Sabine
Statue of Semo Sancus from his shrine on the Quirinal
Spoken in	Sabinium
Region	Central Italy
Extinct	Only trace the vocabulary of mainly Marcus Terentius Varro, 1st century BC
Language family	Indo-European Italic Osco-Umbrian Umbrian group Sabine
Writing system	Not written except as Latinized words
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sbv
Sabinium. The border with Latium to the south was the Aniene river; however, it is possible that Sabines extended to Lake Regillus slightly to the south of it near Gabii

The Sabines (/ˈseɪbaɪn/; Latin: Sabini; Ancient Greek: Σαβῖνοι) were an Italic tribe that lived in the central Appennines of ancient Italy, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome. The above names, English, Latin and Greek, are all exonyms.

The Sabine language is scantily attested, mainly by glosses of ancient commentators on classical authors and inscriptions, where the commentator gives an alternative word he says is the Sabine. In recent times one or possibly two Sabine inscriptions have been tentatively identified. Based on all the evidence the Linguist List classifies Sabine, again tentatively, as a member of the Umbrian Group of Italic languages of Indo-European family.

The Sabines divided into two populations just after the founding of Rome, which is described by Roman legend. The division, however it came about, is not legendary. The population closest to Rome transplanted itself to the new city and united with the pre-existing citizenry, beginning a new heritage that descended from the Sabine but was also Latinized. The second population remained a mountain tribal state, coming finally to war against Rome for their independence, along with all the other Italic tribes, losing, and being assimilated into the Roman Republic.

Language[link]

Corpus[link]

Robert Seymour Conway, in his Italic Dialects, a compendium of documents written in Italic languages, reported: "No inscriptions in this dialect remain to us."^[1] He did find, however, a vocabulary identified as Sabine of about 36 words in glosses by Roman authors (such as Varro) on other Greek and Latin authors and inscriptions. Moreover, he could identify Sabine spellings within the Latin vocabulary. He graded all these into "well attested" and "less certain," in all, approximately 100 words. In addition to these he cites place names derived from the Sabine, sometimes reconstructing the Sabine. He lists personal names in use on Latin inscriptions from Sabine country, but these have Latin forms.

Historical geography[link]

Latin-speakers called the Sabines' original territory, straddling the modern regions of Lazio, Umbria, and Abruzzo, Sabinium. To this day^[update], it bears the ancient tribe's name in the Italian form of Sabina. Within the modern region of Lazio (or Latium), Sabina constitutes a sub-region, situated north-east of Rome, around Rieti.

Origins[link]

The Sabine hills in the middle of Sabina.

Literary evidence[link]

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, many Roman historians (including Porcius Cato and Gaius Sempronius) regarded the origins of the Romans (descendants of the Aborigines) as Greek despite the fact that their knowledge was derived from Greek legendary accounts.^[2] The Sabines, specifically, were first mentioned in Dionysius's account for having captured by surprise the city of Lista which was regarded as the mother-city of the Aborigines.^[3] Ancient historians were still debating the specific origins of the Sabines. Zenodotus of Troezen claimed that the Sabines were originally Umbrians that changed their name after being driven from the Reatine territory by the Pelasgians. However, Porcius Cato argued that the Sabines were a populace named after Sabus, the son of Sancus (a divinity of the area sometimes called Jupiter Fidius).^[4] In another account mentioned in Dionysius's work, a group of Lacedaemonians fled Sparta since they regarded the laws of Lycurgus as too severe. In Italy, they founded the Spartan colony of Foronia (near the Pomentine plains) and some from that colony settled among the Sabines. According to the account, the Sabine habits of belligerence and frugality were known to have been derived from the Spartans.^[5] Plutarch also states in the Life of Numa Pompilius, "Sabines, who declare themselves to be a colony of the Lacedaemonians..."

Sabines at Rome[link]

The legend of the Sabine women[link]

Legend says that the Romans abducted Sabine women to populate the newly built Rome. The resultant war ended only by the women throwing themselves and their children between the armies of their fathers and their husbands. The Rape of the Sabine Women ("rape" in this context meaning "kidnapping" rather than sexual violation, see raptio) became a common motif in art; the women ending the war forms a less frequent but still reappearing motif.

According to Livy, after the conflict the Sabine and Rome states merged, and the Sabine king Titus Tatius jointly ruled Rome with Romulus until Tatius' death five years later. Three new centuries of Equites were introduced at Rome, including one named Tatienses, after the Sabine king.

Sabine traditions[link]

Tradition suggests that the population of the early Roman kingdom was the result of a union of Sabines and others. Some of the gentes of the Roman republic were proud of their Sabine heritage, such as the Claudia gens, assuming Sabinus as a cognomen or agnomen. Some specifically Sabine deities and cults were known at Rome: Semo Sancus and Quirinus, and at least one area of the town, the Quirinale, where the temples to those latter deities were located, had once been a Sabine centre. The extravagant claims of Varro and Cicero that augury, divination by dreams and the worship of Minerva and Mars originated with the Sabines are disputable, as they were general Italic and Latin customs, as well as Etruscan, despite the fact that they were espoused by Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome and a Sabine.^[6]

Romans of Sabine ancestry[link]

• Titus Tatius, legendary King of the Sabines
• Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome
• Ancus Marcius, legendary King of Rome
• Quintus Sertorius, republican general
• Attius Clausus, founder of the Claudia gens
• Gaius Sallustius Crispus, Roman writer
• Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar

Sabine religion[link]

• Dius Fidius
• Feronia
• Ops
• Quirinus
• Sabus
• Sancus
• Soranus
• Varro's list of Sabine gods

The Sabine state[link]

War with Tullus Hostilius[link]

In the 7th century BC, during the reign of Rome's third king Tullus Hostilius, the Sabines and the Romans again warred. The pretexts for the war were, on the Roman side, that a number of Roman merchants had been seized by the Sabines at a market near the temple of Feronia, and on the Sabine side, that some of the Sabines were being detained at Rome. The Sabines sought and obtained the help of some volunteers from Veii, although the government of Veii did not come to their aid, holding faith to the peace treaty previously made with Romulus.

Tullus invaded Sabine territory and met the Sabines at the forest called Malitiosa. The Roman force was superior in both infantry and cavalry. In particular, the Roman cavalry had recently been augmented by the addition of ten new turmae of equites from among the Albans who now dwelt in Rome. The Romans won the battle after a cavalry charge threw the Sabines into disarray. The Sabines suffered heavy losses during the retreat.^[7]

Ancient peoples of Central Italy in the 5th century BC.

War with Tarquinius Priscus[link]

In the early 6th century BC, during the reign of Rome's fifth king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the Sabines attacked Rome. Tarquinius had been preparing to construct a stone wall around Rome, however the Sabines, having already crossed the Anio river, forced the king to abandon his plans and prepare for the attack. Livy reports that the initial engagement, though bloody, did not result in success for either side.^[8]

The Sabines withdrew to their camp, allowing the Romans time to levy additional troops. Tarquinius, believing Rome's military weakness lay in its lack of horsemen, doubled the number of the equites.^[8]

A second battle was then fought. The Romans, desiring to cut off the enemy's means of escape, sent rafts of burning logs down the Anio to destroy the bridge over the river by fire. In battle, the Sabine infantry pressed the Romans, and seemed to be winning against the Roman centre. However the Roman horsemen flanked the Sabine infantry, routed them, and impeded their flight from the battle. Many of the Sabines were unable to escape with their lives, both because of the pursuit of the cavalry and also because of the destruction of the bridge. Some of the fleeing Sabines drowned in the Anio; their arms drifted down the river into the Tiber and past Rome, and the Romans recognised this as a sign of victory even before word of the outcome of the battle arrived in the city.^[9]

Tarquinius determined to press his victory. He firstly piled up and burnt the spoils that he had vowed to Vulcan, and he sent back to Rome the prisoners and booty which he had captured. He then proceeded, with his army, into the Sabine territory. The Sabines hastily raised a fresh army, but were defeated once more. They then sued for peace.^[9]

The Sabine town of Collatia, and its surrounding lands and population, was surrendered to become Roman territory. Livy records the wording of the form of surrender. Egerius, the king's nephew, was left there with a garrison, and Tarquinius returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph.^[10] According to the Fasti Triumphales, the date of the triumph was 13th September, 585 BC.

War with Tarquinius Superbus[link]

According to the Fasti Triumphales, Rome's last king Tarquinius Superbus celebrated a triumph for a victory over the Sabines.

War with the early republic 505-4 BC[link]

The fall of the Roman monarchy left the Sabines in an ambiguous position politically with regard to Rome. Their treaties had been with the kings, but now the kings were gone.

According to Livy, hostilities broke out between Rome and the Sabines in 505 BC. The Romans were victorious, and a triumph awarded to the consuls Marcus Valerius Volusus and Publius Postumius Tubertus.^[11]

Into this gap stepped Sextus Tarquinius (unless previously assassinated at Gabii), whose rape of Lucretia had been the event that triggered the revolution. He convinced the Sabines that they ought to help restore the kings. They moved against the Romans under native command and were quickly defeated.

Sextus (or Superbus himself) arguing that the Sabine army was mismanaged now brought Fidenae and Cameria to the assistance of the Sabines, who were so impressed by his confidence, his allies and his analysis that they made him dictator and voted for all-out war on Rome. It was at this point that that Titus Claudius (or Attius Clausus) removed all of his relatives and clients to Rome, including approximately 500 fighting men. The Romans settled them in Rome, ennobled Claudius and promised them land beyond the Anio river in the vicinity of Fidenae. All they had to do was take it from the Fidenates.

The Sabines marched toward Rome and were stopped by the river Anio and presumably the consular troops south of it. They placed two camps, one near Fidenae and one in it. Of the consuls for the year, Publius Valerius Poplicola, camped near the Sabines in the open, while Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus camped on a hill near Fidenae. The consular year was 505/504 BC.

Tarquin's plan was to launch a night attack on the camp of Valerius, filling in the ditch and scaling the wall. The troops in Fidenae were to exit the city and cover these operations against a possible attack by Lucretius. However, a Sabine defector and prisoners brought in by a Roman cavalry patrol informed Valerius of the enemy plan. Lucretius was soon advised.

The attack came after midnight. The Sabines were allowed to fill the ditch and throw up brushwood ramps over the wall into a camp that seemed all too still. In hindsight Tarquin might have guessed the danger from the lack of opposition to his inadvertently noisy operations and the total deficit of sentinels. He took those circumstances to mean that the Romans were all sound asleep, a striking underestimation of his enemy.

The Roman maniples were in fact in formation and waiting in the intervallum around the inner perimeter of the castra, invisible in the total blackness. They could see enough to quietly kill all enemies who came over the wall. The moon suddenly rising, the Roman troops and the piles of slain were visible to the Sabines, whose reaction was to drop their weapons and run. As the ambush was no longer a surprise the Roman troops all shouted together, which was the prearranged signal to Lucretius's men on the hill. He sent out his cavalry, which drove the distracted Fidenates from their ambush. They were massacred by Lucretius' infantry coming up. The Sabine army dissolved into a rout of unarmed individuals. Of them 13500 were slain and 4200 taken captive. The battle was not over. Fidenae remained to be taken (see under Roman-Etruscan Wars).^[12]

See also[link]

• Ancient peoples of Italy
• Hostus Hostilius

References[link]

External links[link]

For a list of words relating to Sabine language, see the Sabine language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Sources[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sabini.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rape of the Sabine Women

Ancient[link]

• Ovid, Fasti (Book III, 167–258)
• Ovid, Ars Amatoria (Book I, 102)
• Livy, Ab urbe condita (Book I, 9–14)
• Cicero, De Republica (Book II, 12–14)
• Plutarch, Parallel Lives (Romulus, 14–20)
• Juvenal, Satires (Book III, 81–85)

Modern[link]

• Donaldson, John William (1860). "Chapter IV: The Sabello-Oscan Language". Varronianus: a critical and historical introduction to the ethnography of ancient Italy and the philological study of the Latin language. London: John W. Parker and Son. 

v t e Lazio Provinces Frosinone Latina Rieti Rome Viterbo Lakes Lake Albano Lake Bolsena Lake Bracciano Lago di Canterno Lago di Caprolace Lago di Fondi Lago di Giulianello Lake Martignano Lake Mezzano Lago dei Monaci Lake Nemi Lago di Posta Fibreno Lago di Rascino Lago di Sabaudia Lago del Salto Lago del Turano Lake Vico Mountains Seven hills of Rome Alban Hills Aurunci Mountains Monti Ausoni Monte Cavo Cimini Hills Monti Ernici Monte Gorzano Monti della Laga Monti Lepini Monti della Meta Monte Petrella Monti Prenestini Monti Sabatini Monte Soratte Monte Terminillo Monti della Tolfa Monti Volsini Monte Cassino Monte Abate Monte Altino Monte Appiolo Maschio dell'Ariano Maschio di Lariano Monte Artemisio Monte Autore Monte Carbonaro Monte Cefalo Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci) Circeo Monte Crispi Monte Dragone Monte Faggeto Monte Fammera Mont Fogliano Monte Fusco Monte Guadagnolo Monte Lauro in Gaeta Monte Lauzo Le Rave Fosche Monte Livata Mainarde Maschio delle Faete Meta (monte) Monna Monte Caira Monte Cervello Monte Revole Monte Sorgenze Monte Trina Monte Val de' Varri - Monte Faito - Monte San Nicola Monte di Cambio Monte le Pezze Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando Monte Orso Monte Pizzuto Monte Ruazzo Geographic areas Castelli Romani Ciociaria Pontine marshes Roman Campagna Sabina Tiber Tuscia Politics and government Elections in Lazio List of Presidents of Lazio Ancient Lazio Etruscans Latium Latium adiectum Latial culture Latins (Italic tribe) Sabines Volsci Aequi

Jaime Sabines Gutiérrez (March 25, 1926 - March 19, 1999) was a Mexican contemporary poet. Known as “the sniper of Literature”^{[citation needed]} as he formed part of a group that transformed literature into reality, he wrote ten volumes of poetry, and his work has been translated into more than twelve languages. His writings chronicle the experience of everyday people in places such as the street, hospital, and playground. Sabines was also a politician.

Biography[link]

Sabines was born on March 25, 1926 in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas.

Before he devoted himself to the study of literature, he spent three years studying medicine before moving on to his real vocation:literature, studying at UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Sabines was an outstanding member of the Mexican Writers Centre from 1964 to 1965 and part of the jury for the Casa de las Americas prize. In addition to his literary activity, he participated in politics and became a federal deputy for the First District of Chiapas from 1976 to 1979, and for the Federal District in 1988. Sabines was awarded the Chiapas Award (1979), the Xavier Villaurrutia Award (1972), the Elias Sourasky Award (1982) and the National Literature Award (1983).

A collection of his work, Nuevo recuento de poemas, was issued by the publisher Joaquín Mortiz in 1977, and the Secretariat of Public Education in 1986. In 1994 he received from the Senate of Mexico the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor; in 1995, his selected poems, Pieces of Shadow (trans. W.S. Merwin), was brought out in a bilingual edition by Papeles Privados; and in 2004 Exile Editions (Toronto, Canada) published a bilingual volume of two early Sabines books, Adam and Eve & Weekly Diary and Poems in Prose (trans. Colin Carberry.) Octavio Paz considered him “one of the greatest contemporary poets of our [Spanish] language.”

Sabines died on March 19, 1999.

Published poetry[link]

• Horal (1950)
• La señal (1951)
• Adán y Eva (1952)
• Tarumba (1956)
• Diario semanario y poemas en prosa (1961)
• Poemas sueltos (1951–1961)
• Yuria (1967)
• Tlatelolco (1968)

• Maltiempo (1972)
• Algo sobre la muerte del Mayor Sabines (1973)
• Otros poemas sueltos (1973–1994)

• Nuevo recuento de poemas (1977)
• Los amorosos: Cartas a Chepita (2009)
• Love Poems Translated by Colin Carberry (2011, Biblioasis)

Awards[link]

• 1959 Chiapas, El Ateneo de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Prize.
• 1964 Scholarship granted by Centro Mexicano de Escritores (Mexican Center of Writers)
• 1973 Xavier Villaurrutia Award for Maltiempo.^[1]
• 1982 Elías Sourasky Award
• 1983 National Prize for Language and Literature.^[2]
• 1986 Juchimán de Plata Award
• 1991 Mexico City Medal
• 1994 Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor
• 1996 Premio Mazatlán de Literatura, for Pieces of shadow

See also[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Jaime Sabines

• Mexican literature

References[link]

Lila Downs
June 2007. Luminato - Masters of World Music
Background information
Birth name	Ana Lila Downs Sánchez
Born	(1968-09-19) September 19, 1968 (age 43)
Origin	Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico
Genres	World music
Instruments	Voice, guitar
Years active	1992–present
Website	liladowns.com

Ana Lila Downs Sánchez best known as Lila Downs (born in September 19, 1968) is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music. She also incorporates indigenous mexican influences and has recorded songs in indigenous languages such as mixtec, zapotec, maya, nahuatl and p'urhépecha.

Her debut album, La Sandunga, was released in 1999 and she achieved international success in 2001 with the album Border who emerged in the music scene of Mexico and Latin America in the early 2000s (decade) decade. Lila began performing in school, demonstrating her vocal ability with traditional music, Latin and American influences with her own original twist on dancing. Downs is a native spanish speaker and also speaks fluent english and mixtec.^[1][2]

Biography[link]

Lila Downs was born September 19, 1968 in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico, the daughter of Anita Sanchez, a Mixtec cabaret singer and Allen Downs, a British-American professor of art and cinematographer from Minnesota. From an early age Lila showed interest in music; at the age of eight she began singing rancheras and other traditional Mexican songs.^[3] She began her professional career singing with mariachis. At fourteen she moved to the United States with her parents. She studied voice in Los Angeles and learned the English language, which her father helped her to perfect. When she was 16, her father died and afterward she decided to return to her native Tlaxiaco with her mother.

One day while she was working in a store in the Mixtec mountains a man came in to ask her to translate his son's death certificate. She read that he had drowned trying to cross the border into the United States. This deeply affected her and has continued to influence her work. She talked about this in an NPR interview about her 2001 release entitled Border.^[4]

Although today Downs is proud of her origins there was a time when she felt shame regarding her Native American roots. "I was embarrassed to have Indian blood. I was embarrassed that my mother spoke her language in public." This lead her on a path to find herself, which included dropping out of college, dying her hair blonde and following the band, The Grateful Dead. After some time Downs found herself back in Oaxaca working at her mother's auto parts store where she met her future husband and musical collaborator, Paul Cohen.^[5]

Downs studied Anthropology at the University of Minnesota and voice in New York. Later she attended the Institute of Science and Arts of Oaxaca to complete her studies.

At 25 after completing academic and music studies Lila decided to return to Tlaxiaco. Paul Cohen always encouraged her musical venture and joined a group percussion called Yodoyuxi's Cadets. Because Paul Cohen had business in the United States she began to live in both Minnesota and Oaxaca.^[6]

During her stay in Minnesota, Downs formed a group called La Trova Serrana which achieved great popularity among the Latin public within the United States, singing songs about the Zapotec and values and culture. Upon her return to Mexico she started singing in bars, restaurants and clubs in the City of Oaxaca, Philadelphia and California in United States, always with the support of saxophonist U.S. Paul Cohen getting much positive critical review, and led to her decision to undertake an extensive tour of Mexico.^[7]

Career[link]

1994-1996: First albums[link]

In 1994 Lila Downs made her first album recorded independently entitled Ofrenda the songs included in this material is a collection of items traditionals by Oaxaca and mexicans. This album also contains songs written by singer from the beginning with lyrics sung in Spanish mixtec and zapotec are languages native of Oaxaca, the material was carried out independently and with the support of the Oaxacan Cultures Institute.^[8] Because this album was not only promoted commercial success in LP and cassette, never released a version in CD.

In 1996 Downs recorded at the album sound in a live session of a renowned cafe-bar of the City of Oaxaca, on this record Lila was accompanied by a set of well-known musicians who supported and helped in its interpretation of traditional themes as well as country music and parts of jazz.^[9] Lila Downs With this work became known in different parts of the Republic of Mexico and was their first album was released in CD but had a big impact and was directly promoted in presentations, published only a small number of copies so that this material is now discontinued and although not physically part of the official discography of Lila Downs is available at digital format.

1997-1999: La Sandunga[link]

In 1997 Lila Downs made her second label material of study prior to his international career, the performance of this material as a model before items to be included in later albums such as La Sandunga, Tree of Life and Border.^[10] It made an extensive compilation of items of repertoire traditional but like Mexicanwith its albums previous boom had no commercial or spread massively so this disc is currently out of print.

It was not until 1999 Downs sign with the label Narada Productions have achieved commercial success and made known to internationally with the album La Sandunga (recorded at year earlier), this material came to the fore within the Mexican music and this drive was one of the first traditional music that merged sounds and modern rhythms as jazz, blues and bolero. The album is played in Spanish and mixtec and was produced by Lila Downs and Paul Cohen with the support of Xquenda Cultural Association.^[11] Because of this work Lila participated in the sound track of the mexican film Green Stones and achieved great popularity in countries such as Mexico United States, Spain, France, England and Germany selling over 500,000 units worldwide.

1999-2000: Tree of Life/Yutu Tata[link]

Lila Downs in Oaxaca in 2006

Lila's preparing next album, Tree of Life, was released in 2000, with this album the fame of Downs continue to spread to other markets and countries such as England, Switzerland, Canada and especially the United States. This work found Downs turning to her indigenous past and the album features pre-Hispanic sounds and instruments. Several of the songs on the album are sung in native mexican languages such as Mixtec, Zapotec and Nahuatl. In October 2000 she began a two month tour called the Tree of Life/Árbol de la vida which included concerts in Latin America, Europe and the USA. The tour began in Mexico and ended in Spain.

2001-2003: Border/La Linea[link]

Border, released by EMI music in 2001, was the first album by Downs to feature songs sung in english language. The album was released simultaneously in the United States and Mexico. With this album Downs merged sounds from different genres such as traditional folk music, hip hop, rock and chilena. It included fifteen songs, eleven of which are in Spanish, three in english and one in Mayan. The album received generally good reviews and placed seventh in "Top charts" of world music.^[12] It also stirred up controversy due to its frank discussion of immigration, Native American marginalization and the Acteal massacre.^[13] Downs was criticized by various organizations, especially politicians and the church.^[14]

The album's first single was released in Mexico, "Mi corazón me recuerda" a poem by Chiapas poet Jaime Sabines set to music achieved moderate success on the Mexican music charts. In Spain the song "La Llorona" was released and in France the song "Corazoncito Tirano" was released as a single. In the United States the song "Medley: Pastures of Plenty/This Land Is Your Land/Land" was released.^[15] The latter incorporates two Woody Guthrie songs, "Pastures of Plenty" and "This Land is Your Land" as well as original lyrics by Downs, "Land".

2004-2006: Una Sangre/One Blood[link]

One Blood, one of Lila Downs' most successful albums, was released in April 2004 simultaneously in the United States, Spain, and Mexico. The lyrics on this album are about migration, discrimination and the case of Mexican human rights defender Digna Ochoa.^[16] In addition to traditional songs such as "La Bamba," "Viborita," and "La Cucaracha," the album includes genres such as son jarocho, jazz, rock and folk. This album contains thirteen tracks of which three are in English, one in Triqui, one in Purepecha and eight in Spanish. Lyrics were authored by Lila Downs, Paul Cohen, Celso Duarte and Jose Martí. Lila Downs received in 2005 the Grammy Latino in the category of "Best Album of World Music" for this album^[17] and reached the top of the charts in United States, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and France.^[18]

2006-2008: La Cantina, entre copa y copa…[link]

Lila Downs took approximately one and a half to prepare this project came to light on April 2006. This CD draws on Mexican ranchero songs and runs merging sounds as pop, rock, northern, cumbia and hip-hop. This CD contains fifteen tracks of which twelve are the three traditional Mexican repertoire are authored by Lila Downs and includes a version in English of "La cumbia del mole" song that gave fame to Downs and to date is the letter of the artist.^[19]

The most successful theme of this album was "La cumbia del mole", this song refers to the preparation of this mexican dish and tradition by Oaxaca, this simple managed to position itself among the top of the charts in Mexico, United States, Canada and United Kingdom.^[20]

Downs in 2007 published a CD with more success in Spanish to date, containing songs from their previous album La Sandunga, Tree of Life, Border/The Line, One Blood and La Cantina It was entitled simply The Very Best of Lila Downs; was accompanied with a DVD containing thirteen tracks recorded live at a concert in Madrid, Spain.^[21]

2008-2009: Shake Away/Ojo de Culebra[link]

Two years after the release of La Cantina, Lila launched Ojo de Culebra during the month of September 2008 in Europe, North America, Australia and Latin America. The album reached sixth place in sales in Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Spain and several Latin American countries. The first single is titled "Ojo de Culebra" that was attended by singer spanish singer La Mari by group of flamenco Chambao. The song is a merger of rock cumbia and flamenco with some influences of reggae.^[22] This song was the first places in the charts of world music in several countries^[23] The second single was "Perro Negro" a merger of rock with ska that was not so international presence as its predecessor, this song with the participation of Rubén Albarrán singer of the mexican rock band Café Tacuba.^[24] "Little man" (released in the U.S. alone) and "Justice" would become the next two singles, the latter with the participation of the spanish singer Enrique Bunbury also participated in this album Raul Midon, Gilberto Gutierrez and Mercedes Sosa.

The single "Black magic woman" achieved moderate success in Europe, United States and Canada, later pitched for the British market the single "Silent Thunder" which was well accepted by the public. In October 2009 placed the imprint of Lila Downs on the outskirts of the birthplace in his hometown Tlaxiaco, Mexico, also was awarded the keys the city for its work of media of Mixtec and as one of the greatest personalities who were born there.^[25]

2010-present: Lila Downs y la Misteriosa, Pecados y Milagros[link]

"Lila Downs y la Misteriosa en Paris - Live à FIP" is the second live album by Downs, released on April 13, 2010 in Spain and France, the album was recorded in 2009 in Radio Francia estudio 105 in Paris, France. The album was released in May 2010 in the United States and in July in most other countries. It received positive feedback from critics. Lila Downs y la Misteriosa en Paris was released in Mexico with an edited version of the live concert on DVD and was number one in sales of Gender World Music for the music chain Mixup for three consecutive weeks.^[26] Although receiving little promotion the album has received moderate success on the Mexican charts. In a survey of the best albums of 2010 conducted by the Mexican television network Channel 22, this album was ranked number one.^[27]

Pecados y Milagros (Sins and Miracles) is the seventh studio album by mexican singer-songwriter Lila Downs, released on October 18, 2011.^[28] The album cover was released on september 14, 2011.^[29]

The album debuted at number fifty two on the Billboard 200 becoming her fourth-highest peak on the chart. It also debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums Chart and stayed there for over 3 consecutive weeks. This album has sold over 60.000 copies in the US and over 290.000 copies worldwide.^[30][31] The album was recorded in the Mexico City, and New York. Downs describes the album musically as having "a strong rock side" along with "traditional" and "Latino" songs. Celso Duarte is one of several collaborators to appear on the album, featuring on the first single "Palomo del comalito".

Other collaborations are said to include songs with rappers Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas, Celso Piña and Totó la Momposina. Downs also announced that she is preparing an international tour, the Sins and Miracles Tour, which is expected to start in Mexico.^[32]

Audience members at a February 18, 2012 concert at New York City El Museo del Barrio^[33] were informed that the concert was being recorded by HBO.^[34]

Musical tours[link]

2005-2006: One Blood Tour[link]

Due to the success of One Blood and Border, between 2001 and 2004 was the One Blood Tour with Lila performed 30 international presentations.^[35] This tour was presented on three continents in countries having an impact in Europe and Asia as Philippines, Japan, China, Egypt and Afghanistan^[36] where Downs caused a sensation because it was the first time I ran these countries taking his music, which was well received by the public. In May 2007, Downs published a DVD collection as a document of that tour in a concert in Oaxaca and Mexico City; this DVD contained thirteen live tracks and a documentary as well as special features like interviews, short films by Allen Downs (Lila’s father) and videos.

2008-2009: Shake Away Tour[link]

Lila Downs performing during a concert in Oaxaca, Mexico in 2010.

In September 2008 started Ojo de Culebra World Tour, that took her to visit different countries on four continents, this being the most successful Mexican, who with his One Blood Tour visited 30 locations.^[37] In Latin America, Mexico was the country with the highest number of submissions (21 in total), the tour officially ended on October 30, 2009 giving a free concert in the Zocalo of Mexico City,^[38] followed by Colombia and Costa Rica, with three each.

Although not part of the tour, Lila Downs appeared in the Live Earth in Germany, where she played three songs, and in late 2008 had a share in the Harmony Festival that is held in the California in United States.^[39]

2010: Black Magic Woman Tour[link]

In March 2010, Lila Downs announced a world tour Black Magic Woman Tour which began in Buenos Aires, Argentina with three sold out shows.^[40] This tour was introduced in several countries in America Asia and Europe in several of which broke attendance records. The tour officially ended on November 17, 2010 in Square Dance by Oaxaca City where she had an audience of approximately seven thousand people, that within the framework of book fair in Oaxaca.^[41]