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The taifas (green) in 1031

In the history of the Iberian Peninsula, a taifa (from Arabic: طائفة‎ ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) was an independent Muslim-ruled principality, usually an emirate or petty kingdom, though there was one oligarchy, of which a number formed in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031.

History[link]

Rise[link]

The origins of the taifas must be sought in the administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, as well in the ethnic division of the elite of this state, divided among Arabs, Berbers, Iberian Muslims (known as Muladíes - the overwhelming majority) and the Eastern European former slaves.

There was a second period when taifas arose, toward the middle of the 12th century, when the Almoravid rulers were in decline.

During the heyday of the taifas, in the 11th century and again in the mid 12th century, their emirs (rulers) competed among themselves, not only militarily but also for cultural prestige. They tried to recruit the most famous poets and artisans.

Decline[link]

Reversing the trend of the Umayyad period, when the Christian kingdoms of the north often had to pay tribute to the Caliph, the disintegration of the Caliphate left the rival Muslim kingdoms much weaker than their Christian counterparts, particularly the Castilian-Leonese monarchy, and had to submit to them, paying tributes known as parias.

Due to their military weakness, taifa princes appealed for North African warriors to come fight Christian kings on two occasions. The Almoravids were invited after the fall of Toledo (1085), and the Almohads after the fall of Lisbon (1147). These warriors did not in fact help the taifa emirs but rather annexed their lands to their own North African empires.

Taifas often hired Christian mercenaries to fight neighbouring realms (both Christian and Muslim). The most dynamic taifa, which conquered most of its neighbours before the Almoravid invasion, was Seville. Zaragoza was also very powerful and expansive, but inhibited by the neighbour Christian states of the Pyrenees. Zaragoza, Toledo, and Badajoz had previously been the border military districts of the Caliphate.

List of taifas[link]

First period (11th century)[link]

• Albarracín: 1011–1104 (to Almoravids)
• Algeciras: 1035–1058 (to Seville)
• Almería: 1011–1091 (to Almoravids)
• Alpuente: 1009–1106 (to Almoravids)
• Arcos: 1011–1068 (to Seville)
• Badajoz: 1009–1094 (to Almoravids)
• Carmona: 1013–1091 (to Almoravids)
• Ceuta: 1061–1084 (to Granada)
• Córdoba: 1031–1091 (to Seville)
• Denia: 1010/1012–1076 (to Zaragoza)
• Granada: 1013–1090 (to Almoravids)
• Jérica: 11th century (to Toledo)
• Lisbon: 1022–? (to Badajoz)
• Lorca: 1051–1091 (to Almoravids)
• Málaga: 1026–1057/1058 (to Granada); 1073–1090 (to Almoravids)
• Majorca: 1018–1203 (to Almohads)
• Melilla: 1030–1079 (to Almoravids)
• Mértola: 1033–1091 (to Almoravids)
• Molina: ?–1100 (to Aragon)
• Morón: 1013–1066 (to Seville)
• Murcia: 1011/1012–1065 (to Valencia)
• Murviedro and Sagunto: 1086–1092 (to Almoravids)
• Niebla: 1023/1024–1091 (to Seville)
• Ronda: 1039/1040–1065 (to Seville)
• Rueda: 1118–30 (to Aragon)
• Saltés and Huelva: 1012/1013–1051/1053 (to Seville)
• Santa María de Algarve: 1018–1051 (to Seville)
• Segorbe: 1065–1075 (to Almoravids)
• Seville: 1023–1091 (to Almoravids)
• Silves: 1040–1063 (to Seville)
• Toledo: 1010/1031–1085 (to Castile)
• Tortosa: 1039–1060 (to Zaragoza); 1081/1082–1092 (to Denia)
• Valencia: 1010/1011–1094 (to El Cid, nominally vassal of Castile but allied to Banu Hud)
• Zaragoza: 1018–1046 (to Banu Tujib; then to Banu Hud); 1046–1110 (to Almoravids; in 1118 to Aragon)

History of Al-Andalus 711–1492
711–732 Muslim conquest
Battles : Battle of Guadalete Battle of Toulouse | Battle of Tours
756–1031 Umayyads of Córdoba
Emirate of Córdoba Caliphate of Córdoba Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
1009–1106 First Taifa period
1085–1145 Almoravid rule
Almoravid conquest Battle of Sagrajas
1140-1203 Second Taifa period
1147–1238 Almohad rule
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1232–1287 Third Taifa period
1238–1492 Emirate of Granada
Nasrid dynasty Battle of Granada
connected articles
Map of Al-Andalus Reconquista

Second period (12th century)[link]

• Almería: 1145–1147 (briefly to Castile and then to Almohads)
• Arcos: 1143 (to Almohads)
• Badajoz: 1145–1150 (to Almohads)
• Beja and Évora: 1114–1150 (to Almohads)
• Carmona: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
• Constantina and Hornachuelos: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
• Granada: 1145 (to Almohads?)
• Guadix and Baza: 1145–1151 (to Murcia)
• Jaén: 1145–1159 (Murcia); 1168 (to Almohads)
• Jerez: 1145 (to Almohads)
• Málaga: 1145–1153 (to Almohads)
• Mértola: 1144–1145 (to Badajoz)
• Murcia: 1145 (to Valencia); 1147–1172 (to Almohads)
• Niebla: 1145–1150? (to Almohads)
• Purchena: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
• Ronda: 1145 (to Almoravids)
• Santarém: ?–1147 (to Portugal)
• Segura: 1147–? (destiny unknown)
• Silves: 1144–1155 (to Almohads)
• Tavira: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
• Tejada: 1145–1150 (to Almohads)
• Valencia: 1145–1172 (to Almohads)

Third period (13th century)[link]

• Arjona: 1232–1244 (to Castile)
• Baeza: 1224–1226 (to Castile)
• Ceuta: 1233–1236 (to Almohads), 1249–1305 (to Marinids)
• Denia: 1224–1227 (to Almohads?)
• Lorca: 1240–1265 (to Castile)
• Menorca: 1228–1287 (to Aragon)
• Murcia: 1228–1266 (to Castile)
• Niebla: 1234–1262 (to Castile)
• Orihuela: 1239/1240–1249/1250 (to Murcia or Castile)
• Valencia: 1228/1229–1238 (to Aragon)

Additionally, but not usually considered taifas, are:

• Granada: 1237–1492 (to Castile)
• Las Alpujarras: 1568–1571 (to Spain)

External links[link]

• Chronology of the taifa kingdoms (in Spanish)
• History of Spain: Disintegration of the Caliphate (1010–1260)
• Regnal Chronologies - Iberia: al-Andalus

Horacio Salinas playing during a graduate seminar at UC Berkeley, 2005.

Horacio Salinas (Lautaro, 8 July 1951, Lautaro, Cautín Province) is a Chilean guitarist and composer. He is cofounder and musical director of the Chilean group Inti-Illimani Histórico.^[1] He has a huge repertory of compositions that involves folk, Andean music, protest music, world music, fusion, contemporary classical music and many Latin American styles and fusions. He has played with John Williams. In 1973, his group was touring in Europe when Pinochet seized power in Chile, after which they had to stay in exile for years.^[2]

Discography[link]

Solo[link]

• La música de Horacio Salinas (1986 - Alerce)
• Trazos de cielo sur (1992 - Autoedición)
• Música para cine, vol. 1 (1997 - EMI Odeon)
• Remos en el agua (2003 - Warner Music)

As director of Inti-Illimani[link]

• Si Somos Americanos - 1969
• Voz para el camino - 1969
• Por la CUT - 1969
• A la Revolución Mexicana - 1969
• Inti-Illimani - 1969
• Inti-Illimani - 1970
• Canto al Programa - 1970
• Autores Chilenos - 1971
• Canto para una Semilla - 1972
• Canto de Pueblos Andinos, Vol. 1 - 1973
• Viva Chile! - 1973
• La Nueva Canción Chilena (Inti-Illimani 2) - 1974
• Canto de Pueblos Andinos (Inti-Illimani 3) - 1975
• Hacia La Libertad (Inti-Illimani 4) - 1975
• Canto de Pueblos Andinos, Vol. 2 (Inti-Illimani 5) - 1976
• Chile Resistencia (Inti-Illimani 6) - 1977
• Canto per una Seme - 1978
• Canto para una Semilla - 1978
• Canción para Matar una Culebra - 1979
• Jag Vill Tacka Livet (Gracias a la Vida) - 1980 (con Arja Saijonmaa)
• En Directo - 1980
• Palimpsesto - 1981
• The Flight of the Condor - 1982
• Con la Razón y la Fuerza - 1982 (con Patricio Manns)
• Imaginación - 1984
• Sing to me the Dream - 1984 (con Holly Near)
• Return of the Condor - 1984
• La Muerte no Va Conmigo - 1985 (con Patricio Manns)
• De Canto y Baile - 1986
• Fragmentos de un Sueño - 1987 (con John Williams y Paco Peña)
• Leyenda - 1990 (con John Williams y Paco Peña)
• Andadas - 1992
• Arriesgare la Piel - 1996
• Lejanía - 1998
• Amar de Nuevo - 1999
• Sinfónico - 1999
• La Rosa de los Vientos - 1999
• Inti-illimani Interpreta a Víctor Jara - 2000
• Antología en Vivo - 2000
• Inti-Quila. Música en la Memoria. Juntos en Chile - 2005 Inti-Illimani Histórico
• Antología en vivo - 2006 Inti-Illimani Histórico
• Esencial - 2006 Inti-Illimani Histórico
• Tributo a Inti-Illimani Histórico. A la Salud de la Música - 2009 (Obra Colectiva) Inti-Illimani Histórico

References[link]

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