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Caving in a muddy section of Black Chasm Cave in California.

A vertical cave in Alabama, US

Caving—also occasionally known as spelunking in the United States and potholing in the United Kingdom and Ireland—is the recreational pastime of exploring wild (generally non-commercial) cave systems. In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment.^[1]

The challenges involved in the activity depend on the cave being visited, but often include the negotiation of pitches, squeezes, and water (although actual cave diving is a separate sub-specialty undertaken by very few cavers). Climbing or crawling is often necessary, and ropes are used extensively for safe negotiation of particularly steep or slippery passages.

Caves have been explored out of necessity (for shelter from the elements or from enemies), out of curiosity or for mystical reasons for thousands of years. However, only in the last century or two has the activity developed into a sophisticated, athletic pastime. In recent decades, caving has changed considerably due to the availability of modern protective wear and equipment. It has recently come to be known as an "extreme sport" by some (though not commonly considered as such by its practitioners, who may dislike the term for its perceived connotation of disregard for safety).

Many of the skills involved in caving can also be put to use in mine exploration and urban exploration.

Motivation[link]

Caving is often undertaken for the enjoyment of the outdoor activity or for physical exercise, as well as original exploration, similar to mountaineering or diving. Physical or biological science is also an important goal for some cavers. Virgin cave systems comprise some of the last unexplored regions on Earth and much effort is put into trying to locate and enter them. In well-explored regions (such as most developed nations), the most accessible caves have already been explored, and gaining access to new caves often requires digging or diving.

Naming issues[link]

Caving in the north of England, an area that is also popular for pothole exploring

Clay Perry, an American caver of the 1940s, wrote about a group of men and boys who explored and studied caves throughout New England. This group referred to themselves as spelunkers, a term derived from the Latin spēlunca^[2] and Greek σπῆλυγξ (spēlunks)^[3] meaning "a cave". This is regarded as the first use of the word in the Americas. Throughout the 1950s, spelunking was the general term used for exploring caves in US English. It was used freely, without any positive or negative connotations, although only rarely outside the US.

In the 1960s, the terms spelunking and spelunker began to be considered déclassé among experienced enthusiasts. They began to convey the idea of inexperienced cavers, using unreliable light sources and cotton clothing. In 1985, Steve Knutson (editor of the NSS publication American Caving Accidents) made the following distinction:

…Note that I use the term 'spelunker' to denote someone untrained and unknowledgeable in current exploration techniques, and 'caver' for those who are.

This sentiment is exemplified by bumper stickers and t-shirts displayed by many cavers: "Cavers rescue spelunkers".

Potholing refers to the act of exploring potholes, a word originating in the north of England for predominantly vertical caves. The term is often used as a synonym for caving.

History[link]

Caving was pioneered by Édouard-Alfred Martel (1859–1938) who first achieved the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, France as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110 metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill, in Yorkshire, England in 1895. He developed his own techniques based on ropes and metallic ladders. Martel visited Kentucky and notably Mammoth Cave National Park in October 1912. Famous US caver Floyd Collins made in the 1920s important explorations in that area. In the 1930s, as caving became increasingly popular, small exploration teams both in the Alps and in the karstic high plateaus of southwest France (Causses and Pyrenees) transformed cave exploration in both a scientific and recreational activity. Robert de Joly, Guy de Lavaur and Norbert Casteret were prominent figures of that time. They surveyed mostly caves in Southwest France. During WWII, an alpine team composed of Pierre Chevalier, Fernand Petzl, Charles Petit-Didier and others explored the Dent de Crolles cave system near Grenoble, France which became the deepest explored cave in the world (-658m) at that time. The lack of available equipment during the war forced Pierre Chevalier and the rest of the team to develop their own equipment, leading to technical innovation. The scaling-pole (1940), nylon ropes (1942), use of explosives in caves (1947) and mechanical rope-ascenders (Henri Brenot's "monkeys", first used by Chevalier and Brenot in a cave in 1934) can be directly associated to the exploration of the Dent de Crolles cave system.

In 1941, American cavers organized themselves into the National Speleological Society (NSS) to advance the exploration, conservation, study, and understanding of caves in the United States. American caver Bill Cuddington, known as "Vertical Bill", developed the single rope technique (SRT) in the late 1950s. In 1958, two Swiss alpinists, Juesi and Marti teamed together, creating the first rope ascender known as the Jumar. In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Fernand Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool, today known as the Petzl Croll, that he had developed by adapting the Jumar to pit caving. Pursuing these developments, Petzl started in the 1970s a caving equipment manufacturing company named Petzl. The development of the rappel rack and the evolution of mechanical ascension systems extended the practice and safety of pit exploration to a larger venue of cavers.

Practice and equipment[link]

Hard hats are worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks. The caver's primary light source is usually mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free. Electric lights are most common, with halogen lamps being standard and white LEDs as the new competing technology. Many cavers carry two or more sources of light - one as primary and the others as backup in case the first fails. More often than not, a second light will be mounted to the helmet for quick transition if the primary fails. Carbide lamps systems are an older form of illumination, inspired by miner's equipment, and are still used by some cavers.^[4]

The type of clothes worn underground varies according to the environment of the cave being explored, and the local culture. In cold caves, the caver may wear a warm base layer that retains its insulating properties when wet, such as a fleece ("furry") suit and/or polypropylene underwear, and an oversuit of hard-wearing (e.g., cordura) and/or waterproof (e.g., PVC) material. Lighter clothing may be worn in warm caves, particularly if the cave is dry, and in tropical caves thin polypropylene clothing is used, to provide some abrasion protection whilst remaining as cool as possible. Wetsuits may be worn if the cave is particularly wet or involves stream passages. On the feet boots are worn - hiking-style boots in drier caves, or rubber boots (such as wellies) often with neoprene socks ("wetsocks") in wetter caves. Knee-pads (and sometimes elbow-pads) are popular for protecting joints during crawls. Depending on the nature of the cave, gloves are sometimes worn to protect the hands against abrasion and/or cold. In pristine areas and for restoration, clean oversuits and powder-free, non-latex surgical gloves are used to protect the cave itself from contaminants.

Ropes are used for descending or ascending pitches ("Single Rope Technique") or for protection. Knots commonly used in caving are the figure-of-eight- (or figure-of-nine-) loop, bowline, alpine butterfly, and Italian hitch. Ropes are usually rigged using bolts, slings, and carabiners. In some cases cavers may choose to bring and use a flexible metal ladder.

In addition to the equipment already described, cavers frequently carry packs containing first-aid kits, emergency equipment, and food. Containers for securely transporting urine are also commonly carried. On longer trips, containers for securely transporting feces out of the cave are carried.

During very long trips, it may be necessary to camp in the cave. This necessitates the caver carrying sleeping and cooking equipment.

Safety[link]

Caves can be dangerous places; hypothermia, falling, flooding, falling rocks and physical exhaustion are the main risks. Rescuing people from underground is difficult and time-consuming, and requires special skills, training, and equipment. Full-scale cave rescues often involve the efforts of dozens of rescue workers (often other long-time cavers who have participated in specialised courses, as normal rescue staff are not sufficiently experienced in cave environments), who may themselves be put in jeopardy in effecting the rescue. This said, caving is not necessarily a high-risk sport (especially if it does not involve difficult climbs or diving). As in all physical sports, knowing one's limitations is key.

The risks are minimised by a number of techniques:

• Checking that there is no danger of flooding during the expedition. Rainwater funneled underground can flood a cave very quickly, trapping people in cut-off passages and drowning them. After falling, this is the most likely fatal accident in caving.^{[citation needed]}
• Using teams of several, preferably at least of four cavers. If an injury occurs, one caver stays with the injured person while the other two go out for help, providing assistance to each other on their way out.
• Notifying people outside the cave as to the intended return time. After an appropriate delay without a return, these will then organise a search party (usually made up by other cavers trained in cave rescues, as even professional emergency personnel are unlikely to have the skills to effect a rescue in difficult conditions).
• Use of helmet-mounted lights (hands-free) with extra batteries. American cavers recommend a minimum of three independent sources of light per person, but two lights is common practice amongst European cavers.^{[citation needed]}
• Sturdy clothing and footwear, as well as a helmet, are necessary to reduce the impact of abrasions, falls, and falling objects. Synthetic fibers and woolens, which dry quickly, shed water, and are warm when wet, are vastly preferred to cotton materials, which retain water and increase the risk of hypothermia. It is also helpful to have several layers of clothing, which can be shed (and stored in the pack) or added as needed. In watery cave passages, polypropylene thermal underwear or wetsuits may be required to avoid hypothermia.
• Cave passages look different from different directions. In long or complex caves, even experienced cavers can become lost. To reduce the risk of becoming lost, it is necessary to memorise the appearance of key navigational points in the cave as they are passed by the exploring party. Each member of a cave party shares responsibility for being able to remember the route out of the cave. In some caves it may be acceptable to mark a small number of key junctions with small stacks or "cairns" of rocks, or to leave a non-permanent mark such as high-visibility flagging tape tied to a projection.
• Vertical caving using ladders or SRT (Single Rope Technique) to avoid the need for climbing passages that are too difficult. SRT however is a complex skill and requires proper training before use underground and needs well-maintained equipment. Some drops that are abseiled down may be as deep as several hundred meters (for example Harwood Hole).

Cave conservation[link]

Many cave environments are very fragile. Many speleothems can be damaged by even the slightest touch and some by impacts as slight as a breath.

Pollution is also of concern. Since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution may ultimately end up in someone's drinking water, and can even seriously affect the surface environment, as well. Even minor pollution such as dropping organic material can have a dramatic effect on the cave biota.

Cave-dwelling species are also very fragile, and often, a particular species found in a cave may live within that cave alone, and be found nowhere else in the world, such as Alabama cave shrimp. Cave-dwelling species are accustomed to a near-constant climate of temperature and humidity, and any disturbance can be disruptive to the species' life cycles. Though cave wildlife may not always be immediately visible, it is typically nonetheless present in most caves.

Bats are one such fragile species of cave-dwelling animal. Bats which hibernate are most vulnerable during the winter season, when no food supply exists on the surface to replenish the bat's store of energy should it be awakened from hibernation. Bats which migrate are most sensitive during the summer months when they are raising their young. For these reasons, visiting caves inhabited by hibernating bats is discouraged during cold months; and visiting caves inhabited by migratory bats is discouraged during the warmer months when they are most sensitive and vulnerable. Due to an affliction affecting bats in the northeastern US known as white nose syndrome (WNS),^[5] the US Fish & Wildlife Service has called for a moratorium [1] effective March 26, 2009 on caving activity in states known to have hibernacula (MD, NY, VT, NH, MA, CT, NJ, PA, VA, and WV) affected by WNS, as well as adjoining states.

Some cave passages may be marked with flagging tape or other indicators to show biologically, aesthetically, or archaeologically sensitive areas. Marked paths may show ways around notably fragile areas such as a pristine floor of sand or silt which may be thousands of years old, dating from the last time water flowed through the cave. Such deposits may easily be spoiled forever by a single misplaced step. Active formations such as flowstone can be similarly marred with a muddy footprint or handprint, and ancient human artifacts, such as fiber products, may even crumble to dust under all but the most gentle touch.

Caving organizations[link]

Cavers in many countries have created organizations for the administration and oversight of caving activities within their nations. The oldest of these is the French Federation of Speleology (originally Société de spéléologie) founded by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1895, which produced the first periodical journal in speleology, Spelunca. The National Speleological Society of the USA was later founded in 1941 (originally formed as the Speleological Society of the District of Columbia on May 6, 1939) and the Swiss Society of Speleology created in 1939 in Geneva, but the first speleological institute in the world was founded in 1920 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, by Emil Racovita, a Romanian biologist, zoologist, speleologist and explorer of Antarctica. The Pakistan Cave Research & Caving Federation was founded in Pakistan in 1997.

See also[link]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Burger, Paul (2006). Cave exploring. Guilford, Conn.: FalconGuide. ISBN 0-7627-2560-5. OCLC 62615915 53912806 62615915. 
• Marbach, George; Tourte, Bernard; Alspaugh, Melanie (translator). Alpine Caving Techniques. Speleo Projects,Switzerland. ISBN 3-908495-10-5. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Caving

Look up caving in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Caving at the Open Directory Project
• The National Speleological Society American organization devoted to caving, cave science, and cave conservation
• The British Caving Association The national governing body for underground exploration in the UK.
• Speleological Abstract (SA/BBS) Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the UIS.
• Try Caving Information for anyone interested in trying caving/potholing in the UK.
• U.C.E.T. - United Cavers Exploration Team (Also covers Mine Exploration - UK
• Speologie.org - Caves of Romania

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (January 2011) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Fernand Petzl}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Fernand Petzl
Fernand Petzl in 1979
Born	April 7, 1913
Died	May 31, 2003

Fernand Petzl (April 7, 1913 — May 31, 2003) was a caver and manufacturer of outdoor equipment under the brand name Petzl.

Petzl lived most of his life in the village of Saint-Ismier (near Grenoble), France at the foot of the mountain Dent De Crolles. He first went caving in Trou du Glaz in 1933, and was immediately captivated by the idea of exploring beyond the cave's known limits. Subsequent explorations there with Pierre Chevalier, Charles Petit-Didier and others culminated in connections to other caves in the massif, forming the Réseau de la Dent de Crolles which, in 1947, became the deepest cave in the world. Petzl also participated in explorations in the Gouffre Berger, which set a new world depth record in 1956 as the first cave deeper than 1000 metres (-1122m). Petzl was a proponent of cave explorations by small teams, an innovation at the time.

During this period, when there were no manufacturers of specialized caving equipment, cavers adapted equipment from other sources, or made their own. After 1933 Petzl began making rope ladders for his own use, developed a scaling-pole in 1940, and began testing the first nylon ropes in 1942. In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool he had developed, and in the 1970s Petzl started a small caving equipment manufacturing company that bore his name. In subsequent years the Petzl brand was expanded to include climbing and ski-mountaineering gear, and continues today as one of the world’s best–known manufacturers of mountaineering equipment.

References[link]

• Meredith, Mike Interview with Fernand Petzl, Caving International no.7, 1980.
• Chevalier, Pierre Subterranean Climbers, Faber & Faber, 1951 and Zephyrus Press, 1975.

This French business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Jack Osbourne
Osbourne at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival premiere of The Bang Bang Club
Born	Jack Joseph Osbourne (1985-11-08) 8 November 1985 (age 26) St John's Wood, London
Occupation	Television personality, producer, director
Years active	2001–present
Parents	Ozzy Osbourne (father) Sharon Osbourne (mother)

Jack Joseph Osbourne (born 8 November 1985) is an English media personality, best known as the son of musician Ozzy Osbourne and music manager Sharon Osbourne, and brother of Aimee and Kelly Osbourne.

Early life and family[link]

Osbourne was born in St John's Wood, London. He has two older sisters, Aimee Osbourne and Kelly Osbourne, and also two elder half-siblings; Jessica Hobbs and Louis Jon Osbourne, both of whom are from Ozzy's previous marriage to Thelma Riley. The Osbournes have many pets, and Jack had a female bulldog named Lola, she died on February 21 in 2012. Jack says that his childhood years were "perfectly happy and contented".^[1] For the first six years of his life he lived in the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire. When he was six, Sharon and Ozzy decided to move the family to Los Angeles, but a year later the family moved back to Buckinghamshire. When Jack was eleven, the family moved back to Southern California, but this time to Beverly Hills. In spite of moving so many times at a young age, Jack claims "he didn't find it too disruptive".^[2]

The only aspect of his life that constant moving did affect was his school life, and Jack soon despised going to school, which was not helped by the fact that when he was eight he was diagnosed with a form of dyslexia,^[3][4] and when he was ten he was diagnosed with Attention-deficit disorder. At the time, Jack was studying at a Christian school in Los Angeles, but their attitude was "pray hard and you'll get better"^[5] and Jack returned to England again for a year, before returning to Los Angeles. This time Jack did not return to the Christian school, but was enrolled into a special needs school (Park Century School), and was prescribed Ritalin to combat his ADD. Jack had been on the road with Ozzy throughout much of his childhood, and when he was fourteen he was offered an internship at Virgin Records while Sharon was managing the Smashing Pumpkins on this label.

A&R and music management[link]

After Sharon stopped managing the Smashing Pumpkins, Jack soon started A&R scouting for Epic Records as Ozzy had been on Epic for many years. Jack also helped Sharon in managing his father's annual touring festival, Ozzfest, through advising her about up-and-coming bands.^[6]

Television and film[link]

The Osbournes[link]

Jack shot to fame in 2002 after appearing in his family's reality television show The Osbournes, which aired on MTV and won an Emmy Award in 2002.^[7] When initially approached about the idea of the show, Jack said to Sharon "I don't want to be famous."^[8] In the show Jack was mostly shown as a rebellious teenager who liked to party and fight with Kelly. In a song advertising The Osbournes.^[9] Jack Black sings the line "and he's got a big 'fro on his head", describing Jack's curly hair that grew longer until he eventually shaved it off in the third season of the show.

Other appearances[link]

The Osbournes opened many doors for Jack, as in 2002 he briefly appeared in Austin Powers: Goldmember along with the rest of his family, and subsequently starred in a Super Bowl XXXVI advertisement for Pepsi Twist with Kelly. In 2002-03 Jack appeared in Season 6 of Dawson's Creek, as Audrey's childhood friend. He also made cameos in The X Factor (as a "Goth rapper"^[10] who sings "Ice Ice Baby"), and in the fifth season of That '70s Show.

Post-rehab, Osbourne went on in 2003 to star in his own show on Channel 4 entitled Union Jack. In 2004 he hit the big screen for a second time to play a small role in New York Minute, a film starring the Olsen twins in which he plays a music promoter named Justin. In 2005 Jack started to show more of an interest in fitness through co-hosting the ITV2 show, Celebrity Wrestling:Bring It On!. In February 2005 Jack appeared in Extreme Celebrity Detox in which he took part in t'ai chi and climbing exercises, which possibly inspired him^[11] to appear in his own programme Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie, which was produced by the same production company (Ginger Productions) as Extreme Celebrity Detox'.

Adrenaline junkie[link]

Jack Osbourne got in shape and lost 23 kg^[12] in Thailand at a Muay Thai martial arts camp in Pattaya in order to be fit enough to climb El Capitan (which he achieved) whilst filming the first series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie . It is aired on ITV2 in the UK, the Travel Channel in the United States, The LifeStyle Channel in Australia, GOtv in South Africa and on MuchMusic in Canada. Adrenaline Junkie focuses on Osbourne's training for sports like rock climbing, mountaineering and a jungle trek in Belize from the Chiquibul Chamber through dense jungle ending at Caracol ruins (Guided by the UK extreme conservation organisation Trekforce). The effects of Jack's weight loss are clearly shown by the two semi-naked photo shoots he did for Cosmopolitan in 2005 to raise awareness of testicular cancer. The first, taken in June 2005, shows him sitting on a motorbike, with him claiming in the same issue that Cosmo are "chubby chasers for wanting to see him starkers". However, in the second photo shoot, which appeared in the December 2005 issue of Cosmo, he was noticeably more toned,^[13] and Jack declared that the second shoot was a big "Ha! To everyone to who laughed at him before".

After the first series of Adrenaline Junkie he began filling in for Stephen Mulhern on CITV's Saturday morning kids' show Holly & Stephen's Saturday Showdown (the show has now ended). Jack took part in Sport Relief and faced former singer in the band S Club 7, Bradley McIntosh, in a boxing match of three one-minute rounds to raise money for the charity. Jack won by a unanimous decision.

He once claimed to be considering a career in law enforcement and was on reality television show Armed and Famous. The show was pulled from CBS in January 2007, and Jack is being sued by a woman from Muncie, Indiana whose house was accidentally raided during the filming on the show.^[14]

Jack's recently^[when?] filmed a programme for the BBC's Saving Planet Earth series. In it he traveled to Namibia to highlight the tensions between elephants and the local people, and what can be done so that both groups can live peacefully beside one another. Whilst filming, Jack had a near-miss when an elephant was threatening to charge at him, but luckily the elephant walked off.^[15]

The fourth series of Adrenaline Junkie, which was aired on ITV2, showed Jack taking on a leadership role as he led a group of celebrities through similar challenges to the ones he faced on the first two series of the programme.

After the end of the third series Jack took part in the Mongol Rally with News Corporation director Andrew Knights' daughter, Amaryllis Knight.^[16] Their challenge was to drive a car with under 1000cc from London to Ulan Bator, the capital of Mongolia, for charity.

In the first episode of the new series Jack is joined by sister Kelly and parents Sharon and Ozzy, as the Osbournes take part in a family adventure Adrenaline Junkie style.

Osbournes reloaded[link]

Jack and the rest of the Osbourne family reunited with a reality TV show on Fox. Debut March 31, 2009. It was cancelled after the first episode.

Directing and producing (2009-present)[link]

Since Jack's time as a reality T.V. star, he has taken on the roles of producer and director. Osbourne made and produced a documentary all about his father, Ozzy, that was originally to be titled to "Wreckage Of My Past: The Ozzy Osbourne Story," but was changed to "God Bless Ozzy Osbourne." This film premiered in April 2011 at the Tribeca Film Festival and was released on DVD in November 2011.^[17] In early August 2010 Jack took on the role of directing his first music video, for his dad's song "Life Won't Wait" of the album Scream. The video debuted on August 23.

Drug addiction[link]

On his 13th birthday, Jack got drunk for the first time on whisky; by the time he was 14, he was drinking regularly and had started smoking marijuana.^[18] He started partying heavily, and made headlines on 21 April 2003 when he was admitted to a child psychiatric ward for an addiction to OxyContin.^[19] Jack's drug addiction escalated after Sharon was diagnosed with cancer as well as battling with his own depression. His self-destructive behavior came to a head when he attempted suicide by taking absinthe, a cocktail of prescription pills, and cutting his hands with shards of glass after hearing his girlfriend's ex-boyfriend pick up her phone when he called her.^[20] He woke up 12 hours later.^[20]

Rehabilitation[link]

Jack continued with his drug use until he realised "I never want to feel this way ever again" and admitted himself into an adolescent psych ward, as that was the only place that could legally detox adolescents. He spent 10 days detoxing, and was then moved to an adolescent rehabilitation centre in Malibu, where he enrolled in the Twelve-Step Programme. Jack has been clean since he left rehab.^[21]

Personal life[link]

In February 2005, Jack had a "high value amount" of jewelry stolen from his suitcase at Los Angeles International Airport, and offered a £100,000 reward for any information that could lead to prosecution.^[22]

Osbourne and his fiancée, Lisa Stelly, have a daughter, Pearl Clementine, born on April 24, 2012.^[23]

Tattoos and piercings[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012)

Osbourne is very interested in body modifications and has various tattoos all over his body. These include:

• A tattoo across the whole of his back which includes a dragon
• A tattoo saying "Mum" inside a heart in white ink on his left shoulder blade
• A smiley face on each knee (his father, Ozzy Osbourne, also has this tattoo)
• A skull and crossbones on the back of his neck
• An intricate pattern on his right forearm including a fish and a wheel
• A sobriety symbol of a triangle within a circle on his left arm
• The name "Kelly" on his inner left wrist (His sister, Kelly, has one that says "Jack")
• A crucifix on the centre of his chest
• The words 'Savage Times' across his right breastbone
• A lobe piercing in each ear
• A tiger on his lower left arm

Further reading[link]

• 21 Years Gone: The Autobiography (2006) ISBN 978-0-230-01432-9
• Ordinary People: Our Story (31 Oct 2004) ISBN 978-0-7434-6222-8

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jack Osbourne

• Jack Osbourne at the Internet Movie Database
• The Osbournes
• Jack Talks About His Addiction and Recovery
• MTV.TV's guide to Jack's appearances on MTV's The Osbournes
• Jack's extreme expeditions with Trekforce Worldwide

Kimya Dawson
Kimya Dawson playing a set at Harvest of Hope Festival in St. Augustine, FL in 2010.
Background information
Birth name	Kimya Dawson
Born	(1972-11-17) November 17, 1972 (age 39)
Genres	anti-folk
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, Musician,
Instruments	Guitar, Vocals
Labels	K Records
Associated acts	Moldy Peaches, Aesop Rock
Notable instruments
guitar, vocals

Kimya Dawson (born November 17, 1972) is an American singer-songwriter, best known as a solo performer and as one half of The Moldy Peaches. In Swahili, "Kimya" (كيميا) means "silence"^[1] or "silent".

Career[link]

Dawson became well known as Adam Green's counterpart in The Moldy Peaches.^[2] Since the Moldy Peaches went on hiatus in 2004 Dawson has released a string of lo-fi homemade albums and toured widely in North America and Europe.

Kimya's most recent album is "Thunder Thighs", released in October 2011. It contains collaborations with Aesop Rock on songs such as "The Library" and "Walk Like Thunder" and Pablo Das on "Unrefined".

Dawson's children's album, Alphabutt, was released on September 9, 2008. Song titles include "The Alphabutt Song," "Seven Hungry Tigers," "Little Monster Babies," "Wiggle My Tooth" and "Pee Pee in the Potty," and collaborators include former Third Eye Blind guitarist Kevin Cadogan and a number of Dawson's other musical friends and their children. She has also been invited to participate in the Sesame Street television program.^[3]

Soundtrack work[link]

Dawson's songs are featured in the films The Guatemalan Handshake and Glue, both of which were shown at the Olympia Film Festival in November 2007.^[4]

In 2008 Dawson contributed the song "Anthrax"—about 9/11—to the soundtrack of the Body of War documentary.^[3]

"Anyone Else But You", a song she recorded with The Moldy Peaches was used in the documentary Murderball, about a team of wheelchair rugby players. This song was also used in the movie Juno. The melody of this song, with new lyrics, was used in a commercial for Atlantis.com.

Dawson's music was featured in the movie Juno, in that her "sweetly melancholic acoustic-strummed tunes" helping define the character of a pregnant young teenager who decides to have her baby.^[5] Dawson helped choose many of the songs for the Juno film, helping to set the film's mood.^[5] The soundtrack was voted by NPR listeners as the 14th best of the year in a listener poll for 2008.^[6] Dawson sings about diverse topics:

And there on the soundtrack ... is Kimya Dawson, her primal, primitive odes to tire swings and vampires and roller coasters goosing us along, her wobbly voice and furtively chicken-scratched double-time guitar like a terrified little kid who just ditched the training wheels and is now somehow barreling down a mountain.

—Rob Harvilla, The Village Voice, 2008^[7]

Dawson's authentic persona, sometimes compared to indie folk artists such as Quinn Marston,^[8] has a demeanor which is "sheepish and guileless and awkward in a way that you really can't fake" and who sometimes looks "legitimately terrified" during performances, according to Village Voice music critic Rob Harvilla.^[7]

Five of Dawson's solo songs, two from Antsy Pants, as well as one from the Moldy Peaches, are included on the Juno soundtrack, released in December 2007.^[9][10][11] Composer Mateo Messina also based the film's score on Dawson's music.^[12]

The soundtrack album, after two weeks topping Billboard's Digital Albums chart, reached No. 8 on the Billboard 200, in its first week of release.^[13] In its first full week of physical release the album sold 68,000 copies, reaching No. 3 on the Soundscan album chart. It missed out on the No. 1 spot by only 2,600 copies.^[14] The following week it jumped to #2, while selling 15% fewer copies (58,000), just 2,000 copies behind first place.^[15] In the album's third week of physical release it finally made the No. 1 spot on the Billboard 200 and Soundscan charts, selling 65,000 copies.^[16]

Dawson has two new songs that were released on April 8 on a follow-up album Juno B-Sides: Almost Adopted Songs that is available exclusively on iTunes.^[3]

Two songs were also included in the soundtrack to Unmade Beds.

Other collaborations[link]

Dawson performs on recordings by Ben Kweller,^[17] They Might Be Giants,^[18] The Mountain Goats,^[19] John Wayne Shot Me,^[20] Your Heart Breaks, and The Terrordactyls.^[21]

The Third Eye Blind track "Self-Righteous" on their album, Out of the Vein features a duet with Dawson and Third Eye Blind's lead singer Stephan Jenkins.^[22] Dawson also appears on the new Third Eye Blind record, Ursa Major, on the track "Why Can't You Be". This song was available as a bonus track on the iTunes Store download.

Regina Spektor collaborated with Dawson on the song "Fire" on the Hidden Vagenda album. Kimya Dawson also collaborated with fellow antifolk Jeffrey Lewis. They made a band called 'The Bundles,' with Jack Lewis and drummer, Anders Griffen, though released the songs under the name Kimya Dawson and Jeffrey Lewis, on a split with Jeffrey Lewis and Diane Cluck.

Under the name Geniusis, Dawson released the free album Holiday Rampage alongside Aesop Rock, Johnny Druelinger, Jason Carmer & Quinn Tuffinuff.

In February 2011, Dawson recorded a Daytrotter session with Aesop Rock, in which they performed three songs together. This session was later released in May 2011.^[23] Kimya and Aesop are currently collaborating on a new album, which will be released in 2012.

Kimya released the solo album "Thunder Thighs" in October 2011. The album features guest performances by Aesop Rock, John Darnielle of the Mountain Goats, Nikolai Fraiture of the Strokes, Forever Young Senior Citizen Rock & Roll Choir, Olympia Free Choir, Quinn Tuffinuff, Kimya's daughter Panda and more.

She has performed numerous times with Paul Baribeau, whom she references several times in her songs.

Personal life[link]

A sometime resident of Bedford Hills, New York, Dawson moved in December 2005—with her mother, father, brother, Akida Junglefoot Dawson (Akida means "chief" in Swahili), and nephew—to Seattle, Washington. She married Angelo Spencer, a musician. On July 28, 2006, Kimya gave birth to a daughter, Panda Delilah, and in November 2006 she moved with her new family to Olympia, Washington. After Panda was born, Dawson and Spencer took a break from touring for a few months, playing only occasional local shows.

Dawson has knuckle tattoos which read "LAFF LOUD" and "ROCK SOFT". She also has a freebird tattoo on her left calf.

Dawson once started a rumour that she was a cousin of The Strokes' drummer Fabrizio Moretti.^[24]

Dawson is good friends with Bryan Danielson.

Discography[link]

Before The Moldy Peaches Rough Trade releases there were several homemade CDRs.

With The Moldy Peaches[link]

• The Moldy Peaches – Released September 11, 2001 by Rough Trade Records
• County Fair/Rainbows – A single released in 2002
• Moldy Peaches 2000: Unreleased Cutz and Live Jamz 1994-2002 – Released March 18, 2003 by Rough Trade Records and Jess Turpin

Solo albums[link]

• I'm Sorry That Sometimes I'm Mean – released November 5, 2002 by Rough Trade Records
• Knock Knock Who? – released August 3, 2004 by Important Records
• My Cute Fiend Sweet Princess – released August 3, 2004 by Important Records
• Hidden Vagenda – released October 5, 2004 by K Records
• Remember That I Love You – released May 9, 2006 by K Records
• Alphabutt – released September 2008 by K Records
• Thunder Thighs – released October 18, 2011 by Great Crap Factory

With Antsy Pants[link]

• Antsy Pants – released 2006 by Plan It X Records

With The Bundles[link]

• The Bundles – released 2009 by K Records

Compilations[link]

• Third Eye Blind's 2009 album: Ursa Major [Bonus Track Version] – "Why Can't You Be (With Kimya Dawson) [Bonus Track]"
• "Third Eye Blind's 2003 album: "Out of the Vein" – "Self Righteous"
• Antifolk Vol. 1 – "I'm Fine"
• Anticomp Folkilation – "Will You Be Me" (Live)
• Afro-Punk Compilation Record Vol. 1 – "Loose Lips"
• AFNY Collaborations. Volume 1 – Kimya Dawson and Jeff Lewis
• Titanium Heart and Chains of Love – Kimya Dawson and Matt Rouse EP (collaboration) Unicorn Sounds
• A.K.A.- smooth jams e.p. with Adam Green and Akida Junglefoot Dawson
• The Art Star Sounds Compilation February 2005 – "Velvet Rabbit" (Live)
• No Parachute. Vol. 1. A compilation of indie music videos. (DVD) – "Lullaby For The Taken" (video directed by Ted Passon). 2005, Happy Happy Birthday To Me Records.
• Robot Boy DVD. Compilation of short films and videos by Ted Passon. – "Lullaby For The Taken". 2005, K Records/Secretly Canadian.
• I Killed the Monster: 21 Artists Performings the Songs of Daniel Johnston – "Follow That Dream" 2006, Second Shimmy
• Juno Soundtrack – Rhino Records 2008
• The Terrordactyls song "Devices" featuring guest vocals by Kimya Dawson
• Body of War: Songs that Inspired an Iraq War Veteran – "Anthrax". Sire Records March 18, 2008
• Tallahassee Turns Ten: a Mountain Goats Cover Album (2012) ^[25]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kimya Dawson

• Official Website
• LiveJournal
• Kimya Dawson on Myspace
• lyrics @ SongMeanings.net

Audio & video[link]

• Kimya Dawson and Matty Pop Chart – Live at the Cedar Cultural Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota on November 28, 2008 (YouTube)
• Kimya on the Live Music Archive
• PUNKCAST#1099 Live video – Union Hall, Brooklyn – January 20, 2007 (RealPlayer)(mp4)
• Kimya at Amoeba Hollywood

Interviews[link]

• Scene Missing Magazine Interviews Kimya Dawson February 1, 2005
• Kimya Dawson interview on MonsterFresh.com March 2008
• Kimya Dawson interview on Ground Control March 2008
• Kimya Dawson interview on BeatLawrence.com April 2008
• Kimya Dawson on Amoeba