Thomas Mckean

Friday, 14 December 2012

1985 Thomas McKean High School Marching Band

Seasons of Love - Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012

Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012 (Part 1)

Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012 (Part 2)

Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012 (Part 3)

1986 Thomas McKean Highlander Marching Band

1984 Thomas McKean Highlander Marching Band

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Delaware
Delaware (ⁱ/ˈdɛləwɛər/ DEL-ə-wair) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named.
Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second least extensive, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.
The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founders and scions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies.

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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.

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John Witherspoon
John Witherspoon (February 15, 1723 – November 15, 1794) was a Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Jersey. As president of the College of New Jersey (1768–94; now Princeton University), he trained many leaders of the early nation and was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. John Witherspoon is an ancestor of actress Reese Witherspoon.
John Witherspoon was born at Gifford, a parish of Yester, at East Lothian, Scotland, as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker, a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox. This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation. He attended the Haddington Grammar School, and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. He remained at the University to study divinity.
Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant, nationalist, and supporter of republicanism. Consequently, he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 1745-1746. Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1746), he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle, which had a long-term effect on his health.

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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (ⁱ/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km²), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km²) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km²) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km²) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.

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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").

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Princeton College
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.
It is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering. Princeton does not have schools of medicine, law, divinity, or business, but it does offer professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science and the School of Architecture.
Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The present-day College of New Jersey in nearby Ewing, New Jersey, is an unrelated institution. Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the American colonies. Princeton had close ties to the Presbyterian Church, but has never been affiliated with any denomination and today imposes no religious requirements on its students.

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Siege of Yorktown
The Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Yorktown, or Surrender of Yorktown , the latter taking place on October 19, 1781, was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, it proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in North America, as the surrender of Cornwallis' army prompted the British government eventually to negotiate an end to the conflict.
In 1780, 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British-controlled New York City. Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included the possibility of support from the French West Indies fleet of the Comte de Grasse, Washington and Rochambeau decided to ask de Grasse for assistance either in besieging New York, or in military operations against a British army operating in Virginia. On the advice of Rochambeau, de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay, where Cornwallis had taken command of the army. Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his superior officer, Henry Clinton, was eventually ordered to make a defensible deep-water port, which he began to do at Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis's movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette.

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York, Pennsylvania
York, known as the White Rose City (after the symbol of the House of York), is a city located in York County, Pennsylvania, United States which is in the South Central region of the state. The population within the city limits was 43,718 at the 2010 census, which was a 7.0% increase from the 2000 count of 40,862. When combined with the adjacent boroughs of West York and North York and surrounding Spring Garden, West Manchester, and Springettsbury townships, the population of Greater York is 108,386. York is the county seat of York County, and is located at 39°58′00″N 76°45′00″W / 39.9666667°N 76.75°W / 39.9666667; -76.75. York is currently the 14th largest city in Pennsylvania.
A lengthy directory of regional history resources is available at http://www.ydr.com/history/ci_12304563.
York, also known as Yorktown in the mid 18th to early 19th century, was founded in 1741 by settlers from the Philadelphia region, and named for the English city of the same name. By 1777, most of the area residents were of either German or Scotch-Irish descent. York was incorporated as a borough on September 24, 1787, and as a city on January 11, 1887. During the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), York served as the temporary capital of the Continental Congress. The Articles of Confederation were drafted and adopted in York, though they would not be ratified until March 1781.

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Abraham Clark
Abraham Clark (February 15, 1726 – September 15, 1794) was an American politician and Revolutionary War figure. He was delegate for New Jersey to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence and later served in the United States House of Representatives in both the Second and Third United States Congress, from March 4, 1791, until his death in 1794.
Abraham was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. His father, Thomas Clark, realized that he had a natural grasp for math so he hired a tutor to teach Clark surveying. While working as a surveyor, he taught himself law and went into practice. He became quite popular and became known as "the poor man's counciler" as he offered to defend poor men when they couldn't afford a lawyer.
Clark married Sarah Hatfield in 1748, with whom he had 10 children. While Hatfield raised the children on their farm, Clark was able to enter politics as a clerk of the Provincial Assembly. Later he became High Sheriff of Essex County and in 1775 was elected to the Provincial Congress. He was a member of the Committee of Public Safety.

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Andrew Gregg Curtin
Andrew Gregg Curtin (April 22, 1817 – October 7, 1894) was a U.S. lawyer and politician. He served as the Governor of Pennsylvania during the Civil War.
Curtin was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. His parents were Roland Curtin, Sr., a wealthy Irish-born iron manufacturer from County Clare, and Jane (Gregg) Curtin, the daughter of U.S. Senator Andrew Gregg. His father, with Miles Boggs, established the Eagle Ironworks at Curtin Village in 1810. He attended Bellefonte Academy and Dickinson College and the Dickinson School of Law and was employed as a lawyer. His first public office was as Secretary of the Commonwealth. In 1855, Governor James Pollock appointed him as Superintendent of Public Schools. He switched political allegiance from the Whigs to the new Republican political party in 1860, with his successful run for governor. He served in that office from 1861 until 1867.
During the Civil War, Curtin organized the Pennsylvania reserves into combat units, and oversaw the construction of the first Union military camp for training militia. It opened in an agricultural school nearby Harrisburg as Camp Curtin on April 18, 1861, and more than 300 000 men were drilled there during 4 years. In the years that followed, Curtin became a close friend and confidant of Abraham Lincoln, visiting the White House several times in order to converse about the status of the war effort.

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Arthur Middleton
Arthur Middleton (June 26, 1742 – January 1, 1787), of Charleston, South Carolina, was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.
His parents were Henry Middleton and Mary Baker Williams, both of English descent. He was educated in Britain, at Harrow School, Westminster School, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He studied law at the Middle Temple and traveled extensively in Europe where his taste in literature, music, and art was developed and refined. In 1764, Arthur and his bride Mary Izard settled at Middleton Place. (His wife, Mary Izard, daughter of Walter Izard, Esq., was a cousin of South Carolina Congressman Ralph Izard; likewise a son of Congressman Izard was married to a niece of Arthur Middleton, and another son married Arthur's daughter Emma).
Keenly interested in Carolina politics, Arthur Middleton was a more radical thinker than his father, Henry Middleton. He was a leader of the American Party in Carolina and one of the boldest members of the Council of Safety and its Secret Committee. In 1776, Arthur was elected to succeed his father in the Continental Congress and subsequently was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Also in 1776, he and William Henry Drayton designed the Great Seal of South Carolina. Despite the time he spent in England, his attitude toward Loyalists was said to be ruthless.

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Arthur St. Clair
Arthur St. Clair (March 23, 1737[O.S. 1736]– August 31, 1818) was an American soldier and politician. Born in Scotland, he served in the British Army during the French and Indian War before settling in Pennsylvania, where he held local office. During the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general in the Continental Army, but lost his command after a controversial retreat.
After the war, he was elected to the Confederation Congress, where he served a term as president and was appointed governor of the Northwest Territory. Disputes with Native Americans over land treaties resulted in the Northwest Indian War. In 1791, General St. Clair led an expedition against the natives that resulted in the worst defeat the United States Army would ever suffer at the hands of Native Americans. Although an investigation exonerated him, St. Clair resigned his army commission. He continued to serve as territorial governor until 1802, when he retired to Pennsylvania. Although once very wealthy, he died in poverty.

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Benjamin Chew
Benjamin Chew (November 19, 1722 – January 20, 1810) was a fifth-generation American, a Quaker-born legal scholar, a prominent and successful Philadelphia lawyer, head of the Pennsylvania Judiciary System under both Colony and Commonwealth, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Province of Pennsylvania. Chew was well known for his precision and brevity in making legal arguments as well as his excellent memory, judgment, and knowledge of statutory law. His primary allegiance was to the supremacy of law and constitution.
Trained in law at an early age by Andrew Hamilton, Benjamin Chew inherited his mentor's clients, the descendants of William Penn, including Thomas Penn (1702–1775) and his brother Richard Penn, Sr. (1706–1771), and their sons Governor John Penn (1729–1795), Richard Penn, Jr. (1734–1811), and John Penn (1760–1834). Chew represented the Penn family in their legal matters for the next six decades. He had a lifelong personal friendship with George Washington, who is said to have treated Chew’s children “as if they were his own." Chew lived and practiced law in Philadelphia four blocks from Independence Hall, and provided pro bono his knowledge of substantive law to America's Founding Fathers during the creation of the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights.

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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.
Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity; as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies, then as the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation. Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical and democratic values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat." To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become."

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Benjamin Harrison V
Benjamin Harrison V (April 5, 1726 – April 24, 1791) was an American planter and revolutionary leader from Charles City County, Virginia. He earned his higher education at the College of William and Mary, and he was perhaps the first figure in the Harrison family to gain national attention. Harrison was a representative for Surry County, Virginia, (1756–1758) and Charles City County (1766–1776) to the House of Burgesses. He was a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777 and, during the Second Continental Congress, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
John Adams in his diary recalled Harrison as having said that he was so eager to participate in the Continental Congress "he would have come on foot." Adams also commented that "Harrison's contributions and many pleasantries steadied rough sessions." Harrison served frequently as Chairman of the Committee of the Whole in the Continental Congress, presided over the final debates on an independence resolution offered by Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee, and presided as well as over the final debates and amendments to the Declaration itself.

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Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Rush (January 4, 1746 [O.S. December 24, 1745] – April 19, 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States. Rush lived in the state of Pennsylvania and was a physician, writer, educator, humanitarian and a Christian Universalist, as well as the founder of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Rush was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence and attended the Continental Congress. He served as Surgeon General in the Continental army, and advocated the removal of George Washington as General. Later in life, he became a professor of chemistry, medical theory, and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania. Despite having a wide influence on the development of American government, he is not as widely known as many of his American contemporaries. Rush was also an early opponent of slavery and capital punishment.
Despite his great contributions to early American society, Rush may be more famous today as the man who, in 1812, helped reconcile the friendship of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams by encouraging the two former Presidents to resume writing to each other.

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Benjamin T. Biggs
Benjamin Thomas Biggs (October 1, 1821 – December 25, 1893) was an American farmer and politician from Middletown, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the Mexican-American War and a member of the Democratic Party, who served as U.S. Representative and 46th Governor of Delaware.
Biggs was born near Bohemia Manor in Cecil County, Maryland, son of John and Diana Bell Biggs. He attended the Methodist Pennington Seminary and Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. During the Mexican-American War he was appointed a major of the Delaware militia. He married Mary Beekman and had five children: John, Elizabeth, Benjamin T. Jr., Jennie, and Willard. They lived at 201 North Cass Street in Middletown, Delaware and were members of the Methodist Church.
Biggs was a teacher and a farmer, whose time was primarily spent tending peach orchards in central New Castle County and the adjacent portion of Maryland. However, he was also a talented public speaker, and through this avocation, began a life-long involvement in public affairs. Beginning as a member of the Whig Party, he was an instrumental figure in the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1852. While the work of this convention was ultimately rejected, Biggs switched his partisan allegiance to the Democratic Party when the Whig Party broke up. The Democrats were the Southern leaning, anti-abolitionist, states rights party, strongly opposed to the policies of Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans. Presumably Biggs was in general agreement with its positions.

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Button Gwinnett
Button Gwinnett (1735 – May 19, 1777) was an English-born American political leader who, as a representative of Georgia to the Continental Congress, was the second of the signatories (first signature on the left) on the United States Declaration of Independence. He was also, briefly, the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metropolitan Atlanta) was named for him. Gwinnett was killed in a duel by a rival, Lachlan McIntosh, following a dispute after a failed invasion of East Florida.
Gwinnett was born in 1735 in the parish of Down Hatherley in the country of Gloucestershire, England, to Welsh parents, the Reverend Samuel and Anne (née Button) Gwinnett. He was the first of his parents' seven children. There are conflicting reports as to his birth date, but he was baptized in St Catherine’s Church in Gloucester on April 10, 1735. After attending The King's School, Gloucester he started his career as a merchant in England. He then moved to Wolverhampton in 1755 and married a local, Ann Bourne, in 1757 at St. Peter's Church at the age of 22. In 1762 the couple left Wolverhampton and moved to America.

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C. Douglass Buck
Clayton Douglass Buck (March 21, 1890 – January 27, 1965) was an American engineer and politician from New Castle Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of World War I and a member of the Republican Party, who served two terms as Governor and one term as U. S. Senator from Delaware. He was known by his middle name.
Buck was born at "Buena Vista" near New Castle, Delaware, son of Frances N. and Margaret Douglass Buck. His father was from Philadelphia and his mother was descended from U.S. Senator John M. Clayton. He married Alice du Pont, daughter of U.S. Senator T. Coleman du Pont, and they had two children, Clayton Douglass, Jr. and Mrs. Dorcas Van Dyke Farquhar. They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle. He was educated at the Wilmington Friends School and the University of Pennsylvania Engineering School, serving some in the U.S. Army during World War I.
By the early 20th century the Du Pont Company had become one of world’s major corporations, bringing enormous wealth to its owners and providing employment and other opportunities to their native state. One of the three key owners of the company was T. Coleman du Pont, a capable, energetic and ambitious man, who was also Buck’s father-in-law. Du Pont had a vision of a super highway running the length of Delaware, and the ambition, talent, and money to make it a reality. Construction began in 1917 and in that same year a new State Highway Department was established to oversee the work. Nevertheless, du Pont continued to pay the bills, amounting to $4 million by 1924. With his engineering education and family connections, Buck was assigned to work on the project, becoming Chief Engineer in 1921 and remaining in the role until 1929.

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Caesar Rodney
Caesar Rodney (October 7, 1728 – June 26, 1784) was an American lawyer and politician from St. Jones Neck in Dover Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, east of Dover. He was an officer of the Delaware militia during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and President of Delaware during most of the American Revolution.
Caesar Rodney was born in 1728 on his family's farm, "Byfield", on St. Jones Neck in East Dover Hundred, Kent County, Delaware. He was the son of Caesar and Elizabeth Crawford Rodney and grandson of William Rodney, who came to America in the 1680s and had been Speaker of the Colonial Assembly of the Delaware Counties in 1704. His mother was the daughter of the Rev. Thomas Crawford, Anglican rector of Christ Church at Dover. Among the Rodney family ancestors were the prominent Adelmare family in Treviso, Italy.^{[citation needed]}
Byfield was an 800 acre (3.2 km²), prosperous farm, worked by a small number of slaves. With the addition of other adjacent properties, the Rodneys were, by the standards of the day, wealthy members of the local gentry. Sufficient income was earned from the sale of wheat and barley to the Philadelphia and West Indies market to provide enough cash and leisure to allow members of the family to participate in the social and political life of Kent County.

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Caleb P. Bennett
Caleb Prew Bennett (November 11, 1758 – May 9, 1836) was an American soldier and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the American Revolution and the War of 1812, and a member of the Democratic Party who served as Governor of Delaware.
Bennett was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, son of Joseph & Elizabeth Prew Willey Bennett. They moved to Wilmington when he was 3 years old. His father was a ship captain who sailed to the West Indies. Caleb Bennett married Catherine Britton in 1792 and they had thirteen children, Samuel Britton, Elizabeth, Caroline, Mary Ann, Henry Lisle, Livina, Joseph Eves, Susan, Charles Webb, William, Catherine, Edin R., and Boadicea. They lived at 841 Market Street in Wilmington and were members of the Wilmington Friends Meeting.
Bennett served as a lieutenant in the 1st Delaware Regiment, a unit of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He enlisted as a 17 year old in 1775, and served throughout the war. Present at Valley Forge and the battles of Staten Island, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, Camden, and Yorktown, he was wounded three times. After the disastrous Battle of Camden in August 1780, when the 1st Delaware Regiment was decimated, Lt. Bennett was sent back to Delaware to recruit. A year later, as General George Washington and the French were gathering everyone possible for the Siege of Yorktown, Bennett rejoined the army, and recalled it as follows:

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Caleb Rodney
Caleb Rodney (April 29, 1767 – April 29, 1840) was an American merchant and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Rodney was born in Lewes, Delaware, son of John and Ruth Hunn Rodney, brother of former Governor Daniel Rodney, and distantly related to President Caesar Rodney. He married Elizabeth West and had five children, Hannah, Hester, Penelope, Eliza, and Daniel. They were members of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Lewes. He ran a store at the corner of 2nd and Market Streets there, the door to which was allegedly damaged in the British attack and is now on display at the Zwaanendael Museum in Lewes.
Rodney served in the State House for four sessions from 1802 through 1805, when he was elected to the State Senate and served for four more sessions from 1806 through 1809. He was back in the State House for two sessions in 1812 and 1813, and then returned to the State Senate for one session in 1816. In October 1816 he ran for U.S. Congress, but lost the election. So, the following year he was returned to his old seat in the State Senate and served for five sessions from 1818 through 1822. He was the Speaker in the last two sessions and, therefore, became Governor upon the death of Governor John Collins. He then served as Governor from April 23, 1822 until January 21, 1823.

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Carter Braxton
Carter Braxton (September 10, 1736 – October 10, 1797) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, a planter, and a representative of Virginia.
Braxton was the son of a Virginia merchant-planter, and grandson of Robert “King” Carter, one of the wealthiest landowners and slaveholders in the Old Dominion. Carter Braxton was active in the Virginia legislature, "a moderate politician during the Revolution—often viewed as sympathetic to the British (but not a Loyalist)."
Carter Braxton urged the Brown brothers of Providence, Rhode Island, to sell him African people whom he wished to use as slaves.
He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County, Virginia and educated at the College of William and Mary. He married a wealthy heiress named Judith Robinson at the age nineteen, but she died two years later, leaving him two daughters, and he journeyed to England for two years. (Two of Judith's first cousins once removed were loyalists, Christopher Robinson and cousin Beverley Robinson). Braxton returned to the colonies in 1760, marrying again, this time to Elizabeth Corbin, and represented King William County in the Virginia House of Burgesses. He joined the patriot's Committee of Safety in Virginia in 1774 and represented his county in the Virginia Convention. When Peyton Randolph died in 1775, Braxton was appointed to take his place in the Continental Congress. He served in the Congress from February 1776 until August, when Virginia reduced its delegation to five members. In that capacity he signed the Declaration of Independence, although he had previously opposed it as premature in Committee of the Whole. Afterwards he returned to the House of Burgesses, and later served on the State's Executive Council.

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Charles C. Stockley
Charles Clark Stockley (November 6, 1819 – April 20, 1901) was an American farmer and politician from Georgetown, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Stockley was born near Georgetown, Delaware, son of Jehu and Hannah Rodney Kollock Stockley. Returning from school in Philadelphia in 1839, he taught school for seven years and then opened a general store in Millsboro, Delaware. His primary occupation was farming the extensive real estate he owned. Eventually he became one of the major peach growers in eastern Sussex County. Stockley married Ellen Anderson in 1859, and they had one child, Hannah. They lived on Park Avenue (Route 318) southeast of Georgetown, near the present-day airport, and were members of St. Paul's Episcopal Church.
Stockley was Sussex County Treasurer and in 1856 became Sussex County Sheriff. Elected to the State Senate, he served in the 1873/74 session and 1875/76 session. In the last session he was the Speaker. Nearly eight years later the Democrats recruited him as their candidate for Governor. After defeating Albert Curry of Greenwood, the Republican candidate, he served as Governor from January 16, 1883 until January 18, 1887.

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Charles Polk, Jr.
Charles Polk, Jr. (November 15, 1788 – October 27, 1857) was an American farmer and politician from Big Stone Beach, in Milford Hundred, Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and twice as Governor of Delaware.
Polk was born near Bridgeville, Delaware, son of Charles and Mary Manlove Polk. The Polk family originally came from Scotland and U.S. President James K. Polk was a distant cousin. Robert Polk settled in Somerset County, Maryland in 1660 and the Delaware family descended from him. Charles Polk, Sr. was a veteran of the American Revolution, having served in Colonel David Hall's regiment in 1777. He was a large landowner in the Bridgeville area, served eight years in the State House, and was a member of the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1792.
After his father's death in 1795, Charles, Jr. attended Westtown Boarding School in Chester County, Pennsylvania and then studied Law with Kensey Johns, Sr., but never practiced. By 1812 he was the owner of the Knife and Fork Tavern near Bridgeville. He married Mary Elizabeth Purnell and they had nine children, including, Charles, William Alexander, and Theodore. In 1816 Polk purchased a large tract of land at Big Stone Beach, near Milford, in what is now Milford Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware. He established his residence there on Delaware Bay. They were members of the Presbyterian Church.

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Charles R. Miller
Charles Robert Miller (September 30, 1857 – September 18, 1927) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
He was born on September 30, 1857 in West Chester, Pennsylvania to Robert Miller and Margaretta Black. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1879 and the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1881. He had married Abigail Morgan Woodnutt in 1874 and they had three children, Thomas W., Clement W., and Mrs. Forest Willard. Charles and family were members of the Episcopal Church. Shortly afterwards he came to Delaware as a lawyer for the Wilmington Malleable Iron Company. Miller served one term in the Delaware State Senate, during the 1911/1912 session. After he left state office he practiced law in Wilmington and was President of the Wilmington Farmer's Bank.
Miller was elected Governor of Delaware in 1912 by defeating Thomas M. Monaghan, the Democratic Party candidate. 1912 was a Democratic sweep, except for Miller's narrow victory, perhaps attributed to the fact that Monaghan, his opponent, was a Roman Catholic.

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Cornelius Harnett
Cornelius Harnett (20 April 1723 – April 28, 1781) was an American merchant, farmer, and statesman from Wilmington, North Carolina. He was a leading American Revolutionary in the Cape Fear region, and a delegate for North Carolina in the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1779.
Harnett was born to Cornelius and Elizabeth Harnett in Chowan County, North Carolina. Soon after he was born, his parents moved to Wilmington. He became a leading merchant there, and was interested in farming, milling, and mercantile ventures. In 1750 he became involved in public affairs when he was elected Wilmington town commissioner. He was appointed a justice of the peace for New Hanover County by Governor Gabriel Johnston. Harnett was elected to represent Wilmington in the North Carolina General Assembly in 1754.
In 1765, Harnett became the chairman of the Sons of Liberty, and was a leader in the resistance to the Stamp Act. In 1775-1776, he served as the first president of the North Carolina Provincial Council, or Council of Safety, essentially the chief executive of the revolutionary state, although with limited powers. In 1776 he was excepted by Sir Henry Clinton from his proclamation of general amnesty. He was a member of the Continental Congress for 1777–1779.

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Cornelius P. Comegys
Cornelius Parsons Comegys (January 15, 1780 – January 27, 1851) was an American farmer and politician from Dover Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware, near Little Creek. He was a veteran of the War of 1812, a member of the Federalist Party, and then later the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Comegys was born in Kent County, Maryland, near Chestertown, the son of Cornelius and Hannah Parsons Comegys. His ancestors settled on the Chester River in the 17th century and his father served in Caldwell's Company of John Haslet's Regiment in the American Revolution. Comegys grew up and went to school in Baltimore, Maryland and moved to Little Creek about 1800. There he married Ann Blackiston who died within the year, probably in childbirth. On February 16, 1804, he married secondly, Ruhamah Marim, and they had twelve children, Sally Ann, John Marim, William Henry, Susan Marim, Hannah, Henri Marim, Joseph Parsons, Cornelius George W., Benjamin Bartus, Mary Elizabeth, Maria, and John Marim. They inherited the Marim farm, Cherbourg, now in East Dover Hundred, near Little Creek, and made it their residence. They were members of the Methodist Church.

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Dale E. Wolf
Dale Edward Wolf (born September 6, 1924) is an American businessman and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He is veteran of World War II, and a member of the Republican Party, who served for three weeks as the 70th Governor of Delaware.
Wolf was born at Kearney, Nebraska, the son of Harry and Irene Wolf. He graduated from the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska with a degree in agriculture. During World War II, he served as a First Lieutenant in the United States Army, earning a Bronze Star Medal and Purple Heart at the Battle of Okinawa. He married Clarice Elaine Marshall in 1945 and they have four children, Janet, Glenda, Thomas, and James.
After the war, Wolf received his Ph.D. in agriculture from Rutgers University and soon took a position with the agriculture research division of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. He became the Chairman of the Board of DuPont's Pharmaceutical Business and Group Vice President of the Agriculture business. Meanwhile he was at various times Chairman of the National Agriculture Chemical Association (NACA), Chairman of the International Agriculture Chemical Association (GIFAP), and a member of the Board of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association (PMA).

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Daniel H. Hastings
Daniel Hartman Hastings (February 26, 1849 – January 9, 1903) was the 21st Governor of Pennsylvania from 1895 to 1899. Although he was only 12 years old at the outbreak of the American Civil War, the young Hastings made three successive attempts to run away from home and enlist in the Union army, each time stopped by his father. At the age of 14, Hastings was hired as a teacher in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, a job he held for four years. Elected principal of Bellefonte High School at the age of 18, Hastings finally pursued higher education, including at Bellefonte Academy, to further his career and, like many governors before him, studied law. As a leader in the Pennsylvania state militia, led the relief efforts immediately following the 1889 Johnstown Flood, for which he gained statewide attention and praise. He sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1890 and finally captured in 1894, winning the governor's office by a landslide majority. Following his term, Hastings died in 1903. He was buried in Union Cemetery in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania.

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Daniel Rodney
Daniel Rodney (September 10, 1764 – September 2, 1846) was an American merchant and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the National Republican Party, who served as Governor of Delaware, U. S. Representative from Delaware and U.S. Senator from Delaware.
Rodney was born at Lewes, Delaware, son of John and Ruth Hunn Rodney, brother of future Governor Caleb Rodney, and distantly related to President Caesar Rodney. He married Sarah Fisher and they had eight children, Hannah, George Brydges, John, William, Henry Fisher, Nicholas, Susan, and Mary. They lived at 231 Second Street and were members of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Lewes.
Rodney received little schooling, and worked as a sailor and merchant for some years. There is a story that before he was 21 years old he had his own ship and that during the American Revolution he was twice captured by the British. From 1793 to 1806, he served as a Judge in the Court of Common Pleas, during roughly the same time as Trustee of the Poor. He was also a trustee of Wilmington College.

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Daniel Rogers
Daniel Rogers (January 3, 1754 – February 2, 1806) was an American miller and politician from Milford, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Rogers was born on a farm in Accomack County, Virginia, near Pungoteagu, son of James and Patience Rogers. The family came from England to the Virginia Eastern Shore in 1665. His first wife was Esther O. Crapper, the wealthy wife and heiress of Mouton Crapper of Milford, Delaware. They had five children, James, Thomas, Betsey, Moulton and Daniel, and lived at the Causey Mansion in Milford, which named for a subsequent Governor of Delaware who lived there later. After her death, Rogers married Nancy Russum, with whom he had seven more children, John, Samuel, Clement, Hannah, William, Mary and Henry. They were members of Christ Episcopal Church in Milford.
Rogers came to Cedar Creek Hundred, in Sussex County, Delaware about 1775, and acquired a farm there. Following his first marriage in 1778 and his inheritance of the Crapper property, he bought various milling operations in the area, including the Haven Mills which were north of Milford in Kent County. He also bought a brick granary at Argo's Corner and a tavern at Cedar Creek Village.

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David Hazzard
David Hazzard (May 18, 1781 – July 8, 1864) was an American merchant and politician from Milton, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, then the National Republican Party, and finally the Whig Party. He served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Governor of Delaware, and as an Associate Justice on the Delaware Superior Court.
Hazzard was born at Broadkill Neck in Sussex County, near Milton, the only son of John and Mary Purnell Houston Hazzard. The family descended from the 17th century English immigrant, Croad Hazzard. John Hazzard was said to have helped ferry the Continental Army across the Delaware River the night before the Battle of Trenton in 1776. He later started a store in Milton. David Hazzard married Elizabeth Collins, sister of Governor John Collins on July 12, 1804, and they had five children, Ann, Maria, John Alexander, William Asbury, and David. They lived at 327 Union Street in Milton in a home built in the late 18th century. It is now a bed and breakfast. They were members of the Goshen Methodist Church when it was located on Chestnut Street in Milton.

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David L. Lawrence
David Leo Lawrence (June 18, 1889—November 21, 1966) was an American politician who served as the 37th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1963. He is to date the only mayor of Pittsburgh to be elected Governor of Pennsylvania. Previously, he had been the mayor of Pittsburgh from 1946 through 1959. He was Pennsylvania's first Catholic Governor.
Lawrence was born into a working-class Irish-Catholic family in the Golden Triangle neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Too poor to attend college, Lawrence instead took a job as a clerk for Pittsburgh attorney William Brennan, the chairman of the local Democratic party and a labor movement pioneer. Brennan became a personal friend and mentor to the teenage Lawrence.
Lawrence entered the insurance business in 1916. In 1918 he enlisted in the United States Army to aid America’s efforts in World War I serving as an officer in the adjutant general’s office in Washington, D.C.

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David P. Buckson
David Penrose Buckson (born July 25, 1920) is an American lawyer and politician from Camden, in Kent County, Delaware. He is a veteran of World War II and a member of the Republican Party, who served as the 15th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, the Governor of Delaware and the 37th Attorney General of Delaware.
Buckson was born at Townsend, Delaware, son of Leon and Margaret Hutchison Buckson. He first married Betty Savin in 1945 with whom he had two children, Deborah Gray and Brian Roth. His second wife was Patricia Maloney, whom he married in 1962, and with whom he had four children, Marlee, David, Eric and Kent. They were members of the Methodist Church. He graduated from the University of Delaware in 1941 with a commission as a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. During World War II Buckson served in the South Pacific and attained the rank of major. Afterwards he resumed studies for a legal career, attending Dickinson College Law School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
In 1955 Buckson was appointed a Judge in the Court of Common Pleas. A year later, in 1956, he was elected Lieutenant Governor, defeating Vernon Derrickson. He served one term from January 15, 1957 to December 30, 1960. At the end of his term, in 1960, he sought the Republican Party nomination for Governor, but lost it to John W. Rollins. However, he became Governor upon the resignation of Governor J. Caleb Boggs, who left to start his first U.S. Senate term, and served the remaining 18 days of Boggs' second term.

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David R. Porter
David Rittenhouse Porter (October 31, 1788 – August 6, 1867) was the ninth Governor of Pennsylvania. He served from 1839 to 1845.
Porter, the first governor under the State Constitution of 1838 was born October 31, 1788, near Norristown, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania spending his boyhood at Selma Mansion, a home built by his father in 1794.
David R. Porter was the son of Andrew and Elizabeth (Parker) Porter. Andrew Porter distinguished himself in battle as a Revolutionary soldier, later became the state's surveyor general, but turned down an appointment by President Madison to become secretary of war.
Porter received a classical education at Norristown Academy. In 1813, he moved to Huntingdon where he studied law with Edward Shippen and eventually purchased an iron works. Due to the recession that followed the War of 1812 and his resulting business failure his life was changed by 1819. He turned to politics, being elected to the General Assembly, and married Josephine McDermott in 1820.
He also served in row offices in Huntingdon County and then was elected to the Pennsylvania Senate in 1836. In 1838 Porter was nominated for governor by the Jacksonian Democrats in order to mend the split between former Governor George Wolf and the Rev. Henry A. Muhlenberg, as well as defeat incumbent Governor Joseph Ritner's bid for a second term.

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Ebe W. Tunnell
Ebe Walter Tunnell (December 31, 1844 – December 18, 1917) was an American merchant and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Tunnell was born at Blackwater, near Clarksville, now Ocean View, Sussex County, Delaware, son of Nathaniel and Maria Walters Tunnell. After attending the public schools at Milford, Delaware and Lewes, he ran the Blackwater general store started by his grandfather. Moving to Lewes in 1872, he operated a drug and hardware business there. He was one of only two Governors who never married and was a member of the Lewes Presbyterian Church.
Tunnell was a member of the Delaware House of Representatives in the 1871/72 session and Clerk of the Peace for Sussex County from 1885 through 1890. He was the unsuccessful Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Delaware in 1894, losing to the Republican Party candidate, Joshua H. Marvil. Two years later, in 1896, he was elected Governor, defeating the Union (Addicks) Republican Party candidate, James R. Hoffecker, and the regular Republican Party candidate John C. Higgins. He served one term as Governor from January 19, 1897 until January 15, 1901.

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Ed Rendell
Edward Gene "Ed" Rendell (/rɛnˈdɛl/; born January 5, 1944) is an American politician who served as the 45th Governor of Pennsylvania, from 2003 to 2011. Rendell, a member of the Democratic Party, was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 2002, and his term of office began January 21, 2003. He was recently a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee and served as General Chairman of the Democratic National Committee during the 2000 presidential election. Rendell is also a football analyst on Comcast SportsNet's Eagles Postgame Live, hosted by Michael Barkann.
From 2008 to 2009, Governor Rendell was the Chairman of the National Governors Association. He was married to Marjorie Rendell, a federal judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit until they amicably separated in 2011. Rendell is also a faculty member of the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania, and chair of Team Pennsylvania Foundation.
Rendell was born in New York City, the son of Emma (née Sloat) and Jesse T. Rendell. His parents were Jewish and all four of his grandparents were immigrants from Russia. He attended Riverdale Country School before the University of Pennsylvania, where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity in 1962 and earned a B.A. degree, 1965, and Villanova University School of Law, Juris Doctor, 1968. He served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1968 to 1974.

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Edward Langworthy
Edward Langworthy (1738–1802) was an American teacher who was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Georgia. He signed the Articles of Confederation.
Edward was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1738. Nothing is known of his ancestors since he was a foundling. He was raised in the Bethesda Orphan House at Savannah, and educated in the school there. He later taught in that same school. Since he was born only five years after James Oglethorpe shipped the first colonists to Georgia, it is likely that his parents were included with those recruited from debtors' prisons or poorhouses.
Langworthy began working with Georgia's Committee of Safety, and was their secretary when they became a revolutionary Council of Safety on December 11, 1775. The Georgia assembly sent him to the Continental Congress in 1777, and he arrived just in time to sign the Articles of Confederation. He served in the Congress until 1779.
Edward moved to Baltimore, Maryland in 1785. He married a young lady named Wright, and the couple had four children. He also bought a part interest in a newspaper The Maryland Journal & Baltimore Advertiser and became its editor. In 1787 he sold his interest, and became an instructor at the Baltimore Academy.

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Edward Rutledge
Edward Rutledge (November 23, 1749 – January 23, 1800) was an American politician and youngest signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He later served as the 39th Governor of South Carolina.
Like his eldest brother John Rutledge, Edward was born in Charleston. He was the youngest of seven children (5 sons and 2 daughters) born to Dr. John Rutledge and Sarah Hext in 1749. He studied law at Oxford University and was admitted to the English bar (Middle Temple), and returned to Charleston to practice. He was married, on March 1, 1774, Henrietta Middleton (November 17, 1750 – April 22, 1792), daughter of Henry Middleton. The couple had three children;
Rutledge had a successful law practice with his partner, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. He became a leading citizen of Charleston, and owned more than 50 slaves.
Along with his brother John, Rutledge represented South Carolina in the Continental Congress. He worked to have African Americans expelled from the Continental Army. Although a firm supporter of colonial rights, he (as a delegate) was instructed initially to oppose Lee's Resolution of independence; South Carolina's leaders were unsure that the time was "ripe." By early July, 1776, he was instructed to vote in favor. Contrary to popular opinion, there is no evidence that he opposed the anti-slavery clause in the Declaration. At age 26 he was the youngest to sign the Declaration of Independence.

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Edward Shippen
Edward Shippen ( born 1639, Hillham, Cheshire, England – died August 1712, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was the second mayor of Philadelphia. He was appointed to a one year term by William Penn in 1701. In 1702, he was elected to a second one year term, making him the first elected mayor of Philadelphia. From that point, mayors were elected to one year terms, until 1887, when the current term of four years was established. He was also a leader of the Province of Pennsylvania, and served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in 1699.
Shippen's grandson was Continental Congressman William Shippen. His granddaughter was the wife of Philadelphia Mayor Charles Willing, whose daughter was Mary Willing Byrd. Another grandson Edward Shippen (II), was also a mayor of Philadelphia. Shippen's great-great-granddaughter was Peggy Shippen, wife of Benedict Arnold.

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Edward Telfair
Edward Telfair (1735 – September 17, 1807) was the Governor of the state of Georgia in 1786, and again from 1790 through 1793. He was a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Articles of Confederation.
Telfair was born in 1735 in Town Head, Scotland. He graduated from the Kirkcudbright Grammar School, before he acquired commercial training. He immigrated to America in 1758 as an agent of a commission house, settling in Virginia. Telfair subsequently moved to Halifax, North Carolina, and finally to Savannah, Georgia, where he established his own commission house in 1766.
Telfair was a slave owner and a consultant on slavery issues. His mercantile firm dealt in slaves, among other things, and contemporary correspondence of his included discussions of such topics as: the management of slaves; the purchase and sale of slaves; runaway slaves; the mortality rate of slaves born on plantations; the difficulty of selling closely related slaves; and the relations between whites and freedmen.^{[citation needed]}

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Edwin Sydney Stuart
Edwin Sydney Stuart (December 28, 1853 – March 21, 1937) was a Republican American politician who served as the Mayor of Philadelphia from 1891 to 1895 and as the 24th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1907 to 1911.
Stuart, born in Philadelphia in 1853, was known as The Governor Who Cares following his investigation of scandals involving the building of the Pennsylvania capitol. The investigation resulted in the prosecution and conviction of four individuals. At that time the Governor became known as a sharp-eyed overseer of the public good, and had a habit of involving himself in the operations of many state agencies. His reforms included concentrating power in the Governor's office and abolishing a number of redundant state boards and commissions, replacing them with a single official who was held responsible for results. The Philadelphia Bulletin supported the Governor's reform efforts stating,
There has probably never been a governor of Pennsylvania who has employed the veto power so extensively in dealing with the bills of a single legislative session as Governor Stuart has in the past thirty days. He has prevented scores of crude, ill-considered... bills from becoming laws and he has reduced the improvident appropriation to the extent of more than twenty million dollars. In the midst of all the vetoing it has been difficult for any one to challenge the justice of the governor's judgement. Every veto has rested on a sound reason in the public interest.

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Elbert N. Carvel
Elbert Nostrand "Bert" Carvel (February 9, 1910 – February 6, 2005) was an American businessman and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 12th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware and two non-consecutive terms as the Governor of Delaware.
Carvel was born at Shelter Island, Long Island, New York, son of Arnold W. and Elizabeth Nostrand Carvel. Kent Island, Maryland was his childhood home. He married Ann Hall Valliant in 1932 and they had four children, Edwin, Elizabeth, Ann Hall and Barbara. They were members of St. Philip's Episcopal Church in Laurel, Delaware.
After moving to Laurel in 1936, he began his management of the Valliant Fertilizer Company, that would continue throughout his political career. In his first attempt at public office, Carvel was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1944, defeating Republican Clayton Bunting. He served one term from January 16, 1945 to January 18, 1949.
Carvel was first elected Governor of Delaware in 1948, defeating Republican Hyland F. George and served one term from January 18, 1949 to January 20, 1953. He lost a bid for a second term in 1952 to U.S. Representative J. Caleb Boggs. Subsequently, he lost an election for U.S. Senate in 1958 to incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John J. Williams. However, he was elected to a second term as Governor of Delaware in 1960, defeating Republican John W. Rollins, a former Lieutenant Governor. This time he served from January 17, 1961 until January 19, 1965. Carvel lost a final bid for a U.S. Senate seat in 1964, again to incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John J. Williams.

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Elbridge Gerry
Elbridge Thomas Gerry (/ˈɛlbrɪdʒ ˈɡɛri/; July 17th, 1744 – November 23rd, 1814) was an American statesman and diplomat. As a Democratic-Republican he was selected as the fifth Vice President of the United States (1813–1814), serving under James Madison, until his death a year and a half into his term.
Gerry was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. He was one of three men who refused to sign the United States Constitution because it did not then include a Bill of Rights. Gerry later became the ninth Governor of Massachusetts. He is known best for being the namesake of gerrymandering, a process by which electoral districts are drawn with the aim of aiding the party in power, although its initial "g" has softened to /dʒ/ from the hard /ɡ/ of his name.
Born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, the third of twelve children, he was a graduate of Harvard College, where he studied to be a doctor, attending there from age fourteen. He worked in his father's shipping business and came to prominence over his opposition to commerce taxes. He was elected to the General Court of the province of Massachusetts in May 1772 on an anti-British platform.

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Elias Boudinot
Elias Boudinot (ee-LIE-as boo-DIN-ot;^{[needs IPA]} May 2, 1740 – October 24, 1821) was a lawyer and statesman from Elizabeth, New Jersey who was a delegate to the Continental Congress and a U.S. Congressman for New Jersey. He also served as the second president under the Articles of Confederation, the President of the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1783 and Director of the United States Mint from 1795 until 1805.
Elias Boudinot was born in Philadelphia on May 2, 1740. His father, Elias Boudinot III, was a silversmith; he was a neighbor and friend of Benjamin Franklin. His mother, Mary Catherine Williams, was from the British West Indies; her father was from Wales. Elias' paternal grandfather, Elie (sometimes called Elias) Boudinot, was the son of Jean Boudinot and Marie Suire of Marans, Aunis, France. They were a Huguenot (French Protestant) family who fled to New York about 1687 to avoid the religious persecutions of King Louis XIV. Mary Catherine Williams and Elias Boudinot, Sr. were married on Aug 8, 1729. Over the next twenty years, they had nine children. The first, John, was born in the British West Indies-Antigua. Of the others, only the younger Elias and his siblings Annis, Mary, and Elisha reached adulthood. Elisha Boudinot became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey.

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Eugene Bookhammer
Eugene Bookhammer (born June 18, 1918) is an American politician who served as the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, from January 21, 1969, to January 18, 1977, under Governors Russell W. Peterson and Sherman W. Tribbitt.

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Eugene Lammot
Eugene Lammot (May 22, 1899 - March 1987) is an American politician who served as the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, from January 17, 1961, to January 19, 1965, under Governor Elbert N. Carvel.

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Francis Dana
Francis Dana (June 13, 1743 – April 25, 1811) was an American lawyer, jurist, and statesman from Massachusetts. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777–1778 and 1784. He signed the Articles of Confederation.
Francis was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the son of lawyer Richard Dana. He was educated at Harvard where he graduated in 1762, then read law and was admitted to the bar, after which he built a successful legal practice in Boston.
Being an opponent of the British colonial policy, he became a leader of the Sons of Liberty, and was first elected to Massachusetts’s provincial (revolutionary) Congress in 1774. In 1775 the Continental Congress dispatched him to England in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the differences leading to the Revolutionary War. He returned the following year, convinced that a friendly settlement of the dispute was impossible, and was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777, where he signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778. As a member of the latter body, he became chairman in January 1778 of the committee appointed to visit Washington at Valley Forge and confer with him concerning the reorganization of the army. This committee spent about three months in camp, and assisted Washington in preparing the plan of reorganization which Congress in the main adopted. In this year, he was also a member of a committee to consider Lord North's offer of conciliation, which he vigorously opposed.

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Francis Hopkinson
Francis Hopkinson (September 21, 1737 – May 9, 1791), an American author, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey. He later served as a federal judge in Pennsylvania. He played a key role in the design of the first American flag.
Francis Hopkinson was born at Philadelphia in 1737, the son of Thomas Hopkinson and Mary Johnson. He became a member of the first class at the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1751 and graduated in 1757, receiving his masters degree in 1760, and a doctor in law (honorary) in 1790. He was secretary to a Provincial Council of Pennsylvania Indian commission in 1761 that made a treaty with the Delaware and several Iroquois tribes. In 1763, he was appointed customs collector for Salem, New Jersey. Hopkinson spent from May 1766 to August 1767 in England in hopes of becoming commissioner of customs for North America. Although unsuccessful, he spent time with the future Prime Minister Lord North and his half-brother, the Bishop of Worcester Brownlow North, and painter Benjamin West.

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Francis Lewis
Francis Lewis (March 21, 1713 – December 31, 1802) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.
Born in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales, he was the only child of Reverend Francis Lewis, but was orphaned at an early age. He went to live with his aunt and uncle soon after. He was educated in Scotland and attended Westminster School in England. He entered a mercantile house in London, then moved to Whitestone, New York in 1734. He was taken prisoner and shipped in a box to France while serving as a British mercantile agent in 1756. On his return to America, he became active in politics.
He was a member of the Committee of Sixty, a member of the New York Provincial Congress, and was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1775. In 1778, he signed the United States Articles of Confederation. From 1779 to 1780, Lewis served as the Chairman of the Continental Board of Admiralty.
His home, located in Whitestone, on Queens, New York, was destroyed in the American Revolutionary War by British soldiers, who also arrested his wife and denied her a change of clothing or adequate food for weeks while in captivity.

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Francis R. Shunk
Francis Rawn Shunk (7 August 1788 – 20 July 1848) was the tenth Governor of Pennsylvania from 1845 to 1848. Born into a poor family, Shunk served in the Pennsylvania militia during the War of 1812. Both before and after the war, he served as a clerk and secretary in both the executive and legislative branches of Pennsylvania government, where he played an active role in moderating partisan tensions. When Democratic gubernatorial candidate Henry Muhlenberg unexpectedly died in August 1844, Shunk was tapped to run by the Democratic Party and narrowly defeated Whig candidate Joseph Markle. He was re-elected in 1847 but, suffering from tuberculosis, was forced to resign his position on 9 July 1848; he died eleven days later. Born near Trappe, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, son of John Shunk and Elisabeth Rawn. He married Jane Findlay, daughter of former Pennsylvania Governor William Findlay, on December 11, 1820. Governor Shunk's ancestors were pioneers in Upper Montgomery County, arriving there in 1715 from Mutterstadt, Pfalz, Germany were his great grandparents Caspar and Anna Barbara Schunck. Their son Francis and his wife Elisabetha Reimer, daughter of Dionysius Friederich Reimer and his wife Elisabetha Weinacht, were also from Mutterstadt, and were Francis R. Shunk's grandparents. Shunk Hall on the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University is named in his honor. Shunk Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is also named in Francis R. Shunk's honor.

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George Bryan
George Bryan (1731–1791) was a Pennsylvania businessman, statesman and politician of the Revolutionary era. He served as the first Vice-President of Pennsylvania (analogous to Lieutenant Governor) and its second President (Governor) following the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain. He was an early abolitionist and a judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.
Bryan was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1731. He emigrated to Philadelphia in 1752 in order to join a business partnership arranged by his father. That partnership soon came to an end, but Bryan went on to become a successful businessman, both as a retailer and as an importer and exporter. He married Elizabeth Smith in 1757. Their family would number ten children. His son, Samuel Bryan (1759–1821) was a Pennsylvanian Anti-Federalist author.
Bryan was an active member of the Presbyterian Church, and during the late 1750s and early 1760s tried to mediate a conflict that had arisen between two opposing factions of that denomination during the Great Awakening. That experience led to his involvement in local and provincial politics. After Britain’s passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 Bryan took an active role in the American opposition, joining other Philadelphia Merchants in signing the Non-Importation Agreement. This likely led to his bankruptcy in 1771.

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George Clymer
George Clymer (March 16, 1739 – January 24, 1813) was an American politician and founding father. He was one of the first Patriots to advocate complete independence from Britain. As a Pennsylvania representative, Clymer was, along with five others, a signatory of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He attended the Continental Congress, and served in political office until the end of his life.
Clymer was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in March 1739. Orphaned when only a year old, he was apprenticed to his maternal aunt and uncle, Hannah and William Coleman, to prepare to become a merchant. He was a patriot and leader in the demonstrations in Philadelphia resulting from the Tea Act and the Stamp Act. He became a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety in 1773, and was elected to the Continental Congress 1776-1780. He served ably on several committees during his first congressional term and was sent to inspect the northern army on behalf of Congress in the fall of 1776. When Congress fled Philadelphia in the face of Sir Henry Clinton's threatened occupation, Clymer stayed behind with George Walton and Robert Morris. Clymer’s business ventures during and after war served to increase his wealth. In 1779 and 1780 Clymer and his son Meredith engaged in a lucrative trade with St. Eustatius.

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George M. Leader
George Michael Leader (born January 17, 1918) served as the 36th Governor of Pennsylvania from January 18, 1955 until January 20, 1959. He is a member of the Democratic Party, and a native of York County, Pennsylvania. Currently he is the only person from that county ever to be elected governor of the state.
George Leader was the third child of Guy and Beulah Leader. He grew up on their York County poultry farm, and was educated in a one-room schoolhouse. He later graduated from York High School, then attended Gettysburg College, in Gettysburg, Pennyslvania, before transferring to the University of Pennsylvania from which he received an undergraduate degree. He did graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania, with a focus on philosophy, economics, and political science. Leader received an MGA from the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1939, he married Mary Jane Strickler, and, during World War II, he served on an aircraft carrier in the Pacific Theater.

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George Read (signer)
George Read (September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, President of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of Delaware.
Read was born in Cecil County, Maryland on September 18, 1733. He was the son of John and Mary (Howell) Read. When George Read was an infant the family moved to New Castle County, Delaware, settling near the village of Christiana. As he grew up, Read joined Thomas McKean at the Rev. Francis Allison's Academy at New London, Pennsylvania and then studied law in Philadelphia with John Moland. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1753 and a year later he returned home to establish a practice at New Castle, Delaware. In 1763 married Gertrude Ross Till, daughter of the Rev. George Ross, the Anglican rector of Immanuel Church in New Castle and widowed sister of George Ross, also a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had five children, John, George Jr., William, John, and Mary, who married Matthew Pearce (she is often confused with her paternal aunt, Mary Read, who in 1769 married Gunning Bedford, Sr., a future Governor of Delaware). They lived on The Strand in New Castle and their house was in what is now the garden of the present Read House and Gardens, owned by the Delaware Historical Society. They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church.

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George Truitt
George Truitt (1756 – October 8, 1818) was an American farmer and politician from Murderkill Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware, near Felton. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Truitt was born in Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, near Felton. The names of his parents are not known, but he was certainly a descendent of a George Truitt who settled in Accomack County, Virginia in the 17th century. He married Margaret "Mary" Hodgson and they had one child, Sarah. Their farm and primary residence was later known as Frazier Farm and is located east of Felton on the Canterbury Road, now State Route 15. They also had a home at 12 South Main Street in Camden. They were members of the Methodist Church.
He began his political career as a delegate to the state convention which ratified the United States Constitution of 1787. He then served five years in the State House from the 1788/89 session through the 1791/92 session and again in the 1794 session. He then served most of two terms in the State Senate, from the 1803 session through the 1807 session. In 1807 he was elected Governor of Delaware, defeating Joseph Haslet the Democratic-Republican Party candidate. Truitt took office January 19, 1808 and served until January 15, 1811.

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George Walton
George Walton (1749 – February 2, 1804) signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia and also served as the second Chief Executive of that state.
George Walton was born in Virginia. His parents died when he was an infant, resulting in his adoption by an uncle with whom he entered apprenticeship as a carpenter. Walton was a studious young man, but his uncle actively discouraged all study, believing a studious boy to be an idle one. Walton continued studying and once his apprenticeship ended, he moved to Savannah, Georgia, in 1769 to study law under a Mr. Young, and was admitted to the bar in 1774. His brother was John Walton.
He became an advocate of the patriot cause and was elected Secretary of the Georgia provincial Congress, and became president of the Council of Safety. He was elected to the Continental Congress, a position he held until the end of 1778. He was commissioned a Colonel of the First Regiment of the Georgia Militia. He was put in the battalion of General Robert Howe. During the Battle of Savannah, Walton was involved in the defense of the city. However a slave showed the British, led by Colonel Campbell, a path to the rear of the city, by which they were able to take the city, attacking from the front and the rear. Walton was injured in the battle and taken prisoner. He was freed through a prisoner exchange in 1779.

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George Wolf
George Wolf (August 12, 1777 – March 11, 1840) was the seventh Governor of Pennsylvania from 1829 to 1835. On June 29, 1888, he was recognized as the “father of the public-school system” in Pennsylvania by the erection of a memorial gateway at Easton.
Wolf was born in Allen Township, Pennsylvania. He was the son of a German emigrant, was educated at a classical school, taught for some time, and then studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1799 and commenced practice in Easton, Pennsylvania. He became a member of the Republican Party at the start of Thomas Jefferson's administration, and was appointed postmaster of Easton, which office he filled in 1802 and 1803. He was clerk of the orphans’ court of Northampton County, Pennsylvania, from 1803 to 1809. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1814.
Wolf was elected without opposition to the United States House of Representatives in 1824 to the Eighteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas J. Rogers. He was reelected to the Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first Congresses. He took the protectionist side in debates on the tariff.

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George Wythe
George Wythe (1726 – June 8, 1806) was an American lawyer, a judge, a prominent law professor and "Virginia's foremost classical scholar." He was a teacher and mentor of Thomas Jefferson. Wythe's signature is positioned at the head of the list of seven Virginia signatories on the United States Declaration of Independence. Wythe served as a representative of Virginia and a delegate to the Constitutional Convention—though he left the Convention early and did not sign the final version of the Constitution.
Wythe is believed to have been murdered in June 1806 by arsenic poisoning by his grandnephew George Wythe Sweeney. He was likely targeting Lydia Broadnax, Wythe's housekeeper, and Michael Brown, a 16-year-old mixed-race boy who lived in the household, to whom Wythe had made bequests in his will. Brown died a week before Wythe but Broadnax survived. As blacks were prevented by law from testifying at trials against whites, Broadnax and other servants could not tell about having seen Sweeney's suspicious actions, and he was acquitted.

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Gifford Pinchot
Gifford Pinchot (August 11, 1865 – October 4, 1946) was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910) and the 28th Governor of Pennsylvania (1923–1927, 1931–1935). He was a Republican and Progressive.
Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources.
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "as though it were spelled pin'cho, with slight emphasis on the first syllable."
Gifford Pinchot was born in Simsbury, Connecticut, in 1865; he graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale University in 1889, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He studied as a postgraduate at the French National School of Forestry, in Nancy, for a year. He returned home and plunged into the nascent forestry movement, intent on shaping a national forest policy.

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Gouverneur Morris
Gouverneur Morris (January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816) was an American statesman, a Founding Father of the United States, and a native of New York City who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation. Morris was also an author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States and one of its signers. He is widely credited as the author of the document's preamble, and has been called the "Penman of the Constitution." In an era when most Americans thought of themselves as citizens of their respective states, Morris advanced the idea of being a citizen of a single union of states.
A gifted scholar, Morris enrolled in 1764, at age 12, at King's College, now Columbia College of Columbia University in New York City. He graduated in 1768 and received a Master's degree in 1771.
On 8 May 1775, Morris was elected to represent his family estate in southern Westchester County (now Bronx County), in the New York Provincial Congress. As a member of the congress, he, along with most of his fellow delegates, concentrated on turning the colony into an independent state. However, his advocacy of independence brought him into conflict with his family, as well as with his mentor, William Smith, who had abandoned the patriot cause when it pressed toward independence. Morris was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1777-78.

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Gove Saulsbury
Dr. Gove Saulsbury (May 29, 1815 – July 31, 1881) was an American physician and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and he served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Saulsbury was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, son of William and Margaret Ann Smith Saulsbury. His father was a descendant of the Salusbury Family of Wales, but changed the spelling of the name after the American Revolution due to his family's loyalist sympathies. He was the older brother of U.S. Senators Willard Saulsbury, Sr., and Eli M. Saulsbury and the uncle of U.S. Senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. Gove Saulsbury attended Delaware College in Newark and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1842. He married Rosina Jane Smith and had five children: Margaret, Olivia Smith, Rosa, Gove, and William. Saulsbury was a medical doctor and lived at the northwest corner of the Green in Dover. He and his family were members of the Methodist Church. Saulsbury's choice of religious denomination sparked some controversy within the family as both of his brothers were staunch Episcopalians. In 1861 he was President of the Delaware Medical Society.

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Gunning Bedford, Sr.
Gunning Bedford, Sr. (April 7, 1742 – September 30, 1797) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware. He is often confused with his cousin, Gunning Bedford, Jr., who was a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Bedford was born on a farm in New Castle Hundred, near the town of New Castle, son of William and Catherine Jacquett Bedford. William Bedford was the grandson of another William Bedford who came to Delaware from Virginia around 1680, and who himself was the grandson of an English immigrant to Jamestown, Virginia in 1621. Gunning Bedford was educated at the Academy of Pennsylvania and married Mary Read, the sister of George Read in 1769. They had no children. They lived at 6 The Strand in New Castle and were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church. He began his career as a merchant at New Castle, but later studied law, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1779.

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Henry Laurens
Henry Laurens (March 6, 1724 [O.S. February 24, 1723] – December 8, 1792) was an American merchant and rice planter from South Carolina who became a political leader during the Revolutionary War. A delegate to the Second Continental Congress, Laurens succeeded John Hancock as President of the Congress. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation.
Laurens had earned part of his wealth by operating the largest slave-trading house in North America. In the 1750s alone, his Charleston firm oversaw the sale of more than 8,000 enslaved Africans. He was for a time Vice-President of South Carolina and a diplomat to the Netherlands during the Revolutionary War. He was captured at sea and imprisoned for some time by the British in the Tower of London.
His son John Laurens persuaded the Continental Congress to allow slaves to enlist in exchange for freedom and was authorized to recruit a regiment (3000 men). He believed that Americans could not fight for their own freedom while slaves were held. After John died during the war, the senior Laurens later freed his 260 slaves, as his son had urged.

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Henry M. Hoyt
Henry Martyn Hoyt, Sr. (June 8, 1830 – December 1, 1892) was the 18th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1879 to 1883, as well as a general in the Union army during the American Civil War.
Hoyt was born in Kingston, Pennsylvania and attended Wyoming Seminary. He initially attended Lafayette College before moving on to Williams College where he graduated in 1849, with Phi Beta Kappa honors, as a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. From 1851 to 1853 he taught Mathematics at Wyoming Seminary and then studied law. Hoyt first held elected office as a district attorney. He was married to Mary Loveland and had three children, one of them the minor poet Helen Hoyt, and Henry Martyn Hoyt, Jr. (December 1856 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania – 1910) and Maud Buckingham Hoyt (July 12, 1859 in Wilkes-Barre, Pa. – ?). He was also the grandfather of the poet Elinor Wylie. A member of the Whig Party, Hoyt participated in John Fremont's 1856 presidential campaign.
Henry M.Hoyt was the son of Ziba and Nancy (Herbert) Hoyt. Ziba Hoyt was born in Connecticut on September 1788 died in December 1853 Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Henry M. Hoyt was grandson of Daniel and Ann (Gunn) Hoyt, nephew of Levi Hoyt. The Hoyts settled in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Henry M. Hoyt married Mary Elizabeth Loveland daughter of Elijah and Mary (Buckingham) Loveland. Henry and Mary Elizabeth (Loveland) Hoyt were married On September 25, 1855. Mary Elizabeth (Loveland) Hoyt was born April 1833 and died October 1890 Luzerne County,Pennsylvania.

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Henry Middleton
Henry Middleton (1717 – June 13, 1784) was a plantation owner and public official from South Carolina. He was the second President of the Continental Congress from October 22, 1774, until Peyton Randolph was able to resume his duties briefly beginning on May 10, 1775.
Henry Middleton was born in 1717 near Charleston, South Carolina to Arthur Middleton (1681–1737) and Susan Amory, on the family plantation, "The Oaks". His father was a wealthy planter who had served as an acting governor of the Province of South Carolina. He was educated in England, but then returned to South Carolina to inherit his father's plantation. He gained much influence and authority from his wealth and abundant landownings, which included 50,000 acres (200 km²) of land in South Carolina, along with about 800 slaves.
Middleton started his career by becoming a Justice of Peace, and soon after, a member of the King's Council in America. He became a member of the South Carolina House of Commons where he was elected speaker a total of 3 times. He became Commissioner of Native American Affairs in 1755, and was elected to the South Carolina Colonial Council. Middleton gained recognition for his courageous, calm and steady temperament during the Anglo-Cherokee War between 1760 and 1761. He resigned from public offices in 1770, to focus on business.

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Henry Molleston
Dr. Henry Molleston, III (January 1, 1762 – November 11, 1819) was an American physician and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, and was elected Governor of Delaware, but died before taking office.
Molleston was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, near Thompsonville. He was the son of Henry and Sarah Manlove Molleston. His ancestor, Alexander Mollestine, was probably Dutch, and was an early settler of Lewes, Delaware. His grandfather, Henry, was a member of the Colonial Assembly in 1687. Henry III was the brother of Jemima Ann, the wife of Colonel John Haslet, and uncle of Dr. William G. Molleston, surgeon in the Delaware Regiment and member of the State House. He married Mary (Molly) Combe in 1793 and they had three known children: Elizabeth, Jemima Ann, and a son. They were members of the Methodist Church.
Molleston was a physician, but was also a miller and was known to have had two mills on Isaac's Branch of the St. Jones River. He was also a Trustee of Union Academy in Camden. In 1800 it is believed he lived at "Passey" or "Cooper's Corner, where State Street crosses U.S. Highway 13.

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Isaac J. MacCollum
Dr. Isaac James MacCollum (August 18, 1889 - March 4, 1968) was an American physician and politician from Wyoming, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party who served as the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware.
MacCollum was born at Fenwick Island, Delaware. He graduated from West Chester Normal School, now known as West Chester University in 1910 and Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1914.
MacCollum served on the medical advisory board during World War I and was president of the Delaware State Medical Society in 1930. He served as a member of the trustees at Delaware State Hospital for nine years, president of the State Board of Health for four years, and a member of the State Parole Board for 20 years, 16 of those years as president.
He was elected Lieutenant Governor of Delaware in 1940, defeating Republican candidate Earle D. Willey, Jr. of Dover, who was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He served from January 21, 1941 until January 19, 1945, alongside Republican Governor Walter W. Bacon. In 1944 he ran for Governor against Bacon, but was defeated and returned to his medical practice full time.

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J. Caleb Boggs
James Caleb "Cale" Boggs (May 15, 1909 – March 26, 1993) was an American lawyer and politician from Claymont, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of World War II, and a member of the Republican Party, who served three terms as U.S. Representative from Delaware, two terms as Governor of Delaware, and two terms as U.S. Senator from Delaware. He was known by his middle name.
Boggs was born May 15, 1909 at Cheswold, Delaware, son of Edward Jefferson and Lettie Vaughn Boggs. He married Elizabeth Muir and had two children, Cale, Jr. and Marilu. The family were members of the Methodist Church. He graduated from the University of Delaware in 1931 and from Georgetown University Law School in 1937. In 1938 he was admitted to the Bar and began the practice of law at Dover, Delaware. During World War II, he served with the 6th Armored Division fighting in Normandy, the Rhineland, the Ardennes and central Europe. He earned five Campaign Stars, the Legion of Merit, the Croix de Guerre with palm and the Bronze Star Medal with cluster.

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J. Danforth Bush
Joshua Danforth Bush (December 4, 1868 – December 4, 1926) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician who served as the sixth Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, from January 18, 1921 to January 20, 1925, under Governor William D. Denney. He resided in Wilmington, Delaware.
Bush was also a wealthy businessman, as a member of one of Delaware's more prominent families. His father, George W. Bush, had inherited the family shipping business from his own father and had expanded it to include a large business in anthracite, coal, and even yellow pine lumber. The company, George W. Bush & Sons, eventually passed the lumber business to J. Danforth Bush's firm, a partnership with Robert B. Rayner. Bush also took on a large role in his father's company. After George W. Bush died in 1900, his sons incorporated their coal and transportation business as the George W. Bush & Sons Company. J. Danforth Bush was made vice president of the company.
Bush was a prominent member of the Delaware Game Protective Association, at one time serving as that organization's vice president for New Castle County. He also served as treasurer and secretary at various times.

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Jack Markell
Jack A. Markell (born November 26, 1960) is an American businessman and politician who has been Governor of Delaware since 2009. Markell, a member of the Democratic Party from Centreville, in New Castle County, Delaware, served as State Treasurer of Delaware from 1999 to 2009 and was elected as the 73rd Governor of Delaware in November 2008. Now in his first term, he is the state's first Jewish governor. On December 2, 2009, it was announced that Markell would follow Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer as Chair of the Democratic Governors Association for the 2009–2010 term.
Markell grew up in Newark, Delaware, and graduated from Newark High School and Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, earning degrees in economics and development studies and receiving an MBA degree from the University of Chicago. As a child, he attended Camp Galil, a summer camp in the Labor Zionist youth movement, Habonim Dror. He is married to Carla Markell, and has two children, Molly and Michael.
Markell served as Vice President for Corporate Development at Nextel, and helped to lead the movement to wireless technology. His other work experience included a senior management position at Comcast Corporation as well as posts as a consultant at McKinsey and Company, Inc. and as a banker at First Chicago Corporation.

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Jacob Stout
Jacob Stout (1764 – November 1, 1857) was an American manufacturer and politician from Little Creek Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Stout was probably born in Little Creek Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, son of Jacob Emanuel Stout and his 2d wife Mary Griffin Stout. His ancestors came to Kent County from New Jersey in the 17th century. Like many in the area, his father was a reluctant revolutionary in 1776, but later served six years in the Delaware General Assembly. Jacob Stout married Angelica Killen in 1795 and had four children, Mary, William, Henry, Sarah Ann, and William Jacob. The exact location of their home is debated. Some say it was north of Leipsic and others say it was west of it, on the Cheswold Road. It was nearby in any case, as he was one of the founders of Leipsic. He was also President of the Smyrna Bank from 1844 until 1847. They were members of the Presbyterian Church.

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James A. Beaver
James Addams Beaver (October 21, 1837 – January 31, 1914) was an American politician who served as the 20th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1887 to 1891. He also served as the acting president of the Pennsylvania State University from 1906 to 1908.
Born in Millerstown, Perry County, James was educated by his mother (his father having died in 1840) until 1846, when the family removed to Belleville, and he was sent to school. In 1852 he entered Pine Grove Academy, and in 1854 joined the junior class in Jefferson College. Beaver graduated from Jefferson College in Canonsburg (now Washington & Jefferson College) in 1856.
After graduation, he read law in the office of H. N. McAllister, at Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, and was taken into partnership by him almost as soon as he was of age. During this period of his life he joined a local military company — the “Bellefonte Fencibles,” under Capt. Andrew G. Curtin, afterward war governor of Pennsylvania. He made a thorough study of tactics, and, when President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to suppress the rebellion in 1861, he was second lieutenant of the company which promptly marched for the defence of the national capital.

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James H. Duff
James Henderson Duff (January 21, 1883 – December 20, 1969) was an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1957. He previously served as the 34th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1947 to 1951.
James Duff was born in Mansfield (now Carnegie), a suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The oldest of four children, he was the son of Rev. Joseph Miller and Margaret (née Morgan) Duff. His father was a Presbyterian minister for forty years, and his paternal grandfather was the first college-educated doctor in western Pennsylvania. Two of his great-grandfathers were members of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania between 1683 and 1717.
After graduating at the top of his class at Carnegie High School, Duff attended Princeton University in New Jersey, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1904. He originally intended to study medicine but, after winning two medals in public speaking at Princeton, decided to study law instead. He attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia until 1906, when he transferred to the University of Pittsburgh Law School to be closer to home. In 1907, he received his law degree and was admitted to the bar. He married Jean Kerr Taylor in 1909; the couple had only one child who died in infancy, but they raised a nephew after his father died.

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James Pollock
James Pollock (September 11, 1810 – April 19, 1890) was the 13th Governor of the State of Pennsylvania from 1855 to 1858.
James Pollock graduated from the College of New Jersey at Princeton before setting up a law practice in his home community, in Milton, Pennsylvania. District attorney and judicial appointments followed and in 1844 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives where he served three successive terms.
As a freshman congressman, Pollock boarded in the same rooming house as another new congressman, Abraham Lincoln and they soon developed a mutual respect and longstanding friendship.
Pollock was an early supporter of Samuel Morse and his idea for a telegraph and was instrumental in getting the United States Congress to appropriate a small amount to help build the first line. He was present in the room when the first message, “What hath God wrought” was received, ushering in a new age of telecommunication.
Pollock was also the first in Congress to advocate the construction of a railroad across the continent, connecting newly acquired California with the east. In a speech in 1848 he said, “At the risk of being considered insane, I will venture the prediction that, in less than twenty-five years from this evening, a railroad will be completed and in operation between New York and San Francisco, California.” The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, four years inside the limit fixed by Mr. Pollock.

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James Ponder
James Ponder (October 31, 1819 – November 5, 1897) was an American merchant and politician from Milton, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Ponder was born near Milton, Delaware, son of John and Hester Milby Ponder. He married Sallie Waples in 1851 and had four children: Ida, John, James Waples, and Anna. They lived at 414 Federal Street and were members of St. John the Baptist Episcopal Church in Milton. He inherited his father’s business and expanded it into shipbuilding, agriculture, and banking.
Ponder was elected to the State House for the 1857/58 session and then to the State Senate for the 1865/66 and 1867/68 sessions. He was Speaker during the 1867/68 session. In 1870 he was elected Governor of Delaware, defeating the Republican candidate, Thomas Boone Coursey. He served from January 17, 1871 until January 19, 1875.

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Jehu Davis
John (Jehu) Davis (1738 – May 11, 1802) was an American planter and politician from Mispillion Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware, west of Milford. He served in the Delaware General Assembly and as President of Delaware.
Davis was born in Worcester County, Maryland, son of Thomas Davis. His paternal grandfather was born in Wales. Jehu Davis came to Laurel, Delaware where he married Rhoda Laws. After their marriage they bought McSparren, a farm in Mispillion Hundred, 3 miles west of Milford, where they settled permanently. There they had eight children, Isaac, John, Henry, Sarah, Rhoda, Nancy, Joshua, and William. After Rhoda's death, Davis married Sarah Douglas. They were members of Christ Episcopal Church in Milford. That portion of Mispillion Hundred became Milford Hundred in 1830.
Davis was a member of the local militia during the American Revolution and a Justice of the Peace for 14 years beginning in 1777. He was elected to the 1st State House, or House of Assembly, and served ten terms from the 1776/77 session through the 1779/80 session, again in the 1782/83 and 1783/84 sessions, and finally from the 1786/87 session through the 1789/90 session. He was the Speaker in the 1788/89 session and when President Thomas Collins died in office on March 29, 1789, the Speaker's office in the State Senate or Legislative Council, was vacant. Consequently, Davis became President. He served until June 2, 1789, when the Delaware General Assembly held a special vote to choose Collins' replacement.

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John Andrew Shulze
John Andrew Shulze (July 19, 1774 – November 18, 1852) was a Pennsylvania political leader and the sixth Governor of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Muhlenberg family political dynasty.
Shulze was born in Tulpehocken Township, Berks (now Lebanon) County, Pennsylvania, the son of Rev. Christopher Emmanuel Shulze and Eve Elizabeth Muhlenberg. Shulze was the grandson of Henry Muhlenberg and the nephew of Peter Muhlenberg and Frederick Muhlenberg. Shulze grew up speaking German in the Pennsylvania Dutch community, and for his entire life would speak English with a noticeable accent.
Shulze studied at Franklin College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and was ordained a minister in the Lutheran church in 1796. He left the ministry due to poor health in 1802 and became a merchant in Myerstown, Pennsylvania. Shulze married Susan Kimmell and fathered five children.
Shulze was elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1806 and served three terms. From 1813 to 1821, he served in several low offices in Lebanon County. He returned to the General Assembly in 1821 and was elected to the State Senate in 1822.

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John C. Bell, Jr.
John Cromwell Bell, Jr. (October 25, 1892 – March 21, 1974) was an American lawyer, politician, and judge. He was the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania (1943–1947) before becoming the 33rd and shortest-serving Governor of Pennsylvania, serving for nineteen days in 1947. He was later a Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court (1950–1972), serving as Chief Justice from 1961 to 1972.
John Bell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to John Cromwell and Fleurette deBenneville (née Myers) Bell. His father served as District Attorney of Philadelphia (1903–1907) and Attorney General of Pennsylvania (1911–1915). His maternal grandfather was Leonard Myers, who served as a U.S. Representative from 1863 to 1875. He was the older brother of Bert Bell, who was commissioner of the National Football League (1946–1959).
After graduating from the Episcopal Academy in 1910, Bell received a Bachelor of Arts degree (1914) and a Bachelor of Laws degree (1917) from the University of Pennsylvania. He played on the varsity soccer and tennis teams during college. He wad admitted to the bar in 1917 and commenced private practice, eventually becoming a senior partner of the law firm Bell, Murdoch, Paxson and Dilworth. In 1918, he married Sarah Andrews Baker; the couple had three sons and two daughters.

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John C. Carney, Jr.
John Charles Carney, Jr. (born May 20, 1956) is the U.S. Representative for Delaware's At-large congressional district. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 2001 to 2009. Prior to that, he served as Delaware's Secretary of Finance; he also unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for Governor of Delaware in 2008.
Carney was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of Ann Marie (née Buckley) and John Charles "Jack" Carney. His great-grandparents immigrated from Ireland. Buckley was quarterback of the 1973 state championship St. Mark's High School football team, and earned All-Ivy League and Most Valuable Player honors in football at Dartmouth College, from which he graduated in 1978. He later coached freshmen football at the University of Delaware, while earning his master's degree in public administration.
Carney has served as Deputy Chief Administrative Officer of New Castle County and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Governor Tom Carper. For several years he was the Delaware State Secretary of Finance under Governor Carper, working to cut taxes and create jobs.

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John Cook (governor)
John Cook (1730 – October 27, 1789) was an American planter and politician from Smyrna, in Kent County, Delaware. He served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Cook was born in Duck Creek, now Smyrna, son of John and Margaret Cook. He married Elizabeth Collins, the sister of later State President Thomas Collins and they had five children: Sarah, Margaret, Elizabeth, Michael, and Robert. He was a prosperous farmer and tanner and gradually acquired a considerable amount of land in the area. Included in the property at one time was Belmont Hall, the home of Thomas Collins. The Cook home, however, was probably to the west of the present U.S. Highway 13, across the road from Belmont Hall. They were members of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Smyrna.
Cook was Sheriff of Kent County from 1772 until 1778, just before the American Revolution. Like many of his Anglican neighbors in Kent County, Cook was fundamentally opposed to the break with Great Britain and was counted among the conservatives whose loyalty to the new government was suspect. However, he was personally liked and was elected to the more conservative Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1776 and to the first State House for the 1776/77 session.

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John F. Hartranft
John Frederick Hartranft (December 16, 1830 – October 17, 1889) was the 17th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1879 and a Union Major General who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Civil War.
Hartranft was born in Fagleysville, a village in New Hanover Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, near Pottstown. He attended Marshall College in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania - a forerunner of Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania and received his degree in civil engineering in 1853 from Union College in Schenectady, New York. He briefly worked for two railroads in eastern Pennsylvania before returning home to Norristown to assist his father in the real estate and stage line businesses. In 1854, he was appointed deputy sheriff of Montgomery County. That same year, he married Sallie Douglas Sebring. They had six children, but three died in infancy.
Hartranft was active in the Norristown fire company and the local Freemason lodge. Hartranft was admitted to the bar in 1860, and rose to the rank of colonel in the Pennsylvania Militia.

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John Hancock
John Hancock (January 23, 1737 [O.S. January 12, 1736] – October 8, 1793) was a merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term "John Hancock" has become, in the United States, a synonym for signature.
Before the American Revolution, Hancock was one of the wealthiest men in the Thirteen Colonies, having inherited a profitable shipping business from his uncle. Hancock began his political career in Boston as a protégé of Samuel Adams, an influential local politician, though the two men later became estranged. As tensions between colonists and Great Britain increased in the 1760s, Hancock used his wealth to support the colonial cause. He became very popular in Massachusetts, especially after British officials seized his sloop Liberty in 1768 and charged him with smuggling. Although the charges against Hancock were eventually dropped, he has often been described as a smuggler in historical accounts, but the accuracy of this characterization has been questioned.

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John Hanson
John Hanson (April 14, 1721 – November 22, 1783) was a merchant and public official from Maryland during the era of the American Revolution. After serving in a variety of roles for the Patriot cause in Maryland, in 1779 Hanson was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress. He signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781 after Maryland finally joined the other states in ratifying them. In November 1781, he was the first person to be elected as the presiding officer, leading some historians to claim he was the first President of the United States. Stiverson (2000) states that Hanson was little more than the first among equals in Congress and had no executive power. His duties were largely ceremonial, and his correct title was President of the Continental Congress.
John Hanson, Jr. was born at "Mulberry Grove" in Port Tobacco Parish in Charles County in the British Province of Maryland. The American National Biography lists Hanson's birth date as April 3, 1721, which in the modern calendar system is equivalent to April 14, although the older Dictionary of American Biography gives the date as April 13, 1721. Some older sources list a birth year of 1715. Hanson's parents were Samuel and Elizabeth (Story) Hanson. Samuel Hanson was a planter who owned more than 1,000 acres (4.0 km²), and held a variety of political offices, including serving two terms in the Maryland General Assembly.

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John Harvie
John Harvie (1742 – February 6, 1807) was an American lawyer and builder from Virginia. He was a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and 1778, where he signed the Articles of Confederation.
John Harvie was born in Albemarle County, Virginia, in 1742, to farmer and Scottish immigrant Col. John Harvie, Sr. (1706–1767) and Martha Gaines Harvie (1719–1802). His brother Richard was eldest of five children. As a boy, Harvie was a friend of Thomas Jefferson, and his father became Jefferson's legal guardian after Peter Jefferson died in 1757. John read law and was admitted to the bar before settling in Augusta County.
Harvie built a successful law practice. In 1774 he was named as a commissioner to the Shawnee tribe to negotiate a peace treaty after the Battle of Point Pleasant. Augusta County sent him to the Virginia conventions (the revolutionary legislature) in 1775 and 1776. The following year that body sent him as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. While at the Continental Congress, Harvie was one of five Virginia delegates to sign the Articles of Confederation, on July 9, 1778.

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John Hunn (governor)
John Hunn (June 23, 1849 – September 1, 1926) was an American businessman and politician from Camden, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served as Governor of Delaware.
Hunn was born near Odessa, Delaware, son of John and Mary Jenkins Swallow Hunn. He married Sarah Cowgill Emerson in 1874 and they had one child, Alice. They lived at 3 South Main Street in Camden and were members of the Camden Friends Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers.
Hunn's father, also John Hunn, was a noted abolitionist and chief engineer of the Underground Railroad in Delaware. Shortly after the younger John's birth, the family lost their New Castle County farm, "Happy Valley," in a sheriff's sales because of fines assessed for helping runaway slaves. They then went to live with family at Magnolia, Delaware.
The younger Hunn, known as "Honest John", grew up at Magnolia and Port Royal, South Carolina, where his father was working with the Freedmen's Bureau. In 1876 he returned to Delaware, permanently settled at Camden, Delaware and began operating a merchandized fruit, lumber, and lime business in nearby Wyoming. He maintained this business throughout his life.

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John K. Tener
John Kinley Tener (July 25, 1863 – May 19, 1946) was a Major League baseball player and executive and, from 1911 to 1915, served as the 25th Governor of Pennsylvania.
John Tener was born in County Tyrone, Ireland to George Evans Tener and Susan Wallis. In 1872, Tener's father died and the family moved the following year to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Tener attended public schools and later worked as a clerk for hardware manufacturer Oliver Iron and Steel Corporation from 1881–1885.
In 1885, Tener, who was six-foot-four (1.93 meters), decided to try his hand at professional baseball. He joined the Haverhill, Massachusetts minor league baseball team in the New England League as a pitcher and outfielder and was a teammate of future Hall of Fame players Wilbert Robinson and Tommy McCarthy. Later that year, Tener made his Major League debut with the Baltimore Orioles of the American Association, playing in a single game as an outfielder.
While playing in Haverhill, Tener met his future wife Harriet. They married in October 1889.

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John McKinly
Dr. John McKinly (February 24, 1721 – August 31, 1796) was an American physician and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the French and Indian War, served in the Delaware General Assembly, was the first elected President of Delaware, and for a time was a member of the Federalist Party.
McKinly was born in Ulster, Ireland and immigrated to Wilmington, Delaware in 1742. In 1761, he married Jane "Jenny" Richardson, a daughter of the Quaker miller, Richard Richardson. They had no children. Their home was at the northwest corner of 3rd and French Streets in Wilmington, now the location of an office building. They were members of the First Presbyterian Church, which is now known as the First and Central Presbyterian Church at Rodney Square in Wilmington. Although nothing seems to be known of his medical education, he soon established himself as a popular physician. In 1747 he was commissioned a lieutenant in the New Castle County militia, and in 1756, during the French and Indian War, he was commissioned again as a major. Along with others, he built a bombproof battery and magazine at the site of the old Fort Christina, in an area known as "the Rocks." It was proudly reported that it equaled if not exceeded, "any on the continent for strength and beauty."

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John P. Cochran
John Price Cochran (February 7, 1809 – December 27, 1898) was an American farmer and politician from Middletown, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.
Cochran was born in Appoquinimink Hundred, near Middletown, Delaware, son of Robert and Rebecca Ryland Cochran. He married Elizabeth Polk in 1833 and had seven children: William R., Clara Rebecca, Charles Polk, John Price, Jr., Eliza, Julian, and Cyrus. His wife, Elizabeth died in childbirth in 1855 and he married secondly, Mary Tumlin. There were no known children of this marriage. They lived at "Cochran Grange," one mile west of Middletown and were members of the Presbyterian Church. He was a “leading farmer and fruit grower.”
Cochran was elected to the New Castle County Levy Court in 1838 and 1846. In 1874 he was elected Governor of Delaware by defeating Isaac Jump, the Republican candidate and served from January 19, 1875 until January 21, 1879. He was the first governor from New Castle County in thirty years, and was regarded as a progressive governor, advocating improvements to the school law, and reapportionment of the General Assembly, to more fairly reflect the population of New Castle County. The reapportionment proposal was not approved. The General Assembly did, however, pass legislation requiring businesses serving the public “to provide equal accommodations for those who might be deemed obnoxious by others.” This effort to deny civil rights to African-Americans was to remain on the books until 1963.

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John Penn (delegate)
John Penn (May 17, 1741 – September 14, 1788) was a signer of both the United States Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation as a representative of North Carolina.
Penn was born near Port Royal in Caroline County, Virginia, an only child of Moses Penn and Catherine [Taylor] Penn. He attended at common school for only two years as his father did not consider education to be important.^{[citation needed]} At age 18, after his father's death, Penn privately read law with his uncle, Edmund Pendleton. He became a lawyer in Virginia in 1762. In 1774, Penn moved to the Williamsboro, North Carolina area, where he practiced law.
On July 28, 1763, Penn married Susannah Lyne. The couple had two children. Their daughter, Lucy, married John Taylor of Caroline, a political leader from Virginia.
Penn was elected to the North Carolina Provincial Congress and elected by that body to the Continental Congress in 1775, serving until 1780. For the 1776 signing of the Declaration of Independence, he was part of the North Carolina delegation that included Joseph Hewes and William Hooper. In 1777, Penn was one of the state's signers of the Articles of Confederation. Penn also served on the Board of War until 1780, when he retired to once again practice law. He served as receiver of taxes for North Carolina in 1784. When Penn died in 1788, he was buried on his estate near Island Creek, in Granville County. Penn was re-interred in Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in 1894, alongside fellow congressional delegate, Hooper.

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John S. Fine
John Sydney Fine (April 10, 1893 – May 21, 1978) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician. A Republican, he served as the 35th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955.
John Fine was born in Newport Township, Pennsylvania, one of nine children of Jacob W. and Margaret (née Croop) Fine. In 1895, the family moved to nearby Nanticoke, where Fine received his early education at local public schools. He milked cows and plowed fields on a coal company farm as a young boy, and later reported on local community news for the Wilkes-Barre Record as a teenager.
After graduating from Nanticoke High School as valedictorian in 1911, Fine studied at the Dickinson School of Law in Carlisle, earning his law degree in 1914. He was admitted to practice law in Luzerne County (1914) and before the Superior Court of Pennsylvania (1915), opening his own practice in Wilkes-Barre. From 1916 to 1920, he served as Republican chairman of the Fourth Legislative District of Luzerne County.
During World War I, Fine served with the 23rd U.S. Army Engineers, reaching the rank of sergeant. In 1919, while stationed in Ireland, he took postgraduate studies at Trinity College of the University of Dublin. Following his military service, he resumed his law practice and became a partner in the firm Coughlin and Fine. He served as secretary of the Republican County Committee from 1920 to 1922, and as chairman of the Luzerne County Republican Committee from 1922 to 1923. On January 3, 1927, Governor Gifford Pinchot appoitned Fine to fill a vacancy in the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County. He was elected to regular ten-year term in November of that year, being re-elected to another term in 1939. He served as a delegate to the 1936 Republican National Convention. In 1939, he married Helene Pennebecker Morgan, to whom he remained married until her death in 1950; the couple had two sons.

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John Stuchell Fisher
John Stuchell Fisher (May 25, 1867 – June 25, 1940) was Pennsylvania's 29th Governor, a Republican.
Fisher was born in South Mahoning Township, Pennsylvania, in 1867. Fisher graduated from Pennsylvania's Indiana State Normal School (now Indiana University of Pennsylvania) and began his career as a teacher; he then served as principal for schools in Plumville and Indiana, Pennsylvania.
In 1893, Fisher finished his law degree, was admitted into the Pennsylvania Bar, and set up a private practice. He won his first major office, to the Pennsylvania State Senate, in 1900, and was re-elected in 1904. He did not seek re-election in 1908, but he would go on to serve on the state's Commission on Constitutional Revision, and from 1919 to 1922 as State Commissioner of Banking. He rose to the Governor's office in 1927.
As governor, Fisher focused on fiscal policy, public works, and conservation. Partly due to his efforts to eliminate voting fraud, the state began using voting machines. The Department of Revenue was established during his term. Fisher's term was marked by a major investment in public works, most notably the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Bridge in Harrisburg. Also during Fisher’s administration, nearly 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) were added to Pennsylvania’s state forests.

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John W. Geary
John White Geary (December 30, 1819 – February 8, 1873) was an American lawyer, politician, Freemason, and a Union general in the American Civil War. He was the final alcalde and first mayor of San Francisco, a governor of the Kansas Territory, and the 16th governor of Pennsylvania.
Geary was born near Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania, in Westmoreland County—in what is today the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. He was the son of Richard Geary, an ironmaster and schoolmaster, and Margaret White, a native of Maryland. Starting at the age of 14, he attended nearby Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, studying civil engineering and law, but was forced to leave before graduation due to the death of his father, whose debts he assumed. He worked at a variety of jobs, including as a surveyor and land speculator in Kentucky, earning enough to return to college and graduate in 1841. He worked as a construction engineer for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. In 1843, he married Margaret Ann Logan, with whom he had several sons, but she died in 1853. Geary then married the widowed Mary Church Henderson in 1858 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

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John W. Hall
John Wood Hall (January 1, 1817 – January 23, 1892) was an American merchant and politician from Frederica, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Hall was born in Frederica, Delaware, son of John and Henrietta Bowman Hall. He married Caroline Warren in 1842 and had four children: John Wood, Jr., Samuel Warren, Sarah Henrietta, and Caroline. They lived at 8 David Street in Frederica and were members of the Methodist Church.
Orphaned as a child, Hall worked in a candy store, and eventually saved enough money to buy the business. Not stopping with candy, he expanded into general merchandising and lumber, and then started building his own ships. In time, he had one of the largest fleets of sailing ships on the east coast, all built in Delaware. With his earnings he began buying land and ended up with over 6,000 acres (24 km²) on 20 farms, becoming one of the largest landowners in the state.
Hall served in the Delaware Senate during the 1867/68 session and the 1869/70 session. In 1874 he was nearly nominated for Governor, but it was New Castle County’s turn in the informal rotation. Finally, in 1878 he was elected Governor of Delaware, overwhelmingly defeating Kensey J. Steward, the Greenback Labor candidate. Leftover bitterness from the Civil War caused the Democratic Party to be so completely in control that the Republican Party did not even hold a convention or field a candidate. Hall served from January 21, 1879 until January 16, 1883.

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John W. Rollins
John W. Rollins (August 24, 1916 – April 4, 2000) was an American businessman and politician from Greenville in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, and served as the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware.
John W. Rollins was born in Keith, Catoosa County, Georgia. He attended school in a one-room schoolhouse nine miles away in Ringgold, Georgia. In 1928, Rollins’s father fell ill and the 12-year-old boy accepted additional responsibilities on the family farm. Although he worked hard^{[peacock term]} to help his mother provide for the family he had an entrepreneurial spirit^{[peacock term]} and tried his hand at an early age selling door to door with things such as bedspreads. In the aftermath of the great depression, he left the family farm in Ringgold and moved to Philadelphia. His career was a series of entrepreurial ventures ultimately ending up with the formation of 9 NYSE firms and countless^{[peacock term]} other business ventures. He had a great mind for business^{[peacock term]} and an unstoppable positive attitude^{[peacock term]}.

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John Wentworth, Jr.
John Wentworth, Jr. (July 17, 1745 – January 10, 1787) was a lawyer who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire and a signer of the Articles of Confederation.
He was born to Judge John Wentworth in Somersworth, New Hampshire in 1745, and is a descendant of "Elder" William Wentworth. He graduated from Harvard in 1768 before studying law. He moved to Dover, New Hampshire where he started his practice. His cousin, Governor Wentworth, appointed him the probate register for Strafford County, and he held that post until his death.
He was active in the various revolutionary committees, and was elected to the convention (later the State Assembly) from Dover every year from 1776 to 1780. He was a member of the state council, supporting Meshech Weare, from 1780 to 1784, and was a member of the New Hampshire Committee of Safety. That committee operated as the revolutionary government when the Assembly was not in session.
In 1778 and 1779, he was selected as one of the delegates to the Continental Congress. His term of service gave him the chance to sign the Articles of Confederation when the Congress passed that plan to unify the colonies. As New Hampshire established a more stable government, he was elected to the State's Senate from 1784 to 1786. He died in Dover and is buried in the Pine Hill Cemetery there. His wife and seven children survived him.

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John Witherspoon
John Witherspoon (February 15, 1723 – November 15, 1794) was a Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Jersey. As president of the College of New Jersey (1768–94; now Princeton University), he trained many leaders of the early nation and was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. John Witherspoon is an ancestor of actress Reese Witherspoon.
John Witherspoon was born at Gifford, a parish of Yester, at East Lothian, Scotland, as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker, a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox. This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation. He attended the Haddington Grammar School, and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. He remained at the University to study divinity.
Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant, nationalist, and supporter of republicanism. Consequently, he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 1745-1746. Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1746), he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle, which had a long-term effect on his health.

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Joseph Haslet
Joseph Haslet (1769 – June 20, 1823) was an American planter and politician from Cedar Creek Village in Cedar Creek Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served twice as Governor of Delaware.
Haslet was born in Milford, Delaware, son of Colonel John Haslet and Jemima Molleston Brinkle Haslet. Colonel John Haslet was the commander of the Delaware Regiment in the Continental Army and was killed at the Battle of Princeton in January 1777. Jemima Haslet died a month later "of an inflammation in the throat and lungs." Chief Justice William Killen became guardian for the children and eventually Joseph was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wilmington. After he came of age he bought a farm in Cedar Creek Hundred in Sussex County. He first married Mary Draper, with whom he one child, Nathaniel. He later married Rachel Hickman and they had at least three children.
Haslet ran for Governor in 1804, losing to the Federalist candidate, Nathaniel Mitchell, and again in 1807, again losing to the Federalist candidate, George Truitt. Finally, in 1810 he squeaked out a victory against Federalist candidate Daniel Rodney and began his first term as Governor of Delaware, serving from January 15, 1811 until January 18, 1814.

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Joseph Hewes
Joseph Hewes (January 23, 1730 – November 10, 1779) was a native of Princeton, New Jersey, where he was born in 1730. Hewes’s parents were members of the Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers. Immediately after their marriage they moved to New Jersey, which became Joseph Hewes’s home state. Hewes attended Princeton but there isn't any evidence that he actually graduated. What is known is that he became an apprentice of a merchant and in fact became a very successful merchant. After finishing his apprenticeship he earned himself a good name and a strong reputation, which would serve him well in becoming one of the most famous signers of the Declaration of Independence for North Carolina, along with William Hooper and John Penn. Hewes moved to Edenton, North Carolina at the age of 30 and won over the people of the colony with his charm and honorable businesslike character. Hewes was elected to the North Carolina legislature in 1763, only three years after he moved to the colony. After being re-elected numerous times in the legislature, Hewes was now focused on a new and more ambitious job as a continental congressman.

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Joseph Hiester
Joseph Hiester (November 18, 1752 – June 10, 1832) was the fifth Governor of Pennsylvania from 1820 to 1823. He was a member of the Hiester family political dynasty.
Hiester was the son of John Hiester and Maria Barbara Epler. He received a common-school education when he was not working on the farm, and became a clerk in a store in Reading run by Adam Whitman. He became a partner in the store in 1771 when he married Elizabeth, Whitman's daughter.
At the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, he raised and equipped in that town a company with which he took part in the battles of Long Island and Germantown. He was promoted to colonel. He was captured and briefly confined in the prison ship “Jersey,” where he did much to alleviate the sufferings of his fellow prisoners. Later he was transferred to New York City where he was exchanged.
He was a member of the convention of 1776 that drafted the Articles of Confederation, of the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention which ratified the United States Constitution, and of the state constitutional convention of 1790. He served in the house (1787–1790) and the senate (1790–1794) of Pennsylvania. In 1807, he was appointed one of the two major generals to command the quota of Pennsylvania militia that was called for by the president. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1797 until 1805, and again from 1815 until 1820, 14 years altogether. In 1817, he ran for governor, only to be defeated by William Findlay. Hiester faced Findlay again in 1820 and narrowly won a single term in office. Refusing on principle to stand for reelection in 1823, he served until 1824 when he retired from public life. During his term, he presided over the dedication of the first state capitol building in the new capital of Harrisburg. He surprised partisans and opponents by making appointments strictly on merit rather than party affiliation.

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Joseph Maull
Dr. Joseph Maull (September 6, 1781 – May 3, 1846) was an American physician and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the War of 1812, and a member of the Federalist Party, then later the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Maull was born at Pilottown, near Lewes, Delaware, son of John and Mary Marsh Maull. His father was a shipwright who ran arms from the West Indies during the American Revolution. He died, so the story goes, when a ship's mast fell on him. During the American Revolution, Joseph Maull had an uncle, Nathaniel, who piloted ships for the American Committee of Safety, and another, James, who scouted the Delaware Bay for the British. Maull, himself, served in the 3rd Brigade of Delaware Militia, defending Lewes during the War of 1812.
Maull studied medicine under Dr. John Wolfe of Lewes and spent the rest of his life as a practicing physician from his home in Milton, Delaware. He married Penelope Shields in 1802 and they had two children, Susan and George. After her death, he married Sarah Davis Watson in 1820, and they had no children. They were members of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Lewes.

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Joseph Ritner
Joseph Ritner (March 25, 1780 – October 16, 1869) was the eighth Governor of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, elected as a member of the Anti-Masonic Party. He was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in the Pennsylvania Gubernatorial election, 1835, and served from 1835 to 1839. Controversy surrounding his 1838 electoral defeat led to the Buckshot War. In 1856, Governor Ritner was a delegate to the first Republican National Convention in Philadelphia.
Governor Ritner has a residence hall named in his honor on the University Park campus of Penn State .

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Joshua Clayton
Dr. Joshua Clayton (July 20, 1744 – August 11, 1798) was an American physician and politician from Mt. Pleasant in Pencader Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware. He was an officer of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Governor of Delaware and as U.S. Senator from Delaware.
Clayton was born near Wyoming, Delaware, son of John Clayton & Eleanor Edinfield. John Clayton was a miller and the grandson of another Joshua Clayton, a Quaker, who came from Lincolnshire, England in the late 17th century. The younger Joshua Clayton went to medical school at, what is now, the University of Pennsylvania from 1757 until 1762, and then began a medical practice in Middletown, Delaware. He became close friends with Richard Bassett, and in 1765, married his adopted daughter, Rachael McCleary.
Clayton acquired a portion of Richard Bassett's Bohemia Manor estate, and in 1773 built their home, Locust Grove. It is now known as the Dickey Farm, and is on the Choptank Road, two miles west of Mt. Pleasant in Pencader Hundred, to the northwest of Middletown. There they had three children who lived to adulthood, Richard, James Lawson and Thomas. Their religious affiliation is unclear, but they were almost certainly members of the Bethel Methodist Church by the time of their deaths.

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Joshua H. Marvil
Joshua Hopkins Marvil (September 3, 1825 – April 8, 1895) was an American merchant and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.
Marvil was born in Laurel, Delaware, the son of Joseph and Sally Ann Hopkins Marvil. He married Sarah Ann Sirman and had three children: Joseph, Vendreths, and Joshua. They lived at West Street in Laurel, although the house has been moved to 606 West Street. They were members of the Methodist Church.
As a young man, Marvil went to sea for a while and returned to work in shipbuilding. At age 28, in 1853, he began to manufacture farm equipment. Having a certain mechanical genius, he was able to imagine profitable new technologies. With the growth of the peach orchards, he started the Marvil Package Company, a basket and crate manufacturing business in Laurel. For a time, it was said to have been the largest industrial plant in the area, producing two million fruit baskets and crates annually. He was also the publisher of Laurel's first newspaper, the Gazette, which he started in 1889.

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Josiah Bartlett
Josiah Bartlett (November 21, 1729 – May 19, 1795) was an American physician and statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He was later Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature and Governor of the state.
Josiah Bartlett was born in Amesbury, Massachusetts, to Stephen and Hannah-Mary (Webster) Bartlett. His father Stephen was the son of Richard and Hannah (Emery) Bartlett. He was their fifth child and fourth son. By age 17, he had built a foundation in Latin and learned some Greek. He also began the study of medicine, working in the office of Dr. Ordway of Amesbury at the same time. Before Bartlett turned 21, in 1750, he moved to Kingston, New Hampshire, in Rockingham County, and began his practice.
Kingston at that time was a frontier settlement of only a few hundred families, and Bartlett was the only doctor in that part of the county at the time. He purchased land and a farm.
On January 15, 1754, he married Mary Bartlett (according to genealogy records stored in the Harvard College Library, he married Hannah Webster) of Newton, New Hampshire. She was his cousin, the daughter of his uncle, Joseph. They would remain married until her death on July 14, 1789. Over the years they would have 12 children: Mary (1754), Lois (1756), Miriam (1758), Rhoda (1760), Hannah (who died as an infant in 1762), Levi (1763), Migale (1765, died that same year), Johnathan (1768), Ezra (1770), Sarah (1773), Hannah (1776, also died as an infant) and a child that was never registered. All three of his sons and seven of his grandsons would follow him as physicians.

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Lewis Morris
Lewis Morris (April 8, 1726 – January 22, 1798) was an American landowner and developer from Morrisania, New York. He signed the U.S. Declaration of Independence as a delegate to the Continental Congress for New York.
This Morris was the third to be named Lewis Morris, and was born on the family estate of Morrisania. He was the son of Lewis and Katrintje or Catherine (Staats) Moris. His great grandfather (Richard, died 1672) had immigrated to New York through Barbados after being part of Oliver Cromwell's army in the English Civil War of 1648. He purchased the first tract of land in the Bronx that became the basis for the Morrisania manor. When Richard and his young wife died, leaving behind an infant son named Lewis, it was Richard's brother, Colonel Lewis Morris, also of Barbados, who came to Morrisania to help manage the estate formerly belonging to his late-brother and now his infant nephew. Eventually the infant Lewis Morris (1671-1746) inherited the estate of his father after the death of his uncle, Col. Lewis Morris, and his wife, who were childless. This Lewis Morris married a woman named Isabella and then expanded and patented the estate and was also Governor of New Jersey.

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Lyman Hall
Lyman Hall (April 12, 1724 – October 19, 1790), physician, clergyman, and statesman, was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. Hall County is named after him.
Hall graduated from Yale College in 1747, a tradition his six siblings would repeat. In 1749, he was called to the pulpit of Stratfield Parish (now Bridgeport, CT). His pastorate was a stormy one: an outspoken group of parishioners opposed his ordination; in 1751, he was dismissed after charges against his moral character which, according to one biography, "were supported by proof and also by his own confession." He continued to preach for two more years, filling vacant pulpits, while he studied medicine and taught school.
In 1752, he married Abigail Burr of Fairfield, Connecticut, however, she died the following year. In 1757, he married again to Mary Osborne. He migrated to South Carolina and established himself as a physician at Dorchester, South Carolina, near Charleston, a community settled by Congregationalist migrants from Dorchester, Massachusetts decades earlier. When these settlers moved to the Midway District – now Liberty County – in Georgia, Hall accompanied them. He soon became one of the leading citizens of the newly founded town of Sunbury.

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Mark S. Schweiker
Mark Stephen Schweiker (born January 31, 1953) is a businessman and politician who served as the 44th Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2003. Schweiker, a Republican, became Governor of Pennsylvania on October 5, 2001, when his predecessor, Tom Ridge, resigned as Governor of Pennsylvania to assume the role as Homeland Security Advisor under President George W. Bush.
He had served as acting Governor from September 20, 2001 to October 5, 2001 during Ridge's transition into his new post.
Schweiker was born in Levittown, Pennsylvania and is of German descent. He attended Bishop Egan High School in Bucks County and earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. He holds a master’s degree in administration from Rider University. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law degree from Rider University in 2004. After college he entered the business world and held positions at Sadlier Oxford and McGraw Hill. Later, he formed his own management consulting firm.

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Matthew P. Denn
Matthew P. "Matt" Denn (born February 9, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician from Hockessin in New Castle County, Delaware. He is a member of the Democratic Party who was the Insurance Commissioner of Delaware and is currently the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware.
Denn was born in Wilmington, Delaware, son of Morton Denn, a professor of chemical engineering at the City College of New York, and Marilyn Denn. He grew up in suburban Hockessin and moved to Berkeley, California during high school. A graduate with honors and student body president at the University of California, Berkeley, he received his law degree from Yale Law School in 1991. He now lives with his wife, Michele, and twin children, Zachary and Adam.
Returning to Delaware in 1991, Denn worked for two years with Delaware Volunteer Legal Services and then went into private practice, becoming a partner with the law firm of Young, Conaway, Stargatt & Taylor in 2000. There he argued cases involving insurance disputes, personal injuries, real estate, commercial and corporate disputes, and bankruptcies, and received the Distinguished Service Award from the Young Lawyers Section of the Delaware State Bar Association. In 1998, he was appointed chairman of Delaware's new Child Protection Accountability Commission, a commission set up in the aftermath of the deaths of several children in state care. He also served on a variety of boards and commissions, including Big Brothers/Big Sisters of Delaware, the Wilmington Civil Rights Commission, and the Kutz Home. Denn has also served as an adjunct professor at Widener University Law School in the area of constitutional law.

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Matthew Thornton
Matthew Thornton (1714 – June 24, 1803), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Hampshire.
He was born in Ireland, the son of James Thornton and Elizabeth Malone. In 1716 Thornton's family immigrated to North America when he was three years old, settling first at either Williamsburg, Virginia (or alternatively Brunswick, Maine). On July 11, 1722 the community was attacked by Native Americans.). James and Elizabeth Thornton fled from their burning home with Matthew, removing shortly thereafter to Worcester, Massachusetts. Thornton completed studies in medicine at Leicester. He became a physician and established a medical practice in Londonderry, New Hampshire. In New Hampshire he was appointed surgeon to the New Hampshire Militia troops in an expedition against Fortress Louisbourg in 1745. He had royal commissions as justice of the peace and colonel of militia.
In 1760 Thornton married Hannah Jack, and the couple had five children. Thornton became Londonderry Town Selectman, a representative to, and President of the Provincial Assembly, and a member of the Committee of Safety, drafting New Hampshire's plan of government after dissolution of the royal government, which was the first state constitution adopted after the start of hostilities with England.

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Michael Castle
Michael "Mike" Newbold Castle (born July 2, 1939) is a former Governor and former U.S. Representative for Delaware's At-large congressional district, serving from 1993 until 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party.
The district, which is the oldest in the nation, incorporates the entire state of Delaware. He was the longest-serving U.S. Representative in the state's history. Prior to his election to Congress, Castle served as a member of the Delaware General Assembly, first in the State House of Representatives (1966–1967) and then in the State Senate (1968–1976). He was the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 1981 to 1985, and the 69th Governor of Delaware from 1985 to 1992.
On October 6, 2009, Castle announced his candidacy in the 2010 special election for the seat in the United States Senate held by Democrat Ted Kaufman. Kaufman, appointed by Governor Ruth Ann Minner to fill the vacancy created by Joe Biden (who resigned to become Vice President of the United States), was not a candidate in the special election. The election would determine who would fill the balance of Biden's term, which ends on January 3, 2015. In one of the most surprising election results of the 2010 campaign season, Castle was defeated in the Republican primary for the US Senate seat by Christine O'Donnell. He would have been heavily favored against Democrat Chris Coons in the general election, who went on to easily beat O'Donnell by 17%. On May 28, 2011, Castle was the keynote speaker at the commencement of the University of Delaware Class of 2011.

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Milton Shapp
Milton Jerrold Shapp (June 25, 1912 – November 24, 1994) was the 40th Governor of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania from 1971 to 1979 and was the first Jewish governor of Pennsylvania.
Shapp was born Milton Jerrold Shapiro in Cleveland, Ohio, to Aaron Shapiro, a businessman and staunch Republican, and Eva Smelsey Shapiro, a Democrat and outspoken suffragette. His family was Jewish, and all of his grandparents had been immigrants from Eastern Europe. He attended Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University) graduating in 1933 with a degree in electrical engineering. The effects of the Great Depression ravaged America and Shapp was unable to find work in the engineering field. Instead he worked as a coal truck driver. In 1936, he took a job selling electronic parts and moved to Pennsylvania. It was during this time that he changed his name from Shapiro to Shapp to avoid antisemitic prejudice though he continued to openly identify as a Jew.
During World War II, Shapp served as an officer in the U.S. Army Signal Corps in North Africa and Europe. After World War II, he moved to Philadelphia and founded Jerrold Electronics Corporation, a pioneer in the cable television industry, using a $500 loan subsidized by the G.I. Bill. Jerrold became one of America's first providers of coaxial cable TV systems in 1948. Jerrold Electronics became a major player in the television industry and Shapp became a multi-millionaire. Shapp sold his interest in Jerrold Electronics in 1967 to the General Instrument Company to concentrate on politics.

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Nathaniel Gorham
Nathaniel Gorham (May 27, 1738 – June 11, 1796, his first name is sometimes spelled Nathanial) was the fourteenth President of the United States in Congress assembled, under the Articles of Confederation. He also attended the Constitutional Convention and was one of the signers of the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Gorham was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, and was the son of Captain Nathaniel Gorham and his father's wife Mary Soley. He was a descendant of John Howland, (c. 1599–1673) who was one of the Pilgrims who traveled from England to North America on the Mayflower, signed the Mayflower Compact, and helped found the Plymouth Colony.
His sister, Elizabeth Gorham, who married John Leighton, was the ancestor of Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt who served as First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1901 to 1909.
He married Rebecca Call who was a widow with 9 children on September 6, 1763 in Charlestown, Massachusetts. She was born on May 14, 1744 in Charlestown, Massachusetts and died on November 18, 1812 in Charlestown, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Caleb Call and Rebecca Stimson. Nathaniel and Rebecca were the parents of nine children.

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Nathaniel Mitchell
Nathaniel Mitchell (1753 – February 21, 1814) was an American lawyer and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.
Mitchell was born near Laurel, Delaware, son of James & Margaret Dagworthy Mitchell. A croquet fan from a young age he often trained at Graveny school of croquet. He married Hannah Morris and had ten children: Rebbeca., Emma, William I, Theodore, Alfred, Dagworthy, Elizabeth, Mary Ann, Elizabeth and Frederick. Mitchell was one of the founders of Georgetown, Delaware, and lived there on the northeast corner of the Square from about 1791 until 1808. The family returned to their Laurel home, Rosemont, now 121 Delaware Avenue in 1808. They were members of Christ Episcopal Church at Broad Creek.

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Oliver Wolcott
Oliver Wolcott (November 20, 1726 – December 1, 1797) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and also the Articles of Confederation as a representative of Connecticut.
Oliver Wolcott was born in Windsor, Connecticut, the youngest of fourteen children of the royal governor Roger Wolcott. He attended Yale College and was a roommate of Noah Webster, graduating in 1747. He was commissioned to raise a militia company to fight in the French and Indian War, and he served the King as Captain in this unit on the northern frontier. At the end of the war, Wolcott studied medicine, then was appointed sheriff of the newly created Litchfield County, Connecticut, serving from about 1751 to 1771.
He participated in the American Revolutionary War as brigadier general and then major general in the Connecticut militia. The Continental Congress appointed him Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he was elected to the Congress in 1775. He became seriously ill in 1776 and did not sign the Declaration of Independence until some time later. He was engaged in military affairs between 1776–78, and served again in Congress from 1778-1784.

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Peter F. Causey
Peter Foster Causey (January 11, 1801 – February 15, 1871) was an American merchant and politician from Milford, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the American Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Causey was born in Bridgeville, Delaware, son of Peter T. and Tamzey Causey. His family lived in Easton, Maryland for a time, but returned to Delaware in 1815, settling on North Walnut Street in Milford. He married Maria Williams and they had six children, William F., Maria E., Sally Maria, Peter Foster, Jr., John W., and Robert H. In 1850 they bought the old Levin Crapper mansion, former home of Governor Daniel Rogers. It was subsequently known as the Causey Mansion. The Causey family owned a large flour mill and were successful merchants, taking advantage of the many business opportunities in Milford at the time. They were members of the First Methodist Church in Milford.
In the constantly shifting political combinations of the time, Causey began his career as a progressive Jacksonian Democrat, and was elected to the State House in the 1831 session and the 1832/33 session. As the Democrats lost their progressive agenda, and with the collapse of the Whig Party, most of the energy in opposition to the increasingly conservative Democrats came from the Temperance movement. In 1850 a Temperance candidate was almost elected, and in 1854 Causey signed on as their candidate under the aegis of the American Party. This was an unusual combination of various causes that in Delaware was headed by prohibition. He was elected Governor of Delaware in 1854, defeating William Burton, the Democratic candidate and served from January 16, 1855 until January 18, 1859.

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Peyton Randolph
Peyton Randolph (September 10, 1721 – October 22, 1775) was a planter and public official from the Colony of Virginia. He served as speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses, chairman of the Virginia Conventions, and the first President of the Continental Congress.
Randolph was born in Tazewell Hall,Williamsburg, Virginia to a prominent family. His parents were Sir John Randolph, the son of William Randolph, and Susannah Beverley, the daughter of Peter Beverley; his brother was John Randolph. His father died when he was 16.
Randolph attended the College of William and Mary, and later studied law at Middle Temple at the Inns of Court in London, becoming a member of the bar in 1743.
Randolph returned to Williamsburg after he became a member of the bar, and was appointed Attorney General of the Colony of Virginia the next year.
He served several terms in the Virginia House of Burgesses, beginning in 1748. It was Randolph's dual roles as attorney general and as burgess that would lead to an extraordinary conflict of interest in 1751.

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Philip L. Cannon
Philip Leonidas Cannon (June 28, 1850 – August 11, 1929) was the first Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from January 15, 1901 to January 17, 1905. Cannon, the son of former Governor William Cannon and Magaret Ann Barker, was the first elected to the office under the Delaware Constitution of 1897, and served under 53rd Governor John Hunn.
Cannon married Hester Polk. Cannon studied at Dickinson College but did not graduate. For a time he was involved in farming with his brother Henry Laws Cannon. They also for a time ran a canning factory.

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Philip Livingston
Philip Livingston (January 15, 1716 – June 12, 1778) was an American merchant and statesman from New York City. He was a delegate for New York to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1778, and signed the Declaration of Independence.
He was born in Albany, New York, to Philip (1686–1749), 2nd Lord of the Manor. Philip, however, was Lord Livingston's fourth son, and thus could not inherit. The wife of the 2nd Lord of the Manor was a daughter of Albany, New York, Mayor Pieter Van Brugh. On 14 April 1720 he married Christina Ten Broeck, daughter of Dirk and Margarita (Cuyler) Ten Broeck. Their son Philip Philip Livingston's daughter Christina (1774–1841) married John Navarre Macomb (1774–1810) who was the son of Alexander and Catherine (Navarre) Macomb and brother of Major General Alexander Macomb.
Philip attended and graduated from Yale College in 1737. He then settled in New York City and pursued a mercantile career. He became prominent as a merchant, and was elected Alderman in 1754. He was reelected to that office each year until 1763. Also in 1754, he went as a delegate to the Albany Congress. There, he joined delegates from several other colonies to negotiate with Indians and discuss common plans for dealing with the French and Indian War. They also developed a Plan of Union for the Colonies which was, however, rejected by King George.

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Pierre S. du Pont IV
Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV (born January 22, 1935) is an American lawyer and politician from Rockland, in New Castle County, Delaware, near Wilmington. He is a member of the Republican Party, who served three terms as U.S. Representative from Delaware and was the 68th governor of Delaware.
A member of the famous and powerful Du Pont family, du Pont was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of Pierre S. du Pont III and Jane Holcomb du Pont, and great nephew of Pierre S. du Pont, the developer of Longwood Gardens. After an education at the Phillips Exeter Academy, Princeton University, and Harvard Law School, he served in the U.S. Naval Reserve (Seabees) from 1957 until 1960. He is married to Elise Ravenel Wood and has four children, Elise, Pierre S duPont, V, Benjamin Franklin duPont, and Eleuthère Irénée.
From 1963 until 1970 du Pont was employed by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. In 1968 he was elected to the 1969-70 session of the Delaware House of Representatives. He seriously considered a bid for a United States Senate seat in 1972 (eventually won by Democrat Joseph R. Biden, Jr.), but realized he faced a primary election against former U.S. Representative Harry G. Haskell, Jr. He bowed to the desire of Republican leaders, including U.S. President Richard M. Nixon, to have a reluctant incumbent U.S. Senator J. Caleb Boggs seek a third term.

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Preston Lea
Preston Lea (November 12, 1841 – December 4, 1916) was an American businessman and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served as Governor of Delaware.
Lea was born at Brandywine Village, now a part of Wilmington, Delaware, son of William and Jane Scott Lovett Lea. His ancestors came to Pennsylvania with William Penn and his grandfather, Thomas Lea, built a flour mill on the Brandywine Creek in 1811. His first marriage was with Adelaide Moore in 1870 and they had three children, Claudia Wright, Alice Moore, and Ethel Mildred. He married secondly, Eliza Naudain Corbit in 1897 and they had one child, Louise Corbit. Their home for many years was at 2315 17th Street in Wilmington and they were members of the Wilmington Friends Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers.
Wilmington, Delaware is really a combination of two towns. Wilmington proper rises from the banks of the navigable Christina River and prospered as a convenient place to collect farm products from the interior of Delaware and central Pennsylvania. At its back, though, is a tributary of the Christina River, known as Brandywine Creek. Navigable for only a short distance, the creek quickly rises into the Piedmont and through a series of small falls, provides a dependable source of power for mills. Small boats, or shallops, sailed up to the base of these falls, unloaded their grain, and loaded back up with what became known as "Superfine" flour, some of the best flour produced in America. These mills were known as the Brandywine Mills and the town around them, Brandywine Village.

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Raymond P. Shafer
Raymond Philip Shafer (March 5, 1917 – December 12, 2006) served as the 39th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1967 to 1971. He had previously served as the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967. He was a national leader of the moderate wing of the Republican Party in the late 1960s.
Shafer was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, the youngest of the five children of the Rev. David P. Shafer and his wife Mina. In 1933, Shafer's father moved the family to Meadville, Pennsylvania to accept a position as pastor of the First Christian Church. The Shafer family had long roots in Crawford County where the Clark-Shafer Reunion was held until recently when the family has gotten so spread out throughout the country. Shafer became an Eagle Scout and as an adult was presented the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America.
After finishing high school in Meadville, Shafer attended Allegheny College, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, and later Yale Law School. There, several classmates, such as William Scranton and Gerald Ford, would help shape his future political career.

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Richard C. McMullen
Richard Cann McMullen (January 2, 1868 – February 18, 1944) was an American manufacturer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.
McMullen was born at Porters, near Glasgow, Delaware, son of James and Sarah Boulden McMullen. He worked as a farm hand to meet expenses while studying at Goldey Commercial College. He married Florence Hutchinson in 1895 and they had three children, Laura B., Richard H. and Florence and were members of the Methodist Church.
McMullen learned the tanning and leather business while working at the Mullin and Pierson Leather Plant, later to become the Amalgamated Leather Company. In 1917 he and two partners founded the Standard Kid Company and later became Vice President, then General Manager of the Allied Kid Company in Wilmington. These companies were tanneries and leading manufactures of leather products.
As a prominent businessman he had served two terms on the Wilmington City Council, had served on the Public Utilities and Unemployment Insurance Commission, and had turned down an offer to run for Mayor of Wilmington.

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Richard Henry Lee
Richard Henry Lee (January 20, 1732 – June 19, 1794) was an American statesman from Virginia best known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation and his famous resolution of June 1776 led to the United States Declaration of Independence, which Lee signed. He also served a one-year term as the President of the Continental Congress, and was a U.S. Senator from Virginia from 1789 to 1792, serving during part of that time as one of the first Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate. He was also the great uncle of famous Confederate general Robert E. Lee.
Lee was born in Westmoreland County to Thomas Lee and Hannah Harrison Ludwell Lee on January 20, 1732. In 1748, at age sixteen, Lee left Virginia for Yorkshire, England, to complete his formal education at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Wakefield, England.
In 1757, Lee was appointed justice of the peace in Westmoreland County. In 1758 he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, where he met Patrick Henry. An early advocate of independence, Lee became one of the first to create Committees of Correspondence among the many independence-minded Americans in the various colonies. In 1766, almost ten years before the American Revolutionary War, Lee is credited with having authored the Westmoreland Resolution which was publicly signed by prominent landowners who met at Leedstown, Westmoreland County, Virginia on 27 Feb 1766. This resolution was signed by four brothers of George Washington as well as Gilbert Campbell.

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Richard Hutson
Richard Hutson (1747 – April 12, 1795) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician from Charleston, South Carolina. He represented South Carolina as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he signed the Articles of Confederation. After the British captured Charleston in 1780, he was held as a prisoner at St. Augustine, Florida for a time. After he returned home, he served as the eighth Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in 1782 and 1783.
Born in Beaufort County to Rev. William Hutson and Mary (Woodward) Hutson, he moved to Charleston with his family in 1756. The Pennsylvania Gazette of October 10, 1765 lists him as a member of the graduating class of 1765 at Princeton University (then known as The College of New Jersey). He is buried in a vault at the Independent Congregational (Circular) Churchyard in Charleston.

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Robert E. Pattison
Robert Gaylord Pattison (December 8, 1850 – August 1, 1904) was the 19th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1887 and 1891 to 1895. Born at Quantico in Somerset County, Maryland, Pattison's family moved to Philadelphia when he was five. He practiced law from 1872 to 1877 and was elected Controller of the city of Philadelphia in 1880. He was the Democratic candidate for governor at the young age of 32, and, with little experience in public office, took the governor's office back from a succession of Republican administrations. Under the constitution of 1874, Pennsylvania governors, now serving a 4-year term, were prevented from seeking two consecutive terms. Pattison's opponent in the 1882 election, James Addams Beaver, held the post for a term before Pattison sought the office once again in 1890. During his second term, he ordered state militia to halt the Homestead Strike.
A key to Pattison's success was his close relationship with the Democratic leader of Philadelphia, retired General Lewis Cassidy. He studied law under Cassidy, and was admitted to the bar at the age of 21. Although he campaigned as an anti- political machine reformer, he appointed Cassidy as Attorney General of Pennsylvania. He did constant battle with machine interests, and in his second term enacted legislation providing for a secret ballot for voters in all elections.

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Robert J. Reynolds
Robert John Reynolds (March 17, 1838 – June 10, 1909) was an American farmer and politician from Petersburg in South Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, and as Governor of Delaware.
Reynolds was born in Smyrna, Delaware, son of Robert Wright and Sallie Gilder Marvel Reynolds. He married Louvenia Riggs and had one child, Byron, and later married Hester Thomas, with whom he had no children. They lived at "Golden Ridge", near Petersburg in South Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, Delaware and were members of the Methodist Church.
Reynolds was elected to the State House in 1868 and served the 1869/70 session. From 1879 until 1883 he was State Treasurer and in 1890 was elected the Governor of Delaware, defeating Harry A. Richardson, the Republican candidate. He served from January 20, 1891 until January 15, 1895.
During these years free textbooks were first provided to public school students, and Delaware State College was established in Dover.

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Robert P. Robinson
Robert Pyle Robinson (March 28, 1869 – March 4, 1939) was an American banker and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served as Governor of Delaware.
Robinson was born at “Robinhurst,” now Alban Park, in Wilmington, Delaware, son of Robert L. and Frances Delaplaine Robinson. He married Margaret Fouraker in 1905 and they had three children, Mary Frances, Robert Jr. and Frances Robinson Parsons. They were members of the Hanover Presbyterian Church in Wilmington.
Robinson began his career with the Central National Bank, becoming the president of the bank in 1916. He first was exposed to politics when he worked as personal secretary to Delaware U.S. Representative L. Heisler Ball from 1902 until 1903. In 1914 he lost the close contest for Delaware's Insurance Commissioner by only 98 votes. Ten years later, in 1924, he was a compromise choice to be the Republican candidate for Governor of Delaware and was elected, defeating Joseph Bancroft, the Democratic Party candidate.

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Robert Treat Paine
Robert Treat Paine (March 11, 1731 – May 11, 1814) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence as a representative of Massachusetts.
He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1731. He was one of five children of the Rev. Thomas Paine, Harvard College 1717, who was pastor of Franklin Road Baptist Church at Weymouth, Massachusetts until 1734 but moved his family to Boston in 1730 and subsequently became a merchant there; and Eunice Treat, the daughter of Rev. Samuel Treat, Harvard College 1669, and Abigail Willard. Rev. Samuel Treat and his father Robert Treat, were the principle founders of Newark, New Jersey.
He was the great-grandson of Reverend Samuel Willard, Harvard College 1659, pastor of the Old South Church, Boston, vice-president of Harvard College and the acting president of Harvard College; Robert Treat, the lieutenant-governor and governor of Connecticut for thirty years; prominent in the Charter Oak incident and as commander of the Connecticut forces in protecting the settlers of western Massachusetts during King Philip's War; and the great great grandson of Richard Treat (or Trott) an early New England settler and a Patentee of the Royal Charter of Connecticut, 1662 and Stephen Hopkins (settler), a tanner and merchant who was one of the passengers aboard the Mayflower on the voyage to North America landing at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.

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Roger Sherman
Roger Sherman (April 19, 1721 – July 23, 1793) was an early American lawyer and politician, as well as a founding father. He served as the first mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, and served on the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence, and was also a representative and senator in the new republic. He was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the U.S.: the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.Thomas Jefferson said of him: "That is Mr. Sherman, of Connecticut, a man who never said a foolish thing in his life."
Sherman was born in Newton, Massachusetts near Boston, but his family moved to Stoughton (a town located seventeen miles, or 27 km, south of Boston) when he was two. The part of Stoughton where Sherman grew up became part of Canton in 1797. Sherman's education did not extend beyond his father's library and grammar school, and his early career was spent as a shoe-maker. However, he was gifted with an aptitude for learning, and access to a good library owned by his father, as well as a Harvard educated parish minister, Rev. Samuel Dunbar, who took him under his wing.

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Russell W. Peterson
Russell Wilbur "Russ" Peterson (October 3, 1916 – February 21, 2011) was an American scientist and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He served as Governor of Delaware as a member of the Republican Party. An influential environmentalist, he served as chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality and president of the National Audubon Society.
Peterson was born in Portage, Wisconsin, the son of Anton and Emma Peterson. The eighth of nine children, his father Anton was an immigrant from Sweden who worked as a bartender and barber. Peterson attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he received a B.S. in 1938, working as a dishwasher in the chemistry lab to pay the bills and a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1942. In 1937 he married Lillian Turner, with whom he had four children: R. Glen, Peter J., Kristin P. Havill and Elin P. Sullivan. Lillian died in 1994. He married his second wife, June Jenkins, who had been recently widowed, in 1995. He was a member of the Unitarian Universalist Association.

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Ruth Ann Minner
Ruth Ann Minner (born January 17, 1935) is an American politician and businesswoman from Milford, in Kent County, Delaware. She is a member of the Democratic Party who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Delaware and two terms as the first female Governor of Delaware.
Minner was born Ruth Ann Coverdale, at Slaughter Neck in Cedar Creek Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware, near Milford. While growing up, she left high school at age 16 to help support her family. Subsequently she married Frank Ingram with whom she had three children: Frank Jr., Wayne and Gary. When she was 32 her husband died suddenly of a heart attack, leaving her a single mother with three children. She earned her GED in 1968 and later attended Delaware Technical and Community College, while working two jobs to support the family. In 1969 she married Roger Minner and together they operated a family towing business, the Roger Minner Wrecker Service. Roger Minner died of cancer in 1991.

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Samuel Adams
Samuel Adams (September 27 [O.S. September 16] 1722 – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams.
Born in Boston, Adams was brought up in a religious and politically active family. A graduate of Harvard College, he was an unsuccessful businessman and tax collector before concentrating on politics. As an influential official of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and the Boston Town Meeting in the 1760s, Adams was a part of a movement opposed to the British Parliament's efforts to tax the British American colonies without their consent. His 1768 circular letter calling for colonial cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, eventually resulting in the Boston Massacre of 1770. To help coordinate resistance to what he saw as the British government's attempts to violate the British Constitution at the expense of the colonies, in 1772 Adams and his colleagues devised a committee of correspondence system, which linked like-minded Patriots throughout the Thirteen Colonies. Continued resistance to British policy resulted in the 1773 Boston Tea Party and the coming of the American Revolution.

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Samuel Chase
Samuel Chase (17 April 1741 – June 19, 1811) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and earlier was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland. Early in life, Chase was a "firebrand" states-righter and revolutionary. His political views changed over his lifetime and in the last decades of his career he became well known as a staunch Federalist, and was impeached for allegedly letting his partisan leanings affect his court decisions. Chase was acquitted by the Senate.
Samuel was the only child of the Reverend Thomas Chase (c. 1703–1779) and his wife, Matilda Walker (?-by 1744), born near Princess Anne, Maryland.
His father was a clergyman who immigrated to Somerset County to become a priest in a new church. Samuel was educated at home. He was eighteen when he left for Annapolis where he studied law under attorney John Hall. He was admitted to the bar in 1761 and started a law practice in Annapolis. It was during his time as a member of the bar that his colleagues gave him the nickname of "Old Bacon Face."

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Samuel Holten
Samuel Holten (June 9, 1738 – January 2, 1816) was an American physician and statesman from Danvers, Massachusetts. He represented Massachusetts as a delegate to the Continental Congress and as a Congressman in the U.S. House.

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Samuel Paynter
Samuel Paynter (August 24, 1768 – October 2, 1845) was an American merchant and politician from Drawbridge, in Broadkill Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Paynter was born at Drawbridge in Broadkill Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware, son of Samuel and Meritta Hazzard Paynter. His ancestor, Richard Paynter came to Lewes, Delaware before 1700, and his grandfather, Samuel Paynter, bought land in Broadkill Hundred in 1732. Samuel, our subject, married Elizabeth Rowland in 1796 and they had six children, Mary, Elizabeth, Sally, Samuel Rowland, John Parker, and Alfred Shockley. They were members of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Lewes.
Drawbridge, as its name suggests, was the point at which land traffic crossed the Broadkill River, about halfway from Milton to the Delaware Bay. It is where State Route 1 crosses the Broadkill River today. Paynter's father, another Samuel, established a general store there. The business was quite successful, and made the family wealthy enough for Samuel Jr. to be a director of the Farmer's Bank at Georgetown for 25 years.

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Sherman W. Tribbitt
Sherman Willard Tribbitt (November 9, 1922 – August 14, 2010) was an American merchant and politician from Odessa, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of World War II and was a member of the Democratic Party who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as the 17th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware and as the Governor of Delaware.
Tribbitt was born at Denton, Maryland, son of Sherman L. and Minnie Thawley Tribbitt. He married Jeanne Webb in 1943. They had three children, James, Carol, and Sherman "Tip" and were members of the Presbyterian Church. He studied accounting at Beacom College in Wilmington, Delaware and briefly worked at the Security Trust Company in Wilmington. During World War II he served in the United States Navy. In early 1945 he was aboard the destroyer USS Frost in the North Atlantic when his unit received a Presidential Citation for sinking five U-Boats.
Following World War II, he and his father-in-law operated the Odessa Supply Company in Odessa, Delaware, where they lived.

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Shien Biau Woo
Shien Biau "S.B." Woo (born 1937) is an American professor and politician from Newark, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party and served as the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Delaware.
Woo's ancestral hometown is Yuyao, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. Woo was born in 1937 in Shanghai, China. He fled the communist revolution in 1949 with his parents and came to the United States at the age of 18 from Hong Kong. He received undergraduate degrees in Mathematics and Physics from Georgetown College in Kentucky and his PhD in Physics from Washington University in St. Louis.
He married Katy in 1963 and they have two children, Chi I. and Chi Lan. In 1966 he joined the faculty of the University of Delaware, where he became a professor of physics and astronomy. He retired in 2002 after 36 years.
In his first attempt at public office, Woo was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1984. He won the Democratic primary election by defeating two veteran State Senators, Nancy W. Cook of Dover and David B. McBride, of New Castle. In the general election he narrowly defeated Republican Battle R. Robinson of Georgetown, who was the first woman to practice law in Sussex County, and the assistant legal counsel to retiring Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV. Woo thus became one of the highest ranking Chinese-American public office holders in the nation and served one term from January 15, 1985 until January 20, 1989.

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Simeon S. Pennewill
Simeon Selby Pennewill (July 23, 1867 – September 10, 1935) was an American farmer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Pennewill was born near Greenwood, Delaware, son of Simeon and Ann Curry Pennewill. The elder Simeon was one of the larger peach growers and owned the land that later became the town of Greenwood. He was also active in the Republican Party and served in the Governor's Guard during the Civil War. Simeon, the younger, was educated at Wilmington Conference Academy, now Wesley College in Dover. He married, later in life, after he served as Governor, first in 1920, Lydia Wright Elder, and second in 1927, Elizabeth Halsey. There were no children by either marriage. They lived at 228 North State Street in Dover and he was a member of the Methodist Church.
Pennewill inherited and continued to operate his family's peach orchards in Greenwood and Bridgeville. Pennewill was elected to two terms in the Delaware State Senate and served from the 1899/1900 session through the 1905/06 session.

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Simon Snyder
Simon Snyder (5 November 1759 – 9 November 1819) was the third Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1808 to 1817. A Jeffersonian Democrat, he served three terms as speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives before becoming governor. He led the state through the War of 1812 and, following the conclusion of his term, was elected to the United States Senate, but he died in 1819 before he began to serve. He was the first governor of Pennsylvania to be of German descent.
Snyder was born on 5 November 1759 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Moravian parents, Anthony and Mary Elizabeth (née Knippenberg) Snyder. In 1784, Snyder moved to Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, where he opened a gristmill. His residence still stands at 121 North Market Street. In 1790, Snyder married Elizabeth Michael. They had two children. Unfortunately for the Snyders, Elizabeth died in 1794 and left her husband to raise the children. Snyder did, however, remarry. With his second wife, Catherine Antes, he raised another five children. In total, Snyder fathered seven children.

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Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Heyward, Jr. (July 28, 1746 – March 6, 1809) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confederation as a representative of South Carolina.
He was born in St. Luke's Parish, South Carolina and educated at home, then traveled to England to study law where he was a member of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775 and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Heyward returned to South Carolina in 1778 to serve as a judge. In command of a militia force, he was taken prisoner by the British during the siege of Charleston. He continued to serve as a judge after the war, retiring from the bench in 1798.
A descendant of Thomas Heyward was DuBose Heyward (1885–1940), a poet, novelist and playwright who was a large influence on the Southern Renaissance and is most well known for the 1925 and 1927 play Porgy and the libretto to the 1935 opera by George Gershwin based on the former, Porgy and Bess.

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Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 (April 2, 1743 O.S.) – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). At the beginning of the American Revolution, Jefferson served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia. He then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). Just after the war ended, from mid-1784 Jefferson served as a diplomat, stationed in Paris, initially as a commissioner to help negotiate commercial treaties. In May 1785, he became the United States Minister to France. He was the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) during the administration of President George Washington. Upon resigning his office, with his close friend James Madison he organized the Democratic-Republican Party. Elected Vice-President in 1796, under his opponent John Adams, Jefferson with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.

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Thomas Lynch, Jr.
Thomas Lynch, Jr. (August 5, 1749–1779) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of South Carolina; his father was unable to sign the Declaration of Independence because of illness.
He was born at Prince George Parish, Winyah, in what is now Georgetown, South Carolina, the son of Thomas Lynch. He was schooled at the Indigo Society School in Georgetown before being sent to England, where he studied at Eton College and at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. He studied law at the Middle Temple in London, returning to America in 1772. His stepfather was South Carolina Governor William Moultrie; a nephew was South Carolina Governor James Hamilton, Jr. His grandfather was Jonas Lynch from the Galway lines of the Lynch family who were expelled from Ireland following their defeat in the Irish wars of William of Orange.
He became a company commander in the 1st South Carolina regiment in 1775 and was elected to the Continental Congress. He was taken ill at the end of 1779 and he sailed, with his wife, for St. Eustatius in the West Indies. Their ship disappeared at sea in a storm and was never found.

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Thomas McKean
Thomas McKean (March 19, 1734 – June 24, 1817) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the American Revolution he was a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the United States Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. McKean served as a President of Congress. He was at various times a member of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. McKean served as President of Delaware, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and Governor of Pennsylvania.
McKean was born in New London Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, the son of William McKean and Letitia Finney. His father was a tavern-keeper in New London and both his parents were Ulster-Scots who came to Pennsylvania from Ireland as children. Mary Borden was his first wife. They married in 1763, lived at 22 The Strand in New Castle, Delaware. They had six children: Joseph, Robert, Elizabeth, Letitia, Mary, and Anne. Mary Borden McKean died in 1773 and is buried at Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle. Sarah Armitage was McKean’s second wife. They married in 1774, lived at the northeast corner of 3rd and Pine Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and had four children, Sarah, Thomas, Sophia, and Maria. They were members of the New Castle Presbyterian Church in New Castle and the First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia. Sarah's son, Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 2nd Marquis of Casa Irujo, would later become Prime Minister of Spain.

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Thomas Mifflin
Thomas Mifflin (January 10, 1744 – January 20, 1800) was an American merchant and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, a Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania, President of the Continental Congress, and a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He served as Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, President of the Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council and the first Governor of Pennsylvania.
Thomas Mifflin was born January 10, 1744 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, son of John Mifflin and Elizabeth Bagnall. He graduated from the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1760, and joined the mercantile business of William Biddle. After returning from a trip to Europe in 1765, he established a commercial business partnership with his brother, George Mifflin, and married his cousin, Sarah Morris, on March 4, 1765. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society.

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Thomas Nelson, Jr.
Thomas Nelson, Jr. (December 26, 1738 – January 4, 1789) was an American planter, soldier, and statesman from Yorktown, Virginia. He represented Virginia in the Continental Congress and was its Governor in 1781. He is regarded as one of the U.S. Founding Fathers since he signed the Declaration of Independence as a member of the Virginia delegation.
Thomas, Jr. was the grandson of Thomas "Scotch Tom" Nelson, an immigrant from Cumberland, England who was an early pioneer at Yorktown. His parents were Elizabeth (Burwell) and William Nelson, who was also a leader of the colony, and briefly served as governor. Thomas was born at Yorktown, and like many Virginians of his time, was educated in England. He attended Eton before entering Christ's College at Cambridge University. He graduated in 1760 and returned home the following year. He helped his father with his farm at this time.
Thomas was first elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1761. The following year he married Lucy Grymes (her maternal uncle was Peyton Randolph-the brother-in-law of Congressman Benjamin Harrison V; her paternal aunt was the mother of "Light Horse Harry" Lee). Their son Hugh Nelson (1768–1836) would later serve in the U.S. Congress.

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Thomas Stockton
Thomas Stockton (April 1, 1781 – March 2, 1846) was an American soldier and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the War of 1812, and a member of the Whig Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.
Stockton was born in New Castle Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware, son of John and Nancy Griffin Stockton. His father was a Brigadier General in the War of 1812, leading the 1st Brigade of Delaware militia. He married Fidelia Johns, daughter of Chancellor Kensey Johns, and they had five children, Thomas, William, James, Elizabeth, and Fidelia. They lived in the Kensey Johns-Van Dyke house at 300 Delaware Street and were members of the Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle.
After graduating from Princeton College, Stockton joined the Delaware militia. During the War of 1812 he was part of the attack on Fort George on the Niagara River and fought at Lundy's Lane. Eventually he was promoted to a Major in the 42nd Infantry. He retired from the U.S. Army in 1825.

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Thomas Stone
Thomas Stone (1743 – October 5, 1787) was an American planter who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a delegate for Maryland. He later worked on the committee that formed the Articles of Confederation in 1777. He acted as President of Congress for a short time in 1784.
Thomas was born into a prominent family at Poynton Manor in Charles County, Maryland. He was the second son in the large family of David (1709–1773) and Elizabeth Jenifer Stone. His brothers Michael J. Stone and John Hoskins Stone also had important political careers. His uncle was Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer. Thomas read law at the office of Thomas Johnson in Annapolis, was admitted to the bar in 1764 and opened a practice in Frederick, Maryland.
In 1768 Stone married Margaret Brown (1751–1787), the younger sister of Dr. Gustavus R. Brown (see Rose Hill), thought to be the richest man in the county. Soon after, Stone purchased his first 400 acres (1.6 km²) and began the construction of his estate named Habre de Venture. The family would make their home there, and they would have three children: Margaret (1771–1809), Mildred (1773–1837) and Fredrik (1774–1793). Stone's law practice kept him away from home, so he brought in his younger brother Michael to manage development of the plantation.

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Thomas Wharton Jr.
Thomas Wharton Jr. (1735–1778) was a Pennsylvania merchant and politician of the Revolutionary era. He served as the first President of Pennsylvania (an office akin to Governor) following the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain.
Thomas Wharton was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1735. He was born into one of Philadelphia's most prominent early Quaker families. He was known as "Junior" to distinguish him from a cousin of the same name. His father, John Wharton, served as coroner of Chester County. His paternal grandfather, Thomas Wharton, a native of Westmorland, England, came to Pennsylvania around 1683; he served on the Philadelphia Common Council (1713–1718).
Wharton in 1762 married Susannah Lloyd, the daughter of Thomas Lloyd and great-granddaughter of Thomas Lloyd, an early governor of Pennsylvania and a colleague of William Penn. They were married by a pastor in Christ Church, an Anglican church, and were therefore disowned by the Quakers of the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting. Wharton was thereafter associated with the Anglican Church, but never formally converted. The couple had five children before Susannah's death ten years later. Wharton then married Elizabeth Fishbourne and with her had three more children. He owned a country home called "Twickenham" near Abington Meeting in Montgomery County.

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Titus Hosmer
Titus Hosmer (1736 – August 4, 1780) was an American lawyer from Middletown, Connecticut. He was a delegate for Connecticut to the Continental Congress in 1778, where he signed the Articles of Confederation.
Titus was born in West Hartford, Connecticut, attended Yale and graduated in 1757. He read for the law, was admitted to the bar, and began a practice in Middletown, Connecticut.
Hosmer was elected to the Connecticut State Assembly annually from 1773 to 1778, and served as their speaker in 1777. In May 1778 he became a member of the State Senate, and remained in that office until he died. Later in 1778, the joint state legislature also sent him one of their delegates to the Continental Congress.
Titus died at Middletown on August 4, 1780 of undisclosed causes, and is buried in the Mortimer Cemetery there. Joel Barlow, who received Titus's patronage, wrote a much-admired elegy on Titus's death.
Titus Hosmer married Lydia Lord on November 29, 1761, in Middletown. One son, Stephen Hosmer, would also become a lawyer, and was the Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court. The other son, Hezekiah Lord Hosmer (1765–1814), became a U. S. representative for New York State. A grandson, also named Hezekiah Lord Hosmer (1814–1893), became the first Chief Justice of the Montana Territory and authored several books.

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Tom Carper
Thomas Richard "Tom" Carper (born January 23, 1947) is the senior United States Senator from Delaware and a member of the Democratic Party. He was previously the 71st Governor of Delaware and a member of the House of Representatives from Delaware.
A native of Danville, Virginia, Carper graduated from the Ohio State University. Serving as a Naval Flight Officer in the U.S. Navy from 1968 until 1973, he saw active duty in the Vietnam War. He remained in the U.S. Naval Reserve for another 18 years and retired with the rank of Captain. Upon receiving his MBA from the University of Delaware in 1975, Carper went to work for the State of Delaware in its economic development office. He was elected State Treasurer, serving from 1977 to 1983 and leading the development of Delaware's first cash management system.
Encouraged by local politicians, Carper successfully ran for Delaware's only seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982. He served five terms in the House, where he chaired the Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. In 1992 he arranged a "swap" with term-limited Governor Michael Castle, and the two were easily elected to each other's seats. Carper governed for two terms as a moderate, business-oriented "New Democrat", following the lead of the two previous Republican governors. He successfully prevented the closing of a General Motors automobile plant and won a bid for the headquarters of pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca. He led a tax-reduction campaign and helped improve the state's credit rating from among the worst in the nation to an excellent "AAA". He pushed for standards-based education, among other reforms.

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Tom Corbett
Thomas W. "Tom" Corbett (born June 17, 1949) is an American politician who has been the 46th Governor of Pennsylvania since 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Corbett was the Attorney General of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 1997; he was appointed by Governor Tom Ridge to fill the unexpired term of Ernie Preate following Preate's indictment. Subsequently he was elected as Attorney General in 2004; he served as Attorney General from 2005 to 2011, winning re-election in 2008.
Corbett received his Bachelor's degree at Lebanon Valley College and was employed as a 9th grade teacher for one year. Corbett then earned his J.D. from St. Mary's University Law School. He served in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard 28th Infantry Division from 1971 to 1984, rising to the rank of Captain.
Corbett's career has been split between private practice and civil service. He began his legal career as an assistant district attorney in Pittsburgh's Allegheny County. After three and a half years, he was hired in 1980 as assistant United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania.

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Tom Ridge
Thomas Joseph "Tom" Ridge (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives (1983–1995), the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania (1995–2001), Assistant to the President for Homeland Security (2001–2003), and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005). Since re-entering the private sector, Ridge has served on the boards of The Home Depot, The Hershey Company and Exelon Corporation and as a senior advisor to Deloitte & Touche, and TechRadium. Ridge is also the founder and CEO of Ridge Global, LLC, a Washington, D.C. based security consulting firm. Ridge spent time campaigning with Senator John McCain during his 2008 bid for the presidency and was believed by some to have been in the short list of potential running mates.
Ridge was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania, in Pittsburgh's Steel Valley, the oldest of three children. His parents were Laura (née Sudimack) and Thomas Regis Ridge, who was a traveling salesman and Navy veteran. Ridge's maternal grandparents were Carpatho-Rusyn immigrants from the former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), and his paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Great Britain. Ridge was raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania. He was educated at St. Andrews Elementary School and Cathedral Preparatory School and did well both academically and in sports. He earned a scholarship to Harvard College, where he paid his way through with construction work, played intramural baseball and football, and graduated with honors in 1967.

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Ulster-Scots
The Ulster Scots (Ulster-Scots: tha Ulstèr-Scotch [fowk]) are an ethnic group that has lived on the island of Ireland since the 17th Century, and are predominantly citizens of the United Kingdom. Their ancestors were Scots from the Scottish Lowlands and English people from counties close to Scotland, many being from the "Border Reivers" culture. These people migrated to the island of Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, a planned process of colonisation which took place under the auspices of James VI of Scotland and I of England on land often confiscated from the Irish nobility, most extensively in the Province of Ulster. The term "Ulster-Scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the Gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest Scotland centuries earlier.
Ulster-Scots were largely descended from colonists from Galloway, Ayrshire, and the Scottish Borders Country, although some descend from people further north in the Scottish Lowlands and the Highlands. Ulster-Scots emigrated in significant numbers to the United States and all corners of the then-worldwide British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa — and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile. Scotch-Irish is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who later emigrated to what is now the United States; "Scots-Irish" is a more recent form of the American term, and is not to be confused with Irish-Scots, i.e., recent Irish immigrants to Scotland.

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Walter W. Bacon
Walter Wolfkiel Bacon (January 20, 1880 – March 18, 1962) was an American accountant and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served three terms as Mayor of Wilmington and two terms as Governor of Delaware. He is the only mayor of a Delaware city to have been elected Governor of Delaware.
Bacon was born at New Castle, Delaware, the son of John G. and Margaret Foster Bacon. He began selling newspapers at age 8, graduated from New Castle High School and studied at Beacom College in Wilmington. He married Mabel H. McDaniel on November 28, 1906, and had no children. They lived at the Mayfair Apartments on North Harrison Street in Wilmington and were members of the Presbyterian Church.
Bacon was an accountant with U.S. Steel in Chester, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia and then with the Repauno Corporation. Upon Repauno's acquisition by the DuPont Company, he moved to the General Motors Division in Michigan, where he was Treasurer with the Buick Motor Company from 1918 until 1930. Retiring early, he returned to Wilmington and entered politics. Beginning as a Republican Party committeeman, Bacon was elected to three terms as Mayor of Wilmington, first in 1935 and again in 1937 and 1939.

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William A. Stone
William Alexis Stone (April 18, 1846 – March 1, 1920) was the 22nd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1899 to 1903.
Stone was born in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania. In 1864, Stone enlisted in the Union Army as a private during the American Civil War, and became a second lieutenant in 1865. He continued his military service after the war in the Pennsylvania National Guard. He attended Mansfield State Normal School and taught while studying law.
In 1872, he was appointed as a clerk for the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives and was later appointed district attorney for western Pennsylvania by President Rutherford B. Hayes. He held that post until 1886 when he violated President Chester A. Arthur's edict for political office-holders not to campaign for political candidates. Stone campaigned for James A. Beaver, and his removal only increased his popularity.
He served four terms in the United States House of Representatives before running for governor in 1898. During his term in office, Pennsylvania's state debt was eliminated, and a new capitol building was commissioned. After serving as governor, Stone joined his son in private law practice in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he died at age 73.

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William B. Cooper
William Barkley Cooper (December 16, 1771 – April 29, 1849) was an American farmer and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, then later the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Cooper was born in Laurel, Delaware, son of Isaac and Comfort Townsend Barkley Cooper. His grandfather, Barkley Townsend, came to Laurel in 1768 from Dorchester County, Maryland and at one time owned nearly the whole area. His father served in the Delaware General Assembly, was a member of the Delaware convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution in 1787, and was a member of the 1792 Delaware Constitutional Convention. His brother, Thomas Cooper, also served in the Delaware General Assembly and was one of the U.S. Representatives from Delaware from 1813 until 1817.
William Cooper married Nancy Jones in 1795, and had one child, William T. After her death, he married Nelly Warren in 1816, and after her death, he married for the third time, Jane Townsend Palmer in 1828. There were no children by either of the later marriages. They lived at the southeast corner of 4th and King Street in Laurel and were members of the Methodist Church. He served as an ensign in the Delaware militia, 5th Company, 9th Regiment, and later was commissioned captain of the 3rd Brigade of the Troop of Horse.

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William Bigler
William Bigler (January 1, 1814 – August 9, 1880) was the 12th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855, and later a U.S. Senator for the Democratic Party.
Bigler was born in rural Pennsylvania and received little formal education; he studied informally under his elder brother John Bigler (later governor of California), publisher of the Centre County Democrat newspaper. Bigler founded his own political newspaper, the Clearfield Democrat, in 1833, and later became wealthy in the lumber business. In the 1840s he served in the Pennsylvania senate, and he defeated incumbent governor William F. Johnston for the governor's seat in 1851. Although Bigler opposed slavery in principle, he supported the federal government's Fugitive Slave Act and the pro-slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act. He was defeated for a second term by James Pollock, the candidate of the newly formed Republican Party. Following his term as governor, he served in the United States Senate from 1856 to 1861.
Bigler Hall on the University Park campus of Penn State is named after William Bigler.

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William Cannon
William Cannon (March 15, 1809 – March 1, 1865) was an American merchant and politician from Bridgeville, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party and later the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware during much of the Civil War.
Cannon was born at Bridgeville, in Sussex County, Delaware, son of Josiah and Nancy Bowlin Cannon. He married Margaret Ann Barker and had six children: William Laws, Lizzie A., Sallie P., Ellie S., Henry Pervis, and Philip Laws. They lived on North Main Street in Bridgeville and were members of the Methodist Church. He began working in his father’s merchandising business in Bridgeville, and gradually expanded it to include lumber, grain, grist and saw mills, and a brick yard. His business interests included peaches, banking, and newspaper publishing, and he was a Director of the Delaware Railroad. By 1864 he was probably the wealthiest man in Sussex County.
Cannon's eldest son, William Laws Cannon (1839–1863) served in the Union Army during the Civil War. He was the Captain of Company E of the First Delaware Calvary. The younger William died of exposure in 1863 during the Gettysburg Campaign.

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William Clingan
William Clingan (c.1721 – May 9, 1790) was a delegate in the Continental Congress for Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1779. He signed the Articles of Confederation.

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William D. Denney
William duHamel Denney (March 31, 1873 – November 21, 1953) was an American businessman and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a veteran of World War I and member of the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Denney was born near Dover, Delaware, son of William and Anna DuHamel Denney. He married Alice Godwin October 27, 1917, and they had two children, Alice and Anne. They lived at 201 Williams Street in Dover and were members of Christ Episcopal Church. Denney attended the Wesleyan Collegiate Institute in Dover.
He made his professional career in the insurance business, becoming the General Agent of the Hartford Insurance Company in 1908 and was a partner in the W. Charles Boyer’s Dover Insurance Agency. During World War I he left his job and served in the U.S. Army. Rising to the rank of first lieutenant, he was ordered to go to France, but three times had the orders cancelled, and never went.
Denney served one term in the Delaware House of Representatives, during the 1905-06 session, and was chosen as Speaker. He was the personal secretary to Delaware U.S. Senator Harry A. Richardson from 1907 until 1913. In 1920 he was elected Governor of Delaware, defeating the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew J. Lynch, a Georgetown lawyer.

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William Ellery
William Ellery (December 22, 1727 – February 15, 1820) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Rhode Island. In 1764, the Baptists consulted with Ellery and the Congregationalist Reverend Ezra Stiles on writing a charter for the college that became Brown University. However, Ellery and Stiles attempted to give control of the college to the Congregationalists, but the Baptists withdrew the petition until it was rewritten to assure Baptist control. Neither Ellery nor Stiles accepted appointment to the reserved Congregationalist seats on the board of trustees .
The second son of William Ellery Sr. and Elizabeth Almy, William Ellery was born in Newport and received his early education from his father, a merchant and Harvard College graduate. In 1747 William Ellery graduated from Harvard College where he had excelled in Greek and Latin. Ellery returned to Newport where he worked first as a merchant, next as a customs collector, and then as Clerk of the Rhode Island General Assembly. Ellery started practicing law in 1770 at the age of 43 and became active in the Rhode Island Sons of Liberty.

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William F. Johnston
William Freame Johnston (November 29, 1808 – October 25, 1872) was the 11th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1848 to 1852. A lawyer by training, Johnston became district attorney of Westmoreland County at the age of 21 in 1829. He was elected to the Pennsylvania state legislature and switched from the Democratic Party to the Whig Party in 1847 to run for the Pennsylvania Senate.
He was named Senate Speaker in 1848 and, upon the resignation of Governor Francis Shunk, assumed the position of governor. Although, because of the transition, Shunk could have delayed the scheduled October elections, he chose to let them proceed and was narrowly elected to the position, defeating Democratic candidate Morris Longstreth by only 297 votes. Although he was part of the Free Soil faction of Whigs opposed to slavery, Johnston faced the federal Fugitive Slave Act and fought its enforcement in Pennsylvania. Johnston lost re-election to Democrat William Bigler in 1851.
Johnston Commons on Penn State University is named for the former governor.

wn.com/William_F._Johnston
William F. Packer
William Fisher Packer (April 2, 1807 – September 27, 1870) was the 14th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1858 to 1861. His father was James Packer from Chester County, Pennsylvania and his mother was Charity Packer. His ancestry was primarily Quakers from Philadelphia. When William was seven years old, his father died, leaving him and his four siblings to help run the house.
At the age of 13, he began work as a printer's apprentice at the Sunbury Public Inquirer and later at the Bellefonte Patriot. He also worked as a journeyman at Simon Cameron's newspaper the Pennsylvania Intelligencer in Harrisburg.
Packer studied law in Williamsport, Pennsylvania under future member of Congress Joseph Biles Anthony but did not practice, choosing instead to stay in the newspaper business. In 1827, he purchased a controlling share in the Lycoming Gazette which he published until 1836. While working at the Lycoming Gazette, he began an early foray into politics as a major supporter of the construction of the West Branch of the Pennsylvania Canal. The state legislators in Philadelphia had opposed funding the construction and Packer penned an address to Philadelphia to raise public support for the project. The campaign worked and the Philadelphia delegation reversed their position to support the canal.

wn.com/William_F._Packer
William Floyd
William Floyd (December 17, 1734 – August 4, 1821) was an American politician from New York, and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.
William Floyd was born in Brookhaven, Long Island, into a family of English and Welsh origins and took over the family farm when his father died. His great-grandfather Richard Floyd was born in Brecknockshire, Wales in about 1620 and settled in the Province of New York. William Floyd was a member of the Suffolk County Militia in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, becoming Major General.
He was a delegate from New York in the First Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He was a member of the New York State Senate (Southern D.) from 1777 to 1788. In March 1789, he was elected to the 1st United States Congress under the new Constitution as an Anti-Administration candidate and served until March 3, 1791.
Floyd was a presidential elector in 1792, voting for George Washington and George Clinton.
In 1795, Floyd ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York with Robert Yates on the Democratic-Republican ticket, but they were defeated by Federalists John Jay and Stephen Van Rensselaer.

wn.com/William_Floyd
William H. H. Ross
William Henry Harrison Ross (June 2, 1814 – June 30, 1887) was an American farmer and politician from Seaford, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party who served as Governor of Delaware.
Ross was born in Laurel, Delaware, son of Caleb and Letitia Lofland Ross. He grew up in Laurel, attending the Laurel Academy, and later went to Claremount Academy in Pennsylvania. The Ross family had many business interests and William added to them by beginning to grow peaches on their property. Like his father, he one day would become a director of the Farmer's Bank.
He married Emeline Hall in 1840 and they had ten children, Letitia Lofland, Caleb, George Hall, James Jefferson, William Madison, Edward C., Sarah A., Mary G., Laura F., and John Wood. They lived at the Ross Mansion, just north of Seaford and were members of the Methodist Church.
Ross was a regular delegate to the Democratic National Convention, attending in 1844, 1848, 1856, and 1860. In his only attempt at public office, Ross ran for Governor in 1850, against Thomas Lockwood of Frederica. Lockwood, the Temperance Party candidate, was the main contender, there being no effective Whigs candidate. Ross ran with U.S. Representative George R. Riddle and a slogan of "Ross, Riddle and Reform." They were both successful and Ross served as Governor of Delaware from January 21, 1851 until January 14, 1855. At age 36, he was the youngest person ever elected Governor of Delaware.

wn.com/William_H._H._Ross
William Hooper
William Hooper (June 28, 1742 – October 14, 1790) was an American lawyer, politician, and a member of the Continental Congress representing North Carolina from 1774 through 1777. Hooper was also a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, along with fellow North Carolinians Joseph Hewes and John Penn.
Hooper was the first child of five, born in Boston, Massachusetts, on June 28, 1742. His father, William Hooper, was a Scottish minister who studied at the University of Edinburgh prior to immigrating to Boston, and his mother, Mary Dennie, was the daughter of John Dennie, a well-respected merchant from Massachusetts. Hooper’s father had hoped that Hooper would follow in his footsteps as an Episcopal minister, and at the age of seven placed Hooper in Boston Latin School headed by Mr. John Lovell, a highly distinguished educator in Massachusetts. In 1757, at the age of fifteen, Hooper entered Harvard University where he was considered an industrious student and was highly regarded. In 1760 Hooper graduated from Harvard with honors, obtaining a bachelors of arts. However, after graduating Hooper did not wish to pursue a career in the clergy as his father had hoped. Instead, Hooper decided on a career in law, studying under James Otis, a popular attorney in Boston who was regarded as a radical. Hooper studied under Otis until 1764, and once completing his bar exam decided to leave Massachusetts in part due to the abundance of lawyers in Boston.

wn.com/William_Hooper
William Scranton
William Warren Scranton (born July 19, 1917) is a former U.S. Republican Party politician. Scranton served as the 38th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967. From 1976 to 1977, he served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
William Scranton was born while the Scranton family was on vacation at a cottage in Madison, Connecticut. He was the son of Worthington Scranton, a wealthy Pennsylvania businessman, and Marion Margery Scranton, a member of the Republican National Committee for over two decades. Despite her own involvement in politics, his mother tried to dissuade him from entering politics, due to his childhood struggles with asthma, believing that the stress of campaigning would be detrimental to his frail health. Mrs. Scranton died just before her son's election to Congress in 1960. He is the grandson of Joe Scranton, a U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania. Scranton family members were the founders and patriarchs of the city of Scranton, Pennsylvania. He is also a nephew by marriage of former U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Davis, a confidante of President Abraham Lincoln. His maternal ancestors came to America on the Mayflower.

wn.com/William_Scranton
William T. Watson
William Tharp Watson (June 22, 1849 – April 14, 1917) was an American banker and politician from Milford, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Watson was born in Milford, Delaware, son of Bethuel & Ruth Tharp Watson and grandson of Governor William Tharp. He attended Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland and for a time lived in Philadelphia. He returned to Milford, where he worked with the Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Railroad and the First National Bank. Watson married Harriet Beale and had one child, William Jr. They lived at 600 North Walnut Street, Milford, and were members of Christ Episcopal Church in Milford.
At the turn of the twentieth century Delaware was going through a political transformation. Most obvious to the public was the unprecedented division in the Republican Party caused, in part, by the ambitions of J. Edward "Gas" Addicks for a seat in the U.S. Senate. A gas company industrialist, he spent vast amounts of his own fortune to rebuild the Republican Party in Delaware, seemingly for that purpose. This effort was very successful in heavily Democratic Kent County and Sussex County, where he financed the organization of a faction that came to be known as "Union Republicans." Meanwhile he was making bitter enemies of the New Castle County "Regular Republicans," who considered him nothing more than a carpetbagger from Philadelphia.

wn.com/William_T._Watson
William Tharp
William Tharp (November 27, 1803 – January 9, 1865) was an American farmer and politician from Milford, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Tharp was born in Farmington, Delaware, the son of James and Eunice Fleming Tharp. His great grandfather had settled near Frankford, Delaware in 1735. His father died in 1829 and he married Mary A. Johnson about the same time. They had five children: Ruth, Mary Elizabeth, Martina, Williamina, and Ann Purnell. Through his wife that he inherited his first home on U.S. Highway 13 at Farmington, and began the accumulation of a considerable amount of farmland which he managed for the rest of his life. When he was elected Governor in 1847, the family moved to Milford and lived at the northeast corner of Church and Front Streets. They were members of the Presbyterian Church and among the organizers of a new congregation in Milford in 1849.
Throughout the 19th century Delaware politics was characterized by a conservative down state, agrarian and small business majority, in opposition to a Wilmington based industrialist minority. This majority was lead into the Whig Party by John M. Clayton. Having lost three straight elections for governor, the minority Democratic Party found a candidate of their own from down state in Tharp.

wn.com/William_Tharp
William Whipple
William Whipple, Jr. (January 14, 1730 – November 28, 1785) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Hampshire.
Whipple was born at Kittery, Maine, and educated at a common school studying how to be a merchant, judge, and a soldier until he went off to sea. He became a Ship's Master by the age of twenty-three. In 1759 he landed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and in partnership with his brother established himself as a merchant. He married his first cousin Katherine Moffat some time around 1770 to 1771.
In 1775, he was elected to represent his town at the Provincial Congress. In 1776 New Hampshire dissolved the Royal government and reorganized with a House of Representatives and an Executive Council. Whipple became a Council member, and a member of the Committee of Safety, and was elected to the Continental Congress, serving there through 1779.
In 1777, he was made Brigadier General of the New Hampshire Militia, participating in the successful expedition against General Burgoyne at the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga raising and commanding a brigade (9th, 10th, 13th and 16th) of New Hampshire militia during the campaign. In 1778, General Whipple led another New Hampshire militia brigade (4th, 5th, 15th, Peabody's and Langdon's) at the Battle of Rhode Island. His slave, Prince Whipple, followed the General to war and served with him throughout. William Whipple, freed his slave Prince, having believed he could not fight for liberty and own a slave.

wn.com/William_Whipple

Thomas Mckean - Wiki Article

Thomas McKean (March 19, 1734 -- June 24, 1817) was an American lawyer and politician from...

published: 05 Nov 2012

author: WikiPlays

1985 Thomas McKean High School Marching Band

November 2nd 1985 Chapter III Championships at Plymouth Whitemarsh, PA. McKean won the Cha...

published: 24 Oct 2011

author: Joseph Wirt

Thomas McKean

A brief highlight on the life of Thomas McKean, a signer of the Declaration of Independenc...

published: 13 Sep 2012

author: FreedomProjectDotCom

Seasons of Love - Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012

Thomas McKean HS Class of 2012.. Wilmington, DE...

published: 13 Jun 2012

author: Maximo121091

Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012 (Part 1)

Thomas McKean HS Class of 2012...

published: 12 Jun 2012

author: Maximo121091

Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012 (Part 2)

Thomas McKean HS Class of 2012...

published: 12 Jun 2012

author: Maximo121091

Thomas McKean High School CLASS OF 2012 (Part 3)

Thomas McKean HS class of 2012...

published: 12 Jun 2012

author: Maximo121091

Thomas Mckean Winter Pep Rally 2012

McKean High School Winter Pep Rally 2012...

published: 18 Jul 2012

author: AfricannQueen93

1986 Thomas McKean Highlander Marching Band

1986 Atlantic Coast Championships November 9th, 1986 in Langhorne, PA. McKean finished 2nd...

published: 31 Oct 2011

author: Joseph Wirt

2011 Thomas McKean HS.m4v

2011 Jefferson Awards Students In Action presentations from Thomas McKean High School...

published: 16 Nov 2011

author: JeffersonAwards

1984 Thomas McKean Highlander Marching Band

1984 Atlantic Coast Championships in Langhorne, PA. McKean placed 4th in Group II Competit...

published: 28 Oct 2011

author: Joseph Wirt

1986 Thomas McKean "Backstage Pass"

November 9th, 1986. A brief "behind the scenes" video before McKean's performance at ACC's...

published: 25 Oct 2011

author: Joseph Wirt

Absence and Work Recovery at Thomas R. McKean High School

This program provides after-school sessions for students who require an alternative way to...

published: 09 May 2012

author: ContentDelaware

Thomas McKean Nut 69

haha...

published: 22 Apr 2010

author: trillzdollabillz

Nomura Powai Promotional Film

I wrote, directed and produced this film for Nomura Investment Bank...

published: 23 Aug 2010

author: Martin Thomas McKean

Vauxhall "Lifetime Warranty" 60s TVC

I wrote and directed this film for Vauxhall through Deeper Blue...

published: 20 Aug 2010

author: Martin Thomas McKean

Nokia N75 Launch Film

I wrote, directed and produced this film for Nokia...

published: 20 Aug 2010

author: Martin Thomas McKean

VXR British Touring Car Championship Highlights

I wrote, directed and produced this film for Vauxhall...

published: 20 Aug 2010

author: Martin Thomas McKean

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photo: AP / Manu Brabo

A Free Syrian Army fighter takes position close to a military base, near Azaz, Syria, Monday, Dec. 10, 2012.

Syria Rebels Holding Reporter Threaten Attacks on Russians

Novosti

13 Dec 2012

MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Syrian rebels behind the kidnapping of Ukrainian journalist Ankhar Kochneva have released a video threatening more attacks on Russians and Ukrainians, as a deadline for her execution approaches on Thursday. Kochneva, a 40-year-old Ukrainian citizen, was abducted in October by Syrian rebels as she traveled to the city of Homs, and has been held there by them since, they claim ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

photo: AP / Bullit Marquez

Soldiers unload another victim of typhoon Bopha as retrieval operations continue at the hardest hit New Bataan township, Compostela Valley in southern Philippines Sunday Dec. 9, 2012. The number of missing in the wake of a typhoon that devastated parts of the southern Philippines has jumped to nearly 900 after families and fishing companies reported losing contact with more than 300 fishermen in the South China Sea and Pacific Ocean, officials said Sunday.

Typhoon ‘Pablo’ toll: 714 confirmed dead, 890 missing

The Daily Tribune

11 Dec 2012

The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)

photo: AP / Lee Jin-man

File - Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt speaks to students during a seminar at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Sept. 28, 2012.

Google boss Eric Schmidt: I'm proud of our tax avoidance scheme...it's called capitalism

Belfast Telegraph

13 Dec 2012

The head of the internet giant Google has defiantly defended his company’s tax avoidance strategy claiming he was “proud” of the steps it had taken to cut its tax bill which were just “capitalism”. In an interview in New York Eric Schmidt, Google’s Chairman, confirmed the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer ... “I am very proud of the structure that we set up ... ” ....(size: 3.7Kb)

photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office

Russian President Vladimir Putin gives an address to the Federal Assembly at the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, 12 December, 2012.

Vladimir Putin warns against foreign meddling

The Times of India

12 Dec 2012

MOSCOW. Russia President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday denounced opponents who receive financial assistance from abroad and vowed that the country would not allow democracy to be imposed from the outside. Putin said in his first annual state-of-the-nation address since he returned to the Kremlin for a third term that it should be illegal for anyone who receives money from abroad to be a politician in Russia ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)

photo: AP / KCNA

In this Dec. 12, 2012 photo released by Korean Central News Agency, North Korea's Unha-3 rocket lifts off from the Sohae launch pad in Tongchang-ri, North Korea. The satellite that North Korea launched on board the long-range rocket is orbiting normally, South Korea said on Thursday.

North Koreans mark rocket success as South finds debris

BBC News

14 Dec 2012

North Koreans have gathered in Pyongyang for a mass rally to celebrate Wednesday's long-range rocket launch. State television showed huge crowds cheering to mark the launch, which has been condemned by many nations as a banned test of missile technology. South Korea, meanwhile, says it has retrieved debris from the rocket and will study it to assess its technology. The first stage of the rocket fell west of the Korean peninsula ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)

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Choreographer spends three weeks at UD helping students explore jazz (University of Delaware)

noodls

15 Nov 2012

UD students rehearsing Overcomer's Suite in Hartshorn Hall on Nov. 9. 9.23 a.m., Nov. 15, 2012--It is a Sunday afternoon as Laurie Taylor leaves Thomas McKean Hall and heads to central campus. However, Taylor is not just another University of Delaware student trudging to the library or headed to brunch in the dining hall but an accomplished choreographer taking up residency in Delaware for three weeks ... "Don't be afraid." ... (noodl....(size: 5.8Kb)

Saturday's Scores

my SA

03 Nov 2012

PREP FOOTBALL ... St ... Thomas McKean 28, Conrad 6 ....(size: 0.3Kb)

America's founders were Christians, not secular, Deist or Illuminati, part one

The Examiner

18 Oct 2012

Advertisement ... Certainly, no one questions his patriotism; so is it not rather ridiculous to question his Christianity? George Washington was a devout Episcopalian; and although as an Episcopalian he would not be classified as an outspoken and extrovert "evangelical" Founder as were Founding Fathers like Benjamin Rush, Roger Sherman, and Thomas McKean, nevertheless, being an Episcopalian makes George Washington no less of a Christian....(size: 27.8Kb)

Robert Bovell: Candidate for Mayor of Wilmington

The Examiner

01 Sep 2012

Related topics. Elections 2012WilmingtonmayorcityDemocratPrimary. Advertisement. Over the past 8 years, Robert Bovell gave much of his private time to his community as he ran for local office ... “I saw something wrong, and I wanted to fix it.” ... He graduated from Thomas McKean High School in 1984; served his country in the United States Navy from 1986 to 1988; and attended college in Yokosuka, Japan, as well as at the University of Maryland....(size: 13.9Kb)

Reputed mob boss Mark Rossetti gets 7 to 9 years in prison

Boston Herald

26 Jul 2012

Judge Thomas A ... His lawyer, Thomas McKean, said afterward that Rossetti expected a longer sentence ... he’s killed numerous people.” But a judge didn’t allow prosecutors to mention Rossetti’s alleged mafia ties during the case, though McKean acknowledged today they’ll likely play a role in the prosecution of future cases....(size: 2.9Kb)

Is Independence Day just an American dream? Some common myths about July 4, 1776

The Daily Mail

04 Jul 2012

Thomas Jefferson's glorious and much quoted preamble, was just a preamble and not part of the legally operative words of the document which followed ... The second President, Thomas McKean, merely filled out the rest of Huntington's term, but it was McKean who received the dispatches from General Washington about Cornwallis' surrender....(size: 12.9Kb)

Declaration of Independence

Lexington Herald-Leader

04 Jul 2012

Here is the complete text of the Declaration of Independence. The original spelling and capitalization have been retained ... Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean ... Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton ... George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton ... Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton....(size: 9.5Kb)

Happy Independence Day!

Huffington Post

03 Jul 2012

Happy Second of July, everyone! Happy Independence Day!. Now, you may be thinking. "Has Chris gone bonkers? Why is he jumping the gun, two days early?" The answers to these important queries are ... So there ... "But... Well... August 2nd is the date that most of the men actually signed the document -- although many of them would not do so until months afterwards (one, Thomas McKean of Delaware, wouldn't actually sign the document until 1777) ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)

The Dunlap Broadsides were published in 1776

The Examiner

25 Jun 2012

John Dunlap was born in Tyrone, County Strabane, Ireland in 1747. He immigrated to America at a young age and when he was 10, John became an apprentice publisher. His career began in Philadelphia under the tutorage of his uncle, William Dunlap, a printer and book publisher ... At that time, he sold his shop to John ... Signatures would continue to be added over a period of time until Thomas McKean added the final signature as late as 1781....(size: 12.2Kb)

Listen my children and you shall hear, the midnight ride of Caesar Rodney

The Examiner

17 May 2012

He received the majority of his education at home from his parents ... Advertisement ... Delaware’s other two delegates, Thomas McKean and George Read, had opposing thoughts; McKean favoring and Read against ... Knowing Rodney’s thoughts to be in favor of the declaration, McKean sent a special message to him in an effort to hasten his return. When McKean’s message reached him on July 1, 1776, Rodney immediately headed back to Philadelphia....(size: 9.4Kb)

Thomas McKean was the Lower Counties' most outspoken representative

The Examiner

16 May 2012

The second child of William McKean and Letitia Finney, Thomas McKean (also spelled M’Kean), was born on March 19, 1734 in New London Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania ... Dormitories on the campuses of the University of Delaware and Penn State now wear his name, as do McKean Street in Philadelphia, McKean County, Pennsylvania and Thomas McKean High School in New Castle County, Delaware....(size: 10.4Kb)

A career in politics isn't automatically mockable

Austin American Statesman

06 May 2012

His opposition would almost certainly and negatively call him a career politician. You might agree. Or you might call him Thomas Jefferson ... Gov ... The list goes on, from James Madison, whose political career stretches across 40 years, to John Jay, who served in government for more than 25 years, to, say, Thomas McKean, a signer of the Declaration of Independence who held public office of some kind for 45 years ... Think of Thomas Jefferson ... ....(size: 7.9Kb)

Thursday's Scores

my SA

17 Feb 2012

BOYS BASKETBALL. Cape Henlopen 62, Milford 45 ... Mt ... St ... Conrad 40, Thomas McKean 30 ... St ... ....(size: 0.5Kb)

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Thomas McKean

Portrait by Charles Willson Peale
2nd Governor of Pennsylvania
In office December 17, 1799 – December 20, 1808
Preceded by	Thomas Mifflin
Succeeded by	Simon Snyder
Chief Justice of Pennsylvania
In office July 28, 1777 – December 17, 1799
Preceded by	Benjamin Chew
Succeeded by	Edward Shippen
8th President of the Continental Congress
In office July 10, 1781 – November 4, 1781
Preceded by	Samuel Huntington
Succeeded by	John Hanson
Continental Congressman from Delaware
In office December 17, 1777 – February 1, 1783
In office August 2, 1774 – November 7, 1776
President of Delaware
In office September 22, 1777 – October 20, 1777
Preceded by	John McKinly
Succeeded by	George Read
Personal details
Born	(1734-03-19)March 19, 1734 New London Township, Pennsylvania
Died	June 24, 1817(1817-06-24) (aged 83) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Political party	Federalist Democratic-Republican
Spouse(s)	Mary Borden Sarah Armitage
Residence	New Castle, Delaware Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Profession	lawyer
Religion	Presbyterian
Signature

Thomas McKean (March 19, 1734 – June 24, 1817) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the American Revolution he was a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the United States Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. McKean served as a President of Congress. He was at various times a member of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. McKean served as President of Delaware, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and Governor of Pennsylvania.

1 Early life and family
2 Colonial career
3 American Revolution
4 Government of Delaware
5 Government of Pennsylvania
6 Death and legacy
7 Almanac
8 Notes
9 References
10 Images
11 External links
12 Places with more information

Early life and family [link]

Governor Thomas McKean and his son, Thomas McKean, Jr. (Charles Willson Peale, 1787)

Sarah Armitage McKean with their daughter Maria Louisa (Charles Willson Peale, 1787)

McKean was born in New London Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, the son of William McKean and Letitia Finney. His father was a tavern-keeper in New London and both his parents were Ulster-Scots who came to Pennsylvania from Ireland as children. Mary Borden was his first wife. They married in 1763, lived at 22 The Strand in New Castle, Delaware. They had six children: Joseph, Robert, Elizabeth, Letitia, Mary, and Anne. Mary Borden McKean died in 1773 and is buried at Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle. Sarah Armitage was McKean’s second wife. They married in 1774, lived at the northeast corner of 3rd and Pine Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and had four children, Sarah, Thomas, Sophia, and Maria. They were members of the New Castle Presbyterian Church in New Castle and the First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia. Sarah's son, Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 2nd Marquis of Casa Irujo, would later become Prime Minister of Spain.

Colonial career [link]

McKean's education began at the Reverend Francis Allison's New London Academy. At the age of sixteen he went to New Castle, Delaware to begin the study of law under his cousin, David Finney. In 1755 he was admitted to the Bar of the Lower Counties, as Delaware was then known, and likewise in the Province of Pennsylvania the following year. In 1756 he was appointed deputy Attorney General for Sussex County. From the 1762/63 session through the 1775/76 session he was a member of the General Assembly of the Lower Counties, serving as its Speaker in 1772/73. From July 1765, he also served as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas and began service as the customs collector at New Castle in 1771. In November 1765 his Court of Common Pleas became the first such court in the colonies to establish a rule that all the proceedings of the court be recorded on un-stamped paper.

Eighteenth century Delaware was politically divided into loose political factions known as the "Court Party" and the "Country Party." The majority Court Party was generally Anglican, strongest in Kent and Sussex counties and worked well with the colonial Proprietary government, and was in favor of reconciliation with the British government. The minority Country Party was largely Ulster-Scot, centered in New Castle County, and quickly advocated independence from the British. McKean was the epitome of the Country party politician and was, as much as anyone, its leader. As such, he generally worked in partnership with Caesar Rodney from Kent County, and in opposition to his friend and neighbor, George Read.

British revenue stamp

At the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, McKean and Caesar Rodney represented Delaware. McKean proposed the voting procedure that the Continental Congress later adopted: that each colony, regardless of size or population, have one vote. This decision set the precedent, the Congress of the Articles of Confederation adopted the practice, and the principle of state equality continued in the composition of the United States Senate.

McKean quickly became one of the most influential members of the Stamp Act Congress. He was on the committee that drew the memorial to Parliament, and with John Rutledge and Philip Livingston, revised its proceedings. On the last day of its session, when the business session ended, Timothy Ruggles, the president of the body, and a few other more cautious members, refused to sign the memorial of rights and grievances. McKean arose and addressing the chair insisted that the president give his reasons for his refusal. After refusing at first, Ruggles remarked, "it was against his conscience." McKean then disputed his use of the word "conscience" so loudly and so long that a challenge was given by Ruggles and accepted in the presence of the congress. However, Ruggles left the next morning at daybreak, so that the duel did not take place.^[1]

American Revolution [link]

The presentation of the Declaration of Independence to Congress. [1]

In spite of his primary residence in Philadelphia, McKean remained the effective leader for American Independence in Delaware. Along with George Read and Caesar Rodney, he was one of Delaware's delegates to the First Continental Congress in 1774 and the Second Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776.

Being an outspoken advocate of independence, McKean's was a key voice in persuading others to vote for a split with Great Britain. When Congress began debating a resolution of independence in June 1776 Caesar Rodney was absent. George Read was against independence, which meant that the Delaware delegation was split between McKean and Read and therefore could not vote in favor of independence. McKean requested that the absent Rodney rode all night from Dover to break the tie. After the vote in favor of independence on July 2, McKean participated in the debate over the wording of the official Declaration of Independence, which was approved on July 4.

A few days after McKean cast his vote, he left Congress to serve as colonel in command of the Fourth Battalion of the Pennsylvania Associators, a militia unit created by Benjamin Franklin in 1747. They joined Washington's defense of New York City at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Being away, he was not available when most of the signers placed their signatures on the Declaration of Independence on August 2, 1776. Since his signature did not appear on the printed copy that was authenticated on January 17, 1777, it is assumed that he signed after that date, possibly as late as 1781.^[2]

In a conservative reaction against the advocates of American independence, the 1776/77 Delaware General Assembly did not reelect either McKean or Caesar Rodney to the Continental Congress in October 1776. However, the British occupation following the Battle of Brandywine swung opinions enough that McKean was returned to Congress in October 1777 by the 1777/78 Delaware General Assembly. He then served continuously until February 1, 1783. McKean helped draft the Articles of Confederation and voted for their adoption on March 1, 1781.

When poor health caused Samuel Huntington, to resign as President of Congress in July 1781, McKean was elected as his successor. He served from July 10, 1781, until November 4, 1781. The President of Congress was a mostly ceremonial position with no real authority, but the office did require McKean to handle a good deal of correspondence and sign official documents.^[3] During his time in office, Lord Cornwallis's British army surrendered at Yorktown, effectively ending the war.

Government of Delaware [link]

Thomas McKean

Meanwhile, McKean led the effort in the General Assembly of Delaware to declare its separation from the British government, which it did on June 15, 1776. Then, in August, he was elected to the special convention to draft a new state constitution. Upon hearing of it, McKean made the long ride to Dover, Delaware from Philadelphia in a single day, went to a room in an Inn, and that night, virtually by himself, drafted the document. It was adopted September 20, 1776. The Delaware Constitution of 1776 thus became the first state constitution to be produced after the Declaration of Independence.

McKean was then elected to Delaware's first House of Assembly for both the 1776/77 and 1778/79 sessions, succeeding John McKinly as Speaker on February 12, 1777 when McKinly became President of Delaware. Shortly after President McKinly's capture and imprisonment, McKean served as the President of Delaware for a month from September 22, 1777 until October 20, 1777. That was the time needed for the rightful successor to John McKinly, the Speaker of the Legislative Council, George Read, to return from the Continental Congress in Philadelphia and assume the duties.

At this time, immediately after the Battle of Brandywine, the British Army occupied Wilmington and much of northern New Castle County. Its navy also controlled the lower Delaware River and Delaware Bay. As a result the state capital, New Castle, was unsafe as a meeting place, and the Sussex County seat, Lewes, was sufficiently disrupted by Loyalists that it was unable to hold a valid general election that autumn. As President, McKean was primarily occupied with recruitment of the militia and with keeping some semblance of civic order in the portions of the state still under his control.

Delaware General Assembly (sessions while President)
Year	Assembly		Senate Majority	Speaker		House Majority	Speaker
1776/77	1st		non-partisan	George Read		non-partisan	vacant

Government of Pennsylvania [link]

McKean started his long tenure as Chief Justice of Pennsylvania on July 28, 1777 and served in that capacity until 1799. There he largely set the rules of justice for revolutionary Pennsylvania. According to biographer John Coleman, "only the historiographical difficulty of reviewing court records and other scattered documents prevents recognition that McKean, rather than John Marshall, did more than anyone else to establish an independent judiciary in the United States. As chief justice under a Pennsylvania constitution he considered flawed, he assumed it the right of the court to strike down legislative acts it deemed unconstitutional, preceding by ten years the U.S. Supreme Court's establishment of the doctrine of judicial review. He augmented the rights of defendants and sought penal reform, but on the other hand was slow to recognize expansion of the legal rights of women and the processes in the state's gradual elimination of slavery."

He was a member of the convention of Pennsylvania, which ratified the Constitution of the U.S. In the Pennsylvania State Constitutional Convention of 1789/90, he argued for a strong executive and was himself at that time a Federalist. Nevertheless, in 1796, dissatisfied with Federalist domestic policies and compromises with England, he became an outspoken Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic-Republican.

Letter from Thomas Mckean to Israel Shreve, 1792

McKean was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, and served three terms from December 17, 1799 until December 20, 1808. In 1799 he defeated the Federalist Party nominee, James Ross, and again more easily in 1802. At first, McKean ousted Federalists from state government positions. Because of that he has been called the father of the spoils system. However, in seeking a third term in 1805, McKean was at odds with factions of his own Democratic-Republican Party and the Pennsylvania General Assembly instead nominated Speaker Simon Snyder for Governor. McKean then forged an alliance with Federalists, called "the Quids," and defeated Snyder. Afterwards, he began removing Jeffersonians from state positions.

The governor's beliefs in strong executive and judicial powers were bitterly denounced by the influential Aurora newspaper publisher, William Duane, and the Philadelphia populist, Dr. Michael Leib. After they led public attacks calling for his impeachment, McKean filed a partially successful libel suit against Duane in 1805. The Pennsylvania House of Representatives impeached the governor in 1807, but his friends prevented a trial for the rest of his term and the matter was dropped. When the suit was settled after McKean left office, his son Joseph angrily criticized Duane's attorney for alleging, out of context, that McKean referred to the people of Pennsylvania as "Clodpoles" (clodhoppers).^[4]

Thomas McKean

Some of McKean's other accomplishments included expanding free education for all and, at age eighty, leading a Philadelphia citizens group to organize a strong defense during the War of 1812. He spent his retirement in Philadelphia, writing, discussing political affairs and enjoying the considerable wealth he had earned through investments and real estate.

Death and legacy [link]

McKean was a member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati in 1785 and was subsequently its vice-president. Princeton College gave him the degree of L.L.D. in 1781, Dartmouth College presented the same honor in 1782, and the University of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of A.M. in 1763 and L.L.D. in 1785. With Professor John Wilson he published "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States" in 1790.

McKean died in Philadelphia and was buried in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery there. In 1843, his body was moved to the Laurel Hill Cemetery, also in Philadelphia. McKean County, Pennsylvania is named in his honor, as is Thomas McKean High School in New Castle County is named in his honor, as is McKean Street in Philadelphia, and the McKean Hall dormitory at the University of Delaware. Penn State University also has a residence hall and a campus road named for him.

McKean was over six feet tall, always wore a large cocked hat and carried a gold-headed cane. He was a man of quick temper and vigorous personality, "with a thin face, hawk's nose and hot eyes." John Adams described him as "one of the three men in the Continental Congress who appeared to me to see more clearly to the end of the business than any others in the body." As Chief Justice and Governor of Pennsylvania he was frequently the center of controversy.^[5]^[6]

Almanac [link]

Delaware elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Assemblymen had a one year term. The whole General Assembly chose the Continental Congressmen for a one year term and the State President for a three year term. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas were also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed. McKean served as State President only temporarily, filling the vacancy created by John McKinly's capture and resignation and awaiting the arrival of George Read.

Pennsylvania elections were held in October as well. The Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council was created in 1776 and counsellors were popularly elected for three-year terms. A joint ballot of the Pennsylvania General Assembly and the Council chose the President from among the twelve Counsellors for a one-year term. The Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court was also selected by the General Assembly and Council for the life of the person appointed.

Public Offices
Office	State	Type	Location	Began office	Ended office	notes
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1763	October 20, 1764
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1764	October 21, 1765
Judge	Lower Counties	Judiciary	New Castle	1765	1774	Court of Common Pleas
Delegate	Lower Counties	Legislature	New York	October 7, 1765	October 19, 1765	Stamp Act Congress ^[7]
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 21, 1765	October 20, 1766
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1766	October 20, 1767
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1767	October 20, 1768
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1768	October 20, 1769
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1769	October 20, 1770
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1770	October 21, 1771
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 21, 1771	October 20, 1772
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1772	October 20, 1773	Speaker
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1773	October 20, 1774
Delegate	Lower Counties	Legislature	Philadelphia	September 5, 1774	October 26, 1774	Continental Congress
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1774	October 20, 1775
Delegate	Lower Counties	Legislature	Philadelphia	May 10, 1775	October 21, 1775	Continental Congress
Assemblyman	Lower Counties	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1775	June 15, 1776
Delegate	Lower Counties	Legislature	Philadelphia	October 21, 1775	November 7, 1776	Continental Congress
Delegate	Delaware	Convention	Dover	August 27, 1776	September 21, 1776	State Constitution
State Representative	Delaware	Legislature	New Castle	October 28, 1776	September 22, 1777	Speaker ^[8]
Chief Justice	Pennsylvania	Judiciary	Philadelphia	July 28, 1777	December 17, 1799	State Supreme Court
State President	Delaware	Executive	New Castle	September 22, 1777	October 20, 1777	Acting ^[9]
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	York	December 17, 1777	June 27, 1778	Continental Congress
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	July 2, 1778	January 18, 1779	Continental Congress
State Representative	Delaware	Legislature	Dover	October 20, 1778	October 20, 1779
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	January 18, 1779	December 22, 1779	Continental Congress
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	December 24, 1779	February 10, 1781	Continental Congress
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	February 10, 1781	March 1, 1781	Continental Congress
President	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	March 1, 1781	November 4, 1781	Confederation Congress ^[10]
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	November 5, 1781	February 2, 1782	Confederation Congress
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	February 2, 1782	November 2, 1782	Confederation Congress
Delegate	Delaware	Legislature	Philadelphia	November 4, 1782	February 1, 1783	Confederation Congress
Delegate	Pennsylvania	Convention	Philadelphia	1789	1790	State Constitution
Governor	Pennsylvania	Executive	Philadelphia	December 17, 1799	December 15, 1802
Governor	Pennsylvania	Executive	Philadelphia	December 15, 1802	December 18, 1805
Governor	Pennsylvania	Executive	Philadelphia	December 18, 1805	December 20, 1808

Delaware General Assembly service
Dates	Assembly	Chamber	Majority	Governor	Committees	District
1776/77	1st	State House	non-partisan	John McKinly	Speaker	New Castle at-large
1778/79	3rd	State House	non-partisan	Caesar Rodney		New Castle at-large

Election results
Year	Office	State	Subject	Party	Votes	%	Opponent	Party	Votes	%
1799	Governor	Pennsylvania	Thomas McKean	Republican	38,036	54%	James Ross	Federalist	32,641	46%
1802	Governor	Pennsylvania	Thomas McKean	Republican	47,879	83%	James Ross	Federalist	9,499	17%
1805	Governor	Pennsylvania	Thomas McKean	Independent	43,644	53%	Simon Snyder	Republican	38,438	47%

v t e Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence

J. Adams S. Adams Bartlett Braxton Carroll Chase Clark Clymer Ellery Floyd Franklin Gerry Gwinnett Hall Hancock Harrison Hart Hewes Heyward Hooper Hopkins Hopkinson Huntington Jefferson F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Livingston Lynch McKean Middleton L. Morris R. Morris Morton Nelson Paca Paine Penn Read Rodney Ross Rush Rutledge Sherman Smith Stockton Stone Taylor Thornton Walton Whipple Williams Wilson Witherspoon Wolcott Wythe

v t e Signers of the Articles of Confederation

A. Adams · S. Adams · T. Adams · Banister · Bartlett · Carroll · Clingan · Collins · Dana · Dickinson · Drayton · Duane · Duer · Ellery · Gerry · Hancock · Hanson · Harnett · Harvie · Heyward · Holten · Hosmer · Huntington · Hutson · Langworthy · Laurens · F. Lee · R. Lee · Lewis · Lovell · Marchant · Mathews · McKean · G. Morris · R. Morris · Penn · Reed · Roberdeau · Scudder · Sherman · Smith · Telfair · Van Dyke · Walton · Wentworth · Williams · Witherspoon · Wolcott

v t e Presidents of the Continental Congress

First Continental Congress	Peyton Randolph · Henry Middleton

Second Continental Congress	Peyton Randolph · John Hancock · Henry Laurens · John Jay · Samuel Huntington

Confederation Congress	Samuel Huntington · Thomas McKean · John Hanson · Elias Boudinot · Thomas Mifflin · Richard Henry Lee · John Hancock¹ · David Ramsay · Nathaniel Gorham · Nathaniel Gorham · Arthur St. Clair · Cyrus Griffin

Italics indicate acting presidents ¹ Did not serve

Notes [link]

^ Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence
^ G. S. Rowe, "McKean, Thomas". American National Biography Online, February 2000.
^ Rick K. Wilson, Congressional Dynamics: ...in the First American Congress, 1774–1789 (Stanford University Press, 1994), 76–80.
^ Pennsylvania Governors
^ Thomas McKean biography
^ Pine Run Farms - The McKean Estate
^ Members of the Delaware Assembly acted unofficially in selecting these delegates as the assembly was not in session.
^ He was elected Speaker on February 12, 1777 when John McKinly became State President
^ Speaker of the State Assembly, was third in line of succession, upon the capture of John McKinly, and in the absence of George Read.
^ He was elected President on July 10. 1781 and served until November 4, 1781

References [link]

Coleman, John M. (1984). Thomas McKean, Forgotten Leader of the Revolution. Rockaway, New Jersey: American Faculty Press. ISBN 0-912834-07-2.
Conrad, Henry C. (1908). History of the State of Delaware, 3 vols.. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham Company.
Hoffecker, Carol E. (2004). Democracy in Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Cedar Tree Books. ISBN 1-892142-23-6.
Martin, Roger A. (1984). A History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press.
Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.
Munroe, John A. (2004). The Philadelawareans. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-872-8.
Munroe, John A. (1954). Federalist Delaware 1775-1815. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University.
Munroe, John A. (1993). History of Delaware. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-493-5.
Racino, John W. (1980). Biographical Directory of American and Revolutionary Governors 1607-1789. Westport, CT: Meckler Books. ISBN 0-930466-00-4.
Rodney, Richard S. (1975). Collected Essays on Early Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Delaware.
Rowe, G.S. (1984). Thomas McKean, The Shaping of an American Republicanism. Boulder, Colorado: Colorado University Press. ISBN 0-87081-100-2.
Scharf, John Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609-1888. 2 vols.. Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co..
Swetnam, G. (1941). The Governors of Pennsylvania, 1790-1990. McDonald/Sward. ISBN 0-945437-04-8.
Ward, Christopher L. (1941). Delaware Continentals, 1776-1783. Wilmington, Delaware: Historical Society of Delaware. ISBN 0-924117-21-4.
Wilson, James Grant.; John Fiske (1888). Appletons Encyclopedia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

Images [link]

Carpenter's Hall; Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Thomas McKean

Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Biography by Russell Pickett
Delaware’s Governors
Thomas McKean at Find a Grave
The Political Graveyard
Biography by Keith J. McLean
Historical Society of Delaware
National Park Service
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
The Thomas McKean Papers, including correspondence related to the American Revolution, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Places with more information [link]

Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
Historical Society of Pennsylvania; website; 1300 Locust St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; (215) 732-6200
Laurel Hill Cemetery; website; 3822 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; (215) 228-8200
University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965

Political offices
Preceded by Samuel Huntington	President of the Continental Congress July 10, 1781 – November 4, 1781	Succeeded by John Hanson
Preceded by Thomas Mifflin	Governor of Pennsylvania December 17, 1799 – December 20, 1808	Succeeded by Simon Snyder

v t e Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Delaware

Governors	McKinly McKean Read Caesar Rodney Dickinson Cook Van Dyke T. Collins Davis Clayton Bedford Rogers Bassett Sykes D. Hall Mitchell Truitt Haslet D. Rodney Clark Molleston Stout J. Collins Caleb Rodney Haslet Thomas Paynter Polk Hazzard Bennett Polk Comegys Cooper Stockton Maull Temple Tharp Ross Causey Burton Cannon Saulsbury Ponder Cochran J. Hall Stockley Biggs Reynolds Marvil Watson Tunnell Hunn Lea Pennewill Miller Townsend Denney Robinson Buck McMullen Bacon Carvel Boggs Buckson Carvel Terry Peterson Tribbitt du Pont Castle Wolf Carper Minner Markell

Lieutenant Governors	Cannon Parker Mendinhall Ferguson Eliason Bush Anderson Hazel Corley Cooch MacCollum Carvel Bayard Rollins Buckson Lammot Tribbitt Bookhammer McGinnis Castle Woo Wolf Minner Carney Denn

v t e Government of Pennsylvania

U.S. Senators • U.S. Representatives • Governors • Lt. Governors • Attorneys General • State Senators • State Representatives • Judges • Mayors

General Assembly • Courts •Counties • Cities & communities • Politics • Politicians

v t e Governors and Presidents of Pennsylvania

Presidents (1777–1790)	Wharton Bryan Reed Moore Dickinson Franklin Mifflin

Governors (since 1790)	Mifflin McKean Snyder Findlay Hiester Shulze Wolf Ritner Porter Shunk Johnston Bigler Pollock Packer Curtin Geary Hartranft Hoyt Pattison Beaver Pattison Hastings Stone Pennypacker Stuart Tener Brumbaugh Sproul Pinchot Fisher Pinchot Earle James Martin Bell Duff Fine Leader Lawrence Scranton Shafer Shapp Thornburgh Casey Ridge Schweiker Rendell Corbett

Persondata
Name	Mackean, Thomas
Alternative names
Short description	American politician
Date of birth	March 19, 1734
Place of birth	New London Township, Pennsylvania
Date of death	June 24, 1817
Place of death	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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Sir David Willcocks CBE, MC
David Willcocks in Belfast, September 2006 with "Melisma" David Willcocks in Belfast, September 2006 with "Melisma"
Background information
Birth name	David Valentine Willcocks
Born	(1919-12-30) 30 December 1919 (age 92)
Occupations	Composer

Sir David Valentine Willcocks CBE, MC (born 30 December 1919) is a British choral conductor, organist, and composer. His son, Jonathan Willcocks, is also a composer.

Biography [link]

Born in Newquay in Cornwall, he began his musical training as a chorister at Westminster Abbey from 1929 to 1934. From 1934 to 1938, he was a music scholar at Clifton College, Bristol, before his appointment as organ scholar at King's College, Cambridge.

With the outbreak of the Second World War, he interrupted his studies in music to serve in the British Army. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry on 15 February 1941,^[1] and won the Military Cross as a temporary captain for his actions on the night of 10/11 July 1944, when he was serving with 5th Battalion DCLI as battalion intelligence officer. The battalion (part of 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division) was ordered to hold Hill 112 in Normandy, France. He carried out his duties outstandingly overnight, helping inflict severe casualties on the German forces by calling in artillery support to break up counter-attacks. The battalion suffered over 250 casualties during the night, including the commanding officer and one of the company commanders. This left Willcocks in command of the battalion headquarters, which by then was the furthest forward part of the battalion. He rallied the men, enabling the battalion to stand firm and reorganise.^[2] The award was gazetted on 21 December 1944.^[3]

He returned to Cambridge in 1945 to complete his studies, and in 1947 was elected a Fellow of King's College and appointed Conductor of the Cambridge Philharmonic Society. In the same year, he became the organist at Salisbury Cathedral and the conductor of the Salisbury Musical Society. He moved to Worcester Cathedral in 1950 and remained until 1957, during which time he was organist of the Cathedral, principal conductor of the Three Choirs Festival in 1951, 1954, and 1957, and conductor of the City of Birmingham Choir. From 1956 to 1974 he was also conductor of the Bradford Festival Choral Society, whilst continuing as guest conductor for their carol concerts into the early 1990s.

From 1957 to 1974 he held the post for which he is probably best known, Director of Music at King's College, Cambridge. In addition, he served as the organist of Cambridge University, conductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society, and as University Lecturer. He made numerous recordings with the college choir; the choir toured extensively, giving concerts worldwide, as well as garnering further acclaim internationally through television and radio appearances. Under the baton of Willcocks, CUMS performed Benjamin Britten's War Requiem in 1963 in (Perugia) Milan, La Scala, and in Venice. The choir subsequently performed the work in Japan, Hong Kong, Portugal, and the Netherlands. In 1960, he also became the musical director of The Bach Choir in London.

He held these positions at Cambridge until the 1970s when he accepted the post of director of the Royal College of Music. In the 1971 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE),^[4] and was created a Knight Bachelor in 1977 in the Queen's Silver Jubilee Honours.^[5]^[6] He holds honorary degrees in England from the Universities of Bradford, Bristol, Exeter, Leicester, and Sussex, and from the Royal College of Music in London; in the USA from Luther College (Iowa), St. Olaf College (Minnesota), Rowan University and Westminster Choir College (New Jersey); and in Canada from the Universities of Trinity College, Toronto, and Victoria B.C. All in all, his honorary degrees number over fifty. He is President of the City of Bath Bach Choir and Exeter Festival Chorus.

On 15 May 2010, a celebration of his contribution to music took place at the Royal Albert Hall in London, where pieces selected by Willcocks were performed by singers who are part of The Really Big Chorus. Special guests included choristers from the Kings College, Cambridge, who performed three pieces. A portrait of Sir David was auctioned off in aid of The British Heart Foundation.^{[citation needed]}

Recordings and broadcasts [link]

He has made recordings with the Bach Choir, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Academy of St Martin in the Fields, the Jacques Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra as well as with the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. He also served as general editor of the Church Music series of the Oxford University Press. He is particularly known for his widely used choral arrangements of Christmas carols, most of which were originally written for the Service of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's or the Bach Choir's Christmas concerts. They are published in the five Carols for Choirs anthologies (1961–1987), edited by Willcocks with Reginald Jacques and John Rutter. He is currently Music Director Emeritus of King's College Choir, and an Honorary Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.

A notable broadcast took place on BBC Radio 4 on 21 September 2010 in a series called Soul Music, when Willcocks profiled Fauré's Requiem. The programme included his memories of the fighting at Hill 112. The profile also featured Christina, widow of Olaf Schmid. Willcocks questioned the morality of war.^[7]

References [link]

^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35089. pp. 1201–1203. 25 February 1941. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ "Recommendations for Honours and Awards (Army)—Image details—Willcocks, David Valentine" (Fee may be required to view pdf of full original recommendation). Documents Online. The National Archives. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7705995. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36850. pp. 5854–5856. 19 December 1944. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 45384. p. 5965. 4 June 1971. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 47234. pp. 7080–7081. 10 June 1977. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ London Gazette: no. 47415. p. 16073. 23 December 1977. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ Soul Music (Series 10), "Faure Requiem", BBC Radio 4, 21 September 2010. Retrieved on 22 September 2010.

Cultural offices
Preceded by Walter Galpin Alcock	Organist and Master of the Choristers of Salisbury Cathedral 1947-1950	Succeeded by Douglas Albert Guest
Preceded by Ivor Atkins	Organist and Master of the Choristers of Worcester Cathedral 1950-1957	Succeeded by Douglas Albert Guest
Preceded by Boris Ord	Director of Music, King's College, Cambridge 1957-1973	Succeeded by Sir Philip Ledger

Persondata
Name	Willcocks, David
Alternative names
Short description	English conductor
Date of birth	30 December 1919
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

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On the Last Day
Origin	Seattle, Washington, USA
Genres	Post-hardcore, alternative rock, rock, melodic hardcore
Years active	2003–2009
Labels	Torque Victory
Associated acts	Escape the Fate,Me Vs. Myself, Again and Again, Aiden
Members
Carson Allen Aaron Johnson Justin Johnson Frank Gross
Past members
Geoffrey Walker Drew Dowell

On the Last Day (OtLD) was a five piece post-hardcore band from Seattle, Washington.

1 Biography
2 Members
3 Discography
4 External links
5 References

Biography [link]

Soon after forming in 2003 in Seattle, On the Last Day started touring the local club scene, with the likes of "Boys Don't Bleed", Aiden, Atreyu, and Deftones. With the help of Wil Francis of Aiden, the band was set up with talent scouts from many labels. As fate would have it, Victory Records (Aiden's label) signed the band in 2006.^[1] Prior to the release of the 2006 album Meaning in the Static, On the Last Day released Wars Like Whispers, an EP featuring Francis. Meaning in the Static has received mixed reviews from critics.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

On the Last Day's first North American tour was in the summer of 2006 (10 August – 12 September) with New Jersey's pop-punk band Crash Romeo. The tour lasted for 33 days with 22 venues. The group toured Europe early in 2007.^[8]

Frank Gross and Aiden's Nick Wiggins were in a band together when they were younger called Bent Kactus

Geoff Walker left the band on May 24, 2007.^[9] Carson Allen (formerly of Escape the Fate and Devilyn Alaska) has been announced as the new vocalist. Geoff now has a new band called Again and Again.

As of February 13, 2008, On the Last Day is no longer a part of Victory Records.

On the Last Day's second EP, Make it Mean Something was released on Torque Records. The album charted at number 3 on the west coast Billboard Heatseekers chart.

On September 2, 2009, On The Last Day announced they were no longer together and on an "indefinite hiatus." Vocalist Carson Allen started a new band with Nick Wiggins of Aiden called "Me Vs Myself" ^[10]

Members [link]

Carson Allen - lead vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, guitars (Former Escape the Fate keyboardist & Current "Me Vs Myself" lead vocalist and guitarist; since 2007)
Justin Johnson - rhythm guitar (since 2003)
Frank Gross - lead guitar (since 2003)
Aaron Johnson - bass (since 2003)

Former members

Drew Dowell - drums (2003–2009)
Geoff Walker - lead vocals (2003-2007), (Current Again and Again lead vocalist)

Discography [link]

External links [link]

References [link]

^ Biography, Allmusic.com
^ Ignacio Colucco, Review of Meaning in the Static. Maelstrom 49. Accessed July 23, 2007.
^ Ray Kluze, Review of Meaning in the Static. Semtex. Accessed July 23, 2007.
^ Review of Meaning in the Static. Planet Loud. Accessed July 23, 2007.
^ Review of Meaning in the Static. Concrete Web. Accessed July 23, 2007.
^ Dana White, Review of Meaning in the Static. Corn Zine. Accessed July 23, 2007.
^ Arto Maenpaa, Review of Meaning in the Static. HardcoreSounds. Accessed July 24, 2007.
^ Tour Dates. Lambgoat. Accessed July 23, 2007.
^ On the Last Day Loses Singer. NowOnTour. Accessed July 23, 2007.
^ [1]

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Michael Phelps

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Michael Phelps, April 2009

Personal information

Full name

Michael Fred Phelps^[1]

Nickname(s)

MP; The Baltimore Bullet^[2]; Flying Fish^[3]

Nationality

USA

Born

June 30, 1985 (age 26)^[4]
Baltimore, Maryland

Height

6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)^[4]

Weight

185 lbs. 83.9 kg^[5]

Sport

Swimming

Stroke(s)

Backstroke, butterfly, freestyle, individual medley

Club

North Baltimore Aquatic Club

Medal record

Men's swimming
Competitor for the United States
Olympic Games
Gold	2004 Athens	100 m butterfly
Gold	2004 Athens	200 m butterfly
Gold	2004 Athens	200 m medley
Gold	2004 Athens	400 m medley
Gold	2004 Athens	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2004 Athens	4×100 m medley
Gold	2008 Beijing	100 m butterfly
Gold	2008 Beijing	200 m butterfly
Gold	2008 Beijing	200 m medley
Gold	2008 Beijing	400 m medley
Gold	2008 Beijing	200 m freestyle
Gold	2008 Beijing	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	2008 Beijing	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2008 Beijing	4×100 m medley
Bronze	2004 Athens	200 m freestyle
Bronze	2004 Athens	4×100 m freestyle
World Championships – Long Course
Gold	2001 Fukuoka	200 m butterfly
Gold	2003 Barcelona	200 m butterfly
Gold	2003 Barcelona	200 m medley
Gold	2003 Barcelona	400 m medley
Gold	2003 Barcelona	4×100 m medley
Gold	2005 Montreal	200 m freestyle
Gold	2005 Montreal	200 m medley
Gold	2005 Montreal	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	2005 Montreal	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2005 Montreal	4×100 m medley
Gold	2007 Melbourne	200 m freestyle
Gold	2007 Melbourne	100 m butterfly
Gold	2007 Melbourne	200 m butterfly
Gold	2007 Melbourne	200 m medley
Gold	2007 Melbourne	400 m medley
Gold	2007 Melbourne	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	2007 Melbourne	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2009 Rome	100 m butterfly
Gold	2009 Rome	200 m butterfly
Gold	2009 Rome	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	2009 Rome	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2009 Rome	4×100 m medley
Gold	2011 Shanghai	100 m butterfly
Gold	2011 Shanghai	200 m butterfly
Gold	2011 Shanghai	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2011 Shanghai	4×100 m medley
Silver	2003 Barcelona	100 m butterfly
Silver	2003 Barcelona	4×200 m freestyle
Silver	2005 Montreal	100 m butterfly
Silver	2009 Rome	200 m freestyle
Silver	2011 Shanghai	200 m freestyle
Silver	2011 Shanghai	200 m medley
Bronze	2011 Shanghai	4×100 m freestyle
World Championships – Short Course
Gold	2004 Indianapolis	200 m freestyle
Pan Pacific Championships
Gold	2002 Yokohama	200 m medley
Gold	2002 Yokohama	400 m medley
Gold	2002 Yokohama	4×100 m medley
Gold	2006 Victoria	200 m butterfly
Gold	2006 Victoria	200 m medley
Gold	2006 Victoria	400 m medley
Gold	2006 Victoria	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	2006 Victoria	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2010 Irvine	100 m butterfly
Gold	2010 Irvine	200 m butterfly
Gold	2010 Irvine	4x100 m freestyle
Gold	2010 Irvine	4x200 m freestyle
Gold	2010 Irvine	4x100 m medley
Silver	2002 Yokohama	200 m butterfly
Silver	2002 Yokohama	4×200 m freestyle
Silver	2006 Victoria	200 m backstroke

Michael Fred Phelps (born June 30, 1985) is an American swimmer who has, overall, won 16 Olympic medals—six gold and two bronze at Athens in 2004, and eight gold at Beijing in 2008, becoming the most successful athlete at both of these Olympic Games editions. In doing so he has twice equaled the record eight medals of any type at a single Olympics achieved by Soviet gymnast Alexander Dityatin at the 1980 Moscow Summer Games. His five gold medals in individual events tied the single Games record set by compatriot Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics; his eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972. Phelps' Olympic medal total is second only to the 18 Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina won over three Olympics, including nine gold. Phelps also holds the all-time record for most gold Olympic medals, at 14.

Phelps's international titles and record breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award six times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eight times. He has won a total of sixty-six medals in major international competition, fifty-four gold, nine silver, and three bronze spanning the Olympics, the World, and the Pan Pacific Championships. His unprecedented Olympic success in 2008 earned Phelps Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year award.

After the 2008 Summer Olympics, Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation, which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles. As a participant in the US Anti-Doping Agency's "Project Believe" program, Phelps is regularly tested to ensure that his system is clean of performance-enhancing drugs.

Early life [link]

Phelps was born and raised in the Rodgers Forge neighborhood of Towson, Maryland, a northwest suburb of Baltimore City.^[6] Michael was the youngest of three children. His mother, Deborah Sue "Debbie" (née Davisson), is a middle school principal.^[7] His father, Michael Fred Phelps, was a football player in high school and almost made the team for the Washington Redskins.^[7] His ancestry includes English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and German.^[8]

Phelps began swimming at the age of seven, partly because of the influence of his sisters and partly to provide him with an outlet for his energy.^[9] When Phelps was in the sixth grade, he was diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).^[10]^[11] His parents divorced in 1994 and Michael and his sisters went to live with their mother. By the age of 10, he held a national record for his age group, and Phelps began to train at the North Baltimore Aquatic Club under coach Bob Bowman. More age group records followed, and Phelps' rapid improvement culminated in his qualifying for the 2000 Summer Olympics at the age of 15 and becoming the youngest male to make a U.S. Olympic swim team in 68 years.^[12] While he did not win a medal, he did make the finals and finished fifth in the 200-m butterfly.^[13]

At the World Championship Trials for the 2001 World Aquatics Championships, on 22 July, Phelps broke the world record in the 200-m butterfly to become, at 15 years and 9 months, the youngest man ever to set a swimming world record, breaking the record previously held by Ian Thorpe when he lowered the 400-m freestyle world record at 16 years, 10 months.^[14] At the World Championships in Fukuoka, Phelps broke his own world record in the 200-m butterfly en route to becoming a world champion for the first time.^[15]

2002 Pan Pacific Championships [link]

Pan Pacific medal record
2002 Yokohama – Men's swimming
Competitor for the United States
Gold	200 m individual medley	1:59.70
Gold	400 m individual medley	4:12.48
Gold	4 × 100 m medley relay	3:33.48 (WR)
Silver	200 m butterfly	1.55.41
Silver	4×200 m freestyle relay	7:11.81

At Nationals, the selection meet for the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, in Fort Lauderdale, Phelps set an American record in the 200-m individual medley and was just off the world record in the 200-m butterfly.^[16] In the 400-m individual medley, Phelps bettered the world record held by Tom Dolan with a time of 4:11.09, just ahead of Erik Vendt, who finished second with a time of 4:11.27, also below the old world record. In the 200-m freestyle, Phelps was barely beaten by Klete Keller and in the 100 m butterfly, Phelps beat Ian Crocker.^[17]

At the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Yokohama, Phelps won three gold medals and two silvers. In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps won gold ahead of Erik Vent with a time of 4:12.48. In the 200-m butterfly, Phelps lost to Tom Malchow, finishing behind him 1:55.41 to 1:55.21. Phelps said he lost because he did not take butterfly training seriously after he broke the world record. In the 200-m individual medley, Phelps won with a time of 1:59.70. In the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Nate Dusing, Klete Keller, and Chad Carvin, won the silver medal with a time 7:11.81 finishing behind Australia. The U.S. 4×100-m medley relay team consisted of Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Phelps, and Ian Crocker. In the final for the medley relay, Phelps swam a 51.1 split, at the time the fastest split in history. The final time of 3:33.48 was a world record.^[18]

2003 World Championships [link]

World Championship medal record
2003 World Championships – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:54.35
Gold	200 m individual medley	1:56.01 (WR)
Gold	400 m individual medley	4:09.09 (WR)
Gold	4×100 m medley relay	3:31.54 (WR)
Silver	100 m butterfly	51.10
Silver	4×200 m freestyle relay	7:10.26

At Nationals, Phelps won the 200-m freestyle, 200-m backstroke, and the 100-m butterfly.^[19] He became the first American swimmer to win three different races in three different strokes at a national championship.^[19] At the 2003 Duel in the Pool, a meet that pits swimming stars from Australia and the United States, Phelps broke the world record in the 400-m individual medley with a time of 4:10.73 and almost broke the world record in the 100-m butterfly, just missing the record by 0.03 seconds.^[20] At a meet in Santa Clara, Phelps broke the world record in the 200-m individual medley with a time of 1:57.94.^[21] Phelps said he broke the 200-m individual medley world record after Don Talbot said Phelps was unproven, using his words as motivation.^[22]

At the 2003 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won four gold medals, two silver medals, and broke five world records.^[23] Phelps broke his first world record on July 22 in the semi-finals for the 200-m butterfly. Phelps swam a 1:53.93 to break his own world record of 1:54.58 set in 2001 and became the first man to swim under 1:54.00.^[24] In the final of the 200-m butterfly, on July 23, Phelps easily won the gold medal, but did not come close to his world record with a time of 1:54.35.^[25] Less than an hour later, Phelps swam the lead-off leg for the 4×200-m freestyle relay. Phelps put up a solid time of 1:46.60 (an American record) but the Americans could not match the depth of the Australians and ultimately finished second 7:10.26 to 7:08.58.^[26] In the 200-m individual medley, Phelps showed complete dominance. On July 24, in the semifinals of the 200-m IM, Phelps broke his own world record with a time of 1:57.52.^[27] On July 25, in the final of the 200-m IM, Phelps smashed his own record with a time of 1:56.04 to win the gold medal and finished almost 3 seconds ahead of Ian Thorpe.^[28] About an hour before the final of the 200-m IM, Phelps swam in the semifinals of the 100-m butterfly. Phelps again showed dominance, finishing in the top seed with a world record time of 51.47.^[29] However, in the final of the 100-m butterfly, on July 26, Ian Crocker erased Phelps' world record with a time of 50.98, to become the first man under 51 seconds. Phelps swam a 51.10 (also under his former world record), but had to settle for silver.^[30] In the final of the 400-m individual medley, on July 27, Phelps broke his own world record with a time of 4:09.09 to easily claim the gold medal.^[31] About half an hour later, Phelps earned his final gold medal when the United States team won the 4×100-m medley relay.^[32] Phelps did not swim in the finals, but still earned a medal because he swam in the heats.^[33]

2004 Summer Olympics [link]

Olympic medal record
2004 Athens – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	100 m butterfly	51.25 (OR)
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:54.04 (OR)
Gold	200 m individual medley	1:57.14 (OR)
Gold	400 m individual medley	4:08.26 (WR)
Gold	4×200 m freestyle	7:07.33 (NR)
Gold	4×100 m medley	3:30.68 (WR)
Bronze	200 m freestyle	1:45.32 (NR)
Bronze	4×100 m freestyle	3:14.62

Trials [link]

At the 2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, Phelps competed in six events, including the 200- and 400-m IM, the 100- and 200-m butterfly, the 200-m freestyle, and the 200-m backstroke.^[34] In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps easily won with a world record time of 4:08.41.^[35] Two days later, in the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won with a time of 1:46.27, finishing sixth-tenths of a second ahead of Klete Keller.^[36] Phelps, however, was not pleased with the result and wanted to be in the 1:45s and was uncertain if he would swim the event in Athens.^[37] The following day, Phelps won in the 200-m butterfly with a time of 1:54.31, three seconds ahead of second place finisher Tom Malchow.^[38] After two days off, Phelps was back in the pool and finished second to Aaron Peirsol in the 200-m backstroke.^[39] Less than half an hour later, Phelps won the 200 m individual medley title ahead of Ryan Lochte by 2.70 seconds.^[40]^[41] The following day, Phelps finished second to Ian Crocker in the 100 m butterfly. Crocker won in a time of 50.76, a world record and 0.39 seconds ahead of Phelps.^[42] When the Trials were over, Phelps became the first person to qualify in six individual events for a U.S. Olympic team.^[43] However, Phelps dropped the 200-m backstroke to focus on the 200-m freestyle because he wanted to race Ian Thorpe.^[43] Even though Phelps didn't compete in the 100-m freestyle at the Trials, he was still selected for the 4×10-m freestyle relay. Gary Hall, Jr. thought this was unfair and said Phelps did not deserve a spot on the relay. Phelps argued his program was too crowded to compete in 100-m freestyle and was at least among the top four swimmers because he had beaten the top-seeded Jason Lezak the last time he had swum against him.^[44]

Olympics [link]

In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps won with a world record time of 4:08.26 to win his first Olympic gold medal.^[45]^[46] The following day, in the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ian Crocker, Neil Walker, and Jason Lezak, finished in third place with a time of 3:14.62.^[47]^[48] Crocker's lead-off time of 50.05 was the worst among the field and was blamed on sickness.^[49]^[50] In the event many were calling The Race of the Century, held the following day, Phelps finished in third place behind Ian Thorpe and Pieter van den Hoogenband in the 200-m freestyle.^[51]^[52] Although this race ended the chance to match Spitz's record, Phelps had savored the challenge even though it was not his strongest event, saying "How can I be disappointed? I swam in a field with the two fastest freestylers of all time".^[53] In his fourth event, the 200-m butterfly, held the following day, Phelps finished first with a time of 1:54.04, breaking Tom Malchow's Olympic record.^[54]^[55] About an hour later, in the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay, and Klete Keller, finished in first place with a time of 7:07.33.^[56] Two days later, in the 200-m individual medley, Phelps finished first with a time of 1:57.14, an Olympic record.^[57] In the 100-m butterfly final, held the following day, Phelps defeated American teammate Ian Crocker (who held the world record in the event at the time) by just 0.04 seconds with a time of 51.25.^[58]^[59] Traditionally, the Olympian who places highest in an individual event will be automatically given the corresponding leg of the 4×100 m medley relay. This gave Phelps an automatic entry into the medley relay, but he deferred and Crocker swam instead.^[59]^[60] Phelps' gesture gave Crocker a chance to make amends as well getting his final shot at a gold medal.^[60] The American medley team went on to win the event in world-record time, and, since Phelps had raced in a preliminary heat of the medley relay, he was also awarded a gold medal along with the team members who competed in the final.^[61]^[62] In winning six gold and two bronze medals, Phelps, still a teenager, had the second-best performance ever at a single Olympics, behind Mark Spitz's seven gold medals in Munich in 1972. Also, he became the second male swimmer ever to win more than two individual titles at a single Games with four, tying Spitz's four from 1972.

2005 World Championships [link]

Victory lap of the 100 m butterfly during the 2005 FINA World Championships in Montréal. Phelps is far right.

World Championship medal record
2005 World Championships – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	200 m freestyle	1:45.20 (NR)
Gold	200 m individual medley	1:56.68
Gold	4×100 m freestyle relay	3:13.77 (CR)
Gold	4×200 m freestyle relay	7:06.58
Gold	4×100 m medley relay	3:31.85
Silver	100 m butterfly	51.65

At the 2005 World Championship Trials, Phelps decided to drop his specialty events, the 400-m individual medley and the 200-m butterfly, and experiment with the 400-m freestyle and the 100-m freestyle.^[63] Phelps went on to win the 400-m freestyle, the 200-m freestyle, the 100-m butterfly, the 100-m freestyle, and the 200-m individual medley at the Trials.^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68]

At the 2005 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won a total of six medals, 5 golds and one silver.^[69] In the 400-m freestyle, Phelps did not make it past the preliminary heats and finished 18th overall with a time of 3:50.53.^[70] Later that day, in the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps won his first gold in the Championships.^[71] Two days later, on July 26, Phelps won his second gold in the 2000m freestyle with a new American record time of 1:45.20, finishing ahead of Grant Hackett.^[72] Two days later, on July 28, Phelps finished 7th in the 100-m freestyle final.^[73] Later that day, Phelps won his third gold in the 200-m individual medley.^[74] On July 29, Phelps, along with Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay and Klete Keller, won the gold in the 4×200-m freestyle relay with a time of 7:06.58. This was the fourth gold medal for Phelps.^[75] On July 30, Phelps swam in his last individual event, the 100-m butterfly. In the final, Phelps could not match the speed of Ian Crocker and had to settle for silver, finishing 51.65 to 50.40.^[76] On July 31, Phelps earned his final gold medal when the United States team won the 4×100-m medley relay.^[77] Phelps did not swim in the finals but still earned a medal because he swam in the heats.^[78]

2006 Pan Pacific Championships [link]

Pan Pacific medal record
2006 Victoria – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:53.80 (WR)
Gold	200 m individual medley	1:55.84 (WR)
Gold	400 m individual medley	4:10.47
Gold	4×100 m freestyle relay	3:12.46 (WR)
Gold	4×200 m freestyle relay	7:05.28
Silver	200 m backstroke	1:56.81

At the 2006 National Championships, Phelps won a total of three events.^[79] In his first event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won with a time of 1:54.32.^[80] In his second event, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps just edged out Ian Crocker 51.51 to 51.73.^[81] In his third event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps won with a time of 1:56.50, just ahead of Ryan Lochte's time of 1:56.78.^[82]

At the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Victoria, Phelps won five gold medals and one silver.^[83] In his first event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won in a world record time of 1:53.80, his first world record in two years.^[84] In his second event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps easily won with a time of 4:10.47, 3.38 seconds ahead of second place finisher Robert Margalis.^[85] In his third event, the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay, and Klete Keller, won the gold medal with a time of 7:05.28.^[86] In his fourth event, the 200-m backstroke, Phelps won the silver medal, finishing behind Aaron Peirsol 1:56.81 to 1:54.44.^[87] In his fifth event, the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Neil Walker, Cullen Jones, and Jason Lezak, won the gold medal with a world-record time 3:12.46.^[88] In his sixth event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps won with a world record time of 1:55.84, breaking his record of 1:55.94 set in 2003.^[89]

2007 World Championships [link]

World Championship medal record
2007 World Championships – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	100 m butterfly	50.77
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:52.09 (WR)
Gold	200 m freestyle	1:43.86 (WR)
Gold	200 m individual medley	1:54.98 (WR)
Gold	400 m individual medley	4:06.22 (WR)
Gold	4×100 m freestyle relay	3:12.72 (CR)
Gold	4×200 m freestyle relay	7:03.24 (WR)

At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won seven gold medals, tying the record, and broke five world records.^[90] Phelps first gold medal came in the 4×100-m freestyle. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 48.42 and Neil Walker, Cullen Jones and Jason Lezak each expanded the lead to win in a Championship record of 3:12.72, just missing the world record of 3:12.46 set the previous year.^[91] Phelps set his first world record in the Championships in the 200-m freestyle, his second race. Phelps won the gold ahead of Pieter van den Hoogenband and broke Ian Thorpe's six-year-old world record with a time of 1:43.86.^[92] For his third race, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won the gold and bettered his own world record of 1:53.71 with a time of 1:52.09.^[93] For his fourth race, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps set his third world record with a time of 1:54.98, bettering his own world-record time of 1:55.84^[94] For his fifth race, the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 1:45.36 as the American team of Ryan Lochte, Klete Keller, and Peter Vanderkaay went on to win the gold medal and beat the previous world record set by Australia in 2001 with a time 7:03.24.^[95] For his sixth race, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps edged out Ian Crocker 50.77 to 50.82 to win his sixth gold medal.^[96] For his seventh event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps won the gold medal in a world-record time of 4:06.22, more than 3.5 seconds ahead of Ryan Lochte.^[97] The 4×100-m medley relay team would have competed in the final, but received a disqualification for a false start during a changeover in the heats, ending Phelps' chance of eight gold medals.^[98]

2008 Summer Olympics [link]

Olympic medal record
2008 Beijing – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	100 m butterfly	50.58 (OR)
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:52.03 (WR)
Gold	200 m freestyle	1:42.96 (WR)
Gold	200 m individual medley	1:54.23 (WR)
Gold	400 m individual medley	4:03.84 (WR)
Gold	4×100 m freestyle relay	3:08.24 (WR)
Gold	4×200 m freestyle relay	6:58.56 (WR)
Gold	4×100 m medley relay	3:29.34 (WR)

Trials [link]

At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, Phelps competed in six individual events. In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps broke his own world record of 4:06.22 with a time of 4:05.25.^[99] In his second event, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won with a time of 1:44.10, ahead of Peter Vanderkaay's time 1:45.85.^[100] In his third event, the 100-m freestyle, Phelps placed second in his heat with a time of 47.92, ensuring him a spot on the relay.^[101] In his fourth event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won with a time of 1:52.20.^[102] In his fifth event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps broke his own world record of 1:54.98 with a time of 1:54.80.^[103] In his sixth and final event, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won with a time of 50.89.^[104] When asked about his chances of winning eight gold medals in Beijing, Phelps said, "I am going to prepare for that meet just like I do every other meet ... There is only so much I can do in a month and then I am going to prepare myself the best that I can."^[105]

Olympics [link]

Phelps set an Olympic record in the preliminary heats of the men's 400-m individual medley.^[106]^[107] He followed that up in the final by winning the gold medal, as well as breaking his previous world record by nearly two seconds.^[108]^[109]

Phelps swam the first leg of the men's 4×100-m freestyle relay in a time of 47.51 seconds (an American record for the 100-m freestyle), and won his second gold medal of the 2008 Olympics, as well as setting his second world record of the Olympics (3:08.24).^[110] Teammate Jason Lezak, after beginning the anchor leg more than half a body length behind Alain Bernard, managed to finish ahead of the second-place French team by eight hundredths of a second. The top five teams in the final finished ahead of the world record of 3:12.23 set the previous day by the American B team in a preliminary heat.^[111]

For his third race, Phelps broke his previous world record in the 200-m freestyle by nearly a second and won his third gold medal. He also set his third world record at the Olympics, 1:42.96, winning by nearly two seconds over silver medalist Park Tae-Hwan.^[112] In this race, Phelps became only the fifth Olympic athlete in modern history to win nine gold medals, joining Mark Spitz, Larisa Latynina, Paavo Nurmi, and Carl Lewis.^[113]

Phelps holds his gold medal on the podium on August 10, 2008. Pictured with Ryan Lochte and László Cseh

The next day, Phelps participated in two finals. In his first event, the 200 m butterfly, Phelps made it four gold medals and world records in four events by swimming the final in 1:52.03, defeating silver medalist László Cseh by almost seven-tenths of a second despite his goggles' having filled up with water and being unable to "see anything for the last 100 meters.^[114] This fourth gold medal was his tenth, and made him the all-time leader for most Olympic gold medals won by an individual in the modern Olympic era.^[115]

Less than one hour after his gold medal victory in the 200-m butterfly, Phelps swam the lead-off leg of the 4×200-m freestyle relay. With Lochte, Ricky Berens, and Peter Vanderkaay, he won his fifth gold and set his fifth world record as the American team finished first with a time of 6:58.56. The Americans were the first team to break the seven-minute mark in the relay, and broke the previous record, set in Melbourne, Australia, by more than four and a half seconds.^[116]

After taking a day off from finals (Phelps did swim in qualifying heats), Phelps won his sixth gold of the Beijing Games on August 15 by winning the 200-m individual medley with a world record time of 1:54.23, finishing ahead of Cseh by over two seconds.^[117]

7th gold medal and controversy [link]

Before the final of the 100-m butterfly, Serbian-American swimmer Milorad Čavić caused a minor stir when he said it would be "good" if Phelps lost. "It'd be good for him if he loses. It would be nice if historians talk about Michael Phelps winning seven gold medals and losing the eight to 'some guy.' I'd like to be that guy", Čavić said.^[118] Phelps responded, "When people say things like that, it fires me up more than anything."^[119] On August 16, Phelps won his seventh gold medal of the Games in the men's 100-m butterfly, setting an Olympic record for the event with a time of 50.58 seconds and edging out his nearest competitor Čavić, by 1/100 of a second.^[120]

Unlike all six of his previous events in the 2008 Games, Phelps did not set a new world record, leaving intact Ian Crocker's world-record time of 50.40 seconds, set in 2005.

Phelps's 0.01-second finish ahead of Čavić prompted the Serbian delegation to file a protest. Subsequent analysis of the video by the FINA panel, which required analyzing frames shot 1/10,000th of a second apart, was used to officially confirm Phelps's victory,^[121] but the images were not immediately released to the press. The initial refusal by official timekeeper Omega to release underwater photos of the finish also raised questions due to Phelps's sponsorship relationship with Omega.^[122] Čavić later wrote in his blog, "People, this is the greatest moment of my life. If you ask me, it should be accepted and we should move on. I've accepted defeat, and there's nothing wrong with losing to the greatest swimmer there has ever been".^[123] However, in August 2009, Omega officials admitted that while Čavić "for sure" touched the wall first, "Phelps did it more forcefully," thus registering the time first.^[124]

Epic. It goes to show you that not only is this guy the greatest swimmer of all time and the greatest Olympian of all time, he's maybe the greatest athlete of all time. He's the greatest racer who ever walked the planet.

—Mark Spitz (on Phelps winning his 7th gold medal)^[125]

Phelps's seventh gold medal of the Games tied Mark Spitz's record for gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, set in the 1972 Olympics. It was also his fifth individual gold medal in Beijing, tying the record for individual gold medals at a single Games originally set by Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games. Said Phelps upon setting his seventh-straight Olympic record of the Games in as many events, "Dream as big as you can dream, and anything is possible ... I am sort of in a dream world. Sometimes I have to pinch myself to make sure it is real."

Michael Phelps celebrates with his team-mates after winning his 8th gold medal.

All-time record [link]

On August 17, Phelps won his eighth gold medal in the men's 4×100-m medley relay, breaking Mark Spitz's record of seven gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, which had stood since 1972.^[126] Phelps, along with teammates Brendan Hansen, Aaron Peirsol, and Jason Lezak, set a new world record in the event with a time of 3 minutes and 29.34 seconds, 0.7 seconds ahead of second-place Australia and 1.34 seconds faster than the previous record set by the United States at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. When Phelps dived in to swim the 100-m butterfly leg, the third leg of the 400-meter medley, the United States had been trailing Australia and Japan. Phelps completed his split in 50.1 seconds, the fastest butterfly split ever for the event, giving teammate Jason Lezak a more than half-second lead for the final leg, which he would hold onto to clinch the event in world record time.^[127] Said Phelps, upon completing the event that awarded him his eighth gold medal and eighth Olympic record in as many events, "Records are always made to be broken no matter what they are ... Anybody can do anything that they set their mind to."^[128]

2009 World Championships [link]

World Championship medal record
2009 World Championships – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	100 m butterfly	49.82 (WR)
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:51.51 (WR)
Gold	4×100 m freestyle relay	3:09.21 (CR)
Gold	4×200 m freestyle relay	6:58.55 (WR)
Gold	4×100 m medley relay	3:27.28 (WR)
Silver	200 m freestyle	1:43.22

At the 2009 National Championships, Phelps drastically shortened his program, swimming in only three individual events. In his first event, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won with a time of 1:44.23.^[129] In his second event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps easily won with a time of 1:52.76, 0.88 seconds ahead of the second place finisher.^[130] In his third event, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won with a world-record time of 50.22.^[131]

Phelps (center) before the start of the 200 m butterfly semifinal during 2009 FINA World Championships.

At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won a total of 6 medals, 5 golds and 1 silver. In his first event, the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 47.78, well off his 47.51 performance in Beijing, but the American team was able to edge out Russia and France for the gold.^[132] For his second race, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps lost his first race in four years to Germany's Paul Biedermann. Phelps touched second in 1:43.22, but Biedermann smashed Phelps' record of 1:42.96 set in Beijing a year ago with a time of 1:42.00.^[133] Phelps took the silver graciously, but coach Bob Bowman threatened to withdraw Phelps from international competition because Bowman claimed Biedermann had an unfair advantage because he was wearing a full polyurethane swim suit, specifically an Arena X-Glide. Bowman said, "It took me five years to get Michael from 1:46 to 1:42 and this guy has done it in 11 months. That's an amazing training performance. I'd like to know how to do that."^[134] Phelps rebounded from this loss and for his third race, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won the gold and broke his own world record of 1:52.03 with a time of 1:51.51.^[135] For his fourth race, the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 1:44.49 as the team went on to win the gold medal and break the world record set the previous year.^[136] After his loss in the 200-m freestyle, many thought Phelps was vulnerable coming into the final for the 100-m butterfly.^[137] His closest competitor, Milorad Čavić, who wore an Arena X-Glide (the same suit Biedermann beat Phelps with), thought people were making excuses for Phelps because he was wearing an LZR Racer. Čavić even offered to buy Phelps a new suit.^[138] For his fifth race, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won the gold and became the first man to complete it in under 50 seconds, beating Čavić 49.82 to 49.95.^[139] The victory prompted a fierce celebration from Phelps, who sat on the lane rope and pumped his chest and swimsuit.^[140] For his final event, the 4×100-m medley relay, Phelps won his fifth gold medal. Phelps, along with teammates Aaron Peirsol, Eric Shanteau, and David Walters, set a new world record in the event with a time of 3 minutes and 27.28 seconds.^[141]

2010 Pan Pacific Championships [link]

Pan Pacific medal record
2010 Irvine – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	100 m butterfly	50.86
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:54.11
Gold	4×100 m freestyle relay	3:11.74
Gold	4×200 m freestyle relay	7:03.84
Gold	4×100 m medley relay	3:32.48

At the 2010 National Championships, Phelps competed in five individual events. In the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won ahead of Ryan Lochte in a time of 1:45.61.^[142] About an hour later, Phelps returned to the pool to win the 200-m butterfly.^[143] But Phelps was not happy with his performance and called it the "worst" 200-m butterfly of his life. In the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won his 50th national title in 50.65.^[144] After the race, Phelps said he was "fairly pleased" with the result.^[145]^[146] In the 200-m individual medley, Phelps finished second to Lochte 1:55.94 to 1:54.84.^[147] It was the first time Lochte had beat Phelps in a major national meet.^[148] In the 200-m backstroke, Phelps finished in 4th place in 1:56.98.^[149]

On the first day of competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, Phelps opted out swimming in the final of the 200-m freestyle to focus on the 200-m butterfly. In the 200-m butterfly, Phelps led from start to finish, coming in first with a time of 1:54.11. Although it was much slower than his 1:51.51 time from the previous year, Phelps has not lost a 200-m butterfly final since 2002.^[150]^[151] On day two of the competition, Phelps swam in the heats of the 400-m individual medley and contributed in the 4×200-m freestyle relay. In the heats of the 400-m individual medley, Phelps failed to make the A final, with Lochte and Tyler Clary taking the top two American positions.^[152] Phelps did not swim in the B final of the 400-m individual medley. In the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, with Peter Vanderkaay, Ricky Berens, and Lochte, finished first ahead of Japan and Australia.^[153] On day three of the competition, Phelps competed in the 100-m butterfly and contributed in the 4×100-m freestyle relay. In the 100-m butterfly, Phelps finished first in a time of 50.86, a championship record.^[154] In the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps, with Lochte, Jason Lezak, and Nathan Adrian, finished first ahead of Australia and South Africa. As the lead-off leg in the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps set the championship record in the 100-m freestyle with a time of 48.13.^[155] In his final event, Phelps swam in the 4×100-m medley relay with Aaron Peirsol, Mark Gangloff, and Adrian and finished first ahead of Japan and Australia.^[156]

2011 World Championships [link]

World Championship medal record
2011 World Championships – Men's swimming
Competitor for the USA
Gold	100 m butterfly	50.71
Gold	200 m butterfly	1:53.34
Gold	4×200 m freestyle	7:02.67
Gold	4×100 m medley	3:32.06
Silver	200 m freestyle	1:44.79
Silver	200 m individual medley	1:54.16
Bronze	4×100 m freestyle relay	3:11.96

In his first event at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, Phelps won bronze in the 4×100-m freestyle relay with Garrett Weber-Gale, Jason Lezak, and Nathan Adrian.^[157] This was Phelps' first bronze in a World Aquatics Championships. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 48.08, the second-best lead-off in the field behind James Magnussen's 47.49. In his second event, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won silver for the second consecutive time at a World Aquatics Championships. This time he finished second to Ryan Lochte in the event with a time of 1:44.79, compared to Lochte's time of 1:44.44.^[158] In his third final, the 200-m butterfly, he won his first gold medal with a time of 1:53.34 to become the first swimmer to win five gold medals in one discipline at the World Aquatics Championships.^[159] In his fourth event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps again finished second to Lochte in a personal best of 1:54.16, which was 0.16 behind Lochte who swam a new world record.^[160] It was Phelps' 30th medal in the World Aquatics Championships. Shortly after completing the semifinals of the 100-m butterfly, Phelps competed in the 4×200-m freestyle relay with Peter Vanderkaay, Ricky Berens, and Ryan Lochte. Phelps' team won the gold medal in a time of 7:02.67. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 1:45.53, the third-best leg in the field.^[161] In the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won his third consecutive title (also winning in 2007 and 2009) and second individual title of the meet with a time of 50.71.^[162] In his last event, the 4×100-m medley relay, Phelps teamed with Nick Thoman, Mark Gangloff, and Nathan Adrian to win gold in a time of 3:32.06. Phelps' butterfly leg of 50.57 was by far the fastest butterfly leg in the field.^[163]

2012 Summer Olympics [link]

Phelps has said he will compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics but it would likely be his last Olympics.^[164]^[165] For the 2012 Olympics, Phelps has stated he will never do eight events again and will try new events. Phelps has said he will for sure drop the 400-m individual medley from his program, but his other events are in question. Phelps said, "I keep saying I want to go down and start sprinting, but Bob really isn't so keen on that ... I don't think that's going to happen ... Over the next four years, I'd like to try some different events, maybe not do some of the events I did here."^[166]^[167]

Physique [link]

Michael Phelps starting a race, Santa Clara, California, 2009.

A few physical attributes particularly suit Phelps to swimming: his long, thin torso offers low drag; his arms span 6 feet 7 inches (201 cm)—disproportionate to his height of 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm)—and act as long, propulsive "paddles"; his relatively short legs lower drag, and perhaps add the speed enhancement of a hydrofoil; his size-14 feet provide the effect of flippers; and his hypermobile ankles can extend beyond the pointe of a ballet dancer, enabling him to whip his feet as if they were fins for maximum thrust through the water.^[168]

Allegations of performance enhancing drug use [link]

Throughout the 2008 Olympics, Phelps was questioned by the press as to whether perhaps his feats were "too good to be true", a reference to unsupported rumors that Phelps might be taking performance enhancing drugs.^[169]^[170] In response, Phelps noted that he had signed up for Project Believe, a project by the United States Anti-Doping Agency in which U.S. Olympians can volunteer to be tested in excess of the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines.^[171] During the Games, Phelps was tested nine times, and passed all of them.^[172]^[173]

Bob Bowman [link]

Phelps has trained under Bob Bowman since he was 11 years old.^[174] Bowman swam for Florida State University from 1983 to 1985.^[175] Phelps has said Bowman reminded him of a drill sergeant because of his disciplined and regimented ways.^[176] However, Phelps has said, "Training with Bob is the smartest thing I've ever done ... I'm not going to swim for anyone else."^[177] After the 2004 Summer Olympics, Bowman was hired as the head coach for the University of Michigan after Jon Urbanchek retired. Phelps joined Bowman at Michigan to train and even took a few classes, but did not pursue a degree.^[178]^[179] After the 2008 Summer Olympics, Bowman returned to Baltimore as CEO at the North Baltimore Aquatic Club. Phelps also returned to Baltimore with Bowman.^[180]

Personal life [link]

Michael Phelps at Santa Clara, California, 2009.

Bob Bowman described Phelps as "a solitary man"^[181] with a "rigid focus"^[6] at the pool prior to a race, but afterwards "a man incredibly invested in the success of the people he cares about".^[6] "He's unbelievably kind-hearted",^[181] recounting Phelps's interaction with young children after practices.^[6]

Controversies [link]

In November 2004, at the age of 19, Phelps was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol in Salisbury, Maryland.^[182] He pleaded guilty to driving while impaired the following month and was granted probation before judgment and ordered to serve 18 months' probation, fined $250, obligated to speak to high school students about drinking and driving and had to attend a Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) meeting.^[183] Questioned about the incident later that month by Matt Lauer on the Today Show, Phelps said it was an "isolated incident" and that he had "definitely let myself down and my family down ... I think I let a lot of people in the country down."^[6]

In early 2009, Phelps admitted to "behavior which was regrettable and demonstrated bad judgment" following the publication of a photo by the British tabloid, The News of the World, showing him using a bong, a device used for smoking tobacco or marijuana.^[184] Following an investigation, the Richland County Sheriff's Department announced on February 16 that Phelps would not be prosecuted in connection with the incident because there was not enough evidence.^[185] USA Swimming suspended Phelps from swimming competitively for three months, and Kellogg's announced that it would not renew his endorsement contract.^[186]

Relationship with Ian Thorpe [link]

Phelps idolized Australian Ian Thorpe as a teenager, modelling his public image after him.^[187] Thorpe initially said it was highly unlikely for Phelps to win eight gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.^[188] His remarks were used by Phelps, who stuck them on his locker as motivation during the Games.^[189] Thorpe was in the stands for the men's 4×100 meter medley relay, where Phelps was swimming for his eighth Olympic title. When Phelps and his teammates captured the gold, Thorpe gave a congratulatory kiss to Phelps' mother, then gave a handshake and a hug to congratulate Phelps. Thorpe afterwards said "I'm really proud of him not just because he won eight golds. Rather, it's how much he has grown up and matured into a great human being. Never in my life have I been so happy to have been proved wrong. I enjoyed every moment of it."^[126] He added, "I just couldn't envision it happening. And I didn't think he would get all eight, not because Michael couldn't win, but because of the competition. It's been a very tough week to get through. I couldn't do it. You couldn't imagine much closer races. The 4×100 free goes down as one of the all-time great races."^[190]^[191]

Philanthropy [link]

After the 2008 Olympics, Phelps used his $1 million Speedo bonus to set up the Michael Phelps Foundation.^[192]^[193] His foundation focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles.^[194]

In 2010 the Michael Phelps Foundation, the Michael Phelps Swim School and KidsHealth.Org developed and nationally piloted the im program for Boys & Girls Club members. The im program teaches children the importance of being active and healthy, with a focus on the sport of swimming. It also promotes the value of planning and goal-setting.^[195]

Honors and awards [link]

Phelps and Maryland House Speaker Mike Busch in April, 2009. Both houses of the Maryland General Assembly honored Phelps that day.

Phelps was a USA Olympic Team Member in 2000, 2004, and 2008, and holds the records for most Olympic gold medals (14), most such medals in individual events (9), and most such medals at a single games (8, in Beijing 2008).^[4] A street in his hometown of Baltimore was re-named The Michael Phelps Way in 2004.^[196] On April 9, 2009, Phelps was invited to appear before the Maryland House of Delegates and the Maryland Senate, to be honored for his Olympic accomplishments.^[197]
Phelps has also received the following awards:

World Swimmer of the Year Award: 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009^[198]
American Swimmer of the Year Award: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009^[198]^[199]
Golden Goggle Male Performance of the Year: 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009^[4]
Golden Goggle Relay Performance of the Year: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009^[4]
Golden Goggle Male Athlete of the Year: 2004, 2007, 2008^[4]
USOC SportsMan of the Year Award: 2004, 2008^[200]
James E. Sullivan Award: 2003^[201]
Laureus World Sports Sportsman of the Year Award (Nominated): 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009^[202]^[203]^[204]^[205]
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year: 2008^[206]

World records [link]

With 39 world records (29 individual, 10 relay) as of 02009-12-19December 19, 2009, Phelps has set more records than any other swimmer, surpassing Mark Spitz's previous record of 33 world records (26 individual, 7 relay). All but two of the records were set in a long-course (50-meter) pool; records that currently stand are indicated in bold. Currently, he holds seven world records.

No.	Distance	Event	Time	Location	Date	Ref
1	200 m	Butterfly	1:54.92	Austin, Texas, US	02001-03-30March 30, 2001	^[207]
2	200 m	Butterfly (2)	1:54.58	Fukuoka, Japan	02001-07-24July 24, 2001	^[207]
3	400 m	Individual medley	4:11.09	Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, US	02002-08-15August 15, 2002	^[208]
4	4×100 m	Medley relay^[a]	3:33.48	Yokohama, Japan	02002-08-29August 29, 2002	^[209]
5	400 m	Individual medley (2)	4:10.73	Indianapolis, Indiana, US	02003-04-06April 6, 2003	^[210]
6	200 m	Individual medley	1:57.94	Santa Clara, California, US	02003-06-29June 29, 2003	^[211]
7	200 m	Butterfly (3)	1:53.93	Barcelona, Spain	02003-07-22July 22, 2003	^[212]
8	200 m	Individual medley (2)	1:57.52	Barcelona, Spain	02003-07-24July 24, 2003	^[212]
9	100 m	Butterfly	0:51.47	Barcelona, Spain	02003-07-25July 25, 2003	^[212]
10	200 m	Individual medley (3)	1:56.04	Barcelona, Spain	02003-07-25July 25, 2003	^[212]
11	400 m	Individual medley (3)	4:09.09	Barcelona, Spain	02003-07-27July 27, 2003	^[212]
12	200 m	Individual medley (4)	1:55.94	College Park, Maryland, US	02003-08-09August 9, 2003	^[213]
13	400 m	Individual medley (4)	4:08.41	Long Beach, California, US	02004-07-07July 7, 2004	^[214]
14	400 m	Individual medley (5)	4:08.26	Athens, Greece	02004-08-14August 14, 2004	^[215]
15	200 m	Butterfly (4)	1:53.80	Victoria, British Columbia, Canada	02006-08-17August 17, 2006	^[216]
16	4×100 m	Freestyle relay^[b]	3:12.46	Victoria, British Columbia, Canada	02006-08-19August 19, 2006	^[216]
17	200 m	Individual medley (5)	1:55.84	Victoria, British Columbia, Canada	02006-08-20August 20, 2006	^[216]
18	200 m	Butterfly (5)	1:53.71	Columbia, Missouri, US	02007-02-17February 17, 2007	^[217]
19	200 m	Freestyle	1:43.86	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia	02007-03-27March 27, 2007	^[218]
20	200 m	Butterfly (6)	1:52.09	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia	02007-03-28March 28, 2007	^[218]
21	200 m	Individual medley (6)	1:54.98	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia	02007-03-29March 29, 2007	^[218]
22	4×200 m	Freestyle relay^[c]	7:03.24	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia	02007-03-30March 30, 2007	^[218]
23	400 m	Individual medley (6)	4:06.22	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia	02007-04-01April 1, 2007	^[218]
24	400 m	Individual medley (7)	4:05.25	Omaha, Nebraska, US	02008-06-29June 29, 2008	^[219]
25	200 m	Individual medley (7)	1:54.80	Omaha, Nebraska, US	02008-07-04July 4, 2008	^[219]
26	400 m	Individual medley (8)	4:03.84	Beijing, China	02008-08-10August 10, 2008	^[220]
27	4×100 m	Freestyle relay (2)^[d]	3:08.24	Beijing, China	02008-08-11August 11, 2008	^[220]
28	200 m	Freestyle (2)	1:42.96	Beijing, China	02008-08-12August 12, 2008	^[221]
29	200 m	Butterfly (7)	1:52.03	Beijing, China	02008-08-13August 13, 2008	^[222]
30	4×200 m	Freestyle relay (2)^[e]	6:58.56	Beijing, China	02008-08-13August 13, 2008	^[223]
31	200 m	Individual medley (8)	1:54.23	Beijing, China	02008-08-15August 15, 2008	^[224]
32	4×100 m	Medley relay (2)^[a]	3:29.34	Beijing, China	02008-08-17August 17, 2008	^[225]
33	100 m	Butterfly (2)	0:50.22	Indianapolis, Indiana, US	02009-07-09July 9, 2009	^[226]
34	200 m	Butterfly (8)	1:51.51	Rome, Italy	02009-07-29July 29, 2009	^[227]
35	4×200 m	Freestyle relay (3)^[f]	6:58.55	Rome, Italy	02009-07-31July 31, 2009	^[227]
36	100 m	Butterfly (3)	0:49.82	Rome, Italy	02009-08-01August 1, 2009	^[227]
37	4×100 m	Medley relay (3)^[g]	3:27.28	Rome, Italy	02009-08-02August 2, 2009	^[227]
38	4×100 m	Medley relay (sc)^[h]	3:20.71	Manchester, United Kingdom	02009-12-18December 18, 2009	^[228]
39	4×100 m	Freestyle relay (sc)^[i]	3:03.30	Manchester, United Kingdom	02009-12-19December 19, 2009	^[229]

^a with Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, and Jason Lezak

^b with Neil Walker, Cullen Jones, and Jason Lezak

^c with Ryan Lochte, Klete Keller, and Peter Vanderkaay

^d with Garrett Weber-Gale, Cullen Jones, and Jason Lezak

^e with Ryan Lochte, Ricky Berens, and Peter Vanderkaay

^f with Ryan Lochte, Ricky Berens, and David Walters

^g with Aaron Peirsol, Eric Shanteau and David Walters

^h short course record with Nick Thoman, Mark Gangloff and Nathan Adrian

ⁱ short course record with Nathan Adrian, Matt Grevers and Garrett Weber-Gale

Notes [link]

^ "Michael Phelps biography and family!". FAQGO.com. 2008-08-10. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sG7LpKho. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
^ Harris, Nick (2008-08-11). "'Baltimore Bullet' has history in his sights". The Independent (London). Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sFuQpI5B. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
^ "'Flying Fish' Phelps largely unknown in China". MSNBC.com. 2008-08-17. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26249018/ns/beijing_olympics-beijing_olympics_news/t/flying-fish-phelps-largely-unknown-china/. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "USA Swimming bio: Michael Phelps". USA Swimming. http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopModules/BioViewManaged.aspx?personid=4beec290-d7ae-483d-a512-36b18a4e022a&TabId=1453&Mid=10312. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
^ [1]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Phelps' voyage". The Baltimore Sun. 2008-08-03. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5sWfHxTXl. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
^ ^a ^b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 15.
^ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/olympics08/phelps.htm
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 16.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 24.
^ Schaller, p. 4.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 85.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 78.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 88.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 92.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 109.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 110
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 111
^ ^a ^b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 122.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 123.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 134.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 133.
^ "Phelps breaks fifth record at aquatic worlds". CBC. 2003-07-28. http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2003/07/27/phelps030727.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (semifinal)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F74_ResSummary_216_Semifinal_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_116_Final_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_121_Final_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (semifinal)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F74_ResSummary_225_Semifinal_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_125_Final_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (semifinal)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F74_ResSummary_229_Semifinal_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_129_Final_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_138_Final_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
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^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 179.
^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_101_Final_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
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^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 181.
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^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 200 m backstroke results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_118_Final_Men_200_Back.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 184.
^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_120_Final_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_123_Final_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ ^a ^b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 186.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 191.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_101_Final_1_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Schaller, p. 35.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73B1_Res1HeatRelay_112_Final_1_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Schaller, p. 36.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 202.
^ Schaller, p. 37.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_108_Final_1_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Schaller, p. 38.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 204.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_114_Final_1_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Schaller, p. 39.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73B1_Res1HeatRelay_119_Final_1_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_123_Final_1_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_127_Final_1_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ ^a ^b Schaller, p. 40.
^ ^a ^b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 218.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C74B_ResSummaryRelay_32_Prelim_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73B1_Res1HeatRelay_132_Final_1_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 243.
^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 400 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_102_Finals_Men_400_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_113_Finals_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 100 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_117_Finals_Men_100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_119_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Schaller, p. 59.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 400 m freestyle results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F74_ResSummary_2_Heats_Men_400_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_110_Finals_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 100 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_119_Finals_Men_100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_121_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_132_Finals_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_130_Finals_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_140_Finals_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F74_ResSummary_40_Heats_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 261.
^ "2006 ConocoPhillips National Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/irvine1_2006/F73_ResByHeat_112_Finals_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2006 ConocoPhillips National Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/irvine1_2006/F73_ResByHeat_115_Finals_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2006 ConocoPhillips National Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/irvine1_2006/F73_ResByHeat_122_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 264.
^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
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^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 m backstroke results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F73_ResByHeat_122_Finals_Men_200_Back.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F74_ResSummary_24_Heats_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F73_ResByHeat_126_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Schaller, p. 60.
^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_110_Finals_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
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^ "Nominees archive (2004)". Laureus.com. http://www.laureus.com/nominees?year=2004. Retrieved 2010-09-05. ^{[dead link]}
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References [link]

Phelps, Michael (2004). Beneath the Surface. United States: Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-59670-352-0.
Phelps, Michael (2008). No Limits: The Will to Succeed. United States: Free Press. ISBN 1-4391-3072-8.
Schaller, Bob (2008). Michael Phelps: The Untold Story of a Champion. United States: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-35737-0.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michael Phelps

Records
Preceded by Tom Malchow	Men's 200 meter butterfly world record holder (long course) March 30, 2001 – Present	Incumbent
Preceded by Tom Dolan	Men's 400 meter individual medley world record holder (long course) August 15, 2002 – Present	Incumbent
Preceded by Jani Sievinen	Men's 200 meter individual medley world record holder (long course) June 29, 2003 – July 30, 2009	Succeeded by Ryan Lochte
Preceded by Andriy Serdinov Ian Crocker Milorad Čavić	Men's 100 meter butterfly world record holder (long course) July 25, 2003 – July 26, 2003 July 9, 2009 – July 31, 2009 August 1, 2009 – present	Succeeded by Ian Crocker Milorad Čavić Incumbent
Preceded by Ian Thorpe	Men's 200 meter freestyle world record holder (long course) March 27, 2007 – July 28, 2009	Succeeded by Paul Biedermann
Awards
Preceded by Ian Thorpe Grant Hackett	World Swimmer of the Year 2003–2004 2006–2009	Succeeded by Grant Hackett Ryan Lochte
Preceded by Lenny Krayzelburg & Tom Dolan Aaron Peirsol	American Swimmer of the Year 2001–2004 2006–2009	Succeeded by Aaron Peirsol Ryan Lochte
Preceded by Lance Armstrong Tyson Gay	USOC Sportsman of the Year 2004 2008	Succeeded by Hunter Kemper Todd Lodwick

Michael Phelps – navigation templates

v t e Olympic Champions in Men's 200 m Freestyle

1900: Frederick Lane 1904 (220 yards): Charles Daniels 1968: Michael Wenden 1972: Mark Spitz 1976: Bruce Furniss 1980: Sergey Kopliakov 1984: Michael Groß 1988: Duncan Armstrong 1992: Yevgeny Sadovyi 1996: Danyon Loader 2000: Pieter van den Hoogenband 2004: Ian Thorpe 2008: Michael Phelps

v t e Olympic Champions in Men's 100 m Butterfly

1968: Douglas Russell 1972: Mark Spitz 1976: Matt Vogel 1980: Pär Arvidsson 1984: Michael Groß 1988: Anthony Nesty 1992: Pablo Morales 1996: Denis Pankratov 2000: Lars Frölander 2004: Michael Phelps 2008: Michael Phelps

v t e Olympic Champions in Men's 200 m Butterfly

1956: William Yorzyk 1960: Michael Troy 1964: Kevin Berry 1968: Carl Robie 1972: Mark Spitz 1976: Mike Bruner 1980: Sergey Fesenko, Sr. 1984: Jon Sieben 1988: Michael Groß 1992: Melvin Stewart 1996: Denis Pankratov 2000: Tom Malchow 2004: Michael Phelps 2008: Michael Phelps

v t e Olympic Champions in Men's 200 m Individual Medley

1968: Charles Hickcox 1972: Gunnar Larsson 1984: Alex Baumann 1988: Tamás Darnyi 1992: Tamás Darnyi 1996: Attila Czene 2000: Massimiliano Rosolino 2004: Michael Phelps 2008: Michael Phelps

v t e Olympic Champions in Men's 400 m Individual Medley

1964: Richard Roth 1968: Charles Hickcox 1972: Gunnar Larsson 1976: Rod Strachan 1980: Aleksandr Sidorenko 1984: Alex Baumann 1988: Tamás Darnyi 1992: Tamás Darnyi 1996: Tom Dolan 2000: Tom Dolan 2004: Michael Phelps 2008: Michael Phelps

Olympic Champions in Men's 4×200 m Freestyle Relay

1908: Great Britain (Derbyshire, Radimilovic, Foster, Taylor)
1912: Australasia (Healy, Champion, Boardman, Hardwick)
1920: USA (McGillivray, Kealoha, Ross, Kahanamoku)
1924: USA (Weissmuller, O'Connor, Glancy, Breyer)
1928: USA (Weissmuller, Clapp, Laufer, Kojac)
1932: Japan (Yusa, Miyazaki, Yokoyama, Toyoda)
1936: Japan (Yusa, Sugiura, Arai, Taguchi)
1948: USA (Ris, McLane, Wolf, Smith)
1952: USA (Moore, Woolsey, Konno, McLane)
1956: Australia (O'Halloran, Devitt, Rose, Henricks)
1960: USA (Harrison, Blick, Troy, Farrell)
1964: USA (Schollander, Clark, Saari, Ilman)
1968: USA (Schollander, Spitz, Nelson, Rerych)
1972: USA (Spitz, Kinsella, Tyler, Genter)
1976: USA (Bruner, Furniss, Naber, Montgomery)
1980: Soviet Union (Kopliakov, Salnikov, Stukolkin, Krylov)
1984: USA (Heath, Larson, Float, Hayes)
1988: USA (Dalbey, Cetlinski, Gjertsen, Biondi)
1992: Unified Team (Lepikov, Pyshnenko, Tayanovich, Sadovyi)
1996: USA (Davis, Hudepohl, Schumacher, Berube)
2000: Australia (Thorpe, Klim, Pearson, Kirby)
2004: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Vanderkaay, Keller)
2008: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Berens, Vanderkaay)

Olympic Champions in Men's 4×100 m Freestyle Relay

1964: USA (Clark, Austin, Ilman, Schollander)
1968: USA (Zorn, Rerych, Spitz, Walsh)
1972: USA (Edgar, Murphy, Heidenreich, Spitz)
1984: USA (Cavanaugh, Heath, Biondi, Gaines)
1988: USA (Jacobs, Dalbey, Jager, Biondi)
1992: USA (Hudepohl, Biondi, Jager, Olsen)
1996: USA (Olsen, Davis, Schumacher, Hall, Jr.)
2000: Australia (Klim, Fydler, Callus, Thorpe)
2004: South Africa (Schoeman, Ferns, Townsend, Neethling)
2008: USA (Phelps, Weber-Gale, Jones, Lezak)

Olympic Champions in Men's 4×100 m Medley Relay

1960: USA (McKinney, Hait, Larson, Farrell)
1964: USA (Mann, Craig, Schmidt, Clark)
1968: USA (Hickcox, McKenzie, Russell, Walsh)
1972: USA (Stamm, Bruce, Spitz, Heidenreich)
1976: USA (Naber, Hencken, Vogel, Montgomery)
1980: Australia (Kerry, Evans, Tonelli, Brooks)
1984: USA (Carey, Lundquist, Morales, Gaines)
1988: USA (Berkoff, Schroeder, Biondi, Jacobs)
1992: USA (Rouse, Diebel, Morales, Olsen)
1996: USA (Rouse, Linn, Henderson, Hall, Jr.)
2000: USA (Krayzelburg, Moses, Crocker, Hall, Jr.)
2004: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
2008: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Phelps, Lezak)

v t e World Long Course Champions in Men's 200 m Freestyle

1973: Jim Montgomery (USA) 1975: Timothy Shaw (USA) 1978: Bill Forrester (USA) 1982: Michael Groß (FRG) 1986: Michael Groß (FRG) 1991: Giorgio Lamberti (ITA) 1994: Antti Kasvio (FIN) 1998: Michael Klim (AUS) 2001: Ian Thorpe (AUS) 2003: Ian Thorpe (AUS) 2005: Michael Phelps (USA) 2007: Michael Phelps (USA) 2009: Paul Biedermann (GER) 2011: Ryan Lochte (USA)

v t e World Long Course Champions in Men's 100 m Butterfly

1973: Bruce Robertson (CAN) 1975: Gregory Jagenburg (USA) 1978: Joe Bottom (USA) 1982: Matthew Gribble (USA) 1986: Pablo Morales (USA) 1991: Anthony Nesty (SUR) 1994: Rafał Szukała (POL) 1998: Michael Klim (AUS) 2001: Lars Frölander (SWE) 2003: Ian Crocker (USA) 2005: Ian Crocker (USA) 2007: Michael Phelps (USA) 2009: Michael Phelps (USA) 2011: Michael Phelps (USA)

World Long Course Champions in Men's 200 m Butterfly

1973: Robin Backhaus (USA)
1975: Bill Forrester (USA)
1978: Mike Bruner (USA)
1982: Michael Groß (FRG)
1986: Michael Groß (FRG)
1991: Melvin Stewart (USA)
1994: Denis Pankratov (RUS)
1998: Denys Sylantyev (UKR)
2001: Michael Phelps (USA)
2003: Michael Phelps (USA)
2005: Paweł Korzeniowski (POL)
2007: Michael Phelps (USA)
2009: Michael Phelps (USA)
2011: Michael Phelps (USA)

World Long Course Champions in Men's 200 m Individual Medley

1973: Gunnar Larsson (SWE)
1975: Andras Hargitay (HUN)
1978: Graham Smith (CAN)
1982: Aleksandr Sidorenko (URS)
1986: Tamás Darnyi (HUN)
1991: Tamás Darnyi (HUN)
1994: Jani Sievinen (FIN)
1998: Marcel Wouda (NED)
2001: Massimiliano Rosolino (USA)
2003: Michael Phelps (USA)
2005: Michael Phelps (USA)
2007: Michael Phelps (USA)
2009: Ryan Lochte (USA)
2011: Ryan Lochte (USA)

v t e World Long Course Champions in Men's 400 m Individual Medley

1973: Andras Hargitay (HUN) 1975: Andras Hargitay (HUN) 1978: Jesse Vassallo (USA) 1982: Ricardo Prado (BRA) 1986: Tamás Darnyi (HUN) 1991: Tamás Darnyi (HUN) 1994: Tom Dolan (USA) 1998: Tom Dolan (USA) 2001: Alessio Boggiatto (ITA) 2003: Michael Phelps (USA) 2005: László Cseh (HUN) 2007: Michael Phelps (USA) 2009: Ryan Lochte (USA) 2011: Ryan Lochte (USA)

World Long Course Champions in Men's 4×100 m Freestyle Relay

1973: United States (Nash, Bottom, Montgomery, Murphy)
1975: United States (Furniss, Montgomery, Coan, Murphy)
1978: United States (Babashoff, Gaines, Montgomery, McCagg)
1982: United States (Cavanaugh, Leamy, McCagg, Gaines)
1986: United States (Jager, Heath, Wallace, Biondi)
1991: United States (Jager, Lang, Gjertsen, Biondi)
1994: United States (Olsen, Davis, Taner, Hall, Jr.)
1998: United States (Tucker, Olsen, Walker, Hall, Jr.)
2001: Australia (Klim, Callus, Pearson, Thorpe)
2003: Russia (Kapralov, Usov, Pimankov, Popov)
2005: United States (Phelps, Walker, Dusing, Lezak)
2007: United States (Phelps, Walker, Jones, Lezak)
2009: United States (Phelps, Lochte, Grevers, Adrian)
2011: Australia (Magnussen, Targett, Abood, Sullivan)

World Long Course Champions in Men's 4×200 m Freestyle Relay

1973: United States (Krumpholz, Backhaus, Klatt, Montgomery)
1975: West Germany (Steinbach, Lampe, Geissler, Nocke)
1978: United States (Furniss, Forrester, Hackett, Gaines)
1982: United States (Saeger, Float, Miller, Gaines)
1986: East Germany (Hinneburg, Flemming, Richter, Lodziewski)
1991: West Germany (Sitt, Zesner, Pfeiffer, Groß)
1994: Sweden (Wallin, Werner, Frölander, Holmertz)
1998: Australia (Klim, Thorpe, Hackett, Kowalski)
2001: Australia (Hackett, Kirby, Klim, Thorpe)
2003: Australia (Hackett, Stevens, Sprenger, Thorpe)
2005: United States (Phelps, Lochte, Vanderkaay, Keller)
2007: United States (Phelps, Lochte, Keller, Vanderkaay)
2009: United States (Phelps, Berens, Walters, Lochte)
2011: United States (Phelps, Vanderkaay, Berens, Lochte)

World Long Course Champions in Men's 4×100 m Medley Relay

1973: United States (Stamm, Hencken, Bottom, Montgomery)
1975: United States (Murphy, Colella, Jagenburg, Coan)
1978: United States (Jackson, Nevid, Bottom, McCagg)
1982: United States (Carey, Lundquist, Gribble, Gaines)
1986: United States (Veatch, Lundberg, Morales, Biondi)
1991: United States (Rouse, Wunderlich, Henderson, Biondi)
1994: United States (Rouse, Wunderlich, Henderson, Hall, Jr.)
1998: Australia (Welsh, Rogers, Klim, Fydler)
2001: Australia (Welsh, Harrison, Huegill, Thorpe)
2003: United States (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
2005: United States (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
2007: Australia (Welsh, Rickard, Lauterstein, Sullivan)
2009: United States (Peirsol, Shanteau, Phelps, Walters)
2011: United States (Thoman, Gangloff, Phelps, Adrian)

v t e World Short Course Champions in Men's 200 m Freestyle

1993: Antti Kasvio (FIN) 1995: Gustavo Borges (BRA) 1997: Gustavo Borges (BRA) 1999: Ian Thorpe (AUS) 2000: Béla Szabados (HUN) 2002: Klete Keller (USA) 2004: Michael Phelps (USA) 2006: Ryk Neethling (RSA) 2008: Kenrick Monk (AUS) 2010: Ryan Lochte (USA)

v t e Pan Pacific Champions in Men's 100 m Butterfly

1985: Pablo Morales (USA) 1987: Pablo Morales (USA) 1989: Anthony Nesty (SUR) 1991: Matt Biondi (USA) 1993: Mark Henderson (USA) 1995: Scott Miller (AUS) 1997: Neil Walker (USA) 1999: Michael Klim (AUS) 2002: Ian Crocker (USA) 2006: Ian Crocker (USA) 2010: Michael Phelps (USA)

v t e Pan Pacific Champions in Men's 200 m Butterfly

1985: Anthony Mosse (NZL) 1987: Melvin Stewart (USA) 1989: Melvin Stewart (USA) 1991: Melvin Stewart (USA) 1993: Danyon Loader (NZL) 1995: Scott Miller (AUS) 1997: Ugur Taner (USA) 1999: Tom Malchow (USA) 2002: Tom Malchow (USA) 2006: Michael Phelps (USA) 2010: Michael Phelps (USA)

v t e Pan Pacific Champions in Men's 200 m Individual Medley

1985: Pablo Morales (USA) 1987: David Wharton (USA) 1989: David Wharton (USA) 1991: Gary Anderson (CAN) 1993: Matthew Dunn (AUS) 1995: Tom Dolan (USA) 1997: Matthew Dunn (AUS) 1999: Tom Wilkens (USA) 2002: Michael Phelps (USA) 2006: Michael Phelps (USA) 2010: Ryan Lochte (USA)

v t e Pan Pacific Champions in Men's 400 m Individual Medley

1985: Ricardo Prado (BRA) 1987: David Wharton (USA) 1989: David Wharton (USA) 1991: Eric Namesnik (USA) 1993: Matthew Dunn (AUS) 1995: Tom Dolan (USA) 1997: Matthew Dunn (AUS) 1999: Matthew Dunn (AUS) 2002: Michael Phelps (USA) 2006: Michael Phelps (USA) 2010: Ryan Lochte (USA)

Pan Pacific Champions in Men's 4×100 m Freestyle Relay

1985: USA (McCadam, Heath, Wallace, Biondi)
1987: USA (Jacobs, Oppel, Dalbey, Biondi)
1989: USA (Lang, Olsen, Gjertsen, Jager)
1991: USA (Jordan, Jager, Olsen, Biondi)
1993: USA (Hudepohl, Pepper, Fox, Olsen)
1995: USA (Fox, Hudepohl, Olsen, Hall)
1997: USA (Tucker, Schumacher, Olsen, Walker)
1999: AUS (Klim, English, Fydler, Thorpe)
2002: AUS (Callus, Pearson, Hackett, Thorpe)
2006: USA (Phelps, Walker, Jones, Lezak)
2010: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Lezak, Adrian)

Pan Pacific Champions in Men's 4×200 m Freestyle Relay

1985: USA (Heath, Biondi, Dillon, Oppel)
1987: USA (Dalbey, Biondi, Cetlinski, Oppel)
1989: USA (Stewart, Jorgensen, Olsen, Gjertsen)
1991: USA (Dalbey, Jorgensen, Hudepohl, Olsen)
1993: USA (Burgess, Eckerman, Taner, Davis)
1995: AUS (Allen, Housman, Dunn, Kowalski)
1997: USA (Carvin, Malchow, Taner, Davis)
1999: AUS (Thorpe, Kirby, Hackett, Klim)
2002: AUS (Hackett, Stevens, Cram, Thorpe)
2006: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Vanderkaay, Keller)
2010: USA (Phelps, Vanderkaay, Berens, Lochte)

Pan Pacific Champions in Men's 4×100 m Medley Relay

1985: USA (Carey, Moffet, Morales, Biondi)
1987: USA (Veatch, Schroeder, Morales, Biondi)
1989: USA (Rouse, Korhammer, Morales, Biondi)
1991: USA (Rouse, Barrowman, Henderson, Biondi)
1993: USA (Rouse, Van Neerden, Henderson, Olsen)
1995: USA (Rouse, Wunderlich, Henderson, Hall)
1997: USA (Krayzelburg, Grote, Dusing, Walker)
1999: USA (Krayzelburg, Grote, Wales, Walker)
2002: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Phelps, Lezak)
2006: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
2010: USA (Peirsol, Gangloff, Phelps, Adrian)

v t e 2000 USA Olympic swimming team

Men's team	Pat Calhoun Chad Carvin Ian Crocker Josh Davis Tom Dolan Nate Dusing Anthony Ervin Scott Goldblatt Gary Hall, Jr. Tommy Hannan Klete Keller Lenny Krayzelburg Jason Lezak Tom Malchow Ed Moses Aaron Peirsol Michael Phelps Jamie Rauch Kyle Salyards Chris Thompson Scott Tucker Erik Vendt Neil Walker Tom Wilkens

Women's team	Amanda Adkins Samantha Arsenault Amanda Beard B. J. Bedford Lindsay Benko Brooke Bennett Kim Black Maddy Crippen Misty Hyman Kristy Kowal Diana Munz Rada Owen Erin Phenix Megan Quann Gabrielle Rose Kaitlin Sandeno Courtney Shealy Staciana Stitts Julia Stowers Ashley Tappin Cristina Teuscher Jenny Thompson Dara Torres Amy Van Dyken

Coaches	Peter Banks Jack Bauerle David Marsh Richard Quick (women's head coach) Eddie Reese Dave Salo Mark Schubert (men's head coach) Jon Urbanchek

v t e 2004 USA Olympic Swimming Team

Men's Team	Ian Crocker Nate Dusing Mark Gangloff Scott Goldblatt Gary Hall, Jr. Brendan Hansen Bryce Hunt Larsen Jensen Klete Keller Dan Ketchum Lenny Krayzelburg Jason Lezak Ryan Lochte Tom Malchow Aaron Peirsol Michael Phelps Scott Usher Peter Vanderkaay Erik Vendt Neil Walker Gabe Woodward

Women's Team	Amanda Beard Lindsay Benko Caroline Bruce Kristen Caverly Haley Cope Maritza Correia Natalie Coughlin Margaret Hoelzer Katie Hoff Rhi Jeffrey Kara Lynn Joyce Kalyn Keller Dana Kirk Tara Kirk Rachel Komisarz Colleen Lanné Diana Munz Carly Piper Kaitlin Sandeno Jenny Thompson Dana Vollmer Amanda Weir

Coaches	Bob Bowman Frank Busch Teri McKeever Richard Quick Eddie Reese (Men's Head Coach) Dave Salo Mark Schubert (Women's Head Coach) Jon Urbanchek

v t e 2008 USA Olympic Swimming Team

Men's Team	Nathan Adrian Ricky Berens Ian Crocker Mark Gangloff Matt Grevers Brendan Hansen Larsen Jensen Cullen Jones Klete Keller Jason Lezak Ryan Lochte Aaron Peirsol Michael Phelps Eric Shanteau Scott Spann Gil Stovall Peter Vanderkaay Erik Vendt David Walters Mark Warkentin Garrett Weber-Gale Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner

Women's Team	Amanda Beard Elizabeth Beisel Elaine Breeden Caroline Burckle Natalie Coughlin (Jessica Hardy) Kathleen Hersey Margaret Hoelzer Katie Hoff Megan Jendrick Kara Lynn Joyce Christine Magnuson Christine Marshall Lacey Nymeyer Allison Schmitt Emily Silver Julia Smit Rebecca Soni Chloe Sutton Dara Torres Kim Vandenberg Kate Ziegler

Coaches	Jack Bauerle (Women's Head Coach) Ray Benecki Bob Bowman Frank Busch Sean Hutchison Teri McKeever Eddie Reese (Men's Head Coach) Mark Schubert (National Team Head Coach) Gregg Troy Jon Urbanchek Paul Yetter

Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year

1931: Pepper Martin
1932: Gene Sarazen
1933: Carl Hubbell
1934: Dizzy Dean
1935: Joe Louis
1936: Jesse Owens
1937: Don Budge
1938: Don Budge
1939: Nile Kinnick
1940: Tom Harmon
1941: Joe DiMaggio
1942: Frank Sinkwich
1943: Gunder Hägg
1944: Byron Nelson
1945: Byron Nelson
1946: Glenn Davis
1947: Johnny Lujack
1948: Lou Boudreau
1949: Leon Hart
1950: Jim Konstanty
1951: Dick Kazmaier
1952: Bob Mathias
1953: Ben Hogan
1954: Willie Mays
1955: Howard Cassady
1956: Mickey Mantle
1957: Ted Williams
1958: Herb Elliot
1959: Ingemar Johansson
1960: Rafer Johnson
1961: Roger Maris
1962: Maury Wills
1963: Sandy Koufax
1964: Don Schollander
1965: Sandy Koufax
1966: Frank Robinson
1967: Carl Yastrzemski
1968: Denny McLain
1969: Tom Seaver
1970: George Blanda
1971: Lee Trevino
1972: Mark Spitz
1973: O. J. Simpson
1974: Muhammad Ali
1975: Fred Lynn
1976: Bruce Jenner
1977: Steve Cauthen
1978: Ron Guidry
1979: Willie Stargell
1980: U.S. Olympic Hockey Team
1981: John McEnroe
1982: Wayne Gretzky
1983: Carl Lewis
1984: Carl Lewis
1985: Dwight Gooden
1986: Larry Bird
1987: Ben Johnson
1988: Orel Hershiser
1989: Joe Montana
1990: Joe Montana
1991: Michael Jordan
1992: Michael Jordan
1993: Michael Jordan
1994: George Foreman
1995: Cal Ripken, Jr.
1996: Michael Johnson
1997: Tiger Woods
1998: Mark McGwire
1999: Tiger Woods
2000: Tiger Woods
2001: Barry Bonds
2002: Lance Armstrong
2003: Lance Armstrong
2004: Lance Armstrong
2005: Lance Armstrong
2006: Tiger Woods
2007: Tom Brady
2008: Michael Phelps
2009: Jimmie Johnson
2010: Drew Brees
2011: Aaron Rodgers

Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year

1954: Roger Bannister
1955: Johnny Podres
1956: Bobby Morrow
1957: Stan Musial
1958: Rafer Johnson
1959: Ingemar Johansson
1960: Arnold Palmer
1961: Jerry Lucas
1962: Terry Baker
1963: Pete Rozelle
1964: Ken Venturi
1965: Sandy Koufax
1966: Jim Ryun
1967: Carl Yastrzemski
1968: Bill Russell
1969: Tom Seaver
1970: Bobby Orr
1971: Lee Trevino
1972: Billie Jean King & John Wooden
1973: Jackie Stewart
1974: Muhammad Ali
1975: Pete Rose
1976: Chris Evert
1977: Steve Cauthen
1978: Jack Nicklaus
1979: Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell
1980: U.S. Olympic Hockey Team
1981: Sugar Ray Leonard
1982: Wayne Gretzky
1983: Mary Decker
1984: Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton
1985: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
1986: Joe Paterno
1987: Bob Bourne, Judi Brown King, Kipchoge Keino, Dale Murphy, Chip Rives, Patty Sheehan, Rory Sparrow, & Reggie Williams
1988: Orel Hershiser
1989: Greg LeMond
1990: Joe Montana
1991: Michael Jordan
1992: Arthur Ashe
1993: Don Shula
1994: Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss
1995: Cal Ripken, Jr.
1996: Tiger Woods
1997: Dean Smith
1998: Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa
1999: U.S. Women's Soccer Team
2000: Tiger Woods
2001: Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson
2002: Lance Armstrong
2003: David Robinson & Tim Duncan
2004: Boston Red Sox
2005: Tom Brady
2006: Dwyane Wade
2007: Brett Favre
2008: Michael Phelps
2009: Derek Jeter
2010: Drew Brees
2011: Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt

James E. Sullivan Award winners

1930: Jones
1931: Berlinger
1932: Bausch
1933: Cunningham
1934: Bonthron
1935: Little
1936: Morris
1937: Budge
1938: Lash
1939: Burk
1940: Rice
1941: MacMitchell
1942: Warmerdam
1943: Dodds
1944: Curtis
1945: Blanchard
1946: Tucker
1947: Kelly, Jr.
1948: Mathias
1949: Button
1950: Wilt
1951: Richards
1952: Ashenfelter
1953: Lee
1954: Whitfield
1955: Dillard
1956: McCormick
1957: Morrow
1958: Davis
1959: O'Brien
1960: R. Johnson
1961: Rudolph
1962: Beatty
1963: Pennel
1964: Schollander
1965: Bradley
1966: Ryun
1967: Matson
1968: Meyer
1969: Toomey
1970: Kinsella
1971: Spitz
1972: Shorter
1973: Walton
1974: Wohlhuter
1975: Shaw
1976: Jenner
1977: Naber
1978: Caulkins
1979: Thomas
1980: Heiden
1981: Lewis
1982: Decker
1983: Moses
1984: Louganis
1985: Benoit
1986: Joyner-Kersee
1987: Abbott
1988: Griffith-Joyner
1989: Evans
1990: Smith
1991: Powell
1992: Blair
1993: Ward
1994: Jansen
1995: Baumgartner
1996: M. Johnson
1997: Manning
1998: Holdsclaw
1999: C. Miller & K. Miller
2000: Gardner
2001: Kwan
2002: Hughes
2003: Phelps
2004: Hamm
2005: Redick
2006: Long
2007: Tebow
2008: S. Johnson
2009: Palmeiro-Winters
2010: Lysacek
2011: Rodriguez

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Phelps, Michael Fred
Alternative names
Short description	swimmer, Olympic Gold medalist
Date of birth	June 30, 1985
Place of birth	Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Date of death
Place of death

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