Royal Navy

Thursday, 24 January 2013

History of the Royal Navy - Steam,Steel and Dreadnoughts 1806-1918

Royal Navy TwoSix.tv Jan 2013: Royal Marines

Small businesses 'not hiring reservists' 17.01.13

HMS Protector assists the Cruise Liner Fram

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Al Faw Peninsula
The Faw Peninsula (Persian: شبه جزيره فاو‎; also transliterated as Fao or Fawr) is a marshy region adjoining the Persian Gulf in the extreme southeast of Iraq, between and to the southeast of the cities of Basra (Iraq) and Abadan (Iran).
It is the site of a number of important oil installations, most notably Iraq's two main oil tanker terminals: Khor Al-Amaya and Mina Al-Bakr. Its chief importance is its strategic location, controlling access to the Shatt al-Arab waterway (and thus access to the port of Basra).
The only significant town on the peninsula is Umm Qasr, a fishing town and port which comprised Iraq's main naval base under the regime of Saddam Hussein. The peninsula is otherwise lightly inhabited with few civilian buildings other than a few fishermen's huts.
During the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, al-Faw was bitterly contested due to its strategic location at the head of the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway, and was the site of many large-scale battles. In 1986, the Iranians capitalized on the weakness of the Iraqi defences located at the southernmost tip of the peninsula.

wn.com/Al_Faw_Peninsula
Argentina
Argentina ⁱ/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.

wn.com/Argentina
BAE Systems
Coordinates: 51°16′25″N 0°46′00″W / 51.27361°N 0.7666667°W / 51.27361; -0.7666667
BAE Systems plc (LSE: BA.) is a British multinational defence, security and aerospace company headquartered in London, United Kingdom, that has global interests, particularly in North America through its subsidiary BAE Systems Inc. BAE is among the world's largest military contractors; in 2009 it was the second-largest based on revenues. It was formed on 30 November 1999 by the £7.7 billion merger of two British companies, Marconi Electronic Systems (MES), the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc (GEC), and aircraft, munitions and naval systems manufacturer British Aerospace (BAe).
BAE Systems is the successor to various aircraft and defence electronics companies, including The Marconi Company, the first commercial company devoted to the development and use of radio; A.V. Roe and Company, one of the world's first aircraft companies; de Havilland, manufacturer of the world's first commercial jet airliner; British Aircraft Corporation, co-manufacturer of the Concorde supersonic transport; and Supermarine, manufacturer of the Spitfire. Since its formation it has sold its shares in Airbus, Astrium, AMS and Atlas Elektronik, and made a number of acquisitions, most notably United Defense and Armor Holdings of the United States.

wn.com/BAE_Systems
Battle of Copenhagen
The Battle of Copenhagen (Danish: slaget på Reden) was an engagement which saw a British fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker fight and strategically defeat a Danish-Norwegian fleet anchored just off Copenhagen on 2 April 1801. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack. He famously is reputed to have disobeyed Sir Hyde Parker's order to withdraw by holding the telescope to his blind eye to look at the signals from Parker. But Parker's signals had given him permission to withdraw at his discretion; a discretion Nelson declined. His action in proceeding resulted in the destruction of many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed. Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle.
The battle was the result of multiple failures of diplomacy in the latter half of the 18th century. At the beginning of 1801, during the French Revolutionary Wars, Britain's principal advantage over France was its naval superiority. The Royal Navy searched neutral ships trading with French ports, seizing their cargoes if they were deemed to be trading with France. The eccentric Russian Tsar Paul, after having been a British ally, arranged a League of Armed Neutrality comprising Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Prussia, and Russia, to enforce free trade with France. The British viewed the League to be very much in the French interest and a serious threat. The League was hostile to the British blockade, and its existence threatened the supply of timber and naval stores from Scandinavia.

wn.com/Battle_of_Copenhagen
Battle of Jutland
Coordinates: 56°42′N 5°52′E / 56.7°N 5.867°E / 56.7; 5.867
The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht) was a naval battle by the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet (which included ships and individual personnel from the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Canadian Navy) against the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet during the First World War. The battle was fought on 31 May and 1 June 1916 in the North Sea near Jutland, Denmark. It was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships in the war. It was only the third-ever fleet action between steel battleships, following the smaller but more decisive battles of the Yellow Sea (1904) and Tsushima (1905) during the Russo-Japanese War.
The High Seas Fleet was commanded by Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, and the Grand Fleet by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. The German fleet's intention was to lure out, trap, and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, as the German naval force was insufficient to successfully engage the entire British fleet. This formed part of a larger strategy to break the British blockade of Germany and to allow German mercantile shipping to operate. Meanwhile, the Royal Navy pursued a strategy to engage and destroy the High Seas Fleet, or keep the German force contained and away from Britain's own shipping lanes.

wn.com/Battle_of_Jutland
Battle of Lowestoft
The naval Battle of Lowestoft took place on 13 June (New Style) 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
A fleet of more than a hundred ships of the United Provinces commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam attacked an English fleet of equal size commanded by James Stuart, Duke of York forty miles east of the port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, England.
The Dutch were desperate to prevent a second English blockade of their ports after the first was broken off by the English only for lack of supplies. The leading Dutch politician, Johan de Witt, ordered Van Wassenaer to attack the English aggressively during a period of stable eastern winds which would have given the Dutch the weather gage. Van Wassenaer however, perhaps feeling that his fleet was still too inferior in training and firepower to really challenge the English in full battle, postponed the fight till the wind turned in order to seek a minor confrontation in a defensive leeward position from which he could disengage quickly and return without openly disobeying orders. His attitude would cost him a sixth of his fleet and his life.

wn.com/Battle_of_Lowestoft
Battle of Navarino
The naval Battle of Navarino was fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–32), in Navarino Bay (modern-day Pylos), on the west coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, in the Ionian Sea.
An Ottoman armada, which, in addition to imperial warships, included squadrons from the eyalets (provinces) of Egypt, Tunis and Algiers, was destroyed by an Allied force of British, French and Russian vessels. It is notable for being the last major naval battle in history to be fought entirely with sailing ships, although most ships fought at anchor. The Allies' victory was achieved through superior firepower and gunnery.
The central factor which precipitated the intervention of the three Great Powers in the Greek conflict were the Russian Empire's ambitions to expand in the Black Sea region at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and Russian emotional support for the fellow-Orthodox Christian Greeks, who had rebelled against their Ottoman overlords in 1821. Russia's intentions in the region were seen as a major geostrategic threat by the other European powers, which feared the disintegration of the Ottoman empire and the establishment of Russian hegemony in the Balkans and the Near East. This induced Great Britain and France to bind Russia in a joint intervention to secure Greek autonomy in a manner which preserved Ottoman territorial integrity.

wn.com/Battle_of_Navarino
Battle of Portland
The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle took place during 28 February-2 March 1653 (Old style), during the First Anglo-Dutch War, when the fleet of the Commonwealth of England under General at Sea Robert Blake was attacked by a fleet of the Dutch Republic under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp escorting merchant shipping through the English Channel. The battle failed to settle supremacy of the English Channel, although both sides claimed victory, and ultimate control over the Channel would only be decided at the Battle of the Gabbard which allowed the English to blockade the Dutch coast until the Battle of Scheveningen, where Admiral Maarten Tromp would meet his fate at the hands of an English musket ball. As such, it can be considered a slight setback for the English nation and another example of Dutch superiority regarding pure seamanship at the time. It also illustrated England's drive to control the seas, which would ultimately allow it to become the prime maritime power of the world.

wn.com/Battle_of_Portland
Battle of Singapore
The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of the Second World War when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore. Singapore was the major British military base in Southeast Asia and nicknamed the "Gibraltar of the East". The fighting in Singapore lasted from 8–15 February 1942.
It resulted in the fall of Singapore to the Japanese, and the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history. About 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops became prisoners of war, joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the Malayan Campaign. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" in British history. In just seven days, Singapore, the "Impregnable Fortress", had fallen.
The Allies had imposed a trade embargo on Japan in response to its continued campaigns in China. Seeking alternate sources of necessary materials for its Pacific War against the Allies, Japan invaded Malaya. Singapore—to the south—was connected to Malaya by the Johor–Singapore Causeway. The Japanese saw it as a port which could be used as a launch pad against other Allied interests in the area, and to consolidate the invaded territory.

wn.com/Battle_of_Singapore
Battle of Sluys
The decisive naval Battle of Sluys (/ˈslɔɪz/; Dutch pronunciation: [slœys]), also called Battle of l'Ecluse was fought on 24 June 1340 as one of the opening conflicts of the Hundred Years' War. It is historically important in that it resulted in the destruction of most of France's fleet, making a French invasion of England impossible, and ensuring that the remainder of the war would be fought mostly in France.
The encounter took place in front of the town of Newmarket or Sluis, (French Écluse), on the inlet between West Flanders and Zeeland. In the middle of the 14th century this was an open roadstead capable of holding large fleets; it later was silted up by the river Eede. A French fleet, which the English king Edward III, in a letter to his son Edward, the Black Prince, put at 190 sail (French sources say 213 boats), had been collected in preparation for an invasion of England. It was under the command of the Breton knight Hugues Quiéret, admiral for the king of France. Part of the fleet consisted of Genoese galleys serving as mercenaries under the command of Egidio Bocanegra (Barbavera). Although many English historians speak of King Edward's fleet as inferior in number to the French, it is certain that he sailed from the Orwell on 22 June with 200 sail, and that he was joined on the coast of Flanders by his admiral for the North Sea, Sir Robert Morley, with 50 more. Some in this swarm of vessels were no doubt mere transports, for the king brought with him the household of his queen, Philippa of Hainault, who was then at Bruges. As, however, one of the queen's ladies was killed in the battle, it would appear that all of the English vessels were employed. According to some authors, the English had "160 to 180" sails.

wn.com/Battle_of_Sluys
Battle of Taranto
The naval Battle of Taranto took place on the night of 11–12 November 1940 during the Second World War. The Royal Navy launched the first all-aircraft ship-to-ship naval attack in history, flying a small number of obsolescent biplane torpedo bombers from an aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean Sea. The attack struck the battle fleet of the Regia Marina at anchor in the harbour of Taranto utilizing aerial torpedoes despite the shallow depth of the harbour. The devastation wrought by the British carrier-launched aircraft on the large Italian warships was the beginning of the rise of the power of naval aviation, over the big guns of battleships.
Long before the First World War, the Italian Royal Navy's First Squadron was based at Taranto. In that period, the British Royal Navy developed plans for countering the power of the Regia Marina (Italian Navy). Blunting the power of any adversary in the Mediterranean Sea was an ongoing exercise. Plans for the capture of the port at Taranto were considered as early as the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935.

wn.com/Battle_of_Taranto
Battle of the Nile
Coordinates: 31°20′N 30°07′E / 31.333°N 30.117°E / 31.333; 30.117
The Battle of the Nile (also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay, in French as the Bataille d'Aboukir or in Egyptian Arabic as معركة أبي قير البحرية) was a major naval battle fought between British and French fleets at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt from 1–3 August 1798. The battle was the climax of a naval campaign that had ranged across the Mediterranean during the previous three months, as a large French convoy sailed from Toulon to Alexandria, carrying an expeditionary force under General Napoleon Bonaparte. The French were defeated by the British forces led by Rear-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson.
Bonaparte had sought to invade Egypt, as the first step in a campaign against British India whose ultimate aim was to drive Britain out of the French Revolutionary Wars. As Bonaparte's fleet crossed the Mediterranean, it was pursued by a British force under Nelson, sent from the British fleet in the Tagus, to establish the purpose of the French expedition and defeat it. For more than two months, Nelson chased the French, on several occasions only missing them by a matter of hours. Bonaparte, aware of Nelson's pursuit, enforced absolute secrecy about his destination and was able to capture Malta and then land in Egypt without interception by the British force.

wn.com/Battle_of_the_Nile
Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
The battle was the most decisive British naval victory of the war. Twenty-seven British ships of the line led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory defeated thirty-three French and Spanish ships of the line under French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve off the south-west coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar. The Franco-Spanish fleet lost twenty-two ships, without a single British vessel being lost.
The British victory spectacularly confirmed the naval supremacy that Britain had established during the previous century and was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from the prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy, which involved engaging an enemy fleet in a single line of battle parallel to the enemy to facilitate signalling in battle and disengagement, and to maximise fields of fire and target areas. Nelson instead divided his smaller force into two columns directed perpendicularly against the larger enemy fleet, with decisive results.

wn.com/Battle_of_Trafalgar
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km² (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.

wn.com/British_Empire
Cape of Good Hope
The Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: die Kaap van Goeie Hoop, Dutch: Kaap de Goede Hoop (help·info), Portuguese: Cabo da Boa Esperança) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.
There is a misconception that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa, because it was once believed to be the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In fact, the southernmost point is Cape Agulhas, about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east-southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm-water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself—a point that fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point.
When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although in his histories Herodotus proves, disbelievingly, that some Phoenicians had done so far earlier than this).^{[citation needed]} Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas. "Cape of Storms" was the original name of the "Cape of Good Hope".

wn.com/Cape_of_Good_Hope
Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Caribbean
Chatham Dockyard
Coordinates: 51°23′50″N 00°31′40″E / 51.39722°N 0.52778°E / 51.39722; 0.52778
Chatham Dockyard, located on the River Medway and of which two-thirds is in Gillingham and one third in Chatham, Kent, England, came into existence at the time when, following the Reformation, relations with the Catholic countries of Europe had worsened, leading to a requirement for additional defences. For 414 years Chatham Dockyard provided over 500 ships for the Royal Navy, and was forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans and covered 400 acres (1.6 km²). Chatham dockyard closed in 1984, and 84 acres (340,000 m²) of the Georgian dockyard is now managed as a visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.

wn.com/Chatham_Dockyard
Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs in 1469 and wasn't formally abolished until the unification policies of Philip V of Spain in the early 18th century. During its existence, the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines were also considered part of the Crown of Castile.
The Kingdom of León arose out of the Kingdom of Asturias. The Kingdom of Castile appeared initially as a county of the Kingdom of León. From the second half of the 10th century to the first half of the 11th century it changed hands between León and the Kingdom of Navarre. In the 11th century it became a kingdom in its own right.

wn.com/Crown_of_Castile
Diego Garcia
Diego Garcia is a tropical, footprint-shaped coral atoll located south of the equator in the central Indian Ocean at 7 degrees, 26 minutes south latitude. It is part of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) and is positioned at 72°23' east longitude.
The atoll is approximately 1,800 nautical miles (3,300 km) east of the coast of Africa and 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km) south of the southern tip of India. Diego Garcia lies at the southernmost tip of the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge a vast submarine range in the Indian Ocean topped by a long chain of coral reefs, atolls, and islands comprising the Lakshadweep, Maldives, and the Chagos Archipelago, in which Diego Garcia is geographically situated. Local time is GMT + 6 hours year-round (no daylight time change).
The US Navy operates a large naval ship and submarine support base, military air base, communications and space tracking facilities, and an anchorage for pre-positioned military supplies for regional operations aboard Military Sealift Command ships in the lagoon.

wn.com/Diego_Garcia
Dover Patrol
The Dover Patrol was a Royal Navy command of the First World War, notable for its involvement in the Zeebrugge Raid on 22 April 1918. The Dover Patrol formed a discrete unit of the Royal Navy based at Dover and Dunkirk for the duration of the First World War. Its primary task was to prevent enemy German shipping—chiefly submarines—from entering the English Channel en route to the Atlantic Ocean, thereby obliging the German Navy to travel via the much longer route around Scotland which was itself covered by the Northern Patrol.
In late July 1914, with war looming, 12 "Tribal"-class destroyers arrived at Dover to join the near obsolete destroyers already at anchor in the harbour, most of them built in the late 19th century. These destroyers formed the nucleus of the fledgling Dover Patrol, which, from its early beginnings as a modest and poorly equipped command, became one of the most important Royal Navy commands of the First World War.
The Dover Patrol assembled cruisers, monitors, destroyers, armed trawlers and drifters, paddle minesweepers, armed yachts, Motor Launches and coastal motor boats, submarines, seaplanes, aeroplanes and airships. With these resources it performed several duties simultaneously in the Southern North Sea and the Dover Straits: carrying out anti-submarine patrols; escorting merchantmen, hospital and troop ships; laying sea-mines and even constructing mine barrages; sweeping up German mines; bombarding German military positions on the Belgian coast and sinking U-boats.

wn.com/Dover_Patrol
Dubai
Dubai (/duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY; Arabic: دبيّ‎ Dubeii; IPA: [du'beii]) is an emirate within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A city within the emirate is also named Dubai. The emirate is located south east of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature. Dubai City is located on the emirate's northern coastline.
The earliest mention of Dubai is in 1095, and the earliest settlement known as Dubai town dates from 1799. Dubai was formally established in 1833 by Sheikh Maktoum bin Buti al Maktoum when he persuaded 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, living in what is now part of Saudi Arabia, to follow him to the Dubai Creek by the Al Abu Falasa clan of Bani Yas. It remained under clan control when the United Kingdom assumed the protection of Dubai in 1892. Its geographical location made it an important trading hub and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port.

wn.com/Dubai
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony which later formed modern-day Indonesia was one of the most valuable European colonies under Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate but linked to their native subjects.
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.

wn.com/Dutch_East_Indies
Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën) — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Foederatae Belgii Provinciae (Federated Belgic Provinces), and Belgica Foederata (Belgic Federation).
Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.
Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.

wn.com/Dutch_Republic
English Channel
The English Channel (French: la Manche, Breton: Mor Breizh, Cornish: Mor Bretannek), often referred to simply as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its widest to 34 km (21 mi) in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 km² (29,000 sq mi).
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows:
On the West. A line joining Isle Vierge (48°38′23″N 4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W / 48.63972; -4.57028) to Lands End (50°04′N 5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W / 50.067; -5.717).
On the East. The Southwestern limit of the North Sea.
The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as "a line joining the Walde Lighthouse (France, 1°55'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 51°10'N)". The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais (50°59′06″N 1°55′00″E / 50.985°N 1.9166667°E / 50.985; 1.9166667), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret's Bay, Kent (51°10′00″N 1°24′00″E / 51.1666667°N 1.4°E / 51.1666667; 1.4).

wn.com/English_Channel
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (English pronunciation: /ˈfɒlklənd/ or English pronunciation: /ˈfɔːlklənd/; Spanish: Islas Malvinas) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located more than 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) east of the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 lesser islands. Stanley, the capital and only city, is on East Falkland. The islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory, with the United Kingdom responsible for their defence and foreign affairs.
Controversy exists over the Falklands' original discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times there have been French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain re-established its rule in 1833, yet the islands continue to be claimed by Argentina. In 1982, following Argentina's invasion of the islands, the two-month-long undeclared Falklands War between both countries resulted in the withdrawal of all Argentine forces. Despite its defeat, Argentina still pursues its claim; however, UK policy supports the islanders' self-determination to remain British citizens.

wn.com/Falkland_Islands
Four Days Battle
The Four Days Battle was a naval battle of the Second Anglo–Dutch War. Fought from 1 June to 4 June 1666 in the Julian or Old Style calendar then used in England (11 June to 14 June New Style) off the Flemish and English coast, it remains one of the longest naval engagements in history.
In June 1665 the English had soundly defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Lowestoft, but failed to take advantage of it. The Dutch Spice Fleet, loaded with fabulous riches, managed to return home safely after the Battle of Vågen. The Dutch navy was enormously expanded through the largest building programme in its history. In August 1665 already the English fleet was again challenged, though no large battles resulted. In 1666, the English became anxious to destroy the Dutch navy completely before it could grow too strong and were desperate to end the activity of Dutch raiders as a collapse of English trade threatened.
On learning that the French fleet intended to join the Dutch at Dunkirk, the English decided to prevent this by splitting their fleet. Their main force would try to destroy the Dutch fleet first, while a squadron under Prince Rupert was sent to block the Strait of Dover against the French – who did not appear.

wn.com/Four_Days_Battle
German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.

wn.com/German_Empire
Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( /dʒɨˈbrɒltər/) is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) and a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was subsequently ceded to Britain "in perpetuity" under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was an important base for the Royal Navy; today its economy is based largely on tourism, financial services, and shipping.
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and again in 2002. Under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the UK Government.

wn.com/Gibraltar
Havana
Havana (/həˈvænə/; Spanish: La Habana, [la aˈβana] ( listen)) is the capital city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city proper has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 726.75 km² (280.60 sq mi) — making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbours: Marimelena, Guanabacoa and Atarés. The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay.
Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the continent becoming a stopping point for the treasure laden Spanish Galleons on the crossing between the New World and the Old World. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War.

wn.com/Havana
HMNB Clyde
Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Clyde (HMS Neptune) is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Devonport and HMNB Portsmouth). It is the service's headquarters in Scotland and is best known as the home of the United Kingdom's strategic nuclear deterrent, in the form of nuclear submarines armed with Trident missiles.
HMNB Clyde lies on the eastern shore of Gare Loch in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, to the north of the Firth of Clyde and 25 mi (40 km) west of the city of Glasgow. The submarine base encompasses a number of separate sites, the primary two being:
Faslane is also a Defence Equipment and Support site, operated in dual site organisation with Great Harbour, Greenock, by Babcock Marine, and managed by Serco Denholm.
Faslane Naval Base, situated on the Gare Loch, and the RN Armaments Depot Coulport on Loch Long, are the primary components of HM Naval Base Clyde. The naval shore establishment at Faslane is HMS Neptune, Naval personnel appointed to the base who do not belong to a sea-going vessel make up Ship's Company. Both the Gareloch and Loch Long are sea lochs extending northwards from the Firth of Clyde. The base serves as home base to the United Kingdom's fleet of Vanguard-class nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed submarines, as well as conventionally-armed nuclear powered submarines, supported by the Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines.

wn.com/HMNB_Clyde
HMNB Devonport
Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Devonport (HMS Drake), is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and HMNB Portsmouth). HMNB Devonport is located in Devonport, in the west of the city of Plymouth in Devon, England. It is the largest naval base in Western Europe and is the sole nuclear repair and refuelling facility for the Royal Navy. The co-located Royal Dockyard is owned and operated by the Marine division of Babcock International Group (BM), who took over the previous owner Devonport Management Limited (DML) in 2007. The BM operation is commonly called Devonport Royal Dockyard.
In 2006 the Ministry of Defence announced that a review would be undertaken to examine the future of the three naval bases. The Naval Base Review was seeking to examine the long term future needs of the Royal Navy, with the most likely outcome being either retaining the three current naval bases, but with reduced capacity in each, or closing one of the two on the south coast of England. The results of the review, released in 2007, have stipulated no base closures.

wn.com/HMNB_Devonport
HMNB Portsmouth
Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Portsmouth is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the British Royal Navy, (the others being HMNB Clyde and HMNB Devonport). Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city of Portsmouth; it is located on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour, north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight.
The base is home to the oldest dry dock in the world, as well as being the headquarters for two thirds of the Royal Navy's surface fleet. The base is also home to a number of commercial shore activities, including shipbuilding and ship repair (operated by BAE Systems); naval logistics, accommodation and messing; and personnel support functions (e.g. medical and dental; education; pastoral and welfare) provided by Defence Equipment and Support.
The base is the oldest in the Royal Navy and it has been an important part of the Senior Service's history and the defence of the British Isles for centuries. At one time it was the largest industrial site in the world. The Naval Base is also home to the "Portsmouth Historic Dockyard", which allows members of the public to visit important maritime attractions such as the Mary Rose, HMS Victory and HMS Warrior.

wn.com/HMNB_Portsmouth
India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

wn.com/India
Kamchatka peninsula
Coordinates: 57°N 160°E / 57°N 160°E / 57; 160
The Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian: полуо́стров Камча́тка, poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km² (100,000 sq mi). It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400 ft) deep Kuril-Kamchatka Trench.
The Kamchatka Peninsula, the Commander Islands, and Karaginsky Island constitute the Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are Russians, but there are also about 8,743 Koryaks (2002). More than half of the population lives in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980).
The Kamchatka peninsula contains the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy with rare amounts of lightning.

wn.com/Kamchatka_peninsula
Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain (including both modern-day England and Wales) and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England and Wales. It had a land border with the Kingdom of Scotland to the north. At the start of the period its capital and chief royal residence was Winchester, but Westminster and Gloucester were accorded almost equal status, with Westminster gradually gaining preference.
England as a state began on 12 July 927 after a gathering of kings from throughout Britain at Eamont Bridge, Cumbria, but broadly traces its origins to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and the Heptarchy of petty states that followed and ultimately united. The Norman invasion of Wales from 1067–1283 (formalised with the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284) put Wales in England's control, and Wales came under English law with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. On 1 May 1707, England was united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707. Though no longer a sovereign state, modern England continues as one of the countries of the United Kingdom.

wn.com/Kingdom_of_England
Manila
Manila (English: /məˈnɪlə/; Tagalog: Maynila, [majˈnilaʔ]) is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities (along with the smaller municipality of Pateros) that comprise Metro Manila.
Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north; Quezon City to the northeast; San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east; Makati to the southeast, and Pasay to the south.
Manila has a total population of more than 1,652,171 according to the 2010 census. Manila is the second most populous city in the Philippines, behind its neighbor, Quezon City. The populace inhabit an area of only 38.55 square kilometers, making Manila the most densely populated city in the world.Metro Manila is the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines and the 11th in the world with an estimated population of 16,300,000. The greater urban area is the fifth-most populous in the world and has an estimated metropolitan population of 20,654,307 people.
The city is divided into six legislative districts and consists of sixteen geographical districts: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Port Area, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa and Tondo. Bustling commerce and some of the most historically and culturally significant iconic landmarks in the country, as well as the seat of the executive and judicial branches of the government are to be found in the city; and it is also home to many scientific and educational institutions, numerous sport facilities, a variety of other culturally and historically significant venues. As a primary transportation hub and with the larger capital region bearing its name, there is very little of a general nature to be found in cities anywhere that Manila is lacking.

wn.com/Manila
Mauritius
Coordinates: 20°12′S 57°30′E / 20.2°S 57.5°E / -20.2; 57.5
Mauritius ⁱ/məˈrɪʃəs/ (Mauritian Creole: Moris; French: Maurice, pronounced: [mɔˈʁis]), officially the Republic of Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Republik Moris; French: République de Maurice) is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about 870 kilometres (540 mi) east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues, Tromelin and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius Island is part of the Mascarene Islands, with the French island of Réunion 170 km (110 mi) to the southwest and the island of Rodrigues 570 km (350 mi) to the east. The area of Mauritius is 2040 km²; its capital city is Port Louis.
The United Kingdom took control of the islands in 1810, from France during the Napoleonic Wars, and Mauritius became independent from the UK in 1968. It is a parliamentary republic and is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the African Union, La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.

wn.com/Mauritius
Mutiny on the Bounty
The mutiny on the Bounty was a mutiny that occurred aboard the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty on 28 April 1789, and has been commemorated by several books, films, and popular songs, many of which take considerable liberties with the facts. The mutiny was led by Fletcher Christian against the commanding officer, William Bligh. According to most accounts, the sailors were attracted to the idyllic life on the Pacific island of Tahiti and repelled by the harsh treatment from their captain.
Eighteen mutineers set Lieutenant Bligh and 18 of the 22 crew loyal to him afloat in a small boat. Mutineers then settled on Pitcairn Island or in Tahiti. The Bounty was subsequently burned off Pitcairn Island to avoid detection and to prevent desertion. Descendants of some of the mutineers and Tahitians still live on Pitcairn island.
After Bligh and his crew of 18 made an epic and eventful journey in the small boat to Timor in the Dutch East Indies, he returned to England and reported the mutiny.
His Majesty's Ship (HMS) Bounty began her career as the collier Bethia, a relatively small sailing ship built in 1784 at the Blaydes shipyard in Hull. Later, she was bought by the Royal Navy for £2,600 on 26 May 1787 (JJ Colledge/D Lyon say 23 May), refitted, and renamed Bounty.

wn.com/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty
Naples
Coordinates: 40°50′42″N 14°15′30″E / 40.845°N 14.25833°E / 40.845; 14.25833
Naples (Italian: Napoli [ˈnaːpoli] ( listen), Neapolitan: Napule; Latin: Neapolis; Ancient Greek: Νεάπολις, meaning "new city") is the capital of Campania and the third-largest city in Italy, after Rome and Milan. As of 2012^[update], around 960,000 people live within the city's administrative limits. The wider Naples urban area, covering 777 km² (300 sq mi), has a population of over 3 million, and is the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union. Between 4.1 and 4.4 million people live in the overall Naples metropolitan area, one of the largest European cities on the Mediterranean Sea.
Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Greek settlements were established on the island of Megaride in the Gulf of Naples as early as the 9th century BC. A larger mainland colony – initially known as Parthenope (Παρθενόπη) – developed around the 7th century BC, and was refounded as Neápolis (Νεάπολις) in the 5th century BC. Naples became a lynchpin of Magna Graecia and played a key role in the merging of Greek culture into Roman society, eventually becoming a cultural centre of the Roman Republic. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, serving as the capital city of the Kingdom of Naples between 1282 and 1816. Thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. During the Neapolitan War of 1815, Naples strongly promoted Italian unification.

wn.com/Naples
National Army Museum
Coordinates: 51°29′10″N 0°09′36″W / 51.486111°N 0.16°W / 51.486111; -0.16
The National Army Museum is the British Army's central museum. It is located in the Chelsea district of central London, England adjacent to the Royal Hospital Chelsea, the home of the "Chelsea Pensioners". The National Army Museum is open to the public every day of the year from 10.00am to 5.30pm, except on 24–26 December and 1 January. Admission is free. The museum is a non-departmental public body.
The National Army Museum relates the overall history of the British Army, British colonial, imperial and commonwealth forces and the British Indian Army as a whole from 1066 to the present and its effects on national and international history. This is in contrast to other military museums in the United Kingdom such as Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum, which relate the history of individual corps and regiments of the British Army. It also differs from the subject matter of the Imperial War Museum, another national museum in London, which has a wider remit of theme (war experiences of British civilians and military personnel from all three services) but a narrower remit of time (after 1914).

wn.com/National_Army_Museum
Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 45°13′N 62°42′W / 45.217°N 62.7°W / 45.217; -62.7 (Nova Scotia)
Nova Scotia (pronounced /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Longitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia's diversity.

wn.com/Nova_Scotia
Operation Torch
Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started on 8 November 1942.
The Soviet Union had pressed the U.S. and Britain to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops. While the American commanders favored Operation Sledgehammer, landing in Occupied Europe as soon as possible, the British commanders believed that such a course would end in disaster. An attack on French North Africa was proposed instead, which would clear the Axis Powers from North Africa, improve naval control of the Mediterranean Sea and prepare for an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943. American President Franklin D. Roosevelt suspected the African operation would rule out an invasion of Europe in 1943 but agreed to support British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

wn.com/Operation_Torch
Opium Wars
The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860, were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire. After the inauguration of the Canton System in 1756, which restricted trade to one port and did not allow foreign entrance to China, the British East India Company faced a trade imbalance in favour of China and invested heavily in opium production to redress the balance. British and United States merchants brought opium from the British East India Company's factories in Patna and Benares, in the Bengal Presidency of British India, to the coast of China, where they sold it to Chinese smugglers who distributed the drug in defiance of Chinese laws. Aware both of the drain of silver and the growing numbers of addicts, the Daoguang Emperor demanded action. Officials at the court, who advocated legalization of the trade in order to tax it were defeated by those who advocated suppression. In 1838, the Emperor sent Lin Zexu to Guangzhou where he quickly arrested Chinese opium dealers and summarily demanded that foreign firms turn over their stocks. When they refused, Lin stopped trade altogether and placed the foreign residents under virtual siege, eventually forcing the merchants to surrender their opium to be destroyed. In response, the British government sent expeditionary forces from India which ravaged the Chinese coast and dictated the terms of settlement. The Treaty of Nanking not only opened the way for further opium trade, but ceded territory including Hong Kong, unilaterally fixed Chinese tariffs at a low rate, granted extraterritorial rights to foreigners in China which were not offered to Chinese abroad, a most favored nation clause, as well as diplomatic representation. When the court still refused to accept foreign ambassadors and obstructed the trade clauses of the treaties, disputes over the treatment of British merchants in Chinese ports and on the seas led to the Second Opium War and the Treaty of Tientsin.

wn.com/Opium_Wars
Palace of Whitehall
Coordinates: 51°30′16″N 0°7′32″W / 51.50444°N 0.12556°W / 51.50444; -0.12556
The Palace of Whitehall (or Palace of White Hall) was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms, overtaking the Vatican and Versailles. The palace gives its name, Whitehall, to the road on which many of the current administrative buildings of the UK government are situated, and hence metonymically to the central government itself.
At its most expansive, the palace extended over much of the area currently bordered by Northumberland Avenue in the north; to Downing Street and nearly to Derby Gate in the south; and from roughly the elevations of the current buildings facing Horse Guards Road in the west, to the then banks of the river Thames in the east (the construction of Victoria Embankment has since reclaimed more land from the Thames)—a total of about 23 acres (93,000 m²).

wn.com/Palace_of_Whitehall
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.

wn.com/Persian_Gulf
Plymouth
Plymouth ⁱ/ˈplɪməθ/ is a city and unitary authority area on the south coast of Devon, England, about 190 miles (310 km) south-west of London. It is situated between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
Plymouth's history goes back to the Bronze Age, when its first settlement grew at Mount Batten. This settlement continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until the more prosperous village of Sutton, the current Plymouth, surpassed it. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.
Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a major commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, while the neighbouring town of Devonport grew as an important Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 the three neighbouring and independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The new, merged town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt.

wn.com/Plymouth
Portsmouth
Portsmouth (ⁱ/ˈpɔːtsməθ/) is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island. It is situated 64 miles (103 km) south west from London and 19 miles (31 km) south east from Southampton.
As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior, the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Lord Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey.
The Spinnaker Tower is a striking recent addition to the city's skyline. It can be found in the redeveloped former HMS Vernon, formerly a shore establishment or 'stone frigate' of the Royal Navy, now an area of retail outlets, restaurants, clubs and bars now known as Gunwharf Quays.

wn.com/Portsmouth
Portugal
Portugal ⁱ/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.

wn.com/Portugal
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.

wn.com/Qing_Dynasty
Raid on the Medway
The Raid on the Medway, sometimes called the Battle of the Medway, Raid on Chatham or the Battle of Chatham, was a successful Dutch attack on the largest English naval ships, laid up in the dockyards of their main naval base Chatham, that took place in June 1667 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch, under nominal command of Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, bombarded and then captured the town of Sheerness, sailed up the River Thames to Gravesend, then up the River Medway to Chatham, where they burned three capital ships and ten lesser naval vessels and towed away the HMS Unity and the HMS Royal Charles, pride and normal flagship of the English fleet. The raid led to a quick end to the war and a favourable peace for the Dutch. It was the worst defeat in the Royal Navy's history.

wn.com/Raid_on_the_Medway
RMS Lancastria
RMS Lancastria (later HMT Lancastria) was a British Cunard liner commandeered by the government for war, sunk on 17 June 1940 during World War II with the loss of over 4,000 lives, possibly many more. It is the worst ever loss of life in the sinking of a single British ship, and the bloodiest single engagement for UK forces (in terms of lives lost) in the whole of WW2, and claimed more lives than the combined losses of the Titanic and Lusitania.
Launched on the Clyde in Scotland, in 1920 by William Beardmore and Company of Glasgow, as the Tyrrhenia for the Anchor Line, a subsidiary of Cunard, the 16,243 ton, 578-foot (176 m) long liner could carry 2,200 passengers in three classes. She made her maiden voyage, Glasgow-Québec-Montreal, on 19 June, 1922.
She was refitted for just two classes and renamed Lancastria in 1924, after passengers complained that they could not properly pronounce Tyrrhenia. She sailed scheduled routes from Liverpool to New York until 1932, and was then used as a cruise ship in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. On 10 October 1932, Lancastria rescued the crew of the Belgian cargo ship Scheldestad which had been abandoned in a sinking condition in the Bay of Biscay. In 1934, the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland chartered the Lancastria for a pilgrimage to Rome. With the outbreak of the Second World War, she carried cargo before being requisitioned in April 1940 as a troopship, becoming the HMT Lancastria. She was first used to assist in the evacuation of troops from Norway.

wn.com/RMS_Lancastria
Rosyth Dockyard
Rosyth Dockyard is a large naval dockyard on the Firth of Forth at Rosyth, Fife, Scotland, owned by Babcock Marine, which formerly undertook refitting of Royal Navy surface vessels and submarines. Its primary role is now as integration site for the Royal Navy's newest aircraft carriers - the Queen Elizabeth Class (QEC).
Construction of the dockyard by civil engineers Easton, Gibb & Son commenced in 1909. At the time, the Royal Navy was strengthening its presence along the eastern seaboard of Great Britain due to a naval arms race with Germany.
Babcock Thorn, a consortium operated by Babcock International and Thorn EMI, was awarded the management contract for Rosyth dockyard in 1987; with Rosyth Dockyard becoming a government owned, contractor run facility. This contract was awarded in parallel with Devonport Management Limited's contract to run Devonport Dockyard, Plymouth. In 1993 the Ministry of Defence announced plans to privatise Rosyth. Babcock International, who had bought out Thorn's share of the original Babcock Thorn consortium, was the only company to submit a bid and after protracted negotiations purchased the yard in January 1997.

wn.com/Rosyth_Dockyard
Sardinia
Sardinia ( /sɑrˈdɪniə/, Italian: Sardegna [sarˈdeɲɲa], Sardinian: Sardigna [sarˈdinja]) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus). It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are (clockwise from north) the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.
The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[], romanised as sardus (feminine sarda); that the name had a religious connotation is suggested from its use also as the adjective for the ancient Sardinian mythological hero-god Sardus Pater "Sardinian Father" (misunderstood by many modern Sardinians/Italians as being "Father Sardus"), as well as being the stem of the adjective "sardonic". Sardinia was called Ichnusa (the Latinised form of the Greek Hyknousa), Sandalion, Sardinia and Sardo by the ancient Greeks and the Romans.
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 23,821 km². It is situated between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' east longitude. To the west of Sardinia is the Sea of Sardinia, a unit of the Mediterranean Sea; to Sardinia's east is the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is also an element of the Mediterranean Sea.

wn.com/Sardinia
Savoy
Savoy (/ˈsævɔɪ/; Arpitan: Savouè, IPA: [saˈvwɛ]; French: Savoie, IPA: [savwa]; Italian: Savoia) is a region of France. It comprises roughly the territory of the Western Alps situated between Lake Geneva in the north and Dauphiné in the south.
The historical land of Savoy emerged as the feudal territory of the house of Savoy during the 11th to 14th centuries. The historical territory is shared between the modern republics of France and Italy.
Installed by Rudolph III, King of Burgundy, officially in 1003, the House of Savoy became the longest surviving royal house in Europe.^{[citation needed]} It ruled the County of Savoy to 1416 and then the Duchy of Savoy from 1416 to 1714.
The territory of Savoy was annexed to France in 1792 under the French First Republic, before being returned to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1815. Savoy was finally annexed to France, under the Second French Empire in 1860, as part of a political agreement brokered between the French emperor Napoleon III and King Victor Emmanuel II of the Kingdom of Sardinia that began the process of unification of Italy. Victor Emmanuel's dynasty, the House of Savoy, retained its Italian lands of Piedmont and Liguria and became the ruling dynasty of Italy.

wn.com/Savoy
Sicily
Sicily (Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia, [siˈtʃiːlja]; [sɪˈɕilja]) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; along with surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana (Sicilian Autonomous Region).
Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean. It extends from the tip of the Apennine peninsula from which it is separated only by the narrow Strait of Messina, towards the North African coast. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, which is at 3,320 m (10,890 ft) the tallest active volcano in Europe and one of the most active in the world. The island has a typical Mediterranean climate.
The earliest archeological evidence of human dwelling on the island dates from 8000 BC. At around 750 BC, Sicily became a Greek colony and for the next 600 years it was the site of the Greek-Punic and Roman-Punic wars, which ended with the Roman destruction of Carthage. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Sicily often changed hands, and during the early Middle Ages it was ruled in turn by the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Arabs and Normans. Later on, the Kingdom of Sicily lasted between 1130 and 1816, subordinated to the crowns of Aragon, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and finally the Bourbons, as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was united with the rest of Italy in 1860, but a subsequent economic collapse led to a wave of emigration, separatism, and the emergence of the Mafia, whose criminal activities pose problems to this day. After the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946, Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region.

wn.com/Sicily
Singapore
Singapore (ⁱ/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.

wn.com/Singapore
South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.
It is located
The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.
South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.
The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mar da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".

wn.com/South_China_Sea
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

wn.com/Soviet_Union
Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were the colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia). They revolted in the American Revolution, starting in 1775, and in 1776 declared their independence from the British Empire and formed a new nation, the United States of America. The colonies were: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Each colony developed its own system of self government. Americans were mostly independent farmers, who owned their own land and voted for their local and provincial government. Benjamin Franklin, in 1772, after examining the wretched hovels in Scotland surrounding the opulent mansions of the land owners, said that in New England "every man" is a property owner, "has a Vote in public Affairs, lives in a tidy, warm House, has plenty of good Food and Fuel, with whole clothes from Head to Foot, the Manufacture perhaps of his own family."

wn.com/Thirteen_Colonies
Torpoint
Coordinates: 50°22′34″N 4°12′18″W / 50.376°N 4.205°W / 50.376; -4.205
Torpoint (Cornish: Penntorr) is a civil parish and town on the Rame Peninsula in southeast Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated opposite the city of Plymouth across the Hamoaze which is the tidal estuary of the River Tamar.
Torpoint has a population of 8,457 (2001 census). In the Cornish language Torpoint is called Penntorr (local folk band Pentorr have taken their name from this).
Torpoint is linked to Plymouth (and Devonport) by the Torpoint Ferry. The three vessels that operate the service are chain ferries – that is, they are propelled across the river by pulling themselves on fixed chains which lie across the bed of the river. The journey takes about seven minutes.
It is said that Torpoint's name is derived from Tar Point, a name given because of the initial industry on the west bank of the Hamoaze. However this is actually a nickname given by workers, Torpoint meaning "rocky headland".
Torpoint is an eighteenth-century planned town. The grid-based design for the town was commissioned by Reginald Pole Carew in the Parish of Antony in 1774. His family continued to have a strong influence in the area, having become the Carew Poles, and still reside at their family seat, Antony House.

wn.com/Torpoint
Toulon
Coordinates: 43°08′N 5°55′E / 43.13°N 5.92°E / 43.13; 5.92
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence.
Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the French Navy aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle and her battle group. The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
Archaeological excavations, such as those at the Cosquer Cave near Marseilles, show that the coast of Provence was inhabited since at least the Paleolithic era. Greek colonists came from Asia Minor in about the 7th century BC and established trading depots along the coast, including one, called Olbia, at Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre south of Hyères, to the east of Toulon. The Ligurians settled in the area beginning in the 4th century BC.

wn.com/Toulon
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.

wn.com/United_Kingdom
Whitehall
Whitehall is a road in the City of Westminster, in central London, which forms the first part of the A3212 road from Trafalgar Square to Chelsea. It is the main thoroughfare running north from Parliament Square, towards Charing Cross at the southern end of Trafalgar Square. Recognised as the centre of Her Majesty's Government, the street is lined with government departments and ministries; the name "Whitehall" is thus also frequently used as a metonym for overall British governmental administration, as well as being a geographic name for the surrounding area.
The name is taken from the vast Palace of Whitehall that used to occupy the area but which was largely destroyed by fire in 1698. Whitehall was originally a wide road that led to the front of the palace. Trafalgar Square was built at its northern extremity in the early 19th century. The southernmost portion by Parliament Square is named Parliament Street, but aside from a street name sign there is no longer any obvious distinction between the two on the ground. Combined, the streets cover a total distance of about 0.6 mile (1 km).

wn.com/Whitehall

Alistair MacLean
Alistair Stuart MacLean (21 April 1922 – 2 February 1987; Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair MacGill-Eain) was a Scottish novelist who wrote popular thrillers or adventure stories, the best known of which are perhaps The Guns of Navarone, Ice Station Zebra and Where Eagles Dare, all three having been made into successful films. He also wrote two novels under the pseudonym Ian Stuart.
MacLean was the son of a minister, and learned English as his second language after his mother tongue, Scottish Gaelic. He was born in Glasgow but spent much of his childhood and youth in Daviot, ten miles south of Inverness. He was the third of four sons.
He joined the Royal Navy in 1941, serving in World War II with the ranks of Ordinary Seaman, Able Seaman, and Leading Torpedo Operator. He was first assigned to PS Bournemouth Queen, a converted excursion ship fitted for anti-aircraft guns, on duty off the coasts of England and Scotland. From 1943, he served in HMS Royalist, a Dido-class light cruiser. In Royalist he saw action in 1943 in the Atlantic theatre, on two Arctic convoys and escorting carrier groups in operations against Tirpitz and other targets off the Norwegian coast. In 1944 he and the ship served in the Mediterranean theatre, as part of the invasion of southern France and in helping to sink blockade runners off Crete and bombard Milos in the Aegean. During this time MacLean may have been injured in a gunnery practice accident. In 1945, in the Far East theatre, MacLean and Royalist saw action escorting carrier groups in operations against Japanese targets in Burma, Malaya, and Sumatra. (MacLean's late-in-life claims that he was captured by the Japanese and tortured have been dismissed by both his son and his biographer as drunken ravings. ) After the Japanese surrender, Royalist helped evacuate liberated POWs from Changi Prison in Singapore.

wn.com/Alistair_MacLean
Austrians
Austrians (German: Österreicher) are a nation and ethnic group, consisting of the population of the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian descent.
The English term Austrians was applied to the population of Habsburg Austria from the 17th or 18th century. During the 19th century, it identified the citizens of the Empire of Austria (1804–1867), and until 1918 to the citizens of Cisleithania, Austria-Hungary's western half.
In the closest sense, the term Austria originally referred to the historical March of Austria, corresponding roughly to the Vienna Basin in what is today Lower Austria.
The English word Austrian is a derivative of the proper name Austria, which is a latinization of Österreich, the German name for Austria. This word is derived from Ostarrîchi, which first appears in 996. This, in turn, is probably a translation of the Latin Marcha Orientalis, which means "eastern borderland" (viz. delimiting the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire). It was a margraviate of the Duchy of Bavaria, ruled by the House of Babenberg from AD 976. During the 12th century, the Marcha Orientalis under the Babenbergs became independent of Bavaria. What is today known as Lower Austria corresponds to the Marcha Orientalis, while Upper Austria corresponds to the eastern half of the core territory of Bavaria (the western half forming part of the German state of Bavaria).

wn.com/Austrians
Bernard Cornwell
Bernard Cornwell OBE (born 23 February 1944) is a British author of historical novels. He is best known for his novels about Napoleonic Wars rifleman Richard Sharpe which were adapted into a series of Sharpe television films.
Cornwell was born in London in 1944. His father was a Canadian airman, and his mother was British, a member of the Women's Auxiliary Air Force. He was adopted and brought up in Thundersley, Essex by the Wiggins family, who were members of the Peculiar People, a strict sect who were pacifists, banned frivolity of all kinds and even medicine. After he left them, he changed his name to his mother's maiden name, Cornwell.
Cornwell was sent away to Monkton Combe School. He attended the University of London, and after graduating, worked as a teacher. He attempted to enlist in the British armed services at least three times, but was rejected on the grounds of myopia.
He then joined the BBC's Nationwide and was promoted to become head of current affairs at BBC Northern Ireland. He then joined Thames Television as editor of Thames News. He relocated to the United States in 1979 after marrying an American. Unable to get a green card, he started writing novels, as this did not require a work permit. He later became a U.S. citizen. He currently resides on Cape Cod in Massachusetts.

wn.com/Bernard_Cornwell
Charles I of England
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, because they saw them as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.
Charles's reign was also characterised by religious conflicts. His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War, coupled with the fact that he married a Roman Catholic princess, generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma. Charles further allied himself with controversial ecclesiastic figures, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to the Roman Catholic Church. Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall.

wn.com/Charles_I_of_England
Christopher Hockley
Rear Admiral Christopher J. Hockley (born 24 August 1959) is a Royal Navy officer who became Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England and Northern Ireland with effect from September 2011.
Educated at Dulwich College, Hockley joined the Royal Navy in 1979 and subsequently specialised in engineering. He was appointed Deputy Team Leader for the Future Aircraft Carrier Project in 1999, Military Assistant to the Chief of Defence Procurement in 2002 and Through Life Support Director at the Defence Logistics Organisation in 2005. He was made base commander at HMNB Clyde in October 2007 and became Flag Officer, Scotland, Northern England and Northern Ireland in the rank of Rear Admiral in September 2011.

wn.com/Christopher_Hockley
Covey Crump
Commander A. Covey-Crump, Royal Navy (RN), a former Naval Assistant to the Chief of Naval Information, was responsible in the mid-1950s for compiling a record of naval slang, abbreviations, legends and historical tid-bits. The first edition appeared on 17 May 1955. The compilation, now continually updated, has led to the term Covey Crump itself entering into RN slang.
Surgeon Captain Rick Jolly, who as a Surgeon Commander with the Commando Logistic Regiment commanded the field hospital at Ajax Bay during the Falklands War has produced his own dictionary of "Jackspeak" in aid of the South Atlantic Medal Association.

wn.com/Covey_Crump
Des Browne
Desmond Henry Browne, Baron Browne of Ladyton (born 22 March 1952) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock and Loudoun from 1997 to 2010. He was a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, until the latter moved him from both Defence and Scottish Secretary in 2008.
Browne was born in Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, lived in Stevenston for the early part of his life, and was educated at the Catholic St Michael's Academy in Kilwinning and later at the University of Glasgow, where he received a degree in law.
He started his legal career in 1974 as an apprentice solicitor with the firm James Campbell & Co. On qualifying in 1976 he became an assistant solicitor with Ross, Harper and Murphy, and was promoted to partner in 1980. He became a partner in McCluskey Browne in 1985 and a council member of the Law Society of Scotland 1988-1992. He was admitted as an advocate in 1993, practising at the Scottish bar until 1997. He worked mainly in child law.

wn.com/Des_Browne
Douglas Reeman
Douglas Edward Reeman, born (1924-10-15) 15 October 1924 (age 87) at Thames Ditton, is a British author who has written many historical fiction books on the Royal Navy, mainly set during either World War II or the Napoleonic Wars.
Reeman joined the Royal Navy in 1940, at the age of 16, and served during World War II and the Korean War. He eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant. In addition to being an author, Reeman has also taught the art of navigation for yachting and served as a technical advisor for films. Douglas married Canadian Kimberley Jordan in 1985.
Reeman's debut novel, A Prayer for the Ship was published in 1958. His pseudonym Alexander Kent was the name of a friend and naval officer who died during the Second World War. Reeman is most famous for his series of Napoleonic naval stories, whose central character is Richard Bolitho, and, later, his nephew, Adam. He also wrote a series of novels about several generations of the Blackwood family who served in the Royal Marines from the 1850s to the 1970s, and a non-fiction account of his World War II experiences, D-Day: A Personal Reminiscence (1984).

wn.com/Douglas_Reeman
Dudley Pope
Dudley Bernard Egerton Pope (29 December 1925 – 25 April 1997) was a British writer of both nautical fiction and history, most notable for his Lord Ramage series of historical novels. Greatly inspired by C.S. Forester, Pope was one of the most successful authors to explore the genre of nautical fiction, often compared to Patrick O'Brian.
Dudley Pope was born in Ashford, Kent. By concealing his age he joined the Home Guard aged 14 and at age 16 joined the merchant navy as a cadet. His ship was torpedoed the next year (1942). Afterwards, he spent two weeks in a lifeboat with the few other survivors. After he was invalided out the only obvious sign of the injuries he had suffered was a joint missing from one finger due to gangrene. Pope then went to work for a Kentish newspaper, then in 1944 moved to The Evening News in London, where he was the naval and defence correspondent. From there he turned to reading and writing naval history.
His first book, Flag 4, was published in 1954, followed by several other historical accounts. C. S. Forester, the creator of the famed Horatio Hornblower novels, encouraged Pope to add fiction to his repertoire. In 1965, Ramage appeared, the first of what was to become an 18-novel series.

wn.com/Dudley_Pope
Duncan Potts
Rear Admiral Duncan L. Potts (born 1961) is a Royal Navy officer who currently serves as Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces.
Educated at Wellington School in Somerset, Potts joined the Royal Navy in 1979. He became Commanding Officer of the frigate HMS Brilliant in 1996, Commanding Officer of the destroyer HMS Southampton in 1997 and a member of the Policy and Programmes Cell at the Permanent Joint Headquarters in 1998 before becoming Commander Sea Training to the Flag Officer Sea Training in 1999. He was appointed Commander of the frigate HMS Marlborough and the 4th Frigate Squadron in 2000 and deployed to the Middle East.
He went on to be Captain Navy Plans and then Military Assistant to the Vice-Chief of Defence Staff at the Ministry of Defence. He was appointed Commander of the UK Task Group in 2007 (in which role he was deployed to the Gulf) and Assistant Chief of Staff (Crisis and Deliberate Planning) at Permanent Joint Headquarters in 2009. He became Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces in January 2011 (deployed as Commander of EU maritime operations off Somalia from August 2011).

wn.com/Duncan_Potts
Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor, (Old English: Ēadƿeard se Andettere; French: Édouard le Confesseur; 1003–05 to 4 or 5 January 1066), son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, was one of the last Anglo-Saxon kings of England and is usually regarded as the last king of the House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 to 1066.
He has traditionally been seen as unworldly and pious, and his reign as notable for the disintegration of royal power in England and the advance in power of the Godwin family. His biographers, Frank Barlow and Peter Rex, dispute this, picturing him as a successful king, who was energetic, resourceful and sometimes ruthless, but whose reputation has been unfairly tarnished by the Norman conquest shortly after his death. Other historians regard this picture as only partly true, and not at all in the later part of his reign. In the view of Richard Mortimer, the return of the Godwins from exile in 1052 "meant the effective end of his exercise of power". The difference in his level of activity from the earlier part of his reign "implies a withdrawal from affairs".

wn.com/Edward_the_Confessor
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.

wn.com/Elizabeth_II
Geoff Hoon
Geoffrey "Geoff" William Hoon (born 6 December 1953) is a British politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashfield from 1992 to 2010. He is a former Defence Secretary, Transport Secretary, Leader of the House of Commons and Labour Party Chief Whip.
Hoon was born in Derby, England, and is the son of Ernest Hoon and June Collett.
Hoon was educated at the independent Nottingham High School before going on to Cambridge University, where he read law at Jesus College and graduated in 1974.
Hoon was a law lecturer at the University of Leeds from 1976–82, and was a warden at the all-male Devonshire Hall. He was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn in 1978, and was also a visiting law professor at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, from 1980-81. In 1982, Hoon became a practising barrister for two years in Nottingham.
Hoon was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for Derbyshire in 1984 and served in Brussels and Strasbourg for ten years. He was elected to the House of Commons at the 1992 general election for Ashfield, making his maiden speech on 20 May 1992, following the retirement of the sitting Labour MP, Frank Haynes. He held the seat with a majority of 12,987 and remained the constituency's MP until the 2010 general election. He also attended the Bilderberg Conference in Scotland in 1998. Hoon has acquired the irreverent nickname Buff, (Buffoon). Although it was originally rumored to have been the invention of a member of the Conservative Party, fellow Labour Party colleague Peter Kilfoyle recently took responsibility.

wn.com/Geoff_Hoon
George Zambellas
Admiral George Michael Zambellas DSC, was Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces from June 2007 until September 2008 and is currently Commander-in-Chief Fleet, Chief of Staff to Navy Command Headquarters, and Chief Naval Warfare Officer.
His early years were spent in Rhodesia, before coming to England to attend Stowe School and Southampton University to study aeronautical and astronautical engineering. He worked in the aerospace industry for a time before joining the Royal Navy in 1980, qualifying as a helicopter pilot in 1982 and clocking up 1500 deck landings and 2000 flying hours in three tours. He served as the flight commander of HMS Rothesay flying the Wasp HAS Mk 1 before converting to the Lynx HAS Mk 3.
He was trained for the naval staff at Greenwich in 1990, and then spent a short time as a corporate planner for the Royal Navy’s manpower and training division within the Ministry of Defence. Two years in command of HMS Cattistock in the Baltic and Mediterranean followed. His next appointment was ashore, as an aviation operations officer in the Fleet Headquarters at Northwood, before being promoted to command HMS Argyll, a command which included a notable counter-narcotics operation in the Caribbean.

wn.com/George_Zambellas
Gilbert Blane
Sir Gilbert Blane of Blanefield, 1st Baronet FRSE FRS MRCP (29 August 1749 – 26 June 1834) was a Scottish physician who instituted health reform in the Royal Navy.
Born in Blanefield, by Kirkoswald, in Ayrshire, he studied medicine at Edinburgh University and Glasgow University (MD 1778) before moving to London, where he served as private physician to Lord Rodney. Blane was appointed Physician to the Fleet (1779–1783) and accompanied Rodney to the West Indies in 1779. Blane did much to improve the health of sailors by heeding their diet and enforcing due sanitary precautions. Largely due to his advocacy, the entire navy in 1795 made the use of lemon juice mandatory to prevent scurvy. For this reason, "limey" (lemons being replaced by limes, which could be obtained from Britain's Caribbean colonies) later became a common slang word for a British person. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in December 1784 and delivered their Croonian lecture in 1788.
He became Physician to St Thomas' Hospital (1783-1795), Physician Extraordinary to the Prince of Wales (1785) and Physician in Ordinary to the King (George IV and William IV). By virtue of these court and hospital appointments, he built up a good practice for himself in London, and the government constantly consulted him on questions of public hygiene. In 1812 he became a baronet, of Blanefield in the County of Ayr, in reward for services he rendered in connection with the return of the Walcheren expedition.

wn.com/Gilbert_Blane
Henry V of England
Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster.
After military experience fighting various lords who rebelled against his father, Henry IV, Henry came into political conflict with the increasingly ill king. After his father's death, Henry rapidly assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France. From an unassuming start, his military successes in the Hundred Years' War, culminating with his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt, saw him come close to conquering France. After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France, the Treaty of Troyes recognized Henry V as regent and heir-apparent to the French throne, and he was subsequently married to Charles' daughter, Catherine of Valois. Following Henry V's sudden death in France of dysentery, he was succeeded by his infant son, who reigned as Henry VI.
Henry features in three plays by William Shakespeare. He is shown as a young scapegrace who redeems himself in battle in the two Henry IV plays and as a decisive leader in Henry V.

wn.com/Henry_V_of_England
Horatio Hornblower
Horatio Hornblower is a fictional Royal Navy officer who is the protagonist of a series of novels by C. S. Forester. He was later the subject of films and television programs.
The original Hornblower tales began with the 1937 novel The Happy Return (U.S. title Beat to Quarters) with the appearance of a junior Royal Navy captain on independent duty on a secret mission to Central America, though later stories would fill out his earlier years, starting with an unpromising beginning as a seasick midshipman. As the Napoleonic Wars progress, he gains promotion steadily as a result of his skill and daring, despite his initial poverty and lack of influential friends. Eventually, after surviving many adventures in a wide variety of locales, he rises to the pinnacle of his profession, promoted to Admiral of the Fleet, knighted as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and named the 1st Baron Hornblower.
Ernest Hemingway is quoted as saying, "I recommend Forester to everyone literate I know," and Winston Churchill stated, "I find Hornblower admirable."

wn.com/Horatio_Hornblower
James II of England
James II & VII (14 October 1633^O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Members of Britain's political and religious elite increasingly opposed him for being pro-French and pro-Catholic, and for his designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded, and leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands, which he did. James fled England (and thus was held to have abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.

wn.com/James_II_of_England
Jeremy Blackham
Vice Admiral Sir Jeremy Joe Blackham KCB is a former Royal Navy officer who became Deputy Commander-in-Chief Fleet.
Blackham joined the Royal Navy in 1961. He became Commanding Officer successively of the minesweeper HMS Beachampton, the frigate HMS Ashanti and then the destroyer HMS Nottingham. He was appointed Director of the Royal Navy Staff College in 1986, Director of Naval Plans at the Ministry of Defence in 1989 and then Commanding Officer of the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, which was deployed in the Adriatic Sea at the start of the Bosnian War in 1992, before becoming Chief of Staff at Naval Home Command in 1993. He went on to be Director-General of Naval Personnel Strategy at the Ministry of Defence before being made Assistant-Chief of the Navy Staff in 1995. His last appointments were as Deputy Commander-in-Chief Fleet in 1997 and then Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Equipment Capability) in 1999 before retiring in 2002.
In retirement he became UK President of EADS, the defence contractor.

wn.com/Jeremy_Blackham
John Mills
Sir John Mills CBE (22 February 1908 – 23 April 2005), born Lewis Ernest Watts Mills, was an English actor who made more than 120 films in a career spanning seven decades.
Mills was born at the Watts Naval School in North Elmham, Norfolk, England, and grew up in Belton, where his father was the headmaster of the village school and in Felixstowe, Suffolk, where he lived in a modest house in Ham's Road. He was educated at Norwich High School for Boys, where it is said that his initials can still be seen carved into the brickwork on the side of the building in Upper St. Giles Street. He made his acting debut on the stage of the Sir John Leman School in Beccles in a performance of A Midsummer Night's Dream when he played the part of Puck.^{[citation needed]} Upon leaving school he worked as a clerk at a corn merchants in Ipswich.
Mills took an early interest in acting, making his professional debut at the London Hippodrome in The Five O'Clock Girl in 1929. He also starred in the Noël Coward revue Words and Music. He made his film debut in The Midshipmaid (1932), and appeared as Colley in the 1939 film version of Goodbye, Mr Chips, opposite Robert Donat.

wn.com/John_Mills
John Nott
Sir John William Frederic Nott KCB (born 1 February 1932 in Bideford, Devon) is a former British Conservative Party politician prominent in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He featured heavily in the public eye as Secretary of State for Defence during the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands and the subsequent Falklands War.
The son of Richard Nott and Phyllis née Francis, Nott was educated at Bradfield College and was commissioned as a regular officer in the 2nd Gurkha Rifles in Malaysia (1952–1956). He left to study law and economics at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was President of the Cambridge Union Society. At Cambridge he met his future wife Miloshka, herself a refugee from Communist Slovenia (Yugoslavia). They have two sons and a daughter.
Nott was Member of Parliament for St Ives in Cornwall from 1966 to 1983. Interestingly, John Nott was the last person to commence his parliamentary career under the nearly obsolete National Liberal label. The National Liberals were formally absorbed by the Conservatives in 1968 and Nott then sat as a Conservative MP.

wn.com/John_Nott
Jonathon Band
Admiral Sir Jonathon Band, GCB, DL, ADC (born 2 February 1950), from 2006 to 2009, was the First Sea Lord of the United Kingdom, the most senior serving officer in the Royal Navy. Before serving as First Sea Lord he was Commander-in-Chief Fleet. Since becoming First Sea Lord, Band had been a firm advocate of the creation of new ships to meet new threats and maintain the status of the Royal Navy as one of the world's leading naval forces.
Born in 1950, Band spent much of his early childhood abroad. On his return to the UK, Band attended two independent schools: Brambletye School, a preparatory school, in Ashurst Wood, West Sussex, and from the age of thirteen, Haileybury and Imperial Service College. At school, Band was a Petty Officer in the Combined Cadet Force.
He entered the Royal Navy in 1967, before undertaking sea training in the Far East. He returned to the UK on an undergraduate programme and studied for three years at the University of Exeter, gaining a BA in 1972.
After graduating from Exeter, he served in junior officer appointments in HMS Lewiston and HMS Rothesay. In the mid 1970s, he undertook an exchange programme with the United States Navy and served onboard the guided missile cruiser, USS Belknap, which is now no longer in service. Following warfare training in 1976 and 1977 he served for two years as the Principal Warfare Officer and Operations Officer onboard the Frigate HMS Eskimo. This appointment included deployments to the West Indies and South Atlantic.

wn.com/Jonathon_Band
Julian Stockwin
Julian Stockwin (born in 1944 in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) is an author of historical action-adventure fiction.
Born in 1944, Stockwin soon developed a love for the sea. Having an uncle, Tom Clay, who was a seaman in square-rigged ships and had sailed around Cape Horn in the Cutty Sark, the sea was in his blood.
After grammar school, his father sent him to sea-training school at Indefatigable at age 14. He joined the Royal Navy at 15 and transferred to the Royal Australian Navy when his family emigrated. Stockwin served eight years, and was eventually rated petty officer.
Stockwin attended the University of Tasmania to read Far Eastern studies and psychology. He did post-graduate work in cross-cultural psychology. He got involved in the manufacture and design of computers and software development. Returning to the navy and the Royal Navy Reserve, Stockwin was honoured with an MBE and retired as Lt Commander.
He returned to the United Kingdom in 1990 and started to write in 1996. Naturally the subject was the sea. He currently resides in Ivybridge, Devon.

wn.com/Julian_Stockwin
Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great or the Sun King (French: le Roi-Soleil), was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre. He holds the distinction of being the longest-reigning king in European history, reigning for 72 years and 110 days.
Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin. An adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis's minority. By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

wn.com/Louis_XIV_of_France
Mark Stanhope
Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, GCB, OBE (born 26 March 1952) is the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff of the United Kingdom, thus the professional head of the Royal Navy.
Stanhope was educated at the London Nautical School, Worthing High School for Boys (since 1973 the sixth form college Worthing College), and then St Peter's College, Oxford, where he gained an MA in physics.
Stanhope joined the Royal Navy in 1970 and was promoted to full lieutenant on 1 May 1977. Promoted to lieutenant-commander on 16 October 1982, he commanded the submarine HMS Orpheus from 1981 to 1983. After receiving promotion to commander in June 1986, he commanded the submarine HMS Splendid from 1986 to 1989. He was appointed OBE in the 1989 New Year Honours list.
Promoted to captain in June 1991, he then went on to command the frigate HMS London from 1991 to 1993 and subsequently the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious from 1998 to 2000 during which time that ship was deployed on operational patrol off Sierra Leone. He was appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief Fleet in 2002.

wn.com/Mark_Stanhope
Nicholas Monsarrat
Commander Nicholas John Turney Monsarrat RNVR (22 March 1910 – 8 August 1979) was a British novelist known today for his sea stories, particularly The Cruel Sea (1951) and Three Corvettes (1942–45), but perhaps best known internationally for his novels, The Tribe That Lost Its Head and its sequel, Richer Than All His Tribe.
Born on Rodney Street in Liverpool, Monsarrat was educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Cambridge. He intended to practise law. The law failed to inspire him, however, and he turned instead to writing, moving to London and supporting himself as a freelance writer for newspapers while writing four novels and a play in the space of five years (1934–1939). He later commented in his autobiography that the 1931 Invergordon Naval Mutiny influenced his interest in politics and social and economic issues after college.
Though a pacifist, Monsarrat served in World War II, first as a member of an ambulance brigade and then as a member of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). His lifelong love of sailing made him a capable naval officer, and he served with distinction in a series of small warships assigned to escort convoys and protect them from enemy attack. Monsarrat ended the war as commander of a frigate, and drew on his wartime experience in his postwar sea stories. During his wartime service, Monsarrat claimed to have seen the ghost ship Flying Dutchman while sailing the Pacific, near the location where the young King George V had seen her in 1881.

wn.com/Nicholas_Monsarrat
Noël Coward
Sir Noël Peirce Coward (16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973) was an English playwright, composer, director, actor and singer, known for his wit, flamboyance, and what Time magazine called "a sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise".
Born in Teddington, a suburb of London, Coward attended a dance academy in London as a child, making his professional stage début at the age of eleven. As a teenager he was introduced into the high society in which most of his plays would be set. Coward achieved enduring success as a playwright, publishing more than 50 plays from his teens onwards. Many of his works, such as Hay Fever, Private Lives, Design for Living, Present Laughter and Blithe Spirit, have remained in the regular theatre repertoire. He composed hundreds of songs, in addition to well over a dozen musical theatre works (including the operetta Bitter Sweet and comic revues), poetry, several volumes of short stories, the novel Pomp and Circumstance, and a three-volume autobiography. Coward's stage and film acting and directing career spanned six decades, during which he starred in many of his own works.

wn.com/Noël_Coward
Paul Kennedy
Paul Michael Kennedy CBE, FBA (born 1945), is a British historian at Yale University specialising in the history of international relations, economic power and grand strategy. He has published prominent books on the history of British foreign policy and Great Power struggles. He emphasizes the changing economic power base that undergirds military and naval strength, noting how declining economic power leads to reduced military and diplomatic weight.
Kennedy was born in Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, and attended St. Cuthbert's Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne. Subsequently, he graduated with first class honours in history from Newcastle University and obtained his doctorate from St. Antony's College, Oxford, under the supervision of A. J. P. Taylor and John Andrew Gallagher. He was a member of the History Department at the University of East Anglia between 1970 and 1983. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a former Visiting Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, and of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany. In 2007-8, Kennedy was the Phillipe Roman Professor of History and International Affairs at the London School of Economics.

wn.com/Paul_Kennedy
Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II; Portuguese: Filipe I ; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was the King of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. He was also king of Sicily and Naples as Philip I. During his marriage to Mary I, he was King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.
Also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), he ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans.
Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles I of Spain, and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents. He was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."

wn.com/Philip_II_of_Spain
Richard Attenborough
Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough ( /ˈætənbərə/), CBE (born 29 August 1923) is an English actor, director, producer and entrepreneur. He is the current President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).
As a film director and producer, he won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1982. He has also won four BAFTA Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. As an actor he is perhaps best known for his roles in Brighton Rock, The Great Escape, 10 Rillington Place, Miracle on 34th Street and Jurassic Park.
He is the elder brother of naturalist and broadcaster David Attenborough.
Attenborough was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, the eldest of three sons of Mary Attenborough (née Clegg) a founding member of the Marriage Guidance Council, and Frederick Levi Attenborough, a scholar and academic administrator who was a don at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and wrote a standard text on Anglo-Saxon law. Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and at RADA. During the Second World War Attenborough served in the Royal Air Force.

wn.com/Richard_Attenborough
Samuel Pepys
Samuel Pepys FRS, MP, JP, ( /ˈpiːps/; 23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament who is now most famous for the diary he kept for a decade while still a relatively young man. Although Pepys had no maritime experience, he rose by patronage, hard work and his talent for administration, to be the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under both King Charles II and subsequently King James II.
His influence and reforms at the Admiralty were important in the early professionalisation of the Royal Navy.
The detailed private diary Pepys kept from 1660 until 1669 was first published in the 19th century, and is one of the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period. It provides a combination of personal revelation and eyewitness accounts of great events, such as the Great Plague of London, the Second Dutch War and the Great Fire of London.
Pepys was born in Salisbury Court, Fleet Street, London on 23 February 1633, to John Pepys (1601–1680), a tailor, and Margaret Pepys (née Kite; d. 1667), daughter of a Whitechapel butcher. His great uncle Talbot Pepys was recorder and briefly MP for Cambridge in 1625. His father's first cousin, Sir Richard Pepys, was elected MP for Sudbury in 1640, and appointed Baron of the Exchequer on 30 May 1654, and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, on 25 September 1655.

wn.com/Samuel_Pepys
Showell Styles
Frank Showell Styles (14 March 1908 – 19 February 2005) was a Welsh writer and mountaineer.
Showell Styles was born in Four Oaks, Birmingham and was educated at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield. Known to his friends as 'Pip', Showell Styles' childhood was spent in the hills of North Wales where he became an avid mountaineer and explorer. During the Second World War, Styles joined the Royal Navy and was posted in the Mediterranean, but even there he walked and climbed as much as he could.
An aspiring writer, Styles already had articles published in Punch, before setting out to make his living as an author. His first novel, Traitor’s Mountain, was a murder mystery set on and around Tryfan in Wales. He became a prolific writer with over 160 books published for children as well as adults. In addition to historic naval adventure fiction such as the Midshipman Quinn and Lieutenant Michael Fitton series set during the Napoleonic Wars, and non-fiction works on mountains and such as The Mountaineer’s Weekend Book, he wrote detective fiction under the pseudonym of Glyn Carr, and humorous pieces as C.L. Inker.

wn.com/Showell_Styles
Æthelred the Unready
Æthelred the Unready, or Æthelred II (circa 968 – 23 April 1016), was king of England (978–1013 and 1014–1016). He was son of King Edgar and Queen Ælfthryth. Æthelred was only about 10 (no more than 13) when his half-brother Edward was murdered. Æthelred was not personally suspected of participation, but as the murder was committed at Corfe Castle by the attendants of Ælfthryth, it made it more difficult for the new king to rally the nation against the military raids by Danes, especially as the legend of St Edward the Martyr grew.
From 991 onwards, Æthelred paid tribute, or Danegeld, to the Danish King. In 1002, Æthelred ordered a massacre of Danish settlers. In 1003, King Sweyn invaded England and in 1013, Æthelred fled to Normandy and was replaced by Sweyn, who was also king of Denmark. However, Æthelred returned as king after Sweyn died in 1014.
"Unready" is a mistranslation of Old English unræd (meaning bad-counsel) —a twist on his name "Æthelred" (meaning noble-counsel). A better translation would be Redeless—without counsel (Rede).

wn.com/Æthelred_the_Unready

Duck Sauce Barbra Streisand Royal Navy

Thanks to everyone for the great feedback and comments! Glad to hear its been entertaining...

published: 25 Apr 2011

author: hugomheggs

History of the Royal Navy - Steam,Steel and Dreadnoughts 1806-1918

...

published: 22 Apr 2012

author: SrDocumentado

Royal Navy TwoSix.tv Jan 2013: Royal Marines

Set against the back drop of Exercise Cougar 2012 the CGRM (Major General Ed Davis) provid...

published: 21 Dec 2012

author: TwoSixTV

Small businesses 'not hiring reservists' 17.01.13

A new survey has revealed most small businesses are failing to hire reservists from the Ar...

published: 18 Jan 2013

author: BritishForcesNews

Royal Navy Interview

Civilian journalist interviewing Royal Navy FOST Staff...

published: 18 Jan 2013

author: NoobKnowHow

All I Want For Christmas - HMS OCEAN

After lots of time away last year (214 days) -- planned for 7 week deployment exercise wit...

published: 02 Dec 2011

author: TwoSixTV

Royal Navy - (1/3) - Aufstieg

BBC -- Film von Steven Clarke und Dan Snow (2009) - Historiker Dan Snow dokumentiert die R...

published: 13 Oct 2012

author: DokuPlazaHistory

The Royal Navy (Part 1/5)

Gladiator "Royal Navy" Part 1 of 5...

published: 22 Feb 2008

author: zxwar

Royal Navy - (2/3) - Expansion

BBC -- Film von Steven Clarke und Dan Snow (2009) - Historiker Dan Snow dokumentiert die R...

published: 20 Oct 2012

author: DokuPlazaHistory

Royal Navy - (3/3) - Hegemonie

BBC -- Film von Steven Clarke und Dan Snow (2009) - Historiker Dan Snow dokumentiert die R...

published: 28 Oct 2012

author: DokuPlazaHistory

HMS Edinburgh Christmas Video

"HMS Edinburgh, the last of the Royal Navy's Type 42 destroyers, is on a six-month deploym...

published: 17 Dec 2012

author: RoyalNavyOfficial

HMS Protector assists the Cruise Liner Fram

A Norwegian cruise liner at risk of becoming trapped in thick ice off the coast of Antarct...

published: 22 Jan 2013

author: RoyalNavyOfficial

Navy Jobs - Heartbeat : We're hiring

You pause. You think. You start life in the Naval Service. And before you know it, your li...

published: 11 Jan 2013

author: RoyalNavyRecruitment

Royal Navy - Heart of Oak

"Heart of Oak" is the official march of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. It is also t...

published: 16 Jan 2010

author: BritainShallPrevail

How to clean a submarine

Join Lochie Daddo, Fleet Manager Phil McKendrick and Fleet Hull Surveyor Warwick Thomson a...

published: 06 Jun 2012

author: Rippling Media

Royal Navy

Hi-octane, action documentary, written/produced & directed....

published: 21 Dec 2009

author: Chris Templeton

Royal Navy

Underwater documentary action, written/produced & directed....

published: 21 Dec 2009

author: Chris Templeton

Royal Navy

published: 13 Jul 2010

author: Respect Programme

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color bgr_color_content font_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20130124193624/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/royal_navy&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

photo: AP / Lee Jin-man

South Koreans watch a television broadcasting undated image a North Korea launch missile at the Seoul Railway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Thursday, July 2, 2009. North Korea test-fired two short-range missiles Thursday, South Korea's Defense Ministry said, a move that aggravates already high tensions following Pyongyang's recent nuclear test and U.N. sanctions imposed as punishment. The Korean read "North Korea test-fired two short-range missiles."

North Korea Threatens to Conduct Nuclear Test That Targets U.S.

Bloomberg

24 Jan 2013

North Korea threatened to conduct a nuclear weapons test “targeted” at the U.S. after the Obama administration pushed through new United Nations sanctions against the totalitarian state for last month’s rocket launch. “In a new phase of the anti-U.S ... The UN Security Council imposed additional restrictions on North Korea on Jan ... The U.S ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

photo: AP / Anis Belghoul

Algerian firemen carry a coffin containing a person killed during the gas facility hostage situation at the morgue in Ain Amenas, Algeria, Monday, Jan. 21, 2013.

Algeria-BP Is One of Many Reasons Why Al-Qaeda Won

WorldNews.com

22 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When then-Vice President Dick Cheney stated. "If there's a 1% chance that Pakistani scientists are helping al-Qaeda build or develop a nuclear weapon, we have to treat it as a certainty in terms of our response. It's not about our analysis...it's about our response,"(1) it was clearly evident that the "war on terror" had been lost ... And when Zacarias Moussaoui shouted. "America you lost ... 11....(size: 9.1Kb)

photo: White House / Pete Souza

A bronze bust of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is visible in the foreground as President Barack Obama meets with senior advisors, in the Oval Office, Feb. 4, 2010.

Same Bibles, Different Theologies and Histories

WorldNews.com

24 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)

photo: AP / Patric Schneider

A Harris Precinct 4 Constable blocks off an entrance to the Lone Star College North Harris campus after a shooting on Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2013 in Houston.

Two suspects detained after shooting on Texas college campus

Reuters

23 Jan 2013

HOUSTON (Reuters) - Three people were wounded, one critically, on Tuesday when gunfire erupted during an altercation between two people on a community college campus near Houston, police said, the latest in a series of shootings on U.S. college and school campuses. Two people "of interest" in the Lone Star College shooting were detained for questioning, including one with a student identification, according to authorities....(size: 3.7Kb)

photo: AP / Burhan Ozbilici

German military trucks carrying NATO's Patriot Missile Defense System to protect Turkey in case neighboring Syria launches an attack leave the port after the parts of system were unloaded in the Mediterranean city of Iskenderun, Turkey, Monday, Jan. 21, 2013.

German Patriot missile troops arrive in Turkey

Deutsche Welle

21 Jan 2013

Germany has sent 240 soldiers to southern Turkey as part of a NATO mission using Patriot missiles to deter cross-border airstrikes from war-torn Syria. Units are also being provided by the Netherlands and the US. The main German contingent flew out of Berlin Sunday, headed for Kahramanmaras, 100 kilometers (62 miles) inside Turkey's border with Syria, where two German Patriot units are to be fully operational by early February ... DW.DE ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Admiral Sir George Zambellas appointed new First Sea Lord (Royal Navy)

noodls

24 Jan 2013

Royal Navy) ... Sir George joined the Royal Navy in 1980 and is a former helicopter pilot who has also commanded three ships - minehunter Cattistock, and frigates Chatham and Argyll. He was in also in charge of the Royal Navy's amphibious task force and oversaw the introduction of HMS Albion and Bulwark into the fleet ... This noodl was issued by Royal Navy and was initially posted at www.royalnavy.mod.uk....(size: 3.2Kb)

New memorial honours military musicians lost in World Wars (Royal Navy)

noodls

24 Jan 2013

(Source. Royal Navy) ... The battleship was torpedoed in the Mediterranean and sank with the loss of 841 lives. Dennis had also applied to join the Royal Marines as a bugler but was turned down as he had a gap in his teeth which meant he was unable to play ... This noodl was issued by Royal Navy and was initially posted at www.royalnavy.mod.uk ... (noodl....(size: 2.4Kb)

Interserve wins contract to deliver soft facilities management services at five Royal Navy establishments in the southwest (Interserve plc)

noodls

24 Jan 2013

Interserve, the international support services and construction group, has been awarded a contract with ESS Support Services Worldwide (ESS), to provide soft facilities management services at five Royal Navy establishments in the southwest....(size: 4.0Kb)

Officer with gravity takes over warship

Stuff

24 Jan 2013

At one point of his career Englishman Lieutenant Commander Phillip Rowe was the Royal Navy's solitary and only ''Gravity Officer'' ... Rowe joined the Royal ... He retired from the Royal Navy in 2005 and joined the Royal New Zealand Navy the following year....(size: 1.3Kb)

Senior armed forces roles announced

BBC News

24 Jan 2013

New heads of the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force are among appointments to be announced by Defence Secretary Philip Hammond ... Adm Zambellas began his 33-year Navy career flying helicopters and captained HMS Chatham during the Sierra Leone intervention in 2000 ... During 2012 he served as the Navy's Fleet ......(size: 1.6Kb)

In navies, last gender barrier is the ocean’s surface

Foreign Policy

24 Jan 2013

Britain has also said that this year will see the beginning of female participation on Royal Navy submarines, and countries such as Canada and Australia have already seen successful integration of women in submarine crews ... Navy, on the other hand, raised questions about cramped quarters and privacy. ... But logistics and CO2 aside, the Navy has always been a bit behind the times when it comes to female participation....(size: 2.6Kb)

Spring blues in your décor range from energetic to restful

Detroit Free Press

24 Jan 2013

AzkoNobel likes indigo; Pantone's top palette includes Monaco Blue, a mix of royal and navy; Color Marketing Group chose mid-range blues ... RH Baby & Child has a reversible navy and natural braided wool rug, while Restoration Hardware offers Ben Soleimani's heathered navy pinstripe rug; both would be great bases for other navy touches in a room ( www.rhbabyandchild.com ; www.rh.com)....(size: 3.5Kb)

Council pledges its dedication to armed forces community (Redbridge London Borough Council)

noodls

24 Jan 2013

(Source. Redbridge London Borough Council) 24 January 2013. Press release number. PR1991 ... The covenant was also signed by a range of local military representatives including Major General George Norton - General Officer Commanding London District and Major General Commanding the Household Division and Commander Nicholas Chatwin OBE - Royal Navy Community in London, Group Captain A. Davie OBE RAuxAF - Royal Air Force Community in London....(size: 3.9Kb)

Seeking Mathesons

York Press

24 Jan 2013

John, killed on D-Day serving with the 6th Airborne, William (my father) who fought at Monte Cassino, and Donald, who served in the Royal Navy ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

Admiral Sir George Zambellas to head up Navy and Air Marshal Sir Andrew Pulford to ...

The Independent

24 Jan 2013

New heads for the Royal Navy and the RAF were among senior military appointments unveiled by Defence Secretary Philip Hammond today ... PA ....(size: 0.8Kb)

GE Upgrades Integrated Platform Management System on Board Royal Fleet Auxiliary’s Fleet Tankers with Technology Update (GE - General Electric Company)

noodls

24 Jan 2013

GE) business has started fitting the latest generation of Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS) to the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) ships WAVE KNIGHT and WAVE RULER. The technology will extend the life and versatility of the IPMS fitted to the two ships, helping the RFA to maintain essential at-sea supply capabilities vital for supporting the Royal Navy's global maritime operations....(size: 5.2Kb)

Helicopter pilot becomes RAF chief for first time in 95-year history

The Daily Telegraph

24 Jan 2013

The Royal Air Force will be commanded by a helicopter pilot for the first time in its 95-year history, it has been announced. By James Kirkup. 3.58PM GMT 24 Jan 2013. Comments ... Related Articles ... Hammond ... Hammond ... The Royal Navy will also have a new chief, as Admiral Sir George Zambellas becomes First Sea Lord, a former helicopter pilot and frigate captain ...  . Defence ... World News Europe USA China Royal Family News Celebrity news Dating ... ....(size: 10.0Kb)

Divers appeal for information about fatal plane crash (BSAC - British Sub-Aqua Club)

noodls

24 Jan 2013

(Source. BSAC - British Sub-Aqua Club). 24th January 13. Divers from Keighley SAC are turning detective to piece together what happened when three WW2 airmen perished in a fatal plane crash. On a January night in 1945 a Royal Navy Grumman Avenger crashed into a scree slope, known as Great Gully, high above the Lake District's Wastwater which lies at the foot of Scafell, England's highest peak ... He said ... distributed by ... (noodl. 17309374) ....(size: 3.5Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

This article is about the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. For other Royal Navies, see Royal Navy (disambiguation).

Royal Navy
150px
Active	15th century – present
Country	Kingdom of England (until 1707) Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922-present)
Allegiance	HM The Queen
Type	Navy
Size	98 ships including RFA 170 aircraft of the FAA
Part of	British Armed Forces
Naval Staff Offices	Ministry of Defence Main Building, Whitehall
Motto	Latin: Si vis pacem, para bellum If you wish for peace, prepare for war
Colours	Red and White
March	"Heart of Oak"
Commanders
Lord High Admiral	HRH The Duke of Edinburgh, KG, KT, OM, GBE, AC, QSO, CD, PC, AdC(P)
First Sea Lord	Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, GCB, OBE
Commander-in-Chief Fleet	Admiral George Zambellas, DSC
Second Sea Lord	Vice Admiral Charles Montgomery, CBE
Insignia
White Ensign (Until 1707)
White Ensign (1707-1800)
White Ensign (1801 – present)
Naval Jack
Aircraft flown
Attack	Lynx
Patrol	Merlin, Lynx, Sea King ASaC.7
Trainer	Tutor, Hawk,
Transport	Sea King

Naval Service
of the British Armed Forces

Components

Royal Navy

Surface fleet Fleet Air Arm Submarine Service Royal Naval Reserve Royal Navy Medical Service Nursing Service (QARNNS) Royal Fleet Auxiliary Royal Navy Police

Royal Marines

Royal Marines Reserve Special Boat Service

History and future

Ships

Personnel

Civilian agencies

Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service
(now privatised)

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces. Tracing its origins to the 16th century, it is the oldest service branch and is known as the Senior Service. From the end of the 17th century until well into the 20th century it was the most powerful navy in the world,^[1] playing a key part in establishing the British Empire as the dominant world power.

Following victory in the First World War the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size,^[2] although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the largest in the world. By the end of the Second World War the U.S. Navy had emerged as the world's largest. During the course of the Cold War and the emergence of the Soviet submarine threat, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union its focus has returned to global expeditionary operations.

The Royal Navy operates a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships including an aircraft carrier (though without any fixed-wing aircraft), a helicopter carrier, two landing platform docks, four ballistic missile submarines (which maintain the UK's nuclear deterrent), seven nuclear fleet submarines, six guided missile destroyers, 13 frigates, 15 mine-countermeasure vessels and 24 patrol vessels. As of April 2012, there were 79 commissioned ships in the Royal Navy, plus 19 commissioned ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) which also contribute to the Royal Navy's available sea-going assets. The RFA primarily serves to replenish Royal Navy warships at sea, and also augments the Royal Navy's amphibious warfare capabilities through its three Bay-class landing ship dock vessels.

The Royal Navy is part of the Naval Service, which also comprises the Royal Marines, Royal Fleet Auxiliary, Royal Naval Reserve and Royal Marines Reserve. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, an Admiral and member of the Defence Council of the United Kingdom. The Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence.

History [link]

Main articles: History of the Royal Navy and Royal Scots Navy

Development of England's navy [link]

900–1500 [link]

The strength of the fleets of the united Kingdom of England was an important element in the kingdom's power in the 10th century.^[3] At one point Aethelred II had an especially large fleet built by a national levy of one ship for every 310 hides of land, but it is uncertain whether this was a standard or exceptional model for raising fleets.^[4] During the period of Danish rule in the 11th century the authorities maintained a standing fleet by taxation, and this continued for a time under the restored English regime of Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042–1066), who frequently commanded fleets in person.^[5]

The Battle of Sluys

English naval power seems to have declined as a result of the Norman conquest.^[6] Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into naval service in time of war. From time to time a few "king's ships" owned by the monarch were built for specifically warlike purposes, but unlike some European states England did not maintain a small permanent core of warships in peacetime. England's naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow.^[7]

With the Viking era at an end, and conflict with France largely confined to the French lands of the English monarchy, England faced little threat from the sea during the 12th and 13th centuries, but in the 14th century the outbreak of the Hundred Years War dramatically increased the French menace. Early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340.^[8] Major fighting was thereafter confined to French soil and England's naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. However, while subsequent French invasion schemes came to nothing, England's naval forces could not prevent frequent raids on the south-coast ports by the French and their Genoese and Castilian allies; such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V^[9] Rodger calls Edward III's own claim to be the "Sovereign of the Seas" into question, arguing there was hardly any Royal Navy before the reign of Henry V (1413-22). Rodger also argues that for much of the fourteenth century, the French had the upper hand, apart from Sluys in 1340 and, perhaps, off Winchelsea in 1350.^[10] (reigned 1413–1422).

1500–1707 [link]

The standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, was created in the 16th century during the reign of Henry VIII.^[11] Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, which saw privately-owned ships combining with the Navy Royal in highly profitable raids against Spanish commerce and colonies.^[12] In 1588 Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada against England in order to end English support for Dutch rebels, to stop English corsair activity and to depose the Protestant Elizabeth I. The Spaniards sailed from Lisbon, planning to escort an invasion force from the Spanish Netherlands but the plan failed due to poor planning, English harrying, blocking action by the Dutch and mainly as a result of an extremely bad weather.^[13] Rodger argues that the defeat of the Armada created an English national "myth of sea-power," which shaped public opinion and helped the crown privilege the role of the Navy into the 1790s. He says this myth told Englishmen that patriotic and ever-victorious English sea-power would produce liberty, financial profit and, especially, victory for Protestantism in its battles with Catholic France and Spain. Public opinion was highly receptive, especially among the rural gentry, who supported funding for the navy and sent their best young men off to be officers. The elder Pitt made the "myth" come true in the Seven Years War.^[14]

Victory over the Spanish Armada.

During the early 17th century England's relative naval power deteriorated and a new threat emerged from the slaving raids of the Barbary corsairs, which the Navy had little success in countering.^[15] Charles I undertook a major programme of warship building, creating a small force of powerful ships, but his methods of fund-raising to finance the fleet contributed to the outbreak of the English Civil War.^[16] In the wake of this conflict and the abolition of the monarchy, the new Commonwealth of England, isolated and threatened from all sides, dramatically expanded the Navy, which became the most powerful in the world.^[17]

The new regime's introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic.^[18] In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654), the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive.^[19] English tactical improvements resulted in a series of crushing victories in 1653 at Portland, the Gabbard and Scheveningen, bringing peace on favourable terms.^[20] This was the first war fought largely, on the English side, by purpose-built, state-owned warships.

As a result of their defeat in this war, the Dutch transformed their navy on the English model, and the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667) was a closely fought struggle between evenly-matched opponents, with a crushing English victory at the Battle of Lowestoft (1665) countered by Dutch triumph in the epic Four Days Battle (1666).^[21] In 1667 the restored royal government of Charles II of England was forced to lay up the fleet in port for lack of money to keep it at sea, while negotiating for peace. Disaster followed, as the Dutch fleet mounted the Raid on the Medway, breaking into Chatham Dockyard and capturing or burning many of the Navy's largest ships at their moorings,^[22] which resulted in the most humiliating defeat in the Royal Navy's history.^[23] In the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674), Charles II allied with Louis XIV of France against the Dutch, but the combined Anglo-French fleet was fought to a standstill in a series of inconclusive battles, while the French invasion by land was warded off.^[24]

The Dutch Raid on the Medway in 1667 during the Second Anglo–Dutch War.

The influence and reforms of Samuel Pepys, the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under both Charles II and subsequently King James II, were important in the early professionalisation of the Royal Navy.^[25]

During the 1670s and 1680s the Navy succeeded in permanently ending the threat to English shipping from the Barbary corsairs, inflicting defeats which induced the Barbary states to conclude long-lasting peace treaties.^[26] Following the Glorious Revolution, England joined the European coalition against Louis XIV in the War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697) in alliance with the Dutch. The allies were defeated at Beachy Head (1690), but victory at Barfleur-La Hogue (1691) was a turning-point marking the end of France's brief pre-eminence at sea and the beginning of an enduring English, later British, supremacy.^[27]

In the course of the 17th century the Navy completed the transition from a semi-amateur Navy Royal fighting in conjunction with private vessels into a fully professional institution, a Royal Navy. Its financial provisions were gradually regularised, it came to rely on dedicated warships only, and it developed a professional officer corps with a defined career structure, superseding an earlier mix of sailors and socially prominent former soldiers.^[28] Under the Acts of Union in 1707 the three-ship Royal Scots Navy merged with that of England to create a Royal Navy of the new Kingdom of Great Britain.

Development of the British navy [link]

1707–1815 [link]

HMS Victory, Nelson's flagship at Trafalgar, is still a commissioned Royal Navy ship, although she is now permanently kept in dry-dock.

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries the Royal Navy was the largest in the world, but until 1805 its forces were repeatedly matched or exceeded in numbers by a combination of enemies.^[29] Despite this it was able to maintain an almost uninterrupted ascendancy over its rivals through superiority in financing, tactics, training, organization, social cohesion, hygiene, dockyard facilities, logistical support and, from the middle of the 18th century, warship design and construction.^[30]

During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1714), the Navy operated in conjunction with the Dutch against the navies of France and Spain. Naval operations in European waters focused on the acquisition of a Mediterranean base, contributing to a long-lasting alliance with Portugal in 1703 and the capture of Gibraltar (1704) and Minorca (1708), which were both retained by Britain after the war, and on supporting the efforts of Britain's Austrian Habsburg allies to seize control of Spain and its Mediterranean dependencies from the Bourbons. French naval squadrons did considerable damage to English and Dutch commercial convoys during the early years of the war. However a major victory over France and Spain at the Battle of Vigo Bay (1702), further successes in battle, and the scuttling of the entire French Mediterranean fleet at Toulon in 1707 virtually cleared the Navy's opponents from the seas for the latter part of the war. Naval operations also enabled the conquest of the French colonies in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.^[31] Further conflict with Spain followed in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, in which the Navy helped thwart a Spanish attempt to regain Sicily and Sardinia from Austria and Savoy, defeating a Spanish fleet at Cape Passaro, and an undeclared war in the 1720s in which Spain tried to retake Gibraltar and Minorca.

After a period of relative peace, the Navy became engaged in the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1742) against Spain, which was dominated by a series of costly and mostly unsuccessful attacks on Spanish ports in the Caribbean, chiefly at Battle of Cartagena de Indias. In 1742 the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was driven to withdraw from the war in half an hour by the threat of a bombardment of its capital Naples by a small British squadron. The war was quickly followed by the wider War of the Austrian Succession (1744–1748), again pitting Britain against France. Naval fighting in this war, which for the first time included major operations in the Indian Ocean, was largely inconclusive, the most significant event being the failure of an attempted French invasion of England in 1744.^[32] The subsequent Seven Years War (1755–1763) saw the Navy conduct amphibious campaigns leading to the conquest of French Canada, French colonies in the Caribbean and West Africa and small islands off the French coast, while operations in the Indian Ocean contributed to the destruction of French power in India.^[33] A new French attempt to invade Britain was thwarted by the extraordinary Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759, fought in a gale on a dangerous lee shore. Once again the French navy was effectively eliminated from the war, abandoning major operations.^[34] In 1762 the resumption of hostilities with Spain led to the British capture of Havana, along with a Spanish fleet sheltering there, and Manila.^[35]

The Battle of the Saintes. On the right the French flagship, the Ville de Paris, in action against HMS Barfleur.

In the American Revolutionary War, the small Continental Navy of frigates fielded by the rebel colonists was obliterated with ease, but the entry of France, Spain and the Netherlands into the war against Britain produced a combination of opposing forces which deprived the Navy of its position of superiority for the first time since the 1690s, briefly but decisively. The war saw a series of indecisive battles in the Atlantic and Caribbean, in which the Navy failed to achieve the conclusive victories needed to secure the supply lines of British forces in North America and cut off the colonial rebels from outside support.^[36] The most important operation of the war came in 1781 when in the Battle of the Chesapeake the British fleet failed to lift the French blockade of Lord Cornwallis's army, resulting in Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown.^[37] Although this disaster effectively concluded the fighting in North America, it continued in the Indian Ocean, where the French were prevented from re-establishing a meaningful foothold in India, and in the Caribbean. Victory there in the Battle of the Saintes in 1782 and the relief of Gibraltar later the same year symbolised the restoration of British naval ascendancy, but this came too late to prevent the independence of the Thirteen Colonies.^[38]

The eradication of scurvy from the Royal Navy in the 1790s was finally due to the chairman of the Navy's Sick and Hurt Board, Gilbert Blane, who finally put Bachstrom and Lind's long-ignored prescription of fresh lemons to use during the Napoleonic Wars. Other navies soon adopted this successful solution.^[39] During the 18th century, scurvy killed more British sailors than enemy action.^[40] For instance, during the Seven Years War, the Royal Navy reported that it conscripted 184,899 sailors, of whom 133,708 died of disease or were 'missing', and scurvy was the principal disease.^[41] Limey, a Caribbean and North American slang term for British sailors and later the British in general, is believed to derive from the practice.

The Wars of the French Revolution (1793–1801) and Napoleonic Wars (1803–1814 and 1815) saw the Royal Navy reach a peak of efficiency, dominating the navies of all Britain's adversaries, which spent most of the war blockaded in port. During the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy reached a strength of 600 cruisers (including 175 ships of the line) and some smaller vessels, becoming the size of the rest of the world's navies combined. The Navy achieved an emphatic early victory at the Glorious First of June (1794), and gained a number of smaller victories while supporting abortive Royalist efforts to regain control of France. In the course of one such operation the majority of the French Mediterranean fleet was captured or destroyed during a short-lived occupation of Toulon in 1793.^[42] The military successes of the French Revolutionary regime brought the Spanish and Dutch navies into the war on the French side, but the losses inflicted on the Dutch at the Battle of Camperdown in 1797 and the surrender of their surviving fleet to a landing force at Den Helder in 1799 effectively eliminated the Dutch navy from the war.^[43] The Spithead and Nore mutinies in 1797 incapacitated the Channel and North Sea fleets, leaving Britain potentially exposed to invasion, but were rapidly resolved.^[44] The British Mediterranean fleet under Nelson failed to intercept Napoleon Bonaparte's 1798 expedition to invade Egypt, but annihilated the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile, leaving Bonaparte's army isolated.^[45] The emergence of a Baltic coalition opposed to Britain led to an attack on Denmark, which lost much of its fleet in the Battle of Copenhagen (1801) and came to terms with Britain.^[46]

The Battle of Trafalgar, depicted here in its opening phase.

During these years the Navy also conducted amphibious operations which captured most of the French Caribbean islands and the Dutch colonies at the Cape of Good Hope and Ceylon and in the Dutch East Indies, but all of these gains except Ceylon and Trinidad were returned following the Peace of Amiens in 1802, which briefly halted the fighting.^[47] War resumed in 1803 and Napoleon, now ruling France as emperor, attempted to assemble a large enough fleet from the French and Spanish squadrons blockaded in various ports to cover an invasion of England. The Navy frustrated these efforts and, following the abandonment of the invasion plan, the combined Franco-Spanish fleet which had been gathered was smashed by Nelson in the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).^[48] This victory marked the culmination of decades of developing British naval dominance, and left the Navy in a position of uncontested hegemony at sea which endured until the early years of the 20th century.

After Trafalgar, large-scale fighting at sea was limited to the destruction of small, fugitive French squadrons and amphibious operations which again captured the colonies which had been restored at Amiens, along with France's Indian Ocean base at Mauritius.^[49] In 1807 French plans to seize the Danish fleet led to a pre-emptive British attack on Copenhagen, resulting in the surrender of the entire Danish navy.^[50] The impressment of British and American sailors from American ships contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 (1812–1814) against the United States, in which the naval fighting was largely confined to commerce raiding and single-ship actions.^[51] The brief renewal of war after Napoleon's return to power in 1815 did not bring a resumption of naval combat.^[52]

During this period, the Royal Navy imposed a blockade on France and Spain, and swept French and Spanish merchantmen off the high seas. Throughout the Napoleonic Wars, the French were unable to contest the British blockade, and enemy warships spent much of the wars blockaded in port. During the War of 1812, the Royal Navy's Halifax Squadron blockaded the American coastline, largely ruining trade. The Royal Navy also fought a number of single-ship actions, and guarded convoys against American privateers.

1815–1914 [link]

Between 1815 and 1914 the Navy saw little serious action, owing to the absence of any opponent strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals.

HMS Warrior, the first iron-hulled, armour-plated warship

Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies.

HMS Dreadnought

The first major action that the Royal Navy saw during this period was the Bombardment of Algiers in 1816 by a joint Anglo-Dutch fleet under Lord Exmouth, to force the Barbary pirate state of Algiers to free Christian slaves and to halt to the practice of enslaving Europeans. During the Greek War of Independence, the combined navies of Britain, France and Russia defeated an Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino in 1827, the last major action between sailing ships. During the same period, the Royal Navy took anti-piracy actions in the South China Sea.^[53] Between 1807 and 1865, it maintained a Blockade of Africa to counter the illegal slave trade. It also participated in the Crimean War of the 1850s, as well as numerous imperialist military actions and wars throughout Asia and Africa, notably the Opium Wars with China. On 27 August 1896, it took part in the Anglo-Zanzibar War, which was the shortest war in history.

The end of the 19th century saw structural changes brought about by the First Sea Lord (Chief of Naval Staff) Jackie Fisher who retired, scrapped, or placed into reserve many of the older vessels, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. He also oversaw the development of HMS Dreadnought. Dreadnought was the first battleship with a main battery of large-caliber guns, and its steam turbine engine made it the fastest battleship in the world. The battleship rendered all existing battleships obsolete, and its name came to be associated with an generation of battleships, the dreadnoughts. Unlike the far more dramatic technological revolutions of the mid-19th century, this opportunity was exploited to mount a serious challenge to British naval supremacy, and started a naval arms race. The industrial and economic development of Germany had by this time overtaken Britain, and made use of its industrial power to build up the Imperial German Navy, which became the world's second-largest navy. The British responded by expanding the Royal Navy. Britain emerged from this contest triumphant, in as much as it was able to maintain a substantial numerical advantage over Germany, but for the first time since 1805, another navy now existed with the capacity to challenge the Royal Navy in battle.

1914–1945 [link]

During the two World Wars, the Royal Navy played a vital role in keeping the United Kingdom supplied with food, arms and raw materials and in defeating the German campaigns of unrestricted submarine warfare in the first and second battles of the Atlantic.

File:Grand Fleet sails.jpg

British Grand Fleet.

During the First World War most of the Royal Navy's strength was deployed at home in the Grand Fleet, confronting the German High Seas Fleet across the North Sea. A few inconclusive clashes took place between them, chiefly the Battle of Jutland in 1916. These exposed the deficiencies of a British approach to capital ship design which prioritised speed and firepower, as against the German emphasis on resilience, as well as the inadequacies of Britain's hastily-assembled munitions industry. However, the Germans were repeatedly outmaneuvered and the British numerical advantage proved insurmountable, leading the High Seas Fleet to abandon its challenge to British dominance.

Elsewhere in the world, the Navy hunted down the handful of German surface raiders at large. During the Dardanelles Campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1915 it suffered serious losses during a failed attempt to break through the system of minefields and shore batteries defending the straits.

Upon entering the First World War, the British immediately established a blockade of Germany. The Navy's Northern Patrol closed off access to the North Sea, while the Dover Patrol closed off access to the English Channel. The Navy also mined the North Sea. As well as attempting to close off the Imperial German Navy's access to the Atlantic, the blockade was also designed to stop merchant shipping heading to or from Germany. The blockade was maintained eight months after the war had ended in order to force Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles.^[54]

The most serious menace faced by the Navy came from the attacks on merchant shipping mounted by German U-boats. For much of the war this submarine campaign was restricted by prize rules requiring merchant ships to be warned and evacuated before sinking. In 1915 the Germans renounced these restrictions and began to sink merchant ships on sight, but later returned to the previous rules of engagement to placate neutral opinion. A resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 raised the prospect of Britain and its allies being starved into submission. The Navy's response to this new form of warfare had proved inadequate due to its refusal to adopt a convoy system for merchant shipping, despite the demonstrated effectiveness of the technique in protecting troop ships. The belated introduction of convoys sharply reduced losses and brought the U-boat threat under control.

HMS Ark Royal.

In the inter-war period the Royal Navy was stripped of much of its power. The Washington and London Naval Treaties imposed scrappings of capital ships and limitations on new construction. In 1932 the Invergordon Mutiny took place over a proposed 25% pay cut which was eventually reduced to 10%. International tensions increased in the mid-1930s and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1935 failed to halt the development of a naval arms race. By 1938 treaty limits were effectively ignored. The re-armament of the Royal Navy was well under way by this point; the Royal Navy had begun construction of still treaty affected and undergunned new battleships and its first full-sized purpose-built aircraft carriers. In addition to new construction, several existing old battleships (whose gun power offset to a significant extent the weakly armed new battleships), battlecruisers and heavy cruisers were reconstructed, and anti-aircraft weaponry reinforced, while new technologies such as ASDIC, Huff-Duff and hydrophones were developed. The Navy had lost control of naval aviation when the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force in 1918, but regained it with the establishment of the Fleet Air Arm in 1937. However, the effectiveness of its aircraft lagged far behind its rivals, and around this time the Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States Navy began to surpass the Royal Navy in power.

British battlecruiser HMS Hood

At the start of World War II in 1939, the Royal Navy was still the largest in the world, consisting of 15 battleships and battlecruisers with 5 under construction, 7 aircraft carriers, 66 cruisers with 23 more under construction, 184 destroyers with 52 under construction, 45 escort and patrol vessels with 9 under construction and 1 on order, and 60 submarines with 9 under construction.^[55] During the early phases of World War II the Royal Navy provided critical cover during British evacuations from Dunkirk. At the Battle of Taranto, Admiral Cunningham commanded a fleet that launched the first all-aircraft naval attack in history. Later Cunningham was determined that as many Commonwealth soldiers as possible should be evacuated after their defeat on Crete. When army generals feared he would lose too many ships, he famously said, "It takes the Navy three years to build a new ship. It will take three hundred years to build a new tradition. The evacuation will continue."^[56]

The Royal Navy suffered huge losses in the early stages of the war, including HMS Courageous, HMS Glorious, and HMS Hood in the European Theatre, and HMS Hermes, HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales in the Asian Theatre. Of the 1,418 men on the Hood, only three survived.^[57] Over 3,000 people were lost when the converted troopship Lancastria was sunk in June 1940, creating the greatest maritime disaster in Britain's history.^[58] There were, however, early successes against enemy surface ships, at the Battle of the River Plate in 1939, and off Norway; by 1941, with the sinking of the Bismarck, Germany effectively lost her surface ship capabilities. As well as providing cover in operations, it was also vital in guarding the sea lanes that enabled British forces to fight in remote parts of the world such as North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Far East. Naval supremacy in the Atlantic was vital to the amphibious operations carried out, such as the invasions of Northwest Africa, Sicily, Italy, and Normandy. Royal Navy ships also provided an important role in escorting convoys across the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, and to other countries on the allied side, protecting them from air, surface and submarine attack. The German battleship Scharnhorst was one capital ship sunk while trying to attack an allied convoy in 1943.

Postwar period and early 21st century [link]

After World War II the decline of the British Empire and the economic hardships in Britain at the time forced the reduction in the size and capability of the Royal Navy. The increasingly powerful U.S. Navy took on the former role of the Royal Navy as global naval power and police force of the sea. However, the combination of the threat of the Soviet Union, and Britain's commitments throughout the world, created a new role for the Navy. Governments since World War II have had to balance commitments with increasing budgetary pressures, partly due to the increasing cost of weapons systems, what historian Paul Kennedy called the Upward Spiral. These pressures have been exacerbated by bitter inter-service rivalry.

HMS Illustrious, an Invincible-class aircraft carrier.

HMS Dreadnought, the Royal Navy's first nuclear submarine, was launched in the 1960s. The navy also received its first nuclear weapons with the introduction of the first of the Resolution-class submarines armed with the Polaris missile. The introduction of Polaris followed the cancellation of the GAM-87 Skybolt missile which had been proposed for use by the Air Force's V bomber force. By the 1990s the navy became responsible for the maintenance of the UK's entire nuclear arsenal. The financial costs attached to nuclear deterrence became an increasingly significant issue for the navy.

The Navy began plans to replace its fleet of aircraft carriers in the mid-1960s. A plan was drawn up for three large aircraft carriers, each displacing about 60,000 tons; the plan was designated CVA-01. These carriers would be able to operate the latest aircraft that were coming into service, and would keep the Royal Navy’s place as a major naval power. The new Labour government that came into power in the mid-1960s was determined to cut defence expenditure as a means to reduce public spending, and in the 1966 Defence White Paper the project was cancelled.^[59] The navy was forced to make do with three much smaller Invincible-class aircraft carriers. The fleet was now centred around anti-submarine warfare in the north Atlantic as opposed to its former position with worldwide strike capability.

HMS Vanguard of the current Vanguard-class ballistic missile submarines.

One of the most important operations conducted predominantly by the Royal Navy after the Second World War was the 1982 defeat of Argentina in the Falkland Islands War. Despite losing four naval ships and other civilian and RFA ships the Royal Navy fought and won a battle over 8,000 miles (12,000 km) from Great Britain. HMS Conqueror is the only nuclear-powered submarine to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the cruiser ARA General Belgrano. The war also underlined the importance of aircraft carriers and submarines and exposed the weaknesses of the service's late 20th century dependence on chartered merchant vessels.

The decline in warship numbers since 1980.

Before the Falklands War Defence Secretary John Nott had advocated and initiated a series of cutbacks to the Navy.^[60] The Falklands War though, proved a need for the Royal Navy to regain an expeditionary and littoral capability which, with its resources and structure at the time, would prove difficult. At the beginning of the 1980s the Royal Navy was a force focused on blue water anti-submarine warfare. Its purpose was to search for and destroy Soviet submarines in the North Atlantic, and to operate the nuclear deterrent submarine force.

The Royal Navy also took part in the Gulf War, the Kosovo conflict, the Afghanistan Campaign, and the 2003 Iraq War, the last of which saw RN warships bombard positions in support of the Al Faw Peninsula landings by Royal Marines. In August 2005 the Royal Navy rescued seven Russians stranded in a submarine off the Kamchatka peninsula. The Navy's Scorpio 45 remote-controlled mini-sub freed the Russian submarine from the fishing nets and cables that had held it for three days. The Royal Navy was also involved in an incident involving Somali pirates in November 2008, after the pirates tried to capture a civilian vessel.

Today [link]

Personnel [link]

As of 1 November 2011, the Royal Navy numbered 36,640 personnel^[61] and 2,300 Royal Naval Reserve (Volunteer Reserve).^[62] Both of these figures include the Royal Marines and Royal Marines Reserve. In addition there were 19,600 Regular Reserves.^[63]

HMS Raleigh at Torpoint, Cornwall is the basic training facility for newly enlisted personnel. Britannia Royal Naval College is the initial officer training establishment for the navy, located at Dartmouth, Devon.

Personnel are divided into a general duties branch, which includes those seamen officers eligible for command, and other branches including the Royal Naval Engineers, medical, and Logistics Officers, the renamed Supply Officer branch. Present day officers and ratings have several different Royal Navy uniforms; some are blue, others are white.

HMS Bulwark, an Albion-class landing platform dock

Women began to join the Royal Navy in 1917 with the formation of the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS), which was disbanded after the end of the First World War in 1919. It was revived in 1939, and the WRNS continued until disbandment in 1993, as a result of the decision to fully integrate women into the structures of the Royal Navy. The only restriction on women currently in the RN is that they may not serve on submarines, or with the Royal Marine Commandos.

Surface fleet [link]

In the 1990s the navy began a series of projects to modernise the fleet and convert it from a North Atlantic-based anti-submarine force to an expeditionary force. This has involved the replacement of much of the fleet and has seen a number of large procurement projects.^[64]

Large fleet units – amphibious and carriers [link]

HMS Ocean: the Royal Navy's dedicated helicopter carrier.

There is a dedicated helicopter carrier, HMS Ocean and two amphibious assault ships, HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark (the present flagship of the fleet).^[65] HMS Illustrious is the sole remaining Invincible-class carrier and has replaced Ocean as the helicopter carrier until Illustrious is withdrawn in 2014.^[66] Following the retirement of the Harrier II aircraft, there are no fixed-wing aircraft serving upon Royal Navy ships.

The introduction of the four vessels of the Bay class of landing ship dock into the Royal Fleet Auxiliary in 2006 and 2007, and the two Albion-class landing platform docks gave the Royal Navy greater amphibious capability. In November 2006 First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Jonathon Band said, "These ships represent a major uplift in the Royal Navy's war fighting capability."^[67] One Bay-class ship was sold to Australia in 2011.^[68]

Two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers have been ordered^[69]^[70]^[71] and are to be a new generation of aircraft carrier to replace the Invincible-class. The two vessels are expected to cost £3.9 billion, will displace 65,000 tons and are planned to enter service from around 2016. Both are intended to operate the STOVL variant of the F-35 Lightning II. One of the ships may be placed in "extended readiness" to provide a continuous single carrier strike capability when the other is in refit or to provide the option to regenerate more quickly a two carrier strike ability. Alternatively the second ship may be sold with "cooperation with a close ally to provide continuous carrier-strike capability".^[72]

Escort units [link]

HMS Dauntless: the second Type 45 guided missile destroyer

The escort fleet, in the form of frigates and destroyers, is the traditional workhorse of the Navy,^[73] and is also being updated. As of April 2012^[update] there are six destroyers and 13 frigates in active service.

The fleet of Type 42 destroyers, of which two remain in service, is being replaced with the much larger Type 45 destroyer. Six Type 45 destroyers are planned, of which four are in service, one is waiting to enter service and one is under construction as of 2012^[update].^[74]^[75] Under the terms of the original contract the Navy was to have ordered twelve vessels,^[76] but following cut backs only six will now be constructed.^[77]^[78] The primary role of the Type 45 destroyer is anti-air warfare; in order to fulfil this role, it is equipped with the Sea Viper (formerly known as PAAMS) integrated anti-aircraft system which can fire Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles. The Type 45 operates the highly sophisticated Sampson radar system, fully integrated into the PAAMS system.^[77]

There are 13 Type 23 frigates in service, with the final vessel, HMS St Albans, commissioned in June 2002. On 21 July 2004, in the Delivering Security in a Changing World review of defence spending, Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon announced that three frigates of the fleet of sixteen would be paid off as part of a continuous cost-cutting strategy, and these were subsequently sold to Chile.

Several designs have been proposed for a new generation frigate, including the Future Surface Combatant, which is now planned to enter service as the Type 26 frigate. The Strategic Defence and Security Review of October 2010 stated "As soon as possible after 2020 the Type 23 will be replaced by Type 26 frigates, designed to be easily adapted to change roles and capabilities depending on the strategic circumstances". It proposed a total surface escort fleet of 19 frigates and destroyers^[79] .

Mine countermeasure, patrol and survey vessels [link]

HMS Protector: a Royal Navy Antarctic patrol ship.

At the beginning of the 1990s the Royal Navy had two classes of offshore patrol vessel, the Island class, and the larger Castle class. However, in 1997 a decision was taken to replace them. An order for three much larger offshore patrol vessels, the River class was placed in 2001. Unusually, the three River-class ships are owned by Vosper Thorneycroft, and leased to the Royal Navy until 2013. This relationship is defined by a ground-breaking Contractor Logistic Support contract which contracts the ships' availability to the RN, including technical and stores support. A modified River-class vessel, HMS Clyde, was commissioned in July 2007 and became the Falkland Islands guardship. The Royal Navy also has the Sandown-class minehunter and the Hunt-class mine countermeasure vessel. The Hunt class of 8 vessels are mine countermeasure vessels that combine the separate role of the traditional minesweeper and that of the active minehunter in one hull. If required, they can take on the role of offshore patrol vessels. The Royal Navy has a mandate to provide support to the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), which comes in the form of the dedicated Antarctic Patrol Ship HMS Endurance. The four Hecla-class vessels were replaced by the survey vessel HMS Scott which surveys the deep ocean. The other survey vessels of the Royal Navy are the two multi-role ships of the Echo class which came into service in 2002 and 2003.

Submarines [link]

HMS Astute: the first Astute class nuclear submarine.

Main article: Royal Navy Submarine Service

The Royal Navy Submarine Service consists of seven fleet submarines (SSNs), of the Trafalgar and Astute classes, and four ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), of the Vanguard class. All of the Royal Navy's submarines are nuclear powered.

Six Trafalgar-class nuclear-powered fleet submarines remain in commission. Seven Astute-class submarines are planned to replace them, with the first in service, one waiting to enter service, three under construction, the sixth ordered, and the procurement process started for the seventh as of 2012.^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83] The first, HMS Astute entered service in August 2010.^[84] These submarines are much larger than the Trafalgar class boats and displace 7,800 tons submerged.^[85]

The Royal Navy also operates four Vanguard class ballistic missile submarines. Armed with Trident II missiles, these provide the sole platforms for the nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom. In December 2006, the Government published recommendations for a new class of four ballistic missile submarines to replace the Vanguard class, which is due to be replaced by 2024. This proposed new class would mean that the United Kingdom would maintain a nuclear ballistic missile submarine fleet and the ability to launch nuclear weapons.^[86]

Fleet Air Arm [link]

Main article: Fleet Air Arm

The Fleet Air Arm is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for the operation of naval aircraft. The Fleet Air Arm currently operates the AgustaWestland Merlin, Westland Sea King and Westland Lynx helicopters. Helicopters such as the Lynx and Westland Wasp have been deployed on smaller vessels since 1964, taking over the roles once performed by biplanes such as the Fairey Swordfish.

Royal Marines [link]

Main article: Royal Marines

Royal Marines on exercise.

The Royal Marines are a maritime-focused, amphibious, highly specialised light infantry force.^[87] They are capable of deploying at short notice in support of the United Kingdom Government's military and diplomatic objectives overseas. The Royal Marines are organised into a light infantry brigade, 3 Commando Brigade, and a number of separate units. These include the Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines (previously the Comacchio Group), a special guard and oil rig guard force, the Special Boat Service, a maritime special forces unit, and an assault craft unit, 1 Assault Group Royal Marines, which supervises landing craft on board the amphibious ships and landing craft training.

Current role [link]

Royal Navy EH-101 Merlin at RIAT 2009

The current role of the Royal Navy (RN) is to protect British interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of Her Majesty's Government through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives. The RN is also a key element of the UK contribution to NATO, with a number of assets allocated to NATO tasks at any time.^[88] These objectives are delivered via a number of core capabilities:^[89]

Maintenance of the UK Nuclear Deterrent through a policy of Continuous at Sea Deterrence.
Provision of two medium scale maritime task groups with organic air assets.
Delivery of the UK Commando force.
Contribution of assets to the Joint Helicopter Command.
Maintenance of standing patrol commitments.
Provision of Mine Counter Measures capability to UK and allied commitments.
Provision of Hydrographic and meteorological services deployable worldwide.
Protection of the UK and EU's Exclusive Economic Zone.

Current deployments [link]

See Standing Royal Navy deployments

The Royal Navy is currently deployed in many areas of the world, including a number of standing Royal Navy deployments. These include several home tasks as well as overseas deployments. The Navy is deployed in the Mediterranean as part of standing NATO deployments including mine countermeasures and NATO Maritime Group 2 and until 2010 had the now disbanded Royal Navy Cyprus Squadron. In both the North and South Atlantic RN vessels are patrolling. There is always a Falkland Islands Patrol Vessel on deployment, currently the new vessel HMS Clyde.

The F-35B will replace the Harrier aboard the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, which will replace the Invincible-class aircraft carriers.
(The pictured aircraft is not an F-35B)

In the Persian Gulf, the RN sustains a number of commitments in support of both national and coalition efforts to stabilise the region. The Armilla Patrol, which started in 1980, is the navy's primary commitment the Gulf region. The Royal Navy also contributes heavily to the combined maritime forces in the Gulf in support of coalition operations.^[90] The UK Maritime Component Commander (UKMCC), overseer of all UK warships in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters, is also deputy commander of the Combined Maritime Forces.^[91]

The Royal Navy operates a Response Force Task Group (a product of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review) which is poised to respond globally to short-notice tasking across a diverse range of defence activities such as non-combatant evacuation operations, disaster relief, humanitarian aid or amphibious operations. In 2011 the first deployment of the task group occurred under the name 'COUGAR 11' which will see them transit through the Mediterranean where they will take part in multinational amphibious exercises before moving further east through the Suez Canal for further exercises in the Indian Ocean.^[92]^[93]

The Royal Navy has been responsible for training the fledging Iraqi Navy and securing Iraq's oil terminals following the cessation of hostilities in the country. The Iraqi Training and Advisory Mission (Navy) (Umm Qasr), headed by a Royal Navy captain, has been responsible for the former duty whilst Commander Task Force (CTF) Iraqi Maritime, a Royal Navy commodore, has been responsible for the latter.^[94]^[95]

Operation Atalanta, the European Unions Anti-Piracy operation in the Indian Ocean, is permanently commanded by a senior Royal Navy or Royal Marines officer at Northwood headquarters and the navy contributes ships to the operation.^[96]

The Royal Navy contributes to standing NATO formations and maintains forces as part of the NATO response force. The RN also has a long-standing commitment to supporting the Five Powers Defence Arrangements countries and occasionally deploys to the Far East as a result.^[97] This deployment typically consists of a frigate and a survey vessel, operating separately.

Command, control and organisation [link]

The titular head of the Royal Navy is the Lord High Admiral, a position which has been held by HRH the Duke of Edinburgh since 2011. The position had been held by the Sovereign (the Sovereign being the overall head of the British Armed Forces) from 1964 to 2011.^[98]

The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, an Admiral and member of the Defence Council of the United Kingdom. The Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence, which directs the Navy Board, a sub-committee of the Admiralty Board comprising only naval officers and Ministry of Defence (MOD) civil servants. These are all based in MOD Main Building in London, where the First Sea Lord, also known as the Chief of the Naval Staff, is supported by the Naval Staff Department.

Organisation [link]

Structure of CINCFLEET's organisation

Full command of the Royal Navy is vested in Commander-in-Chief Fleet, CINCFLEET, who has responsibility for the provision of Force Elements at Readiness to conduct military and diplomatic tasks as required by Her Majesty's Government, including recruitment and training of personnel. CINCFLEET has responsibility for personnel, commando forces, ships and submarines and Royal Fleet Auxiliary in commission. CINCFLEET command is exercised through the Navy Command Headquarters, based at HMS Excellent in Portsmouth. An Operational Headquarters, the Northwood Headquarters, at Northwood, London, is co-located with the Permanent Joint Headquarters of the United Kingdom's armed forces, and a NATO Regional Command, Allied Maritime Component Command Northwood (AMCCN).

The Royal Navy was the first of the three armed forces to combine the personnel and training command, under the Principal Personnel Officer, with the operational and policy command, combining CINCFLEET and Naval Home Command into a single organisation, Fleet Command, in 2005 and becoming Navy Command in 2008. Within the combined command the Second Sea Lord, Commander in Chief Naval Home command, continues to act as the Principal Personnel Officer.

The Naval Command senior appointments are:^[99]

Rank and pre-nominal	Name	post-nominal(s)	Position
Commander-in-Chief, Fleet
Admiral	Zambellas, GeorgeGeorge Zambellas	DSC	Commander-in-Chief, Fleet
Commander-in-Chief Fleet Headquarters
Vice Admiral	Jones, PhilipPhilip Jones	CB	Deputy CINC and Chief of Staff, (based in HMS Excellent, commands the Headquarters).
Rear Admiral	Hudson, PeterPeter Hudson	CBE	Chief of Staff (Capability)
Rear Admiral	Ian Corder		Commander Operations, (based at Northwood, also Rear Admiral Submarines and Commander Submarine Allied Forces North (NATO)).
Rear Admiral	Potts, DuncanDuncan Potts		Commander UK Maritime Forces, (deployable Force Commander responsible for Maritime Battle Staffs; UK Amphibious Task Group/UK Response Force Task Group, UK Maritime Component Command).
Commodore	Simon Ancona		Deputy Commander UK Maritime Forces
Major General	Davis, EdEd Davis	CBE, RM	Commander UK Amphibious Force
Rear Admiral	Hockley, ChristopherChristopher Hockley		Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England and Northern Ireland
Rear Admiral	C.A. Show		Flag Officer Sea Training
Second Sea Lord and Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command
Vice Admiral	Montgomery, CharlesCharles Montgomery	CBE	Second Sea Lord
Rear Admiral	Steel, DavidDavid Steel	CBE	Chief of Staff (Personnel)/Naval Secretary
The Venerable	J. Green	OHC	Director General Naval Chaplaincy Services

Intelligence support to fleet operations is provided by intelligence sections at the various headquarters and from MOD Defence Intelligence, renamed from the Defence Intelligence Staff in early 2010. There are further details of the Royal Navy's historical organisation at List of fleets and major commands of the Royal Navy.

Locations [link]

HMNB Clyde at Faslane, the home of the United Kingdom's Vanguard class submarines.

Four commissioned ships of the Royal Navy in Portsmouth dockyard; HMS Endurance, the Type 42 destroyer HMS Liverpool, the historic Ship of the line HMS Victory and the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal.

Main article: List of Royal Navy shore establishments

The Royal Navy currently operates three bases in the United Kingdom where commissioned ships are based; Portsmouth, Clyde and Devonport, Plymouth – Devonport is the largest operational naval base in the UK and Western Europe.^[100] Each base hosts a Flotilla Command under a Commodore, or in the case of Clyde a Captain, responsible for the provision of Operational Capability using the ships and submarines within the flotilla. 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines is similarly commanded by a Brigadier and based in Plymouth.

Historically the Royal Navy maintained Royal Navy Dockyards around the world.^[101] Dockyards of the Royal Navy are harbours where ships are overhauled and refitted. Only four are operating today; at Devonport, Faslane, Rosyth and at Portsmouth.^[102] A Naval Base Review was undertaken in 2006 and early 2007, the outcome being announced by Secretary of State, Des Browne the Defence Secretary confirming that all would remain however some reductions in manpower were anticipated.^[103]

The academy where initial training for future Royal Navy officers takes place is Britannia Royal Naval College, located on a hill overlooking Dartmouth, Devon. Basic training for future ratings takes place at HMS Raleigh at Torpoint, Cornwall, close to HMNB Devonport.

Significant numbers of naval personnel are employed within the Ministry of Defence, Defence Equipment and Support and on exchange with the Army and Royal Air Force. Small numbers are also on exchange within other government departments and with allied fleets, such as the United States Navy.

The navy also posts personnel in small units around the world to support ongoing operations and maintain standing commitments. Nineteen personnel are station in Gibraltar to support the small Gibraltar Squadron, the RNs only permanent overseas squadron. A number of personnel are also based at East Cove Military Port and RAF Mount Pleasant in the Falkland Islands to support APT(S). Small numbers of personnel are based in Diego Garcia (Naval Party 1002), Miami (NP 1011 – AUTEC), Singapore (NP 1022), Dubai (NP 1023) and elsewhere.^[104]

Titles and naming [link]

Of the Navy [link]

The British Royal Navy is commonly referred to as the "Royal Navy" both in the United Kingdom and other countries. Navies of Commonwealth of Nations countries where the British monarch is also head of state also include their national name e.g. Royal Australian Navy. Some navies of other monarchies, such as the Koninklijke Marine (Royal Netherlands Navy) and Kungliga Flottan (Royal Swedish Navy), are also called "Royal Navy" in their own language and the French Navy, despite France being a republic since 1870, is often nicknamed "La Royale" (literally: The Royal).^[105]

Of ships [link]

Main article: List of ships of the Royal Navy

Type 23 frigates or "Duke class" are named after British Dukes.

Royal Navy ships in commission are prefixed since 1789 with Her Majesty's Ship (His Majesty's Ship), abbreviated to HMS; for example, HMS Beagle. Submarines are styled HM Submarine, similarly HMS. Names are allocated to ships and submarines by a naming committee within the MOD and given by class, with the names of ships within a class often being thematic (for example, the Type 23s are named after British Dukes) or traditional (for example, the Invincible-class aircraft carriers all carry the names of famous historic ships). Names are frequently re-used, offering a new ship the rich heritage, battle honours and traditions of her predecessors. Often, a particular vessel class will be named after the first ship of that type to be built.

As well as a name, each ship and submarine of the Royal Navy and the Royal Fleet Auxiliary is given a pennant number which in part denotes its role.

Custom and tradition [link]

Main article: Customs and traditions of the Royal Navy

The Royal Navy has several formal customs and traditions including the use of ensigns and ships badges. Royal Navy ships have several ensigns used when under way and when in port. Commissioned ships and submarines wear the White Ensign at the stern whilst alongside during daylight hours and at the main-mast whilst under way. When alongside, the Union Jack (as distinct from the Union Flag, often referred to as the Union Jack) is flown from the jackstaff at the bow, and can only be flown under way either to signal a court-martial is in progress or to indicate the presence of an Admiral of the Fleet on-board (including the Lord High Admiral or the Monarch).^[106]

The Fleet Review is an irregular tradition of assembling the fleet before the monarch. The first review on record was held in 1400, and the most recent review as of 2009^[update] was held on 28 June 2005 to mark the bi-centenary of the Battle of Trafalgar; 167 ships from many different nations attended with the Royal Navy supplying 67.^[107]

There are several less formal traditions including service nicknames and Naval slang. The nicknames include "The Andrew" (of uncertain origin, possibly after a zealous press ganger)^[108]^[109] and "The Senior Service".^[110]^[111] The RN has evolved a rich volume of slang, known as "Jack-speak". Nowadays the British sailor is usually "Jack" (or "Jenny") rather than the more historical "Jack Tar". Royal Marines are fondly known as "Bootnecks" or often just as "Royals". The current compendium of Naval slang was brought together by Commander A. Covey-Crump and his name has in itself become the subject of Naval slang; Covey Crump.^[110] A game traditionally played by the Navy is the four-player board game "Uckers". This is similar to Ludo and it is regarded as easy to learn, but difficult to play well.^[112]

In popular culture [link]

The Royal Navy of the 18th century is depicted in many novels and several films^[113] dramatising the voyage and mutiny on the Bounty. The Royal Navy's Napoleonic campaigns of the early 19th century are a popular subject of historical novels. Some of the best-known include Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series, C.S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower chronicles, Julian Stockwin's Kydd series, Showell Styles' The Midshipman Quinn stories, Dudley Pope's Lord Ramage novels and Douglas Reeman's Richard Bolitho novels. Alexander Kent is a pen name of Douglas Reeman who, under his birth name, has written many novels featuring the Royal Navy in the two World Wars. Other well-known novels include Alistair MacLean's HMS Ulysses, Nicholas Monsarrat's The Cruel Sea, and C.S. Forester's The Ship, all set during World War II.

The Navy can also be seen in numerous films. The fictional spy James Bond is "officially" a commander in the Royal Navy. The Royal Navy is featured in The Spy Who Loved Me, when a nuclear ballistic-missile submarine is stolen, and in Tomorrow Never Dies when a media baron sinks a Royal Navy warship in an attempt to trigger a war between the UK and People's Republic of China. Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World was based on Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series. The Pirates of the Caribbean series of films also includes the Navy as the force pursuing the eponymous pirates. Noël Coward directed and starred in his own film In Which We Serve, which tells the story of the crew of the fictional HMS Torrin during the Second World War. It was intended as a propaganda film and was released in 1942. Coward starred as the ship's captain, with supporting roles from John Mills and Richard Attenborough.^[114] Other examples of full length feature films focusing specifically on the Royal Navy, have been: Seagulls over Sorrento; Yangtse Incident, the story of HMS Amethyst's escape down the Yangtze river; We Dive at Dawn; The Battle of River Plate; Sink the Bismarck!; The Navy Lark.

CS Forester's Hornblower novels have been adapted for television, as have Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe series, which, although primarily involving the Peninsular War of the time, includes several novels involving Richard Sharpe at sea with the Navy. The Royal Navy was the subject of an acclaimed 1970s BBC television drama series, Warship, and of a five-part documentary, Shipmates, that followed the workings of the Royal Navy day to day.^[115]

Television documentaries about the Royal Navy include: Empire of the Seas: How the Navy Forged the Modern World, a four-part documentary depicting Britain's rise as a naval superpower, up until World War I; Sailor, about life on the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal; and Submarine, about the submarine captains' training course, 'The Perisher'. A book based on the series, and also called Submarine, was produced by Jonathan Crane. There have also been recent Channel 5 documentaries such as Royal Navy Submarine Patrol, following a nuclear powered fleet submarine.

The popular BBC radio comedy series The Navy Lark featured a fictitious warship ("HMS Troutbridge") and ran from 1959 to 1977.

References [link]

^ "The Royal Navy". Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511494/The-Royal-Navy. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
^ Rose, Lisle Abbott. Power at Sea: The Breaking Storm, 1919-1945, University of Missouri Press, 2006, page 36.
^ Rodger, N. A. M., The Safeguard of the Sea – a naval history of Britain – Volume one, 660–1649 (1997), pp. 18–30
^ Swanton, p. 138
^ Swanton, pp. 154–5, 160–72
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 35–49
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 52–3, 117–30
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 93–9
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 91–7, 99–116, 143–4
^ N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea (1997)
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 221–37
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 238–53, 281–6, 292–6
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 253–71
^ N. A. M. Rodger, "Queen Elizabeth and the Myth of Sea-Power in English History," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, Vol. 14, (2004), pp. 153-174 in JSTOR
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 349–63
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 379–94, 482
^ Rodger, N. A. M., The Command of the Ocean – a naval history of Britain 1649–1815 (2004), pp. 2–3, 216–7, 607
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 6–8
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 12–16
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 16–18
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 67–76
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 76–7
^ "It can hardly be denied that the Dutch raid on the Medway vies with the Battle of Majuba in 1881 and the Fall of Singapore in 1942 for the unenviable distinctor of being the most humiliating defeat suffered by British arms." - Charles Ralph Boxer: The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (1974), p.39
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 80–5
^ Ollard, 1984, ch.16
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 88–91
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 142–52, 607–8
^ Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 395–8; Rodger, Command, pp. 33–55, 95–122
^ Rodger, Command, p. 608
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 291–311, 408–25, 473–6, 484–8
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 164–80
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 234–56
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 263–79, 284
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 277–83
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 284–7
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 330–51
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 351–2
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 353–7
^ Bown, Stephen R. "SCURVY: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail", Viking 2003.
^ "Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy". BBC – History.
^ A. S. Turberville (2006). "Johnson's England: An Account of the Life & Manners of His Age". ISBN READ BOOKS. p.53. ISBN 1-4067-2726-1
^ Parkinson, C. Northcote, Britannia Rules – the classic age of naval history 1793–1815 (1977), pp. 15–19; Rodger, Command, pp. 427–33
^ Parkinson, pp. 33–7, 45–9; Rodger, Command, pp. 435–6, 438–40, 456, 463
^ Parkinson, pp.40–5; Rodger, Command, pp. 445–50
^ Parkinson, pp. 54–61; Rodger, Command, pp. 457–61
^ Parkinson, pp. 75–82; Rodger, Command, pp. 468–71
^ Parkinson, pp. 82–4; Rodger, Command, pp. 428–9, 435–6, 472
^ Parkinson, pp. 91–114; Rodger, Command, pp. 528–44
^ Parkinson, pp. 114, 117–8, 131–40; Rodger, Command, pp. 542–3, 545–8, 555–7
^ Parkinson, pp. 120–1; Rodger, Command, p. 549
^ Rodger, Command, pp. 564–72
^ Rodger, Command, p. 562
^ "A Brief History of Piracy | Online Information Bank | Research Collections | Royal Naval Museum at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard". Royalnavalmuseum.org. http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_piracy.htm. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ Osbourne, Eric W. (2004). Britain's Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5474-4.
^ "Royal Navy in 1939 and 1945". Naval-history.net. 8 September 1943. http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignRoyalNavy.htm. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ Churchill, Winston.The Second World War. Vol. 2, Their Finest Hour.1949 Houghton Mifflin Company:p. 229
^ "HMS Hood 1920". Royal Navy
^ Baron, Scott; Wise, James E. (2004). Soldiers lost at sea: a chronicle of troopship disasters. Naval Institute Press. p. 100. ISBN 1-59114-966-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=KmtozaIf5QAC&pg=PA100&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
^ Eric J. Grove, Vanguard to Trident, Naval Institute Press/The Bodley Head, London, 1987
^ "We were heading for war...and the Commons blamed me". The Daily Telegraph (London). 1 March 2002. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2002%2F03%2F12%2Fboknot12.xml. Retrieved 10 August 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.dasa.mod.uk/applications/newWeb/www/apps/publications/pubViewFile.php?content=160.11&date=2011-12-01&type=html&PublishTime=09:30:00
^ "Royal-Naval-Reserves". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Maritime-Reserves/Royal-Naval-Reserve. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ "UKDS 2010 - Chapter 2 - Personnel". Dasa.mod.uk. http://www.dasa.mod.uk/modintranet/UKDS/UKDS2010/c2/table215.php. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ Smith, Michael. "Half of Royal Navy’s ships in mothballs as defence cuts bite". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/britain/article1265414.ece. Retrieved 14 July 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ BBC News HMS Bulwark becomes Royal Navy's new flagship (19 October 2011)
^ Life is breathed back in Lusty^{[dead link]}
^ "Royal Navy unveils new Amphibious landing ships". MOD. 6 October 2006. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/RoyalNavyUnveilsNewAmphibiousLandingShip.htm. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
^ Australia to buy used UK landing ship. Sy\dney Morning Herald (6 April 2011). Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ "Rosyth prepares for Royal Navy supercarriers". Ministry Of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/RosythPreparesForRoyalNavySupercarriers.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ House of Commons Written Questions for Answer, 8 September 2003. Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ "Hoon to confirm ‘supercarrier’". BBC News. 22 June 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1401764.stm. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ "Fact Sheet 9: Carrier Strike". HM Government. 19 October 2010. http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Factsheet9-Carrier-Strike.pdf. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
^ "Royal Navy information". MOD. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/Organisation/KeyFactsAboutDefence/TheRoyalNavy.htm. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
^ "MoD – ''Dauntless'' is Delivered". Mod.uk. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/DauntlessIsDelivered.htm. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ "HMS Diamond sets off on Sea Trials". Royal Navy website. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/future-ships/air-defence-destroyer-type-45/diamond/news/hms-diamond-sets-off-on-sea-trails-1.1-10-october-2009. Retrieved 16 May 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Clyde yard lands new destroyers". BBC. 23 November 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/533494.stm. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Type 45 Destroyer". BAE Systems. http://www.baesystems.com/ProductsServices/bae_product_type45.html. Retrieved 2 November 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Government admits destroyers will never be built". Portsmouth News. 19 June 2008. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080627154338/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/Government-admits-destroyers-will-never.4204440.jp. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
^ "Strategic Defence and Security Review – Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_191634.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "Commons Hansard Written Answers". UK Parliament. 5 September 2011. http://services.parliament.uk/hansard/Commons/ByDate/20110905/writtenanswers/part015.html. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^ "Ministry of Defence Major Projects Report 2007" (PDF). National Audit Office. 26 November 2007. http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/07-08/070898i.pdf. Retrieved 18 March 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Ministry of Defence Major Projects Report 2009" (PDF). National Audit Office. 15 December 2009. http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/0910/mod_major_projects_report_2009.aspx. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "UK Government Go-Ahead for Fifth and Sixth Astute Submarines". BAE Systems. 25 March 2010. http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_11022515220.html. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ Thomson, Gordon (26 August 2010). "Duchess visits Faslane as sub Astute is handed over". Evening Times. http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/editor-s-picks/duchess-visits-faslane-as-sub-astute-is-handed-over-1.1050645. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
^ "Royal Navy to Get New Attack Submarine". Royal Navy. 21 May 2007. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.9099. Retrieved 10 October 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ Knight, Will (5 December 2006). "UK unveils plans for a new submarine fleet". New Scientist (Environment). http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn10729. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
^ Royal Marines home page on Royal Navy website
^ "Joint operations". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3655. Retrieved 7 August 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Core Capabilities". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3689. Retrieved 7 August 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ operations-in-the-gulf. Royal Navy. Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ united-kingdom-component-command-ukmcc. Royal Navy (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ Cougar. Royal Navy. Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ Ministry of Defence | Defence News | Training and Adventure | Royal Navy ready for unforeseen global events. Mod.uk (20 February 2007). Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ commanding-officer. Royal Navy. Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation Atalanta. Eunavfor.eu. Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA). Ukinmalaysia.fco.gov.uk (3 March 2009). Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ "New title for Duke of Edinburgh as he turns 90". BBC news (BBC). 10 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13730067. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
^ history. Royal Navy. Retrieved on 18 September 2011.
^ "HMNB Devonport". The Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3109. Retrieved 18 October 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Royal Navy Dockyards". National Maritime Museum. http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.581/viewPage/2. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
^ Vice-Admiral Sir Jeremy Blackham (13 March 2007) (PDF). The Royal Navy at the Brink. 1. Royal United Services Institute. http://www.uknda.org/docs/uknda_royal_navy_at_the_brink.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
^ "Devonport 'secure' says minister". BBC. 25 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/6916113.stm. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
^ http://www.bfpo.mod.uk/bfponumbers_ships.htm British Forces Post Office – Ship/unit numbers 4 February 2011
^ Randier, Jean (2006). La Royale : L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française. ISBN 978-2-35261-022-9.
^ "Use of the Union Jack at Sea". Flags of the World. http://www.fotw.net/flags/gb-use.html#sea. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
^ "French top gun at Fleet Review". The Times (London). 26 June 2005. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article537597.ece. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
^ Admiralty Manual of Seamanship. HMSO. 1964.
^ "FAQs;Royal Navy's nickname". National Maritime Museum. http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.17840. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
^ ^a ^b Jolly, Rick. Jackspeak. Maritime Books Dec 2000. ISBN 0-9514305-2-1.
^ "Naval Slang". Royal Navy. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3804. Retrieved 14 July 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "The Basic Rules of Uckers". http://www.uckers.co.uk/how2play.htm. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
^ Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film), Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film), and The Bounty, a 1984 film
^ In Which we Serve at the Internet Movie Database
^ "Devon Shipmates on TV". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/11/15/shipmates_feature.shtml. Retrieved 19 July 2007.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Royal Navy

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Royal Navy

Official Website of the Royal Navy
3-Decks Naval History Website
Sea Your History Website from the Royal Naval Museum — Discover detailed information about the Royal Navy in the 20th century.
Royal Marines Museum
List of sunken ships of the Royal Navy on the wrecksite
Navy News – Royal Navy Newspaper
Royal Navy Community Friends

Video clips [link]

Royal Navy YouTube channel

Commissioned ships of the Royal Navy

Aircraft carrier

Invincible class	Illustrious

Submarines

Vanguard class	Vanguard · Victorious · Vigilant · Vengeance

Trafalgar class	Turbulent · Tireless · Torbay · Trenchant · Talent · Triumph

Astute class	Astute

Destroyers

Type 42	Edinburgh · York

Type 45	Daring · Dauntless · Diamond · Dragon

Frigates

Type 23	Argyll · Lancaster · Iron Duke · Monmouth · Montrose · Westminster · Northumberland · Richmond · Somerset · Sutherland · Kent · Portland · St Albans

Amphibious
warfare ships

Albion-class LPD	Albion · Bulwark

Ocean-class LPH	Ocean

Mine counter
measures vessels

Sandown class	Penzance · Pembroke · Grimsby · Bangor · Ramsey · Blyth · Shoreham

Hunt class	Ledbury · Cattistock · Brocklesby · Middleton · Chiddingfold · Atherstone · Hurworth · Quorn

Patrol vessels

Ice patrol vessel	Endurance · Protector

River class	Mersey · Severn · Tyne · Clyde

Archer class	Archer · Biter · Smiter · Blazer · Puncher · Charger · Ranger · Trumpeter · Express · Example · Explorer · Exploit · Tracker · Raider · Pursuer · Dasher

Scimitar class	Scimitar · Sabre

Survey vessels

Ocean survey vessel	Scott

Echo class	Echo · Enterprise

Survey launch	Gleaner

Miscellaneous
vessels

Type 82	Bristol (static training vessel)

Ship of the line	Victory (flagship of the Second Sea Lord)

United Kingdom Ministry of Defence

Headquarters: Main Building, Palace of Whitehall

Armed Forces

Naval Service (Royal Navy) (Royal Marines) ·

Army ·

Royal Air Force

Defence Council

Political	Secretary of State for Defence · Minister of State for the Armed Forces · Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State and Minister for Defence Equipment, Support and Technology · Minister for International Security Strategy · Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence and Minister for Veterans

Military	Chief of the Defence Staff · Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff · Chief of the Naval Staff and First Sea Lord · Chief of the General Staff · Chief of the Air Staff

Civil Service	Permanent Under Secretary of State for Defence · Second Permanent Under Secretary of State · Chief Scientific Adviser · Chief of Defence Materiel

Service boards

Admiralty Board (Navy Board) · Army Board · Air Force Board

Support organisations

Defence Business Services · Defence Equipment and Support · Defence Infrastructure Organisation

Executive agencies

Defence Science and Technology Laboratory · Defence Support Group · Service Children's Education · United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

Non-departmental
public bodies

National Army Museum · National Museum of the Royal Navy · Royal Air Force Museum

Category

v t e Current navies in Europe

Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria

http://wn.com/Royal_Navy

http://it.wn.com/Royal Navy

http://cs.wn.com/Royal Navy

http://id.wn.com/Angkatan Laut Britania Raya

http://es.wn.com/Royal Navy

http://ru.wn.com/Королевский военно-морской флот Великобритании

http://nl.wn.com/Royal Navy

http://pl.wn.com/Royal Navy

http://fr.wn.com/Royal Navy

http://de.wn.com/Royal Navy

http://hi.wn.com/रॉयल नेवी

http://pt.wn.com/Marinha Real Britânica

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For other uses, see Barbra Streisand (disambiguation).

Barbra Streisand
Barbra Streisand in concert, O2 Arena, London 2007
Background information
Birth name	Barbara Joan Streisand
Born	(1942-04-24) April 24, 1942 (age 70) Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Genres	Broadway, traditional pop, adult contemporary
Occupations	singer-songwriter, actress, film producer, director
Years active	1957–present
Labels	Columbia
Website	barbrastreisand.com

Barbra Joan Streisand (/ˈstraɪsænd/; born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, writer, film producer and director. She has won two Academy Awards,^[1] eight Grammy Awards,^[2] five Emmy Awards including one Daytime Emmy,^[3] a Special Tony Award, an American Film Institute award,^[4] a Peabody Award,^[4] and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Oscar, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Award.

She is one of the most commercially and critically successful entertainers in modern entertainment history, with more than 71.5 million albums shipped in the United States and 140 million albums sold worldwide.^[5]^[6] She is the best-selling female artist on the Recording Industry Association of America's (RIAA) Top Selling Artists list, the only female recording artist in the top ten, and the only artist outside of the rock and roll genre.^[7] Along with Frank Sinatra, Cher, and Shirley Jones, she shares the distinction of being awarded an acting Oscar and also recording a number-one single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.

According to the RIAA, Streisand holds the record for the most top-ten albums of any female recording artist – a total of 32 since 1963.^[8] Streisand has the widest span (48 years) between first and latest top-ten albums of any female recording artist. With her 2009 album, Love Is the Answer, she became one of the rare artists to achieve number-one albums in five consecutive decades.^[9] According to the RIAA, she has released 51 Gold albums, 30 Platinum albums, and 13 Multi-Platinum albums in the United States.^[2]

Early life [link]

Barbara Joan Streisand (see name change) was born on April 24, 1942, in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family, the daughter of Emanuel and Diana (née Rosen) Streisand, both of Austrian descent. She is the second of two siblings sired by Emanuel (her older brother is Sheldon), who was a respected high school teacher. Fifteen months after Streisand's birth, her father died of a cerebral hemorrhage and the family went into near-poverty.^[10] Streisand first attended the Jewish Orthodox Yeshiva of Brooklyn, giving a solo performance at the age of 7.^[11] She later attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn and joined the Freshman Chorus and Choral Club.^[12]^[13]. Streisand recollects, "I'm so glad I came from Brooklyn--it's down to earth."^[14]

Diana Rosen Streisand remarried Louis Kind in 1949^[10] and gave Streisand a half-sister, the singer Roslyn Kind^[10]^[15]^[16] Kind is 9 years younger than Barbra.^[17]

Barbra Streisand became a nightclub singer while in her teens. She wanted to be an actress and appeared in summer stock and in a number of Off-Off-Broadway productions, including Driftwood (1959), with then-unknown Joan Rivers. (In her autobiography, Rivers wrote that she played a lesbian with a crush on Streisand's character, but this was later denied by the play's author.) Driftwood ran for only six weeks.^[18] When her boyfriend, Barry Dennen, helped her create a club act — first performed at The Lion, a popular gay nightclub in Manhattan's Greenwich Village in 1960 — she achieved success as a singer. While singing at The Lion for several weeks, she changed her name from Barbara to Barbra.^[19]^[20] Afterward she appeared at other New York nightclubs, including the Bon Soir and the Blue Angel. One early appearance outside of New York City was at Enrico Banducci’s hungry i nightclub in San Francisco.^{[citation needed]} In 1961, Streisand appeared at the Town and Country nightclub in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, but her appearance was cut short; the club owner did not appreciate her singing style.^[21] Streisand appeared at Baker's Keyboard Lounge in Detroit in 1961.^[22]

Portrait photograph, 1962

Streisand's first television appearance was on The Tonight Show, then hosted by Jack Paar, in 1961, singing Harold Arlen's "A Sleepin' Bee".^[23] Orson Bean, who substituted for Paar that night, had seen the singer perform at a gay bar and booked her for the telecast. (Her older brother Sheldon paid NBC for a kinescope film so she could use it in 1961 to promote herself. Decades later the film was preserved through digitizing and is available for viewing on a website.)^[24] Later in 1961, Streisand became a semi-regular on PM East/PM West, a talk/variety series. PM East was hosted by Mike Wallace and Joyce Davidson.^[25] PM West was hosted by Terrence O'Flaherty. Westinghouse Broadcasting, which aired the television show in a select few cities (Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington DC, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago and San Francisco), wiped all the videotapes soon after broadcasting them.^[26] Audio segments from some episodes, which were saved by Streisand's fans, are part of the compilation CD Just for the Record, which went platinum in 1991. The singer said on 60 Minutes in 1991 that 30 years earlier Mike Wallace had been "mean, very mean" to her on PM East/PM West.^[27] He countered that she had been "totally self-absorbed." 60 Minutes included the audio of Streisand saying to him in 1961, "I like the fact that you are provoking. But don't provoke me."^[28]

In 1962, after several appearances on PM East/PM West, Streisand first appeared on Broadway, in the small but star-making role of Miss Marmelstein in the musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale. Her first album, The Barbra Streisand Album, won two Grammy Awards in 1963. Following her success in I Can Get It for You Wholesale, Streisand made several appearances on The Tonight Show in 1962 and 1963. Topics covered in her interviews with host Johnny Carson included the empire-waisted dresses that she bought wholesale and her "crazy" reputation at Erasmus Hall High School.^[29] As is the case with Mike Wallace, only audio survives from small portions of her telecast conversations with Carson. It was at about this time that Streisand entered into a long and successful professional relationship with Lee Solters and Sheldon Roskin as her publicists with the firm Solters/Roskin (later Solters/Roskin/Friedman).

Streisand returned to Broadway in 1964 with an acclaimed performance as entertainer Fanny Brice in Funny Girl at the Winter Garden Theatre. The show introduced two of her signature songs, "People" and "Don't Rain on My Parade." Because of the play's overnight success, she appeared on the cover of Time. In 1966, she repeated her success with Funny Girl in London's West End at the Prince of Wales Theatre. From 1965 to 1967 she appeared in her first four solo television specials.

Career [link]

Singing [link]

Streisand has recorded 35 studio albums, almost all with Columbia Records. Her early works in the 1960s (her debut The Barbra Streisand Album, The Second Barbra Streisand Album, The Third Album, My Name Is Barbra, etc.) are considered classic renditions of theater and cabaret standards, including her pensive version of the normally uptempo "Happy Days Are Here Again". She performed this in a duet with Judy Garland on The Judy Garland Show. Garland referred to her on the air as one of the last great belters. They also sang "There's No Business Like Show Business" with Ethel Merman joining them.

Beginning with My Name Is Barbra, her early albums were often medley-filled keepsakes of her television specials. Starting in 1969, she began attempting more contemporary material, but like many talented singers of the day, she found herself out of her element with rock. Her vocal talents prevailed, and she gained newfound success with the pop and ballad-oriented Richard Perry-produced album Stoney End in 1971. The title track, written by Laura Nyro, was a major hit for Streisand.

Barbra Streisand, 1973

During the 1970s, she was also highly prominent on the pop charts, with Top 10 recordings such as "The Way We Were" (US No. 1), "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" (US No. 1), "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" (1979, with Donna Summer), which as of 2010 is reportedly still the most commercially successful duet, (US No. 1), "You Don't Bring Me Flowers" (with Neil Diamond) (US No. 1) and "The Main Event" (US No. 3), some of which came from soundtrack recordings of her films. As the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the U.S. — only Elvis Presley and The Beatles had sold more albums.^[30] In 1980, she released her best-selling effort to date, the Barry Gibb-produced Guilty. The album contained the hits "Woman in Love" (which spent several weeks atop the pop charts in the Fall of 1980), "Guilty", and "What Kind of Fool".

After years of largely ignoring Broadway and traditional pop music in favor of more contemporary material, Streisand returned to her musical-theater roots with 1985's The Broadway Album, which was unexpectedly successful, holding the coveted No. 1 Billboard position for three straight weeks, and being certified quadruple platinum. The album featured tunes by Rodgers & Hammerstein, George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, and Stephen Sondheim, who was persuaded to rework some of his songs especially for this recording. The Broadway Album was met with acclaim, including a Grammy nomination for album of the year and, ultimately, handed Streisand her eighth Grammy as Best Female Vocalist. After releasing the live album One Voice in 1986, Streisand was set to take another musical journey along the Great White Way in 1988. She recorded several cuts for the album under the direction of Rupert Holmes, including "On My Own" (from Les Misérables), a medley of "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?" and "Heather on the Hill" (from Finian's Rainbow and Brigadoon, respectively), "All I Ask of You" (from The Phantom of the Opera), "Warm All Over" (from The Most Happy Fella) and an unusual solo version of "Make Our Garden Grow" (from Candide). Streisand was not happy with the direction of the project and it was ultimately scrapped. Only "Warm All Over" and a reworked, lite FM-friendly version of "All I Ask of You" were ever released, the latter appearing on Streisand's 1988 effort, Till I Loved You. At the beginning of the 1990s, Streisand started focusing on her film directorial efforts and became almost inactive in the recording studio. In 1991, a four-disc box set, Just for the Record, was released. A compilation spanning Streisand's entire career to date, it featured over 70 tracks of live performances, greatest hits, rarities and previously unreleased material.

The following year, Streisand's concert fundraising events helped propel former President Bill Clinton into the spotlight and into office.^[31] Streisand later introduced Clinton at his inauguration in 1993. Streisand's music career, however, was largely on hold. A 1992 appearance at an APLA benefit as well as the aforementioned inaugural performance hinted that Streisand was becoming more receptive to the idea of live performances. A tour was suggested, though Streisand would not immediately commit to it, citing her well-known stage fright as well as security concerns. During this time, Streisand finally returned to the recording studio and released Back to Broadway in June 1993. The album was not as universally lauded as its predecessor, but it did debut at No. 1 on the pop charts (a rare feat for an artist of Streisand's age, especially given that it relegated Janet Jackson's Janet to the No. 2 spot). One of the album's highlights was a medley of "I Have A Love" / "One Hand, One Heart", a duet with Johnny Mathis, who Streisand said is one of her favorite singers (this is stated in the CD's liner notes).^{[citation needed]}

In 1993, New York Times music critic Stephen Holden wrote that Streisand "enjoys a cultural status that only one other American entertainer, Frank Sinatra, has achieved in the last half century."^[32] In September 1993, Streisand announced her first public concert appearances in 27 years. What began as a two-night New Year's event at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas eventually led to a multi-city tour in the summer of 1994. Tickets to the tour were sold out in under one hour. Streisand also appeared on the covers of major magazines in anticipation of what Time magazine named "The Music Event of the Century." The tour was one of the biggest all-media merchandise parlays in history. Ticket prices ranged from US$50 to US$1,500 – making Streisand the highest-paid concert performer in history. Barbra Streisand: The Concert went on to be the top-grossing concert of the year and earned five Emmy Awards and the Peabody Award, while the taped broadcast on HBO is, to date, the highest-rated concert special in HBO's 30-year history. Following the tour's conclusion, Streisand once again kept a low profile musically, instead focusing her efforts on acting and directing duties as well as a burgeoning romance with actor James Brolin.

In 1997, she finally returned to the recording studio, releasing Higher Ground, a collection of songs of a loosely-inspirational nature which also featured a duet with Céline Dion. The album received generally favorable reviews and, remarkably, once again debuted at No. 1 on the pop charts. Following her marriage to Brolin in 1998, Streisand recorded an album of love songs entitled A Love Like Ours the following year. Reviews were mixed, with many critics carping about the somewhat syrupy sentiments and overly-lush arrangements; however, it did produce a modest hit for Streisand in the country-tinged "If You Ever Leave Me", a duet with Vince Gill.

On New Year's Eve 1999, Streisand returned to the concert stage, with the highest-grossing single concert in Las Vegas history to date.^{[citation needed]} At the end of the millennium, she was the number-one female singer in the U.S., with at least two No. 1 albums in each decade since she began performing. A two-disc live album of the concert entitled Timeless: Live in Concert was released in 2000. Streisand performed versions of the Timeless concert in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, in early 2000. In advance of four concerts (two each in Los Angeles and New York) in September 2000, Streisand announced she was retiring from paying public concerts. Her performance of the song "People" was broadcast on the Internet via America Online.

Streisand's most-recent albums have been Christmas Memories (2001), a somewhat somber collection of holiday songs (which felt entirely —albeit unintentionally— appropriate in the early post-9/11 days), and The Movie Album (2003), featuring famous film themes and backed by a large symphony orchestra. Guilty Pleasures (called Guilty Too in the UK), a collaboration with Barry Gibb and a sequel to their Guilty, was released worldwide in 2005.

In February 2006, Streisand recorded the song "Smile" alongside Tony Bennett at Streisand's Malibu home. The song is included on Tony Bennett's 80th birthday album, Duets. In September 2006, the pair filmed a live performance of the song for a special directed by Rob Marshall entitled Tony Bennett: An American Classic. The special aired on NBC November 21, 2006, and was released on DVD the same day. Streisand's duet with Bennett opened the special. In 2006, Streisand announced her intent to tour again, in an effort to raise money and awareness for multiple issues. After four days of rehearsal at the Sovereign Bank Arena in Trenton, New Jersey, the tour began on October 4 at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, continued with a featured stop in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, (this was the concert Streisand chose to film for a TV special), and concluded at Staples Center in Los Angeles on November 20, 2006. Special guests Il Divo were interwoven throughout the show. The show was known as Streisand: The Tour.

Streisand's 20-concert tour set box-office records. At the age of 64, well past the prime of most performers, she grossed $92,457,062 and set house gross records in 14 of the 16 arenas played on the tour. She set the third-place record for her October 9, 2006, show at Madison Square Garden, the first- and second-place records of which are held by her two shows in September 2000. She set the second-place record at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, with her December 31, 1999, show being the house record and the highest-grossing concert of all time. This led many people to openly criticize Streisand for price gouging, as many tickets sold for upwards of $1,000.^{[citation needed]}

A collection of performances culled from different stops on this tour, Live in Concert 2006, debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200, making it Streisand's 29th Top 10 album.^[33] In the summer of 2007, Streisand gave concerts for the first time in continental Europe. The first concert took place in Zürich (June 18), then Vienna (June 22), Paris (June 26), Berlin (June 30), Stockholm (July 4, canceled), Manchester (July 10) and Celbridge, near Dublin (July 14), followed by three concerts in London (July 18, 22 and 25), the only European city where Streisand had performed before 2007. Tickets for the London dates cost between £100.00 and £1,500.00 and for the Ireland date between €118 and €500. The tour included a 58-piece orchestra.

In February 2008, Forbes listed Streisand as the No. 2 earning female musician, between June 2006 and June 2007, with earnings of about $60 million.^[34] Although Streisand's range has changed with time and her voice has deepened over the years, her vocal prowess has remained remarkably secure for a singer whose career has endured for nearly half a century. Streisand is a contralto or possibly a mezzo-soprano who has a range consisting of well over two octaves from "low E to a high G and probably a bit more that [sic?] in either direction."^[35] On November 17, 2008, Streisand returned to the studio to begin recording what would be her sixty-third album^[36] and it was announced that Diana Krall was producing the album.^[37] Streisand is one of the recipients of the 2008 Kennedy Center Honors.^[38] On December 7, 2008, she visited the White House as part of the ceremonies.^[36]

On April 25, 2009, CBS aired Streisand's latest TV special, Streisand: Live in Concert, highlighting the aforementioned featured stop from her 2006 North American tour, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. On September 26, 2009, Streisand performed a one-night-only show at the Village Vanguard in New York City's Greenwich Village.^[39] This performance was later released on DVD as One Night Only Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard. On September 29, 2009, Streisand and Columbia Records released her newest studio album, Love is the Answer, produced by Diana Krall.^[40] On October 2, 2009, Streisand made her British television performance debut with an interview on Friday Night With Jonathan Ross to promote the album. This album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and registered her biggest weekly sales since 1997, making Streisand the only artist in history to achieve No. 1 albums in five different decades.

On February 1, 2010, Streisand joined over 80 other artists in recording a new version of the 1985 charity single "We Are the World". Quincy Jones and Lionel Richie planned to release the new version to mark the 25th anniversary of its original recording. These plans changed, however, in view of the devastating earthquake that hit Haiti on January 12, 2010, and on February 12, the song, now called "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", made its debut as a charity single to support relief aid for the beleaguered island nation.

In 2011, she sang with Jackie Evancho in a song called "Somewhere" on Jackie Evancho' album Dream With Me.

Streisand was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year on February 11, 2011, two days prior to the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards.

Streisand is one of many singers who use teleprompters during their live performances. Streisand has defended her choice in using teleprompters to display lyrics and, sometimes, banter.^[41]

Acting [link]

in Hello, Dolly! (1969)

Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, Funny Girl (1968), an artistic and commercial success directed by Hollywood veteran William Wyler. Streisand won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actress for the role, sharing it with Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter), the only time there has been a tie in this Oscar category. Her next two movies were also based on musicals, Jerry Herman's Hello, Dolly!, directed by Gene Kelly (1969), and Alan Jay Lerner's and Burton Lane's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever, directed by Vincente Minnelli (1970), while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play The Owl and the Pussycat (1970).

During the 1970s, Streisand starred in several screwball comedies, including What's Up, Doc? (1972) and The Main Event (1979), both co-starring Ryan O'Neal, and For Pete's Sake (1974) with Michael Sarrazin. One of her most famous roles during this period was in the drama The Way We Were (1973) with Robert Redford, for which she received an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress. She earned her second Academy Award for Best Original Song as composer (together with lyricist Paul Williams) for the song "Evergreen", from A Star Is Born in 1976.

Along with Paul Newman, Sidney Poitier and later Steve McQueen, Streisand formed First Artists Production Company in 1969, so the actors could secure properties and develop movie projects for themselves. Streisand's initial outing with First Artists was Up the Sandbox (1972).

From a period beginning in 1969 and ending in 1980, Streisand appeared in the annual motion picture exhibitors poll of Top 10 Box Office attractions a total of 10 times, often as the only woman on the list. After the commercially disappointing All Night Long in 1981, Streisand's film output decreased considerably. She has acted in only six films since.

Streisand produced a number of her own films, setting up Barwood Films in 1972. For Yentl (1983), she was producer, director, and star, an experience she repeated for The Prince of Tides (1991) and The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996). There was controversy when Yentl received five Academy Award nominations, but none for the major categories of Best Picture, Actress, or Director.^[42] The Prince of Tides received even more Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, but the director was not nominated. Streisand also scripted Yentl, something she is not always given credit for. According to New York Times Editorial Page Editor Andrew Rosenthal in an interview (story begins at minute 16) with Allan Wolper, "the one thing that makes Barbra Streisand crazy is when nobody gives her the credit for having written Yentl."

In 2004, Streisand made a return to film acting, after an eight-year hiatus, in the comedy Meet the Fockers (a sequel to Meet the Parents), playing opposite Dustin Hoffman, Ben Stiller, Blythe Danner and Robert De Niro.

In 2005, Streisand's Barwood Films, Gary Smith, and Sonny Murray purchased the rights to Simon Mawer's book Mendel's Dwarf.^[43] In December 2008, she stated that she was considering directing an adaptation of Larry Kramer's play The Normal Heart, a project she has worked on since the mid-1990s^[44] In 2009, Andrew Lloyd Webber stated that Streisand was one of several actresses (alongside Meryl Streep and Glenn Close) who were interested in playing the role of Norma Desmond in the film adaptation of Webber's musical version of Sunset Boulevard.^[45]

In December 2010, Streisand appeared in Little Fockers, the third film from the Meet the Parents trilogy. She reprised the role of Roz Focker alongside Dustin Hoffman.

On January 4, 2011, the New York Post reported that Streisand was in negotiations to produce, direct, and star in a new film version of Gypsy. In an interview with the New York Post, Arthur Laurents said: "We've talked about it a lot, and she knows what she's doing. She has my approval." He said that he would not write the screenplay.^[46]^[47] The following day, the New York Times reported that Arthur Laurents clarified in a telephonic interview that Streisand would not direct the film "but playing Rose is enough to make her happy."^[47]^[48] Streisand's spokesperson confirmed that "there have been conversations".^[49] After Laurents' subsequent death there was no official word on the status of the film for months, until it was announced on March 13, 2012 that Gypsy was moving forward, with Julian Fellowes writing the screenplay for the project.

On January 28, 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Paramount Pictures has given the road-trip comedy My Mother's Curse the green light to begin shooting, with Streisand and Seth Rogen playing mother and son. Anne Fletcher is slated to direct the project with a script by Dan Fogelman. Lorne Michaels and John Goldwyn will produce it with Evan Goldberg. Executive producers include Streisand, Rogen, Fogelman, and David Ellison, whose Skydance will co-finance the pic.^[50] Shooting began in spring of 2011 and wrapped in July. In August the Internet Movie Database began listing the film with the new title Guilt Trip. The film is set for a November 2012 release (originally it was slated to release in March 2012).

Personal life [link]

Marriages and family [link]

Streisand has been married twice. Her first husband was actor Elliott Gould, to whom she was married from 1963 until 1971. They had one child, Jason Gould, who would go on to star as her on-screen son in The Prince of Tides. Her second husband is actor James Brolin, whom she married on July 1, 1998. While they have no children together, Brolin has two children from his first marriage, including Academy Award-nominated actor Josh Brolin, and one child from his second marriage. Both of her husbands starred in the 1970s conspiracy sci-fi thriller Capricorn One.

Jon Peters' daughters, Caleigh Peters and Skye Peters are her goddaughters.^{[citation needed]}

Name [link]

Streisand changed her name from Barbara to Barbra because, she said, "I hated the name, but I refused to change it."^[51] Streisand further explained, "Well, I was 18 and I wanted to be unique, but I didn't want to change my name because that was too false. You know, people were saying you could be Joanie Sands, or something like that. [My middle name is Joan.] And I said, 'No, let's see, if I take out the 'a,' it's still 'Barbara,' but it's unique."^[52] A 1967 biography with a concert program said, "the spelling of her first name is an instance of partial rebellion: she was advised to change her last name and retaliated by dropping an “a” from the first instead."^[53]

Politics [link]

Streisand has long been an active supporter of the Democratic Party and many of their causes. Streisand said, "The Democrats have always been the party of working people and minorities. I've always identified with the minorities."^[54]

In 1971, Streisand was one of the celebrities listed on President Richard Nixon's infamous Enemies List.

Streisand is a supporter of gay rights, and in 2008 helped raise funds to defeat Proposition 8 in California.^[55]

Philanthropy [link]

Streisand has personally raised $25 million^[56] for organizations through her live performances. The Streisand Foundation,^[57] established in 1986, has contributed over $16 million through nearly 1,000 grants to "national organizations working on preservation of the environment, voter education, the protection of civil liberties and civil rights, women’s issues^[58] and nuclear disarmament."^[59]

In 2006, Streisand donated $1 million to the William J. Clinton Foundation in support of former President Bill Clinton’s climate change initiative.^[60]

In 2008, Streisand gifted $5 million to endow the Barbra Streisand Women's Cardiovascular Research and Education Program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's Women's Heart Center.^[61] In September that year, Parade magazine included Streisand on their Giving Back Fund's second annual Giving Back 30 survey, "a ranking of the celebrities who have made the largest donations to charity in 2007 according to public records",^[62] as the third most generous celebrity. The Giving Back Fund claimed Streisand donated $11 million, which The Streisand Foundation distributed.

At Julien’s Auctions in October 2009, Streisand, a long-time collector of art and furniture, sold 526 items with all the proceeds going to her foundation. Items included a costume from Funny Lady and a vintage dental cabinet purchased by the performer at 18 years old. The sale’s most valuable lot was a painting by Kees van Dongen.^[63] In December 2011 she agreed to sing at a fundraising gala for Israel Defence Forces charities.^[64]

References in popular culture [link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2007)

In television [link]

One memorable parody of Streisand's iconic status has been on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live in the recurring skit Coffee Talk where character Linda Richman, played by Mike Myers, hosts a talk show dedicated to, among other things, the adoration of Streisand. Streisand, in turn, made an unannounced guest appearance on the show, surprising Myers and guests, Madonna and Roseanne Barr. Mike Myers also appeared as the Linda Richman character on stage with Streisand at her 1994 MGM Grand concert, as well as a few of the 1994 Streisand tour shows.^[65]

Streisand is mentioned in the sitcom Will & Grace, particularly by the character Jack McFarland. Songs made famous by Streisand, such as "Papa, Can You Hear Me?" from Yentl and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" from The Broadway Album are reproduced by characters in the show.

At least four episodes of the animated sitcom The Simpsons refer to Streisand. Outside Springfield Elementary School, announcing Lisa's jazz concert and noting tickets have been sold out, is an advertisement for a Streisand concert in the same venue for the following day, with tickets still on sale. In "Fear of Flying", after Marge undergoes therapy, she informs the therapist that whenever she hears the wind blow, she'll hear it saying "Lowenstein", Streisand's therapist character in The Prince of Tides, even though Marge's therapist is named Zweig. Another reference comes in "Sleeping with the Enemy" when Bart exclaims after seeing Lisa make a snow-angel in a cake on the kitchen table, "At least she's not singing Streisand", in reference to Nelson Muntz singing "Papa Can You Hear Me?" from Yentl earlier in the episode. In "Simple Simpson", a patriotic country singer says that Streisand is unpatriotic and could be pleased by spitting on the flag and strangling a bald eagle.

Another enduring satirical reference is in the animated series South Park, most notably in the episode "Mecha-Streisand", where Streisand is portrayed as a self-important, evil, gigantic robotic dinosaur with a terrible singing voice about to conquer the universe before being defeated by Robert Smith of The Cure. On another occasion, the Halloween episode "Spookyfish" is promoted for a week as being done in "Spooky-Vision", which involves Streisand's face seen at times during the episode in the four corners of the screen. At the end of the feature film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, her name is used as a powerful curse word, a gag repeated in the episode "Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants". The Mecha-Streisand character made a return in the Season 14 episodes "200" and "201", as one of several celebrities the show had lampooned over the years.

In the Family Guy episode "Mind Over Murder", Lois sings a cabaret act with "Don't Rain on My Parade" — originally sung by Streisand in Funny Girl — only slowed down and jazzier, as an act of defiance to Peter. In "Stewie Kills Lois", Peter receives life insurance after Lois' apparent death, and claims that he has more money than Streisand. This was followed by a cut scene showing Streisand blowing money out of her nose. In "Wasted Talent", Streisand and husband James Brolin are shown sitting together at the dinner table, with Streisand remarking "I'm glad I married a regular person and not a celebrity".

Streisand is referenced frequently on the Fox TV musical series Glee. The character Rachel (Lea Michele) mentions that Streisand refused to alter her nose in order to become famous in the show's third episode "Acafellas". Also, in the mid-season finale of Glee, Rachel sings the Streisand anthem "Don't Rain on My Parade". In the episode "Hell-O", she says that she will be heartbroken for life, "Like Barbra in The Way We Were." In the same episode, Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff) criticizes Rachel's performance of "Don't Rain on My Parade" by saying that she "lacked Barbra's emotional depth."

In the episode "Theatricality", Rachel is spying on the opposing team's dance rehearsal when the director, Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), expresses dissatisfaction at the team's routine. She demonstrates how it's done with the title song from Funny Girl, and Rachel, sitting in the audience, whispers to her friend, "Exactly what I would have done — Barbra. I could do it in my sleep." In the episode "Grilled Cheesus" Rachel sings Barbra's infamous song from the movie Yentl, Papa, Can You Hear Me?,to help support Kurt's dad Burt after undergoing a heart attack. Rachel sang it in a park with Finn sitting at her side/in Burt Hummel's hospital room. She told Finn that she "wanted nothing to come between her and God, and Yentl sang it outside in the movie." ^[66] On the episode Born This Way Barbara is mentioned when Rachel is debating whether or not to get a nose job, Kurt Hummel and the rest of the glee club set up a "Barbra-vention" of a flashmob to the popular hit "Barbra Streisand" by Duck Sauce.

The characters of Kurt and Rachel also sang the "Get Happy/Happy Days are Here Again" duet originally heard during Streisand's 1963 appearance with Judy Garland on Garland's weekly TV series. In the season three episode "I Am Unicorn," Kurt sings Barbra Streisand's "I'm the Greatest Star" from the musical Funny Girl, stating "[He] has permission from the woman herself," actually meaning Rachel Berry. When Glee won the prize for "Best TV Series-Comedy Or Musical" at the 2010 Golden Globe Awards, creator Ryan Murphy quipped on stage, "Thank you to the Hollywood Foreign Press and Miss Barbra Streisand."

In the sitcom The Nanny, Streisand is viewed as a divine figure by Fran Fine throughout the show. When asked by her boss who she would save if her mother and Streisand were drowning, Fran replies "I'd save ma, Barbra can walk on water," Another example is in "The Passed-Over Story," when Fran hears that Barbra Streisand and James Brolin will be arriving at the airport, Fran runs towards the door yelling "It's the miracle of Passover, the Messiah is coming".

On film [link]

In movies, Streisand is remembered as the favorite of the character Howard Brackett, played by Kevin Kline, who finally admits to being gay while standing at the altar in the 1997 romantic comedy In & Out. His unfortunate bride-to-be, played by Joan Cusack, cries out in frustration to family and friends present, "Does anybody here KNOW how many times I've had to sit through Funny Lady?" In an earlier scene, Howard is taunted by a friend during an argument at a bar with a jeering, "The studio thought that Barbra was too ol-l-ld to play Yentl." The film also mentions the album Color Me Barbra. Barbra's signature tune, "People", is played by a school orchestra in honor of teacher Howard as the story wraps at the end of the credits. This and similar references refer to her popularity among gay men.

In the 1996 comedy "The Associate", Whoopi Goldberg plays a business woman, Laurel Ayers, who creates a business associate, Robert S. Cutty, who is said to have known and dated Streisand. In addition to having an autographed picture of Streisand in her office, Ayers also has a cross-dressing friend who dresses up to resemble Streisand throughout the film.

The characters Carla and Connie, as aspiring song-and-dance acts in the 2004 comedy Connie and Carla, include four Streisand references. They sing "Papa, Can You Hear Me?" and "Memory" at an airport lounge and "Don't Rain on My Parade" onstage in a gay bar, and talk about the plot of Yentl at the climax of the film after they ask how many in their audience have seen the movie (everyone raised their hands).

In music [link]

Sound clips of Streisand's heated exchange with a supporter of former U.S. president George W. Bush were sampled in the 2009 Lucian Piane dance song "Bale Out", making it sound as if she were arguing with actor Christian Bale (whose recorded outbursts during the filming of Terminator Salvation were the centerpiece of the song).^[67]

"Barbra Streisand" is a disco house song by American-Canadian DJ duo Duck Sauce. It was released on September 10, 2010. The song peaked at number one in Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Switzerland and Austria. It became a top ten hit in Australia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and the UK.

On stage [link]

Daniel Stern's 2003 Off-Broadway play Barbra's Wedding was set against the backdrop of Streisand's 1998 wedding to James Brolin.

"Streisand effect"[link]

Main article: Streisand effect

In 2003, Streisand sued aerial photographer Kenneth Adelman for displaying a photograph of her Malibu, California, home, along with other photos of the California coastline. Her suit was dismissed under the anti-SLAPP provisions of California law.^[68]^[69]^[70] Mike Masnick of Techdirt coined the term "Streisand effect" in January 2005 to describe the publicity generated by Streisand's efforts to suppress the publication of the photograph.

Awards [link]

In 1984, Streisand was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry.^[71] She also received the National Medal of Arts^[72] in 2000 and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2008. She was inducted as an officer of France's Legion of Honour in 2007.

Streisand is the only women to have an album reach #1 on the US charts and win the Academy Award for Best Actress.^{[citation needed]}

Music awards [link]

Streisand's works have been nominated for over 57 Grammy Awards; she won 15 of these, including two special awards. She has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame three times. In 2011, she was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year by the Grammy Foundation.

Year	Award	Category	Work	Result
1963	Grammy Awards	Album of the Year	The Barbra Streisand Album	Won
		Best Female Vocal Performance	The Barbra Streisand Album	Won
		Record of the Year	"Happy Days Are Here Again"	Nominated
1964		Best Female Vocal Performance	People	Won
		Album of the Year		Nominated
		Record of the Year		Nominated
1965		Best Female Vocal Performance	My Name Is Barbra	Won
1965		Album of the Year	My Name Is Barbra	Nominated
1966		Best Female Vocal Performance	Color Me Barbra	Nominated
1966		Album of the Year	Color Me Barbra	Nominated
1968		Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance	Funny Girl Soundtrack	Nominated
1970	AGVA Georgie Award	Entertainer of the Year	—	Won
1972	Grammy Awards	Best Pop Female Vocal Performance	"Sweet Inspiration / Where You Lead"	Nominated
1972	AGVA Georgie Award	Singing Star of the Year	—	Won
1975	People's Choice Awards	Favorite Female Singer of the Year	—	Won
1976	Grammy Awards	Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance	Classical Barbra	Nominated
1977		Best Pop Female Vocal Performance	"Evergreen" (from A Star Is Born)	Won
		Song of the Year		Won
		Record of the Year		Nominated
		Best Original Score – Motion Picture or Television Special		Nominated
	AGVA Georgie Award	Singing Star of the Year	—	Won
1978	Grammy Awards	Best Pop Female Vocal Performance	"You Don't Bring Me Flowers" (with Neil Diamond)	Nominated
1979		Record of the Year		Nominated
1979		Best Pop Vocal Performance – Duo, Group, or Chorus		Nominated
1980		Best Pop Vocal Performance – Duo, Group, or Chorus	Guilty (with Barry Gibb)	Won
		Album of the Year	Guilty (with Barry Gibb)	Nominated
		Record of the Year	"Woman in Love"	Nominated
		Best Pop Vocal Female Performance	"Woman in Love"	Nominated
	AGVA Georgie Awards	Singing Star of the Year	—	Won
1985	People's Choice Awards	Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer	—	Won
1986	Grammy Awards	Best Pop Vocal Female Performance	The Broadway Album	Won
		Album of the Year	The Broadway Album	Nominated
		Best Instrumental Arrangement Acompanying Vocal	"Being Alive"	Nominated
1987		Best Pop Vocal Female Performance	One Voice	Nominated
1987		Best Music Video Performance	One Voice	Nominated
1988	People's Choice Awards	Favorite All-Time Musical Performer	—	Won
1991	Grammy Awards	Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance	"Warm All Over"	Nominated
1992		Grammy Legend Award	—	Special award
1993		Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance	Back to Broadway	Nominated
1994		Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award	—	Special award
		Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance	Barbra: The Concert	Nominated
		Best Pop Vocal Female Performance	"Ordinary Miracles"	Nominated
1997		Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals	"Tell Him" (with Celine Dion)	Nominated
1997		Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals	"I Finally Found Someone" (with Bryan Adams)	Nominated
2000		Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album	Timeless – Live In Concert	Nominated
2002			Christmas Memories	Nominated
2003			The Movie Album	Nominated
2004		Grammy Hall of Fame	Funny Girl (Barbra Streisand and Sydney Chaplin)	Inducted
2006		Grammy Hall of Fame	The Barbra Streisand Album	Inducted
2007		Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album	Live in Concert 2006	Nominated
2008		Grammy Hall of Fame	"The Way We Were"	Inducted
2011		Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album	Love Is the Answer	Nominated
2012		Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album	What Matters Most	Nominated

Film awards [link]

Streisand has won 2 Academy Awards (Oscar) against 5 nominations, 2 for acting, 2 for song writing and 1 for Best Picture,

Year	Award	Category	Work	Result
1969	Academy Awards	Best Actress	Funny Girl	Won
1969	Golden Globe Awards	Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)	Funny Girl	Won
1970		Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)	Hello, Dolly!	Nominated
1970		Henrietta World Film Favorite	—	Special award
1971		Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)	The Owl and the Pussycat	Nominated
1971		Henrietta World Film Favorite	—	Special award
1974	Academy Awards	Best Actress	The Way We Were	Nominated
1974	Golden Globe Awards	Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama)	The Way We Were	Nominated
1975		Henrietta World Film Favorite	—	Special award
1976		Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)	Funny Lady	Nominated
1977	Academy Awards	Best Original Song	"Evergreen" (from A Star Is Born)	Won
	Golden Globe Awards	Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)		Won
		Best Original Song		Won
1978		Henrietta World Film Favorite	—	Special award
1984		Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)	Yentl	Nominated
		Best Director (Motion Picture)		Won
		Best Motion Picture (Comedy Or Musical)		Won
1988		Best Actress in Motion Picture (Drama)	Nuts	Nominated
1988		Best Motion Picture (Drama)	Nuts	Nominated
1992	Academy Awards	Best Picture	The Prince of Tides	Nominated
	Golden Globe Awards	Best Director (Motion Picture)		Nominated
	Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture - (Drama)		Nominated
1997	Academy Awards	Best Original Song	"I Finally Found Someone" (from The Mirror Has Two Faces)	Nominated
	Golden Globe Awards	Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)	The Mirror Has Two Faces	Nominated
		Best Original Song	"I Finally Found Someone" (from The Mirror Has Two Faces)	Nominated
2000		Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for Lifetime Achievement	—	Special award

1984 nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award as Worst Male actor for her (male) performance in Yentl.

Appearances [link]

Broadway performances [link]

Year	Title	Notes
1961–1963	I Can Get It for You Wholesale	Nominated—Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical
1964–1965	Funny Girl	Nominated—Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical

West End performances [link]

Year	Title	Notes
1966	Funny Girl	April 13, 1966 – July 16, 1966 at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London.

Television specials [link]

Year	Title	Notes
1965	My Name Is Barbra	Aired April 28, 1965
1966	Color Me Barbra	Aired March 30, 1966
1967	The Belle of 14th Street	Aired October 11, 1967
1968	A Happening in Central Park	Aired June 17, 1967
1973	Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments	Nov 2, 1973
1975	Funny Girl to Funny Lady
1976	Barbra: With One More Look at You
1983	A Film Is Born: The Making of 'Yentl'
1986	Putting it Together: The Making of The Broadway Album
1987	One Voice
1994	Barbra Streisand: The Concert	Also producer and director
1990	Barbara Sings Celine
1990	Barbara Sings Celine		2001	Barbra Streisand: Timeless	Aired on FOX TV February 14, 2001 (1 hour edited version)
1990	Barbara Sings Celine		2009	Streisand: Live in Concert	Aired on CBS April 25, 2009^[73] (Filmed in Florida in 2006)
2009	Friday Night with Jonathan Ross	First Ever Live Performance on UK Television

Tours and live performances [link]

Main article: List of Barbra Streisand concert tours and live performances

Year	Title	Continents	Box-office benefits	Total audience
1966	An Evening with Barbra Streisand (Tour)	North America	$480,000	60,000
1994	Barbra Streisand: The Concert Tour	North America and Europe	$50 million	400,000
2000	Timeless: Live in Concert Tour	North America and Oceania	$70 million	200,000
2006–2007	Streisand: The Tour	North America and Europe	$119.5 million	425,000

Discography [link]

Main article: Barbra Streisand discography

1963: The Barbra Streisand Album
1963: The Second Barbra Streisand Album
1964: The Third Album
1964: People
1965: My Name Is Barbra
1965: My Name Is Barbra, Two...
1966: Color Me Barbra
1966: Je m'appelle Barbra
1967: Simply Streisand
1967: A Christmas Album
1969: What About Today?
1971: Stoney End
1971: Barbra Joan Streisand
1973: Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments
1974: The Way We Were
1974: ButterFly
1975: Lazy Afternoon
1976: Classical Barbra
1976: A Star is Born
1977: Streisand Superman
1978: Songbird
1979: Wet
1980: Guilty
1981: Memories
1984: Emotion
1985: The Broadway Album
1988: Till I Loved You
1993: Back to Broadway
1997: Higher Ground
1999: A Love Like Ours
2001: Christmas Memories
2003: The Movie Album
2005: Guilty Pleasures
2009: Love Is the Answer
2011: What Matters Most

Filmography [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1968	Funny Girl	Fanny Brice	Academy Award for Best Actress Tied with Katharine Hepburn for The Lion in Winter David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress Tied with Mia Farrow for Rosemary's Baby Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role also for Hello, Dolly!
1969	Hello, Dolly!	Dolly Levi	Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role also for Funny Girl Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1970	On a Clear Day You Can See Forever	Daisy Gamble / Melinda Tentres
1970	The Owl and the Pussycat	Doris Wilgus / Wadsworth / Wellington / Waverly	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1972	What's Up, Doc?	Judy Maxwell
1972	Up the Sandbox	Margaret Reynolds
1973	The Way We Were	Katie Morosky	David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress Tied with Tatum O'Neal for Paper Moon Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1974	For Pete's Sake	Henrietta 'Henry' Robbins
1975	Funny Lady	Fanny Brice	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1976	A Star Is Born	Esther Hoffman Howard	Academy Award for Best Original Song Shared with Paul Williams (lyrics) for the song "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Shared with Paul Williams (lyrics) for the song "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Film Music Shared with Paul Williams, Kenny Ascher, Rupert Holmes, Leon Russell, Kenny Loggins, Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Donna Weiss
1979	The Main Event	Hillary Kramer
1981	All Night Long	Cheryl Gibbons	Nominated—Razzie Award for Worst Actress
1983	Yentl	Yentl / Anshel	also director and producer Golden Globe Award for Best Director Nastro d'Argento for Best New Foreign Director Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated—Razzie Award for Worst Actor
1987	Nuts	Claudia Faith Draper	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1991	The Prince of Tides	Dr. Susan Lowenstein	also director and producer Nominated—Academy Award for Best Picture Shared with Andrew S. Karsch Nominated—Directors Guild of America Award Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Director
1996	The Mirror Has Two Faces	Rose Morgan	also director and producer Nominated—Academy Award for Best Original Song Shared with Marvin Hamlisch, Robert John Lange and Bryan Adams for the song "I Finally Found Someone" Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Shared with Marvin Hamlisch, Robert John Lange and Bryan Adams for the song "I Finally Found Someone"
2004	Meet the Fockers	Roz Focker
2010	Little Fockers	Roz Focker	Nominated—Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress
2012	The Guilt Trip	Joyce Brewster
2013-14	Gypsy	Rose Hovick	Expected to be released Holiday 2013 to early 2014.

References [link]

^ "Session Timeout – Academy Awards Database – AMPAS". Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp;jsessionid=B86E461C2746B4E1B0BF45DF42A83458?curTime=1258189043639. Retrieved 2009-12-09. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Gold & Platinum – December 9, 2009". RIAA. http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ "Primetime Emmy Award Database | Emmys.com". Cdn.emmys.tv. http://www.emmys.com/award_history_search. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ ^a ^b American Film Institute. "AFI Life Achievement Award: Barbra Streisand". Afi.com. http://www.afi.com/laa/laa01.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ "Gold & Platinum – December 9, 2009". RIAA. http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ Published: 11:56PM BST October 8, 2009 (October 8, 2009). "The way she was: Barbs personal items up for auction". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/6276710/The-way-she-was-Barbra-Streisands-personal-items-up-for-auction.html. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ Gold and Platinum Top Selling Artists. RIAA.com.
^ "Chart Watch Extra: The Acts With The Most Top 10 Albums, Ever – Chart Watch". New.music.yahoo.com. October 17, 2008. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/16329/chart-watch-extra-the-acts-with-the-most-top-10-albums-ever/. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ "Music Albums, Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts". Billboard.com. December 5, 2009. http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200#/news/barbra-streisand-surprises-with-ninth-no-1004019217.story. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Barbra Streisand". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/streisand.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Joseph Berger, "A Daughter of Brooklyn, Now Known as 'Barbra,' Will Return to Perform." New York Times, May 10, 2012.
^ Patty Greenbaum, Lisa Lewis. Anne Drake, Zazel Loven, ed. (1990). Yearbook. New York, NY: Dolphin. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-385-41625-2.
^ Biography contactmusic.com, retrieved 2010-01-24
^ Joseph Berger, "A Daughter of Brooklyn, Now Known as 'Barbra,' Will Return to Perform." New York Times, May 10, 2012.
^ Hernandez, Greg."My Chat w/Roslyn Kind: Streisand's sister is on the comeback trail..." insidesocal.com, January 29, 2008
^ Goldfarb, Myra Yellin."What's Up" mcall.com, July 2, 1993
^ Fink, Jerry."Streisand’s sister has ‘come to terms’ with superstar’s shadow" lasvegassun.com, November 11, 2008
^ Autobiography of Joan Rivers: Enter Talking (New York: Delacorte Press, 1986) p. 85-96, p. 182
^ "The Lion at". Barbra-archives.com. July 1, 1960. http://barbra-archives.com/live/60s/lion_streisand.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "The Lion, New York". New York Travel Guide. May 12, 2010. http://www.sceneadvisor.com/restaurants/new-york/the-lion-2380. Retrieved 2010-06-17. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Barbra Streisand Archives | Town N Country Supper Club, 1961, Winnipeg, Canada". Barbra-archives.com. http://barbra-archives.com/live/60s/town_country_winnipeg_streisand.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Popple, Robert, ''John Arpin: Keyboard Virtuoso'' Dundurn Press Ltd., 2009 ISBN 1-55002-866-9, ISBN 978-1-55002-866-9 p113. Books.google.com. March 30, 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=EQZpQ_K8yIQC&pg=PA113&dq=%22Baker's+Keyboard%22&hl=en&ei=JGxJTba5JI6SgQfD4JU_&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22Baker's%20Keyboard%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Tommasini, Anthony (September 27, 2009). "Streisand's Fine Instrument and Classic Instinct". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/arts/music/27tomm.html?scp=1&sq=streisand%20arlen&st=cse. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
^ "YouTube clip of Streisand on Tonight Show with Orson Bean and Phyllis Diller, 1961". Youtube.com. March 12, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DXvLD-pxms. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "'P.M. East P.M. West' at". Barbra-archives.com. http://barbra-archives.com/tv/60s/pm_east_streisand.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "'P.M. East P.M. West' at". Barbra-archives.com. http://barbra-archives.com/tv/60s/pm_east_streisand.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Video clip of Streisand interviewed by Mike Wallace on 60 Minutes, 1991". Cbsnews.com. February 19, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4614802n%3fsource=search_video. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Audio clip of Streisand saying this to Mike Wallace in 1961. 60 Minutes segment is available for viewing at The Paley Center for Media". Barbra-archives.com. http://barbra-archives.com/tv/60s/pm_east_streisand.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Barbra Streisand Archives | Johnny Carson Tonight Show 1962–1963 barbra-archives.com
^ "Recording Industry Association of America: Newsletter 1999". Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20070514091340/http://www.riaa.com/news/newsletter/press1999/111099.asp. . RIAA.com.
^ "Reprint of article in George Magazine. November 1996". Barbra-archives.com. http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/90s/george_1996.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Barbra Streisand Mixes Star Power And High Concept by Stephen Holden, New York Times, June 27, 1993". Nytimes.com. June 27, 1993. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/27/arts/recordings-view-barbra-streisand-mixes-star-power-and-high-concept.html?scp=1&sq=streisand%20holden%20sinatra&st=cse. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Bronson, Fred. Chart Beat Chat^{[dead link]}. Billboard.com May 18, 2007.
^ Pomerantz, Dorothy. "In Pictures: The Top-Earning Women In Music - Forbes.com". Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/2008/01/28/music-madonna-hollywood-biz-cz_dp_0129musicwomen_slide_3.html?thisSpeed=15000. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
^ Pleasants, H. (1985). The Great American Popular Singers. Simon and Schuster.
^ ^a ^b Marks, Peter (December 7, 2008.) "Kennedy Center Honoree Barbra Streisand." The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ Gardner, Elysa (April 10, 2009). "For Diana Krall, quiet time is a rare thing. By Elysa Gardner, USA TODAY. Retrieved 2009-04-14". Usatoday.com. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2009-04-09-krall-quiet-nights_N.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Frey, Jennifer. (December 8, 2008.) "A Night Filled With Extra Stars." The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ Sisario, Ben (September 28, 2009). "Lucky Streisand Fans Were A-Listers for a Night". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/arts/music/28stre.html. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
^ Mon, 08/15/2011 – 16:03. "Barbra Streisand official site, 6/22/09 press release". Barbrastreisand.com. http://www.barbrastreisand.com/ca/home?page=news&n_id=1258. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Barbra Streisand | Streisand's Stagefright Prompted By Forgotten Lyrics". Contactmusic. September 25, 2009. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/streisands-stagefright-prompted-by-forgotten-lyrics_1117130. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ 1983 Academy Awards Winners and History. Filmsite.com.
^ By (April 14, 2005). "Variety. "Streisand buys Dwarf". April 14, 2005". Variety.com. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117921148.html?cs=1&query=streisand+dwarf. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "AT HOME WITH: Larry Kramer; When a Roaring Lion Learns to Purr. By ALEX WITCHEL. New York Times, Thursday, January 12, 1995". Nytimes.com. January 12, 1995. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/12/garden/at-home-with-larry-kramer-when-a-roaring-lion-learns-to-purr.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Andrew Lloyd Webber on Eurovision and the Phantom sequel. Times Online. Dec. 29, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ Riedel, Michael. "Babs Comes up Rose" New York Post, January 5, 2011 (updated from January 4, 2011)
^ ^a ^b Gans, Andrew. Will Barbra Streisand Star and Direct New Film Version of Gypsy?" playbill.com, January 5, 2011 (updated)
^ Healy, Patrick. "Streisand in Talks to Play Mama Rose in Film Remake of ‘Gypsy’" New York Times, January 5, 2011
^ Healy, Patrick. "Streisand in Talks to Play Mama Rose in Film Remake of 'Gypsy'" The New York Times, January 5, 2011
^ Belloni, Matthew. "EXCLUSIVE: Barbra Streisand, Seth Rogen to Star in 'My Mother's Curse' for Paramount"^{[dead link]} The Hollywood Reporter, January 28, 2011
^ "The Mouse That Wails". Rogue. Barbra. November 1963. http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/60s/rogue_streisand.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
^ "Her name is Barbra". CBS News. September 27, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/08/08/sunday/main6753884.shtml. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
^ "An Evening With Barbra Streisand". Barbra Archives. July 9, 1967. http://barbra-archives.com/live/60s/hollywood_bowl_67_streisand.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
^ "Transcript of Streisand's November 2, 1998 live chat on AOL". Web.archive.org. October 27, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20091027135459/http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/6011/aoltranscript.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Barbra Streisand among host of stars to support gay marriage campaign in California". Daily Mail Reporter. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078505/Barbra-Streisand-host-stars-support-gay-marriage-campaign-California.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
^ Grein, Paul. "Interview with Barbra Streisand". Grammy.com. http://www.grammy.com/news/barbra-streisand-the-way-she-is-part-one. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Barbra News.com 2006 Interview with Marge Tabankin". Barbranews.com. October 24, 2006. http://www.barbranews.com/streisandfoundint.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Barbra Streisand Endows Program at Cedars-Sinai Women's Heart Center: $5 Million Gift Supports Women's Cardiovascular Research and Education". Heartworknews.com. http://heartworknews.com/news/Barbra_Streisand_Endows_Program_at_Cedars_Sinai_Womens_Heart_Center_5_Million_Gift_Supports_Womens_Cardiovascular_Research_and_. Retrieved 2008-04-22. ^{[dead link]}
^ Barbra Streisand/Sony Official Site, Streisand Foundation page.^{[dead link]}
^ Dugger, Celia W. (September 23, 2006). "Clinton Effort Reaps Pledges of $7.3 Billion in Global Aid by Celia Dugger. New York Times. September 23, 2006". Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/23/world/23aid.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Raising awareness about women’s heart health". Discoveringforlife.org. http://www.discoveringforlife.org/womens-heart-center/your-gift/barbra-streisand. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "The Giving Back Fund press release. September 14, 2008". Givingback.org. http://www.givingback.org/Programs_Services/GivingBack30_2007.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ Douglas, Sarah. "In the Air: Star Ambitions."Art+Auction, October 2009.
^ "Streisand to sing for Israeli army charities". Artsjournal.com. 2011-12-06. http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/12/streisand-to-sing-for-israeli-army-charities.html. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
^ Gliatto, Tom (April 4, 1994). "Oy! It's the Queen of Farklemt! People Magazine. April 4, 1994". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20107779,00.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "‘Glee' Cast Performs ‘Papa, Can You Hear Me?'". The Wall Street Journal. October 6, 2010. http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/10/06/glee-cast-performs-papa-can-you-hear-me/.
^ Lowe, Andy (February 3, 2009). "Christian Bale flips out on T4 set: Yes, yes. We know you've heard it. But the remixes are even better ...". Total Film (Future Publishing). http://www.totalfilm.com/news/christian-bale-flips-out-on-t4-set. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
^ Streisand v. Adelman, et al., in California Superior Court; Case SC077257
^ Kenneth Adelman (May 13, 2007). "Barbra Streisand Sues to Suppress Free Speech Protection for Widely Acclaimed Website". California Coastal Records Project. http://www.californiacoastline.org/streisand/lawsuit.html. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ "Streisand’s Lawsuit to Silence Coastal Website Dismissed" (Press release). Mindfully.org. December 3, 2003. http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2003/Barbra-Streisand-Coastal3dec03.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ "Past Recipients". Wif.org. http://wif.org/past-recipients. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ "Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts". Nea.gov. http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#00. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
^ CBS.com Online Schedule . Retrieved 2009-04-16.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Barbra Streisand

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Barbra Streisand

Official website
BarbraNews.com
Barbra-Archives.com
Barbra Streisand at the Internet Movie Database
Barbra Streisand at AllRovi
Barbra Streisand at the Internet Broadway Database
Barbra Streisand at the Internet Off-Broadway Database

v t e Barbra Streisand

Studio albums	The Barbra Streisand Album (1963) The Second Barbra Streisand Album (1963) The Third Album (1964) People (1964) My Name Is Barbra (1965) My Name Is Barbra, Two... (1965) Color Me Barbra (1966) Je m'appelle Barbra (1966) Simply Streisand (1967) A Christmas Album (1967) What About Today? (1969) Stoney End (1971) Barbra Joan Streisand (1971) Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments (1973) The Way We Were (1974) ButterFly (1974) Lazy Afternoon (1975) Classical Barbra (1976) Streisand Superman (1977) Songbird (1978) Wet (1979) Guilty (1980) Emotion (1984) The Broadway Album (1985) Till I Loved You (1988) Back to Broadway (1993) Higher Ground (1997) A Love Like Ours (1999) Christmas Memories (2001) The Movie Album (2003) Guilty Pleasures (2005) Love Is the Answer (2009) What Matters Most (2011)

Live albums	A Happening in Central Park (1968) Live Concert at the Forum (1972) One Voice (1987) Barbra: The Concert (1994) The Concert: Highlights (1995) Timeless: Live in Concert (2000) Live in Concert 2006 (2007)

Compilations	Barbra Streisand's Greatest Hits (1970) Barbra Streisand's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (1978) Memories (1981) A Collection: Greatest Hits... and More (1989) Just for the Record... (1991) Highlights from Just for the Record... (1992) The Essential Barbra Streisand (2002) Duets (2002) The Ultimate Collection (2003) Barbra:The Ultimate Collection (2010)

Cast recordings and Soundtracks	I Can Get It For You Wholesale – Original Broadway Cast Recording (1962) Pins and Needles (1962) Funny Girl – Original Broadway Cast Recording (1964) Funny Girl – Soundtrack (1968) Hello, Dolly! (1969) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970) The Owl and the Pussycat (1971) The Way We Were (1974) Funny Lady (1975) A Star Is Born (1976) The Main Event (1979) Yentl (1983) Nuts (1987) The Prince of Tides (1991) The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996)

Films	Funny Girl (1968) Hello, Dolly! (1969) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970) The Owl and the Pussycat (1970) What's Up, Doc? (1972) Up the Sandbox (1972) The Way We Were (1973) For Pete's Sake (1974) Funny Lady (1975) A Star Is Born (1976) The Main Event (1979) All Night Long (1981) Yentl (1983) Nuts (1987) The Prince of Tides (1991) The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996) Meet the Fockers (2004) Little Fockers (2010) The Guilt Trip (2012)

Musicals	I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962) Funny Girl (1964)

Videos	My Name Is Barbra (1986) Color Me Barbra (1986) A Happening in Central Park (1986) Putting it Together: The Making of The Broadway Album (1986) One Voice (1988) Barbra: The Concert (1994) Timeless: Live in Concert (2001) Barbra: The Concert Live at the MGM Grand (2004) Barbra Streisand: The Television Specials (2005) Barbra: The Concerts (2009) One Night Only: Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard (2010)

Tours	An Evening with Barbra Streisand (1966) Barbra Streisand: The Concert Tour (1994) Timeless: Live in Concert Tour (2000) Streisand: The Tour (2006-2007)

Related articles	Discography Albums Songs Related topics

Awards for Barbra Streisand

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Ella Fitzgerald for Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson Riddle	Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Female 1964 for The Barbra Streisand Album 1965 for People 1966 for My Name Is Barbra	Succeeded by Eydie Gormé for If He Walked Into My Life
Preceded by Ella Fitzgerald for Mack The Knife	Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 1965 for People	Succeeded by Petula Clark for I Know a Place
Preceded by Linda Ronstadt for Hasten Down The Wind	Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 1977 for Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)	Succeeded by Anne Murray for You Needed Me
Preceded by The Doobie Brothers for Minute by Minute	Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal 1981 for Guilty	Succeeded by The Manhattan Transfer for Boy From New York City
Preceded by Whitney Houston for Saving All My Love for You	Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 1987 for The Broadway Album	Succeeded by Whitney Houston for I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)
Preceded by Bill Evans, Aretha Franklin, Arthur Rubinstein	Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 1995	Succeeded by Dave Brubeck, Marvin Gaye, Georg Solti, Stevie Wonder

v t e Academy Award for Best Actress (1961–1980)

Sophia Loren (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Katharine Hepburn (1967) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand (1968) Maggie Smith (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Glenda Jackson (1973) Ellen Burstyn (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) Faye Dunaway (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980)

Complete list (1928–1940) (1941–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Academy Award for Best Original Song (1971–1980)

"Theme from Shaft" Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971) "The Morning After" Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972) "The Way We Were" Music: Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics: Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman (1973) "We May Never Love Like This Again" Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974) "I'm Easy" Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975) "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" Music: Barbra Streisand Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976) "You Light Up My Life" Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977) "Last Dance" Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978) "It Goes Like It Goes" Music: David Shire Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979) "Fame" Music: Michael Gore Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)

Complete list (1934–1940) (1941–1950) (1951–1960) (1961–1970) (1971–1980) (1981–1990) (1991–2000) (2001–2010) (2011–2020)

v t e Cecil B. DeMille Award (1976–2000)

Walter Mirisch (1977) Red Skelton (1978) Lucille Ball (1979) Henry Fonda (1980) Gene Kelly (1981) Sidney Poitier (1982) Laurence Olivier (1983) Paul Newman (1984) Elizabeth Taylor (1985) Barbara Stanwyck (1986) Anthony Quinn (1987) Clint Eastwood (1988) Doris Day (1989) Audrey Hepburn (1990) Jack Lemmon (1991) Robert Mitchum (1992) Lauren Bacall (1993) Robert Redford (1994) Sophia Loren (1995) Sean Connery (1996) Dustin Hoffman (1997) Shirley MacLaine (1998) Jack Nicholson (1999) Barbra Streisand (2000)

Complete list (1952–1975) (1976–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (1976–2000)

Harvey Korman / Brenda Vaccaro (1974) Jack Albertson / Cloris Leachman (1975) Chevy Chase / Vicki Lawrence (1976) Tim Conway / Rita Moreno (1977) Tim Conway / Gilda Radner (1978) Cloris Leachman (1984) George Hearn (1985) Whitney Houston (1986) Robin Williams (1987) Robin Williams (1988) Linda Ronstadt (1989) Tracey Ullman (1990) Billy Crystal (1991) Billy Crystal (1992) Dana Carvey (1993) Tracey Ullman (1994) Barbra Streisand (1995) Tony Bennett (1996) Bette Midler (1997) Billy Crystal (1998) John Leguizamo (1999) Eddie Izzard (2000)

Complete list (1976–2000) (2001–2025)

v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (2001–2025)

Barbra Streisand (2001) Sting (2002) Wayne Brady (2003) Elaine Stritch (2004) Hugh Jackman (2005) Barry Manilow (2006) Tony Bennett (2007) Don Rickles (2008)

Complete list (1976–2000) (2001–2025)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (1961–1980)

Rosalind Russell (1961) Rosalind Russell (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Julie Andrews (1965) Lynn Redgrave (1966) Anne Bancroft (1967) Barbra Streisand (1968) Patty Duke (1969) Carrie Snodgress (1970) Twiggy (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Glenda Jackson (1973) Raquel Welch (1974) Ann-Margret (1975) Barbra Streisand (1976) Diane Keaton/Marsha Mason (1977) Ellen Burstyn/Maggie Smith (1978) Bette Midler (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980)

Complete list (1950–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Director (1966–1990)

Fred Zinnemann (1966) Mike Nichols (1967) Paul Newman (1968) Charles Jarrott (1969) Arthur Hiller (1970) William Friedkin (1971) Francis Ford Coppola (1972) William Friedkin (1973) Roman Polanski (1974) Miloš Forman (1975) Sidney Lumet (1976) Herbert Ross (1977) Michael Cimino (1978) Francis Ford Coppola (1979) Robert Redford (1980) Warren Beatty (1981) Richard Attenborough (1982) Barbra Streisand (1983) Miloš Forman (1984) John Huston (1985) Oliver Stone (1986) Bernardo Bertolucci (1987) Clint Eastwood (1988) Oliver Stone (1989) Kevin Costner (1990)

Complete List (1943–1965) (1966–1990) (1991–2015)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (1970s)

"Whistling Away the Dark" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Henry Mancini (1970) "Life Is What You Make It" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1971) "Ben" Lyrics by Don Black, Music by Walter Scharf (1972) "The Way We Were" Lyrics by Alan Bergman & Marilyn Bergman, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1973) "I Feel Love" Lyrics by Betty Box, Music by Euel Box (1974) "I'm Easy" Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine (1975) "Evergreen" Lyrics by Paul Williams, Music by Barbra Streisand (1976) "You Light Up My Life" Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks (1977) "Last Dance" Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara (1978) "The Rose" Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom (1979)

Complete List (1960s) (1970s) (1980s) (1990s) (2000s) (2010s)

Grammy Award for Album of the Year (1959–1969)

Year

Album

Artist(s)

Producer(s)

1959

The Music from Peter Gunn

Henry Mancini

1960

Come Dance with Me!

Frank Sinatra

1961

The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart

Bob Newhart

1962

Judy at Carnegie Hall

Judy Garland

1963

The First Family

Vaughn Meader

1964

The Barbra Streisand Album

Barbra Streisand

1965

Getz/Gilberto

Stan Getz, João Gilberto

1966

September of My Years

Frank Sinatra

Sonny Burke

1967

A Man and His Music

Frank Sinatra

Sonny Burke

1968

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

The Beatles (George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr)

George Martin

1969

By the Time I Get to Phoenix

Glen Campbell

Al De Lory

v t e Grammy Award for Song of the Year (1970s)

1970 Joe South - "Games People Play" 1971 Paul Simon - "Bridge over Troubled Water" 1972 Carole King - "You've Got a Friend" 1973 Ewan MacColl - "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" 1974 Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox - "Killing Me Softly with His Song" 1975 Marilyn Bergman, Alan Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch - "The Way We Were" 1976 Stephen Sondheim - "Send in the Clowns" 1977 Bruce Johnston - "I Write the Songs" 1978 Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams - "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" and Joe Brooks - "You Light Up My Life" 1979 Billy Joel - "Just the Way You Are"

Complete list (1960s) (1970s) (1980s) (1990s) (2000s) (2010s)

v t e Kennedy Center Honorees (2000s)

2000	Mikhail Baryshnikov Chuck Berry Plácido Domingo Clint Eastwood Angela Lansbury

2001	Julie Andrews Van Cliburn Quincy Jones Jack Nicholson Luciano Pavarotti

2002	James Earl Jones James Levine Chita Rivera Paul Simon Elizabeth Taylor

2003	James Brown Carol Burnett Loretta Lynn Mike Nichols Itzhak Perlman

2004	Warren Beatty Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee Elton John Joan Sutherland John Williams

2005	Tony Bennett Suzanne Farrell Julie Harris Robert Redford Tina Turner

2006	Zubin Mehta Dolly Parton Smokey Robinson Steven Spielberg Andrew Lloyd Webber

2007	Leon Fleisher Steve Martin Diana Ross Martin Scorsese Brian Wilson

2008	Morgan Freeman George Jones Barbra Streisand Twyla Tharp Pete Townshend & Roger Daltrey

2009	Mel Brooks Dave Brubeck Grace Bumbry Robert De Niro Bruce Springsteen

complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

AFI Life Achievement Award

John Ford (1973)
James Cagney (1974)
Orson Welles (1975)
William Wyler (1976)
Bette Davis (1977)
Henry Fonda (1978)
Alfred Hitchcock (1979)
James Stewart (1980)
Fred Astaire (1981)
Frank Capra (1982)
John Huston (1983)
Lillian Gish (1984)
Gene Kelly (1985)
Billy Wilder (1986)
Barbara Stanwyck (1987)
Jack Lemmon (1988)
Gregory Peck (1989)
David Lean (1990)
Kirk Douglas (1991)
Sidney Poitier (1992)
Elizabeth Taylor (1993)
Jack Nicholson (1994)
Steven Spielberg (1995)
Clint Eastwood (1996)
Martin Scorsese (1997)
Robert Wise (1998)
Dustin Hoffman (1999)
Harrison Ford (2000)
Barbra Streisand (2001)
Tom Hanks (2002)
Robert De Niro (2003)
Meryl Streep (2004)
George Lucas (2005)
Sean Connery (2006)
Al Pacino (2007)
Warren Beatty (2008)
Michael Douglas (2009)
Mike Nichols (2010)
Morgan Freeman (2011)
Shirley MacLaine (2012)

v t e Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979)

1960: Theme from A Summer Place – Percy Faith 1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis 1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk 1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles 1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966: "Ballad of the Green Berets" – S/Sgt. Barry Sadler 1967: "To Sir with Love" – Lulu 1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles 1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies 1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel 1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night 1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack 1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand 1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille 1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings 1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart 1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb 1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack

Complete list (1946–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019)

v t e UK best-selling albums (by year) (1970–1989)

1970: Bridge Over Troubled Water (Simon & Garfunkel) 1971: Bridge Over Troubled Water (Simon & Garfunkel) 1972: 20 Dynamic Hits (Various Artists) 1973: Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player (Elton John) 1974: The Singles: 1969–1973 (The Carpenters) 1975: The Best of The Stylistics (The Stylistics) 1976: Greatest Hits (ABBA) 1977: Arrival (ABBA) 1978: Saturday Night Fever (Original Soundtrack) 1979: Parallel Lines (Blondie) 1980: Super Trouper (ABBA) 1981: Kings of the Wild Frontier (Adam and the Ants) 1982: Love Songs (Barbra Streisand) 1983: Thriller (Michael Jackson) 1984: Can't Slow Down (Lionel Richie) 1985: Brothers in Arms (Dire Straits) 1986: True Blue (Madonna) 1987: Bad (Michael Jackson) 1988: Kylie (Kylie Minogue) 1989: Ten Good Reasons (Jason Donovan)

Complete list (1956–1969) (1970–1989) (1990–2009) (2010–2029)

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Playlist

Film Summary

Persondata
Name	Streisand, Barbra
Alternative names	Streisand, Barbara Joan
Short description	Singer-Songwriter, Actress
Date of birth	April 24, 1942
Place of birth	Brooklyn, New York, United States
Date of death
Place of death

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

Related pages: