Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
birth date
birth place	London, England
occupation	Actor }}

Edmund Stoppard (born 16 September 1974), often credited as Ed Stoppard, is an English actor.

Life and career

Stoppard was born in London, England, the son of playwright Tom Stoppard and physician/author Miriam Stoppard (née Stern), through whom he is related to former MP Oona King. He lives in Clapham with his wife, Amelia (née Stamp), and their three children.

He studied French at Edinburgh University and then trained at LAMDA.

His stage credits include the title role in English Touring Theatre's 2005 Hamlet alongside Anita Dobson (which also ran at the New Ambassadors Theatre) in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice and Konstantin in Chekhov's The Seagull at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2003. His West End credits include Tom Wingfield in a 2007 revival of The Glass Menagerie at the Apollo Theatre and the UK premiere of Wit.

In 2007, he played the title role in the BBC's drama-documentary, Tchaikovsky: Fortune and Tragedy.

In 2008 Stoppard returned to the stage in the Hampstead Theatre production of Amy Rosenthal's DH Lawrence biodrama On The Rocks alongside Nick Caldecott and Charlotte Emmerson. He appeared in a revival of Arcadia, written by his father, at the Duke of York's Theatre in the West End in June 2009 alongside Samantha Bond and Neil Pearson.

He has also worked behind the scenes on films such as Rogue Trader.

In 2010 he was cast in the role of Sir Hallam Holland in a BBC sequel to Upstairs, Downstairs. Most recently he was cast as Didi, a Swiss diplomat in a screen version of Albert Cohen's novel, Belle du Seigneur. He also voiced and lent his likeness for Dimitri Mishkin in GoldenEye 007 for the Wii.

Film and television credits

+ List of film and television credits
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1999		Boy on motorbike	Short film
2000		Von Sackville-Bagg
2000–2001	Relic Hunter	Laurent Halezan	2 episodes: M.I.A., A Good Year
2001		Ambassador Ramirez	Episode: The Emissary
2001		James Hillier	Episode: Sleeper
2002		Henryk
2002	Summer Things	Rick	Original title: Embrassez qui vous voudrez
2003	Ferrari	Ferrari's alter ego
2003	JD Pilot	Thomas	Short film
2003	In Search of the Brontës	Monsieur Heger	Mini-series
2005		Sebastianus
2005	Animal	Sebastien Delnick
2005		Captain Charlie May	TV movie
2006		Thomas (older)
2006	Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire	Josephus	Docudrama
2007		Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky	Docudrama
2007		Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky	Docudrama
2007		Malinowski	TV movie
2007		Conrad McCaffrey	Episode: Limbo
2007		Ben
2008		Bridey Flyte
2009	Terror! Robespierre and the French Revolution	Herault	Documentary
2009		Misha Galkin	Post-production
2010		Chris	Short film
2010	Scooterman	Scooterman aka Gerald Jones	short film
2010	Upstairs, Downstairs	Sir Hallam Holland	Mini-series sequel
2011	Zen (TV series)	Vincenzo Fabri	Mini-series
2011	The Man Who Crossed Hitler	Hans Litten	TV movie
2012	Belle du Seigneur	Didi	Filming

References

External links

Category:1974 births Category:Actors from London Category:Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Category:English film actors Category:English Jews Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:Jewish actors Category:Living people Category:People from London Category:Shakespearean actors

fr:Ed Stoppard nl:Ed Stoppard

Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
name	Tom Stoppard
birth name	Tomáš Straüssler
birth date	July 03, 1937
birth place	Zlín, Czechoslovakia
occupation	Playwright and screenwriter
spouse	Josie Ingle (1965–1972)Miriam Stoppard (1972–1992)
children	Oliver StoppardBarnaby StoppardWilliam StoppardEd Stoppard
genre	Dramatic comedy
influences	Henry James, James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, Czech and Polish absurdists
website	}}

Sir Tom Stoppard OM, CBE, FRSL (born Tomáš Straüssler 3 July 1937) is a British playwright, knighted in 1997. He has written prolifically for TV, radio, film and stage, finding prominence with plays such as Arcadia, The Coast of Utopia, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, Professional Foul, The Real Thing, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. He co-wrote the screenplays for Brazil and Shakespeare in Love and has won one Academy Award and four Tony Awards. Themes of human rights, censorship and political freedom pervade his work along with exploration of linguistics and philosophy. Stoppard has been a key playwright of the National Theatre and is one of the most internationally performed dramatists of his generation.

In 1939, Stoppard left Czechoslovakia as a child refugee, fleeing imminent Nazi occupation. He settled with his family in Britain after the war, in 1946. After being educated at schools in Nottingham and Yorkshire, Stoppard became a journalist, a drama critic and then, in 1960, a playwright. He has been married twice, to Josie Ingle (1965–1972) and Miriam Stoppard (1972–1992), and has two sons from each marriage, one of whom is actor Ed Stoppard.

Life and career

Early years

Stoppard was born Tomáš Straüssler, in Zlín, a "Shoe Town", in the Moravia region of Czechoslovakia. He was the son of Martha Beckova and Eugen Straüssler, a doctor with the Bata shoe company. Both parents were Jewish, though neither practising. Just before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the town's patron, Tomáš Baťa, helped re-post his Jewish employees, mostly physicians, to various branches of his firm all over the world. On 15 March 1939, the day that the Nazis invaded Czechoslovakia, the Straüssler family fled to Singapore, one of the places Bata had a company.

Before the Japanese occupation of Singapore, the two sons and their mother were sent on to Australia. Stoppard's father remained in Singapore as a British army volunteer, knowing that, as a doctor, he would be needed in its defence. His father died when Stoppard was four years old. In the book Tom Stoppard in conversation, Stoppard tells how his father died in Japanese captivity, a prisoner of war although Straüssler is also commonly reported to have drowned on board a ship bombed by Japanese forces.

From there, in 1941, when Tomas was five, the three were evacuated to Darjeeling in India. The boys attended the Mount Hermon American multi-racial school where Tomas became Tom and his brother Petr became Peter.

In 1945, his mother Martha married British army major Kenneth Stoppard, who gave the boys his English surname and, in 1946, after the war, moved the family to England. His stepfather believed strongly that "to be born an Englishman was to have drawn first prize in the lottery of life", telling his small stepson: "Don't you realise that I made you British?" setting up Stoppard's desire as a child to become "an honorary Englishman". "I fairly often find I'm with people who forget I don't quite belong in the world we're in", he says. "I find I put a foot wrong – it could be pronunciation, an arcane bit of English history – and suddenly I'm there naked, as someone with a pass, a press ticket." This is reflected in his characters, he notes, who are "constantly being addressed by the wrong name, with jokes and false trails to do with the confusion of having two names". Stoppard attended the Dolphin School in Nottinghamshire, and later completed his education at Pocklington School in East Riding, Yorkshire, which he hated.

Stoppard left school at seventeen and began work as a journalist for Western Daily Press in Bristol, never receiving a university education, having taken against the idea. Years later he came to regret not going to university, but loved his time as a journalist and felt passionately about his career at the time. He remained at the paper from 1954 until 1958, when the Bristol Evening World offered Stoppard the position of feature writer, humour columnist, and secondary drama critic, which took Stoppard into the world of theatre. At the Bristol Old Vic – at the time a well-regarded regional repertory company – Stoppard formed friendships with director John Boorman and actor Peter O'Toole early in their careers. In Bristol, he became known more for his strained attempts at humour and unstylish clothes than for his writing.

Career

Stoppard wrote short radio plays in 1953-4 and by 1960 he had completed his first stage play, A Walk on the Water, which was later re-titled Enter a Free Man (1968). He noted that the work owed much to Robert Bolt's Flowering Cherry and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman. Within a week after sending A Walk on the Water to an agent, Stoppard received his version of the "Hollywood-style telegrams that change struggling young artists' lives." His first play was optioned, staged in Hamburg, then broadcast on British Independent Television in 1963. From September 1962 until April 1963, Stoppard worked in London as a drama critic for Scene magazine, writing reviews and interviews both under his name and the pseudonym William Boot (taken from Evelyn Waugh's Scoop). In 1964, a Ford Foundation grant enabled Stoppard to spend 5 months writing in a Berlin mansion, emerging with a one-act play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet King Lear, which later evolved into his Tony-winning play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. In the following years, Stoppard produced several works for radio, television and the theatre, including "M" is for Moon Among Other Things (1964), A Separate Peace (1966) and If You're Glad I'll Be Frank (1966). On 11 April 1967 — following acclaim at the 1966 Edinburgh Festival — the opening of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead in a National Theatre production at the Old Vic made Stoppard an overnight success. Jumpers (1972) places a professor of moral philosophy in a murder mystery thriller along side a slew of radical gymnasts and Travesties (1974), explored the 'Wildean' possibilities arising from the fact that Lenin, Joyce, and Tristan Tzara had all been in Zurich during the First World War. In his early years, he also wrote extensively for BBC radio, often introducing surrealist themes. He has also adapted many of his stage works for radio, film and television winning extensive awards and honours from the start of his career.

Stoppard has written one novel, Lord Malquist and Mr Moon (1966), set in contemporary London. Its cast includes the 18th-century figure of the dandified Malquist and his ineffectual Boswell, Moon, and also cowboys, a lion (banned from the Ritz) and a donkey-borne Irishman claiming to be the Risen Christ.

In the 1980s, in addition to writing his own works, Stoppard translated many plays into English, including works by Sławomir Mrożek, Johann Nestroy, Arthur Schnitzler, and Václav Havel. It was at this time that Stoppard became influenced by the works of Polish and Czech absurdists. He has been co-opted into the Outrapo group, a far-from-serious French movement to improve actors' stage technique through science.

Stoppard has also co-written screenplays including Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Spielberg states that though Stoppard was uncredited, "he was responsible for almost every line of dialogue in the film". It is also rumoured that Stoppard worked on Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, though again Stoppard received no official or formal credit in this role. He worked in a similar capacity with Tim Burton on his film Sleepy Hollow. In 2008, Stoppard was voted the number 76 on the Time 100, Time magazine's list of the most influential people in the world.

Stoppard serves on the advisory board of the magazine Standpoint, and was instrumental in its foundation, giving the opening speech at its launch.

Themes

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966–7) was Stoppard's first major play to gain recognition. The story of Hamlet, as told from the viewpoint of two courtiers echoes Beckett in its double act repartee, existential themes and language play. "Stoppardian" became a term describing works using wit and comedy while addressing philosophical concepts. Critic Dennis Kennedy notes "It established several characteristics of Stoppard's dramaturgy: his word-playing intellectuality, audacious, paradoxical, and self-conscious theatricality, and preference for reworking pre-existing narratives... Stoppard's plays have been sometimes dismissed as pieces of clever showmanship, lacking in substance, social commitment, or emotional weight. His theatrical surfaces serve to conceal rather than reveal their author's views, and his fondness for towers of paradox spirals away from social comment. This is seen most clearly in his comedies The Real Inspector Hound (1968) and After Magritte (1970), which create their humour through highly formal devices of reframing and juxtaposition." Stoppard himself went so far as to declare "I must stop compromising my plays with this whiff of social application. They must be entirely untouched by any suspicion of usefulness." He acknowledges that he started off "as a language nerd", primarily enjoying linguistic and ideological playfulness, feeling early in his career that journalism was far better suited for presaging political change, than playwriting.

The accusations of favouring intellectuality over political commitment or commentary were met with a change of tack, as Stoppard produced increasingly socially engaged work. From 1977, he became personally involved with human rights issues, in particular with the situation of political dissidents in Central and Eastern Europe. In February 1977, he visited the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries with a member of Amnesty International. In June, Stoppard met Vladimir Bukovsky in London and travelled to Czechoslovakia (then under communist control), where he met dissident playwright and future president Václav Havel, whose writing he greatly admires. Stoppard became involved with Index on Censorship, Amnesty International, and the Committee Against Psychiatric Abuse and wrote various newspaper articles and letters about human rights. He was also instrumental in translating Havel's works into English. Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1977), ‘a play for actors and orchestra’ was based on a request by composer André Previn; inspired by a meeting with a Russian exile. This play as well as Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth (1979), The Coast of Utopia (2002), Rock ‘n’ Roll (2006), and two works for television Professional Foul (1977) and Squaring the Circle (1984) all concern themes of censorship, rights abuses, and state repression.

Stoppard's later works have sought greater inter-personal depths, whilst maintaining their intellectual playfulness. Stoppard acknowledges that around 1982 he moved away from the "argumentative" works and more towards plays of the heart, as he became "less shy" about emotional openness. Discussing the later integration of heart and mind in his work, he commented "I think I was too concerned when I set off, to have a firework go off every few seconds... I think I was always looking for the entertainer in myself and I seem to be able to entertain through manipulating language... [but] it's really about human beings, it's not really about language at all." He was inspired by a Trevor Nunn production of Gorky's Summerfolk to write more a trilogy of more 'human' plays: The Real Thing (1982) uses a meta-theatrical structure to explore the suffering that adultery can produce and The Invention of Love (1997) also investigates the pain of passion. Arcadia (1993) explores the meeting of chaos theory, historiography, and landscape gardening.

He has commented that he loves the medium of theatre for how 'adjustable' it is at every point, how unfrozen it is, continuously growing and developing through each rehearsal, free from the text. His experience of writing for film is similar, offering the liberating opportunity to 'play God', in control of creative reality. It often takes four to five years from the first idea of a play to staging, taking pains to be as profoundly accurate in his research as he can be.

Personal life

Stoppard has been married twice, to Josie Ingle (1965–1972), a nurse, and to Miriam Stoppard (née Stern and subsequently Miriam Moore-Robinson, 1972–1992), whom he left to begin a relationship with actress Felicity Kendal. He has two sons from each marriage: Oliver Stoppard, Barnaby Stoppard, the actor Ed Stoppard and Will Stoppard, who is married to violinist Linzi Stoppard.

In 1979, the year of Margaret Thatcher's election, Stoppard noted to Paul Delaney: "I'm a conservative with a small c. I am a conservative in politics, literature, education and theatre." In 2007, Stoppard described himself as a "timid libertarian".

Stoppard sat for sculptor Alan Thornhill, and a bronze head is now in public collection, situated with the Stoppard papers in the reading room of the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. The terracotta remains in the collection of the artist in London. The correspondence file relating to the Stoppard bust is held in the archive of the Henry Moore Foundation's Henry Moore Institute in Leeds.

The Tom Stoppard Prize was created in 1983 (in Stockholm, under the Charter 77 Foundation) and is awarded to authors of Czech origin.

Stoppard's mother died in 1996. The family had not talked about their history and neither brother knew what had happened to the family left behind in Czechoslovakia. In the early 1990s, with the fall of communism, Stoppard found out that all four of his grandparents had been Jewish and had died in Terezin, Auschwitz and other camps, along with three of his mother's sisters. In 1998, following the deaths of his parents he went back, for the first time, to Zlín after 60 years. He has expressed grief both for a lost father and a missing past, but he has no sense of being a survivor, at whatever remove. "I feel incredibly lucky not to have had to survive or die. It's a conspicuous part of what might be termed a charmed life."

Stoppard, Kevin Spacey, Jude Law, and others, joined protests against the regime of Alexander Lukashenko in March 2011, showing their support for the Belarusian democracy movement.

Selected awards and honours

Awards

1967: Evening Standard Award for Most Promising Playwright (U.K.)

1967: Plays and Players London Theatre Critics Award Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (U.K.)

1968: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead – Tony Award for Best Play, New York Drama Critics' Circle Best Play of the Year (U.S.), Prix Italia (Italy), Plays and Players London Theatre Critics Award for Best New Play (U.K.)

1972: Jumpers – Evening Standard Award for Best Play, Plays and Players London Theatre Critics Award for Best New Play (U.K.)

1974: Travesties – Evening Standard Award for Best Comedy of the Year (U.K.)

1976: Travesties – Tony Award for Best Play, New York Critics Award for Best Play (U.S.)

1978: Night and Day – Evening Standard Award for Best Play (U.K.)

1982: The Real Thing – Evening Standard Award for Best Play (U.K.)

1984: The Real Thing – Tony Award for Best Play, New York Critics Award for Best Foreign Play (U.S.)

1993: Arcadia – Critics' Circle Theatre Awards for Best New Play, Evening Standard Award for Best Play of the Year

1994: Arcadia – Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play (U.K.)

1997: The Invention of Love – Evening Standard Award for Best Play (U.K.)

1998: Shakespeare in Love – Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (U.S.)

2000: The Real Thing – Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play (U.S.)

2000: The Real Thing – Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play (U.S.)

2007: The Coast of Utopia – Tony Award for Best Play (U.S.)

2007: The Critics' Circle Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts (presented on 3 April 2008 at the National Theatre) (U.K.)

2008: The 2008 Dan David Prize for Creative Rendering of the Past in Theatre (Israeli)

Honours

1978: CBE

1997: Knight Bachelor

2000: Order of Merit

2000: Honorary doctorate from Yale University

2000: Honorary degree from Cambridge University

2009: Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin

Works

Novel

1966: Lord Malquist and Mr Moon

Theatre

1964: A Walk on the Water

1965: The Gamblers, based on the novel The Gambler by Dostoevsky

1966: Tango, adapted from Sławomir Mrożek's play and Nicholas Bethell translation, premiered at the Aldwych Theatre

1966: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead

1968: Enter a Free Man . Developed from A Walk on the Water. First performed 28 March 1968.

1968: The Real Inspector Hound

1969: Albert's Bridge premiered at St. Mary's Hall in Edinburgh

1969: If You're Glad I'll Be Frank premiered at St. Mary's Hall in Edinburgh

1970: After Magritte frequently performed as a companion piece to The Real Inspector Hound

1971: Dogg's Our Pet premiered at Almost Free Theatre

1972: Jumpers

1972: Artist Descending a Staircase

1974: Travesties

1976: Dirty Linen and New-Found-Land first performed on 6 April 1976

1977: Every Good Boy Deserves Favour was written at the request of André Previn. The play calls for full orchestra

1978: Night and Day

1979: Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth – two plays written to be performed together.

1979: 15-Minute Hamlet

1979: Undiscovered Country – an adaptation of Das Weite Land by the Austrian playwright Arthur Schnitzler

1981: On the Razzle based on Einen Jux will er sich machen by Johann Nestroy

1982: The Real Thing

1983: English libretto for The Love for Three Oranges. Original opera by Sergei Prokofiev.

1984: Rough Crossing based on Play at the Castle by Ferenc Molnár

1986: Dalliance An adaptation of Arthur Schnitzler's Liebelei

1987: Largo Desolato, translation of a play by Václav Havel

1988: Hapgood

1993: Arcadia

1995: Indian Ink – based on Stoppard's radio play In The Native State

1997: The Invention of Love

1997: The Seagull – translation of the play by Anton Chekhov

2002: The Coast of Utopia is a trilogy of plays: Voyage, Shipwreck, and Salvage

2004: Enrico IV (Henry IV) – translation of the Italian play by Luigi Pirandello First presented at the Donmar Theatre, London, in April 2004

2006: Rock 'n' Roll – first public performance 3 June 2006 preview at the Royal Court Theatre.

Original works for radio

1964: The Dissolution of Dominic Boot

1964: 'M' is for Moon Amongst Other Things

1965: A Separate Peace – first performed, on British television, August 1966

1966: If You’re Glad I’ll be Frank

1967: Albert's Bridge

1968: Where Are They Now?, written for schools radio

1972: Artist Descending a Staircase

1982: The Dog It Was That Died

1991: In the Native State later expanded to become the stage play Indian Ink (1995)

2007: On Dover Beach

Television plays

A Separate Peace

Teeth

Another Moon Called Earth (containing some dialogue and situations later incorporated into Jumpers)

Neutral Ground (a loose adaptation of Sophocles' Philoctetes)

Professional Foul

Squaring the Circle

Film and television adaptation of plays

1975: Three Men in a Boat adaptation of Jerome K. Jerome's novel for BBC Television

1975: The Boundary co-authored by Clive Exton, for the BBC

1977: Professional Foul

1985: Brazil co-authored with Terry Gilliam and Charles McKeown, script nominated for an Academy Award

1987: Empire of the Sun (First draft of the screenplay)

1990: The Russia House screenplay for the 1990 film of the John Le Carre Novel

1990: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern are Dead – won the Golden Lion

1997: Bad Day on the Block

1998: Shakespeare in Love co-authored with Marc Norman, script won an Academy Award

1998: Poodle Springs teleplay adaptation of the novel by Robert B. Parker and Raymond Chandler

2001: Enigma film screenplay of the Robert Harris novel

2005: The Golden Compass a draft screenplay, subsequently rejected

References

Further reading

Bloom, Harold, ed. Tom Stoppard Bloom's Major Dramatists. New York: Chelsea House, 2003.

Cahn, Victor L. Beyond Absurdity: The Plays of Tom Stoppard. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1979.

Corballis, Richard. Stoppard. The Mystery and the Clockwork Oxford, New York, 1984.

Delaney, Paul. Tom Stoppard: The Moral Vision of the Plays London, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990.

Fleming, John. Stoppard's Theater: Finding Order Amid Chaos Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.

Hunter, Jim. About Stoppard: The Playwright and the Wor. London: Faber and Faber, 2005.

Londré, Felicia Hardison. Tom Stoppard Modern Literature Series. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1981.

Stoppard, Tom & Paul Delaney, ed. Tom Stoppard in conversation University of Michigan Press, 1994.

Südkamp, Holger. Tom Stoppard's Biographical Drama. Trier: WVT, 2008.

External links

British Council Profile. Accessed 2011-01-02

BBC John Tusa Interview (Audio 43 mins). With transcript. BBC profile. Accessed 2011-01-02

Articles

The Times Interview (11 June 2006)">"Czechs and thugs and rock’n’roll" The Times Interview (11 June 2006) Accessed 2010-02-19

New York Times Magazine article, "Playing with ideas" 26 November 2006 Accessed 2010-02-19

Nigel Farndale, "Sir Tom Stoppard interview", Daily Telegraph (19 Jan 2010) Accessed 2010-02-19

Ciar Byrne, "Tom Stoppard: The true voice of old England", The Independent (14 March 2008) Accessed 2010-02-19

Ian Burrell, "Stoppard back on the BBC after an interval of three decades", The Independent (29 July 2010) Accessed 2010-07-29

Work

Tom Stoppard archive at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin Accessed 2010-02-19

Category:Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Czech expatriates Category:Czech Jews Category:British people of Czech descent Category:English dramatists and playwrights Category:English Jews Category:English radio writers Category:English screenwriters Category:Evening Standard Award for Best Play Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Category:Czechoslovak emigrants to the United Kingdom Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Members of the Order of Merit Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom Category:Old Pocklingtonians Category:People from Bristol Category:People from Zlín Category:Theatre of the Absurd Category:Tony Award winners Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners Category:1937 births Category:Living people Category:English journalists

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Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
birth name	Claire Hawes
birth date	February 10, 1976
birth place	Marylebone, London, England, UK
spouse	Spencer McCallum (2001-02)Matthew Macfadyen (2004-present)
yearsactive	1989–present
occupation	Actress }}

Keeley Hawes (born 10 February 1976) is an English actress and model, known for many television roles. She is best known for her roles as Zoe Reynolds in Spooks (2002–04) and Alex Drake in Ashes to Ashes (2008–10) and Lady Agnes in the remake of Upstairs, Downstairs (2010). Hawes is also known for voicing various roles in video games, such as the iconic Lara Croft from the long-running Tomb Raider series. She is also well known for the charity work she does for CHASE hospice care for children in Surrey.

Hawes first came into the public eye in the early 1990s, in 1990's Troublemakers and the 1992 BBC costume drama, The Moonstone. She has since appeared in many other television dramas, including Dennis Potter's Karaoke (BBC One/Channel 4, 1995), Heartbeat (ITV1, 1995), The Beggar Bride (BBC, 1997), Othello (ITV, 2001), A Murder is Announced (ITV, 2005), ITV drama After Thomas (2006), BBC drama Spooks, ITV biopic Blonde Bombshell (1999). She is currently the face of Boots No 7 cosmetics and has appeared alongside David Mitchell and Robert Webb in the BAFTA award winning That Mitchell and Webb Look. She has recently appeared in a new 6-part drama for ITV called Identity as Detective Superintendent Martha Lawson; and as the leading role 'Lady Agnes Holland' in the re-launch of Upstairs, Downstairs for the BBC.

Early life

Hawes was born Claire Julia Hawes in Marylebone, London, England. The daughter of a London cab driver, she was trained at the Sylvia Young Theatre School, which included ten years of elocution lessons. Prior to leaving school, Hawes worked in a casino until she was spotted by a modelling scout on Oxford Street.

Acting career

Music videos

Early on in her career, she starred in at least four music videos, for the singles "Saturday Night" by Suede, "Marvellous" by the "Lightning Seeds", "Come Around" by "The Mutton Birds" and "She's a Star" by James.

Television

Hawes has appeared in several adaptations of classic and modern novels: Tipping the Velvet (BBC Two, 2002), Wives and Daughters (1999), Our Mutual Friend (1998), and Under the Greenwood Tree (2005), to mention a few.

From 2002-04 she appeared as Zoe Reynolds in the spy series Spooks. Among her co-stars was future husband Matthew Macfadyen.

In 2003, she appeared in the BBC's re-telling of The Canterbury Tales alongside John Simm, Billie Piper and Julie Walters.

In 2006, she appeared in the long-running British comedy, Vicar of Dibley, (2 episodes 2006-07). She played Rosie, the sister of Harry (Richard Armitage), Geraldine's (Dawn French) love interest who she eventually marries. She was also cast as Jane in the 2007 comedy Death at a Funeral, where she plays the supportive wife of her off-screen husband Matthew Macfadyen, whose father's funeral turns into a disaster.

In 2007, she was cast as Alex Drake in the Ashes to Ashes, the spin-off to the hit BBC series to Life on Mars. It told the story of a female police officer in service with London's Metropolitan Police, who, after being shot in 2008, inexplicably regains consciousness in 1981, having assimilated Sam Tyler's fantasies after being imprisoned in a coma. The series, broadcast in February 2008, follows her fighting to wake up from the world of 1981 so she can get back to the present day and save her daughter, Molly. She starred along with Philip Glenister who played the TV's iconic Gene Hunt. Hawes was awarded the "Best UK Television Actress Award" in 2008 by the Glamour Awards for her role. In September 2008, she began filming the second series of Ashes to Ashes, later broadcast in early 2009. In September 2009, Hawes filmed the final series of Ashes to Ashes along with Philip Glenister. The last ever episode was aired in May and gained more than seven million viewers.

In April 2008, Hawes began filming the BBC TV drama, Mutual Friends, which was then aired later in 2008.

She has also appeared in the BAFTA award winning That Mitchell and Webb Look and in 2010, was a guest on the comedy panel show Would I Lie to You? hosted by comedian Rob Brydon.

Hawes signed up to play DSI Martha Lawson in a new six-part ITV series, Identity.

In December 2010, Keeley Hawes starred in the 3-episode re-launch of Upstairs, Downstairs, in which she played the leading role of Lady Agnes Holland.

On 25 April 2011, Keeley Hawes narrated the documentary "Kate and William: A Royal Love Story." on BBC One, in honour of the April 29th 2011 wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton.

On 20 June 2011, Hawes narrated the ITV1 documentary "Four Of A Kind" as part of ITV's Extraordinary Families season.

Computer games

On 23 February 2006, it was revealed that Hawes had replaced Jonell Elliott as the voice of Lara Croft. She voiced the role of Eidos Interactive's globe-trotting adventurer in Tomb Raider: Legend, now under the reins of Crystal Dynamics. She reprised her role in the 2007 remake of the original Tomb Raider game, Tomb Raider: Anniversary, and again in 2008's Tomb Raider: Underworld. She has also recorded her lines for the arcade-style Tomb Raider game, titled Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light, released in August 2010.

Personal life

Hawes has three children. She had her first son, Myles, with cartoonist Spencer McCallum, whom she started dating in 1995 and married in December 2001 in Westminster when Myles was 20 months old. They separated eight weeks later, when Hawes started a relationship with Spooks co-star Matthew Macfadyen. She married Macfadyen on 8 October 2004 in the Richmond-upon-Thames Register Office, and their first child, Maggie, was born two months later. Their second child, Ralph, was born in September 2006.

In 2002, after working on the television adaptation of Tipping the Velvet, Hawes was quoted in interviews with Diva magazine and Radio Times as saying she is bisexual. Later, in a Daily Mail article, she explained the comments, saying "[w]hat I actually said was that everybody is probably perfectly capable of finding somebody of the same sex attractive, but I certainly haven't had any lesbian relationships" and in the Radio Times, "Maybe what I meant is that everyone is a little bit bisexual. I've been married twice, both times to men."

Hawes is a keen supporter of CHASE hospice care for children. She filmed a video introduction and recorded voiceovers for a Virtual Tour of Christopher's, the CHASE Children's Hospice in Surrey.

Filmography

Television

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- | rowspan="1" | 1989 | Forever Green || Carol || (Season 1, Episode 3) |- | rowspan="1" | 1990 | Troublemakers || Mandy || (Season 1, Episode 1 - Episode 6) |- | rowspan="1" | 1992 | Ruth Rendell Mysteries || Sarah Mabledene || (Season 6, Episode 12) Talking to Strange Men |- | rowspan="3" | 1996 | Pie in the Sky || Stella Jackson ||(Season 4, Episode 1 and Episode 2) |- | Karaoke || Linda Langer ||(Season 1, Episode 1 - Episode 4) Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday |- | Heartbeat || Michelle ||(Season 6, Episode 7) Snapped |- | rowspan="1" | 1997 | The Beggar Bride || Angela Harper || |- | rowspan="2" | 1998 | Our Mutual Friend || Lizzie Hexam || (Season 1, Episode 1 - Episode 4 ) |- | The Cater Street Hangman || Charlotte Ellison || |- | rowspan="2" | 1999 | The Blonde Bombshell || Younger Diana Dors|| |- | Wives and Daughters || Cynthia Kirkpatrick || (Season 1, Episode 1 - Episode 4 ) |- | rowspan="3" | 2001 | Hotel! || Tricia || |- | Murder in Mind || Deborah || (Season 1, Episode 7) Sleeper |- | Othello || Dessie Brabant || |- | rowspan="4" | 2002 | A Is for Acid || Gillian Rogers || |- | Me and Mrs Jones || Jane|| |- | Tipping the Velvet || Kitty Butler || |- | Spooks || Zoe Reynolds || (Season 1, Episode 1 - Season 3, Episode 6) |- | rowspan="2" | 2003 | Lucky Jim || Christine Callaghan|| |- | The Canterbury Tales || Emily || |- | rowspan="2" | 2004 | Sex & Lies || Kate|| |- | The Murdoch Mysteries || Dr. Julia Ogden||(Season 1, Episode 1 and Episode 2) |- | rowspan="4" | 2005 | ShakespeaRe-Told || Ella Macbeth||(Season 1, Episode 2) |- | Marple: A Murder Is Announced || Philippa Haymes || |- | Under the Greenwood Tree ||Fancy Day|| |- | The Best Man || Kate Sheldrake|| |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 | After Thomas || Nicola Graham || |- | The Vicar of Dibley || Rosie Kennedy ||(Season 5, Episode 1) |- | rowspan="1" | 2007 | The Vicar of Dibley || Rosie Kennedy ||(Season 5, Episode 2) |- | rowspan="2" | 2008 | Ashes to Ashes || DI Alex Drake || Series 1 |- | Mutual Friends || Jen || Series 1 |- | rowspan="1" | 2009 | Ashes to Ashes || DI Alex Drake || Series 2 |- | rowspan="5" | 2010 | Identity || DSI Martha Lawson || |- | Ashes to Ashes || DI Alex Drake || Series 3 |- | That Mitchell and Webb Look || Herself || Episode 1 |- | Would I Lie To You? || Herself || (Series 4, Episode 3) |- | Upstairs, Downstairs || Lady Agnes Holland || Series 6 |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | Kate & William: A Royal Love Story || Narrator || Documentary on the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton |- | Four Of A Kind || Narrator || |- | rowspan="1" | 2012 | Upstairs, Downstairs || Lady Agnes Holland || Series 7; in production |- |}

Film

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- | rowspan="1" | 1998 | The Avengers || Tamara || |- | rowspan="1" | 1999 | The Last September || Lois Farquar || |- | rowspan="1" | 2000 | Complicity || Yvonne || |- | rowspan="1" | 2003 | Chaos and Cadavers || Samantha Taggert || |- | rowspan="1" | 2005 | A Cock and Bull Story || Elizabeth|| |- | rowspan="1" | 2007 | Death at a Funeral || Jane|| |- | rowspan="2" | 2008 | The Bank Job || Wendy Leather || |- | Flashbacks of a Fool || Adult Jessie || |- |}

Video games

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Voice ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- | rowspan="1" | 2006 | Tomb Raider: Legend | rowspan="4" | Lara Croft | |- | rowspan="1" | 2007 | Tomb Raider: Anniversary | |- | rowspan="1" | 2008 | Tomb Raider: Underworld | |- | rowspan="2" | 2009 | Tomb Raider: Underworld - Beneath the Ashes | |- | Tomb Raider: Underworld - Lara's Shadow | Lara Croft and Doppelgänger | |- | rowspan="1" | 2010 | Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light | Lara Croft | |- |}

Awards

Hawes was awarded the "Best UK Television Actress Award" in 2008 by the Glamour Awards for her role in Ashes to Ashes. She was also nominated for a TV Choice Award for the same role, and for the Best Actress award at the 2009 Crime Thriller Awards.

References

External links

Keeley Hawes page on the official BBC Spooks site, including an interview.

Ashes to Ashes Interview

Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:English video game actors Category:English voice actors Category:People from Marylebone Category:Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School Category:1976 births Category:Living people

ar:كيلي هاويس da:Keeley Hawes de:Keeley Hawes es:Keeley Hawes fr:Keeley Hawes he:קילי הוז nl:Keeley Hawes pt:Keeley Hawes fi:Keeley Hawes sv:Keeley Hawes

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" or "The man, stick it to him" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.

History

The term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to the late 19th Century. In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me"; Jonathan Larson's Rent, William Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in U.S. News and World Report, had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine Easyriders which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema.

Use as praise

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also

Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

New World Order (conspiracy theory)

Ruling class

The Establishment

Power elite

Corrections officer

YTMND

Notes

References

Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). Random House Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House.

Category:Slang expressions Category:Stock characters Category:English idioms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Military-industrial complex

Enzo Anselmo Ferrari () (February 18, 1898 – August 14, 1988) Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian race car driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently of the Ferrari car manufacturer. He was often referred to as "il Commendatore"

Early life

Born in Modena, Enzo Ferrari grew up with little formal education but a strong desire to race cars. During World War I he was assigned to the third Alpine Artillery division of the Italian Army. His father Alfredo, as well as his older brother, also named Alfredo, died in 1916 as a result of a widespread Italian flu outbreak. Ferrari became severely ill himself in the 1918 flu pandemic and was consequently discharged from Italian service. Upon returning home he found that the family firm had collapsed.

Career

Having no other job prospects, Ferrari eventually settled for a job at a smaller car company called CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), redesigning used truck bodies into small passenger cars. He took up racing in 1919 on the CMN team, but had little initial success.

He left CMN in 1920 to work at Alfa Romeo and racing their cars in local races he had more success. In 1923, racing in Ravenna, he acquired the Prancing Horse badge which decorated the fuselage of Francesco Baracca's (Italy's leading ace of WWI) SPAD S.XIII fighter, given from his mother, taken from the wreckage of the plane after his mysterious death. This icon would have to wait until 1932 to be displayed on a racing car. It is interesting to note that the Ferrari emblem matches that of the city of Stuttgart and is similar to the center of the Porsche emblem.

In 1924 Ferrari won the Coppa Acerbo at Pescara. His successes in local races encouraged Alfa to offer him a chance of much more prestigious competition. Ferrari turned this opportunity down and did not race again until 1927. He continued to work directly for Alfa Romeo until 1929 before starting Scuderia Ferrari as the racing team for Alfa.

Ferrari managed the development of the factory Alfa cars, and built up a team of over forty drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. Ferrari himself continued racing until 1932.

The support of Alfa Romeo lasted until 1933, when financial constraints made Alfa withdraw. Only at the intervention of Pirelli did Ferrari receive any cars at all. Despite the quality of the Scuderia drivers, the company won few victories (1935 in Germany by Nuvolari was a notable exception). Auto Union and Mercedes dominated the era.

In 1937 Alfa took control of its racing efforts again and again, reducing Ferrari to Director of Sports under Alfa's engineering director. Ferrari soon left, but a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing for four years.

In response, Ferrari organized Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying parts to other racing teams. Ferrari did manage to manufacture two cars for the 1940 [Mille Miglia]], driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni. During World War II his firm was involved in war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied bombing of the factory, Ferrari relocated from Modena to Maranello. It was not until after World War II that Ferrari sought to shed his fascist reputation and make cars bearing his name, founding today's Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947.

The first open-wheel race was in Turin in 1948 and the first victory came later in the year in Lago di Garda. Ferrari participated in the Formula 1 World Championship since its introduction in 1950 but the first victory was not until the British Grand Prix of 1951. The first championship came in 1952–53, when the Formula One season was raced with Formula Two cars. The company also sold production sports cars in order to finance the racing endeavours not only in Grands Prix but also in events such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans.

Ferrari's decision to continue racing in the Mille Miglia, a dangerous and grueling long-distance competition over mostly unpaved roads, brought the company new victories and greatly increased public recognition. However, increasing speeds, poor roads, and nonexistent crowd protection eventually spelled disaster for both the race and Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town of Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335S driven by the flamboyant Alfonso de Portago was traveling at 250 km/h when it blew a tire and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver, and nine spectators, including five children. In response, Enzo Ferrari and Englebert, the tyre manufacturer were charged with manslaughter in a lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961. It was later concluded that team's decision to continue racing de Portago's car for an extra stage rather than stop for a tyre change caused the accident. The tragedy led to the decision of some racing competitors, such as Maserati, to leave racing competition entirely.

Many of the firm's greatest victories came at Le Mans (14 victories, including six in a row 1960–65) rather than in Grand Prix. Certainly the company was more involved there than in Formula One during the 1950s and 1960s despite the successes of Juan-Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), Phil Hill (1961) and John Surtees (1964).

In the 1960s the problems of reduced demand and inadequate financing forced Ferrari to allow Fiat to take a stake in the company. Ferrari had offered Ford the opportunity to buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million but, late in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew. This decision triggered Ford's decision to launch a serious European sports car racing program, which resulted into the Ford GT40. The company became joint-stock and Fiat took a small share in 1965 and then in 1969 they increased their holding to 50% of the company. (In 1988 Fiat's holding rose to 90%).

Ferrari remained managing director until 1971. Despite stepping down he remained an influence over the firm until his death. The input of Fiat took some time to have effect. It was not until 1975 with Niki Lauda the firm won any championships — the skill of the driver and the ability of the engine overcoming the deficiencies of the chassis and aerodynamics. After those successes and the promise of Jody Scheckter's title in 1979, the company's Formula One championship hopes fell into the doldrums.

1982 opened with a strong car, the 126C2, world-class drivers, and promising results in the early races. However, Gilles Villeneuve was killed in the 126C2 in May, and teammate Didier Pironi had his career cut short in a violent end over end flip on the misty back straight at Hockenheim in August. Pironi was leading the driver's championship at the time; he would lose the lead as he sat out the remaining races. The team would not see championship glory again during Ferrari's lifetime.

Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was known to pit driver against driver in the hope of improving performance. He did not often get close to his drivers.

Racing and management controversies

After his death, a new perspective began to emerge on Ferrari's treatment of his employees, particularly the lives of his team drivers. According to Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks, Ferrari "would expect a driver to go beyond reasonable limits...You can drive to the maximum of your ability, but once you start psyching yourself up to do things that you don’t feel are within your ability it gets stupid. There was enough danger at that time without going over the limit.”

Even by the bloody standards of Formula 1 racing of the day, the death toll of racing drivers at Ferrari was unusual. During the late 1950s and 1960s seven Ferrari drivers - Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Peter Collins, Wolfgang Von Trips, and Lorenzo Bandini - were all killed. While the reason for the high death toll is much debated, contemporary F1 race car driver Stirling Moss commented: “I can’t think of a single occasion where a (Ferrari) driver’s life was taken because of mechanical failure.”

Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately increased psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and fostering an atmosphere of intense competition for the position of number one driver. “He thought that psychological pressure would produce better results for the drivers,” says Brooks. With so many drivers dying in his cars the Vatican newspaper L’Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being like the god Saturn, who consumed his own sons. On hearing of the death of one of his drivers, Eugenio Castellotti, Ferrari is said to have replied: “And the car?”

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life for his team, insisting that praise should be shared equally between car and driver for any race won. However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that Ferrari "would say that the car was the reason for any success,” says Benzi. “The driver was an accessory.” He adds: “For the 42 years I worked for Ferrari I only saw him cry once, and that was when he was at the tax office.” “If he had been in politics,” concluded Benzi, "Machiavelli would have been his servant.”

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari was married to Laura Dominica Garello Ferrari (c. 1900 - 1978) from 1932 until her death. They had one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born in 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, but he suffered from ill-health and died from muscular dystrophy in 1956. Enzo had a second son, Piero, with his mistress Lina Lardi in 1945. Piero was recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death, and is currently a vice-president of the Ferrari company with a 10% share ownership.

After the death of Luigi Musso, Ferrari avidly pursued a relationship with Musso's girlfriend Fiamma Breschi. “I said I couldn’t marry him,” Breschi stated, “first of all because I was still in love (with Musso), and secondly because of the age difference.” After a long period of correspondence, Breschi agreed to become his mistress, and Ferrari arranged a house and small shop for her near Modena. Breschi frequently attended team races and regularly reported to Ferrari on personnel and equipment issues she had observed.

Enzo Ferrari spent a reserved life, and rarely granted interviews.

Death

Enzo Ferrari died on August 14, 1988 in Maranello at the age of 90. His death wasn't made public until two days later, as by Enzo's request, to compensate late registration of his birth. He died at the beginning of the dominance of the McLaren Honda combination. The only race which McLaren did not win in 1988 was the Italian Grand Prix. It was held just weeks after Ferrari's death, and, fittingly, the result was a 1-2 finish for Ferrari, with Gerhard Berger leading home Michele Alboreto. After Ferrari's death, the Scuderia Ferrari team has had further success, winning the World Drivers' Championship in , , , and with Michael Schumacher and in with Kimi Räikkönen. He witnessed the launch of the Ferrari F40, one of the greatest road cars at that time, shortly before his death, which was dedicated as a symbol of his achievements. In 2003 the first car to be named after him was launched in the Enzo Ferrari.

Made a Cavaliere del Lavoro in 1952, to add to his honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s, Ferrari also received a number of honorary degrees, the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Award in 1987. In 1994, he was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.

See also

The Snake and the Stallion

Notes

References

External links

Grand Prix History — Hall of Fame, Enzo Ferrari

GrandPrix.com biography

Category:1898 births Category:1988 deaths Category:People from Modena Category:Alfa Romeo people Category:Ferrari people Category:Formula One people Category:Grand Prix drivers Category:International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees Category:Italian automotive pioneers Category:Italian founders of automobile manufacturers Category:Italian racecar drivers Category:Italian motorsport people

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