A week is a time unit equal to seven days. The English word week continues an Old English wice, ultimately from a Common Germanic *wikōn-, from a root *wik- "turn, move, change". The Germanic word probably had a wider meaning prior to the adoption of the Roman calendar, perhaps "succession series", as suggested by Gothic wikō translating taxis "order" in Luke 1:8. The term "week" is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days. Such "weeks" of between four and ten days have been used historically in various places.^[1] Intervals longer than 10 days are not usually termed "weeks" as they are closer in length to the fortnight or the month than to the seven-day week.

Seven-day week[link]

Evidence of continuous use of a seven-day week appears with the Jews during the Babylonian Captivity of the 6th century BC.^[2] Both Judaism (based on the Creation narrative in the Bible) and ancient Babylonian religions used a seven-day week.^[3] Other cultures adopted the seven-day week at different times. Between the 1st and 3rd centuries the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. Hindus may have adopted a seven-day week earlier than 11th century BC.^{[citation needed]} See Rig Veda. There is evidence of some Chinese groups using a seven-day week as early as 4th century.

Systems derived from the seven-day week[link]

Soviet Union[link]

Soviet calendar
12 December 1937
(Below 12:)
"Sixth day of the six-day week"
—————————
"Election day for the Supreme Soviet of the USSR"

Between 1929 and 1931 the USSR changed from the seven-day week to a five-day week. There were 72 weeks and an additional five national holidays inserted within three of them totaling a year of 365 days.^{[citation needed]}

In 1931, after its brief experiment with a five-day week, the Soviet Union changed to a six-day week. Every sixth day (6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th) of the Gregorian Calendar was a state rest day. The five additional national holidays in the earlier five-day week remained and did not fall on the state rest day. But as January, March, May, July, August, October and December have 31 days, the week after the state rest day of the 30th was seven days long (31st–7th). This extra day was a working day for most or an extra holiday for others. Also as February is only 28 or 29 days depending on whether it is a leap year or not, the first of March was also made a state rest day, although not every enterprise conformed to this. To clarify, the week after the state rest day, 24/25 February to 1 March, was only five or six days long, depending on whether it was a leap year or not. The week after that, 2 to 6 March, was only five days long.^{[citation needed]}

The calendar was abandoned 26 June 1940 and the seven-day week reintroduced the next day.^{[citation needed]}

Decimal calendar[link]

A 10-day week, called décade, was used in France for nine and a half years from October 1793 to April 1802; furthermore, the Paris Commune adopted the Revolutionary Calendar for 18 days in 1871.

Christian "eighth day"[link]

For early Christians, Sunday, as well as being the first day of the week, was also the spiritual eighth day, as it symbolised the new world created after Christ's resurrection. The concept of the eighth day was symbolic only and had no effect on the use of the seven-day week for calendar purposes. Justin Martyr wrote: "the first day after the Sabbath, remaining the first of all the days, is called, however, the eighth, according to the number of all the days of the cycle, and [yet] remains the first".^[4] This does not set up an eight-day week, since the eighth day is also considered to be the first day of the next cycle (i.e., not the following day).

A period of eight days, starting and ending on a Sunday or starting on a major feast day and finishing on the same day of the week a (seven-day) week later, is called an octave. For centuries these were a major feature of the liturgical calendar, particularly of the Catholic Church, and some are still observed, though the number of such octaves has now been radically reduced. Some modern Church uses also preserve the idea of an eight-day period, starting and finishing on the same day of the week, and retain the name "octave" for them; for example, many churches observe an annual "Octave of Prayer for Christian Unity" on 18–25 January or in the week that begins with Pentecost Sunday. Organizations such as 8th Day Center for Justice, based out of Chicago, Illinois, use the concept in terms of social justice as well.

Hermetic lunar week[link]

The Hermetic Lunar Week Calendar is one of many proposed reforms to the Gregorian Calendar. The lunation is divided into the four moon phases and has six, seven, eight, or nine days depending on the actual time difference between the full moon, first quarter, new moon and last quarter.^[5]

"Weeks" in other calendars[link]

Periods termed "weeks" in calendars unrelated to the Judeo-Christian tradition.

Three-day[link]

The names of the days of the week (aste) in Guipuscoan Basque point to an earlier three-day week.^[6]

1. astelehena ("week-first", Monday)
2. asteartea ("week-between", Tuesday)
3. asteazkena ("week-last", Wednesday)

Four-day[link]

The Igbo of Nigeria have a traditional calendar with a four-day week. This "market week" features prominently in the fiction of Chinua Achebe.

Five-day[link]

The Javanese people of Indonesia have a five-day week known as the Pasaran cycle. This is still in use today and superimposed with seven-day week of the Gregorian calendar and Islamic calendar to become what is known as the 35-day Wetonan Cycle.

Six-day[link]

The Akan people of West Africa have a 42-day cycle known as Adaduanan. The Adaduanan cycle appears to be based on an older six-day week, still extant in some northern Guan communities such as the Nchumuru, on which is superimposed a seven-day week which may have been brought south with itinerant traders from the Savannah.^[7] The six-day week is referred to as Nanson (literally seven-days), reflecting an inclusive numbering system.

Eight-day[link]

Nundinal cycle[link]

The ancient Etruscans developed an eight-day market week known as the nundinal cycle around the 8th or 7th century BC. This was passed on to the Romans no later than the 6th century BC. As Rome expanded, it encountered the seven-day week and for a time attempted to include both. The popularity of the seven-day rhythm won and the eight-day week disappeared forever.

The cycle of seven days, named after the sun, the moon, and the five planets visible to the naked eye, was already customary in the time of Justin Martyr, who wrote of the Christians meeting on the Day of the Sun (Sunday).^[8]

Emperor Constantine eventually established the seven-day week in the Roman calendar in AD 321.^[9]

Celts[link]

It is believed the ancient Celts of the British Isles used a nine-night week. The moon was used to measure one day from another so nights were more significant. The nine nights divided nicely into a sidereal month of 27 nights. Each week of nine nights had eight days.^[10]

Marathi[link]

The Marathi language describes a week as Athavada, which means group of eight days and nine nights, though nowadays a seven day week is accepted and used according the roman calendar. In Marathi calendars the lunar tithis (lunar dates) are printed alongside the date and day of the seven day week used nowadays.The days are: Sunday means Ravivar named after the sun, Monday means somwar named after the moon, Tuesday is mangalwar named after planet Mars, Wednesday is budhwar named after the planet Mercury, Thursday is Guruvar named after the planet Jupiter, Friday is Shukrawar named after the planet Venus, Saturday is Shanivar named after the planet Saturn and back to Sunday (ravivar).

Nine-day[link]

The Gediminas Sceptre, a medieval Lithuanian calendar. Showing 12 months and 9 days in a week

Baltic calendars[link]

In the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania used a solar-lunar calendar. The structure of this calendar was understood with the help of the so-called Gediminas Sceptre discovered in 1680.^[11]

Historical records^{[citation needed]}give evidence that the week of the ancient Balts was nine days long. Thus, the sidereal month must have been divided into three parts.^[12]

Ten-day[link]

China[link]

The Chinese ten-day week went as far back as the Shang Dynasty (1200-1045 BC).^[13] The law in the Han Dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) required officials of the empire to rest every five days, called mu (沐), while it was changed into 10 days in the Tang Dynasty (AD 618 – 907), called huan or xún (旬). Months were almost three weeks long (alternating 29 and 30 days to keep in line with the lunation). The weeks were labelled shàng xún (上旬), zhōng xún (中旬), and xià xún (下旬) which mean roughly "upper", "middle" and "lower" week.

Egypt[link]

Ancient Egypt had a ten-day week, three weeks per month with five extra days at the end of the year.

Revolutionary France[link]

The French Republican Calendar consisted of three ten-day weeks in a month called décades

Other calendar intervals[link]

Aztecs[link]

Restored Aztec sun stone showing the 20 Days

The Aztecs divided a ritual cycle of 260 days, known as Tonalpohualli, into 20 weeks of 13 days known as Trecena.

The Aztecs divided a solar year of 365 days, Xiuhpohualli, into 18 periods of 20 days and five nameless days known as Nemontemi. Although some call this 20-day division or grouping a month, it has no relation to a lunation and therefore the word "week" is more appropriate.^{[citation needed]}

Maya[link]

The Maya divided a 260-day ritual cycle known Tzolk'in into 20 weeks of 13 days known as Trecena.

The Maya also divided the year, Haab', into 18 periods of 20 days, Uinal, and five nameless days known as Wayeb'.

Bali, Indonesia[link]

The Pawukon is a 210-day calendar consisting of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Colson, Francis Henry (1926). The Week: An Essay on the Origin and Development of the Seven-day Cycle. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 59110177. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Week

• Englisc Rímbóc: The Anglo-Saxon Calendar
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "week". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

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Jason Calacanis
Calacanis at Gnomedex 5.
Born	(1970-11-28) November 28, 1970 (age 41) Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York City
Occupation	Internet entrepreneur / Blogger

Jason McCabe Calacanis (born November 28, 1970^[1]) is an American Internet entrepreneur and blogger. His first company was part of the dot-com era in New York, and his second venture, Weblogs, Inc., capitalized on the growth of blogs before being sold to AOL.

Early life[link]

Calacanis was born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from Xaverian High School in 1988. He then attended Fordham University, where he majored in psychology.^[2]

Career[link]

During the dot-com boom, Calacanis was active in New York's Silicon Alley community and in 1996 began producing a publication known as the Silicon Alley Reporter. Originally a 16-page photocopied newsletter, as its popularity grew it expanded into a 300-page magazine, with a sister publication called the Digital Coast Reporter for the West Coast. Calacanis's tireless socializing earned him a nickname as the "yearbook editor" of the Silicon Alley community.^[3] With the end of the Dot-com bubble, Silicon Alley Reporter failed.^[4]

Calacanis co-founded Weblogs, Inc. with Brian Alvey in 2003, supported by an angel investment from Mark Cuban. Time Warner's America Online agreed to buy Weblogs, Inc. in October 2005 for $25–30 million.^[5]

Netscape.com[link]

Six months into his tenure with AOL, Calacanis was offered a chance to be the General Manager of the new Netscape website. Calacanis used the model pioneered by Digg, Del.icio.us, and Furl and added an editorial layer to the system. The project has launched and occupied the front page of Netscape. Calacanis started by hiring a team of eight "anchors" to follow up users' top stories. He then hired some of the top users of social bookmarking sites like Digg, Reddit, Newsvine and Flickr to go to Netscape as Netscape Navigators,^[6] which prompted a public debate with Kevin Rose, founder of Digg.

On November 16, 2006, TechCrunch reported that Calacanis had resigned from his position as CEO of Weblogs, Inc. and General Manager of Netscape.^[7] Calacanis later confirmed this with a post at his blog.^[8]

Sequoia Capital[link]

On December 5, 2006, Techcrunch reported that Calacanis was going to announce his new position at Sequoia Capital as an EIA (entrepreneur in action).^[9] Calacanis later confirmed this on his blog.^[10]

Mahalo.com[link]

Calacanis founded Mahalo.com, a "human-powered search engine",^[11] which launched in alpha test in May 2007. During a speech about the site at the Gnomedex conference in August 2007, Calacanis got into a public confrontation with Dave Winer that led to Winer's resignation from the panel of experts for the TechCrunch20 conference organized by Calacanis. Winer interrupted Calacanis' speech during the event, calling it "conference spam" and igniting a war of words on their blogs. "I'm not interested in having someone berate me like this," Calacanis wrote on his blog.^[12]

As of April 21, 2010 Mahalo had 9.4 million global (5.7 million US) unique monthly visitors, down from a peak of 14.1 million global (7.4 million US) unique monthly visitors, according to Quantcast.^[13]

Angel Investing[link]

In 2009 Calacanis founded the Open Angel Forum, an event that connects early stage startups with angel investors. The forum was the culmination of a series of public comments by Calacanis questioning the ethics of pay-to-pitch angel forums.^[14] Calacanis believes startups shouldn't have to pay to pitch angel investors.^[15] Calacanis is also an Angel Investor in Gowalla.

ThisWeekIn.com[link]

Calacanis is a co-founder of ThisWeekIn.com and host of the live streamed "This Week In Startups" on the network. ^[16]

LAUNCH Conference[link]

Calacanis announced the creation of the LAUNCH Conference to spotlight unannounced start-ups. The first conference was held on February 23rd and 24th 2011 and featured 140 startups. A number of companies received funding at the event and the winners included Room 77 and GreenGoose.

Controversy[link]

Calacanis was involved in a 2010 Internet hoax involving his Twitter postings regarding the introduction of the Apple iPad. In his tweets, he claimed to have a "reviewer's copy" of an iPad device describing in great detail the features of such device. The device in question was not in his possession nor did it exist. It was explained to have been an attempt by Calacanis to expose the hysteria regarding Apple product launches. The hoax also called into question the fact checking and verification processes of the mainstream media who published the hoax story as true.^[17][18]

Notes[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jason Calacanis

• The Jason Calacanis Weblog

Mark Jeffrey

Mark Jeffrey (1825-1903) was an English convict transported to Australia. He was known as "Big Mark", the grave digger on the Isle of the Dead Cemetery at Port Arthur, Tasmania. While a living alone on the island for several years he dug his own grave, which he carefully tended, patting down the sides with a spade to kill marauding worms. Before his death in 1903 he wrote his autobiography which provides an interesting insight into convict life.

References[link]

• "Mark Jeffrey". Archived from the original on 2005-08-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20050824212243/http://www.wood-ditton.org.uk/markjeffrey.htm. Retrieved 2006-01-29. 
• Mark Jeffrey, A Burglars Life. Printing Authority of Tasmania. ISBN 0-9750123-0-4. 

This Australian biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Michael Montgomery

Montgomery in action in a 2008 preseason game.
No. 53     Montreal Alouettes
Defensive end
Personal information
Date of birth: (1983-08-18) August 18, 1983 (age 28)
Place of birth: Carthage, Texas
Height: 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) Weight: 282 lb (128 kg)
Career information
College: Texas A&M
NFL Draft: 2005 / Round: 6 / Pick: 180
Debuted in 2005 for the Green Bay Packers
Career history
Green Bay Packers (2005–2009) Minnesota Vikings (2010)* Green Bay Packers (2010) Las Vegas Locomotives (2011) Montreal Alouettes (2012–present) *Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards
First-team JUCO All-American (2002) First-team All-Big 12 (2004)
Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2008
Tackles 121 Sacks 5.0 Forced fumbles 1 Stats at NFL.com

Michael Lewis Montgomery, II (born August 18, 1983) is a gridiron football defensive end for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Texas A&M.

Montgomery has also been a member of the Minnesota Vikings.

College career[link]

Montgomery was born in Carthage, Texas and attended Center High School in Center, Texas. He played college football at Navarro Junior College and Texas A&M. He started his career at Navarro where he played for two years recording 131 tackles and six sacks. Before his junior year he transferred to Texas A&M where he recorded 123 tackles, seven sacks, and one interception, and earned first-team All-Big 12 honors.

Professional career[link]

Green Bay Packers[link]

Montgomery was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. For the first three years of his career he was used mainly as a backup defensive end.

During the 2008 season, after the Packers lost starting defensive end Cullen Jenkins due to injury and released Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila, Montgomery along with rookie Jeremy Thompson split time starting at defensive end. He finished the season starting eight games.

After becoming an unrestricted free agent after 2008, Montgomery re-signed with the Packers on March 23, 2009.^[1] During the season he recorded only two tackles in 10 games.

Montgomery was released on March 5, 2010.^[2] In five years with the team he started eight of 56 games, recording 123 tackles and five sacks.

Minnesota Vikings[link]

Montgomery signed with the Minnesota Vikings on March 29, 2010.^[3] The Vikings released Montgomery on September 4, 2010, as the team made final cuts to set its 53-man roster.^[4]

Second stint with Packers[link]

Montgomery again joined the Packers on October 15, 2010.^[5] He was later released on November 2, 2010 after appearing in only two games for Green Bay.^[6]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Montreal Alouettes bio

Richard "Rick" Overton (born August 10, 1954)^[1] is an American screenwriter, actor and comedian. His writing credits include Dennis Miller Live, and his acting credits include Willow and The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne.

Life and career[link]

Overton was born in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, the son of Nancy Overton (née Swain), a singer, and Hall Overton, a teacher and music arranger.^[1][2] He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey,^[3] where he attended Dwight Morrow High School.^[4]

Overton made his first onscreen appearance in the 1982 film Young Doctors in Love, followed by a small role in Airplane II: The Sequel later that year. In 1987, he wrote an episode of The New Adventures of Beans Baxter while also appearing in various films and television shows including Willow, Amazing Stories and Million Dollar Mystery.

In 1992, he landed a role in the FOX Network sketch comedy show The Edge. The show ended in 1993. Later that year, Overton appeared in two episodes of Seinfeld and landed a small role in Mrs. Doubtfire. The following year, he won an Emmy for writing an episode of Dennis Miller Live.

In 2005, Overton appeared on Alias and Joan Of Arcadia; in the latter he played God explaining to the title character the meaning of real wealth. He also portrayed both H.G. Wells and Orson Welles in a podcast episode of The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd that same year.

In 2009, Overton appeared in the film A Fork in the Road alongside Jaime King.

Filmography[link]

• Young Doctors in Love (1982)
• Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)
• Beverly Hills Cop (1984)
• Gung Ho (1986)
• Odd Jobs (1986)
• A Fine Mess (1986)
• Modern Girls (1986)
• Million Dollar Mystery (1987)
• Willow (1988)
• Traxx (1988)
• Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)
• A Sinful Life (1989)
• Blind Fury (1989)
• The Rocketeer (1991)
• Galaxies Are Colliding (1992)
• Groundhog Day (1993)
• Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
• The High Crusade (1994)
• Married with Children (1996)
• My Giant (1998)
• Devil in the Flesh (1998)
• EDtv (1999)
• Jackpot (2001)
• Extreme Honor (2001)
• Shoot or Be Shot (2002)
• Eight Legged Freaks (2002)
• Trial and Error: The Making of Sequestered (2003)
• Northfork (2003)
• Motocross Kids (2004)
• Serial Killing 4 Dummys (2004)
• Off the Lip (2004)
• Taxi (2004)
• Fat Albert (2004)
• Comedy Hell (2005)
• Blue Sombrero (2005)
• Frostbite (2005)
• A Lot Like Love (2005)
• Keep Your Distance (2005)
• Popstar (2005)
• Fun with Dick and Jane (2005)
• Billy Schulz (2006)
• The Last Stand (2006)
• The Tripper (2006)
• The Astronaut Farmer (2006)
• National Lampoon's Pledge This! (2006)
• A Plumm Summer (2007)
• The Metrosexual (2007)
• Jelly (Post-Production, 2008)
• A Fork in the Road (in post-production, 2008)
• Dinner for Schmucks (2010)
• Bad Teacher (2011)

Television[link]

• Remington Steele (1 episode, 1983)
• Help Wanted: Kids (1986)
• Jonathan Winters: On the Ledge (1987)
• Double Switch (1987)
• Amazing Stories (1 episode, 1987)
• That's Adequate (1988)
• Encyclopedia Brown (1989) one episode (Buddy Clagett)
• Babes (10 episodes, 1990)
• Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventures (as Rufus, 1992)
• The Edge (7 episodes, 1992–1993)
• Seinfeld (2 episodes, 1993)
• Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 Women (1994)
• Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (2 episodes, 1994–1995)
• Duckman (1 episode, 1995)
• Encino Woman (1996)
• The Single Guy (2 episodes, 1996)
• Married… with Children (2 episodes, 1996)
• Ned and Stacey (1 episode, 1997)
• ER (1 episode, 1997)
• The Weird Al Show (1 episode, 1997)
• Mad About You (2 episodes, 1998)
• Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show (1 episode, 1998)
• It's Like, You Know... (2 episodes, 1999)
• Charmed (3 episodes, 2000)
• The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne (5 episodes, 2000)
• JAG (1 episode, 2001)
• Curb Your Enthusiasm (1 episode, 2001)
• Comic Remix (1 episode, 2002)
• My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star (11 episodes, 2002)
• NYPD Blue (1 episode, 2002)
• According to Jim (1 episode, 2004)
• Six Feet Under (1 episode, 2004)
• Joan of Arcadia (1 episode, 2004)
• Alias (1 episode, 2005)
• Family Plan (2005)
• Lost (1 episode, 2005)
• Van Stone: Tour of Duty (2006)
• Rodney (1 episode, 2006)
• Drive (1 episode, 2007)
• Leverage (3 episodes, 2008–2009)

Video game[link]

• The Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction (2005)

Writer[link]

• An Evening at the Improv (1 episode, 1983)
• The New Adventures of Beans Baxter (1 episode, 1987)
• Dennis Miller Live (Unknown episodes, 1994)

Awards and nominations[link]

Emmy Awards

• Nominated: Outstanding Writing for a Variety or Music Program, Dennis Miller Live (1997)
• Won: Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program, Dennis Miller Live (1996)

Writers Guild of America Award

• Nominated: Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) - Series, Dennis Miller Live (1997)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Rick Overton.net
• Rick Overton at the Internet Movie Database
• Rick Overton on MySpace