complete works of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1920 (Paris Conservatoire) and 1921 (Palais du Trocadéro), both performed entirely from memory. The sponsorship of an American transcontinental tour by the John Wanamaker department store interests rocketed his name into international prominence. Dupré's "Symphonie-Passion" began as an improvisation on Philadelphia's Wanamaker Organ. In 1924, he was elected as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity, by the Fraternity's Alpha Chapter at the New England Conservatory in Boston.
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Marie Champmeslé
Marie Champmeslé (18 February 1642 – 15 May 1698) was a French actress.
She was born in Rouen of a wealthy family; her father's name was Desmares. She made her first appearance on the stage at Rouen with Charles Chevillet Champmeslé (1645-170?), who called himself sieur de Champmeslé, and they were married in 1666. By 1669 they were playing in Paris at the Theatre du Marais, her first appearance there being as Venus in Boyer's Fête de Vénus. The next year, as Hermione in Jean Racine's Andromaque, she had a great success at the Hotel de Bourgogne. Her intimacy with Racine dates from then. Some of his finest tragedies were written for her, but her repertoire was not confined to them, and many an indifferent play - like Thomas Corneille's Ariene and Comte d'Essex - owed its success to her natural manner of acting, and her pathetic rendering of the hapless heroine.
Phaedre was the climax of her triumphs, and when she and her husband deserted the Hotel de Bourgogne, it was selected to open the Comédie-Française on 26 August 1680. Here, with Madame Gurin as the leading comedy actress, she played the great tragic love parts for more than thirty years.
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Maurice Leblanc
Maurice Marie Émile Leblanc (11 November 1864 – 6 November 1941) was a French novelist and writer of short stories, known primarily as the creator of the fictional gentleman thief and detective Arsène Lupin, often described as a French counterpart to Arthur Conan Doyle's creation Sherlock Holmes.
Leblanc was born in Rouen, Normandy, where he was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille. After studying in several countries and dropping out of law school, he settled in Paris and began to write fiction, both short crime stories and longer novels; his novels, heavily influenced by writers like Gustave Flaubert and Guy de Maupassant, were critically admired but met with little commercial success.
Leblanc was largely considered little more than a writer of short stories for various French periodicals when the first Arsène Lupin story appeared in a series of short stories serialized in the magazine Je Sais Tout, starting in No. 6, dated 15 July 1905. Clearly created at editorial request under the influence of, and in reaction to, the wildly successful Sherlock Holmes stories, the roguish and glamorous Lupin was a surprise success and Leblanc's fame and fortune beckoned. In total, Leblanc went on to write twenty-one Lupin novels or collections of short stories.
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Mellonius
Saint Mellonius was a legendary early 4th century Bishop of Rotomagus (now Rouen) in the Roman province of Secunda Provincia Lugdunensis (now Normandy in France). He is known only from a 17th century 'Life' of little historical value.
He is said to have been born near Cardiff in Wales, presumably at St Mellons, although the saint there is generally thought to be Saint Melaine, Bishop of Rennes. The two have, unfortunately, been hopelessly confused in many biographies. Mellonius' story tells how he travelled to Rome to pay the British tribute. He was there converted to Christianity by Pope Stephen I. He became the first Bishop of Rouen and died in AD 311. His feast day is 22 October. The church at Thiédeville is dedicated to him and he is said to have been baptised in a holy well at Héricourt. He may or may not be identical to the Bishop of Troyes of the same name who supposedly ruled in the 390s.
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Nathalie Péchalat
Nathalie Péchalat (born December 22, 1983 in Rouen) is a French ice dancer. With partner Fabian Bourzat, she is the 2012 World bronze medalist, a two-time European champion (2011–2012), a three-time Grand Prix Final medalist (2009, 2010, 2011), the 2010 Cup of China and 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard champion, and three-time French national champions (2009, 2011, 2012).
Nathalie Péchalat began skating at seven, originally as a single skater. At the age of ten, she switched to ice dancing after her coach, Anne Sophie Druet, suggested she was suited for the discipline and her son was looking for a partner.
In March 2000, Péchalat's then-partner left her, and her coach at the time, Muriel Zazoui, suggested she team up with Fabian Bourzat. The two did not get along well at first but gradually became friends. In a 2011 interview, Péchalat said that she and Bourzat have different personalities but that he is the ideal skating partner for her: "He is very gifted. He works through feeling and inspiration. As soon as he feels a move, he can reproduce it and interpret it. He does not need to intellectualize." According to Bourzat, "Nathalie is always pulling the couple ahead and pushing us to work. She brings her extraordinary capacity to work. She always wants to do everything perfectly."
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Nicolas Lemery
Nicolas Lémery (November 17, 1645 – June 19, 1715), French chemist, was born at Rouen. He was one of the first to develop theories on acid-base chemistry.
After learning pharmacy in his native town he became a pupil of Christophe Glaser in Paris, and then went to Montpellier, where he began to lecture on chemistry. He next established a pharmacy in Paris, still continuing his lectures, but following 1683, being a Calvinist, he was obliged to retire to England. In the following year he returned to France, and turning Catholic in 1686 was able to reopen his shop and resume his lectures. He died in Paris on the 19th of June 1715.
Lemery did not concern himself much with theoretical speculations, but holding chemistry to be a demonstrative science, confined himself to the straightforward exposition of facts and experiments. In consequence, his lecture-room was thronged with people of all sorts, anxious to hear a man who shunned the barren obscurities of the alchemists, and did not regard the quest of the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life as the sole end of his science. Of his Cours de chymie (1675) he lived to see 13 editions, and for a century it maintained its reputation as a standard work.
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Philip II of France
Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste; 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the last King of the Franks from 1180 to 1190, and the first King of France from 1190 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné—the God-given—as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.
Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.
Philip was born in Gonesse on 21 August 1165. As soon as he was able, Louis planned to associate Philip with him on the throne, but it was delayed when Philip, at the age of thirteen, was separated from his companions during a royal hunt and became lost in the Forest of Compiègne. He spent much of the following night attempting to find his way out, but to no avail. Exhausted by cold, hunger and fatigue, he was eventually discovered by a peasant carrying a charcoal burner, but his exposure to the elements meant he soon contracted a dangerously high fever. His father went on pilgrimage to the Shrine of Thomas Becket to pray for Philip's recovery, and was told that his son had indeed recovered. However, on his way back to Paris, he suffered a stroke.
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Philip IV of France
Philip IV (French: Philippe le Bel, April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called the Fair, was King of France from 1285 until his death. He was the husband of Joan I of Navarre, by virtue of which he was, as Philip I, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne from 1284 to 1305.
A member of the House of Capet, Philip was born at the Palace of Fontainebleau at Seine-et-Marne, the son of King Philip III and Isabella of Aragon. Philip was nicknamed the Fair (le Bel) because of his handsome appearance, but his inflexible personality gained him other epithets, from friend and foe alike. His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him, "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."
His education was guided by Guillaume d'Ercuis, the almoner of his father.[citation needed]
As prince, just before his father's death, he negotiated the safe passage of the royal family out of Aragon after the unsuccessful Aragonese Crusade.[citation needed]
Philip ascended to the throne and became King at age 17, although according to the publication titled "The Life And Times Of Jacques de Molay", Philip was 16. As a king, Philip was determined to strengthen the monarchy at any cost. He relied, more than any of his predecessors, on a professional bureaucracy of legalists. Because to the public he kept aloof and left specific policies, especially unpopular ones, to his ministers, he was called a "useless owl" by his contemporaries, among them Bishop Bernard Saisset. His reign marks the French transition from a charismatic monarchy – which could all but collapse in an incompetent reign – to a bureaucratic kingdom, a move, under a certain historical reading, towards modernity.
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Philippe Étancelin
Philippe Étancelin (28 December 1896 - 13 October 1981) was a French Grand Prix motor racing driver who joined the new Formula One circuit at its inception.
Born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, in Normandy, he worked as a merchant in the winter and raced cars during the summer.
His wife, Suzanne, served as his crew chief. Their three children were placed in a school in Rouen while she traveled with her husband to races around the world. She communicated with Étancelin through French sign language as he raced around the speedway.[citation needed] Suzanne told a reporter Étancelin bought a racing car to celebrate the birth of their second child, Jeanne Alice. He did not intend to race the car but merely use it for pleasure driving around the countryside. The couple once drove it up to a speed of 125 mph (201 km/h). After two years of recreational motoring, Étancelin decided to enter a race.
He began racing a privateer Bugatti in 1926, entering local events and hillclimbs. His first victory was the Grand Prix de la Marne at Reims in 1927, the same year he recorded a third at the Coppa Florio in Saint-Brieuc. He repeated his victory at Reims in 1929, ahead of Zenelli and friend Marcel Lehoux, making a Bugatti sweep of the podium. Étancelin took a victory at the Grand Prix de la Baule and the Antibes Prix de Conseil General.
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Pierre Corneille
Pierre Corneille (French pronunciation: [pjɛːʁ kɔʁ.nɛj]) (6 June 1606 – 1 October 1684) was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine. He has been called “the founder of French tragedy” and produced plays for nearly forty years.
Corneille was born at Rouen, France, to Marthe le Pesant de Boisguilbert and Pierre Corneille, a distinguished lawyer. His younger brother, Thomas Corneille, also became a noted playwright. He was given a rigorous Jesuit education at the then named Collège de Bourbon which has been known as the Lycée Pierre Corneille since 1873. At 18 he began to study law but his practical legal endeavors were largely unsuccessful. Corneille’s father secured two magisterial posts for him with the Rouen department of Forests and Rivers. During his time with the department, he wrote his first play. It is unknown exactly when he wrote it, but the play, the comedy Mélite, surfaced when Corneille brought it to a group of traveling actors in 1629. The actors approved of the work and made it part of their repertoire. The play was a success in Paris and Corneille began writing plays on a regular basis. He moved to Paris in the same year and soon became one of the leading playwrights of the French stage. His early comedies, starting with Mélite, depart from the French farce tradition by reflecting the elevated language and manners of fashionable Parisian society. Corneille describes his variety of comedy as "une peinture de la conversation des honnêtes gens" ("a painting of the conversation of the gentry"). His first true tragedy is Médée, produced in 1635.
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Pierre Dangicourt
Pierre Dangicourt (1664 Rouen – 12 Feb 1727 Berlin) was a French mathematician. As a Protestant, he left France after the Edict of Fontainebleau and settled in Prussia, where he was made an associate member of the Academy of Berlin. Dangicourt became a student and friend of Gottfried Leibniz, and the two shared a long correspondence.
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Pierre Louis Dulong
Pierre Louis Dulong (12 February 1785 – 19 July 1838) was a French physicist and chemist, remembered today largely for the law of Dulong and Petit. He worked on the specific heat capacity and the expansion and refractive indices of gases.
Dulong was born in Rouen, France.
An only child, he was orphaned at the age of 4, he was brought up by his aunt on Auxerre. He gained his secondary education in Auxerre and the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen before entering the École Polytechnique, Paris in 1801. He began studying medicine, but gave this up to concentrate on science, working under the direction of Thénard. Dulong succeeded Alexis Thérèse Petit as professor of physics, from 1820 to 1829, then was directeur des études until his death.
In chemistry, he contributed to knowledge on:
Dulong also discovered the dangerously sensitive nitrogen trichloride in 1812, losing two fingers and an eye in the process.
In 1819 Dulong collaborated with Petit to show that the mass heat capacity of metallic elements are inversely proportional to their atomic masses, this being now known as the Dulong-Petit law. Dulong also worked on the elasticity of steam, on the measurement of temperatures, and on the behavior of elastic fluids. He made the first precise comparison of the mercury- and air-temperature scales. At the time of his death, he was working on the development of precise methods in calorimetry.
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Roger Apéry
Roger Apéry (November 14, 1916 – December 18, 1994) was a Greek-French mathematician most remembered for Apéry's theorem, that ζ(3) is an irrational number where ζ denotes the Riemann zeta function.
Apéry was born in Rouen in 1916 to a French mother and Greek father. After studies at the École Normale Supérieure (interrupted by a year as prisoner of war during World War II) he was appointed Lecturer at Rennes. In 1949 he was appointed Professor at the University of Caen where he remained until his retirement. He died after a long illness in Caen in 1994.
In 1979 he published an unexpected proof of the irrationality of ζ(3), which is the sum of the inverses of the cubes of the positive integers. An indication of the difficulty is that the corresponding problem for other odd powers remains unsolved. Nevertheless, many mathematicians have since worked on the so-called Apéry sequences to seek alternative proofs that might apply to other odd powers (F. Beukers, A. van der Poorten, M. Prevost, K. Ball, T. Rivoal, Wadim Zudilin and others).
wn.com/Roger_Apéry -
Rollo
Rollo (c. 846 – c. 931), baptised Robert and so sometimes numbered Robert I to distinguish him from his descendants, was a Norse nobleman of Norwegian or Danish descent and founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon became known as Normandy. His descendants were the Dukes of Normandy.
The name "Rollo" is a Latin translation from the Old Norse name Hrólfr, modern Scandinavian name Rolf (cf. the latinization of Hrólfr into the similar Roluo in the Gesta Danorum), but Norman people called him by his popular name Rou(f) (see Wace's Roman de Rou). Sometimes his name is turned into the Frankish name Rodolf(us) or Radulf(us) or the French Raoul, that are derived from it.
Rollo was a powerful Viking leader of contested origin. Dudo of Saint-Quentin, in his De moribus et actis primorum Normannorum ducum, tells of a powerful Danish nobleman at loggerheads with the king of Denmark, who had two sons, Gurim and Rollo; upon his death, Rollo was expelled and Gurim killed. William of Jumièges also mentions Rollo's prehistory in his Gesta Normannorum Ducum, but states that he was from the Danish town of Fakse. Wace, writing some 300 years after the event in his Roman de Rou, also mentions the two brothers (as Rou and Garin), as does the Orkneyinga Saga.
wn.com/Rollo -
Samuel Bochart
Samuel Bochart (Rouen, 30 May 1599 - Caen, 16 May 1667) was a French Protestant biblical scholar, a student of Thomas Erpenius and the teacher of Pierre Daniel Huet. His two-volume Geographia Sacra seu Phaleg et Canaan (Caen 1646) exerted a profound influence on seventeenth-century Biblical exegesis.
Bochart was one of the several generations of antiquaries who expanded upon the basis Renaissance humanists had laid down, complementing their revolutionary hermeneutics by setting classical texts more firmly within the cultural contexts of Greek and Roman societies, without understanding of which they could never be fully understood. Thus Bochart stands at the beginning of a discipline of the history of ideas that provides the modern context for all textual studies.
He was for many years a pastor of a Protestant church at Caen, and also studied in Oxford, where he was tutor to Wentworth Dillon, later Earl of Roscommon.
Bochart's Hierozoicon sive bipartitum opus de animalibus sacrae scripturae (2 vols., London 1663), a zoological treatise on the animals of the Bible was more than a Christianized Pliny's Natural History nor just an expansion of Conrad Gesner's Historiae animalium. Bochart instanced the Arabic naturalists, like al-Damîrî and al-Qazwini, none of whose work had appeared in European print before. His etymologies follow the fanciful tradition inherited from Classical Antiquity and passed to medieval culture through Isidore of Seville.
wn.com/Samuel_Bochart -
Stéphan Caron
Stéphan Caron, sometimes spelled Stéphane Caron, (born 1 July 1966 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime) is a former freestyle swimmer from France.
Caron won the bronze medal in the men's 100 m freestyle at the Summer Olympics twice in a row, starting in 1988. In 1985, he won the European title in the 100 m freestyle.
wn.com/Stéphan_Caron -
Thomas Corneille
Thomas Corneille (20 August 1625 – 8 December 1709) was a French dramatist.
Born in Rouen some nineteen years after his brother Pierre, the "great Corneille", Thomas's skill as a poet seems to have shown itself early. At the age of fifteen he composed a play in Latin which was performed by his fellow-pupils at the Jesuit school in Rouen, the Collège de Bourbon (now the Lycée Pierre Corneille). His first play in the French language, Les Engagements du hasard, was probably first performed at the Hôtel de Bourgogne in 1647, although not published until 1656.Le Feint Astrologue, imitated from the Spanish of Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and itself imitated in Dryden's An Evening's Love, came the following year.
After his brother's death, Thomas succeeded his vacant chair in the Académie française. He then turned his attention to philology, producing a new edition of the Remarques of CF Vaugelas in 1687, and in 1694 a dictionary of technical terms, intended to supplement that of the Academy. A complete translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses (he had published six books with the Heroic Epistles some years previously) followed in 1697.
wn.com/Thomas_Corneille -
Théodore Géricault
Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a profoundly influential French artist, painter and lithographer, known for The Raft of the Medusa and other paintings. Although he died young, he became one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.
Born in Rouen, France, Géricault was educated in the tradition of English sporting art by Carle Vernet and classical figure composition by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, a rigorous classicist who disapproved of his student's impulsive temperament yet recognized his talent. Géricault soon left the classroom, choosing to study at the Louvre instead, where (from 1810 to 1815) he copied from paintings by Peter Paul Rubens, Titian, Diego Velázquez, and Rembrandt. During this period at the Louvre he discovered a vitality he found lacking in the prevailing school of Neoclassicism. Much of his time was spent in Versailles, where he found the stables of the palace open to him, and where he gained his knowledge of the anatomy and action of horses.
wn.com/Théodore_Géricault -
Valérie Fourneyron
Valérie Fourneyron (born October 14, 1959) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Seine-Maritime department, and is a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche. She is, since 16 May 2012, Minister for Sport, Youth, and Community Life in the Ayrault Cabinet.
She holds a number of other elected political offices. For example, since 2008 she is the mayor of Rouen.
wn.com/Valérie_Fourneyron -
Vincent Delerm
Vincent Delerm (born 31 August 1976 in Évreux, Eure) is a French singer-songwriter, pianist and composer. He is the son of the writer Philippe Delerm and illustrator Martine Delerm.
His first album was released in 2002, the second, Kensington Square, in 2004, the third Les Piqûres d'araignée in 2006 . All were released by the Tôt ou tard record label.
wn.com/Vincent_Delerm -
Élise Lucet
Élise Lucet, born 30 May 1963 in Rouen (Seine-Maritime), France, is a French investigative journalist and television host. She has worked on France 3 on the prime time investigative journalism program Pieces a Conviction, and began working for France 2 on 6 September 2005, to host the program 13 heures le journal.
Lucet began her career on France 3 in 1983 under the direction of Henri Sannier. Lucet gained prominence at the national level in 1987, while working on the broadcast of la Marche du siècle. In 1990, she became the host of 19/20, France 3's evening news program. In 1997 she became the editor of the program. As a writer and television producer, Lucet has hosted Pièces à Conviction since 2000. On 25 August 2005 Lucet left 19/20 to host 13 heures le journal on France 2. Lucet continues to host Pièces à Conviction on France 3 for the evening news segment. On 25 September 2006, Le Parisien announced that Lucet would temporarily leave 13 heures le journal during Christmas due to pregnancy. She was replaced during this period by Françoise Laborde, and returned the day after the presidential election on 7 May 2007.
wn.com/Élise_Lucet
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Rouen, France: A Mix of the Gothic and Contemporary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
During the middle ages Rouen — with 40000 residents — was France's second largest city. Only Paris was bigger. In the 12th century, half of today's France was ruled by England. Caught in the middle, Rouen walked a political tightrope between England and France for centuries. And because this was an important English base during the Hundred Years' War, this was the place where Joan of Arc was burned. Today, Rouen mixes dazzling Gothic architecture and contemporary bustle beautifully. It's a thriving port with a pedestrian-friendly old town and a grand cathedral standing as a reminder of the town's historic importance. For more information on the Rick Steves' Europe TV series — including episode descriptions, scripts, participating stations, travel information on destinations and more — visit www.ricksteves.com.
http://wn.com/Rouen,_France_A_Mix_of_the_Gothic_and_Contemporary
During the middle ages Rouen — with 40000 residents — was France's second largest city. Only Paris was bigger. In the 12th century, half of today's France was ruled by England. Caught in the middle, Rouen walked a political tightrope between England and France for centuries. And because this was an important English base during the Hundred Years' War, this was the place where Joan of Arc was burned. Today, Rouen mixes dazzling Gothic architecture and contemporary bustle beautifully. It's a thriving port with a pedestrian-friendly old town and a grand cathedral standing as a reminder of the town's historic importance. For more information on the Rick Steves' Europe TV series — including episode descriptions, scripts, participating stations, travel information on destinations and more — visit www.ricksteves.com.
Je suis Rouen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Rouen, ville attirante ? la Ville a décidé de le prouver en proposant un film institutionnel de quelques minutes pour présenter ses atouts et son cadre de vie. Traversée par un fleuve, Rouen est à la fois capitale économique, capitale culturelle, capitale historique mais aussi une métropole où il fait bon vivre. Le film révèle ainsi une ville dynamique et moderne, tournée vers l'avenir avec ses projets mais aussi riche de son passé. Une carte de visite en images pour les Rouennais et ceux qui ne le sont pas encore mais aussi pour les entreprises qui cherchent à s'implanter. Rouen bouge avec ses habitants qui vous le confirment les yeux dans les yeux : "je suis Rouen".
http://wn.com/Je_suis_Rouen
Rouen, ville attirante ? la Ville a décidé de le prouver en proposant un film institutionnel de quelques minutes pour présenter ses atouts et son cadre de vie. Traversée par un fleuve, Rouen est à la fois capitale économique, capitale culturelle, capitale historique mais aussi une métropole où il fait bon vivre. Le film révèle ainsi une ville dynamique et moderne, tournée vers l'avenir avec ses projets mais aussi riche de son passé. Une carte de visite en images pour les Rouennais et ceux qui ne le sont pas encore mais aussi pour les entreprises qui cherchent à s'implanter. Rouen bouge avec ses habitants qui vous le confirment les yeux dans les yeux : "je suis Rouen".
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 39845
- author: Ville de Rouen
incendie rouen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Incendie sur le Pont-Mathilde à Rouen
http://wn.com/incendie_rouen
Rouen France
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
A visit to Rouen France, including the superb cathedral. The main square is also famous for being the spot where Joan of Arc was burned at the stake. A historic site just west of Paris. Shot on HD in 2006.
http://wn.com/Rouen_France
A visit to Rouen France, including the superb cathedral. The main square is also famous for being the spot where Joan of Arc was burned at the stake. A historic site just west of Paris. Shot on HD in 2006.
- published: 12 Jan 2008
- views: 22780
- author: tvboy61
Seineencrue.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Ce mardi 12 février, la Seine était en crue, provoquant de menus débordements sur les quais de Rouen aux environs de 16 heures.
http://wn.com/Seineencruemp4
Ce mardi 12 février, la Seine était en crue, provoquant de menus débordements sur les quais de Rouen aux environs de 16 heures.
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 2013
- author: Paris Normandie
La Seine déborde
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Avec les grandes marées et les fortes précipitations, la Seine est sortie de son lit cette nuit. Depuis, la vigilance est de mise.
http://wn.com/La_Seine_déborde
Avec les grandes marées et les fortes précipitations, la Seine est sortie de son lit cette nuit. Depuis, la vigilance est de mise.
- published: 11 Feb 2013
- views: 6675
- author: Paris Normandie
Donbass Donetsk - Rouen Dragons - 2013 IIHF Continental Cup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Donbass Donetsk took revenge for last year's loss and defeated the Rouen Dragons 7-1 to become the first Ukrainian team to win the IIHF Continental Cup.
http://wn.com/Donbass_Donetsk_Rouen_Dragons_2013_IIHF_Continental_Cup
Donbass Donetsk took revenge for last year's loss and defeated the Rouen Dragons 7-1 to become the first Ukrainian team to win the IIHF Continental Cup.
- published: 13 Jan 2013
- views: 6039
- author: iihf
Rouen : après l'incendie, un pont fermé et de gros embouteillages
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Un reportage de France 3 Haute-Normandie
http://wn.com/Rouen_après_l'incendie,_un_pont_fermé_et_de_gros_embouteillages
Flashmob Gangnam Style au Kindarena, Palais des sports de Rouen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Nouveau flashmob "Gangnam Style" devant le Kindarena, palais des sports de Rouen
http://wn.com/Flashmob_Gangnam_Style_au_Kindarena,_Palais_des_sports_de_Rouen
Nouveau flashmob "Gangnam Style" devant le Kindarena, palais des sports de Rouen
- published: 24 Nov 2012
- views: 14551
- author: 76actu
Let's Play Shadow Hearts (HD) - 28 - [Rouen]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:42
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
Traveling to Rouen; encountering Albert Simon; reuniting with Margarete. Shadow Hearts (c) Sacnoth, walkthrough, models upscaled to 720p with texture filtering. Good ending. Seraphic Radiance obtained. Forced widescreen in the field and hacked widescreen in battle (16:9). Played on PCSX2 and recorded with Fraps. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Shadow_Hearts_HD_28_Rouen_
Traveling to Rouen; encountering Albert Simon; reuniting with Margarete. Shadow Hearts (c) Sacnoth, walkthrough, models upscaled to 720p with texture filtering. Good ending. Seraphic Radiance obtained. Forced widescreen in the field and hacked widescreen in battle (16:9). Played on PCSX2 and recorded with Fraps. Enjoy!
- published: 03 Feb 2013
- views: 10
- author: Jaydencats
Fifa 13 Centre de Création avec le FC Rouen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:03
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Suivez moi sur facebook: www.facebook.com Salut a tous , aujourd'hui , nous allons découvrir le mode carriere mais pas une carrière basic , ce sera une carrière avec le championnat national avec le Fc Rouen. plus tard je vous donnerais un petit tuto pour instauré le championnat national. ainsi vous pourrez progressez en national. je commence donc cet cariere avec le FC Rouen , avec un objectif du dirigeant (finir en milieu de tableau) et un objectif personel ( Essayer de faire mieu que mon rival " L'Us Quevilly") dans cet video vous allez découvrir mon debut de saison ainsi qu'une approche avec d'autre joueur. comment acheter le pack: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Fifa_13_Centre_de_Création_avec_le_FC_Rouen
Suivez moi sur facebook: www.facebook.com Salut a tous , aujourd'hui , nous allons découvrir le mode carriere mais pas une carrière basic , ce sera une carrière avec le championnat national avec le Fc Rouen. plus tard je vous donnerais un petit tuto pour instauré le championnat national. ainsi vous pourrez progressez en national. je commence donc cet cariere avec le FC Rouen , avec un objectif du dirigeant (finir en milieu de tableau) et un objectif personel ( Essayer de faire mieu que mon rival " L'Us Quevilly") dans cet video vous allez découvrir mon debut de saison ainsi qu'une approche avec d'autre joueur. comment acheter le pack: www.youtube.com
- published: 02 Oct 2012
- views: 5310
- author: lSuPrMXtReMl
Rouen - OM 1-2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
seizième de finale de la coupe de France 2012 2013 opposant Rouen à l'Olympique de Marseille. L'OM s'est imposé 2 à 1 grâce à des buts de Valbuena (42e) Sougou (59e) Rouen a réduit le score par Dugimont (67e)
http://wn.com/Rouen_OM_1-2
seizième de finale de la coupe de France 2012 2013 opposant Rouen à l'Olympique de Marseille. L'OM s'est imposé 2 à 1 grâce à des buts de Valbuena (42e) Sougou (59e) Rouen a réduit le score par Dugimont (67e)
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 40770
- author: demain007
Rouen : incendie d'un camion citerne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Un reportage de France 3 Haute-Normandie. Frédéric Nicolas sur place près du lieu de l'accident Pont Mathilde à Rouen. Plus d'infos et de vidéos sur le site : haute-normandie.france3.fr
http://wn.com/Rouen_incendie_d'un_camion_citerne
Un reportage de France 3 Haute-Normandie. Frédéric Nicolas sur place près du lieu de l'accident Pont Mathilde à Rouen. Plus d'infos et de vidéos sur le site : haute-normandie.france3.fr
- published: 29 Oct 2012
- views: 72060
- author: f3htenormandie
Build 402: Project CARS | BMW M3 E30 Group A 6-lap race on Rouen (16. Feb 2013) | G27
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:33
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Racing online multiplayer on Project CARS pre-alpha build 402, launcher version 6 at Rouen (Les Essarts) in BMW M3 E30 Group A. Was my first time on this track, and in this car. :-P Players: 1st: charly34 2nd: morning_wood 3rd: adriansaray lobito, Torhaantje, Colaplus95 (recording), datys, ihomer46, suptapages, matteo_vogel, Digitt Project CARS CARS BMW M3 G27 Logitech Racing gameplay online gaming
http://wn.com/Build_402_Project_CARS_|_BMW_M3_E30_Group_A_6-lap_race_on_Rouen_16_Feb_2013_|_G27
Racing online multiplayer on Project CARS pre-alpha build 402, launcher version 6 at Rouen (Les Essarts) in BMW M3 E30 Group A. Was my first time on this track, and in this car. :-P Players: 1st: charly34 2nd: morning_wood 3rd: adriansaray lobito, Torhaantje, Colaplus95 (recording), datys, ihomer46, suptapages, matteo_vogel, Digitt Project CARS CARS BMW M3 G27 Logitech Racing gameplay online gaming
- published: 16 Feb 2013
- views: 25
- author: Frederik Palm
2CV 4x4 Rouen 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
Highlights of an off road event in Rouen, France for 2CV 4x4 vehicles and 2CV based specials.
http://wn.com/2CV_4x4_Rouen_2011
Highlights of an off road event in Rouen, France for 2CV 4x4 vehicles and 2CV based specials.
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 50246
- author: StudioRu
Diapos photo accident camion Pont Mathilde Rouen 29/10/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Accident du camion sur le pont Mathilde à Rouen le 29 Octobre 2012 à 11H00. Tous ça parce que un camion roulez trop vite et qu'il à louper le virage. Bilan Fermeture longue durée pour le pont Mathilde à Rouen. 80.000 véhicules qui circuler sur ce pont dévier dans Rouen. Je ne vous explique pas les bouchons. Plus d'information sur la fermeture sur le site de Paris Normandie (Lien ci-dessous): www.paris-normandie.fr Plus d'information avec un reportage de France 3 Haute-Normandie sur le lien ci-dessous: www.youtube.com Plus d'info sur le temps de la femeture du pont sur le lien ci-dessous: infonormandie.me
http://wn.com/Diapos_photo_accident_camion_Pont_Mathilde_Rouen_29_10_12
Accident du camion sur le pont Mathilde à Rouen le 29 Octobre 2012 à 11H00. Tous ça parce que un camion roulez trop vite et qu'il à louper le virage. Bilan Fermeture longue durée pour le pont Mathilde à Rouen. 80.000 véhicules qui circuler sur ce pont dévier dans Rouen. Je ne vous explique pas les bouchons. Plus d'information sur la fermeture sur le site de Paris Normandie (Lien ci-dessous): www.paris-normandie.fr Plus d'information avec un reportage de France 3 Haute-Normandie sur le lien ci-dessous: www.youtube.com Plus d'info sur le temps de la femeture du pont sur le lien ci-dessous: infonormandie.me
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 17821
- author: Riserlo
FR - L'image du jour - Étape 5 (Rouen - Saint-Quentin)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/FR_L'image_du_jour_Étape_5_Rouen_Saint-Quentin
La Pire Haleine du Monde
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Avoir une haleine de bouc peut faire plus de dégâts que vous ne le pensez !
http://wn.com/La_Pire_Haleine_du_Monde
Avoir une haleine de bouc peut faire plus de dégâts que vous ne le pensez !
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 6794893
- author: TicTacFrance
MARIAGE CONGOLAIS DE CLAUDIA ET ANGE A ROUEN REALISE PAR BERTONISTAR +33617972404
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 216:21
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
MARIAGE CONGOLAIS DE CLAUDIA ET ANGE A ROUEN REALISE PAR BERTONISTAR +33617972404 POUR LA 1ère FOIS LA MISE EN LIGNE D'UNE VIDEO A 3H35 LE MARIAGE DE ANGE ET CLAUDIA A LA SALLE DE CONGRES DE ROUEN
http://wn.com/MARIAGE_CONGOLAIS_DE_CLAUDIA_ET_ANGE_A_ROUEN_REALISE_PAR_BERTONISTAR_+33617972404
MARIAGE CONGOLAIS DE CLAUDIA ET ANGE A ROUEN REALISE PAR BERTONISTAR +33617972404 POUR LA 1ère FOIS LA MISE EN LIGNE D'UNE VIDEO A 3H35 LE MARIAGE DE ANGE ET CLAUDIA A LA SALLE DE CONGRES DE ROUEN
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 22048
- author: Alphonse Mwanza
Best VGM 1096 - Forza Motorsport 4 - Paris Rouen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
A collection of my favorite videogame music. Note that most of them are from games I played so I might miss some great ones from games I never played. Xbox 360 Forza Motorsport 4 (2011) Paris Rouen Lance Hayes
http://wn.com/Best_VGM_1096_Forza_Motorsport_4_Paris_Rouen
A collection of my favorite videogame music. Note that most of them are from games I played so I might miss some great ones from games I never played. Xbox 360 Forza Motorsport 4 (2011) Paris Rouen Lance Hayes
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 5883
- author: SupraDarky
cathédrale de Rouen - Kathedrale von Rouen - ראָוען קאַטהעדראַל
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:58
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Cathédrale de Rouen - un samedi d'un mois de juin sur Rouen lors d'une ordination de prêtres. Rouen Cathedral - one Saturday a month from June to Rouen at an ordination of priests. Kathedrale von Rouen - an einem Samstag im Monat von Juni bis Rouen an einer Priesterweihe. ルーアン大聖堂-一土曜日聖職者の叙任でルアーン6月から月 ראָוען קאַטהעדראַל - איין שבת אַ חודש פון יוני צו ראָוען בייַ אַן אָרדאַניישאַן פון כהנים
http://wn.com/cathédrale_de_Rouen_Kathedrale_von_Rouen_ראָוען_קאַטהעדראַל
Cathédrale de Rouen - un samedi d'un mois de juin sur Rouen lors d'une ordination de prêtres. Rouen Cathedral - one Saturday a month from June to Rouen at an ordination of priests. Kathedrale von Rouen - an einem Samstag im Monat von Juni bis Rouen an einer Priesterweihe. ルーアン大聖堂-一土曜日聖職者の叙任でルアーン6月から月 ראָוען קאַטהעדראַל - איין שבת אַ חודש פון יוני צו ראָוען בייַ אַן אָרדאַניישאַן פון כהנים
- published: 05 Apr 2011
- views: 6411
- author: oldpicture76
Project Cars (Build 357) Asano X4 Touring Car at Rouen Short.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:13
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Quick 3 lap around Rouen Essarts Short course using the Asano X4. Handling model - Pro Gears - Automatic Traction Control - Low ABS - Off Controller - Xbox360 Controller for Windows Live.
http://wn.com/Project_Cars_Build_357_Asano_X4_Touring_Car_at_Rouen_Short
Quick 3 lap around Rouen Essarts Short course using the Asano X4. Handling model - Pro Gears - Automatic Traction Control - Low ABS - Off Controller - Xbox360 Controller for Windows Live.
- published: 28 Nov 2012
- views: 104
- author: ndbrett
Rencontre Abonnés MrLeV12 à Rouen le 22 Septembre 2012 Vidéo Irl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:46
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Voici le montage de la rencontre abonnés de MRLEV12 à Rouen le 22 septembre a Rouen Merci a vous et pouce vert svp merci :) ! (video filmé avec un Iphone 4) et filmage que lors de sujet important :) Twitter : twitter.com Facebook : www.facebook.com Clan Bramois : www.youtube.com Merci d'avoir lu cette description :)
http://wn.com/Rencontre_Abonnés_MrLeV12_à_Rouen_le_22_Septembre_2012_Vidéo_Irl
Voici le montage de la rencontre abonnés de MRLEV12 à Rouen le 22 septembre a Rouen Merci a vous et pouce vert svp merci :) ! (video filmé avec un Iphone 4) et filmage que lors de sujet important :) Twitter : twitter.com Facebook : www.facebook.com Clan Bramois : www.youtube.com Merci d'avoir lu cette description :)
- published: 25 Sep 2012
- views: 2417
- author: Sentasr7
photo: AP
16 Feb 2013
February 16, 2013 -- Updated 0115 GMT (0915 HKT). Did you see the meteor? Share your images with CNN iReport. Moscow (CNN) -- A meteor streaked through the skies above Russia's Urals region Friday morning before exploding with a flash and boom that shattered glass in buildings and left about 1,000 people hurt, authorities said ... The injured included more than 200 children ... The meteor leaves a white streak through the sky ... HIDE CAPTION ... 1. 2....(size: 14.9Kb)
photo: AP / Nasha gazeta, www.ng.kz
15 Feb 2013
A meteor streaked across the sky above Russia's Ural Mountains today morning, causing sharp explosions and injuring more than 400 people, many of them hurt by broken glass. "There was panic. People had no idea what was happening ... Fragments of the meteor fell in a thinly populated area of the Chelyabinsk region, the Emergency Ministry said in a statement ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: UN / Mark Garten
16 Feb 2013
The United States has called on North Korea not to take any further provocative actions after report of plans for more nuclear tests. Friday's statement came after the North conducted its third nuclear test on Tuesday, drawing global condemnation ... Meanwhile, North Korea's leader has made his first public appearance since Tuesday's controversial nuclear test. ... Al Jazeera's Harry Fawcett, reporting from Seoul, said ... 479 Source.....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Office of the Supreme Leader
17 Feb 2013
TEHRAN — Iran’s supreme leader said Saturday that his country was not seeking nuclear weapons but added that if Iran ever decided to build them, no “global power” could stop it. Related. Nuclear Watchdog Says No Deal Reached With Iran (February 15, 2013). Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... Mr ... During the same session, Mr....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP
14 Feb 2013
In their hurry to flee last month, al Qaeda fighters left behind a crucial document. Tucked under a pile of papers and trash is a confidential letter, spelling out the terror network's strategy for conquering northern Mali and reflecting internal discord over how to rule the region ... Comparing the relationship of al Qaeda to Mali as that of an adult to an infant, he urges them to be more gentle, like a parent ... Ad Feedback ... - AP. ....(size: 12.4Kb)
The Wichita Eagle
17 Feb 2013
From Fecamp, the bus rumbled to Rouen for an overnight at the Hotel de Bourgtheroulde and dinner at La Couronne, dating to the 14th century and where Julia Child had her first meal in France ... Before leaving Rouen, a city crammed with churches dating to the 4th century, we walked to an unassuming grassy rise on the Place du Vieux Marche, where Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in 1431....(size: 7.4Kb)
IMDb
17 Feb 2013
(Carl Theodore Dreyer, 1928, Eureka!, PG) ... Carefully framed in claustrophobic settings, the picture is most notable for its close-ups, though Dreyer insisted on a whole town being built to represent medieval Rouen ... ». - Philip French. ....(size: 1.0Kb)
my SA
17 Feb 2013
The Washington Post
17 Feb 2013
Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend ... Remi Barry scored 15 points, Bandja Sy 12 and Terrel de Rouen and Daniel Mullings 11 each for New Mexico State (18-9, 12-3), which never led and failed to keep pace with Denver for second in the conference standings ... 17 ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
The Salt Lake Tribune
17 Feb 2013
Logan • Utah State started hot, but faltered early in the first half. Jarred Shaw made sure his team finished the way it started. Photos. At a glance. —. Storylines USU wins battle of Ags Jarred Shaw scores 24 points to lead host Utah State over New Mexico State, 73-69 ... But New Mexico State took advantage of the lull brought on by the double-digit lead, as guards Terrel de Rouen and Remi Barry shot their team back into contention ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
14 Feb 2013
Rouen, February 12, 2013, 5.30 p.m ... On January 21, 2013, the Rouen plant experienced a malfunction in one unit ... The elected officials from Rouen, Petit Quevilly and the CREA7 were closely involved with monitoring the crisis and ensured the relaying of information to the population ... 7 Community of Greater Rouen -Elbeuf-Austreberthe ... 7, place de la Madeleine - 76036 ROUEN Cedex....(size: 5.9Kb)
The Independent
14 Feb 2013
Luton Town's French midfielder Arnaud Mendy expressed his dismay at the racism storm engulfing Saturday's FA Cup fifth-round opponents Millwall and said he hopes that no abuse is meted out to him when the team's meet at Kenilworth Road ... Mendy, from Rouen, said he had never suffered racist abuse in France or in England, where he previously played for Macclesfield. "I don't know exactly what I think but it's no good thing....(size: 2.8Kb)
The Independent
14 Feb 2013
Luton Town's French midfielder Arnaud Mendy expressed his dismay at the racism storm engulfing Saturday's FA Cup fifth-round opponents Millwall and said he hopes that no abuse is meted out to him when the team's meet at Kenilworth Road ... Mendy, from Rouen, said he had never suffered racist abuse in France or in England, where he previously played for Macclesfield. "I don't know exactly what I think but it's no good thing....(size: 2.8Kb)
Stockhouse
12 Feb 2013
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--(Marketwire - Feb. 12, 2013) - Sirona Biochem Corp. (TSX VENTURE.SBM)(OTCQX.SRBCF)(FRANKFURT.ZSB) announced today its skin lightening compounds, TFC-849 and TFC-723, were proven to be safe in an ocular tolerability study ... A consortium of partners - including the University of Rouen (LMSM EA4312), contract research organization Biogalenys, and TFChem - has been assembled to advance this project ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
noodls
12 Feb 2013
(Source. Sirona Biochem Corp). Vancouver, British Columbia - February 12, 2013 - Sirona Biochem Corp. (TSX-V. SBM, OTCQX. SRBCF, Frankfurt ... The ocular tolerability study is an industry standard test measuring irritant levels of compounds ... About Sirona Biochem Corp ... A consortium of partners - including the University of Rouen (LMSM EA4312), contract research organization Biogalenys, and TFChem - has been assembled to advance this project....(size: 5.5Kb)
The Miami Herald
09 Feb 2013
Upper Normandy, with its castles, monasteries, moats, and stone fences, is just the place that would summon a dragon or wizard ... From Fecamp, the bus rumbled to Rouen for an overnight at the Hotel de Bourgtheroulde and dinner at La Couronne, dating to the 14th century ... Afterward, we stopped at the Rouen Market for fresh cheese, sausage and fruit for the ride to Angers in the Loire Valley, where Cointreau is produced ... 1 . .. ....(size: 3.6Kb)
The Examiner
09 Feb 2013
Massive cracks, enormous land rifts, and gigantic sinkholes are now the norm, appearing worldwide daily as the earth wobble grows more violent. Then there is the horrendous stench smelled in Rouen, France; London, England; Albany, New York, and Northern California on January 21 (source). Time to connect the dots . . or should we say connect the countries. These disasters are not isolated incidents ... New normal. Photo credit. ... Prepare ... ....(size: 11.2Kb)
The Examiner
08 Feb 2013
After a lively Super Bowl weekend, the Mardi Gras season is back in full swing. New Orleans' most anticipated event brings in visitors from all over the country, and besides going to the parades, there are loads of awesome events to take advantage of. In particular, some great musical talent will be surfacing up until the season comes to a close on Fat Tuesday ... View slideshow ... Ashley Rouen ... Ashley Rouen, New Orleans Nightlife Examiner ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
For other uses, see Rouen (disambiguation).
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (April 2010) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating.
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 Rouen
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Location within Upper Normandy region
Rouen
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| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Upper Normandy |
| Department | Seine-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Rouen |
| Intercommunality | CREA |
| Mayor | Valérie Fourneyron (PS) (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Land area1 | 21.38 km2 (8.25 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 111,000 (20067) |
| - Ranking | 36th in France |
| - Density | 5,192 /km2 (13,450 /sq mi) |
| Urban area | 448 km2 (173 sq mi) |
| - Population | 494,382 (2010) |
| Metro area | 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi) (2010) |
| - Population | 650,000 (2010) |
| Time zone | CET (UTC +1) |
| Website | www.rouen.fr |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°05′47″E / 49.4412°N 1.0963°E / 49.4412; 1.0963
Rouen (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃]), in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe[citation needed], it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: agglomération) at the 1999 census was 518,316, and 532,559 at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.
Contents |
Administration[link]
Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région, as well as a commune and the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Maritime département.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA), with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
History[link]
Unknown to Julius Caesar, Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of the Veliocasses, who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley, which retains a trace of their name as the Vexin. They called it Ratumacos;[1] the Romans called it Rotomagus.[2] Roman Rotomagus was the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis after Lugdunum (Lyon) itself. Under the reorganization of the empire by Diocletian, Rouen became the chief city of the divided province of Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and thermae of which the foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric (though the names of early bishops are purely legendary[3]) and later a capital of Merovingian Neustria.
The Middle Ages[link]
From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841,[4] the Vikings overran Rouen until some of them finally settled and founded a colony led by Rollo (Hrolfr), who was nominated count of Rouen by the king of the Franks in 911. In the 10th century Rouen became the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and residence of the dukes, until William the Conqueror established his castle at Caen.
In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter, which permitted self-government. During the 12th century, Rouen was probably the site of a yeshiva. At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population. In addition, there were a large number of Jews scattered about another 100 communities in Normandy. The well-preserved remains of the yeshiva were discovered in the 1970s under the Rouen Law Courts and the community has begun a project to restore them.
In 1200, a fire destroyed part of the old Romanesque cathedral, leaving St Romain's tower, the side porches of the front, and part of the nave. New work on the present Gothic cathedral of Rouen was begun, in the nave, transept, choir, and the lowest section of the lantern tower. On 24 June 1204, Philip II Augustus of France entered Rouen and annexed Normandy to the French Kingdom. The fall of Rouen meant the end of an independent Normandy. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre.[5] A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the northern County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant were constantly fierce but worthy competitors, and finding its market in the Champagne fairs. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as Paris. Wine and wheat were exported to England, with tin and wool received in return. In the 14th century urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. Philip IV reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294. In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, which then numbered some five or six thousand citizens. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass broke out, the Harelle. It was part of a widespread rebellion in France that year[6] and was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.
During the Hundred Years' War, on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered to Henry V of England, who annexed Normandy once again to the Plantagenet domains. But Rouen did not go quietly: Alain Blanchard hung English prisoners from the walls, for which he was summarily executed; Canon and Vicar General of Rouen Robert de Livet became a hero for excommunicating the English king, resulting in de Livet's imprisonment for five years in England. Rouen became the capital city of English power in occupied France and when the duke of Bedford, John of Lancaster bought Joan of Arc from his ally, the duke of Burgundy who had been keeping her in jail since May 1430, she was logically sent to this city for Christmas 1430 and after a long trial by a church court, sentenced to be burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 in this city, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc's royal enemy. The king of France Charles VII recaptured the town in 1449, 18 years after the death of Joan of Arc and after 30 years of English occupation. In that same year the young Henry VI was crowned king of England and France in Paris before coming to Rouen where he was acclaimed by the crowds.
The Renaissance Period[link]
The naval dockyards, where activity had been slowed down by the 100 years war, developed again as did the church of Saint-Maclou which had been started under the English occupation, and was finally finished during the Renaissance period. The nave of the church of Saint Ouen was completed at last, but without the facade flanked by twin towers. The salle des pas-perdus (a sort of waiting room or ante-room) of the present law courts was built during this time. The whole building was built in a famboyant style into which the first decorative elements typical of the Renaissance style right at the beginning of the 16th century had been incorporated. At that time Rouen was the most populous city in the realm after Paris, Marseille and Lyon. Rouen was also one of the Norman cradles of the artistic Renaissance, in particular the one under the patronage of the archbishops and financiers of the town. The economic upturn of the town at the end of the 15th century was mainly due to the cloth industry, but also to the development of the silk industry and metallurgy. The fishermen of Rouen went as far afield as the Baltic to fish for herrings. Salt was imported from Portugal and Guérande. Cloth was sold in Spain which also provided wool, and the Medici family made Rouen into the main port for the resale of Roman alum. At the beginning of the 16th century Rouen became the main French port through which trade was conducted with Brasil, principally for the import of cloth dyes. By 1500 ten printing presses had been installed in the town following the installation of the first one sixteen years earlier.
The Wars of Religion[link]
In the years following 1530, part of the population of Rouen embraced Calvinism. The members of the Reformed Church who represented a quarter to a third of the total population thus found themselves in a minority. From 1560 onwards tensions rose between the Protestant and Catholic communities. The massacre of Wassy set off the first war of religion. On 15 April 1562 the Protestants entered the town hall and ejected the kings personal representative. In May there was an outbreak of statue smashing. On 10 May the Catholic members of the town council left Rouen. The Catholics captured the fort of Saint Catherine which overlooked the town. Both sides resorted to terror tactics. At this juncture the town authorities requested help from the Queen of England. In accordance with the Hampton Court Treaty which they had signed with Condé on 20 September 1562, the English sent troops to support the Protestants, and these occupied Le Havre. On 26 October 1562 French royalist troops captured Rouen and pillaged it for three days. The news of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Eve reached Rouen at the end of August 1572. Hennequier tried to avoid a massacre of the Protestants by shutting them up in various prisons. But between 17 and 20 September the crowds forced the gates of the prisons and murdered the Protestants that they found inside. The town was attacked on several occasions by Henry IV, but it resisted, notably during the siege of December 1591 to May 1592, with the help of a Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma.
The Classical Age[link]
The permanent exchequer of Normandy, which had been installed in Rouen in 1499 by George of Amboise, was transformed into a regional administrative assembly by Francis I in 1515 and up to the time of the Revolution was the administrative centre of the region. It had judicial, legislative and executive powers in Norman affairs and was only subordinate to the Privy Council. It also had power to govern French Canada. The 16th and the 18th centuries brought prosperity to the town through the textile trade and the increased use of the port facilities. In 1703 the Norman Chamber of Commerce was created. Although it did not have a university, Rouen became an important intellectual centre by reason of its reputed schools of higher learning. In 1734, a school of surgery (second only to that of Paris founded in 1724) was founded. In 1758 a new hospital was opened to the West of the town which replaced the old medieval one which had grown too small, and which had been situated on the south side of the cathedral.
The Modern Period[link]
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Rouen was occupied by the Prussians.
During the First World War the British used Rouen as a supply base and there were many military hospitals.
The city was heavily damaged (approximately 45% was destroyed) during World War II: In June 1940 first, when the area between the Notre-Dame Cathedral and the Seine river burned for 48 hours, because the Germans did not allow the firemen to come and extinguish the fire. Then, other areas were destroyed between March and August 1944 just before and during the Battle of Normandy, that ended on the left Seine bank of Rouen with the destruction of several regiments, belonging to the German 7th Army. Its cathedral and several significant monuments were partly damaged by Allied bombing. During the German occupation, the German Navy had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the Rouen Business School (École Supérieure de Commerce de Rouen).
Main sights[link]
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Rouen is known for its Notre Dame cathedral, with its Tour de Beurre (butter tower). The cathedral was the subject of a series of paintings by Claude Monet, some of which are exhibited in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.
The Gros Horloge is an astronomical clock dating back to the 16th century, though the movement is considerably older (1389). It is located in the Gros Horloge street.
Other famous structures include the Gothic Church of St Maclou (15th century); the Tour Jeanne d'Arc, where Joan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there); the Church of Saint Ouen (12th–15th century); the Palais de Justice, which was once the seat of the Parlement (French court of law) of Normandy and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of faïence and porcelain for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries.
Rouen is noted for its surviving half-timbered buildings.
There are many museums in Rouen: Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, an art museum with pictures of well-known painters such as Claude Monet and Géricault; Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire, a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; Musée des antiquités, an art and history museum with antic or gothic works; Musée de la céramique, Musée Le Secq des Tournelles...
The Jardin des Plantes de Rouen is a notable botanical garden dating to 1840 in its present form. It was previously owned by Scottish banker John Law and was the site of several historic balloon ascents.
In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan Of Arc's pyre)[8] is the modern church of Saint Joan of Arc. This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents an upturned viking boat and fish shape.[9]
Rouen was also home to the French Grand Prix, hosting the race at the nearby Rouen-Les-Essarts track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. There was a campaign in 1999 by Rouen authorities to obliterate remainders of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Rouen
Mainline trains operate from Gare de Rouen-Rive-Droite to Le Havre and Paris, and regional trains to Caen, Dieppe and other local destinations in Normandy. Daily direct trains operate to Amiens and Lille, and direct TGVs (high-speed trains) connect daily with Lyon and Marseille.
City transportation in Rouen consists of a tram and a bus system. The tramway branches into two lines out of a tunnel under the city centre. Rouen is also served by TEOR (Transport Est-Ouest Rouennais) and by buses run in conjunction with the tramway by TCAR (Transports en commun de l'agglomération rouennaise), a subsidiary of Veolia Transport.
Rouen has its own airport, serving major domestic destinations as well as international destinations in Europe.
The Seine is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports of Caen, Le Havre, Dieppe (50 minutes) and Calais, and the Channel Tunnel are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less).
Education[link]
The University of Rouen, the École Supérieure de Commerce de Rouen (Rouen Business School) and ésitpa (agronomy and agriculture) – all centred or located at nearby Mont-Saint-Aignan, and INSA Rouen and ESIGELEC – both at nearby Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray are schools of higher education located in the Rouen area.
Performing arts[link]
The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen Haute Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances.[10]
Births[link]
Rouen was the birthplace of:
- Edward IV (1442–1483), king of England
- Thomas Aubert (Born 1500's), navigator and one of the first French explorers of the New World
- Guillaume Guéroult (1507–1569), editor, translator and poet
- François de Civille (1537–1610), Calvinist's chief under Gabriel, comte de Montgomery
- Isaac Oliver (c.1560–1617), French-born English portrait miniature painter
- Guy de la Brosse (1586–1641), botanist and pharmacist
- Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant (1594–1661), Protestant poet converted to Catholicism
- Samuel Bochart (1599–1667), Protestant theologian and Orientalist
- Jean Dubuc (Born 1600's), Great Grandfather of Julien Dubuque (1762–1810, French-Canadian explorer) and founder of Dubuque, Iowa, USA.
- Pierre Corneille (1606–1684), tragedian
- Guillaume Couture (1617-1701-04-04), Lay Missionary and diplomat who moved to Quebec around 1640
- Adrien Auzout (1622–1691), astronomer
- Thomas Corneille (1625–1709), dramatist, brother of Pierre Corneille
- Noel Alexandre (1630–1724), theologian and ecclesiastical historian
- Catherine Primot-Thiéry (1640- ?), Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville's mother, both Canadian explorers
- Marie Champmeslé (1642–1698), actress
- René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643–1687), cleric and explorer
- Gabriel Daniel (1649–1728), Jesuit historian
- Nicolas Lemery (1645–1715), chemist
- Jean Jouvenet (1647–1717), painter
- Nicolas Gueudeville (1652–1721), catholic translator, journalist, historian an writer, converted to Protestantism
- Jacques Basnages (1653–1723), Protestant theologian
- Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657–1757), author, nephew of Pierre Corneille
- Pierre Antoine Motteux (1663–1718), French born English translator and dramatist
- Pierre Dangicourt (1664–1727), mathematician
- Pierre François le Courayer (1681–1776), Catholic theologian and supporter of the church of England
- François d'Agincourt (1684–1758), composer, harpsichordist and organist
- Jean II Restout (1692–1768), painter
- Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1711–1780), novelist
- Jacques-François Blondel (1705–1774), architect, urbanist
- Marie-Madeleine Hachard (1708–1760), nun at Couvent des Ursulines, founder of a sister monastery in New-Orleans
- Jacques Duphly (1715–1789), harpsichordist and composer
- Pierre Levieux (1702–1796), capitaine du navire
- François-Adrien Boïeldieu (1775–1834), composer, mainly of operas
- Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838), physicist and chemist
- Théodore Géricault (1791–1824), painter, painted The Raft of the Medusa
- Armand Carrel (1800–1836), writer
- Pierre Adolphe Chéruel (1809–1891), historian
- Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880), novelist, who wrote Madame Bovary
- Eugène Ketterer (1831–1870), composer and pianist
- Maurice Leblanc (1864–1941), novelist, creator of the character Arsène Lupin
- Charles Nicolle (1866–1936), bacteriologist who earned the 1928 Nobel Prize in Medicine
- Georges Guillain (1876–1961), neurologist
- Robert Antoine Pinchon (1886–1943), Post-Impressionist painter of the Rouen School, (l'École de Rouen)
- Marcel Dupré (1886–1971), organist and composer
- Philippe Étancelin (1896–1981), Grand Prix motor racing
- Roger Apéry (1916–1994), mathematician
- Jacques Rivette (born 1928), film director
- Anny Duperey (born 1947), actress and novelist
- François Hollande (born 1953), 24th President of the French Republic
- Élise Lucet (born 1963), journalist
- Stéphan Caron (born 1966), freestyle swimmer
- Karin Viard (born 1966), actress
- Vincent Delerm (born 1976), singer-songwriter, pianist
- David Trezeguet (born 1977), football striker
- Nathalie Péchalat (born 1983), ice dancer.
- Frederic Cissokho, footballer
- Dominique Lokoli, footballer
- Ian Mahinmi basketball, player
- Christophe Mendy, boxer
- Darnel Situ, footballer
- Moussa Sylla (basketball player), basketball player
International relations[link]
Twin towns – Sister cities[link]
Rouen is twinned with:
Gdańsk, Poland, since 1992[11]
Cleveland, United States of America- Hanover, Germany[12]
Norwich, United Kingdom
Ningbo, China
Salerno, Italy, since 2003- Wejherowo, Poland
Jeju City, South Korea, since 2004
In fiction and popular culture[link]
Fine art[link]
Rouen Cathedral is the subject of a series of paintings by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet, who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; one is in the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade. The estimated value of one painting is over $40 million.
Literature[link]
- The character Erik, The Opera Ghost of Gaston Leroux's novel The Phantom of the Opera, was supposedly born "in a small town not far from Rouen".[13]
- Rouen played a major part in the Flaubert novel Madame Bovary.
- Maupassant, a student of Flaubert, wrote a number of short stories based in and around Rouen.
- In book two of The Strongbow Saga, the Vikings invade and conquer Ruda, also known as Rouen, and make it their base in Frankia.
The Rouen area is an integral part of the work of French writer Annie Ernaux.
- May Wedderburn Cannan wrote of Rouen in her 1915 poem on World War I "Rouen".
Music[link]
The British rock band Supergrass named their fifth studio album Road to Rouen, punning on an Anglicised pronunciation of the city's name.
Film[link]
In the 2001 movie A Knight's Tale, the protagonist William Thatcher (played by Heath Ledger) poses as a noble and competes in his first jousting tournament at Rouen.
Computer games[link]
- The game Call of Duty 3 features a map set in Rouen. The map, entitled Rouen, is mainly city and offers fierce city fighting, much like that seen in World War II.
- In the Soul Calibur series of fighting games, Raphael, a playable character, is explained as being born in Rouen. Interestingly, his fighting style involves an English rapier. His adopted daughter Amy is also from Rouen, having been a street child living there.
- Rouen appears as an important location to protagonist Alice Elliot in the game Shadow Hearts.
- The Rouen-Les-Essarts Grand Prix circuit is featured in both Grand Prix Legends and RFactor.
- The PC adventure game Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer starts in Rouen.
Heraldry[link]
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The arms of Rouen are blazoned : Gules, a pascal lamb, haloed and contorny, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (contorny) holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis". |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Ratu- is not well explained; -macus, magus is a familiar toponymic suffix signifying "plain".
- ^ As in Ammianus Marcellinus and the Notitia dignitatum; other variants: Ratomagos (Ptolemy, Geography), Ratomagos (Antonine Itinerary, Tabula Peutingeriana).
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, at "Diocese of Rouen", records that Saint Mellon[ius] was credited with being the first bishop until a Nicaise, linked to Denis of Paris was inserted to precede him: see Diocese of Rouen.
- ^ Recorded in the chronicle of Fontenelle Abbey.
- ^ With the exception of the tower associated with Joan of Arc, which was restored by Viollet-le-Duc, the castle was destroyed at the end of the fifteenth century, its stones used for other buildings.
- ^ See Popular revolt in late medieval Europe for broad context.
- ^ Bill Marshall, Cristina Johnston, France and the Americas: culture, politics, and history Volume 3, p. 185
- ^ "Rouen . visite-de-rouen.com . Place du Vieux Marché". Visite-de-rouen.com. http://www.visite-de-rouen.com/vieuxmar.htm. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ "Église Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc de Rouen – Wikipédia" (in (French)). Fr.wikipedia.org. 3 September 2011. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Sainte-Jeanne-d%27Arc_de_Rouen. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ Opéra de Rouen Haute Normandie official web site.
- ^ "Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'" (in Polish & English). 2009 Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku. http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ "Hanover – Twin Towns" (in German). 2007–2009 Hannover.de – Offizielles Portal der Landeshauptstadt und der Region Hannover in Zusammenarbeit mit hier.de. http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ Gutenberg.org
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rouen |
- (French) Rouen Seine valley Tourist Board's Website
- (French) City council website
- (French) Objectif Rouen : Pictures and descriptions of the most famous monuments
- (English) The Catholic Encyclopedia 1908 detailed ecclesiastical history
- (English) Rouen, Its History and Monuments, by Théodore Licquet, 1840, from Project Gutenberg
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