Western Electric Company (sometimes abbreviated WE and WECo) was an American electrical engineering company, the manufacturing arm of AT&T; from 1881 to 1995. It was the scene of a number of technological innovations and also some seminal developments in industrial management. It also served as the purchasing agent for the member companies of the Bell System.

History

In 1875, Gray sold his interests to Western Union, including the caveat that he had filed against Alexander Graham Bell's patent application for the telephone. The ensuing legal battle over patent rights, between Western Union and the Bell Telephone Company, ended in 1879 with Western Union withdrawing from the telephone market and Bell acquiring Western Electric in 1881.

Western Electric Company was the first company to join in a Japanese joint venture with foreign capital. It invested in Nippon Electric Company, Ltd. in 1899. Western Electric held 54% of NEC at the time. Their representative in Japan was Walter Tenney Carleton.

A few years later WECO secretly purchased controlling interest in Kellogg Switchboard & Supply company, a principal competitor, but was forced by a lawsuit to sell.

In 1920, Alice Heacock Seidel was the first of Western Electric's female employees to be given permission to stay on after she had married. This set a precedent in the company, which up until that time had not allowed married women in their employ. Miss Heacock had worked for Western Electric for sixteen years before her marriage, and was at the time the highest-paid secretary in the company. From a memoir of her life, she writes that the decision to allow her to stay on "required a meeting of the top executives to decide whether I might remain with the Company, for it established a precedent and a new policy for the Company - that of married women in their employ. If the women at the top were permitted to remain after marriage then all women would expect the same privilege. How far and how fast the policy was expanded is shown by the fact that a few years later women were given maternity leaves with no loss of time on their service records."

In 1925, IT&T; purchased the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company of Brussels, Belgium and other worldwide subsidiaries from AT&T;, to avoid an anti-trust action. The company manufactured rotary system switching equipment under the ''Western Electric'' brand.

Early on, Western Electric also managed a thriving electrical distribution business, furnishing its customers with non-telephone products made by other manufacturers. This electrical distribution business was spun off from Western Electric in 1925 and organized into a separate company, Graybar Electric Company, in honor of the company's founders, Elisha Gray and Enos Barton.

Bell Labs was half-owned by Western Electric.

NASA

Development of a monopoly

All telephones in areas where AT&T; subsidiaries provided local service, all components of the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and all devices connected to the network were made by Western Electric and no other devices were allowed to be connected to AT&T;'s network. AT&T; and Bell System companies were rumored to employ small armies of inspectors to check household line voltage levels to determine if non-leased phones were in use by consumers.

Western Electric-made phones were owned not by individual customers but by local Bell System telephone companies—all of which were in turn owned by AT&T;, which also owned Western Electric itself. Each phone was leased from the phone company on a monthly basis by customers who generally paid for their phone and its connection many times over in cumulative lease fees. This monopoly made millions of extra dollars for AT&T; and Western Electric, and had the secondary effect of subsidizing telephone service, keeping basic local phone service very low—under $10 per month, ''including'' the leased phone. After divestiture, basic dial tone service went up in price, and the customer was now responsible for all of his building's wiring and telephone equipment, despite the disclaimer permanently molded into the Western Electric-made telephone housings: "Bell System Property—Not For Sale." To increase revenues, the Bell System sometimes refurbished old returned phones, giving them new housings, then leased them for use in new installations. The longevity of Western Electric phone models and the limited number of new designs was a direct result of AT&T; and Bell System control of new phone sales in a monopolistic system.

AT&T; also strictly enforced policies against buying and using phones by other manufacturers. A customer who insisted on using a phone not supplied by the Bell System had to first transfer the phone to the local Bell monopoly, who leased the purchased phone back to the customer for a monthly charge plus a 're-wiring' fee. In the 1970s, after some consumers began buying phones from other manufacturers anyway, AT&T; changed its policy for its Design Line telephone series by selling customers the phone's housing, retaining ownership of the mechanical components — which still required paying AT&T; a monthly leasing fee.

Until 1983, Western Electric telephones and/or their inner mechanical components could only be leased by subscribers and never sold, and so had to be repaired at no charge if they failed. This led Western Electric to pursue extreme reliability and durability in design in hopes of minimizing service calls. In particular, the work of Walter A. Shewhart, who developed new techniques for statistical quality control in the 1920s, helped lead to the legendary quality of manufacture of Western Electric telephones. In 1983, Western Electric telephones began being sold to the public through the newly created American Bell subsidiary of AT&T;, under the American Bell brand name. One of the terms of the Modification of Final Judgment that led to the Bell System divestiture prohibited AT&T; from using the Bell name after January 1, 1984; prior to this, AT&T;'s plan was to market products and services under the American Bell name, accompanied by the now familiar AT&T; globe logo.

One of AT&T;'s integrated rivals in providing phone service within the U.S., General Telephone and Electronics (GTE), also operated an equipment manufacturing arm, Automatic Electric.

In 1905 Western Electric began construction of the Hawthorne Works on the outskirts of Chicago and which, by 1914 had absorbed all manufacturing work from Clinton Street and Western Electric's other plant in New York. Later large factories included the Kearny Works in Kearny, New Jersey, Columbus Works in Columbus, Ohio and Kansas City Works in Lee Summit, Missouri. By 1966, eleven "works" plants were operating including:

Technological innovations

The next significant upgrade came in 1937 with the introduction of the "302" phone. Designed by the noted industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss, this telephone included the ringer within its rectangular housing; previous models (including the candlestick) had required a separate bell box called a "ringer box". The 302 was followed by the "500" phone, which would become the most extensively produced telephone model in the industry's history. Initially released in 1949, it was continually updated over time, reflecting new materials and manufacturing processes, such as quieter and smoother dial gearing and a printed circuit board in the "network" (the phone's circuit module). The Model 500 was discontinued in 1986, in favor of a Touch-Tone version that also electronically emulated a rotary dial.

Other innovations included the Princess telephones of the 1950s and Trimline telephones of the 1960s, and the development of Touch-Tone dialing as a replacement for rotary dialing.

In 1929, Western Electric was also a big player in early cinema sound systems. It created the Western Electric Universal Base, a device by which early silent cinema projectors could be adapted to screen sound films. It also designed a wide-audio-range horn loudspeaker for cinemas. This was estimated to be nearly 50% efficient, thus allowing a cinema to be filled with sound from a 3-watt amplifier. This was an important breakthrough in 1929 because high-powered audio valves were not generally available back then.

In addition to being a supplier for AT&T;, Western Electric also played a major role in the development and production of professional sound recording and reproducing equipment, including:

Management innovations

The end of Western Electric

As of January 1, 1984, the new AT&T; Technologies, Inc. assumed the corporate charter of Western Electric, which was then split up into several divisions, each focusing on a particular type of customer (e.g. AT&T; Technology Systems, AT&T; Network Systems). Telephones made by Western Electric prior to the breakup continued to be manufactured and continued to be marked "Western Electric", with the Bell logo absent, or "hidden" by metal filler inside of all telephone housings and most components, including new electronic integrated circuits with the famous "WE" initials. Electronic Switching Systems, outside plant materials, and other equipment produced for the consumption of the RBOCs continued to be marked "AT&T; Western Electric" well into the 1990s.

Cost-cutting measures resulted in the consumer telephones, including the Trimline being redesigned and "modernized" in 1985, as well as more plastic being used in place of metal on the 500 & 2500 series phones, as well as the Princess. In 1986, the Indianapolis Works telephone plant closed, and US production of AT&T; single line home phones ended. Business telephones and systems continued production in the Shreveport Works plant until 2001. Home telephones were redesigned and production was moved overseas to Hong Kong, Singapore, China, and Bangkok. Western Electric no longer marked housings of telephones with "WE", but continued to mark the modular plugs of telephone cords with "WE".

Western Electric came to a total end in 1995 when AT&T; changed the name of AT&T; Technologies to Lucent Technologies, in preparation for its spinoff. All modular telephone plugs were now marked with "HHE" enclosed in an oval. Lucent would become independent in 1996, and sold/spun off more assets into Advanced American Telephones, Agere Systems, Avaya, and Consumer Phone Services. Lucent itself merged with Alcatel, forming Alcatel-Lucent. Western Electric's Structured Cabling unit, once known as AT&T; Network Systems or SYSTIMAX, was spun off from Avaya and is now part of CommScope.

Legacy

Some people never purchased telephones after the AT&T; breakup, and continue to lease their existing Western Electric models from QLT Consumer Lease Services (formerly known as AT&T; Consumer Lease Services). Such people have paid for their telephones ten or more times over, but the phones are perceived by some users to be superior to telephones commonly made today in aspects of durability and sound quality. Today, many of these Western Electric telephones have become collector's items, renowned for their reliability.

Western Electric's audio equipment from the 1920s and 30s, designed to be used in movie theaters, is now highly prized by collectors and audiophiles due to its high-quality construction and sound reproduction. This includes its massive horn loudspeakers designed to fill a large theater with sound from a relatively low-powered tube amplifier.

See also

References

External links

Category:Bell System Category:Companies based in New York Category:Companies established in 1872 Category:Companies disestablished in 1995 Category:Alcatel-Lucent Category:History of Chicago, Illinois Category:Defunct companies based in Illinois Category:Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States Category:Telecommunications equipment vendors