- published: 20 Feb 2012
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- 1972 Summer Olympics
- 1st millennium
- Aalen
- Adam Ries
- Adidas
- Agilolfing
- Aichach-Friedberg
- Albrecht Altdorfer
- Albrecht Dürer
- Alemannic German
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Allianz
Allianz (help·info) SE (formerly Allianz AG) is a German multinational financial services company headquartered in Munich, Germany. Its core business and focus is insurance. As of 2010, it was the world's 12th-largest financial services group and 23rd-largest company according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine.
Its Allianz Global Investors division ranks as a top-five global active investment manager, having €1,443 billion of assets under management (AuM), of which €1,131 billion are third-party assets (as of 2010-09-30), with specialized asset managers such as PIMCO (Bond fund), RCM (Equity fund), Degi (Real estate fund), etc.
Allianz sold Dresdner Bank to Commerzbank in November 2008. As a result of this merger, Allianz gained a 14% controlling stake in the new Commerzbank Group.
Allianz AG was founded in Berlin on 5 February 1890 by Carl von Thieme (a native of Erfurt, whose father was the director of Thuringia) and Wilhelm von Finck (co-owner of the Merck Finck & Co bank).
Allianz shifted its headquarters to Munich in 1949. The first step to become an international company started with the opening of a branch office in London in the late 19th century. After World War II, global business activities were gradually resumed. Allianz opened an office in Paris in the late 1950s, and a management office for Italy in the 1960s. These expansions were followed in the 1970s by the establishment of business in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Brazil and the United States. In 1986, Allianz acquired Cornhill Insurance PLC, London, and the purchase of a stake in Riunione Adriatica di Sicurità (RAS), Milan, strengthened its presence in Western and Southern Europe in the 1980s. Recently, on February 8, 2006, RAS Shareholders approved the mergers with Allianz.
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Austria
Austria (
i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (German: Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a modern era successor empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria-Hungary, whose proclamation was a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918) was itself dissolved by the victors at the end of World War I and broken into separate new states.
The term "Austrian Empire" is also used for the Habsburg possessions before 1804, which had no official collective name, although Austria is more frequent; the term of Austria-Hungary has also been used.[citation needed]
The Austrian Empire was founded by the Habsburg monarch Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (who became Emperor Francis I of Austria), as a state comprising his personal lands within and outside of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
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Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] ( listen)), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine-Westphalia), with 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, probably did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation.
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Bavarian Forest
The Bavarian Forest (German: Bayerischer Wald (help·info)) is a wooded low-mountain region in Bavaria, Germany. It extends along the Czech border and is continued on the Czech side by the Šumava (Bohemian Forest). Geographically the Bavarian Forest and Bohemian Forest are sections of the same mountain range. A part of the Bavarian Forest belongs to the Bavarian Forest National Park (Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald) (240 km²), established in 1970 as the first national park in Germany. Another 3,008 km² belong to the Bavarian Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Bayerischer Wald), established 1967, and 1738 km² to the Eastern Bavarian Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Oberer Bayerischer Wald), established 1965. The Bavarian Forest is a remnant of the Hercynian Forest that stretched across southern Germania in Roman times. It is the largest protected forest area in central Europe.
The highest mountain in the region is the Großer Arber ("Great Arber", 1,456 m). The main river is the Regen, which is formed by the conjunction of White Regen and Black Regen and leaves the mountains towards the city of Regensburg.
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Beer Hall Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch,German: Hitlerputsch or German: Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch) was a failed attempt at revolution that occurred between the evening of 8 November and the early afternoon of 9 November 1923, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff, and other heads of the Kampfbund unsuccessfully tried to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Beer halls in the early 20th century existed in most larger southern German cities, where hundreds or even thousands of people were able to gather during the evenings, drink beer and often engage in political or social debate. They were also places where political rallies could be held, a tradition still alive today. One of the largest beer halls in Munich was the "Bürgerbräukeller", where the Beer Hall Putsch was launched.
German power and prestige were destroyed in the aftermath of World War I. Like many other German nationalists, Hitler believed in the Dolchstoßlegende (Stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the army, "undefeated in the field," had been "stabbed in the back" by civilian leaders and Marxists back on the home front, later dubbed the November Criminals. In Munich, Hitler took part in "national thinking" courses organized by the Education and Propaganda Department of the Bavarian Reichswehr under Captain Karl Mayr. Thereafter, Captain Mayr ordered Hitler, then an Army corporal, to infiltrate the tiny Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated DAP (German Workers Party). Hitler joined the DAP on 12 September 1919. Hitler rose to its top post in the chaotic political atmosphere of postwar Munich. By agreement, Hitler was given the political leadership of several Bavarian "patriotic associations" (revanchist) which collectively were known as the Kampfbund. With this political base, Hitler could call on about 15,000 brawlers, mostly ex-soldiers.
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Berchtesgadener Land
Berchtesgadener Land is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by the district of Traunstein and by the state of Austria.
The alpine regions of the south were Bavarian territory from the early Middle Ages. The 11th and 12th centuries saw the founding of numerous mountain villages. One of these settlements was Berchtesgaden, which later assumed a more dominant role in the administrative district that now bears its name.
The northern portion of the Salzach river valley was traditionally part of bishopric (principality) of Salzburg. This principality functioned as a buffer state between Bavaria and Austria until the early 19th century. In 1816 it was divided along the Salzach river and then split between Bavaria and Austria. The western half of the former principality of Salzburg is today part of the district of Berchtesgadener Land.
This district was formed in 1972 through a merger of the district of Berchtesgaden, the district of Laufen and the city of Bad Reichenhall.
Two important historical events have dramatically reshaped Berchtesgadener Land in recent years, namely Austria's signing of the Schengen treaty in 1990 and the introduction of the Euro in 2002 in both Germany and Austria. Municipalities on both sides of border have been brought much closer by these changes, and the area is reversing many of the effects caused by the split of 1816. There is close and mutually beneficial cooperation in areas such as public transport, recreational sports and culture. There is even a cross-border radio station called "Radio Untersberg"(website), which would have been unimaginable some 20 years ago due to different government regulations.
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Berlin
Berlin ( /bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Bohemia
Bohemia (Czech: Čechy;German: Böhmen (help·info); Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in historical contexts, such as the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Bohemia has an area of 52,065 km² and today is home to approximately 6 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. It is bordered by Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, the historical region of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše (Giant Mountains), the highest within the Sudeten mountain range.
In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy, with various peoples including the Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia (194 BC) and the Battle of Mutina (193 BC). After this, many of the Boii retreated north across the Alps.
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Brandenburg
Brandenburg ( listen (help·info); Low German: Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the national capital and city-state of Berlin.
Originating in the medieval Northern March, the Margraviate of Brandenburg grew to become the core of the Kingdom of Prussia, which would later become the Free State of Prussia. The eastern third of historic Brandenburg (Ostbrandenburg/Neumark) was ceded to Poland in 1945.
In late medieval and early modern times, Brandenburg was one of seven electoral states of the Holy Roman Empire, and, along with Prussia, formed the original core of the German Empire, the first unified German state. Governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty from 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin. After 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were combined to form Brandenburg-Prussia, which was ruled by the same branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1701 the state was elevated as the Kingdom of Prussia. Franconian Nuremberg and Ansbach, Swabian Hohenzollern, the eastern European connections of Berlin, and the status of Brandenburg's ruler as prince-elector together were instrumental in the rise of that state.
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Bukovina
Bukovina (Romanian: Bucovina; Ukrainian: Буковина/Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region in Central Europe, currently divided between Romania and Ukraine, located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains.
From 1775 to 1918, Bukovina was an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria–Hungary. After World War I, Bukovina became part of Romania. In 1940, as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union.
The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg Monarchy, which became Austrian Empire in 1804, and Austria-Hungary in 1867.
The official German name, die Bukowina, of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), was derived from the Polish form Bukowina, which in turn was derived from the Ukrainian word, Буковина (Bukovyna), and the common Slavic form of buk, meaning beech tree (бук [buk] as, for example, in Ukrainian or, even, Buche in German). Another German name for the region, das Buchenland, is mostly used in poetry, and means "beech land", or "the land of beech trees". In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the name Țara Fagilor ("the land of beech trees") is sometimes used.
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Bundesrat of Germany
The German Bundesrat (literally "Federal Council"; pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁaːt]) is a legislative body that represents the sixteen Länder (federal states) of Germany at the federal level. It has its seat at the former Prussian House of Lords in Berlin.
The Bundesrat participates in legislation, alongside of the Bundestag, the directly elected representation of the people of Germany, with laws affecting state competences and all constitutional changes requiring the consent of the body. Functioning similarly, it is often said to be an upper house such as the US Senate or the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, although the German constitution does not declare the Bundestag and Bundesrat to form houses of a bicameral parliament (the word "Parliament" does not even occur in the Constitution). Officially, it is generally referred to as a "constitutional body" alongside the Bundestag, the President, the Government and the Federal Constitutional Court.
Bundesrath (from 1901 on: Bundesrat, according to a general spelling reform) was already the name of similar bodies in the North German Confederation (1867) and the German Empire (1871). In 1919-1933/1934 the name was Reichsrat.
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Bundestag
The Bundestag (Federal Diet; pronounced [ˈbʊndəstaːk]) is a legislative body in Germany. In practice Germany is governed by a bicameral legislature, of which the Bundestag serves as the lower house and the Bundesrat the upper house. The Bundestag was established by the German Basic Law of 1949, as the successor to the earlier Reichstag. Norbert Lammert is the current President of the Bundestag.
With the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866 and the founding of the German Empire (Deutsches Reich) in 1871, the Reichstag was established as the German parliament in Berlin. Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the three-class electoral system prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the Chancellor until the parliamentary reforms of October 1918. After the Revolution of November 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Constitution, women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the no-confidence vote to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In March 1933, one month after the Reichstag fire, the then president, Paul von Hindenburg, a retired war hero, gave Hitler ultimate power through Enabling Act of 1933, he remained at the post of Federal Government Chancellor (though he called himself the Führer). After this the Reichstag met only rarely to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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County of Hainaut
The County of Hainaut (French: Comté de Hainaut, Dutch: Graafschap Henegouwen) was a historical region in the Low Countries with its capital at Mons (Bergen). In English sources it is often given the archaic spelling Hainault.
It consisted of what is now the Belgian province of Hainaut and the southern part of the French département Nord. In Roman times, Hainaut was situated in the Roman provinces of Belgica and Germania Inferior and inhabited by Celtic tribes, until Germanic peoples replaced them and ended Roman Imperial rule. Its most important cities were Mons (Bergen), Cambrai (Kamerijk) and Charleroi. Today the historic county of Hainaut is territorially divided between Belgium and France.
The County of Hainaut (pronounced: ĕ nō') arose about 900 in the Lotharingia region, when Duke Reginar I of Lorraine, a grandson of Frankish Emperor Lothair I, appeared as a "Count of Hainaut". After the death of the last Carolingian king in East Francia, Louis the Child in 911, Reginar joined the West Frankish realm under King Charles the Simple. His son and successor Duke Gilbert in 925 in turn submitted himself to the German king Henry the Fowler, whereafter the Duchy of Lotharingia remained a part of the German kingdom at the border with France.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Duchy of Brunswick
Brunswick (German: Braunschweig) was a historical state in Germany. Originally the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Holy Roman Empire, it was established as an independent duchy by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Its capital was the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig).
The title "Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg" (German: Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg) was held, from 1235 on, by various members of the Welf family who ruled several small territories in northwest Germany. These holdings did not have all of the formal characteristics of a state, being neither compact nor indivisible. When several sons of a Duke competed for power, the lands were often divided between them; when a branch of the family lost power or became extinct, the lands were reallocated among surviving members of the family; different dukes might also exchange territories. The unifying element of all these territories was that they were ruled by male-line descendants of Duke Otto I.
After several early divisions, Brunswick-Lüneburg was unified under Duke Magnus II (d. 1373). Following his death, his three sons jointly ruled the Duchy. After the murder of their brother Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg, brothers Bernard and Henry redivided the land, Henry receiving the territory of Wolfenbüttel.
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Duchy of Oldenburg
The Duchy of Oldenburg (German: Herzogtum Oldenburg) — named after its capital, the town of Oldenburg — was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany. Oldenburg survived from 1180 until 1810 when it was annexed by First French Empire. It was located near the mouth of the River Weser. Its ruling family, the House of Oldenburg, also came to rule in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece and Russia, and the heirs of a junior line of the Greek branch are, through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, likely to inherit the thrones of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms after the death or abdication of Queen Elizabeth II.
The first known count of Oldenburg is Elimar I (d. 1108). Elimar's ancestors appear as vassals, though sometimes rebellious ones, of the dukes of Saxony; but they attained the dignity of princes of the empire when the emperor Frederick I dismembered the Saxon duchy in 1180. At this time, the county of Delmenhorst formed part of the dominions of the counts of Oldenburg, but afterwards it was on several occasions separated from them to form an appanage for younger branches of the family. This was the case between 1262 and 1447, between 1463 and 1547, and between 1577 and 1617.
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Duchy of Schleswig
Schleswig or Southern Jutland (Danish: Sønderjylland or Slesvig; German: Schleswig; Low German: Sleswig; North Frisian: Slaswik or Sleesweg) is a region covering the area about 60 km north and 70 km south of the border between Germany and Denmark; the territory has been divided between the two countries since 1920, with Northern Schleswig in Denmark and Southern Schleswig in Germany. The region is also known archaically in English as Sleswick.
The area's traditional significance lies in the transfer of goods between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, connecting the trade route through Russia with the trade routes along the Rhine and the Atlantic coast (see also Kiel Canal).
Roman sources place the homeland of the Jute tribe north of the river Eider and that of the Angles to its south who in turn abutted the neighbouring Saxons. Towards the end of the Early Middle Ages, Schleswig formed part of the historical Lands of Denmark as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries (The heyday of the Viking incursions).
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Electoral Palatinate
The County Palatine of the Rhine (German: Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein), later the Electoral Palatinate (German: Kurpfalz), was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, a palatinate administered by a count palatine. Its rulers served as prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire from "time immemorial", were noted as such in a papal letter of 1261, and were confirmed as electors by the Golden Bull of 1356.
The Electoral Palatinate was a much larger territory than what later became known as the Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz), on the left bank of the Rhine, and is now the modern region of the Palatinate in the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate and parts of the French region of Alsace (bailiwick of Seltz from 1418 to 1766). The Electoral Palatinate also included territory lying on the east bank of the Rhine, containing the cities of Heidelberg and Mannheim.
The Palatinate emerged from the County Palatine of Lotharingia, which came into existence in the 10th century. During the 11th century, the Palatinate was dominated by the Ezzonian dynasty, who governed several counties on both banks of the Rhine. These territories were centered around Cologne-Bonn, but extended south to the Mosel and Nahe Rivers. The southernmost point was near Alzey.
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Electorate of Baden
The Electorate of Baden was a State of the Holy Roman Empire between 1803 and 1806, with Charles Frederick as Prince-elector.
By the eruption of the French Revolution, the Margraviate of Baden was united under Charles Frederick but it did not form a compact territory. Its total area was only about 1,350 square miles (3,500 km2). Consisting of a number of isolated districts lying on either bank of the upper Rhine, Charles Frederick undertook to acquire the intervening stretches of land, and so to give territorial unity to his country. His opportunity for territorial aggrandizement came during the French Revolutionary Wars. When war broke out between the French First Republic and Habsburg Monarchy in 1792, the Margraviate of Baden fought for the House of Habsburg; consequently their country was devastated and in 1796 the Margrave was compelled to pay an indemnity, and to cede his territories, on the left bank of the Rhine, to the French First Republic. Fortune, however, soon returned to his side. In 1803 with the German Mediatisation, largely owing to the good offices of Alexander I of Russia, he received the Bishopric of Constance, part of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a Prince-elector. Changing sides in 1805, he fought for Napoleon, with the result that by the Peace of Pressburg in that year he obtained Breisgau and other territories at the expense of the Austrian Empire (see Further Austria). In 1806, the Electorate signed the Rheinbundakte, joining the Confederation of the Rhine. Supported by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, he declared sovereignty, becoming the Grand Duchy of Baden, and received other territorial additions.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Franconia
The term of Franconia (German: Franken) is today commonly used to refer to the eastern part of former Francia in Germany.
Franconia is nowadays represented by the administrative districts of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken, capital city Würzburg), Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken, capital city Ansbach), and Upper Franconia (Oberfranken, capital city Bayreuth) in Bavaria and the northeastern region of Baden-Württemberg called Tauberfranken.
Due to the respective local dialects (East Franconian German), a large part of northern Baden-Württemberg and parts of southern Thuringia are also considered as Franconian regions.
The two largest cities of Franconia are Nuremberg and Würzburg. The metropolitan area of Nuremberg is often qualified as the economic and cultural centre of Franconia.
The Western natural border of Franconia is formed by the Spessart. To the north it is framed by the Thuringian Forest and the Franconian Forest, to the east by the Fichtelgebirge. The largest River of Franconia is the Main. Together with its largest tributary the Regnitz, the Main drains the most parts of Franconia. Other large Rivers are the Tauber, the Jagst and the Altmühl.
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Free City of Lübeck
The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
In 1226 Emperor Frederick II declared the city of Lübeck to be an Imperial Free City. In the 14th century Lübeck became the "Queen of the Hanseatic League", being by far the largest and most powerful member of this medieval trade organization.
In 1359 Lübeck bought the ducal Herrschaft of Mölln from the indebted Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln, a branch of the ducal house of Saxe-Lauenburg. The City and Duke — with the consent of the latter´s brother Eric — agreed on a price of 9,737.50 Lübeck marks. The parties also agreed a clause allowing for the repurchase of the lands by the Duke or his heirs but only if the they were buying back the property for themselves and not for a third party. Lübeck considered this acquisition to be crucially important, since Mölln was an important stage in the commerce between Brunswick and Lunenburg - especially in the trading of salt - via Lübeck to Scandinavia and back. Therefore Lübeck manned Mölln with armed guards maintaining law and order on the roads.
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Fürstenfeld Abbey
Fürstenfeld Abbey (German: Kloster Fürstenfeld) is a former Cistercian monastery in Fürstenfeldbruck (formerly known simply as Bruck) in Bavaria, Germany.
It is situated about 25 km north-west of Munich. The abbey was one of the household monasteries of the Wittelsbachs. The abbey church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is held to be a masterpiece of the late Baroque in southern Germany.
In 1256, Louis II, Duke of Bavaria (Louis the Severe) killed his first wife, Marie of Brabant (1226–1256) on suspicion of adultery (which later turned out to be unfounded), the penance for which, as imposed by Pope Alexander IV, was the foundation of a monastery. The first foundation at Seldental, at Tal near Aibling, in 1258, was afterwards moved to the present site near the town of Bruck in 1263. Papal permission for the new foundation to be settled by Cistercian monks from Aldersbach Abbey had been obtained as early as 1256, but was not confirmed by the Bishop of Freising until 1265, in which year the new abbey was at last settled.
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German Confederation
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the loose association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries. It acted as a buffer between the powerful states of Austria and Prussia. Britain approved of it because London felt that there was need for a stable, peaceful power in central Europe that could discourage aggressive moves by France or Russia. According to Lee (1985), most historians have judged the Confederation to be weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to German nationalist aspirations. It collapsed due to the rivalry between Prussia and Austria (known as German dualism), warfare, the 1848 revolution, and the inability of the multiple members to compromise.
In 1848, revolutions by liberals and nationalists were a failed attempt to establish a unified German state. Talks between the German states failed in 1848, and the confederation briefly dissolved but was re-established in 1850.
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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Grand Duchy of Baden
The Grand Duchy of Baden (German: Großherzogtum Baden) was a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the east bank of the Rhine. It existed between 1806 and 1918.
Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden and subsequently split into different lines, which were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden was raised to Electoral dignity within the Holy Roman Empire. Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. In 1815 it joined the German Confederation. During the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Baden was a center of revolutionist activities. In 1849 it was the only German state that became a republic for a short while, under the leadership of Lorenzo Brentano. Finally the revolution in Baden was suppressed mainly by Prussian troops.
The Grand Duchy of Baden remained a sovereign country until it joined the German Empire in 1871. After the revolution of 1918 Baden became part of the Weimar Republic as the Republic of Baden.
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Grand Duchy of Hesse
The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (German: Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein), or, between 1806 and 1816, Grand Duchy of Hesse (German: Großherzogtum Hessen)—as it was also known after 1816—was a member state of the German Confederation from 1806, when the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was elevated to a Grand Duchy, until 1918, when all the German monarchies were overthrown. Before 1866, its northern neighbour was its former sister Landgraviate, since 1803 an Electorate, of Hesse-Kassel – for this reason, this state was sometimes colloquially known as Hesse-Darmstadt.
Due to Hesse-Darmstadt's membership of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to cede a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 German Mediatisation, was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.
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Grand Duchy of Posen
The Grand Duchy of Posen, or the Grand Duchy of Poznań (German: Großherzogtum Posen; Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie) was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland, and formally established following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. Per agreements derived at the Congress of Vienna it was to have some autonomy. However in reality it was subordinated to Prussia and the proclaimed rights for Polish subjects were not fully implemented. The name was unofficially used afterward for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Posen (Polish: Poznań). The Grand Duchy was formally replaced by the Province of Posen in the Prussian constitution of 5 December 1848.
Originally part of the Kingdom of Poland, this area largely coincided with Greater Poland. The mid-17th century brought devastation from invading Swedish forces during "the Deluge". The eastern portions of the territory were taken by the Kingdom of Prussia during the Partitions of Poland; during the first partition (1772), Prussia took just the Netze District, the portion along the Noteć (German: Netze) river. Prussia added the remainder during the second partition in 1793. Prussia briefly lost control during the Kościuszko Uprising in (1794).
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Hamburg
Hamburg ( /ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊɐ̯k], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhaˑmbɔːx]), officially Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second-largest city in Germany, the thirteenth largest German state, and the sixth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighbouring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. Situated on the river Elbe, the port of Hamburg is the second largest port in Europe (after the Port of Rotterdam) and 11th-largest worldwide.
Hamburg's official name, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (German: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg), reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, as a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, and that Hamburg is a city-state and one of the sixteen States of Germany.
Hamburg is a major transport hub in Northern Germany and is one of the most affluent cities in Europe. It has become a media and industrial centre, with plants and facilities belonging to Airbus, Blohm + Voss and Aurubis. The radio and television broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk and publishers such as Gruner + Jahr and Spiegel-Verlag are pillars of the important media industry in Hamburg. In total, there are more than 120,000 enterprises.
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Herrenchiemsee
Coordinates: 47°51′38″N 12°23′53″E / 47.86056°N 12.39806°E / 47.86056; 12.39806
Herrenchiemsee is a complex of royal buildings on the Herreninsel, an island in the Chiemsee, Bavaria's largest lake, 60 km south east of Munich. Together with the neighbouring island of Frauenchiemsee and the uninhabited Krautinsel it forms the municipality of Chiemsee. The Augustine Monastery Herrenchiemsee, later converted into the Old Palace (Altes Schloss), and Herrenchiemsee Palace, also known as the New Palace (Neues Schloss), are the most famous of these buildings and the largest of King Ludwig II of Bavaria's palaces.
Herrenchiemsee Benedictine Abbey was established about 765 at the northern peak of the Herreninsel by Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria. In 969 Emperor Otto I granted to the Archbishops of Salzburg, who about 1130 re-established Herrenchiemsee as a monastery of Canons Regular living under the Augustinian rule. With approval of Pope Innocent III, Prince-Bishop Eberhard von Regensberg in 1215 made the monastery church the cathedral of a diocese in its own right, the Bishopric of Chiemsee including several parishes on the mainland and in Tyrol.
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Hesse
Hesse /ˈhɛs/ or Hessia (German: Hessen [ˈhɛsən], Hessian dialect: Hesse [ˈhɛzə]) is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.
The English name "Hesse" comes from the Hessian dialect. The variant "Hessia" comes from the medieval latin Hassia. The German term Hessen is used by the European Commission, not because it is English, but because their general policy is to leave regional names untranslated (paragraphs 1.31 & 1.35). The term "Hesse" ultimately derives from a Germanic tribe called the Chatti, who settled in the region in the first century B.C.
An inhabitant of Hesse is called a Hessian (German: Hesse (masculine) or Hessin (feminine)) (see also Hessian (soldiers)).
As early as the Paleolithic period, the Central Hessian region was inhabited. Due to the favorable climate of the location, people lived there about 50,000 years ago during the last glacial period, as burial sites show from this era. Finds of paleolitical tools in southern Hesse in Rüsselsheim suggest Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago. The Züschen tomb (German: Steinkammergrab von Züschen, sometimes also Lohne-Züschen) is a prehistoric burial monument, located between Lohne and Züschen, near Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany. Classified as a gallery grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone cist (hessisch-westfälische Steinkiste), it is one of the most important megalithic monuments in Central Europe. Dating to the late 4th millennium BC (and possibly remaining in use until the early 3rd), it belongs to the Late Neolithic Wartberg culture.
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Holland
Holland
Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. The term Holland is also frequently used as a pars pro toto to refer to the whole of the Netherlands. This usage is generally accepted but disliked by Dutch people in the other parts of the Netherlands.
From the 10th century to the 16th century, Holland proper was a unified political region, a county ruled by the Counts of Holland. By the 17th century, Holland had risen to become a maritime and economic power, dominating the other provinces of the Dutch Republic.
Today, the former County of Holland consists of the two Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland, which together include the Netherlands' three largest cities: country capital Amsterdam; seat of government The Hague; and Rotterdam, home of Europe's largest port.
Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) referred to this region as the land between the Helinium and Flevo ("inter Helinium ac Flevum"), the names of the mouths into which the Rhine divided itself, the first discharging its waters in the Mosa in the neighbourhood of Brielle and the second into "the lakes of the north" (present IJsselmeer). The name Holland first appeared in sources in 866 for the region around Haarlem, and by 1064 was being used as the name of the entire county. By this time, the inhabitants of Holland were referring to themselves as "Hollanders".Holland is derived from the Middle Dutch term holtland ("wooded land").[citation needed] This spelling variation remained in use until around the 14th century, at which time the name stabilised as Holland (alternative spellings at the time were Hollant and Hollandt). Popular, but incorrect etymology holds that Holland is derived from hol land ("hollow land") and was inspired by the low-lying geography of Holland.[citation needed]
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Holstein
Holstein (German pronunciation: [ˈhɔlʃtaɪn]) (Northern Low Saxon: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is part of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of Germany.
Holstein once existed as the County of Holstein (German: Grafschaft Holstein; 811–1474), the later Duchy of Holstein (German: Herzogtum Holstein; 1474–1866), and was the northernmost territory of the Holy Roman Empire. The history of Holstein is closely intertwined with the history of the Danish Duchy of Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig). The capital of Holstein is Kiel.
Holstein's name comes from the Holcetae, a Saxon tribe mentioned by Adam of Bremen as living on the north bank of the Elbe, to the west of Hamburg. The name means "dwellers in the wood" (Northern Low Saxon: Hol(t)saten; German: Holzsassen).
After the Migration Period of the Early Middle Ages, Holstein was a borderland between Nordalbingia (part of Old Saxony) at the coast of North Sea, the land of the Slavic Wagrians belonging to the Obotrites at the coast of the Baltic Sea and the land of the Danes in Jutland.
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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a country in Central Europe covering what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania (now part of Romania), Carpatho Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Burgenland (now part of Austria), and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders. From 1102 it also included Croatia (except Istria), being in personal union with it, united under the Hungarian king. The kingdom existed for almost one thousand years (1000–1918 and 1920–1946) and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world.
The Latin Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official Latin documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s. The German name (Königreich Ungarn) was used from 1849 to the 1860s, and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and again from the 1860s to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Croatian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.
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Kingdom of Saxony
The Kingdom of Saxony (German: Königreich Sachsen), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.
Before 1806 Saxony was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a thousand-year-old entity which had once aspired to be a single state, but had become highly decentralised over the centuries. The rulers of Electorate of Saxony had held the title of elector for several centuries. When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, the electorate was raised to the status of an independent kingdom with the support of France, then the dominant power in Central Europe. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I.
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Lake Constance
Lake Constance (German: Bodensee) is a lake on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps, and consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein.
The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Specifically, its shorelines lie in the German federal-states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, the Austrian federal-state of Vorarlberg, and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau and St. Gallen. The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Austro-Swiss frontier.
Lake Constance was first mentioned by the Roman geographer Pomponius Mela about 43AD. He noted that the Rhine flows through two lakes, and gave them the Latin names Lacus Venetus (Obersee) and Lacus Acronius (Untersee). Pliny the Elder used the name Lacus Brigantinus, after the Roman city of Brigantium (today Bregenz). The lake is also colloquially known as the Swabian Sea (das schwäbische Meer).
The freshwater lake sits at 395 m (1,296 ft) above sea level and is Central Europe's third largest, after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is 63 km (39 mi) long, and at its widest point, nearly 14 km (8.7 mi). It covers approximately 571 km2 (220 sq mi) of total area. The greatest depth is 252 metres (827 ft) in the middle of the eastern part (Obersee). Its volume is approximately 1e10 m3 (1.3×1010 cu yd). The lake has four parts: the main section, called Obersee, 476 km (0.184 sq mi); the north section, Überlinger See, 61 km2 (24 sq mi); the west section, Untersee, 63 km2 (24 sq mi); and the northwest section, the Zeller See and Gnadensee. The regulated Rhine flows into the lake in the southeast, through the Obersee, the city of Konstanz and the Untersee and flows out near Stein am Rhein. Lake Constance provides fresh water to many cities in south Germany.
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Landtag of Bavaria
The Landtag of Bavaria (English: State Diet of Bavaria) is the unicameral legislature of the state of Bavaria in Germany. Between 1946 and 1999 there was an upper house, the Senate of Bavaria. The parliament meets in the Maximilianeum.
Elections to the Landtag are held every five years and have to be conducted on a Sunday or public holiday. The following elections have to be held no earlier than 59 months and no later than 62 months after the previous one, unless the Landtag is dissolved.
The most recent elections to the Bavarian Landtag were held on 28 September 2008.
The 2008 Bavarian Landtag elections saw a drop-off in support for the Christian Social Union, which has dominated politics in the state since the 1950s.
Elections are conducted using a proportional representation system. A minimum 5% share of the votes is required under German law in order for a party to receive any seats.
The state government is formed by the CSU. Günther Beckstein has been Minister President of Bavaria since September 2007, when he succeeded Edmund Stoiber, who had been Minister President since 1998. In October 2008 Horst Seehofer became the current Minister President. Their mutual party, the CSU, has dominated the Bavarian Landtag for nearly the entire post-war period.
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Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (i/ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ LIK-tən-styn; German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein, German pronunciation: [ˈfʏʁstn̩tuːm ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn]) is a doubly landlocked alpine country in Central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz. The biggest town is Schaan. Liechtenstein has the highest gross domestic product per person in the world when adjusted by purchasing power parity, and has the world's lowest external debt. Liechtenstein also has the second lowest unemployment rate in the world at 1.5% (Monaco is first).
Liechtenstein is the smallest yet the richest (by measure of GDP per capita) German-speaking country in the world and the only country to lie entirely within the Alps. It is known as a principality as it is a constitutional monarchy headed by a prince. Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities. Much of its terrain is mountainous, making it a winter sports destination. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterize its landscape both in the south (Oberland, upper land) and in the north (Unterland, lower land). The country has a strong financial sector located in the capital, Vaduz, and has been identified as a tax haven. It is a member of the European Free Trade Association and part of the European Economic Area, the Schengen Area but not of the European Union.
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Lower Bavaria
Lower Bavaria (German: Niederbayern) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of the state.
Lower Bavaria is subdivided into two regions (Planungsverband) - Landshut and Donau-Wald. Recent election results mark it as the most conservative part of Germany, generally giving huge margins to the CSU. This part of Bavaria includes the Bavarian Forest, a well-known tourist destination in Germany, and the Lower Bavarian Upland.
The duchy of Lower Bavaria was created for the first time with the First Bavarian partition in 1255 under duke Henry but there was no exact identity with the current territory. After the reunification in 1340 Bavaria was divided again in 1349, in 1353 Bavaria-Straubing and Bavaria-Landshut were created in Lower Bavaria. In 1505 Bavaria was irrevocable reunited. In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria created the district of Lower Bavaria.
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Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony (German: Niedersachsen [ˈniːdɐzaksən], Low German: Neddersassen) is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, is still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.
Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single federal state. The state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its seaport city of Bremerhaven. The state's principal cities include Hanover, Brunswick, Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, and Göttingen.
The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia and the seven East Frisian Islands offshore are popular with tourists. In the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the gentle hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands: the Weser Uplands and the Harz mountains. Between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges.
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg (i/ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ LUKS-əm-burg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg, Dutch: Groothertogdom Luxemburg), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland ("good country") in the south. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi). A representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is ruled by a grand duke. It is now the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The country has a highly developed economy, with the world's highest GDP (nominal) per capita according to the IMF. Its historic and strategic importance dates back to its founding as a Roman era fortress site and Frankish count's castle site in the Early Middle Ages. It was an important bastion along the Spanish Road when Spain was the principal European power influencing the whole western hemisphere and beyond in the 16th–17th centuries.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Nymphenburg Palace
The Nymphenburg Palace (German: Schloss Nymphenburg), i.e. "Nymph's Castle", is a Baroque palace in Munich, Bavaria, southern Germany. The palace was the main summer residence of the rulers of Bavaria.
The palace was commissioned by the prince-electoral couple Ferdinand Maria and Henriette Adelaide of Savoy to the designs of the Italian architect Agostino Barelli in 1664 after the birth of their son Maximilian II Emanuel. The central pavilion was completed in 1675.
Starting in 1701, Max Emanuel, the heir to Bavaria, a souvereign electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, conducted a systematic extension of the palace. Two pavilions were added each in the south and north of Barelli's palace by Enrico Zucalli and Giovanni Antonio Viscardi. Later, the south section of the palace was further extended to form the court stables. As a balance, the orangerie was added to the north. Finally, a grand circle (the Schlossrondell) with baroque mansions (the so-called Kavaliershäuschen - cavalier's lodges) was erected under Max Emanuel's son Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII Albert. Two of the latter's children were born here; Maria Antonia (future Electress of Saxony) in 1724 and Maria Anna Josepha (future Margravine of Baden-Baden) in 1734.
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Nürnberger Land
Nürnberger Land is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Forchheim, Bayreuth, Amberg-Sulzbach, Neumarkt, Roth and Erlangen-Höchstadt, and by the city of Nuremberg.
The district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Nuremberg, Hersbruck and Lauf.
The district includes the eastern metropolitan area of Nuremberg in the west and the hills of the Frankish Alb in the east. The Pegnitz River runs through the district, coming from the northeast and leaving to the west towards Nuremberg.
Coordinates: 49°30′N 11°22′E / 49.5°N 11.367°E / 49.5; 11.367
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Oberallgäu
Oberallgäu is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Unterallgäu and Ostallgäu, the Austrian states Tyrol and Vorarlberg, the district of Lindau, and the state of Baden-Württemberg (district Ravensburg). The city of Kempten is enclosed by, but not belonging to the district.
Human settlement dates back to the Bronze Age, when Celtic peoples inhabited the region. The Romans established a military camp which grew to become the city of Cambodunum, the present Kempten. It is consequently sometimes claimed that Kempten is the oldest town in Germany.
In medieval times Kempten was a free imperial city, and the surrounding lands became subordinate to the lords of Staufen and the counts of Rothenfels. Both ceased to exist in the beginning of the 19th century, when Napoleon handed these territories over to Bavaria.
The district of Oberallgäu was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Sonthofen and Kempten.
Oberallgäu is the southernmost district of Germany. "Oberallgäu" literally means "Upper Allgäu". The term Allgäu is applied to the part of the Alps located in Swabia and their northern foothills.
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Oktoberfest
Oktoberfest is a 16-day festival held annually in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, running from late September to the first weekend in October. It is one of the most famous events in Germany and is the world's largest fair, with more than 5 million people attending every year. The Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture, having been held since 1810. Other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations, modeled after the Munich event.
The Munich Oktoberfest originally took place during the sixteen days up to and including the first Sunday in October. In 1994, the schedule was modified in response to German reunification so that if the first Sunday in October falls on the 1st or 2nd, then the festival would go on until October 3 (German Unity Day). Thus, the festival is now 17 days when the first Sunday is October 2 and 18 days when it is October 1. In 2010, the festival lasted until the first Monday in October, to mark the 200th anniversary of the event. The festival is held in an area named the Theresienwiese (field, or meadow, of Therese), often called Wiesn for short, located near Munich's center. Large quantities of Oktoberfest Beer are consumed, with almost 7 million liters served during the 16 day festival in 2007. Visitors may also enjoy a wide variety of traditional food such as Hendl (chicken), Schweinebraten (roast pork), Schweinshaxe (grilled ham hock), Steckerlfisch (grilled fish on a stick), Würstl (sausages) along with Brezn (Pretzel), Knödel (potato or bread dumplings), Käsespätzle (cheese noodles), Reiberdatschi (potato pancakes), Sauerkraut or Rotkohl/Blaukraut (red cabbage) along with such Bavarian delicacies as Obatzda (a spiced cheese-butter spread) and Weisswurst (a white sausage).
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Ostallgäu
Ostallgäu is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Oberallgäu, Unterallgäu, Augsburg, Landsberg, Weilheim-Schongau and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and by the Austrian state of Tyrol. The city of Kaufbeuren is enclosed by but does not belong to the district.
Before 1803 the region was split into several tiny states, most of them clerical states. When these states were dissolved in 1803, the Ostallgäu region became part of Bavaria. The kings of Bavaria soon evolved a special relationship with the region and built their famous castles of Hohenschwangau and Neuschwanstein there.
The district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Kaufbeuren, Marktoberdorf and Füssen.
"Ostallgäu" literally means "Eastern Allgäu". The term Allgäu is applied to the part of the Alps located in Swabia and their northern foothills.
The district extends from the crest of the Alps to hilly countryside in the north. It is located on either side of the Wertach, an affluent of the Lech River. In the south there is a great number of alpine lakes, the largest of them being the Forggensee (16 km²).
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Plassenburg
Plassenburg is a castle in the city of Kulmbach in Bavaria. It is one of the most impressive castles in Germany and a symbol of the city. It was first mentioned in 1135. The Plassenberg family were ministerial of the counts of Andechs (later the dukes of Andechs-Meranien) and used as their seat the Plassenburg. The House of Guttenberg, a prominent Franconian noble family, traces its origins back to 1149 with a Gundeloh v. Blassenberg (Plassenberg). The name Guttenberg is derived from Guttenberg and was adopted by a Heinrich von Blassenberg around 1310. From 1340, the Hohenzollerns governed from Plassenburg castle their territories in Franconia till 1604. The Plassenburg was fortress and residence for the Hohenzollerns.
It was destroyed in 1554 at the end of the second Margravian war (1552–1554) of margrave Albert Alcibiades. The Plassenburg was later rebuilt by the architect Caspar Vischer as an impressive stronghold and as a huge palace. In 1792, Margrave Alexander sold the Plassenburg to his cousin, the King of Prussia. A combined Bavarian and French army under the command of Jérôme Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, besieged the Plassenburg in 1806. In 1810, Kulmbach became Bavarian and the castle was used as a prison and as a military hospital. During the second world war, the Organisation Todt used the Plassenburg as a training camp and recreation home. Today, it is a museum and a venue for cultural events.
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Province of Posen
The Province of Posen (German: Provinz Posen, Polish: Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of Prussia from 1848–1918 and as such part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. The area was about 29,000 km2.
The territory of later province, roughly corresponding to the region of Greater Poland, had become Prussian in 1772 (Netze District) and 1793 (South Prussia) during the partitions of Poland. After Prussia's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, the territory was attached to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 during the Treaty of Tilsit. In 1815 during the Congress of Vienna, Prussia gained the western third of the Warsaw duchy, which was about half of former South Prussia. Prussia then administered this province as the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen, which lost most of its exceptional status in 1830. While the local Posen (Poznań) Parliament voted 26 to 17 votes against joining German Confederation, on 3 April 1848 the Frankfurt Parliament ignored the vote, forcing status change to a normal Prussian province and its integration in the German Confederation.
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Province of Prussia
The Province of Prussia (German: Provinz Preußen) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1829-1878 created out of the provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia.
To differentiate East Prussia, the territory of the former Duchy of Prussia, from the larger Kingdom of Prussia, "Province of Prussia" was also used as a designation for the region after the crowning of King Frederick I of Prussia in 1701.
Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the provinces of East and West Prussia were created in 1773. East Prussia was created out of the former Duchy of Prussia and Ermland, while West Prussia was created out of most of former Royal Prussia.
On April 13, 1824, the Provinces of Prussia and West Prussia were joined in a personal union, and from December 3, 1829, in a real union. On April 1, 1878, the united Province of Prussia was divided into the Provinces of West Prussia and East Prussia.
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Saarland
Saarland (German pronunciation: [ˈzaːɐlant]; French: Sarre, IPA: [saʁ]) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. The capital is Saarbrücken. It has an area of 2570 km² and 1,045,000 inhabitants. In both area and population, it is the smallest state in Germany other than the city-states (Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg). Its location on the border between France and Germany has given Saarland a unique history.
The Saar did not exist as a unified entity until its creation as the Territory of the Saar Basin by the League of Nations after World War I. Prior to this, some parts of the current entity were Prussian and other parts Bavarian. The inhabitants voted to rejoin Germany in a plebiscite in 1935.
From 1947 to 1956 the Saar was a French-occupied territory (the "Saar Protectorate") separate from the rest of Germany. In 1955 the inhabitants were offered independence in a plebiscite, but instead voted to become a state of West Germany. From 1920 to 1935, and then from 1947 to 1959, the inhabitants used postage stamps issued specially for the territory; see postage stamps and postal history of the Saar for details. Between 1950 and 1956, Saarland was a member of the Council of Europe.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈzaksən]; Upper Sorbian: Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with (18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most-populous (4.3 million) of Germany's sixteen states.
Located in the middle of an erstwhile German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, a republic from 1918 to 1952 and then again from 1990.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Sachsen is divided into three Direktionsbezirke — Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig — which are subdivided into 10 districts:
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Schwabing
Schwabing is a borough in the northern part of Munich, the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is divided into the city borough 4 (Schwabing-West) and the city borough 12 (Schwabing-Freimann). For further information on the Munich boroughs, see: Boroughs of Munich.
Schwabing used to be famous as Munich's bohemian quarter and is still popular among tourists and locals, especially young people, for its collection of bars, clubs, and restaurants. Another popular attraction is the Englischer Garten, or English Garden, one of the world's largest public parks.
Since Munich's largest universities, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität and the Technical University of Munich can be found in nearby Maxvorstadt, there is a lot of student activity on and around Leopoldstraße.
A student housing area called "Studentenstadt" (literally, "student city") can also be found in northern Schwabing. It is also referred to as the Clayton of Munich by some of the residents.
Schwabing became very famous especially during the reign of Prince Regent Luitpold when numerous artists like Ludwig Ganghofer, Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann, Oskar Panizza, Otto Julius Bierbaum, Frank Wedekind, Ernst von Wolzogen, Gustav Meyrink, Rainer Maria Rilke, Isolde Kurz, Ludwig Thoma, Max Halbe, Annette Kolb, Stefan George, Karl Wolfskehl, Ludwig Klages, Roda Roda, Christian Morgenstern, Max Dauthendey, Mechtilde Lichnowsky, Lion Feuchtwanger, Leonhard Frank, Joachim Ringelnatz, Claire Goll, Oskar Maria Graf, Hugo Ball, Hermann Kesten, Thomas Theodor Heine, Olaf Gulbransson, Bruno Paul, Eduard Thöny and Rudolf Wilke lived or worked there. Lenin was a resident of Schwabing for some years, as was noted psychoanalyst and bohemian Otto Gross. The Countess Fanny zu Reventlow was known as "The Bohemian Countess of Schwabing".
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Thuringia
The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈtyːʁɪŋən], English /θjʊərˈrɪndʒiə/) is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres (6,244 sq mi) and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. Most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe. Its capital is Erfurt.
Thuringia has been known by the nickname of "the green heart of Germany" (das grüne Herz Deutschlands) from the late 19th century, due to the dense forest that covers the terrain.
Thuringia is well known in Germany for nature and winter sports. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germany's most famous hiking trail, and the winter resort of Oberhof. Germany has won more Winter Olympics gold medals than any other country in the last 20 years, and half of Germany's gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes.
From the northwest going clockwise, Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse. The ridges of the western Harz Mountains divide the region from Lower Saxony on the north-west, while the eastern Harz similarly separates Thuringia from the state of Saxony-Anhalt to the north-east. To the south and southwest, the Thuringian Forest effectively separates the ancient region of Franconia, now the northern part of Bavaria, from the rolling plains of most of Thuringia. The central Harz range extends southwards along the western side into the northwest corner of the Thuringian Forest region, making Thuringia a lowland basin of rolling plains nearly surrounded by ancient somewhat-difficult mountains. To the west across the mountains and south is the drainage basin of the Rhine River.
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Unterallgäu
Unterallgäu is a Kreis (district) in the southwestern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Neu-Ulm, Günzburg, Augsburg, Ostallgäu, Oberallgäu, and the districts Ravensburg und Biberach in Baden-Württemberg. The district-free city Memmingen in the west of the district is nearly surrounded by the district. The capital of the district is Mindelheim.
The district is located in the Allgäu, the northern foothills of the Alps. The river Iller forms part of the western boundary of the district.
The district was created July 1, 1972 by merging the previous districts Mindelheim and Memmingen. Mindelheim is the administrative seat of the new district.
The district started a partnership with the Polish Gostyn County in 2001.
The rose in the left of the coat of arms is the symbol of the abbey of Ottobeuren, which ruled the southern part of the district. The fleur-de-lis in the right stands for the Fugger family, who owned several estates in the district. To the bottom are the Bavarian lozenges, to symbolize that the area became part of Bavaria in 1814.
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Upper Bavaria
Upper Bavaria (German: Oberbayern) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany.
Upper Bavaria is located in the southern portion of Bavaria, and is centered around the city of Munich. It is subdivided into four regions (Planungsverband): Ingolstadt, Munich, Bayerisches Oberland (Bavarian Highland), and Südostoberbayern (South East Upper Bavaria). It is named 'Upper Bavaria' because the land is higher above sea level than the rest of Bavaria, not because it is farther north.
Historical Population of Upper Bavaria:
The duchy of Upper Bavaria was created for the first time with the First Bavarian partition in 1255 under duke Louis II but there was no exact correlation between this duchy and the current territory. After the reunification in 1340 Bavaria was divided again in 1349, and in 1392 the duchies Bavaria-Munich and Bavaria-Ingolstadt were created in Upper Bavaria. In 1505 Bavaria was permanently reunited. In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria created the district of Upper Bavaria.
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Upper Franconia
Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken) is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative [Regierungs] region [bezirk]) of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia (See also: Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia), all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern (Bavaria).
With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer, Upper Franconia has the worlds highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route (Fränkische Brauereistraße) leads along popular breweries.
The administrative region borders on Thuringia (Thüringen) to the north, Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) to the west, Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken) to the south-west, and Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) to the south-east, and Saxony (Sachsen) and the Czech Republic to the east.
Oberfranken is subdivided into a number of Landkreise (districts) and Kreisfreie Städte (district-free or independent cities).
Landkreise:
Kreisfreie Städte:
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Upper Palatinate
The Upper Palatinate (German: Oberpfalz) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria.
The region took its name first in the early 16th century, because it was by the Treaty of Pavia one of the main portions of the territory of the Wittelsbach Elector Palatine, who also ruled over the Lower Palatinate in the Rhineland, now normally just called the Palatinate, or Pfalz. The capital of the Upper Palatinate was Amberg. Cadet branches of the Wittelsbach also ruled over smaller territories in Neuburg and Sulzbach. As a result of the Elector Palatine Frederick V's abortive claim to the Bohemian throne in 1619–1620, the Upper Palatinate, along with the rest of his lands, were declared forfeit to the Emperor and, along with the Electoral title, given to the Duke of Bavaria. Although the Lower Palatinate was restored to Frederick's son by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Upper Palatinate remained under the Elector of Bavaria, and has remained a part of Bavaria ever since. The smaller territories of Sulzbach and Neuburg came to Bavaria in 1742, while the city of Regensburg, an Imperial Free City, was not joined with the rest of the region until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the end of the short-lived Principality of Regensburg under Carl von Dalberg, which existed from 1803 to 1810.
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Wangen im Allgäu
Wangen im Allgäu is a historic city in southeast Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It lies north-east of Lake Constance in the Westallgäu. It is the second-largest city (Population: 27,157 in 2005) in the Ravensburg district and is a nexus for the surrounding communities. From 1938 to 1972, Wangen was the county seat of the Wangen rural district.
Wangen in Allgäu lies on the north bank of the upper Argen River. The Lower Argen flows past northwest Wangen and unites southwest of the city with the Upper Argen. The city today is shaped by its historical town center as well as by numerous nearby districts.
Several settlements border Wangen. Their names are as follows: Amtzell, Vogt, Kißlegg, Argenbühl, and Achberg (Ravensburg district), Hergatz and Hergensweiler (Lindau district), and Neukirch (Bodensee district).
The city was first mentioned in 815 under the name "Wangun" in a monastery document.
In 1217, Emperor Fredrick II declared in a document that Wangen should remain in royal hands. In 1286, King Rudolph I granted Wangen the status of free imperial city.
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Würzburg Residence
The Würzburg Residence (German: Würzburger Residenz) is a palace in Würzburg, southern Germany. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, representants of the Austrian/South German Baroque were involved in the construction, as well as Robert de Cotte and Germain Boffrand, who were followers of the French Style. Balthasar Neumann, architect of the court of the Bishop of Würzburg, was the principal architect of the Residenz, which was commissioned by the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn and his brother Friedrich Carl von Schönborn in 1720, and completed in 1744. The Venetian painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, assisted by his son, Domenico, painted frescoes in the building.
Interiors include the grand staircase, the chapel, and the grand salon. The building was dubbed the "nicest parsonage in Europe" by Napoleon. It was heavily damaged during World War II, and restoration has been in progress since 1945.
The Prince-Bishops of Würzburg resided in the Fortress Marienberg until the early eighteenth century. Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn (1719–1724) moved the court to a palace erected in 1701 - 1704, the predecessor of the residence, but the rather small palace did not, in his opinion, measure up to his position as an absolute monarch. Having won a sum of 600,000 fl. (a fortune at the time) in a court case in the year of his accession, he used the funds to undertake a building project that would proclaim his political standing to all.
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Adam Ries
Adam Ries (1492 – March 30, 1559) was a German mathematician. He is also known by the name Adam Riese.
Almost nothing is known about Ries' childhood, youth and education. It is not even possible to determine the year of his birth with certainty. The caption on the only known contemporary portrait of the mathematician reads: ANNO 1550 ADAM RIES SEINS ALTERS IM LVIII. Therefore he was in his 58th year of age at the time of the picture, which was made in 1550. From this it can be concluded that he was born in 1492, although if he did not turn 58 till the end of 1550, he could also have been born in 1493.
The location of his birth, Staffelstein, can be determined with certainty, since he gives information about himself in the preface to his book, "Coß". His father was the owner of the mill there, Contz Ries, and his mother, Eva Kittler, was his father's second wife.
The first decades after Ries' birth are not documented, so it is not known which schools he attended. There is also no information about the studies of the later mathematician in the matriculation registers of the universities which existed at that time.
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Albrecht Altdorfer
Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480 - February 12, 1538) was a German painter, engraver and architect of the Renaissance working in Regensburg. Along with Lucas Cranach the Elder and Wolf Huber he is regarded to be the main representative of the so called Danube School setting biblical and historical subjects against landscape backgrounds of expressive colours. As an artist also making small intricate engravings he is seen to belong to the Nuremberg Little Masters.
Altdorfer was born in Regensburg or Altdorf around 1480.
He acquired an interest in art from his father, Ulrich Altdorfer, who was a painter and miniaturist. At the start of his career, he won public attention by creating small, intimate modestly scaled works in unconventional media and with eccentric subject matter. He settled in the free imperial city of Regensburg, a town located on the Danube River in 1505, eventually becoming the town architect and a town councillor. His first signed works date to c. 1506, including engravings and drawings such the Stygmata of St. Francis and St. Jerome." His models were niellos and copper engravings from the workshops of Jacopo de Barbari and Albrecht Dürer.
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Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (German pronunciation: [ˈalbʁɛçt ˈdyːʁɐ]; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a German painter, printmaker, engraver, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since. His vast body of work includes altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings. His woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavour than the rest of his work. His well-known works include the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.
Dürer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
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Alfons Goppel
Alfons Goppel (October 1, 1905 in Reinhausen, near Regensburg - December 24, 1991 in Johannesberg, near Aschaffenburg) was a German politician of the CSU party and Prime Minister of Bavaria (1962–1978).
Alfons Goppel was born in 1905 as one of nine children of the baker Ludwig Goppel and his wife Barbara.
He married Gertrud Wittenbrink in 1935 and together they had six sons.
Goppel studied law in Munich from 1925 to 1929 and, after graduating, moved back to Regensburg, where he became a lawyer. He joined the state prosecutors office in 1934 and was posted to Mainburg, Kaiserslautern and finally Aschaffenburg. He joined the conservative Bavarian People's Party in 1930 and was a member until the party's self-dissolution in November 1933. He joined the SA (1933) and the NSDAP (1937) in the following years.
He took part in the campaigns in France and Russia in the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War and later became an instructor at the Infanterieschule Döberitz, near Berlin, a trainings camp of the German army.
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Alois Alzheimer
Aloysius "Alois" Alzheimer, (German pronunciation: [ˈaːloˌis ˈalts.haɪmɐ]; 14 June 1864 – 19 December 1915) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease.
Alois Alzheimer was born in Marktbreit, Bavaria. His father served in the office of notary public in the family's hometown.
Alzheimer attended Aschaffenburg, Tübingen, Berlin, and Würzburg universities. He received a medical degree at Würzburg University in 1887. In the following year, he spent five months assisting mentally ill women, before he took an office in the city mental asylum in Frankfurt am Main: the Städtische Anstalt für Irre und Epileptische (Asylum for lunatics and epileptics). Emil Sioli was the dean of that asylum (1852–1922). Another neurologist, Franz Nissl (1860–1919), began to work in that same asylum with Alzheimer, and they knew each other. Much of Alzheimer's later work on brain pathology made use of Nissl's method of silver staining of the histological sections. Alzheimer was the co-founder and co-publisher of the journal Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. He never wrote a book that he could call his own.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Barbara Dennerlein
Barbara Dennerlein (born 25 September 1964 in Munich, Germany), is a hard bop and post-bop Hammond B3 organist.
At age 11, Dennerlein began playing electronic organ. After starting organ lessons, she learned to play the two manual organ with a bass pedalboard. After one and a half years of lessons she continued to study without formal instruction. At age 15, she played in a jazz club for the first time. When leading her own bands, Dennerlein was often the youngest musician in the group, and she learned to cooperate with more experienced musicians. Her local reputation as the "Organ tornado from Munich" spread after her first TV appearances in 1982.
When her third LP Bebab was issued, Dennerlein established her own record label in 1985. She received two German Record Critics' awards for self-produced albums.. Later, she made three recordings for Enja Records and three for Verve Records. On these recordings she worked with Ray Anderson, Randy Brecker, Dennis Chambers, Roy Hargrove, Mitch Watkins, and Jeff 'Tain' Watts.
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Bernd Schuster
Bernhard Schuster (born 22 December 1959 in Augsburg) is a German football manager and former player. His nickname is "der Blonde Engel" (the Blond Angel).
Schuster started his professional career with 1. FC Köln at age 18 in 1978 after a number of promising performances with the West German Under-18 National team. Schuster left Köln after the 1980 European campaign to sign with Spain's FC Barcelona, where he flourished. During his career, he played for clubs Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid and Bayer Leverkusen. At his final team, the Mexican side Pumas de la UNAüM he appeared in ten matches in spring 1997.
Schuster was an important part of the FC Barcelona team during the 1980s, leading the game from midfield and scoring many goals. His club president Josep Lluís Núñez and some trainers like Helenio Herrera, Udo Lattek, Terry Venables and Luis Aragonés had difficult relations with him. He won, however, the European Silver Ball in 1980 and Bronze Ball in 1981 and 1985. At age 21, in 1981, he received a bad injury on his right knee by Athletic Bilbao defender Andoni Goikoetxea.
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Bernhard Langer
Bernhard Langer (born 27 August 1957) is a German professional golfer. He is a two-time Masters champion, and was one of the world's leading golfers throughout the 1980s and 90s, being the first official number one ranked player in 1986. After turning fifty, he became one of the most successful players on the Champions Tour.
Langer was born in Anhausen near Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany. He turned professional in 1976 and has won many events in Europe and the United States, among them The Masters in 1985 and 1993. He was the inaugural World Number 1 when the Official World Golf Rankings were introduced in 1986. He was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 (but deferred his induction until 2002). He ranks second in career wins on the European Tour, with forty and has also played regularly on the U.S. based PGA Tour, especially in the late 1980s and since 2000. He has shown great durability, finishing in a tie for fifth at The Open Championship the month before his forty-eighth birthday and regaining a place in the top hundred of the rankings three months before his fiftieth birthday. He is one of the game's most successful globetrotters, being one of only a handful of players to have won sanctioned professional tournaments on every continent on which the game is played: Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. He played on 10 Ryder Cup teams (1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002) and was non-playing captain of the victorious European team in 2004.
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Bertolt Brecht
Bertolt Brecht (German: [ˈbɛɐ̯tɔlt ˈbʁɛçt] ( listen); born Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (help·info); 10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956) was a German poet, playwright, and theatre director.
An influential theatre practitioner of the 20th century, Brecht made equally significant contributions to dramaturgy and theatrical production, the latter particularly through the seismic impact of the tours undertaken by the Berliner Ensemble – the post-war theatre company operated by Brecht and his wife, long-time collaborator and actress Helene Weigel.
Bertolt Brecht was born in Augsburg, Bavaria, (about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of Munich) to a conventionally-devout Protestant mother and a Catholic father (who had been persuaded to have a Protestant wedding). His father worked for a paper mill, becoming its managing director in 1914. Thanks to his mother's influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would impact on his writing throughout his life. From her, too, came the "dangerous image of the self-denying woman" that recurs in his drama. Brecht's home life was comfortably middle class, despite what his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins implied. At school in Augsburg he met Caspar Neher, with whom he formed a lifelong creative partnership, Neher designing many of the sets for Brecht's dramas and helping to forge the distinctive visual iconography of their epic theatre.
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Carl Orff
Carl Orff ((1895-07-10)July 10, 1895 – March 29, 1982(1982-03-29)) was a 20th-century German composer, best known for his cantata Carmina Burana (1937). In addition to his career as a composer, Orff developed an influential method of music education for children.
Orff was born in Munich on July 10, 1895. His family was Bavarian and was active in the Army of the German Empire.
Orff started studying the piano at the age of five, and he also took organ and cello lessons. However, he was more interested in composing original music than in studying to be a performer. Orff wrote and staged puppet shows for his family, composing music for piano, violin, zither, and glockenspiel to accompany them. He had a short story published in a children's magazine in 1905 and started to write a book about nature. In his spare time he enjoyed collecting insects.
By the time he was a teenager, Orff was writing songs, although he had not studied harmony or composition; his mother helped him set down his first works in musical notation. Orff wrote his own texts and he learned the art of composing, without a teacher, by studying classical masterworks on his own.
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Carl Spitzweg
Carl Spitzweg (February 5, 1808 – September 23, 1885) was a German romanticist painter and poet. He is considered to be one of the most important artists of the Biedermeier era.
He was born in Unterpfaffenhofen as the second of three sons of Franziska and Simon Spitzweg. His father, a wealthy merchant, had Carl trained as a pharmacist. He attained his qualification from the University of Munich, but while recovering from an illness he also took up painting. Spitzweg was self-taught as an artist, and began by copying the works of Flemish masters. He contributed his first work to satiric magazines. Upon receiving an inheritance in 1833, he was able to dedicate himself to painting.
Later, Spitzweg visited European art centers, studying the works of various artists and refining his technique and style; he visited Prague, Venice, Paris, London, and Belgium. His later paintings and drawings are often humorous genre works. Many of his paintings depict sharply characterized eccentrics, for example The Bookworm (1850) and The Hypochondriac (c. 1865, in the Neue Pinakothek, Munich).
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Carl von Linde
Professor Doctor Carl Paul Gottfried Linde, ennobled in 1897 as Ritter von Linde (11 June 1842 - 16 November 1934) was a German engineer who developed refrigeration and gas separation technologies. Linde was an member of scientific and engineering associations, including being on the board of trustees of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Born in Germany, as the son of a minister, Linde was expected to follow in his father's footsteps, but took another direction entirely. In 1861, he started a course in engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, where his teachers included Rudolf Clausius, Gustav Zeuner and Franz Reuleaux.
In 1864, he was expelled before graduating for participating in a student protest, but Reuleaux found him a position as an apprentice at the Kottern cotton-spinning plant in Kempten. Linde stayed only a short time before moving first to Borsig in Berlin and then to the new Krauss locomotive factory in Munich, where he worked as head of the technical department. Von Linde married Helene Grimm in September 1866; their marriage lasted 53 years and they had six children.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( /ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
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Diana Damrau
Diana Damrau (born 31 May 1971 in Günzburg, Bavaria) is a German soprano opera singer.
Diana Damrau was born in 1971 in Günzburg, Bavaria, Germany, and began her operatic studies with Carmen Hanganu at the Musikhochschule in Würzburg. After graduating from music conservatory she worked in Salzburg with Hanna Ludwig. Her first operatic engagements were in Würzburg and subsequently the National Theatre Mannheim and Oper Frankfurt. Since then, she has sung throughout the world at venues such as the Vienna State Opera, the Metropolitan Opera New York, the Royal Opera House, the Bavarian State Opera and the Salzburg Festival. She was invited to sing the title role in Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta at the re-opening of La Scala, Milan in 2004, under the baton of Riccardo Muti.
The Queen of the Night from Mozart's The Magic Flute has been Damrau's most frequently performed role to date, as she has been engaged to perform it in over 15 productions at houses including Covent Garden, the Salzburg Festival, the Vienna State Opera, Oper Frankfurt and the Bavarian State Opera, Munich. Damrau made Metropolitan Opera history in the 2007/2008 season by appearing as both Pamina and Queen of the Night in the same run, but different performances. Other coloratura roles in her repertoire include Zerbinetta, Lucia, Elvira, Rosina, Gilda, Adina, Marie and Aminta. She also performs roles in the lyric repertoire including Manon, Donna Anna, Gretel and Pamina.
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Dietmar Hamann
Dietmar "Chimesie" Hamann (born 27 August 1973) is a German footballer who was most recently manager at Stockport County. Throughout his career, he has played for Bayern Munich, Newcastle United, Liverpool, and Manchester City primarily in a defensive midfield position. He also spent time at Milton Keynes Dons as a player/coach before joining Leicester City as a first team coach. He was a member of the German national side from 1997 until 2006.
Throughout his playing career Hamann gained a reputation for being a highly consistent and reliable player. He is highly respected by supporters of Liverpool due in large part to his involvement in the 2005 Champions League Final. Hamann has stated his ambition of becoming the manager of Liverpool in the future.
On 5 July 2011 Hamann was named as the new manager of Stockport County, replacing former manager Ray Mathias. He resigned from the post on 7 November 2011 after only four months with Stockport struggling in 17th place in the Conference National citing failure of a proposed takeover by Tony Evans.
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Dirk Nowitzki
Dirk Werner Nowitzki (German pronunciation: [ˈdɪʁk ˈvɛʁnɐ noˈvɪtski]) (born June 19, 1978) is a German professional basketball player who plays for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). An alumnus of Röntgen Gymnasium and DJK Würzburg basketball club, Nowitzki was drafted ninth overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1998 NBA Draft, and was immediately traded to the Mavericks, where he has played ever since. Standing 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m), Nowitzki plays the power forward position but also has the athleticism and shooting ability to play the other frontcourt positions, center and small forward.
Nowitzki has led the Mavericks to 12 consecutive NBA Playoffs (2000–01–2011–12), including an NBA Finals appearance in 2006 and the franchise's first championship in 2011, making him one of only 5 players in NBA history to win a championship while being the only NBA All-Star on the team. He is an 11-time All-Star and 12-time member of the All-NBA Teams, and the first European-born player in NBA history to receive the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. He is the first Maverick ever to be voted into an All-NBA Team and also holds several all-time Mavericks franchise records. Only Nowitzki and three other players have ever averaged more than 25 points and 10 rebounds in the NBA playoffs, and only Nowitzki and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar have managed 4 consecutive 30-point, 15-rebound games in the playoffs. Additionally, Nowitzki is the only player in NBA history to get 100 blocks and 150 3-pointers in a single season.
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Edmund Stoiber
Edmund Rüdiger Stoiber (born 28 September 1941) is a German politician, former minister-president of the state of Bavaria and former chairman of the Christian Social Union (CSU). On 18 January 2007, he announced his decision to step down from the posts of minister-president and party chairman by 30 September, after having been under fire in his own party for weeks.
Edmund Stoiber was born in Oberaudorf in the district of Rosenheim, Bavaria. Prior to entering politics in 1974 and serving in the Bavarian parliament, he was a lawyer and worked at the University of Regensburg.
Stoiber is Roman Catholic. He is married to Karin Stoiber. They have three children: Constanze (1971), Veronica (1977), Dominic (1980) and five grandchildren: Johannes (1999), Benedikt (2001),Theresa Marie (2005), Ferdinand (2009) and another grandson (2011).
Stoiber attended the Ignaz-Günther-Gymnasium in Rosenheim, where he received his Abitur (high school diploma) in 1961, although he had to repeat one year for failing in Latin. His mandatory military service was with the Gebirgsdivision mountain infantry division in Mittenwald and Bad Reichenhall and was cut-short due to a knee injury. Following his military service, Stoiber studied political science and then, in the fall 1962 in Munich, law. In 1967 he passed the state law exam and then worked at the University of Regensburg in criminal law and Eastern European law. He was awarded a doctorate of jurisprudence, and then in 1971 passed the second state examination with distinction.
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Elmar Wepper
Elmar Wepper (born 16 April 1944) is a German actor. His television credits include Der Kommissar, Unsere schönsten Jahre and Zwei Münchner in Hamburg, the latter starring with Uschi Glas. His film credits include Cherry Blossoms, Café Europa, Lammbock and Dreiviertelmond.
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Erwin Eisch
Erwin Eisch is a German artist who works with glass. He is also a painter, draughtsman and printmaker. With that of his friend and colleague in glass, Harvey Littleton, Eisch's work in glass embodies the ideas of the international Studio Glass movement. Along with glass artists Sam Herman and Sybren Valkema, Eisch is considered a founder of Studio Glass in Europe.
Erwin Eisch is the eldest of six children of glass engraver Valentin Eisch and his wife, Therese Hirtreiter. The family lived in the town of Frauenau in Bavaria, where Valentin Eisch was employed as a master engraver at the glass factory of Isidor Gistl. The Eisch family was by no means well-off. The elder Eisch supplemented his income by bringing work home to engrave on Sundays. The family also kept a cow, goats and chickens to put milk, eggs and meat on the table.
With Hitler’s rise to power the village of Frauenau, located near the border with Czechoslovakia, suffered under the Nazi regime. According to Erwin Eisch, his family, as well as most of the people in Frauenau, were Communists during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and unsympathetic to National Socialism (1933–1945).
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Frank Wedekind
Benjamin Franklin Wedekind (Hanover July 24, 1864 – Munich March 9, 1918), usually known as Frank Wedekind, was a German playwright. His work, which often criticizes bourgeois attitudes (particularly towards sex), is considered to anticipate expressionism, and he was a major influence on the development of epic theatre.
He was born on July 24, 1864 and lived most of his adult life in Munich, though he had a brief period working in advertising, for the Maggi soup firm, in Switzerland in 1886. He had an affair with Frida Uhl who bore him a child. Having initially worked in business and the circus, Wedekind went on to become an actor and singer. In this capacity he received wide acclaim as the principal star of the satirical cabaret Die elf Scharfrichter (The Eleven Executioners), launched in 1901. It was thanks to Wedekind's success that the tradition of German satirical writing was established in the theatre, producing the cabaret-song satirists Kurt Tucholsky, Walter Mehring, Joachim Ringelnatz and Erich Kästner among others, who invigorated the culture of the Weimar Republic; "all bitter social critics who used direct, stinging satire as the best means of attack and wrote a large part of their always intelligible light verse to be declaimed or sung." At the age of 34, after serving a nine-month prison sentence for "lèse-majesté" (thanks to the publication in Simplicissimus of some of his satirical poems), Wedekind became a dramaturg (a play-reader and adapter) at the Munich Schauspielhaus.
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Franz Beckenbauer
Franz Anton Beckenbauer [fʁants ˈbɛkənˌbaʊ̯ɐ] (born 11 September 1945 in Munich) is a German football coach, manager, and former player, nicknamed Der Kaiser ("The Emperor") because of his elegant style, his leadership, his first name "Franz" (reminiscent of the Austrian emperors), and his dominance on the football pitch. He is generally regarded as the greatest German footballer of all time and one of the greatest and most decorated footballers in the history of the game. Beckenbauer was a versatile player who started out as a midfielder but made his name as a defender. He is often credited as having invented the role of the modern sweeper or libero.
Twice selected the European Footballer of the Year, he appeared 103 times for West Germany and played in three World Cups. He lifted the World Cup trophy as captain in 1974, and repeated the feat as a manager in 1990. With the club Bayern Munich, he won three consecutive European Cups from 1974 to 1976, and the Cup Winners' Cup in 1967. He is one of only two footballers, along with Brazil's Mário Zagallo, to have won the World Cup both as a player and as a coach. Beckenbauer is one of two players (along with Carles Puyol) to captain three European Cup winning sides. He went on to become coach and president of the institution. He is also a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.
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Franz Marc
Franz Marc (February 8, 1880 – March 4, 1916) was a German painter and printmaker, one of the key figures of the German Expressionist movement. He was a founding member of Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a journal whose name later became synonymous with the circle of artists collaborating in it.
Franz Marc was born in 1880 in Munich, then the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria. His father, Wilhelm, was a professional landscape painter, and his mother Sophie was a strict Calvinist. In 1900, Marc began to study at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where his teachers would include Gabriel von Hackl and Wilhelm von Diez. In 1903 and 1907 he spent time in France, particularly in Paris, visiting the city's museums and copying many paintings, a traditional way that artists studied and developed technique. In Paris, Marc frequented artistic circles, and was able to meet numerous artists, including the actress Sarah Bernhardt. He discovered a strong affinity for the work of Vincent van Gogh.
During his twenties, Marc was involved in a number of stormy relationships, including a years-long affair with Annette von Eckardt, a married antique dealer who was nine years his elder. He married twice, first to Marie Schnuer, then to Maria Franck.
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Franz Stuck
Franz Stuck (February 24, 1863 – August 30, 1928), ennobled as Franz Ritter von Stuck in 1906, was a German symbolist/Art Nouveau painter, sculptor, engraver, and architect.
Stuck was born at Tettenweis, in Bavaria. From an early age he displayed an affinity for drawing and caricature. To begin his artistic education he relocated in 1878 to Munich, where he would settle for life. From 1881 to 1885 Stuck attended the Munich Academy.
He first became well known by cartoons for Fliegende Blätter, and vignette designs for programmes and book decoration. In 1889 he exhibited his first paintings at the Munich Glass Palace, winning a gold medal for The Guardian of Paradise.
In 1892 Stuck co-founded the Munich Secession, and also executed his first sculpture, Athlete. The next year he won further acclaim with the critical and public success of what is now his most famous work, the painting The Sin. Also during 1893, Stuck was awarded a gold medal for painting at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and was appointed to a royal professorship. In 1895 he began teaching painting at the Munich Academy.
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Franz von Lenbach
Franz von Lenbach (13 December 1836 – 6 May 1904) was a German painter of Realist style.
Lenbach was born at Schrobenhausen, in Bavaria. His father was a mason, and the boy was intended to follow his father's trade or be a builder. With this view he was sent to school at Landsberg, and then to the polytechnic at Augsburg. But after seeing Hofner, the animal painter, executing some studies, he made various attempts at painting, which his father's orders interrupted. However, when he had seen the galleries of Augsburg and Munich, he finally obtained his father's permission to become an artist, and worked for a short time in the studio of Gräfle, the painter; after this he devoted much time to copying.
Thus he was already accomplished in technique when he became the pupil of Piloty, with whom he set out for Italy in 1858. A few interesting works remain as the outcome of this first journey A Peasant seeking Shelter from Bad Weather (1855), The Goatherd (1860, in the Schack Gallery, Munich) and The Arch of Titus (in the Palfy collection, Budapest). On returning to Munich, he was at once called to Weimar to take the appointment of professor at the Academy. But he did not hold it long, having made the acquaintance of Count Schack, who commissioned a great number of copies for his collection.
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Fritz Schäffer
Fritz Schäffer (12 May 1888, München – 29 March 1967, Berchtesgaden) was a German politician for the Bavarian People's Party (BVP) and the Christian Social Union (CSU). In 1945 he became the first Bavarian Minister-President after World War II. From 1949 to 1957 he was German Minister of Finance and from 1957 to 1961 Minister of Justice.
Fritz Schäffer was born in 1888 as the son of Gottfried Schäffer and Amalia Mayr. He went to school in Ingolstadt, Munich and Neuburg an der Donau, afterwards studying law in Munich. He joined as a volunteer the Bavarian Infanterie-Leib-Regiment in 1915. After service in Serbia and Tyrol, he was wounded at Verdun in May 1916 and released from army service.
Schäffer started working for the Bavarian state government in 1917. He married Else Dyroff in September 1917.
He was imprisoned from 1933 until 1934, after which he worked as lawyer. He was imprisoned again in Dachau concentration camp after the July 20 Plot until the end of World War II, from August to October 1944.
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Fritz Wepper
Fritz Wepper (born August 17, 1941 in Munich, Germany) is a German television actor.
He has been married to Angela Prinzessin von Hohenzollern (née von Morgen) since 1979, and they have one daughter, Sophie. They live in Munich.
His character Harry Klein, the assistant in Derrick, became a cult figure all over the world.
Before playing Klein in Derrick he portrayed the same character on the popular television drama Der Kommissar (1969–1976) from the series' start until 1974 when he was transferred to Derrick. Harry Klein was replaced by his brother Erwin (played by Fritz Wepper's brother Elmar Wepper).
In 1972 he played Fritz Wendel, a Jew passing as a Christian, in Bob Fosse's film version of Cabaret (1972), opposite Liza Minnelli, Joel Grey and Michael York.
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Gabriele Münter
Gabriele Münter (19 February 1877 – 19 May 1962) was a German expressionist painter who was at the forefront of the Munich avant-garde in the early 20th century. Artists and writers associated with German Expressionism shared a rebellious attitude (influenced by the writings of Nietzsche) toward the materialism and mores of German imperial and bourgeois society. German Expressionistic art was an exegetic (and at times agonizing) reaction against the ambiguities and formalism of pre-World War I society. Its radical art and avant-garde mentality sought to end the alienation of painting from society.
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Georg Ohm
Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a Bavarian (German) physicist and mathematician. As a high school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law.
Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant family in Erlangen, Bavaria, (then a part of the Holy Roman Empire)son to Johann Wolfgang Ohm, a locksmith and Maria Elizabeth Beck, the daughter of a tailor in Erlangen. Although his parents had not been formally educated, Ohm's father was a respected man who had educated himself to a high level and was able to give his sons an excellent education through his own teachings. Of the seven children of the family only three survived to adulthood: Georg Simon, his younger brother Martin, who later became a well-known mathematician, and his sister Elizabeth Barbara. His mother died when he was ten.
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Gerd Müller
Gerhard "Gerd" Müller (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɛɐt ˈmʏlɐ]; born 3 November 1945 in Nördlingen) is a former German football player and one of the most prolific goalscorers of all time.
With national records of 68 goals in 62 international appearances, 365 goals in 427 Bundesliga games and the international record of 66 goals in 74 European Club games, he was one of the most successful goalscorers of his era. Müller is now 8th on the list of all time international goalscorers despite playing fewer matches than every player in the top 15. His nicknames are “Bomber der Nation” (the nation's Bomber) and “kleines dickes Müller” (short fat Müller; this name was given to him by Čik Čajkovski, his first coach at Bayern Munich. Čajkovski was Yugoslavian and got the German declension wrong).
In 1970 Müller was elected European Footballer of the Year after a successful season at Bayern Munich and scoring 10 goals at the 1970 World Cup. Müller held the all-time goal-scoring record in the tournament with a 14-goal total, a record that stood for 32 years until it was broken by Brazil's Ronaldo against Ghana in the Round of 16 of the 2006 World Cup. In 1999, he was voted ninth place in the European player of the Century election held by the IFFHS and he was voted thirteenth in the IFFHS' "World Player of the Century" election.
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German American
German Americans are citizens of the United States of German ancestry and comprise about 50 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group.California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
None of the historical German states had overseas colonies, so not until the 1680s did the first significant groups of German immigrants arrive in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York and Pennsylvania. Immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with some eight million arrivals from Germany. They were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others simply for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where "Germania"—German-speaking districts—soon emerged.
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Golo Mann
Golo Mann (27 March 1909 – 7 April 1994), born Angelus Gottfried Thomas Mann, was a popular historian, essayist and writer. He was the third child of the novelist Thomas Mann and his wife Katia Mann.
Golo Mann originally a Bavarian German was Czechoslovakian from 1936 on, American 1943-1968, Swiss from 1968 on and additionally German since 1976.
Mann was born in Munich. As a child, he pronounced his first name as Golo, and this name was adopted. He had an elder sister, Erika Mann, an elder brother, Klaus Mann, and three younger siblings, Monika, Elisabeth and Michael.
In her diary his mother describes him in his early years as sensitive, nervous and frightened. His father hardly concealed his disappointment and rarely mentioned the son in his diary. Golo Mann in turn described him later: "Indeed he was able to radiate some kindness, but mostly it was silence, strictness, nervousness or rage." Among his siblings he was most tightly connected with Klaus, whereas he disliked the dogmatism and radical views of his sister Erika.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Grifo
Grifo (726–753) was the son of the Frankish major domo Charles Martel and his second wife Swanahild.
After the death of Charles Martel power may well have been intended to be divided among Grifo and his half-brothers Pepin the Younger (Pepin the Short) and Carloman. Grifo, considered illegitimate by Pepin and Carloman, was lured into a trap by his half-brothers, however, and imprisoned in a monastery.
On his escape in 747, his maternal great-uncle Duke Odilo of Bavaria provided support and assistance to Grifo, but when Odilo died a year later and Grifo attempted to seize the duchy of Bavaria for himself, Pepin, who had become sole major domo of the Frankish (Merovingian) Empire upon Carloman's resignation and retreat into a monastery, took decisive action by invading Bavaria and installing Odilo's infant son, Tassilo III, as duke under Frankish overlordship. Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint-Jean de Maurienne in 753, while Pepin became king of the Franks as Pepin III in 751.
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Gustl Bayrhammer
Gustl Bayrhammer (12 February 1922 – 24 April 1993) was a German actor. He appeared in 79 films and television shows between 1964 and 1993. He starred in the 1970 film o.k., which was entered into the 20th Berlin International Film Festival. However, the competition was cancelled and no prizes were awarded, over controversy surrounding the film. He is mostly known for his role as Meister Eder in the 1980s children's show Meister Eder und sein Pumuckl.
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Günther Beckstein
Günther Beckstein (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʏntɐ ˈbɛkʃtaɪn]) (born November 23, 1943 in Hersbruck, Germany) is a Bavarian CSU politician and was Minister-President of Bavaria from 9 October 2007 to 27 October 2008 . He is well known for his outspoken views on law and order.
After graduating from High School at the Willstätter Gymnasium in Nuremberg in 1962, he studied law at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He's holding a Ph.D. from Erlangen-Nürnberg University. In 1975, he wrote his dissertation Der Gewissenstäter im Strafrecht und Strafprozessrecht (The Delinquent of Conscience in Criminal Law and Trial Law) which lead to his Ph.D. Between 1971 and 1978, he worked as a lawyer.
Beckstein has been married to Marga Beckstein, a teacher, since 1973. They have three children: Ruth, Frank and Martin. Beckstein and his wife are residents of Nürnberg-Langwasser. He is a Protestant and an active church member.
Beckstein started his political career as the district chairman of the Junge Union Nürnberg-Fürth (1973–1978) and then became vice chairman of the CSU district association Nürnberg-Fürth-Schwabach. In 1991, he acceded its chairmanship
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Hanns Seidel
Hanns Seidel (12 October 1901 – 5 August 1961) was a German politician and Bavarian prime minister from 1957 to 1960. He was a member, and from 1955 to 1961 chairman, of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria.
Seidel was born in Schweinheim, now part of Aschaffenburg, one of seven children; his parents were Johann and Christine Seidel. He was originally baptized under the name Franz Wendelin but was soon called simply Hanns. His father died when he was seven and the family had to live in relative poverty from then on. Despite those circumstances, he managed to obtain a good education.
Hanns Seidel studied law in Jena, Freiburg and Würzburg, where he graduated in 1929. He worked as a lawyer in Aschaffenburg after this and married Ilse Tenter, who he had two sons with. As a strict Catholic, he joined the Bavarian People's Party in 1932. His outspokenness about the Nazis soon got him into trouble and he had to withdraw his candidacy for the Aschaffenburg town council. He briefly had to escape to Memel (now Klaipėda) in Eastern Prussia to avoid arrest but returned home soon after.
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Hans Ehard
Hans Ehard (10 November 1887 – 18 October 1980) was a German lawyer and politician, a member of the Christian Social Union (CSU) party.
Hans Ehard was born in Bamberg in 1887, the son of a local official, August Ehard. He was married in 1916 to Annelore Maex. After his wife died in 1957, he married Sieglinde Odörfer in 1960.
After studying jurisprudence in Munich and Würzburg Ehard became public prosecutor in the Bavarian Ministry of Justice in 1919. In this office, he was the main prosecutor of Hitler and Ludendorff in 1924, after their failed attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government in 1923. In 1933 he became President of the high court in Munich, a position he held until the end of the war. He sympathised with the Bavarian People's Party but was not politically active in those years.
After the war, in 1945, he briefly served under Schäffer as Minister of Justice, later serving in Hoegner's first cabinet as undersecretary of state in the Ministry of Justice. He was a member of the constituent assembly, and was elected Minister President on 21 December 1946 with a coalition of CSU, SPD and the Economic Structure Combination (Wirtschaftliche Aufbau-Vereinigung). He became the first freely elected Bavarian prime minister since 1933. He was a member of the Bavarian Landtag from 1946 to 1966.
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Hans Sachs
Hans Sachs (5 November 1494 – 19 January 1576) was a German meistersinger ("mastersinger"), poet, playwright and shoemaker.
Hans Sachs was born in Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg).As a child he attended a singing school that was held in the church of Nuremberg. This helped to awaken in him a taste for poetry and music. His father was a tailor. He attended Latin school (German: Lateinschule) in Nuremberg. When he was 14 he took up an apprenticeship as a shoemaker.
After the apprenticeship, at age 17, he was a journeyman and set out on his Wanderjahre (or Walz), that is, wandering about and working here and there, travelling with companions, and students, for five years. He worked at his craft in many towns, including Regensburg, Passau, Salzburg, Munich, Osnabrück, Lübeck, and Leipzig.
1513 he ended in a small town of Wels in Austria, where he lived in retirement, devoting himself to the cultivation of the fine arts. The Emperor Maximilian I chanced to pass through this town with a brilliant retinue, and the young poet allowed himself to be carried away by the splendor of the court. The prince placed him in the halls of the palace of Insbruck. Later Hans Sachs quit the court and went to Schatz and Munich.
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Helmut Fischer
Helmut Fischer (15 November 1926 – 14 June 1997) was a popular award winning German actor.
Helmut Fischer was the son of a businessman and a tailor and grew up in the Munich district of Neuhausen in Donnersbergerstraße 50a, where he also went to school. When the secondary school rejected him, he joined Otto Falckenberg's drama school, which he quit after a short time. In the subsequent period Fischer worked as a theater actor. In 1952 was his stage debut at the Würzburg city theatre as Albrecht III in Friedrich Hebbel's Agnes Bernauer. The reviews were devastating.
For almost 20 years Fischer remained largely unknown and had to deal with minor supporting roles. Among other things, he worked at the Munich "Oktoberfest" at the Zuban show as part of a zebra's behind. In 1953 he married the dancer Utta Martin, with whom he lived up to his death (44 years). In 1961 saw the actor's debut in Bavarian Television: as a hairdresser in Ludwig Thoma's comedy Die Lokalbahn. Fischer described himself as "terrible" and said in retrospect: "Richtig g'schämt hab' ich mich, wie überzogen ich damals g'spielt hab (I was terribly ashamed about my totally excessive acting)". As he was under-worked with acting alone, Fischer also worked as a film critic for the Munich Abendzeitung.
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Henrik Ibsen
Henrik Ibsen (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈhɛnɾɪk ˈɪpsən]; 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the father of prose drama" and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre. His major works include Brand, Peer Gynt, An Enemy of the People, Emperor and Galilean, A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler, Ghosts, The Wild Duck, Rosmersholm, and The Master Builder.
Several of his plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European theater was required to model strict mores of family life and propriety. Ibsen's work examined the realities that lay behind many façades, revealing much that was disquieting to many contemporaries. It utilized a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. The poetic and cinematic play Peer Gynt, however, has strong surreal elements.
Ibsen is often ranked as one of the truly great playwrights in the European tradition. Richard Hornby describes him as "a profound poetic dramatist—the best since Shakespeare". He influenced other playwrights and novelists such as George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, James Joyce, and Eugene O'Neill. Many critics consider him the greatest playwright since Shakespeare.
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Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion (German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, which duchies he held until 1180.
He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI.
At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents.
The Henry The Lion Bible is stored, a book preserved in near mint condition from the year 1170. Located in Wolfenbüttel, a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, located on the Oker river about 13 kilometres south of Brunswick.
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Hermann Schwarz
Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz (25 January 1843 – 30 November 1921) was a German mathematician, known for his work in complex analysis. He was born in Hermsdorf, Silesia (now Jerzmanowa, Poland) and died in Berlin. He was married to Marie Kummer, a daughter of the mathematician Ernst Eduard Kummer and his wife Ottilie, née Mendelssohn (a daughter of Nathan Mendelssohns and granddaughter of Moses Mendelssohn). They had six children.
Schwarz originally studied chemistry in Berlin but Kummer and Weierstraß persuaded him to change to Mathematics. Between 1867 and 1869 he worked in Halle, then in Zürich. From 1875 he worked at Göttingen University, dealing with the subjects of function theory, differential geometry and the calculus of variations. His works include Bestimmung einer speziellen Minimalfläche, which was crowned by the Berlin Academy in 1867 and printed in 1871, and Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen (1890). In 1892 he became a member of the Berlin Academy of Science and a professor at the University of Berlin, where his students included Lipót Fejér, Paul Koebe and Ernst Zermelo. He died in Berlin.
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Heruli
The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were an East Germanic tribe who migrated from Scandinavia to the Black sea in the third century. They were part of the series of raids and incursions carried out by Gothic groups in the Balkans and Greece from the 250s.
In 267, together with the Goths they sacked Byzantium, Sparta and Athens. They were defeated by the Romans in 269 at near Naissus (modern Niš in present-day Serbia. In the 4th century, they were subjugated by the Ostrogoths and later the Huns. Breaking free from the Huns after the Battle of Nedao in 454, they established their own kingdom and joined Odoacer, the commander of the Imperial foederati troops who deposed the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus in 476 AD. In 508 they were defeated by the Lombards and are reported to have migrated back to Scandinavia. Their name is related to earl (see erilaz) and was probably an honorific military title.
The 6th century chronicler Jordanes reports a tradition that they had been driven out of their homeland by the North Germanic Dani, which places their origins in the Danish isles or southernmost Sweden. According to Procopius, they maintained close links with their kinsmen in Thule (Scandinavia). He relates that the Heruls killed their own king during their stay in the Balkans (cf. Domalde), and that they sent an emissary to Thule requesting a new king. Their request was granted, and a new king arrived with 200 young men.
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Holger Badstuber
Holger Badstuber ([ˈhɔlɡɐ ˈbaːtˌʃtuːbɐ]) (born 13 March 1989) is a German footballer who plays as a defender for Bayern Munich in the Bundesliga and the German national football team. Former Bayern Munich coach Louis van Gaal stated that he is the best left footed defender in Germany.
Badstuber was born in Memmingen, Bavaria. From 2002 to 2007, he progressed through the youth setup at Bayern Munich. He played for Bayern's reserve team before signing professional terms in July 2009, along with team-mate Thomas Müller, having been an unused substitute in a number of first-team matches in the 2008–09 season. He made his debut in the first league game of the 2009–10 season, against Hoffenheim and has been a regular in defence. He scored his first senior goal, a powerful free kick, against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 4 December 2009. A centre back by trade, he has been playing out of position at left back. However the youngster impressed in his first season, and started all league games save 1 in the 2009–10 Bundesliga season.
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Horst Seehofer
Horst Lorenz Seehofer (born 4 July 1949) is a German politician (CSU). He served as the Federal Minister for Health and Social Security from 1992 to 1998 and as the Federal Minister of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection in the cabinet of Angela Merkel from 2005 to 2008. In October 2008 he became chairman of the CSU and Minister-President of Bavaria.
He is married to Karin Seehofer.
He has been a member of the Lower House of the German Parliament (Bundestag) in Germany since 1980. Horst Seehofer was Federal Minister for Health and Social Security from 1992 to 1998 in the cabinet of Helmut Kohl. He then became assistant chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group of the Bundestag in October 1998. Because of his disagreement with flat-rate contributions (Gesundheitsprämie) to the federal health insurance he resigned from his post on 22 November 2004 but remained the assistant chairman of the CSU and kept his mandate. Since joining the Bundestag Horst Seehofer has kept his mandate as a directly elected delegate (Direktkandidat) from his Constituency Ingolstadt. At the 2005 federal election he received 65.9 percent of the votes in his district. Seehofer was appointed Federal Minister of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection in the cabinet of Angela Merkel and stayed in office from 2005 to 2008.
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Jean Paul
Jean Paul (21 March 1763 – 14 November 1825), born Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories.
Jean Paul was born at Wunsiedel, in the Fichtelgebirge mountains (Bavaria). His father was an organist at Wunsiedel. In 1765 his father became a pastor at Joditz near Hof, and in 1767 at Schwarzenbach, but he died on 25 April 1779, leaving the family in great poverty. After attending the Gymnasium at Hof, Jean Paul went in 1781 to the University of Leipzig. His original intention was to enter his father's profession, but theology did not interest him, and he soon devoted himself wholly to the study of literature. Unable to maintain himself at Leipzig he returned in 1784 to Hof, where he lived with his mother. From 1787 to 1789 he served as a tutor at Töpen, a village near Hof; and from 1790 to 1794 he taught the children of several families in a school he had founded in nearby Schwarzenbach.
Jean Paul began his career as a man of letters with Grönländische Prozesse ("Greenland Lawsuits", published anonymously in Berlin) and Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren ("Selections from the Devil's Papers", signed J. P. F. Hasus), the former of which was issued in 1783-84, the latter in 1789. These works were not received with much favour, and in later life Richter himself had little sympathy for their satirical tone. A spiritual crisis he suffered on 15 November 1790, in which he had a vision of his own death, altered his outlook profoundly. His next book, Die unsichtbare Loge ("The Invisible Lodge"), a romance published in 1793 under the pen-name Jean Paul (in honour of Jean Jacques Rousseau), had all the qualities that were soon to make him famous, and its power was immediately recognized by some of the best critics of the day.
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Johann Pachelbel
Johann Pachelbel ( /ˈjoʊhɑːn ˈpækəlbɛl/ or /ˈpɑːkəlbɛl/;German: [ˈjoːhan ˈpaxɛlbəl], baptised September 1, 1653 – buried March 9, 1706) was a German Baroque composer, organist and teacher, who brought the south German organ tradition to its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.
Pachelbel's music enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime; he had many pupils and his music became a model for the composers of south and central Germany. Today, Pachelbel is best known for the Canon in D, the only canon he wrote – although a true canon at the unison in three parts, it is often regarded more as a passacaglia, and it is in this mode that it has been arranged and transcribed for many different media. In addition to the canon, his most well-known works include the Chaconne in F minor, the Toccata in E minor for organ, and the Hexachordum Apollinis, a set of keyboard variations.
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Johannes Heesters
Johan Marius Nicolaas "Johannes" Heesters (5 December 1903 – 24 December 2011) was a Dutch actor, singer, and entertainer with a career dating back to 1921. Active almost exclusively in the German-speaking world from the mid-1930s, he was a controversial figure for his actions during the Second World War and his success in Nazi Germany. Heesters was considered one of the oldest stage performers in history.
Heesters was born in Amersfoort, Netherlands, the youngest of four sons. His father Jacobus Heesters (1865–1946) was a salesman and his mother Geertruida Jacoba van den Heuvel (1866–1951), a homemaker.
Heesters was fluent in German from a very early age having lived for several years in the household of a German great uncle from Bavaria. Heesters decided to become an actor and a singer at the age of sixteen and began vocal training. Heesters specialized in Viennese operetta very early in his career, and made his Viennese stage debut in 1934 in Carl Millöcker's Der Bettelstudent (The Beggar Student).
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Johannes Stark
Johannes Stark (15 April 1874 – 21 June 1957) was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime.
Born in Schickenhof, Kingdom of Bavaria (now Freihung), Stark was educated at the Bayreuth Gymnasium (secondary school) and later in Regensburg. His collegiate education began at the University of Munich, where he studied physics, mathematics, chemistry, and crystallography. His tenure at that college began in 1894; he graduated in 1897, with his doctoral dissertation titled Untersuchung über einige physikalische, vorzüglich optische Eigenschaften des Rußes (Investigation of some physical, in particular optical properties of soot).
Stark worked in various positions at the Physics Institute of his alma mater until 1900, when he became an unsalaried lecturer at the University of Göttingen. An extraordinary professor at Hanover by 1906, in 1908 he became professor at the RWTH Aachen University. He worked and researched at physics departments of several universities, including the University of Greifswald, until 1922. In 1919, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" (the latter is known as the Stark effect). From 1933 until his retirement in 1939, Stark was elected President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, while also President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
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Jonas Kaufmann
Jonas Kaufmann (born 10 July 1969) is a German operatic tenor. Although he has sung a variety of leading roles including both the Mozart and Wagner repertoire, he is particularly known for his performances in spinto roles such as Don José in Carmen, Cavaradossi in Tosca, Maurizio in Adriana Lecouvreur, and the title role in Don Carlos.
Kaufmann was born in Munich. His father worked for an insurance company, and his mother was a kindergarten teacher. He had one older sister. He started studying piano when he was eight, and he sang in his elementary school choir. Although he studied for math entrance exams, in the summer of 1989 he began his vocal training at the University of Music and Performing Arts Munich. While studying, he sang some small roles at the Bavarian State Opera. He graduated from school in 1994.
In 1995, after a vocal crisis, Kaufmann received help from American baritone Michael Rhodes who taught him a "new way of singing" and how to become "more relaxed in my voice and in myself." In Kaufmann's book Meinen die wirklich mich? he said, "To find a Michael Rhodes that can really help you and bring you to success is really a great stroke of luck."
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Joseph Vilsmaier
Joseph Vilsmaier (born 24 January 1939 in Munich) is a German film director.
After attending a boarding school near Augsburg, he was trained as a technician to make film cameras and then spent nine years at a music conservatory. Following this he was a member of a jazz group. Following his work as a technician he moved into film, first as an assistant, then as a cameraman.
His debut film, Herbstmilch in 1988, additionally starring his wife, Dana Vávrová, was a huge success, which was only to be outdone by Comedian Harmonists in 1997. Film critics are not that fond of Vilsmaier's work.
On most of the films he has directed, Vilsmaier is also the first cameraman.
While filming his latest film The Last Train (German: Der Letzte Zug), probably the last movie produced by Artur Brauner, he was injured by the collapse of a camera tower. From then on his ability to work was very limited, so Vávrová took over directing. The two of them were awarded the special prize by the jury at the 2006 Bavarian Film Awards for The Last Train.
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Karl Mai
Karl (Charly) Mai (27 July 1928 – 15 March 1993) was a German footballer. He was born in Fürth.
He was part of the West German team that won the 1954 FIFA World Cup. In total he earned 21 caps and scored one goal for West Germany. During his club career he played for SpVgg Fürth and Bayern Munich.
Sepp Herberger compared Mai's playing style to that of 1930s player Andreas Kupfer but also appreciated his solidity and straightness. In the 1954 World Cup Final Mai faced Sandor Kocsis who had scored no less than 11 goals up to that game, yet he failed to score in the final as Mai performed a rigid marking job on Kocsis. Mai was an outspoken player who also did not shy away from stating his opinion towards Herberger.
After his professional career he became a coach in the 1960s and then a school trainer. In the early 1990s, his right lung was removed. He died in 1993.
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Kaspar Hauser
Kaspar Hauser (30 April 1812 (?) – 17 December 1833) was a German youth who claimed to have grown up in the total isolation of a darkened cell. Hauser's claims, and his subsequent death by stabbing, sparked much debate and controversy.
Theories propounded at the time linked him with the princely House of Baden. These have long since been rejected by professional historians.
On 26 May 1828, a teenage boy appeared in the streets of Nuremberg, Germany. He carried a letter with him addressed to the captain of the 4th squadron of the 6th cavalry regiment, Captain von Wessenig. Its heading read: Von der Bäierischen Gränz / daß Orte ist unbenant / 1828 ("From the Bavarian border / The place is unnamed [sic] / 1828"). The anonymous author said that the boy was given into his custody as an infant on 7 October 1812 and that he instructed him in reading, writing and the Christian religion, but never let him "take a single step out of my house". The letter stated that the boy would now like to be a cavalryman "as his father was" and invited the captain either to take him in or to hang him.
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Klaus Augenthaler
Klaus "Auge" Augenthaler (born 26 September 1957 in Fürstenzell, near Passau in Bavaria, Germany) is a former German football player and now manager.
Augenthaler played generally in the position of central defender or, especially in the later part of his career, libero. In his years with Bayern Munich he won seven national championships and three German Cups. In the European Cup he was runner-up in 1982, vs. Aston Villa FC (0–1), but missed the final 1987 through suspension, when Bayern lost 2–1 to FC Porto.
From 1984 until the end of his career as player in 1991 Klaus Augenthaler also captained his club side.
Between 1983 and 1990 he played 27 times for the German National Football Team, with which he won the World Cup 1990 in Italy in the final against Argentina (1–0). He was also part of the side that reached the finals of the 1986 World Cup, but there he only participated in two group matches.
His managerial career started as assistant coach with Bayern Munich, serving under coaches Søren Lerby, Erich Ribbeck, Franz Beckenbauer, Giovanni Trapattoni and Otto Rehhagel. From there he moved to become head coach of Austrian side Grazer AK, taking them to two excellent third placings.
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Klaus Doldinger
Klaus Doldinger (born 12 May 1936) is a German saxophonist, especially well known for jazz and as a composer of film music. He was the recipient of 1997's Bavarian Film Awards (Honorary Award).
Doldinger was born in Berlin, and entered a Düsseldorf conservatory in 1947, originally studying piano and then clarinet, graduating in 1957. In his student years, Doldinger gained professional performing experience, starting in 1953 in the German Dixieland band The Feetwarmers, and recording with them in 1955. Later that year he founded Oscar's Trio, modeled on Oscar Peterson's work.
During the 1960s he worked as a tenor saxophonist, working with visiting American jazz musicians and recording in his own right.
Doldinger is perhaps best known for his film scores to the acclaimed German U-boat film Das Boot (1981) and later The NeverEnding Story (1984).
Doldinger married Inge Beck in 1960; they have three children, Viola, Melanie and Nicolas Doldinger. Since 1968 they have resided in Icking, a small Bavarian village, south of Munich.
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Klaus Mann
Klaus Mann (November 18, 1906 – May 21, 1949) was a German writer.
Born in Munich, Klaus Mann was the son of German writer Thomas Mann and his wife, Katia Pringsheim. His father was baptized as a Lutheran, while his mother was from a family of secular Jews. He began writing short stories in 1924 and the following year became drama critic for a Berlin newspaper. His first literary works were published in 1925.
Mann's early life was troubled. His homosexuality often made him the target of bigotry, and he had a difficult relationship with his father. After only a short time in various schools, he travelled with his sister Erika Mann, a year older than himself, around the world, and visited the US in 1927. In 1924 he had become engaged to his childhood friend Pamela Wedekind, the eldest daughter of the playwright Frank Wedekind, who was also a close friend of his sister Erika. The engagement was broken off in January 1928.
He travelled with Erika to North Africa in 1929. Around this time they made the acquaintance of Annemarie Schwarzenbach, a Swiss writer and photographer, who remained close to them for the next few years. Klaus made several trips abroad with Annemarie, the final one to a writers' congress in Moscow in 1934.
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Klaus Nomi
Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona.
Nomi was known for his bizarrely visionary theatrical live performances, heavy make-up, unusual costumes, and a highly stylized signature hairdo which flaunted a receding hairline. His songs were equally unusual, ranging from synthesizer-laden interpretations of classical music opera to covers of 1960s pop standards like Chubby Checker's "The Twist" and Lou Christie's "Lightnin' Strikes". He is remembered in the US as one of David Bowie's backup singers for a 1979 performance on Saturday Night Live.
Nomi died in 1983 at the age of 39 as a result of complications from AIDS.
Klaus Nomi was born Klaus Sperber in Immenstadt, Bavaria, Germany on January 24, 1944. In the 1960s, he worked as an usher at the Deutsche Oper in West Berlin where he sang for the other ushers and maintenance crew on stage in front of the fire curtain after performances. Around that time he also sang opera arias at the Berlin gay discothèque Kleist Casino.[citation needed]
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Kurt Eisner
Kurt Eisner (14 May 1867 – 21 February 1919) was a Bavarian politician and journalist. As a German socialist journalist and statesman, he organized the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in November 1918. He is used as an example of charismatic authority by Max Weber.
Kurt Eisner was born in Berlin at 10:15 p.m. on 14 May 1867 to Emanuel Eisner and Hedwig Levenstein, both Jewish. He was married to painter Elisabeth Hendrich from 1892, with whom he had five children, but they eventually divorced in 1917 and Eisner then married Elise Belli, an editor. With her, he had two daughters.
Eisner studied philosophy, but then became a journalist in Marburg. From 1890 to 1895, he was contributing editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung, during which time he wrote an article attacking Kaiser Wilhelm II, and for which he spent nine months in prison. Eisner was always an open Republican as well as a Social-Democrat, joining the SPD in 1898, whereas for tactical reasons German Social-Democracy, particularly in its later stages, rather cold-shouldered anything in the shape of Republican propaganda as being unnecessary and included in general Social-Democratic aims. Consequently he fought actively for political democracy as well as Social-Democracy. He became editor of Vorwärts after the death of Wilhelm Liebknecht in 1900, but was subsequently called upon to resign from that position. After his withdrawal from Vorwärts in 1905, his activities were confined in the main to Bavaria, though he toured other parts of Germany. He was chief editor for the Fränkische Tagespost in Nuremberg from 1907 to 1910 and afterwards became a freelance journalist in Munich.
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Levi Strauss
Levi Strauss ( /ˌliːvaɪ ˈstrɔːs/, born Löb Strauß, German pronunciation: [løːb ˈʃtʁaʊs]; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm, Levi Strauss & Co., began in 1853 in San Francisco, California.
Levi Strauss was born in Buttenheim, in the Franconian region of Bavaria, Germany, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family. He was the son of Hirsch Strauss and his wife Rebecca (Haass) Strauss. At the age of 18, Strauss, his mother and two sisters sailed for the United States to join his brothers Jonas and Louis, who had begun a wholesale dry goods business in New York City called J. Strauss Brother & Co.
The family decided to open a West Coast branch of the family dry goods business in San Francisco, which was the commercial hub of the California Gold Rush. Levi was chosen to represent the family, and after becoming an American citizen in January 1853, he then caught another steamship for San Francisco, arriving in early March 1853.
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Lion Feuchtwanger
Lion Feuchtwanger (7 July 1884 – 21 December 1958) was a German-Jewish novelist and playwright. A prominent figure in the literary world of Weimar Germany, he influenced contemporaries including playwright Bertolt Brecht.
Feuchtwanger's fierce criticism of the Nazi Party—years before it assumed power—ensured that he would be a target of government-sponsored persecution after Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Following a brief period of internment in France, and a harrowing escape from Continental Europe, he sought asylum in the United States, where he died in 1958.
Feuchtwanger is often praised for his efforts to expose the brutality of the Nazis and occasionally criticized for his failure to acknowledge supposed brutality of the Soviets and the Communist Party under Joseph Stalin.
Feuchtwanger's ancestors originated from the Middle Franconian city of Feuchtwangen which, following a pogrom in 1555, expelled all its resident Jews. Some of the expellees subsequently settled in Fürth where they were called the Feuchtwangers, meaning those from Feuchtwangen. Feuchtwanger's grandfather Elkan moved to Munich in the middle of 19th century. Lion Feuchtwanger was born in 1884 to Orthodox Jewish margarine manufacturer Sigmund Feuchtwanger and his wife Johanna née Bodenheim. He was the oldest in a family of nine siblings of which two, Martin and Ludwig became authors; Ludwig's son is the London-based historian Edgar Feuchtwanger.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
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Lothar Matthäus
Lothar Herbert Matthäus German pronunciation: [ˈloːtaɐ̯ maˈtɛːʊs], (born 21 March 1961 in Erlangen, West Germany) is a German football manager and former player.
In 1990, he was named European Footballer of the Year and World Soccer Player of the Year after captaining West Germany to victory in the 1990 World Cup. One year later, he was also named the first ever FIFA World Player of the Year.
He has played in five World Cups (1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998) more than any other outfield player, and holds the record for the most World Cup matches played (25 games). He also won Euro 80, and played in Euro 84, Euro 88, and Euro 2000. In 1999, he was again voted German Footballer of the Year despite being 38 years old. He is the most capped German player of all time, retiring with a total of 150 appearances (83 of them when the team was called West Germany) and 23 goals for the German national team. Matthäus is a member of the FIFA 100 – a list of 125 of the greatest living football players chosen by Pelé. Maradona said about Matthäus "he is the best rival I've ever had. I guess that's enough to define him" in his book Yo soy el Diego (I am Diego).
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Ludwig Prandtl
Ludwig Prandtl (4 February 1875, Freising, Upper Bavaria – 15 August 1953) was a German scientist. He was a pioneer in the development of rigorous systematic mathematical analyses which he used for underlying the science of aerodynamics, which have come to form the basis of the applied science of aeronautical engineering. In the 1920s he developed the mathematical basis for the fundamental principles of subsonic aerodynamics in particular; and in general up to and including transonic velocities. His studies identified the boundary layer, thin-airfoils, and lifting-line theories. The Prandtl number was named after him.
Prandtl was born in Freising, near Munich, in 1875. His mother suffered from a lengthy illness and, as a result, Ludwig spent more time with his father, a professor of engineering. His father also encouraged him to observe nature and think about his observations.
He entered the Technische Hochschule Munich in 1894 and graduated with a Ph.D. under guidance of Professor August Foeppl in six years. His work at Munich had been in solid mechanics, and his first job was as an engineer designing factory equipment. There, he entered the field of fluid mechanics where he had to design a suction device. After carrying out some experiments, he came up with a new device that worked well and used less power than the one it replaced.
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Ludwig Thoma
Ludwig Thoma (January 21, 1867, Oberammergau – August 26, 1921, Rottach) was a German author, publisher and editor, who gained popularity through his partially exaggerated description of a Bavarian workday.
After graduation from the Imperial Latin School in Landstuhl (today: Sickingen- Gymnasium Landstuhl), he first studied Forestry in Aschaffenburg, then Law until 1893 in Munich and Erlangen. Subsequently, he settled down as a lawyer, at first in Dachau, later in Munich.
After 1899, he worked for the magazine Simplicissimus and published humorous narrations, comedies, novels and stories. Thoma satirized Bavarian rural and small-town life. His serious peasant novels Andreas Vöst (1905), Der Wittiber (1911), and Der Ruepp (1922), as well as his humorous collections Assessor Karlchen (1900), Lausbubengeschichten [Scoundrel Stories] (1904), and Tante Frieda [Aunt Frieda] (1906), are characterized by authenticity of regional language and life. Thoma's dramas, including Die Medaille [The Medal] (1901), Das Säuglingsheim [The Orphanage] (1913), and especially Moral (1908), reflect elements of folk theater.
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Marcomanni
The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi.
Scholars believe their name derives possibly from Proto-Germanic forms of "march" ("frontier, border") and "men".
The Marcomanni settled in the Main River valley soon after 100 BC. To escape Roman aggression in 9 BC they migrated east to Bohemia, where their king Maroboduus established a powerful kingdom that Augustus perceived as a threat to Rome. Before he could act, however, the war in Illyria intervened. Eventually Maroboduus was deposed and exiled by Catualda (AD 19).
Tacitus, in the late 1st century mentions (Germania I.42) the Marcommani as being under kings appointed by Rome. [1]
In the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni entered into a confederation with other peoples including the Quadi, Vandals, and Sarmatians, against the Roman Empire. This was probably driven by movements of larger tribes, like the Goths. According to the historian Eutropius, the forces of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius battled against the Marcomannic confederation for three years at the fortress of Carnuntum in Pannonia. Eutropius compared the war, and Marcus Aurelius' success against the Marcomanni and their allies, to the Punic Wars. The comparison was apt in that this war marked a turning point and had significant Roman defeats; it caused the death of two Praetorian Guard commanders. The war began in 166, when the Marcomanni overwhelmed the defences between Vindobona and Carnuntum, penetrated along the border between the provinces of Pannonia and Noricum, laid waste to Flavia Solva, and could be stopped only shortly before reaching Aquileia on the Adriatic sea. The war lasted until Marcus Aurelius' death in 180. It would prove to be only a limited success for Rome; the Danube river remained as the frontier of the Empire until the final fall of the West.
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Martin Behaim
Martin (von) Behaim (6 October 6, 1459 – 29 July 1507), (also known as Martinho da Boémia, Martin Bohemus, Martin Behaim von Schwarzbach, or Latin: Martinus de Boemia) was a German mariner, artist, cosmographer, astronomer, philosopher, geographer and explorer in service to the King of Portugal.
The Behaim family had immigrated to Nuremberg because of religious persecution around 916. Behaim was born in Nuremberg, according to one source, about 1436; other sources suggest as late as 1459; while others indicate that he was born in Bohemia to Martin Behaim and Agnes Schopper, merchants and the oldest of seven sons. Martin Behaim, the father, had many businesses including some in Venice, and later became an elected senator (1461), eventually dying in 1474 (Agnes Schopper died on 8 July 1487). Their son attended the highest schools, receiving a scientific education, obligated to learn the languages of Europe and devote themselves to commercial pursuits and studies, before being sent to under apprenticeship abroad.
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Mathias Kneißl
Mathias Kneißl, known as Robber Kneißl (in German Räuber Kneißl, in Austro-Bavarian Raiba Kneißl), 4 August 1875, Unterweikertshofen — 21 February 1902, was a German outlaw, poacher and popular social rebel in the Dachau district, in the Kingdom of Bavaria. Chased by the police, Kneißl became a legendary hero with the rural people because of his witful and artful fight against the authorities.
Mathias Kneißl was the eldest of six children of a poor innkeeper. In 1886 his father purchased the mill at Sulzemoos Schacher. At 16 he was imprisoned for the first time, because members of his family were suspected of stock rustling. His father died in 1892 while in police custody. Kneissl then began accompanying his brothers on robberies.
In 1893 he was arrested for the second time. His younger brother Alois had been shot by police while resisting arrest and died of tuberculosis after four years in prison. Mathias Kneissl was sentenced to five years and nine months in prison. After serving his sentence, he was released in February 1899 and worked as a carpenter in Nußdorf am Inn.
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Matthias Klostermayr
Matthias Klostermayr, known as Bavarian Hiasl (in German Bayerische Hiasl, in Austro-Bavarian Boarische Hiasl) (3 September 1736—6 September 1771) was a renowned German outlaw, poacher and social rebel who had come to be described, particularly in accounts written in the English-speaking world, as the Bavarian Robin Hood.
A native of the municipality of Kissing near Augsburg (his name, in Austro-Bavarian, on the baptismal register is Mattheus Klostermair), Bavarian Hiasl became an outlaw, first as a poacher and ultimately as the Robin Hood-like leader of a gang of robbers who, during the 1760s, plundered, sacked and robbed in the region between Munich, Augsburg and Swabia. Although, by 1771, he was captured and put to death by breaking wheel, his mythical accumulated treasure was never found, and legends surrounding its purported whereabouts have placed it somewhere near one of his hideouts, an old cave in Kuchelschlag Wood or on Jexhof Farm.
In Bavaria he has been a folk hero, with books, songs, musicals and a modern multimedia museum in Kissing ("Hiasl Erlebniswelt", or "the World of Hiasl"), which recreates for visitors the life and times of the "German prince of forests", the "Bavarian Robin Hood", whose gruesome execution took place in Dillingen an der Donau. Ten years later, in 1781, Friedrich Schiller is presumed to have based Karl Moor, the tragic protagonist of his first play, The Robbers, on the Bavarian Hiasl who, in the 2000s, nearly 250 years after his death, still captures the imagination.
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Max Morlock
Maximilian ("Maxl" or "Max") Morlock (born 11 May 1925 in Nuremberg — died 10 September 1994 in Nuremberg) was one of the most popular German football players in the 1950s and early 1960s. In his time with the West German national team, he earned 26 caps and scored 21 goals. His position was that of an inside right forward.
In his youth he learned to play soccer at Eintracht Nürnberg. In 1940 he became member of the then famous 1. FC Nuremberg, debuting in the first team on 30 November 1941. Until 1964 he appeared more than 900 times in the first team of the so called Club and scored about 700 goals. In 1948 and 1961 he led the team to German championships, in 1962 to the German Cup. 38 years old he even appeared 21 times in the founding season of the German Bundesliga. He also was top scorer of the Oberliga Süd in 1950–51 and 1951–52.
His first cap for the national team was in 1950, when he played instead of the injured Fritz Walter. He was a member of the West German team that won their first World Cup in 1954. In the final match against Hungary Morlock scored West Germany's first goal to start the comeback after going 2–0 down. He received his last cap in a friendly game against Egypt in December 1958.
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Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS, (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was a German physicist who discovered quantum physics, initiating a revolution in natural science and philosophy. He is regarded as the founder of quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge.
Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx (a now obsolete variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for Max, which is actually short for Maximilian) was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life.
He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.
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Max Streibl
Max Streibl (January 6, 1932 in Oberammergau – December 11, 1998 in Munich) was a German politician of the CSU party and former Minister President of Bavaria.
Max Streibel was born in Oberammergau in 1932, where his parents owned a hotel business. He married his wife Irmingard in 1960 and they had one daughter and two sons.
After going to school in Ettal, he studied law in Munich, graduating in 1955. He worked in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and later, at the German Bundesrat in Bonn and joint the local government of the region of Upper Bavaria in 1960. From 1961, he worked for the state government and also began to rise in the ranks of the CSU. From 1961 to 1967, he led the Junge Union, the Young Union, an organisation of his party aimed at young, new members.
He became a member of the Bavarian Landtag in 1962, a position he held until 1994, when he retired. He was then the General Secretary of the party from 1967 to 1970.
Max Streibl served as Bavarian Minister for the Environment (1970–1977), a newly formed ministry, and for Finance (1977–1988). After the sudden death of Franz Josef Strauß in 1988, Max Streibl succeeded him as Ministerpräsident of Bavaria on 19 October 1988. Max Streibl was deeply rooted in Catholicism, but soon became unpopular because of alleged bribery (he was paid holiday trips by Burkhart Grob, the chairman of an aircraft producing company). Because of this so-called "amigo-affair", coming to the surface in January 1993, he was forced to resign on 27 May 1993 and Edmund Stoiber took office, despite the later being involved in the affair, too. The affair did result in a policy change in Bavaria, aimed at untangeling the connections between politics and business.
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Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Genoese ancestry, and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.
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Orlande de Lassus
Orlande de Lassus (also Orlandus Lassus, Orlando di Lasso, Roland de Lassus, or Roland Delattre) (1532 (possibly 1530) – 14 June 1594) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. He is today considered to be the chief representative of the mature polyphonic style of the Franco-Flemish school, and one of the three most famous and influential musicians in Europe at the end of the 16th century (the other two being Palestrina and Victoria).
Lassus was born in Mons in the County of Hainaut (modern day Belgium). Information about his early years is scanty, although some uncorroborated stories have survived, the most famous of which is that he was kidnapped three times because of the singular beauty of his singing voice. At the age of twelve, he left the Low Countries with Ferrante Gonzaga and went to Mantua, Sicily, and later Milan (from 1547 to 1549). While in Milan, he made the acquaintance of the madrigalist Spirito l'Hoste da Reggio, a formative influence on his early musical style.
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Oskar Maria Graf
Oskar Maria Graf (22 July 1894 – 28 June 1967) was a German author.
He wrote several socialist-anarchist novels and narratives about life in Bavaria, mostly autobiographical.
In the beginning Graf wrote under his real name Oskar Graf. After 1918, he edited his works for newspapers under the pseudonym, Oskar Graf-Berg; for the works he regarded as "worth being read", he selected the name Oskar Maria Graf.
Graf was born in Berg, Kingdom of Bavaria, as the ninth child of master baker Max Graf and his wife Therese (née Heimrath), a farmer's daughter. Beginning in 1900, he went to the public school in Aufkirchen — part of the community of Berg — located in the picturesque landscape around Lake Starnberg near Munich. After his father died in 1906, he learned the profession of baker and worked for his brother Max, who had taken over their father's bakery.
In 1911, hoping for an existence as a poet, he fled to Munich to escape his brother's maltreatment of him. He joined Bohemian circles and survived with little jobs such as post office helper or lift boy. In 1912 and 1913, he traveled as a vagabond in Ticino and in northern Italy.
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Ottfried Fischer
Ottfried Fischer (born 7 November 1953 in Ornatsöd, Lower Bavaria) is a German actor and Kabarett artist best known for his role as Benno Berghammer in the popular German TV series Der Bulle von Tölz. He is a supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
Fischer was born to Werner Fischer and Maria Fischer (née Wagner) on 7 November 1953 on the farm "Ornatsöd" in Untergriesbach, Lower Bavaria. He began studying law at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich but quit his studies after a short time and founded the "Münchner Hinterhoftheater" (Munich back alley theater) with some friends in 1980, where he started as a Kabarett artist and actor.
In 2008, Fischer informed the press that he has Parkinson's disease.
In 1983 the Kabarett artist Werner Schneyder invited him to his television show Meine Gäste und ich. In 1989 he has his first solo performance as a Kabarett artist with his program "Schwer ist leicht was". 1994 he toured with his second program "Was tun".
In 1990 he was on Mitternachtsspitzen with Richard Rogler and since 1995 he is the host of Ottis Schlachthof, a show dedicated to interviewing solo Kabarett artists and giving a platform to newcomers.
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Paul Breitner
Paul Breitner (born 5 September 1951 in Kolbermoor, Bavaria) is a former German football player. One of Germany's most controversial players, he was capped 48 times for his country.
His football career lasted from 1970 until 1983, mainly playing for Bayern Munich (1970–74 and 1978–83) and Real Madrid (1974–78), with one season playing for Eintracht Braunschweig. His early success was as a free roaming left back, as likely to score from the right midfield as to stop an attacker in his own penalty area. Later in his career he moved to midfield and became one of the top midfielders through the early 1980s.
The early peak of Breitner's long and successful career was at age 21 in 1972 as part of the winning German European Championship team. This was followed two years later with victory as a member of the German World Cup squad. The final was played in Munich against the Netherlands, and Breitner scored the first German goal on a penalty kick. In the final, he, Franz Beckenbauer and Berti Vogts formed a slick unit at the back and their water-tight defense prevented the Dutch from winning the World Cup. He moved to Real Madrid following the World Cup and quit the West German squad, remaining off the side until enticed to return by Jupp Derwall in 1981. Breitner is one of only four footballers to have achieved the feat of scoring in two different World Cup final matches, sharing that honour with Pelé, Vavá, and Zinédine Zidane. He achieved this in 1974 against the Netherlands and in 1982 against Italy.
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Paul Klee
Paul Klee (German pronunciation: [ˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, and is considered both a German and a Swisspainter. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. He was, as well, a student of orientalism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually mastered colour theory, and wrote extensively about it; his lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are considered so important for modern art that they are compared to the importance that Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting had for Renaissance. He and his colleague, the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the German Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture. His works reflect his dry humour and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality.
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Peter Schreyer
Peter Schreyer (born 1953) is an automobile designer, widely known for his design contributions to the Audi TT and as the Chief Design Officer at Kia Motors (2006).
In 2006 Car Design News called the Audi TT one of "the most influential automotive design in recent time."
Schreyer was born in 1953 in Bad Reichenhall, Bavaria, West Germany and began studying in 1975 at the Munich University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule München - Industrie Design). He worked with Audi first as a student in 1978, graduating in 1979 with his Industrial Design degree. Subsequently, Schreyer won the Audi Scholarship to study at the Royal College of Art, London from 1979-1980 as a transportation design student.
In 1980, Schreyer began working with Audi in exterior, interior and conceptual design, moving to the company's California design studio in 1991. He returned to the Audi Design Concept Studio in 1992 and moved to Volkswagen's exterior design department in 1993. In 2006, Kia hired Schreyer as Chief Design Officer.
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Philipp Lahm
Philipp Lahm (German pronunciation: [ˈfɪlɪp ˈlaːm]; born 11 November 1983 in Munich, Bavaria) is a German footballer who plays for and captains both Bayern Munich and the Germany national football team.
Lahm is considered one of the best full backs in the world, and was included in the World Cup team of the tournament in 2006 and 2010, the UEFA Team of the Tournament in 2008 and in the FIFA Team of the Year 2008. He is well known for his pace, dribbling and precise tackling abilities as well as his small stature. Although Lahm is right-footed, he is able to play on both sides of the pitch. He often cuts from the flank to the inside of the pitch to either shoot or pass.
In August 2011 at age 27 he released his autobiography, Der feine Unterschied: Wie man heute Spitzenfußballer wird (The Subtle Difference - How to Become a Top Footballer), reviewing his football career and personal experiences, the general football environment, football in the social context and the effectiveness of different coaching and training methods. The No.1 bestselling book received extensive media attention in Germany, and has been criticized for parts of the book in which he discerningly analyzed his former coaches work, among the critics were Rudi Völler (himself criticized by Lahm in the book) and Ottmar Hitzfeld.
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Pope Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus PP. XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th Pope, a position in which he serves dual roles as Sovereign of the Vatican City State and leader of the Catholic Church. As pope he is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter. Benedict XVI was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship.
After a long career as an academic, serving as a professor of theology at various German universities—the last being the University of Regensburg—he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977. In 1981, he settled in Rome when he became Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important dicasteries of the Roman Curia. From 2002 until his election as Pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardinals, and as such the primus inter pares among the cardinals. Prior to becoming Pope, he was "a major figure on the Vatican stage for a quarter of a century" as "one of the most respected, influential and controversial members of the College of Cardinals"; he had an influence "second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions" as one of Pope John Paul II's closest confidants.
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Pope Damasus II
Pope Damasus II (died 9 August 1048), born Poppo, was Pope from 17 July 1048 to 9 August 1048, the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III. A native of Bavaria, he was the third German to become Pope and had one of the shortest papal reigns. His original name was Poppo, and he was bishop of Brixen when the Emperor raised him to the papacy.
Given the display of imperial power Henry III had inflicted on the Romans in intervening against Pope Gregory VI and installing Clement II, it is not surprising that on Christmas Day of 1047, an emissary was sent by the Roman people bringing news of Clement II's death to Henry III and asking him, in his position as Patricius of the Romans, to appoint a successor. Henry had been engaged in an indecisive campaign in Frisia, and was in his palace at Pöhlde in Saxony when the embassy found him. The envoys, according to their instructions, suggested as a suitable candidate the handsome Halinard, Archbishop of Lyon, who was a fluent speaker of Italian, and was well respected in Rome.
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Pope Victor II
Pope Victor II (c. 1018 – 28 July 1057), born Gebhard, Count of Calw, Tollenstein, and Hirschberg, was Pope from 1055 to 1057. He was one of a series of German reform Popes.
He was born Gebhard of Calw, a son of the Swabian Count Hartwig of Calw and a kinsman of Emperor Henry III. At the insistence of Gebhard, Bishop of Ratisbon, the 24-year-old Gebhard was appointed Bishop of Eichstätt. In this position, he supported the Emperor's interests and eventually became one of his closest advisors.
After the death of Pope Leo IX, a Roman delegation headed by Hildebrand, later Pope Gregory VII, travelled to Mainz and asked the Emperor for the nomination of a successor. He suggested Gebhard, who was duly nominated in September 1054. Gebhard, taking the name Victor II, moved to Rome and was enthroned in St. Peter's Basilica on 13 April 1055.
In June 1055, Victor met the Emperor at Florence and held a council, which reinforced Pope Leo IX's condemnation of clerical marriage, simony, and the loss of the church's properties. In the following year, he was summoned to the Emperor's side, and was with Henry III when he died at Bodfeld in the Harz on 5 October 1056. As guardian of Henry III's infant son Henry and adviser of the Empress Agnes, Henry IV's mother and regent, Victor II now wielded enormous power, which he used to maintain peace throughout the empire and to strengthen the papacy against the aggressions of the barons. He died shortly after his return to Italy, at Arezzo, on 28 July 1057.
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Quadi
The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little is definitively known. We only know the Germanic tribe the Romans called the 'Quadi' through reports of the Romans themselves. No pottery style or other remains of material culture serve to distinguish Quadi encampments from those of closely related groups.
In the 1st century BC, according to Roman written sources, the Quadi were migrating alongside the more numerous Marcomanni, whose name simply means the "men of the borderlands" living on the frontiers of Germany, where it was bordered by the River Danube, south of which lay Roman territory.
Perhaps originating north of the River Main, the Quadi and Marcomanni migrated into what is now Moravia, western Slovakia and Lower Austria where they displaced Celtic cultures and were first noticed by Romans in 8–6 BC, briefly documented by Tacitus in his Germania. A further Marcomannic confederation that included the Quadi fought the future emperor Tiberius in 6 AD.
There may be an earlier reference to the Quadi in the Geography of Strabo (7.1.3). In a parenthetical expression, often removed from the main text, he mentions a branch of the Suevi called the Koldouoi, transliterated to Latin Coldui (Strabo wrote in Greek). Part of their range is Bohemia, the domain of Maroboduus. The emendment of Coldui to Coadui (Quadi) is generally considered correct.
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Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known for his operas, which include Der Rosenkavalier and Salome; his Lieder, especially his Four Last Songs; and his tone poems and other orchestral works, such as Death and Transfiguration, Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, Also sprach Zarathustra, An Alpine Symphony, and Metamorphosen. Strauss was also a prominent conductor throughout Germany and Austria.
Strauss, along with Gustav Mahler, represents the late flowering of German Romanticism after Richard Wagner, in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style.
Strauss was born on 11 June 1864, in Munich, the son of Franz Strauss, who was the principal horn player at the Court Opera in Munich. In his youth, he received a thorough musical education from his father. He wrote his first composition at the age of six, and continued to write music almost until his death.
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Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( /ˈvɑːɡnər/; German pronunciation: [ˈʁiçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ]; 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and polemicist primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as he later called them). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Perhaps the two best-known extracts from his works are the Ride of the Valkyries from the opera Die Walküre, and the Wedding March (Bridal Chorus) from the opera Lohengrin.
Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works such as The Flying Dutchman and Tannhäuser which were broadly in the romantic vein of Weber and Meyerbeer, Wagner transformed operatic thought through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"). This would achieve the synthesis of all the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts and was announced in a series of essays between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realized this concept most fully in the first half of the monumental four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. However, his thoughts on the relative importance of music and drama were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional operatic forms into his last few stage works, including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.
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Robert Huber
Robert Huber is a German biochemist and Nobel laureate.
He was born 20 February 1937 in Munich where his father, Sebastian, was a bank cashier. He was educated at the Humanistisches Karls-Gymnasium from 1947 to 1956 and then studied chemistry at the Technische Hochschule, receiving his diploma in 1960. He stayed, and did research into using crystallography to elucidate the structure of organic compounds.
In 1971 he became a director at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry where his team developed methods for the crystallography of proteins.
In 1988 he received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry jointly with Johann Deisenhofer and Hartmut Michel. The trio were recognized for their work in first crystallizing an intramembrane protein important in photosynthesis in purple bacteria, and subsequently applying X-ray crystallography to elucidate the protein's structure. The information provided the first insight into the structural bodies that performed the integral function of photosynthesis. This insight could be translated to understand the more complex analogue of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria which is essentially the same as that in chloroplasts of higher plants.
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Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈkʁɪstjan ˈkaʁl ˈdiːzəl]; March 18, 1858 – September 29, 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the diesel engine.
Diesel was born in Paris, France in 1858 the second of three children of Elise (née Strobel) and Theodor Diesel. His parents were Bavarian immigrants living in Paris. Theodor Diesel, a bookbinder by trade, left his home town of Augsburg, Bavaria, in 1848 . He met his wife, a daughter of a Nuremberg merchant, in Paris in 1855 and became a leather goods manufacturer there.
Rudolf Diesel spent his early childhood in France, but as a result of the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, his family (as were many other Germans) was forced to leave. They settled in London. Before the war's end in 1871, however, Diesel's mother sent 12-year-old Rudolf to Augsburg to live with his aunt and uncle, Barbara and Christoph Barnickel, to become fluent in German and to visit the Königliche Kreis-Gewerbsschule (Royal County Trade School), where his uncle taught mathematics.
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Ruth Drexel
Ruth Drexel (14 July 1930, Vilshofen an der Donau, Lower Bavaria – 26 February 2009) was a German actress, director, and theatre director/manager. Her best-known role was as "Resi Berghammer" in the German television series, Der Bulle von Tölz, in which she played the mother of the eponymous cop. As of January 2006, she played the role in 58 episodes.
Born in Vilshofen an der Donau, near Passau, Drexel trained as an actress in Munich, where she was also given her first engagement. She subsequently worked in Berlin (as a member of the Berliner Ensemble during 1955-56), Wuppertal, Darmstadt and Düsseldorf. She also appeared, to great critical acclaim, in new plays by Franz Xaver Kroetz and Felix Mitterer. In 1980, she co-founded the Tiroler Volksschauspiele in Telfs, Tyrol.
Drexel's early television work included Wedekind's Der Marquis von Keith (1962), a German adaptation of Shaw's Candida (1963), Frisch's Biedermann und die Brandstifter (1967), and Kroetz's Wildwechsel (Jail Bait), directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (1973). She also put in guest appearances on Der Kommissar and Tatort.
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Saint Boniface
Saint Boniface (Latin: Bonifacius) (c. 680 – 5 June 754), the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid, Wynfrith, or Wynfryth in the kingdom of Wessex, probably at Crediton (now in Devon, England), was a missionary who propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He is the patron saint of Germany and the first archbishop of Mainz. He was killed in Frisia in 755, along with 52 others. His remains were returned to Fulda, where they rest in a sarcophagus which became a site of pilgrimage. Facts about Boniface's life and death as well as his work became widely known, since there is a wealth of material available—a number of vitae, especially the near-contemporary Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldi, and legal documents, possibly some sermons, and above all his correspondence.
Norman F. Cantor notes the three roles Boniface played that made him "one of the truly outstanding creators of the first Europe, as the apostle of Germany, the reformer of the Frankish church, and the chief fomentor of the alliance between the papacy and the Carolingian family." Through his efforts to reorganize and regulate the church of the Franks, he helped shape Western Christianity, and many of the dioceses he proposed remain until today. After his martyrdom, he was quickly hailed as a saint in Fulda and other areas in Germany and in England. His cult is still notably strong today. Boniface is celebrated (and criticized) as a missionary; he is regarded as a unifier of Europe, and he is seen (mainly by Catholics) as a German national figure.
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Sebastian Kneipp
Sebastian Kneipp (May 17, 1821, Stephansried, Germany – June 17, 1897 in Bad Wörishofen) was a Bavarian priest and one of the founders of the naturopathic medicine movement. He is most commonly associated with the "Kneipp Cure" form of hydrotherapy, a system of healing involving the application of water through various methods, temperatures and pressures.
In Norway he is mostly known for his bread recipe based on whole wheat. Kneipbrød (Kneipp Bread) is the most commonly eaten bread in Norway.[citation needed]
Although most commonly associated with one area of naturopathy, Kneipp was the proponent of an entire system of healing, which rested on five main tenets:
In the 19th century, there was a popular revival in the application of hydrotherapy, instigated around 1829 by Vincent Priessnitz, a peasant farmer in Gräfenberg, then part of the Austrian Empire. This revival was continued by Kneipp, "an able and enthusiastic follower" of Priessnitz, "whose work he took up where Priessnitz left it", after he came across a treatise on the cold water cure. Kneipp's own book My Water Cure was published in 1886 with many subsequent editions, and translated into many languages.
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Sepp Maier
Josef Dieter "Sepp" Maier (born 28 February 1944) is a German former professional football goalkeeper. His nickname was "Die Katze von Anzing" ("the cat from Anzing") for his fast reflexes.
Born in Metten, Bavaria, Maier has spent his entire professional career at Bayern Munich. He began playing for Bayern's youth sides in 1958. During the 1970s, he was part of the legendary Bayern team which included the likes of Franz Beckenbauer and Gerd Müller and won three European Cups in a row, a German record. Between 1966 and 1979 he played in 442 consecutive Bundesliga matches, still a German national record.
Maier was selected in the West Germany squad for four consecutive World Cups. In 1966 in England, he was a non-playing deputy to Hans Tilkowski. At the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, he was the undisputed starter and played all games (including the legendary 3–4 semifinal loss to Italy after extra time) except the third-place match.
In the 1974 FIFA World Cup on home soil, at the top of his footballing abilities, he reached the peak of his international career as the Germans went all the way to the final with a legendary team that included the likes of Franz Beckenbauer, Berti Vogts, Gerd Müller and Paul Breitner. The greatest triumph came when the hosts defeated a Johan Cruyff-inspired Netherlands team 2–1 in the final in Maier's own hometown Munich.
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Stefan Reuter
Stefan Reuter (born 16 October 1966 in Dinkelsbühl) is a German football coach and former player.
A right sided defender who started his career with TSV 1860 Dinkelsbühl. 1982 he played for 1. FC Nuremberg, first in the 2. Bundesliga and since 1985 in the German Bundesliga. In exactly 100 games he scored 10 goals. He was occasionally used as a right sided midfielder.
1988 he was transferred to Bayern Munich. For this team he played 95 games in the Bundesliga and scored four goals. In 1989 and 1990 he won the German Championship with Bayern Munich.
A proposed move to Liverpool F.C following West Germany's victorious World Cup campaign was turned down at the last minute with Reuter following many of his compatriots to Italy. From 1990 to 1991 he played for Juventus F.C. (28 games), but turned back soon to Germany and played for Borussia Dortmund. Until the ending of his career he played 307 games for Dortmund and scored 11 goals in the Bundesliga.
He also played for the German National Team. All in all it were 69 games (2 goals) for Nuremberg (9), Bayern Munich (18), Juventus Turin (18) and Borussia Dortmund (33).
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Theobald Boehm
Theobald Böhm (or Boehm) (April 9, 1794 – November 27, 1881) was a German inventor and musician, who perfected the modern Western concert flute and its improved fingering system (now known as the "Boehm system"). He was a Bavarian court musician, a virtuoso flautist, and a celebrated composer for the flute.
Born in Munich in Bavaria, Boehm learned his father's trade of goldsmithing. After making his own flute, he quickly became proficient enough to play in an orchestra at the age of eighteen and at twenty-one he was first flautist in the Royal Bavarian Orchestra. Meanwhile, he experimented with constructing flutes out of many different materials—tropical hardwoods (usually Grenadilla wood), silver, gold, nickel and copper—and with changing the positions of the flute's tone holes.
After studying acoustics at the University of Munich, he began experimenting on improving the flute in 1832, first patenting his new fingering system in 1847. He published Über den Flötenbau ("On the construction of flutes"), also in 1847. His new flute was first displayed in 1851 at the London Exhibition. In 1871 Boehm published Die Flöte und das Flötenspiel ("The Flute and Flute-Playing"), a treatise on the acoustical, technical and artistic characteristics of the Boehm system flute. Some of the flutes he made still function. His fingering system has also been adapted to other instruments, such as the oboe and the clarinet.
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Theodo of Bavaria
Theodo (about 625 – 11 December c. 716) also known as Theodo V and Theodo II, was the Duke of Bavaria from 670 or, more probably, 680 to his death.
It is with Theodo that the well-sourced history of Bavaria begins. He strengthened Bavaria internally and externally and, according to Arbeo of Freising, he was a prince of great power whose fame extended beyond his borders.
His father was Theodo IV, Duke of Bavaria and his mother was probably Fara of Bavaria (b: 600), daughter of one of the Kings of the Lombards and (her mother) Daughter of Gisulf of Friuli (b: 577).
Theodo established his capital at Ratisbon (modern Regensburg). He married Folchaid, of the aristocracy of Alemannia, to build diplomatic ties there. He intervened in Lombard affairs by harbouring the refugees Ansprand and Liutprand, whom he assisted militarily on his return to claim the Iron Crown. Liutprand later married his daughter Guntrude. Theodo also defended his duchy ably from the Avars (with some failure in the east).
Theodo is the patron to the four great missionaries of Bavaria: Saint Rupert, Saint Erhard, Saint Emmeram, and probably Saint Corbinian. He was the first to draw up plans for the Bavarian church, aiming both at a deeper cultivation of the countryside as well as greater independence from the Frankish Kingdom by a closer association with the Pope. He was the first Bavarian duke to travel to Rome, where he conferred with Pope Gregory II. The diocesan seats were placed in the few urban centres, which served as the Duke's seats: Regensburg, Salzburg, Freising and Passau.
wn.com/Theodo_of_Bavaria -
Thomas Mann
Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann, and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he emigrated to the United States, from where he returned to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur.
Mann was born Paul Thomas Mann in Lübeck, Germany, and was the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (a senator and a grain merchant), and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns (a Brazilian of partial German ancestry who emigrated to Germany when seven years old). His mother was Roman Catholic, but Mann was baptised into his father's Lutheran faith. Mann's father died in 1891, and his trading firm was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich. Mann attended the science division of a Lübeck Gymnasium (school), then spent time at the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich and Technical University of Munich where, in preparation for a journalism career, he studied history, economics, art history and literature.
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Thomas Müller
Thomas Müller (German pronunciation: [ˈtʰoː.mas ˈmʏ.lɐ]; born 13 September 1989) is a German footballer who plays for Bayern Munich and the German national team. Müller plays as a midfielder or forward, and has been deployed in a variety of attacking roles—as an attacking midfielder, second striker, and on either wing. He has been praised for his pace, technique and composure, and has shown consistency in scoring and creating goals. A product of Bayern's youth system, he made his first-team breakthrough in the 2009–10 season after Louis van Gaal was appointed as the main coach; he played almost every game as the club won the league and cup double and reached the Champions League final. This accomplishment earned him an international call-up, and at the end of the season he was named in Germany's squad for the 2010 World Cup, where he scored five goals in six appearances as the team finished in third place. He was named as the Best Young Player of the tournament and won the Golden Boot as the tournament's top scorer, with five goals and three assists.
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Uschi Glas
Uschi Glas (born Helga Ursula Glas 2 March 1944) is a German film and television actress.
Born in Landau, Bavaria, Glas started appearing in films in 1965. Her breakthrough role was that of Barbara in the unconventional 1968 movie Zur Sache, Schätzchen (Go for It, Baby), which captured the spirit of the times in that it presented youthful protest against the German establishment and hinted at the loosening of morals in the wake of the sexual revolution. From then on, the tabloid press would refer to Glas frequently as "Schätzchen".
In the late 60s and early 70s, Glas appeared in many slapstick movies, notably in three films of the seven-part series (1967–72) Die Lümmel von der ersten Bank (The Brats on the Front Bench Row).
In the 1980s and 1990s Glas concentrated on her television work, appearing in a succession of TV series tailored to her person, playing, among other characters, a veterinarian in Tierärztin Christine (1993), an energetic businesswoman in Anna Maria – Eine Frau geht ihren Weg (Anna Maria – A Woman Does it Her Way, 1995–1996), and the ideal teacher in Sylvia – Eine Klasse für sich (Sylvia – A Class of her Own, 1998–2000). She also appeared in many feature-length made-for-TV movies. In total, Glas appeared in more than 75 film and TV productions.
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Walter Sedlmayr
Walter Sedlmayr (6 January 1926 – 14 July 1990) was a Bavarian stage, television, and movie actor.
After his 1945 wartime Abitur, Sedlmayr served as a Flakhelfer towards the end of World War II. His acting career began with minor roles with the Münchner Kammerspiele, for which he played more than 25 years, and in numerous Heimatfilme during the 1940s and 1950s.
In 1971, by now an associate of Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Sedlmayr was briefly arrested because a stolen artwork, the Blutenburger Madonna, was found in his house. He was later acquitted of all charges, and the media attention given to his trial helped him gain major roles. His breakthrough came with the leading role in Hans-Jürgen Syberberg's movie Theodor Hierneis oder Wie man ehem. Hofkoch wird (1973). Afterwards, Sedlmayr was cast in numerous popular German TV shows, including Münchner Geschichten, Der Herr Kottnik, Der Millionenbauer, and Polizeiinspektion 1; he also frequently appeared on stage and in other media.
On 15 July 1990, Sedlmayr was found dead in the bedroom of his Munich apartment. He had been tied up, stabbed in the stomach with a knife and beaten about the head with a hammer. On 21 May 1993, two brothers,Wolfgang Werlé and Manfred Lauber, former business associates of Sedlmayr, were found guilty of his murder and sentenced to life in prison. One of them left prison in August 2007 and the other on January 15th 2008.
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Wassily Kandinsky
Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky /kænˈdɪnski/ (Russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Канди́нский, Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij, Russian pronunciation: [vaˈsʲilʲɪj kɐnˈdʲinskʲɪj]; 16 December [O.S. 4 December] 1866 – 13 December 1944) was an influential Russian painter and art theorist. He is credited with painting the first purely abstract works. Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa. He enrolled at the University of Moscow, studying law and economics. Successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat—he began painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.
In 1896 Kandinsky settled in Munich, studying first at Anton Ažbe's private school and then at the Academy of Fine Arts. He returned to Moscow in 1914, after the outbreak of World War I. Kandinsky was unsympathetic to the official theories on art in Moscow, and returned to Germany in 1921. There, he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France where he lived the rest of his life, becoming a French citizen in 1939. He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.
wn.com/Wassily_Kandinsky -
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics.
Heisenberg, along with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, set forth the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics in 1925. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics for the creation of quantum mechanics, and its application especially to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which was soon thereafter renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958, when it was expanded and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics.
Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
wn.com/Werner_Heisenberg -
Werner Herzog
Werner Herzog Stipetić (German pronunciation: [ˈʋɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk ˈstɪpɛtɪtʃ]; born 5 September 1942), known as Werner Herzog, is a German film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and opera director.
He is often considered one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema, along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Margarethe von Trotta, Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Schröter, and Wim Wenders. His films often feature heroes with impossible dreams, people with unique talents in obscure fields, or individuals who find themselves in conflict with nature. French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog "the most important film director alive."
Herzog was born Werner Herzog Stipetić to a German father Dietrich Herzog and a Croatian mother Elizabeth Stipetić in Munich. His family moved to the remote Bavarian village of Sachrang (nestled in the Chiemgau Alps), after the house next to theirs was destroyed during a bombing raid at the close of World War II. When he was 12, he and his family moved back to Munich. His father had abandoned the family early in his youth. Werner would later adopt his father's surname Herzog (German for "duke"), which he thought sounded more impressive for a filmmaker.
wn.com/Werner_Herzog -
Wilhelm Hoegner
Wilhelm Hoegner (23 September 1887 in Munich – 5 March 1980 in Munich) was the second Bavarian prime minister (SPD) after World War II (1945–46 and 1954–57) and father of the Bavarian constitution. He has been the only Social Democrat to hold this office.
Wilhelm Hoegner was born in Munich in 1887, the son of Michael Georg Hoegner and Therese Engelhardt. Growing up in Burghausen, he studied law in Munich, Berlin and Erlangen. After graduation, he worked as a lawyer, then Staatsanwalt, a state prosecutor, and in 1919 he also became a member of the SPD. He married Anna Woock in 1918, who he had two children with. From 1924 to 1930, he was a member of the Landtag of Bavaria, the state parliament, for his party.
He was involved in the investigation into Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 and through this became part of the opposition to the Nazis. He published, anonymously, a paper on the findings of the investigation, which is considered an important historical document due to the fact that the Nazis destroyed all official reports from the inquest after 1933. He actively opposed Hitler in his time as a member of the German Reichstag from 1930 to 1933. For this reason, he was dismissed from government service after the Nazi takeover in 1933 and had to escape to Austria, and from there, in 1934, to Switzerland, where he worked as a free lance writer. He was in contact there with other German refugees from the Nazis and worked with them in an organisation called Demokratisches Deutschland, aimed against the Nazis.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Hoegner -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Yank Azman
Yank Azman is a Canadian television and movie actor.
Azman was born in a displaced persons camp in Bad Wörishofen, Germany to Cesia (née Waishand), a sales clerk and Kuba Zajfman, a tailor and furrier, Holocaust survivors from Chmielnik, Poland. They emigrated to Canada in 1948 and settled in Toronto where he attended Harbord Collegiate Institute, William Lyon Mackenzie Collegiate Institute and later the Ontario College of Art (now known as OCAD University) and the University of Toronto.
Although his first stage appearance was at age six, his professional acting career began with the CBC Television series Toby in 1969. By the 1970s after training at Young People's Theatre and The Second City, he was working in improvisational and children's theatre with Gilda Radner and in 1974 was cast as one of an ensemble (which included Valri Bromfield and Jayne Eastwood) to star on the CTV comedy series Funny Farm. During the 1970s he appeared on stage at: Factory Theatre's Hurray for Johnny Canuck with Maury Chaykin and Jim Henshaw; Theatre Passe Muraille in Bethune; and Theatre New Brunswick as Brighella in Goldoni's Servant of Two Masters among others. Since then he has worked steadily in film and television with such roles as Tom Shaughnessy on My Life as A Dog and frequent guest appearances on such shows as Little Mosque on the Prairie and Warehouse 13.
wn.com/Yank_Azman
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Bavarian Fairy Tale - Europe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:38
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Greek bailout decision due today To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com While most of Europe is mired in financial crisis, the German state of Bavaria is booming. As exports rise and unemployment reaches a 20-year low, they wonder why the Greeks can't follow their lead. As the rest of Europe is being slowly absorbed by the Eurozone crisis, Bavaria is going from strength to strength. It's now the richest state in Germany, which is now the richest country in Europe. "We're living in paradise", boasts one Munich resident. Not so long ago the money men of Wall Street and London thought Germany was a bit of a joke, but no one's laughing now. And there's growing discontent amongst Germans about having to prop up the rest of the Eurozone. "These countries! They have to not spend too much money", says Dr Anton Kathrein, an industrialist. With Bavaria conspicuously having a great time, it is rapidly becoming a magnet for Europe's economic refugees. Juliana Salija escaped war torn Yugoslavia 17 years ago for a better life in Greece. Two months ago she fled there, where one in five are now jobless. "I love that place but it was impossible", she says. So what is the secret to this German success and are they justified in criticising their neighbours' work ethic? This report goes in search of some answers. A Film By ABC Australia Distributed By Journeyman Pictures February 2012
http://wn.com/Bavarian_Fairy_Tale_Europe
Greek bailout decision due today To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com While most of Europe is mired in financial crisis, the German state of Bavaria is booming. As exports rise and unemployment reaches a 20-year low, they wonder why the Greeks can't follow their lead. As the rest of Europe is being slowly absorbed by the Eurozone crisis, Bavaria is going from strength to strength. It's now the richest state in Germany, which is now the richest country in Europe. "We're living in paradise", boasts one Munich resident. Not so long ago the money men of Wall Street and London thought Germany was a bit of a joke, but no one's laughing now. And there's growing discontent amongst Germans about having to prop up the rest of the Eurozone. "These countries! They have to not spend too much money", says Dr Anton Kathrein, an industrialist. With Bavaria conspicuously having a great time, it is rapidly becoming a magnet for Europe's economic refugees. Juliana Salija escaped war torn Yugoslavia 17 years ago for a better life in Greece. Two months ago she fled there, where one in five are now jobless. "I love that place but it was impossible", she says. So what is the secret to this German success and are they justified in criticising their neighbours' work ethic? This report goes in search of some answers. A Film By ABC Australia Distributed By Journeyman Pictures February 2012
BAVARIA Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:58
- Updated: 18 May 2012
Bavaria is the largest German territory. It is a land dotted with little towns and villages. Wooden shells, high red tiled roofs with many skylights, old signboards, town walls, ancient churches, domes and steeples, narrow streets and riverbanks, huge green areas and many flowers take us to a wonderfully calm and merry world. Beside the well known Octoberfest holder Munich and the medieval older towns Nuremberg, Regensburg and Augsburg, there are castles like the romantic Neuschwanstein that are waiting for the traveller. There are glittering lakes in the green pinewood like the Konigssee and the Chiemsee, and mountaintops like the snow-capped Zugspitze. Though Bavaria is only one territory within the German territories, it is clear it is quite different from the others. It is richer, friendlier and its atmosphere is more delightful.
http://wn.com/BAVARIA_Germany
Bavaria is the largest German territory. It is a land dotted with little towns and villages. Wooden shells, high red tiled roofs with many skylights, old signboards, town walls, ancient churches, domes and steeples, narrow streets and riverbanks, huge green areas and many flowers take us to a wonderfully calm and merry world. Beside the well known Octoberfest holder Munich and the medieval older towns Nuremberg, Regensburg and Augsburg, there are castles like the romantic Neuschwanstein that are waiting for the traveller. There are glittering lakes in the green pinewood like the Konigssee and the Chiemsee, and mountaintops like the snow-capped Zugspitze. Though Bavaria is only one territory within the German territories, it is clear it is quite different from the others. It is richer, friendlier and its atmosphere is more delightful.
- published: 09 Jan 2010
- views: 991
- author: TravelVideoStore
Bavaria spoofs Heineken walk-in-fridge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Hilarious spoof by Bavaria on the Heineken Walk-in-fridge commercial
http://wn.com/Bavaria_spoofs_Heineken_walk-in-fridge
Hilarious spoof by Bavaria on the Heineken Walk-in-fridge commercial
- published: 27 Feb 2009
- views: 1003741
- author: 443955
Baveria Yachts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
For more information go to www.boatshowtv.co.nz
http://wn.com/Baveria_Yachts
For more information go to www.boatshowtv.co.nz
- published: 16 Sep 2007
- views: 56511
- author: boatshowtv
BAVARIA - VISION 46 - On Board of BAVARIA's new VISION 46
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:04
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
www.bavaria-yachtbau.com Daniel Kohl, BAVARIA product manager, invites you on board of BAVARIA's new VISION 46 and explains the concept and all details of this revolutionary yacht. Begeben Sie sich mit Daniel Kohl, Product Manager bei BAVARIA, an Board der neuen VISION 46. Erfahren Sie das Konzept und alle Details dieser revolutionären Yacht.
http://wn.com/BAVARIA_VISION_46_On_Board_of_BAVARIA's_new_VISION_46
www.bavaria-yachtbau.com Daniel Kohl, BAVARIA product manager, invites you on board of BAVARIA's new VISION 46 and explains the concept and all details of this revolutionary yacht. Begeben Sie sich mit Daniel Kohl, Product Manager bei BAVARIA, an Board der neuen VISION 46. Erfahren Sie das Konzept und alle Details dieser revolutionären Yacht.
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 27139
- author: BavariaYachtbau
Dean & Britta - Knives from Bavaria - A Take Away Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Dean and Britta play "Knives from Bavaria" in the East Village, New York City See more videos here: www.blogotheque.net "Dean and Britta ware ready to sing, when we heard a voice saying "no video". We hide the camera, shot Britta's legs, and here it is..." www.myspace.com www.blogotheque.net http
http://wn.com/Dean_Britta_Knives_from_Bavaria_A_Take_Away_Show
Dean and Britta play "Knives from Bavaria" in the East Village, New York City See more videos here: www.blogotheque.net "Dean and Britta ware ready to sing, when we heard a voice saying "no video". We hide the camera, shot Britta's legs, and here it is..." www.myspace.com www.blogotheque.net http
- published: 08 Oct 2006
- views: 19531
- author: LaBlogotheque
Bavaria - Hugh Hefner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Making of: www.youtube.com Cool new Bavaria commercial with Hugh Hefner at his Playboy Mansion
http://wn.com/Bavaria_Hugh_Hefner
Making of: www.youtube.com Cool new Bavaria commercial with Hugh Hefner at his Playboy Mansion
- published: 29 May 2011
- views: 479556
- author: fromthepants
JULIEN DUPONT Rides Crazy E-Bike In Bavaria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
This bike has so much power!! My wheelies never looked better. :-) Look at this monster Audi gave me to test. Ultimate fun for pros, not for rookies. Sorry Petra, too good to share! Check out a painful backflip from my last trip to Brazil: www.youtube.com Subscribe Here: goo.gl Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/JULIEN_DUPONT_Rides_Crazy_E-Bike_In_Bavaria
This bike has so much power!! My wheelies never looked better. :-) Look at this monster Audi gave me to test. Ultimate fun for pros, not for rookies. Sorry Petra, too good to share! Check out a painful backflip from my last trip to Brazil: www.youtube.com Subscribe Here: goo.gl Facebook: www.facebook.com
- published: 02 May 2012
- views: 451317
- author: priscadupontandco
Lufthansa crew in traditional Bavarian costumes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Every year tourists from all over the world flock to the Oktoberfest in Munich. This year the traditionally dressed Lufthansa crew takes off for the sixth time. The flight attendants in traditional Bavarian costumes fly from Munich to three destinations: San Francisco (Sept. 13), Montreal (Sept. 22) and São Paulo (Sept. 28).
http://wn.com/Lufthansa_crew_in_traditional_Bavarian_costumes
Every year tourists from all over the world flock to the Oktoberfest in Munich. This year the traditionally dressed Lufthansa crew takes off for the sixth time. The flight attendants in traditional Bavarian costumes fly from Munich to three destinations: San Francisco (Sept. 13), Montreal (Sept. 22) and São Paulo (Sept. 28).
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- views: 24317
- author: Lufthansa
Ferrari F1 AMAZING Sound @ Bavaria City Racing 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
CvdZijden was present at the Bavaria City Race in Rotterdam today! We were on the Hofplein, you can create beautiful videos! Many cars doing a burnout and great drifts! Also Marc Gene in his Ferrari F1 car. He did a few laps in Rotterdam City and did also some burnouts! The sound is just AMAZING!!!! I hope you like this video and don't forget to leave a comment below! :) Thanks for watching! CvdZijden - More is coming!!! Check also my second car channel: www.youtube.com/cvdzoneshot Please visit and subscribe if you like ;-)
http://wn.com/Ferrari_F1_AMAZING_Sound_@_Bavaria_City_Racing_2011
CvdZijden was present at the Bavaria City Race in Rotterdam today! We were on the Hofplein, you can create beautiful videos! Many cars doing a burnout and great drifts! Also Marc Gene in his Ferrari F1 car. He did a few laps in Rotterdam City and did also some burnouts! The sound is just AMAZING!!!! I hope you like this video and don't forget to leave a comment below! :) Thanks for watching! CvdZijden - More is coming!!! Check also my second car channel: www.youtube.com/cvdzoneshot Please visit and subscribe if you like ;-)
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 84080
- author: cvdzijden
Charlie Sheen is Reborn - Commercial Bavaria 0.0% (NL+)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
In our new Dutch commercial, we see Charlie Sheen leave the rehab clinic. Fresh and totally reborn he drives home. While driving home he makes a strange discovery... Want to see more? Check out the making-of on www.facebook.com In onze nieuwe commercial zien we hoe Charlie Sheen de 'rehab clinic' verlaat. Helemaal fris, als herboren rijdt hij naar huis. Onderweg doet hij een vreemde ontdekking... Meer zien? Check dan de 'making-of' van de Nederlandse commercial op www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Charlie_Sheen_is_Reborn_Commercial_Bavaria_00_NL+
In our new Dutch commercial, we see Charlie Sheen leave the rehab clinic. Fresh and totally reborn he drives home. While driving home he makes a strange discovery... Want to see more? Check out the making-of on www.facebook.com In onze nieuwe commercial zien we hoe Charlie Sheen de 'rehab clinic' verlaat. Helemaal fris, als herboren rijdt hij naar huis. Onderweg doet hij een vreemde ontdekking... Meer zien? Check dan de 'making-of' van de Nederlandse commercial op www.facebook.com
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 1100504
- author: BavariaGlobal
Oliver Kahn - Tribute to the legend of bavaria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Oliver Kahn best football saves for Bayern Munich and Germany in Bundesliga, DFB cup, UEFA Champions league and FIFA world cup
http://wn.com/Oliver_Kahn_Tribute_to_the_legend_of_bavaria
Oliver Kahn best football saves for Bayern Munich and Germany in Bundesliga, DFB cup, UEFA Champions league and FIFA world cup
- published: 30 May 2008
- views: 195915
- author: Sarrafko
Bavarian Life in Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:21
- Updated: 18 May 2012
The snowcapped Bavarian Alps are the highest mountains in Germany, a perfect backdrop for skiing adventures and cultural discoveries. In the Olympic village of Garmisch, Julie Conover & Mark Jennings visit with Gerhardt Ester, a local character who's murals adorn the town's historic buildings. Nearby, in Mittenwald, some of the world's most famous violins were crafted three centuries ago. Today, the narrow streets of this quaint village are home to workshops where intricately carved instruments are still produced. On the slopes of the Zugspitze, Mark & Julie meet the competitors on the European Carving Tour, a exciting new type of ski racing .
http://wn.com/Bavarian_Life_in_Garmisch-Partenkirchen_Germany
The snowcapped Bavarian Alps are the highest mountains in Germany, a perfect backdrop for skiing adventures and cultural discoveries. In the Olympic village of Garmisch, Julie Conover & Mark Jennings visit with Gerhardt Ester, a local character who's murals adorn the town's historic buildings. Nearby, in Mittenwald, some of the world's most famous violins were crafted three centuries ago. Today, the narrow streets of this quaint village are home to workshops where intricately carved instruments are still produced. On the slopes of the Zugspitze, Mark & Julie meet the competitors on the European Carving Tour, a exciting new type of ski racing .
- published: 09 Jan 2010
- views: 1373
- author: TravelVideoStore
Bavaria Yachts Vision 46
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
www.bavariayachts.com Introducing the luxurious Vision 46 from Bavaria Yachts.
http://wn.com/Bavaria_Yachts_Vision_46
www.bavariayachts.com Introducing the luxurious Vision 46 from Bavaria Yachts.
- published: 13 Nov 2011
- views: 15935
- author: BavariaUSA
300 bavarian - des is doch blos Bier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Hatn paar Soundfehler.. aber egal ;) Btw. is das Lied am Anfang und Ende von "A Perfect Circle" und heißt "Annihilation"... bitte danke
http://wn.com/300_bavarian_des_is_doch_blos_Bier
Hatn paar Soundfehler.. aber egal ;) Btw. is das Lied am Anfang und Ende von "A Perfect Circle" und heißt "Annihilation"... bitte danke
- published: 05 Feb 2011
- views: 426697
- author: Christopher Lex
Schloss Linderhof, Bavaria - a video tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
Schloss Linderhof is the smallest of three of Bararian King Ludwig II's palaces, but its gardens, fountains and setting in the southern Germany Alps is breathtaking.
http://wn.com/Schloss_Linderhof,_Bavaria_a_video_tour
Schloss Linderhof is the smallest of three of Bararian King Ludwig II's palaces, but its gardens, fountains and setting in the southern Germany Alps is breathtaking.
- published: 15 May 2006
- views: 36898
- author: Gaines Johnson
KNIVES FROM BAVARIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham Video for thier song KNIVES FROM BAVARIA from Sonic Souveniers, re mixed by Sonic Boom of Spacemen 3 and Spectrum. Designed and Directed by Richard Agerbeek, effects by Lisa Kwon
http://wn.com/KNIVES_FROM_BAVARIA
Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham Video for thier song KNIVES FROM BAVARIA from Sonic Souveniers, re mixed by Sonic Boom of Spacemen 3 and Spectrum. Designed and Directed by Richard Agerbeek, effects by Lisa Kwon
- published: 10 Jan 2006
- views: 31333
- author: agerbeek
Worldwide Travel Films - The Best of Bavaria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 81:25
- Updated: 18 May 2012
'The Best of Bavaria' is a visual feat with surprising variety, fascinating history, and a ton of travel delights in one of the world's top tourist destinations. From the flatlands of Franconia in the north to the Alpine peaks of the south, this new digital production focused on Germany's largest state features the very best that Bavaria has to offer. Included is: -Munich with its world class art galleries and famous beer halls. -The Healing power of iodized water in the spa town of Bad Tolz. -Dachau and its moving memorial to victims of the Holocaust. -The World Heritage City of Bamberg. -The famous Boys Choir of Regensburg.Valhalla, the memorial to German heroes through the ages. -Wildlife and re-forestation in the Bavarian Forest. -Bertchesgaden and Hitler's retreat of Eagles Nest. -Maypoles being raised in Unterwossen. -Violin makers in Mittenwald.Oberammergau, home to the world renowned Passion Play. -Snow skiing near Garmisch-Partenkirchen. -Flower gardens near Lindau on Lake Constance. -Cow festivals, cheese making and hang-gliding in the Allgau region. -"Mad" King Ludwig's three storybook palaces. -Beginning in Fussen, follow the Romantic Road on to Augsburg, the Dinkelsbuhl Children's Festival, the walled village of Rothenburg and Cleglingin. -Munich's world famous Oktoberfest.
http://wn.com/Worldwide_Travel_Films_The_Best_of_Bavaria
'The Best of Bavaria' is a visual feat with surprising variety, fascinating history, and a ton of travel delights in one of the world's top tourist destinations. From the flatlands of Franconia in the north to the Alpine peaks of the south, this new digital production focused on Germany's largest state features the very best that Bavaria has to offer. Included is: -Munich with its world class art galleries and famous beer halls. -The Healing power of iodized water in the spa town of Bad Tolz. -Dachau and its moving memorial to victims of the Holocaust. -The World Heritage City of Bamberg. -The famous Boys Choir of Regensburg.Valhalla, the memorial to German heroes through the ages. -Wildlife and re-forestation in the Bavarian Forest. -Bertchesgaden and Hitler's retreat of Eagles Nest. -Maypoles being raised in Unterwossen. -Violin makers in Mittenwald.Oberammergau, home to the world renowned Passion Play. -Snow skiing near Garmisch-Partenkirchen. -Flower gardens near Lindau on Lake Constance. -Cow festivals, cheese making and hang-gliding in the Allgau region. -"Mad" King Ludwig's three storybook palaces. -Beginning in Fussen, follow the Romantic Road on to Augsburg, the Dinkelsbuhl Children's Festival, the walled village of Rothenburg and Cleglingin. -Munich's world famous Oktoberfest.
- published: 09 Jan 2010
- views: 389
- author: TravelVideoStore
Savouring Europe: Franken in Bavaria - Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:15
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Watch full film here: vodsite.journeyman.tv Very early spring on this river run flat plane dotted with medieval villages and towns where craftsmen and women hold onto memories of rich pork dishes,moist dark breads and smoky beer and where an ancient miller still operates his wooden and iron machines.
http://wn.com/Savouring_Europe_Franken_in_Bavaria_Germany
Watch full film here: vodsite.journeyman.tv Very early spring on this river run flat plane dotted with medieval villages and towns where craftsmen and women hold onto memories of rich pork dishes,moist dark breads and smoky beer and where an ancient miller still operates his wooden and iron machines.
- published: 13 Nov 2009
- views: 1886
- author: journeymanpictures
Queen of Bavaria, Golden Conure, A little talkative.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Mango thinks she has won the lotto!
http://wn.com/Queen_of_Bavaria,_Golden_Conure,_A_little_talkative
Bavarian Snow Trails
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Downhill mountainbiking in de sneeuw in Bayern (Duitsland). Op www.mtb-blog.nl vind je meer mountainbike video's. De video is gefilmd door Vimeo user Big Col.
http://wn.com/Bavarian_Snow_Trails
Downhill mountainbiking in de sneeuw in Bayern (Duitsland). Op www.mtb-blog.nl vind je meer mountainbike video's. De video is gefilmd door Vimeo user Big Col.
- published: 04 Dec 2010
- views: 61803
- author: mtbblognl
Bavaria Cruiser 36
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Yachting Monthly's video review of the new Farr Yacht designed Bavaria Cruiser 36. See the May 2011 Issue of Yachting Monthly for the full test
http://wn.com/Bavaria_Cruiser_36
Yachting Monthly's video review of the new Farr Yacht designed Bavaria Cruiser 36. See the May 2011 Issue of Yachting Monthly for the full test
- published: 13 Apr 2011
- views: 34190
- author: YachtingMonthly
Tribute to Ludwig II of Bavaria, Neuschwanstein, Wagner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:18
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Music by Richard Wagner: Tannhäuser: Pilgrim's Chorus Hamburg State Opera Orchestra, Hamburg State Opera Chorus Leopold Ludwig, Conductor Tannhäuser: Overture New York Philharmonic Leonard Bernstein, Conductor Lohengrin: Prelude to Act I Berliner Philharmoniker Klaus Tennstedt, Conductor "Prelude and Love-Death" from "Tristan und Isolde" The Cleveland Orchestra George Szell, Conductor
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria,_Neuschwanstein,_Wagner
Music by Richard Wagner: Tannhäuser: Pilgrim's Chorus Hamburg State Opera Orchestra, Hamburg State Opera Chorus Leopold Ludwig, Conductor Tannhäuser: Overture New York Philharmonic Leonard Bernstein, Conductor Lohengrin: Prelude to Act I Berliner Philharmoniker Klaus Tennstedt, Conductor "Prelude and Love-Death" from "Tristan und Isolde" The Cleveland Orchestra George Szell, Conductor
- published: 22 Jun 2010
- views: 15115
- author: Gilda Tabarez
photo: AP
16 Feb 2013
February 16, 2013 -- Updated 0115 GMT (0915 HKT). Did you see the meteor? Share your images with CNN iReport. Moscow (CNN) -- A meteor streaked through the skies above Russia's Urals region Friday morning before exploding with a flash and boom that shattered glass in buildings and left about 1,000 people hurt, authorities said ... The injured included more than 200 children ... The meteor leaves a white streak through the sky ... HIDE CAPTION ... 1. 2....(size: 14.9Kb)
photo: AP / Nasha gazeta, www.ng.kz
15 Feb 2013
A meteor streaked across the sky above Russia's Ural Mountains today morning, causing sharp explosions and injuring more than 400 people, many of them hurt by broken glass. "There was panic. People had no idea what was happening ... Fragments of the meteor fell in a thinly populated area of the Chelyabinsk region, the Emergency Ministry said in a statement ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Office of the Supreme Leader
17 Feb 2013
TEHRAN — Iran’s supreme leader said Saturday that his country was not seeking nuclear weapons but added that if Iran ever decided to build them, no “global power” could stop it. Related. Nuclear Watchdog Says No Deal Reached With Iran (February 15, 2013). Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... Mr ... During the same session, Mr....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: UN / Mark Garten
16 Feb 2013
The United States has called on North Korea not to take any further provocative actions after report of plans for more nuclear tests. Friday's statement came after the North conducted its third nuclear test on Tuesday, drawing global condemnation ... Meanwhile, North Korea's leader has made his first public appearance since Tuesday's controversial nuclear test. ... Al Jazeera's Harry Fawcett, reporting from Seoul, said ... 479 Source.....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Miraflores Presidential Press Office)
15 Feb 2013
CARACAS, Venezuela — The Venezuelan government on Friday released photographs of President Hugo Chávez for the first time since he had surgery in Cuba more than nine weeks ago. Enlarge This Image. Venezuelan Ministry of Information, via Reuters ... Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors. The four photos showed Mr ... In three of the photos Mr....(size: 4.8Kb)
Star Telegram
17 Feb 2013
The Associated Press. NEW YORK -- Conventional wisdom holds that no one from the United States could be elected pope, that the superpower has more than enough worldly influence without an American in the seat of St. Peter ... pontiff remains off the table. Benedict has set a tone for change with his dramatic example ... Benedict, born in Bavaria, was the first German pope since the 11th century ... Cardinal Raymond Burke, the former St ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Chicago Tribune
17 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict XVI may be the first pope to resign in 600 years, but he is not the first person to step down from his job as he ages. That's called retiring. As a retiree, the pontiff has plenty of company ... Some were worthy of a rim shot ... No matter ... Bill Gessl, 82, who was born in Munich and has visited Benedict's birthplace in Marktl in Bavaria — he was showing photos — suggested a kind of papal spa retreat. ....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Times of India
17 Feb 2013
GUWAHATI. Assam tea planters' equestrian skills will be put to the test in Jorhat from Monday, carrying forward the century-old horse racing tradition in the tea gardens ... Instead of horses, ponies reared by the Mising tribe will be used in the race ... The race days are Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The state's planters equate this event to festivals like Oktoberfest in Bavaria, La Tomatina in Spain, or even Mardi Gras in New Orleans ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Leaf Chronicle
17 Feb 2013
NEW YORK — Conventional wisdom holds that no one from the United States could be elected pope, that the superpower has more than enough worldly influence without an American in the seat of St. Peter. But after Pope Benedict XVIs extraordinary abdication, church analysts wonder whether old assumptions still apply, including whether the idea of a U.S ... Benedict, born in Bavaria, was the first German pope since the 11th century ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
The State
17 Feb 2013
COLUMBIA, SC — Klausner, a private Austrian company that operates two saw mills in Germany, draws praise for its lumber milling process and its ambitious efforts in the business world ... Video from around the world ... Klausner, for instance, received indirect subsidies for a mill in Bavaria through a contract for the Bavarian State Forest, said Hans Michael Offner, a former president of the European Organization of Sawmills ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
Detroit Free Press
17 Feb 2013
NEW YORK -- Conventional wisdom holds that the U.S. has more than enough worldly influence without an American pope. But after Pope Benedict XVI's abdication, church analysts are wondering whether old assumptions still apply. The conclaves that created the last two pontificates had already upended one tradition ... Benedict, born in Bavaria, was the first German pope since the 11th Century ... Cardinal Raymond Burke, the former St ... The 11 U.S....(size: 3.9Kb)
Tulsa World
17 Feb 2013
Conventional wisdom holds that no one from the United States could be elected pope, that the superpower has more than enough worldly influence without an American in the seat of St. Peter. But after Pope Benedict XVI's extraordinary abdication, church analysts are wondering whether old assumptions still apply, including whether the idea of a U.S ... Benedict, born in Bavaria, was the first German pope since the 11th century ... U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Ohio
17 Feb 2013
NEW YORK. Conventional wisdom holds that no one from the United States could be elected pope, that the superpower has more than enough worldly influence without an American in the seat of St. Peter. But after Pope Benedict XVI’s extraordinary abdication, church analysts are wondering whether old assumptions still apply, including whether the idea of a U.S ... Benedict, born in Bavaria, was the first German pope since the 11th century....(size: 4.3Kb)
The Daily Tribune
17 Feb 2013
VATICAN CITY — What would appear at first glance to be a cakewalk for a staunch conservative, to follow in the footsteps of Pope Benedict XVI, will be anything but Vatican experts say?. Of the 117 cardinal electors, 67 were named by the outgoing pontiff, and the other 50 by his beloved predecessor and ideological soulmate John Paul II ... 28 ... “I would have preferred for him to have chosen to retire into meditation and prayer in Bavaria....(size: 5.0Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
17 Feb 2013
Religion Blog. A pre-Valentine's Day poll shows 54 percent of Americans say it's a major relationship problem when couples have an unsatisfying sex life, while 29 pe... Local Stories from ThisWeek. ROBERT COHEN . ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH ... Peter ... pontiff remains off the table. Benedict himself has set a tone for change with his dramatic personal example ... Benedict, born in Bavaria, was the first German pope since the 11th century ... The 11 U.S ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
Denver Post
17 Feb 2013
New York Cardinal Timothy Dolan takes part in the recessional for baseball legend Stan Musial during his Jan. 26 funeral at the Cathedral Basilica in St. Louis ... (Robert Cohen, St. Louis Post-Dispatch). Related Articles. Feb 13.Vatican. Pope Benedict XVI was outfitted with pacemaker a decade agoFeb 12.Vatican ... Denver Catholics express surprise, gratitude ... Peter ... Benedict, born in Bavaria, was the first German pope since the 11th century ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
The Observer
17 Feb 2013
Jupp Heynckes rules Bayern Munich with a rod of iron, even down to the colour of the players' socks. Photograph. Guenter Schiffmann/AFP. Jupp Heynckes was not happy. The Bayern Munich manager had seen something he found unacceptable. Weisse Socken. White socks. Unbelievable ... "We have a joint goal we are working towards," he barked at the players ... Heynckes, though, is not going to let such small matters ruin his farewell season in Bavaria ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
Distinction for outstanding academic achievement Maria Öttl receives State Prize (KATHREIN-Werke KG)
noodls16 Feb 2013
(Source. KATHREIN-Werke KG). Distinction for outstanding academic achievement. Maria Öttl receives State Prize. At a ceremony held at the Rosenheim State Vocational School II, the former Kathrein trainee Maria Öttl (see image, centre) was awarded the Bavarian State Prize for her excellent academic performance ... The State Prize is an award presented by the government of Upper Bavaria for outstanding academic performance. Photo ... (Word-File....(size: 2.0Kb)
"Bayern" redirects here. For other uses, see Bayern (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) |
| Free State of Bavaria Freistaat Bayern |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — State of Germany — | |||
|
|||
 |
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| Coordinates: 48°46′39″N 11°25′52″E / 48.7775°N 11.43111°E / 48.7775; 11.43111 | |||
| Country | Germany | ||
| Capital | Munich | ||
| Government | |||
| • Minister-President | Horst Seehofer (CSU) | ||
| • Governing parties | CSU / FDP | ||
| • Votes in Bundesrat | 6 (of 69) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 70,549.44 km2 (27,239.29 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2010-12-31)[1] | |||
| • Total | 12,538,696 | ||
| • Density | 180/km2 (460/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | DE-BY | ||
| GDP/ Nominal | € 442.39 billion (2010) [2] | ||
| GDP per capita | € 33,200 (2006) | ||
| NUTS Region | DE2 | ||
| Website | bayern.de | ||
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Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] ( listen)), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine-Westphalia), with 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Bavaria
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, probably did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation.
From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.
Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.
After Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy (it is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time). His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hucbert.
At Hucbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organisation in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748.
Middle Ages[link]
Further information: Duchy of Bavaria
Tassilo III (b. 741 - d. after 794) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onwards. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the River Danube and colonising these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback, and the king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.
For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. Among them a mark called "Ostarrichi" which was elevated to a duchy out of own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the birth of Austria. The last, and one of the most important, of these dukes was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, de facto the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (aka "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German), which ruled from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214.
The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268 also Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tirol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession the other parts of Bavaria were reunited and Munich became the sole capital.
17th and 18th centuries[link]
Further information: Electorate of Bavaria
In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws. The country became one of the Jesuit supported counter-reformation centers. During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (Spanish succession, election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburger). From 1777 onwards and after the old Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines.
Kingdom of Bavaria[link]
Main article: Kingdom of Bavaria
When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, and its area doubled. Tirol was temporarily united, Salzburg temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria. In return the Rhenish Palatinate and Franconia were annexed to Bavaria in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817 the leading minister count Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. In 1808 a first and in 1818 a more modern constitution (by the standards of the time) was passed, that established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords (Kammer der Reichsräte) and a House of Commons (Kammer der Abgeordneten). The constitution would last until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.
Bavaria as a part of the German Empire[link]
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After the rise of Prussia to prominence Bavaria managed to preserve its independence by playing off the rivalries of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and did not belong to the North German Federation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France attacked Prussia in 1870, the south German states Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed Deutsches Reich (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued as a monarchy, and it even had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways and a postal service of its own).
In the early-20th century Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other notable artists were drawn to Bavaria, notably to the Schwabing district of Munich, later devastated by World War II.
20th century[link]
On November 12, 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly-formed republican government of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the house of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stewart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, HRH Duke Franz in Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by HRH's presence or absence.
Eisner was assassinated in February 1919 ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Socialist Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Socialist Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution (Bamberger Verfassung) was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich. As a manufacturing center, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and occupied by U.S. troops. The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate.
Since World War II, Bavaria has been rehabilitated from a poor agrarian province into a prosperous industrial hub. A massive reconstruction effort restored much of Munich's and other places historic cores. The state capital hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and matches of the Football World Cups of 1974 and 2006 as well as European Track & Field championships. More recently, former state minister-president Edmund Stoiber was the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor in the 2002 federal election which he lost, and native son Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.
Coat of arms[link]
Main article: Coat of arms of Bavaria
The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.
- The Golden Lion: At the dexter chief, sable, a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules. This represents the administrative region of Upper Palatinate.
- The "Franconian Rake": At the sinister chief, per fess dancetty, gules and argent. This represents the administrative regions of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia.
- The Blue Panther: At the dexter base, argent, a panther rampant azure, armed Or and langued gules. This represents the regions of Lower and Upper Bavaria.
- The Three Lions: At the sinister base, Or, three lions passant guardant sable, armed and langued gules. This represents Swabia.
- The White-And-Blue inescutcheon: The inescutcheon of white and blue fusils askance was originally the coat of arms of the Counts of Bogen, adopted in 1247 by the Wittelsbachs House. The white-and-blue fusils are indisputably the emblem of Bavaria and these arms today symbolize Bavaria as a whole. Along with the People's Crown, it is officially used as the Minor Coat of Arms.
- The People's Crown: The coat of arms is surmounted by a crown with a golden band inset with precious stones and decorated with five ornamental leaves. This crown first appeared in the coat of arms to symbolize sovereignty of the people after the royal crown was eschewed in 1923.
Geography[link]
File:Bavarian Alps 2002.jpg
The Bavarian Alps
Bavaria shares international borders with Austria and the Czech Republic as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance). Neighbouring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state, the Danube (Donau) and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria, (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg) and within the range is the highest peak in Germany, the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.
The major cities in Bavaria are Munich (München), Nuremberg (Nürnberg), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth and Erlangen.
Population and area[link]
| Administrative region | Population (2010) | Area (km2) | No. municipalities | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Bavaria | 1,189,701 | 9.49% | 10,330 | 14.6% | 258 | 12.5% |
| Lower Franconia | 1,318,695 | 10.52% | 8,531 | 12.1% | 308 | 15.0% |
| Upper Franconia | 1,071,984 | 8.55% | 7,231 | 10.2% | 214 | 10.4% |
| Middle Franconia | 1,710,876 | 13.65% | 7,245 | 10.3% | 210 | 10.2% |
| Upper Palatinate | 1,081,206 | 8.63% | 9,691 | 13.7% | 226 | 11.0% |
| Swabia | 1,785,875 | 14.25% | 9,992 | 14.2% | 340 | 16.5% |
| Upper Bavaria | 4,373,588 | 34.90% | 17,530 | 24.8% | 500 | 24.3% |
| Total | 12,531,925 | 100.0% | 70,549 | 100.0% | 2,056 | 100.0% |
Major cities[link]
| City | Inhabitants 31 December 2000 |
Inhabitants 31 December 2005 |
Inhabitants 31 December 2008 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Munich | 1,210,223 | 1,259,677 | 1,326,807 |
| Nuremberg | 488,400 | 499,237 | 503,638 |
| Augsburg | 254,982 | 262,676 | 263,313 |
| Regensburg | 125,676 | 129,859 | 133,525 |
| Würzburg | 127,966 | 133,906 | 133,501 |
| Ingolstadt | 115,722 | 121,314 | 123,925 |
| Fürth | 110,477 | 113,422 | 114,071 |
| Erlangen | 100,778 | 103,197 | 104,980 |
| Bayreuth | 74,153 | 73,997 | 72,935 |
| Bamberg | 69,036 | 70,081 | 69,989 |
| Aschaffenburg | 67,592 | 68,642 | 68,747 |
| Landshut | 58,746 | 61,368 | 62,606 |
| Kempten (Allgäu) | 61,389 | 61,360 | 62,135 |
| Rosenheim | 58,908 | 60,226 | 60,711 |
| Neu-Ulm | 50,188 | 51,410 | 53,866 |
| Schweinfurt | 54,325 | 54,273 | 53,588 |
| Passau | 50,536 | 50,651 | 50,717 |
| Hof | 50,741 | 48,723 | 47,275 |
| Freising | 44,167 | 45,827 | 45,654 |
| Straubing | 44,014 | 44,633 | 44,496 |
See also: List of places in Bavaria
Administrative divisions[link]
[edit] Regierungsbezirke (administrative districts)
Bavaria is divided into 7 administrative districts called Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk).
- Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken)
- Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken)
- Lower Franconia (Unterfranken)
- Swabia (Schwaben)
- Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz)
- Upper Bavaria (Oberbayern)
- Lower Bavaria (Niederbayern)
[edit] Bezirke
Bezirke (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the Landkreise and the Gemeinden or Städte. The Bezirke in Bavaria are territorially identical with the Regierungsbezirke (e.g. Regierung von Oberbayern), but are a different form of administration, having their own parliaments, etc.
In the larger states of Germany (including Bavaria), there are Regierungsbezirke which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the Bezirke in Bavaria.
[edit] Landkreise/kreisfreie cities
These administrative regions consist of 71 administrative districts (called Landkreise, singular Landkreis) and 25 independent cities (kreisfreie Städte, singular kreisfreie Stadt).
Landkreise:
Kreis-free Cities:
[edit] Gemeinden (municipalities)
The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2031 municipalities (called Gemeinden, singular Gemeinde). Together with the 25 independent cities (kreisfreie Städte, which are in effect municipalities independent of Landkreis administrations), there are a total of 2056 municipalities in Bavaria.
In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of January 1, 2005, called gemeindefreie Gebiete, singular gemeindefreies Gebiet), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (Chiemsee-without islands, Starnberger See-without island Roseninsel, Ammersee, which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and Waginger See).
Government and politics[link]
Government[link]
Bavaria has a unicameral Landtag, or state parliament, elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a Senat, or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.
The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, 11 Ministers and 6 Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of 5 years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:
- Ministry of the Interior (Staatsministerium des Innern)
- Ministry of Education and Culture (Staatsministerium für Unterricht und Kultus)
- Ministry of Finance (Staatsministerium der Finanzen)
- Ministry of Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transportation and Technology (Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur, Verkehr und Technologie, MWIVT)
- Ministry of Environment and Health (Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Gesundheit)
- Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Family and Women (Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Familie und Frauen)
- Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection (Staatsministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz)
- Ministry of Science, Research and Art (Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, MWFK)
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (Staatsministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten)
- Ministry of Federal and European Affairs (Staatsminister für Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten)
Political processes also take place in the 7 regions (Regierungsbezirke / Bezirke) in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (Landkreise) and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts (kreisfreie Städte), and in the 2,031 local authorities (Gemeinden).
In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called Mehr Demokratie (More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court aggravated the regulations considerably (e.g. by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Bavaria
Bavaria has a multi-party system where the biggest parties are the conservative Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), which has dominated politics since 1945 and won every election since then, and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The German green party, Alliance '90/The Greens is represented in the parliament as well. Since 2008 Germany's liberal party, the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and the Free Voters are represented in Bavaria's parliament as well. CSU and FDP agreed in October 2008 to form a coalition, while SPD, Free Voters and the Greens form the opposition.
In the 2003 elections the CSU won more than two thirds of the seats in Landtag—something no party had ever achieved in post-war German history. In the following 2008 elections the CSU lost its absolute majority in the Landtag for the first time in 46 years.[3]
This loss is probably attributed to its push for an anti-smoking law, the most stringent in Germany, which became one of the most controversial laws ever enacted in Bavaria. As result, the CSU changed its stance and weakened the anti-smoking law to allow some more loopholes. However, the citizens held a successful petition drive in November–December 2009 to call for a total smoking ban. The CSU dismissed the petition and demands as unnecessary and frivolous, but the referendum proceeded and the voters voted for the smoking ban.
Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945[link]
| Minister-presidents of Bavaria | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Name | Born-Died | Party affiliation | Begin of Tenure | End of Tenure |
| 1 | Fritz Schäffer | 1888–1967 | CSU | 1945 | 1945 |
| 2 | Wilhelm Hoegner | 1887–1980 | SPD | 1945 | 1946 |
| 3 | Hans Ehard | 1887–1980 | CSU | 1946 | 1954 |
| 4 | Wilhelm Hoegner | 1887–1980 | SPD | 1954 | 1957 |
| 5 | Hanns Seidel | 1901–1961 | CSU | 1957 | 1960 |
| 6 | Hans Ehard | 1887–1980 | CSU | 1960 | 1962 |
| 7 | Alfons Goppel | 1905–1991 | CSU | 1962 | 1978 |
| 8 | Franz Josef Strauß | 1915–1988 | CSU | 1978 | 1988 |
| 9 | Max Streibl | 1932–1998 | CSU | 1988 | 1993 |
| 10 | Edmund Stoiber | *1941 | CSU | 1993 | 2007 |
| 11 | Günther Beckstein | *1943 | CSU | 2007 | 2008 |
| 12 | Horst Seehofer | *1949 | CSU | 2008 | incumbent |
German-Bavarian relations[link]
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This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
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The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (March 2011) |
The Bayernpartei (Bavaria Party) advocates Bavarian independence from Germany. Bavaria was the only state to reject the West German constitution in 1949, but this did not prevent its implementation. One of Germany's principal political parties, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), is replaced in Bavaria by the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), but in practice the two parties cooperate fully in the Bundestag. Bavaria had its own border police force, separate from the Federal Border Guard, until Austria's EU accession in 1995.
Furthermore, the people from the three northern districts of Bavaria known as Franconia (Mittelfranken, Oberfranken and Unterfranken), do not all consider themselves as Bavarian. They have their own history and celebrate their own identity, which is distinct from southern Bavaria, and symbolized by the Franconian rake (Fränkischer Rechen). The flag is often seen during local festivals. Some Franconians[who?] would also like to see their own Bundesland Franken "Federal State of Franconia".
Economy[link]
Bavaria has long had one of the largest and healthiest economies of any region in Germany, or Europe for that matter.[4] Its GDP in 2007 exceeded 434 billion Euros (about 600 bn US$).[5] This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe and only 17 countries in the world have higher GDP.[6] Some large companies headquartered in Bavaria include BMW, Siemens, Rohde & Schwarz, Audi, Munich Re, Allianz, Infineon, MAN, Wacker Chemie, Puma, and Adidas. Bavaria has a GDP per capita of over $48 000 US, meaning that if it were its own independent country it would rank 7th or 8th in the world.
Company names[link]
The motorcycle and automobile makers BMW (Bayerische Motoren-Werke, or Bavarian Motor Works) and Audi, Allianz, Grundig (consumer electronics), Siemens (electricity, telephones, informatics, medical instruments), Continental (Automotive Tire and Electronics), Adidas, Puma, HypoVereinsbank (UniCredit Group), Infineon and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have (or had) a Bavarian industrial base.
Bavaria has also given its name to the largest Colombian brewery (Cervecería Bavaria) and a major Dutch brewery (Bavaria Bier).
Culture[link]
Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to:
Religion[link]
While 56.4% of the population adhere to the Catholic Church,[7] 21% are affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria.[8]
Most of Bavaria is predominantly Roman Catholic, but the Evangelical Lutheran Church has a strong presence in large parts of Franconia. Only Saarland has a higher percentage of Catholics among the German states.
The current pope, Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger), was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising.
Traditions[link]
Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's yellow pages, as figurettes on the pole represent the trades of the village), and the bagpipes in the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are a lot of traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen is an old tradition of competitive whipcracking.
Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or full of citizens from other nations they continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their traditions alive. In New York the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others such as the Bavarian organizations, which represent a specific part of Germany. They proudly put forth a German Parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.
Food and drink[link]
Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example Weisswurst ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (the so-called Maß). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional Reinheitsgebot, or purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (e.g. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the Reinheitsgebot made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU struck it down recently as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 litres per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.
Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the Main River in Franconia. The region has produced wine (Frankenwein) for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.
Language and dialects[link]
Three German dialects are spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (South-East and East), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (South West) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North).
 |
Bavaria edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Ethnography[link]
Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but only buy beer from the brewery that runs the beer garden.[9]
In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and many "Bavarian villages", most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan and Leavenworth, Washington, have been founded. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme; it is also home to "one of the world's largest collections of nutcrackers" and an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.[10]
Historical buildings[link]
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Johannisburg Castle in Aschaffenburg
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Fortress Marienberg and the Alte Mainbrücke in Würzburg
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Plassenburg Castle in Kulmbach
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Cathedral in Bamberg
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Castle of Coburg
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Festspielhaus of Richard Wagner in Bayreuth
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Imperial Castle in Nuremberg
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Kastell Biriciana, Weissenburg close to the Limes
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Kreuztor in Ingolstadt
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Castle of Neuburg an der Donau
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Old Stone Bridge and Cathedral of Regensburg
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Walhalla temple in Donaustauf near Regensburg
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Befreiungshalle-kelheim-aussen.jpg
Befreiungshalle in Kelheim
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Cathedral and Oberhaus fortification in Passau
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Trausnitz castle, Landshut
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Townhall in Augsburg
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Frauenkirche in Munich
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Residenz in Munich
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Nymphenburg Palace in Munich
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Cathedral in Freising
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Wieskirche, Steingaden
.jpg)
Neuschwanstein[link]
Neuschwanstein was built for King Ludwig II, as a second home. It remains unfinished.
Famous people[link]
There are many famous people who were born or lived in present-day Bavaria:
- Popes Pope Benedict XVI (baptismal name: Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger)—the current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church; Pope Damasus II and Pope Victor II.
- Painters such as Hans Holbein the Elder, Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht Altdorfer, Lucas Cranach, Carl Spitzweg, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von Stuck, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, Erwin Eisch, Gabriele Münter.
- Musicians such as Johannes Heesters, Orlando di Lasso, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Richard Wagner (originally from Saxony), Richard Strauss, Carl Orff, Johann Pachelbel and Theobald Boehm, the inventor of the modern flute, and countertenor Klaus Nomi.
- Modern musicians Klaus Doldinger, Barbara Dennerlein, Hans-Jürgen Buchner, Sportfreunde Stiller.
- Opera singers like Jonas Kaufmann and Diana Damrau.
- Writers, poets and playwrights like Hans Sachs, Jean Paul, Frank Wedekind, Christian Morgenstern, Oskar Maria Graf, Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Thomas Mann and his sons Klaus and Golo Mann, Ludwig Thoma, Henrik Ibsen.
- Scientists such as Max Planck, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, and Werner Heisenberg, as well as Adam Ries, Joseph von Fraunhofer, Georg Ohm, Johannes Stark, Carl von Linde, Ludwig Prandtl, Rudolf Moessbauer, Lothar Rohde and Hermann Schwarz, Helmut Hirt and Robert Huber.
- Well-known inventors such as Martin Behaim, Levi Strauss and Rudolf Diesel.
- Physicians like Max Joseph von Pettenkofer, Sebastian Kneipp and the neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who first described Alzheimer's Disease.
- Football players like Max Morlock, Karl Mai, Franz Beckenbauer, Sepp Maier, Gerd Müller, Paul Breitner, Bernd Schuster, Klaus Augenthaler, Lothar Matthäus, Philipp Lahm, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Holger Badstuber, Thomas Müller, Dietmar Hamann and Stefan Reuter
- Other sportspeople such as golfer Bernhard Langer and basketball player Dirk Nowitzki
- Actors like Werner Stocker, Helmut Fischer, Walter Sedlmayr, Gustl Bayrhammer, Ottfried Fischer, Ruth Drexel, Elmar Wepper, Fritz Wepper, Uschi Glas, Yank Azman, Wilfried Klaus(Soko 312), Jeanna de Waal.
- Entertainers Siegfried Fischbacher
- Film directors Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Joseph Vilsmaier, Werner Herzog, Franz Xaver Bogner.
- Mysterious people: Kaspar Hauser (the famous foundling), The Smith of Kochel (legend).
- Legendary outlaws such as Mathias Kneißl, the legendary robber or Matthias Klostermayr, better known as Bavarian Hiasl
- Noted automobile designer Peter Schreyer, born in Bad Reichenhall
- Fictional characters such as X-Men's Nightcrawler (comics)
See also[link]
- Outline of Germany
- List of rulers of Bavaria
- List of Premiers of Bavaria
- Former countries in Europe after 1815
- Extensive pictures of Bavaria in addition to those shown below are linked from in Category:Bavaria, where they are organized (predominantly) by locale.
References[link]
- ^ "Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes" (in German). Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung. 31 December 2010. https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?language=de&sequenz=tabelleErgebnis&selectionname=12411-009r&sachmerkmal=QUASTI&sachschluessel=SQUART04&startjahr=2010&endjahr=2010.
- ^ "State GDP". Portal of the Federal Statistics Office Germany. http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_jb27_jahrtab65.asp. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ^ n-tv:Fiasko für die CSU
- ^ Its GDP is 143% of the EU average (as of 2005) against a German average of 121.5%, see Eurostat
- ^ Gemeinsames Datenangebot der Statistischen Ämter des Bundes und der Länder
- ^ See the list of countries by GDP (nominal).
- ^ chiesa cattolica http://www.dbk.de/imperia/md/content/kirchlichestatistik/bev-kath-l__nd-2008.pdf
- ^ EKD http://www.ekd.de/download/kirchenmitglieder_2007.pdf
- ^ Königlicher Hirschgarten. "Ein paar Worte zu unserem Biergarten in München ... (in German)". http://www.hirschgarten.de/biergarten-muenchen-koeniglicher-hirschgarten-der-groesste-der-biergaerten-in-muenchen.html.
- ^ Leavenworth, Washington The Bavarian Village
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bavaria |
- Churches
- Official Tourism Board
- Official government website
- Platform with additional information about many cities in Bavaria
- Tradition and Culture
- Foreign Trade
- statistics
Geographic data related to Bavaria at OpenStreetMap
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Hugh Hefner | |
|---|---|
 Hugh Hefner attending Glamourcon #50, Long Beach, CA on November 13, 2010 |
|
| Born | Hugh Marston Hefner (1926-04-09) April 9, 1926 (age 86) Chicago, Illinois |
| Residence | Playboy Mansion, Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Steinmetz High School |
| Alma mater | University of Illinois (B.A.) Northwestern University |
| Known for | Editor-in-chief of Playboy magazine, Chief Creative Officer of Playboy Enterprises |
| Home town | Chicago, Illinois |
| Political party | Independent |
| Board member of | Playboy Enterprises |
| Spouse | Mildred Williams (m.1949–1959; divorced) Kimberley Conrad (m.1989–2010; divorced) |
| Partner | Barbi Benton (1969–1976) Brande Roderick (2000–2001) Tina Marie Jordan (2001–2002) Holly Madison (2003–2008) Crystal Harris (2009–2011) |
| Children | Christie Hefner (born 1952) David Hefner (born 1955) Marston Hefner (born 1990) Cooper Hefner (born 1991) |
| Website | |
| Playboy.com | |
Hugh Marston "Hef" Hefner (born April 9, 1926) is an American magazine publisher, founder and Chief Creative Officer of Playboy Enterprises.[1]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Hefner was born in Chicago, Illinois, being the elder of two sons born to Grace Caroline (née Swanson; 1895–1997) and Glenn Lucius Hefner (1896–1976), both teachers.[2][3] Hefner's mother was of Swedish descent and his father had German and English ancestry.[4][5] On his father's side, Hefner is a direct descendant of Plymouth governor William Bradford.[6][7] He has described his family as "conservative, Midwest, Methodist."[8] He went to Sayre Elementary School and Steinmetz High School, then served as a writer for a military newspaper in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. He later graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign with a B.A. in psychology with a double minor in creative writing and art in 1949, earning his degree in two and a half years. After graduation, he took a semester of graduate courses in sociology at Northwestern University but dropped out soon after.[9]
Career[link]
Working as a copywriter for Esquire, he left in January 1952 after being denied a $5 raise. In 1953, he mortgaged his furniture, generating a bank loan of $600 (or $800 — he cannot recall which) and raised $8,000 from 45 investors — including $1,000 from his mother ("Not because she believed in the venture," he told E! in 2006, "but because she believed in her son.") — to launch Playboy, which was initially going to be called Stag Party. The undated first issue, published in December 1953, featured Marilyn Monroe from her 1949 nude calendar shoot and sold over 50,000 copies.[10] (Hefner, who never met Monroe, bought the crypt next to hers at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.[11][12])
After it was rejected by Esquire magazine in 1955, Hefner agreed to publish in Playboy the Charles Beaumont science fiction short story, "The Crooked Man", about straight men being persecuted in a world where homosexuality was the norm. After receiving angry letters to the magazine, Hefner wrote a response to criticism where he said, "If it was wrong to persecute heterosexuals in a homosexual society then the reverse was wrong, too."
On June 4, 1963, Hefner was arrested for selling obscene literature after an issue of Playboy featuring nude shots of Jayne Mansfield was released.[citation needed] A jury was unable to reach a verdict.[13]
His former secretary, Bobbie Arnstein, was found dead in a Chicago hotel room after an overdose of drugs in January 1975. Hefner called a press conference to allege that she had been driven to suicide by narcotics agents and federal officers. Hefner further claimed the government was out to get him because of Playboy's philosophy and its advocacy of more liberal drug laws.[14][15]
He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for television and has made several movie appearances as himself. In 2009, he received a "worst supporting actor" nomination for a Razzie award for his performance in Miss March.
A documentary by Brigitte Berman, Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel, was released on July 30, 2010. He had previously granted full access to documentary filmmaker and television producer Kevin Burns for the A&E Biography special Hugh Hefner: American Playboy in 1996.[16]
Hefner and Burns later collaborated on numerous other television projects, most notably on The Girls Next Door, a reality series that ran for six seasons (2005–2009) and 90 episodes.
In 1999, Hefner financed the Clara Bow documentary, Discovering the It Girl. "Nobody has what Clara had. She defined an era and made her mark on the nation," he stated.[17]
Personal life[link]
Hefner married Northwestern University student Mildred Williams (born March 10, 1926) in 1949. They had two children, Christie (born November 8, 1952) and David (born August 30, 1955).[18] Before the wedding, Mildred confessed that she had had an affair while he was away in the Army. He called the admission "the most devastating moment of my life." A 2006 E! True Hollywood Story profile of Hefner revealed that Mildred allowed him to sleep with other women, out of guilt for her infidelity and in the hopes that it would preserve their marriage. They divorced in 1959.[citation needed]
Hefner remade himself as a bon viveur and man about town, a lifestyle he promoted in his magazine and two TV shows he hosted, Playboy's Penthouse (1959–1960) and Playboy After Dark (1969–1970). He admitted to being "'involved' with maybe eleven out of twelve months' worth of Playmates" during some of these years.[19] Donna Michelle, Marilyn Cole, Lillian Müller, Shannon Tweed, Brande Roderick, Barbi Benton, Karen Christy, Sondra Theodore, and Carrie Leigh — who filed a $35 million palimony suit against him — were a few of his many lovers. In 1971, he acknowledged that he experimented in bisexuality.[20] He moved from Chicago to Los Angeles.
Hefner had a minor stroke in 1985 at age 59. After re-evaluating his lifestyle, he made several changes. The wild, all-night parties were toned down significantly and in 1988, daughter Christie began to run the Playboy empire. The following year, he married Playmate of the Year Kimberley Conrad. The couple had two sons, Marston Glenn (born April 9, 1990) and Cooper Bradford (born September 4, 1991).[21] The E! True Hollywood Story profile noted that the notorious Playboy Mansion had been transformed into a family-friendly homestead. After he and Conrad separated in 1998, Conrad moved into a house next door to the mansion.
Hefner then began to move an ever-changing coterie of young women into the mansion, even dating up to seven girls at once, among them, Brande Roderick, Izabella St. James, Tina Marie Jordan, Holly Madison, Bridget Marquardt, and Kendra Wilkinson. The reality television series The Girls Next Door depicted the lives of Madison, Wilkinson and Marquardt at the Playboy Mansion.[22] In October 2008, all three girls made the choice to leave the mansion. Hefner was quick to rebound and soon began dating his new "Number One" girlfriend, Crystal Harris,[23] along with 20-year-old identical twin and models Kristina and Karissa Shannon.[24] The relationship with the twins ended in January 2010.[25] After an 11-year separation, Hefner filed for divorce from Conrad stating irreconcilable differences.[26] Hefner has said that he only remained married to her for the sake of his children,[27] and his youngest child had just turned 18.[21] The divorce was finalized in March 2010.[28] On December 24, 2010, Hefner presented an engagement ring to Crystal Harris, publicly announcing the proposal the following day.[11] Hefner and Harris had planned to marry June 18, 2011.[29][30] Harris called off the wedding just 5 days before they were due to be wed.[31]
Politics and philanthropy[link]
The Hugh Hefner First Amendment Award was created by Christie Hefner "to honor individuals who have made significant contributions in the vital effort to protect and enhance First Amendment rights for Americans."[32]
He has donated and raised money for the Democratic Party.[33] However, he has more recently referred to himself as an Independent due to disillusionment with both the Democratic and Republican Parties.[34]
In 1978, Hefner helped organize fund-raising efforts that led to the restoration of the Hollywood Sign. He hosted a gala fundraiser at the Playboy Mansion and personally contributed $27,000 (or 1/9 of the total restoration costs) by purchasing the letter Y in a ceremonial auction.[35][36]
Hefner donated $100,000 to the University of Southern California's School of Cinematic Arts to create a course called "Censorship in Cinema," and $2 million to endow a chair for the study of American film.[37]
Both through his charitable foundation and individually, Hefner also contributes to charities outside the sphere of politics and publishing, throwing fundraiser events for Much Love Animal Rescue as well as Generation Rescue,[38] a controversial autism campaign organization supported by Jenny McCarthy.
On April 26, 2010, Hefner donated the last $900,000 sought by a conservation group for a land purchase needed to stop the development of the famed vista of the Hollywood Sign.[35]
Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, an endangered species of Marsh rabbit, is named after him in honor of financial support that he provided.[39][40]
References[link]
- ^ Corporate Officers. Playboy Enterprises, Inc.
- ^ "Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream". Steven Watts. Google Books. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ Algis Valiunas, "The Playboy and His Western World". May 2010.
- ^ Mullen, William (August 8, 1984). "Hef". Spokane Chronicle. http://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=MMUSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qPkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5884,1491659&dq=william-mullen&hl=en. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. "#58 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources". New England Ancestors. http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_gbr58.asp. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
- ^ "Mr. Playboy: Hugh Hefner tells how he created an identity in order to fulfill his dreams". Time. October 2, 2005. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1112823,00.html.
- ^ Quintanilla, Michael (February 5, 1999). "STYLEMAKER / Hugh Hefner. The king of swingers reenters the singles scene.; Pajama Party". http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/38763405.html?dids=38763405:38763405&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+05%2C+1999&author=MICHAEL+QUINTANILLA&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=STYLEMAKER+%2F+Hugh+Hefner.+The+king+of+swingers+reenters+the+singles+scene.%3B+Pajama+Party&pqatl=google.
- ^ Hugh Hefner On His Role In Fighting Segregation. Jezebel.com (2010-07-23). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
- ^ Hugh M. Hefner Playboy Enterprises. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
- ^ Hugh Hefner: The Ultimate Lifestyle Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs.about.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
- ^ a b Charles McGrath (February 3, 2011). "How Hef Got His Groove Back". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/magazine/06Hefner-t.html.
- ^ Westwood Village Memorial Cemetery. Seeing-Stars.com.
- ^ Hugh Hefner Biography. biography.com.
- ^ David Cotner (October 2, 2008). "The life and times of an alpha male". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/02/entertainment/et-book2. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Roger Ebert (October 23, 1992). "Hugh Hefner: Once upon a time". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19921023/REVIEWS/210230302/1023. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel. Hughhefnerplayboyactivistrebel.com (2010-12-07). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
- ^ Variety, June 7, 1999
- ^ Playboy Time Line. playboy.com
- ^ Acocella, Joan "The Girls Next Door", The New Yorker, March 20, 2006
- ^ "Faces of the week". BBC News. May 26, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5020806.stm.
- ^ a b Cooper Hefner. TV.com
- ^ A New Boy for Former 'Girl Next Door'. BuddyTV.com. February 10, 2009
- ^ Korin Miller Meet Playboy founder Hugh Hefner's other girlfriend, Crystal Harris. NYdailynews. January 5, 2009
- ^ Party's over for Playboy king Hugh Hefner, The Age October 18, 2008. Accessed October 30, 2008
- ^ Strip Scribbles: What’s next for Hef after divorce, Shannon twins?. Lasvegassun.com (2010-02-15). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
- ^ "Hugh Hefner Finally Files for Divorce". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20303278,00.html. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "Hugh Hefner files for divorce from wife". Reuters. September 9, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE58874L20090909. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "Hefner's divorce finalised in March". www.express.co.uk. February 10, 2010. http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/157359/Hefner-s-divorce-finalised-in-March. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
- ^ "Reuters: Hugh Hefner Acknowledges Engagement on Twitter". December 26, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BP0EO20101226. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ Hugh Hefner Gets Engaged During Philadelphia Blizzard on MusicMonday. December 27, 2010.
- ^ "Hugh Hefner's Fiancée Calls Off Wedding—Just Five Days Out!". June 14, 2011. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b247178_hugh_hefners_fianceacutee_calls_off.html?cmpid=sn-000000-twitterfeed-365-topstories&utm_source=eonline&utm_medium=twitterfeed&utm_campaign=twitterfeed_topstories&dlvrit=48939. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
- ^ Playboy Enterprises, Inc., "Playboy Foundation – Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Awards". Accessed 12 July 2011.
- ^ Hugh Hefner's Federal Campaign Contribution Report. NewsMeat.com.
- ^ [1] Twitter.
- ^ a b "Hugh Hefner saves iconic Hollywood sign". London: Times Online. April 27, 2010. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article7109871.ece. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ "The History of the Sign: 1978: A Sign is Reborn". Hollywood Sign. http://www.hollywoodsign.org/history-10.html. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ AP.Google.com, Hefner Gives $2M to USC Film School Associated Press, November 16, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Hugh Hefner & Jenny McCarthy Fund Autism Research". Celebrity Halo. October 2008. http://celebrityhalo.blogspot.com/2008/10/hugh-hefner-jenny-mccarthy-fund-autism.html. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ^ "My True Love Gave To Me … A Bat Species!". CBS News. 11 February 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/12/09/tech/main4657330.shtml. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "Lower Keys Rabbit". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/LowerKeysRabbit.pdf. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Watts, Steven (2008). Mr. Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-69059-7.
- Miller, Russell (1985). Bunny: The Real Story of Playboy. London: Corgi. ISBN 0-03-063748-1.
- St. James, Izabella (2006). Bunny Tales: Behind Closed Doors at the Playboy Mansion. Philadelphia: Running Press. ISBN 0-7624-2739-6
- Hefner, Veronika and Jurij Toplak (2009). Hefner, Hugh. In: Vile, John R., Hudson, David L., and Schultz, David Andrew (Eds.). Encyclopedia of the First Amendment. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, p. 564.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hugh Hefner |
- Hugh M. Hefner Foundation
- Hugh Hefner at the Internet Movie Database
- Hugh Hefner on Twitter
- Hugh Hefner: The Ultimate Lifestyle Entrepreneur (About.com Entrepreneurs)
- "Hugh Hefner". Salon.com. December 28, 1999.
- Hugh Hefner interview from 1966
|
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$215 million | Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hefner, Hugh Marston |
| Alternative names | Hef |
| Short description | Founder and editor-in-chief of Playboy magazine |
| Date of birth | April 9, 1926 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States of America |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Hugh_Hefner
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Hugh Hefner
http://es.wn.com/Hugh Hefner
http://ru.wn.com/Хефнер, Хью
http://nl.wn.com/Hugh Hefner
http://pt.wn.com/Hugh Hefner
http://pl.wn.com/Hugh Hefner
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hefner
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Charlie Sheen | |
|---|---|
 Sheen on March 11, 2009 |
|
| Born | Carlos Irwin Estevez (1965-09-03) September 3, 1965 (age 46)[1] New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1974–present |
| Spouse | Donna Peele (1995–1996) Denise Richards (2002–2006) Brooke Mueller (2008–2011)[2] |
| Children | 5 |
| Parents | Martin Sheen (father) Janet Templeton (mother) |
| Relatives | Emilio Estevez (brother) Ramon Estevez (brother) Renée Estevez (sister) |
| Website | |
| www.charliesheen.com | |
Carlos Irwin Estevez (born September 3, 1965), better known by his stage name Charlie Sheen, is an American film and television actor. He is the youngest son of actor Martin Sheen.
His character roles in films have included Chris Taylor in the 1986 Vietnam War drama Platoon, Jake Kesey in the 1986 film The Wraith, and Bud Fox in the 1987 film Wall Street. His career has also included more comedic films such as Major League, the Hot Shots! films, and Scary Movie 3 and Scary Movie 4. On television, Sheen is known for his roles on two sitcoms: as Charlie Crawford on Spin City and as Charlie Harper on Two and a Half Men. In 2010, Sheen was the highest paid actor on television, earning US$1.8 million per episode of Two and a Half Men.[3]
Sheen's personal life has also made headlines, including reports about alcohol and drug abuse and marital problems as well as allegations of domestic violence. He was fired from his role on Two and a Half Men by CBS and Warner Bros. on March 7, 2011. Sheen subsequently announced a nationwide tour.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Sheen was born Carlos Irwin Estevez in New York City, the youngest son and third of four children of actor Martin Sheen and artist Janet Templeton.[5] His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Galicia (northwestern Spain) and Ireland.[6] Sheen has two older brothers, Emilio Estevez and Ramon Estevez, and a younger sister, Renée Estevez, all actors. His parents moved to Malibu, California, after Martin's Broadway turn in The Subject Was Roses. Sheen's first movie appearance was at age nine in his father’s 1974 film The Execution of Private Slovik. Sheen attended Santa Monica High School in Santa Monica, California, where he was a star pitcher and shortstop for the baseball team.[5][7]
At Santa Monica High School, he showed an early interest in acting, making amateur Super 8 films with his brother Emilio and school friends Rob Lowe and Sean Penn under his birth name. A few weeks before graduation, Sheen was expelled from school for poor grades and attendance. Deciding to become an actor, he took the stage name Charlie Sheen. His father had adopted it in honor of the Catholic archbishop and theologian Fulton J. Sheen.[8][9]
Acting career[link]
Film[link]
Sheen's film career began in 1984 with a role in the Cold War teen drama Red Dawn with Patrick Swayze, C. Thomas Howell, Lea Thompson, and Jennifer Grey. Sheen and Grey reunited in a small scene in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986). He also appeared in an episode of the anthology series Amazing Stories. Sheen had his first major role in the Vietnam War drama Platoon (1986). In 1987, he starred with his father in Wall Street. Both Wall Street and Platoon were directed by Oliver Stone. In 1988, Stone asked Sheen to star in his new film Born on the Fourth of July (1989), but later cast Tom Cruise instead. Sheen was never notified by Stone, and only found out when he heard the news from his brother Emilio. Sheen did not take a lead role in Stone's subsequent films,[10] although he did have a cameo role in Money Never Sleeps.
In 1987, Sheen was cast to portray Ron in the unreleased Grizzly II: The Predator, the sequel to the 1976 low budget horror movie Grizzly. In 1988, he starred in the baseball film Eight Men Out as outfielder Happy Felsch. Also in 1988, he appeared opposite his brother Emilio in Young Guns and again in 1990 in Men at Work. In 1989, Sheen, John Fusco, Christopher Cain, Lou Diamond Phillips, Emilio Estévez and Kiefer Sutherland were honored with a Bronze Wrangler for their work on the film Young Guns.[11]
In 1990, he starred alongside his father in Cadence as a rebellious inmate in a military stockade and with Clint Eastwood in the buddy cop action film The Rookie.[5] The films were directed by Martin Sheen and Eastwood, respectively. In 1992, he starred in Beyond the Law with Linda Fiorentino and Michael Madsen. In 1994, Sheen was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[11] In 1997, Sheen wrote his first movie, Discovery Mars, a direct-to-video documentary revolving around the question, "Is There Life on Mars?". The next year, Sheen wrote, produced and starred in the action movie No Code of Conduct.[12]
Sheen appeared in several comedy roles, including the Major League films, Money Talks, and the spoof Hot Shots! films. In 1999, Sheen appeared in a pilot for A&E Network, called Sugar Hill, which was not picked up. In 1999, Sheen played himself in Being John Malkovich. He also appeared in the spoof series Scary Movie 3 and follow up Scary Movie 4.
Sheen appears as Dex Dogtective in the unreleased Lionsgate animated comedy Foodfight.[12]
Sheen has been cast to star alongside Jason Schwartzman in Roman Coppola's upcoming film A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charlie Swan III.[13]
Television[link]
In 2000, Sheen debuted on the small screen when he replaced Michael J. Fox for the last two seasons of the sitcom Spin City. For his work on Spin City, Sheen was nominated for two ALMA Awards and won his first Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[14][15] The series ended in 2002.
In 2003, Sheen was cast as Charlie Harper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men, which followed the popular Monday night time slot of Everybody Loves Raymond. Sheen's role on Two and a Half Men was loosely based on Sheen's bad boy image.[16] The role garnered him an ALMA Award and he gained three Emmy Award nominations and two Golden Globe award nominations.[14] During his eighth and final season on the show, Sheen earned a record $1.8 million per episode.[3]
Warner Bros. dismissal[link]
In January 2011, production of Two and a Half Men went on hiatus while Sheen underwent a substance rehabilitation program in his home, his third attempt at rehab in twelve months.[17][18][19] The following month, however, CBS canceled the season's four remaining episodes after Sheen publicly made derogatory comments about the series' creator, Chuck Lorre,[20] and Warner Bros. officially banned Sheen from entering its production lot.[21] Sheen, already the highest-paid actor on television,[3] responded by publicly demanding a 50 percent raise,[22] claiming that in comparison to the amount that the series was making, he was "underpaid."[22]
CBS and Warner Bros. fired Sheen from Two and a Half Men on March 7, 2011.[23] He was replaced by Ashton Kutcher.[24][25] In the aftermath of his dismissal, Sheen remained vocally critical of Chuck Lorre,[26] and filed a wrongful termination lawsuit against Lorre and Warner Bros., which was settled the following September 26.[27] That same month, Sheen, while presenting an award at the Primetime Emmy Awards, addressed "everybody here from Two and a Half Men" and stated, "From the bottom of my heart, I wish you nothing but the best for this upcoming season. We spent eight wonderful years together and I know you will continue to make great television."[28]
Meltdown[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130218043007/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
In the wake of the dismissal, Sheen had a highly publicized "meltdown" which was broadcast on television and the internet. He made bizarre statements in television interviews, suggesting that he was a "warlock" with "tiger blood" and "Adonis DNA".[29] He also posted videos to YouTube showing himself smoking cigarettes through his nose, and cursing out his former employers. [30] He told one TV interviewer, "‘I’m tired of pretending I’m not special. I’m tired of pretending I’m not a total bitchin’ rock star from Mars."[31]
Other[link]
On September 19, 2011, Sheen was roasted on Comedy Central. It was watched by 6.4 million people, making it the highest rated roast on Comedy Central to date.[32]
Other ventures[link]
In 2006, Sheen launched a clothing line for kids, called Sheen Kidz.[33]
In 2011, Sheen set a new Guinness World Record for Twitter as the "Fastest Time to Reach 1 Million Followers" (adding an average of 129,000 new followers per day[34]) as well as the Guinness record for "Highest Paid TV Actor Per Episode – Current" at $1.25 million while he was a part of the cast of Two and a Half Men sitcom.[35] On March 3, 2011, Charlie Sheen signed with Ad.ly marketing agency specializing in Twitter and Facebook promotions.[36][37]
On March 10, 2011, Sheen announced a nationwide tour, "My Violent Torpedo of Truth/Defeat is Not An Option", which began in Detroit on April 2.[38] The tour sold out in 18 minutes, a Ticketmaster record.[39] However, on April 1, 2011 the Detroit Free Press featured an article that stated as of March 30 that there were over 1000 tickets available from a third-party reseller, some at 15% less than the cheapest seats sold at the Fox Theater.[40] The Huffington Post reported that it was expected Sheen would earn $1 million in 2011 from Twitter endorsements and $7 million from the North American tour.[41] Many of those attending the April 2 performance in Detroit found it disappointing;[42] the subsequent performance in Chicago, which featured some adjustments, received a more positive reception.[43]
Sheen has taken up a new business venture as a partner in a line of electronic cigarettes. The "NicoSheen" product will feature the actor's signature smirk on packages of disposable E-cigarettes and related products.[44]
On August 13, 2011, Sheen appeared as a host at the 12th annual Gathering of the Juggalos. He received a mixed reaction from the audience. Some cheered him, and some booed and threw things at him.[45]
Personal life[link]
Family and relationships[link]
Sheen has been married three times and has five children. His first daughter, Cassandra Jade Estevez, was born on December 12, 1984, to his former high school girlfriend, Paula Profit.[46][47]
In January 1990, Sheen accidentally shot his fiancee, Kelly Preston, in the arm.[48] She broke off the engagement soon after.[49][50][51]
In the 1990s, Sheen dated a number of adult film actresses, including Ginger Lynn[48][52][53] and Heather Hunter.[48]
On September 3, 1995,[54] Sheen married Donna Peele.[55] That same year, Sheen was named as one of the clients of an escort agency operated by Heidi Fleiss.[56] Sheen and Peele divorced in 1996.[5]
On June 15, 2002, Sheen married actress Denise Richards. They have two daughters, Sam[57] and Lola Sheen.[58] In March 2005, Richards filed for divorce, accusing Sheen of alcohol and drug abuse and threats of violence.[59] The divorce was finalized in November 2006 and preceded a custody dispute over their two daughters.[60][61][62]
On May 30, 2008, Sheen married Brooke Mueller, who later gave birth to their twin sons, Bob and Max.[63][64][65] In November 2010, Sheen filed for divorce. On March 1, 2011, police removed Bob and Max from Sheen's home. Sheen told NBC's Today, "I stayed very calm and focused."[66] According to People, social services took the children after Mueller obtained a restraining order against Sheen. The document said, "I am very concerned that [Sheen] is currently insane."[67] Asked if he would fight for the children, Sheen texted People, "Born ready. Winning."[67] Sheen and Mueller's divorce became final on May 2, 2011.[2][68][69]
On March 1, 2011, Sheen was concurrently living with pornographic actress Rachel Oberlin and model and graphic designer Natalie Kenly, whom he collectively nicknamed his "goddesses".[70][71][72][73][74] Oberlin left Sheen in April 2011, and Kenly left in June 2011.[75][76]
Substance abuse and legal issues[link]
On May 20, 1998, Sheen overdosed while using cocaine and was hospitalized. On August 11, 1998, Sheen, already on probation for a previous drug offense, had his probation extended for an extra year and entered a rehab clinic.[77][78] In a 2004 interview, Sheen admitted that the overdose was caused by his experimentation with injecting cocaine.[79]
On December 25, 2009, Sheen was arrested for assaulting his wife, Brooke Mueller. He was released the same day from jail after posting an $8,500 bond.[80][81] Sheen was charged with felony menacing, as well as third-degree assault and criminal mischief.[82] On August 2, 2010, Sheen pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault as part of a plea bargain that included dismissal of the other charges against him. Sheen was sentenced to 30 days in a drug rehab center, 30 days of probation, and 36 hours of anger management.[83]
On October 26, 2010, the police removed Sheen from his suite at the Plaza Hotel after he reportedly caused $7,000 in damage.[84] According to the NYPD, Sheen admitted to drinking and using cocaine the night of the incident.[84] He was released after entering a hospital for observation.[85]
Political views and activities[link]
Charitable activities[link]
Sheen was the 2004 spokesperson for the Lee National Denim Day breast cancer fundraiser that raised millions of dollars for research and education regarding the disease. Sheen stated that a friend of his died from breast cancer, and he wanted to try to help find a cure for the disease.
A major donor and supporter of Aid For AIDS since 2006, Sheen was honored with an AFA Angel Award, one of only a few ever given, at the nonprofit's 25th Silver Anniversary Reception in 2009.[86] In addition to his financial support, he has volunteered to act as a celebrity judge for several years for their annual fundraiser, Best In Drag Show,[87] which raises around a quarter of a million dollars[86] each year in Los Angeles for AIDS assistance.[88][89] He has brought other celebrities to support the event, including his father, actor Martin Sheen.[90] Sheen's interest in AIDS was first reported in 1987 with his support of Ryan White, an Indiana teenager who became a national spokesperson for AIDS awareness after being infected with AIDS through a blood transfusion for his hemophilia.[91][92]
On March 27, 2008, Sheen and Jenna Elfman co-hosted a New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project charity event.[93]
Sheen is donating one dollar from each ticket sold from his “My Violent Torpedo of Truth/Defeat is Not An Option Show” 2011 tour to the Red Cross Japanese Earthquake Relief Fund.[39]
In 2011, Sheen took on a Twitter challenge by a grieving mother to help critically ill babies born with Congenital diaphragmatic hernia by supporting CHERUBS – The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Awareness and Support.[94]
September 11 attacks[link]
On March 20, 2006, Sheen stated that he questions the U.S. Government's account of the September 11 attacks.[95] He said during the interview that the collapse of the World Trade Center towers looked like a controlled demolition.[96][97]
Sheen has since become a prominent advocate of the 9/11 Truth movement.[98] On September 8, 2009, he appealed to President Barack Obama to set up a new investigation into the attacks. Presenting his views as a transcript of a fictional encounter with Obama, he was characterized by the press as believing the 9/11 Commission was a whitewash and that the administration of former President George W. Bush may have been responsible for the attacks.[99][100]
Filmography[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Charlie Sheen
Films[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | The Execution of Private Slovik | Kid at Wedding | NBC TV-movie; uncredited part. |
| 1979 | Apocalypse Now | Extra[101] | |
| 1984 | Red Dawn | Matt Eckert | |
| Silence of the Heart | Ken Cruze | CBS TV-movie | |
| 1985 | The Fourth Wise Man | Captain (Herod's Soldiers) | TV-movie |
| Out of the Darkness | Man Shaving | CBS TV-movie | |
| The Boys Next Door | Bo Richards | ||
| 1986 | Lucas | Cappie | |
| Ferris Bueller's Day Off | Garth Volbeck-Boy in Police Station | Cameo | |
| Platoon | Private Chris Taylor | ||
| The Wraith | Jake Kesey | ||
| Wisdom | Hamburger Restaurant Manager | Cameo | |
| 1987 | Wall Street | Bud Fox | |
| No Man's Land | Ted Varrick | ||
| Three for the Road | Paul | ||
| Grizzly II: The Predator Concert | Ron | Unreleased filmed in 1983 |
|
| 1988 | Never on Tuesday | Thief | Uncredited Cameo |
| Eight Men Out | Oscar 'Happy' Felsch | ||
| Young Guns | Richard "Dick" Brewer | Bronze Wrangler Award | |
| 1989 | Tale of Two Sisters | Narrator | Also writer (poems) |
| Major League | Ricky 'Wild Thing' Vaughn | ||
| Catchfire | Bob | Cameo | |
| 1990 | Cadence | Pfc. Franklin Fairchild Bean | |
| Courage Mountain | Peter | ||
| Men at Work | Carl Taylor | ||
| Navy SEALs | Lt. (j.g.) Dale Hawkins | ||
| The Rookie | David Ackerman | ||
| 1991 | Hot Shots! | Lt. Sean Topper Harley | |
| 1992 | Beyond the Law | William Patrick Steaner/Daniel "Dan" Saxon/Sid | |
| Oliver Stone: Inside Out | Himself | Documentary | |
| 1993 | National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1 | Gern, Parking Valet | |
| Deadfall | Morgan "Fats" Gripp | ||
| Hot Shots! Part Deux | Lt. Sean Topper Harley | ||
| The Three Musketeers | Aramis | ||
| 1994 | Charlie Sheen's Stunt Spectacular | Himself | TV-movie |
| Terminal Velocity | Richard 'Ditch' Brodie | ||
| The Chase | Jackson Davis "Jack" Hammond | Also executive producer | |
| Major League II | Ricky 'Wild Thing' Vaughn | ||
| 1996 | Loose Women | Barbie Loving Bartender | Cameo appearance |
| Frame by Frame | |||
| All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 | Charles B. "Charlie" Barkin | Voice only | |
| The Arrival | Zane Zaminsky | ||
| 1997 | Money Talks | James Russell | |
| Shadow Conspiracy | Bobby Bishop | ||
| Bad Day on the Block | Lyle Wilder | Also known as Under Pressure | |
| 1998 | Postmortem | James McGregor | |
| A Letter from Death Row | Cop No. 1 | Cameo | |
| No Code of Conduct | Jacob "Jake" Peterson | Also executive producer and writer | |
| Free Money | Bud Dyerson | ||
| Junket Whore | Himself | Documentary | |
| 1999 | Lisa Picard is Famous | Himself | |
| Five Aces | Chris Martin | ||
| Being John Malkovich | Himself | Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated – Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast |
|
| 2000 | Rated X | Artie Jay "Art" Mitchell | Showtime TV-movie |
| 2001 | Good Advice | Ryan Edward Turner | |
| Last Party 2000 | Himself | Documentary, uncredited | |
| 2002 | The Making of Bret Michaels | Himself | Documentary |
| 2003 | Scary Movie 3 | Tom Logan | |
| 2004 | The Big Bounce | Bob Rogers Jr. | |
| Pauly Shore Is Dead | Himself | Cameo | |
| 2005 | Guilty Hearts | Charlie Sheen | Segment "Spelling Bee" |
| 2006 | Scary Movie 4 | Tom Logan | Uncredited Cameo |
| 2010 | Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps | Bud Fox | Uncredited Cameo |
| Due Date | Himself/Charlie Harper | Cameo |
Short films[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | A Life in the Day | ||
| 1989 | Comicits | Himself | Also producer |
| 2003 | Deeper Than Deep | Charles "Chuck" E. Traynor | |
| 2004 | Spelling Bee | Himself | From Guilty Hearts |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Amazing Stories: Book Three | Casey | Episode: "No Day at the Beach" |
| 1996 | Friends | Ryan | Episode: "The One with the Chicken Pox" |
| 1999 | Sugar Hill | Matt | Unsold pilot |
| 2000–2002 | Spin City | Charlie Crawford | Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2002) Nominated – ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Series (2001) Nominated – ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Series (2002) |
| 2003–2011 | Two and a Half Men | Charlie Harper | ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Television Series (2008) Nominated – Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Television Actor (2002) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series (2005) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2005) Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (2006) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2006) Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor: Comedy (2008) Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (2008) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series (2009) |
| 2006 | Overhaulin' | Himself | Episode: "LeMama's Boy" |
| 2008 | The Big Bang Theory | Himself | Episode: "The Griffin Equivalency", cameo appearance |
| 2009 | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno | Himself | |
| 2009 | Lopez Tonight | Himself | |
| 2010 | Family Guy | Himself | Episode: "Brian Griffin's House of Payne" |
| 2011 | Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza | Himself | Episode 2 (in improv game "Fairy Tale") |
| 2011 | Comedy Central Roast | Himself (Roastee) | |
| 2012 | Anger Management | Charlie |
References[link]
- ^ "Charlie Sheen Biography". http://www.biography.com/people/charlie-sheen-9481297. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ^ a b "Charlie Sheen, Brooke Mueller Officially Divorced", US Magazine, May 2, 2011
- ^ a b c CBS adds six new shows, hangs on to Charlie Sheen USA TODAY, May 20, 2010 By Gary Levin
- ^ "Charlie Sheen (Worth $70 Mil?) Will Donate $8.4 Thousand to Japan Relief". Showbiz411. http://www.showbiz411.com/2011/03/13/charlie-sheen-worth-70-mil-will-donate-8-4k-to-japan-relief. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio, 2007
- ^ Zagursky, Erin (February 24, 2011). "Pilgrimage brings together Hollywood stars, academics". College of William and Mary. http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2011/pilgrimage-brings-together-hollywood-stars,-academics-123.php. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
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- ^ "Charlie Sheen". allmovie. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/65046/Charlie-Sheen/biography. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
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- ^ "Charlie Sheen Biography". biggeststars.com. http://www.biggeststars.com/c/charlie-sheen-biography.html. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- ^ a b "Charlie Sheen". The Hollywood Walk of Fame. http://hwof.com/star/motion-pictures/charlie-sheen/2585. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
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- ^ a b "Charlie Sheen". TheGoldenGlobes.com. http://www.thegoldenglobes.com/welcome.html?nominee/sheen_charlie.html. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ Weinraub, Bernard (May 7, 2001). "Charlie Sheen Delivers A New Spin To 'Spin City'". The New York Times: p. E1. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/07/arts/charlie-sheen-delivers-a-new-spin-to-spin-city.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ Heffernan, Virginia (September 22, 2003). "Swinging Bachelor's Peril: Beware of Geek Bearing Kid". The New York Times: p. E6. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/22/arts/television-review-swinging-bachelor-s-peril-beware-of-geek-bearing-kid.html.
- ^ Charlie Sheen to take time off CBS sitcom to enter rehab by Lynette Rice, February 23, 2010, Entertainment Weekly
- ^ "Charlie Sheen Goes to Rehab", People, January 28, 2011
- ^ "Charlie Sheen Gets Personalized Rehab Program", People, January 31, 2011
- ^ "Two and a Half Men axed after rant leaves Sheen looking a proper Charlie", The Guardian, February 25, 2011
- ^ Angus, Kat (February 28, 2011). "Charlie Sheen banned from Warner Bros. lot". Calgary Herald. http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/Charlie+Sheen+banned+from+Warner+Bros/4361196/story.html. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
- ^ a b McGraw, Seamus. "Sheen demands 50 percent raise for ‘Two and a Half Men’," Today (Feb. 28, 2011). Accessed Mar. 1, 2011.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 7, 2011). "FIRED! Charlie Sheen Axed From 'Two And A Half Men', He Fires Back & Vows To Sue". Deadline.com. http://www.deadline.com/2011/03/charlie-sheen-fired-from-two-and-a-half-men/#more-111910. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
- ^ Villarreal, Yvonne (May 13, 2011). "'Dude, where's my sitcom?': Ashton Kutcher officially joins 'Two and a Half Men'". The Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2011/05/dude-wheres-my-sitcom-ashton-kutcher-officially-joins-two-and-a-half-men.html. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
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- ^ AOL news
- ^ Reuters
- ^ UK Daily Mail
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- ^ Charlie Sheen makes it official CNN.com, November 2, 2010
- ^ "Charlie Sheen – Divorce Is Set". TMZ. February 10, 2011. http://www.tmz.com/2011/02/10/charlie-sheen-divorce-brooke-mueller-filed-papers-court-divorce-settlement/. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
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- ^ "Charlie Sheen ‘20/20′ Interview: Rachel Oberlin Says 'I Would Love to Marry Charlie'". OK!. http://www.okmagazine.com/2011/03/charlie-sheen-2020-interview-rachel-oberlin-says-i-would-love-to-marry-charlie/#more-2401311. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ "Good Morning America: Charlie Sheen's 'Goddesses': 'We All Love Charlie' (03.01.11)". ABC News video upload onto YouTube. March 1, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ciFGqXIUPU. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
- ^ "20/20: Charlie Sheen and His Goddesses (03.02.11)". ABC News video upload onto YouTube. March 2, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emEM5H9NgTI. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
- ^ "'Goddess' details time with Sheen". Toronto Sun. July 21, 2011. http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/21/goddess-details-time-with-sheen. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
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- ^ "Charlie Sheen's Probation Extended". Daily News. August 12, 1998. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L45TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L4YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2823,5598507&dq=charlie+sheen+probation&hl=en. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
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- ^ "Bond Posted". USA Today. December 25, 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-12-25-sheen-arrest_N.htm?csp=34. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen 'threatened to kill wife'". BBC News. December 29, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8433407.stm. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen charged with felony in alleged assault on wife in Aspen [Updated"]. The Los Angeles Times. February 8, 2010. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/02/charlie-sheen-charged-with-3-felonies-in-alleged-assault-on-wife-in-aspen.html. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ Banda, Solomon (August 2, 2010). "Charlie Sheen Pleads Guilty to Aspen Assault". Associated Press. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/02/charlie-sheen-pleads-guil_n_668120.html. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Widdicombe, Ben (October 29, 2010). "In Praise of Celebrity Excuses". The New York Times Style Magazine. http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/poparazzi-in-praise-of-celebrity-excuses/?scp=2&sq=charlie%20sheen&st=cse. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ Celona, Larry; Doyle, John; Schram, Jamie (October 26, 2010). "Charlie Sheen trashes room at Plaza Hotel in coke-fueled rampage". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/police_called_to_charlie_sheen_room_zKbwIvShUm8vhbeDUEowRK. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ a b "Aid For AIDS 25th Silver Anniversary Reception and Awards Presentation". http://www.aidforaids.net/events.html. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen supports Aid For AIDS". October 2006. http://www.tmz.com/2006/10/23/charlie-sheen-does-drag-sort-of/. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
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- ^ "Martin Sheen Beats Perez Hilton in Popularity Competition with the Gays". The Insider. October 15, 2007. http://www.theinsider.com/news/411727_Martin_Sheen_Beats_Perez_Hilton_in_Popularity_Competition_with_the_Gays. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Friedman, Jack; and Shaw, Bill (May 30, 1988). "Amazing Grace". People Magazine. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20099075,00.html. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Citron, Alan (November 2, 1988). "Charity Reaches for Stars – Critics Say It Falls Short". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-02/news/mn-3707_1_hollywood-charity?pg=5. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Jenna hosts NY Rescue Workers Detoxification Project Charity Event. March 27, 2008.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen Takes On Twitter Challenge By Grieving Mom To Help Sick Babies". CNBC. July 13, 2011. http://www.cnbc.com/id/43748175/. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen on The Alex Jones Show". InfoWars. March 20, 2006. http://www.infowars.com/video/clips/news/september_11/032006_charlie_sheen_911_wm.htm. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Brynaert, Ron (March 23, 2006). "Controversial Charlie Sheen 9/11 interview begins to attract media attention". Raw Story. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080530044634/http://www.rawstory.com/news/2006/Sheen_interview_on_911_garners_media_0323.html. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
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External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Charlie Sheen |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Charlie Sheen |
- Official website
- Charlie Sheen at the Internet Movie Database
- Charlie Sheen: Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sheen, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Estevez, Carlos Irwin |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | September 3, 1965 |
| Place of birth | New York City, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Personal information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Full name | Oliver Rolf Kahn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Date of birth | (1969-06-15) 15 June 1969 (age 43) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Place of birth | Karlsruhe, West Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Playing position | Goalkeeper | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Youth career | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1975–1987 | Karlsruher SC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior career* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1987–1990 | Karlsruher SC II | 73 | (0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1987–1994 | Karlsruher SC | 128 | (0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1994–2008 | Bayern Munich | 429 | (0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 630 | (0) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| National team | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1994–2006 | Germany | 86 | (0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Honours
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| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). |
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Oliver Rolf Kahn (German pronunciation: [ˈɔ.lɪ.vɐ ˈkʰaːn], byname Der Titan [deɐ̯ ti.ˈtʰaːn] (the Titan); born 15 June 1969)[2] is a former German football goalkeeper. He started his career in the Karlsruher SC Junior team. He had his debut game in the professional squad in 1987. In 1994, he was transferred to Bayern Munich for the fee of 4,600,000 DM, where he played until the end of his career in 2008.
He is one of the most successful German players in recent history, having won eight German championships, six German cups, the UEFA Cup (1996), the UEFA Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup (both 2001). His individual contributions have earned him four consecutive UEFA Best European Goalkeeper awards, three IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper awards, and two German Footballer of the Year trophies. At the 2002 FIFA World Cup, he became the first and only goalkeeper in the tournament's history to win the Golden Ball.
From 1994 to 2006, Kahn was part of the German national team, in which he played as a starter after the retirement of Andreas Köpke. In the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the team reached the Finals. While the team was several times derided for their poor performance, Kahn's prowess proved to be the deciding factor in several games up until the final, where Germany lost to Brazil 0–2 and Kahn received criticism for two blunders.[3] Nonetheless, he was named the tournament's best player and received the Golden Ball award.
Contents |
Club career[link]
Karlsruher SC[link]
At the age of six, Kahn joined Karlsruher SC, where his father Rolf had played from 1962 to 1965. He started as an outfield player before becoming goalkeeper.[4] He was included at the team's professional squad in the 1987–88 season of the first Bundesliga division, at first being the reserve goalkeeper behind Alexander Famulla. On 27 November 1987, Kahn made his league debut in a 4–0 home victory against 1. FC Köln. However, not until 1990 did manager Winfried Schäfer decide to start him over Famulla.[5] In the following years, Kahn established himself as the team's starting goalkeeper. He was considered a key player and a motivator in the Karlsruher squad which reached the semi finals in the 1993–94 UEFA Cup.[6] During the round of sixteen the team accomplished a 7–0 rout of Valencia at its home field after losing the first match 1–3 at the Mestalla Stadium. The game was nicknamed the "Miracle at Wildparkstadion" by the German media.[7] The team was defeated by the SV Austria Salzburg in the semifinal.[8]
Bayern Munich[link]
Kahn's performance for Karlsruher SC prompted Bayern Munich to express interest in acquiring him.[9] The team signed him as a replacement for Raimond Aumann at the beginning of the 1994–95 season, for the at that time record fee of 4,600,000 DM (€2,385,000) for his position,[5] and was established as Bayern’s starting goalkeeper. Although suffering a rupture of his cruciate ligament, which kept him off the field for almost six months, he played his first game for Germany's national team two months after his return.[10] Bayern defeated Bordeaux in the 1996 UEFA Cup Final.[11] In the 1996–97 Bundesliga season, Kahn archived his first German championship with Bayern Munich, the German League Cup,[12] and was named German goalkeeper of the year for the second time in his career (the first in 1994).[1]
In 1999, Bayern Munich reached the 1999 Champions League Final, facing Manchester United at Camp Nou. Although Bayern Munich player Mario Basler scored an early goal in the sixth minute of the game, two goals by Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær in injury time led to United's victory.[13] The same year, he was named World Goalkeeper of the Year by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics.[14]
Kahn was sent off in an incident against Hansa Rostock on 3 March 2001. With his Bayern Munich team losing 2–3 in the final minutes, he snuck into the area during a corner kick, jumped up, and punched the ball into the opponent’s net. He immediately received a red card, which dismissed him from the game.[15] He was named Man of the Match when he was part of the squad which played the 2001 Champions League title against Valencia.[16] He played an important role in the penalty shootout held after the teams remained tied 1–1 after extra time, making three saves.[17][18] He also received the UEFA Fair Play Award for this match, after he walked up to a disappointed Santiago Cañizares, the opposition goalkeeper, after the penalties and attempted to comfort him.[19] The same year, Bayern Munich won the International Cup at Tokyo's National Stadium against the Argentine team Boca Juniors.[18]
By Kahn's account, injuries, personal problems and a lack of motivation were responsible for his game going into a rapid decline during the 2002–03 season.[20][21] This culminated with Kahn allowing a seemingly soft shot by Roberto Carlos into the net against Real Madrid in the first knockout-round of the 2003–04 Champions League season, contributing to the elimination of his team from the competition.[22] The Daily Mail criticized him for his mistake: "Once again on the big occasion Kahn was undone by a Brazilian, just as he was in the 2002 World Cup Final. Only this time it was a Roberto Carlos free-kick which he let slip, not a Ronaldo shot, for a goal as embarrassing as it is potentially catastrophic for Bayern".[23] Bayern Munich won the next Bundesliga season with Kahn.
Prior to a 2006 match against Arminia Bielefeld in Munich, Michael Rensing peppered Kahn with practice shots. One shot hit Kahn squarely in the eye, causing enough swelling and discoloration to keep him from playing. With Rensing in goal, Bayern Munich won the match 2–0.[24]
Kahn announced his intention to honor his contract and play through the 2007–08 season.[25] As of 2011, he is the all time clean sheet leader in the history of the Bundesliga, with 197.[26] On 2 September 2007, aged 38, he played his 535th Bundesliga match, becoming the league's all time leader among goalkeepers in matches played.[27] Kahn made his final European appearance for Bayern in a 4–0 defeat to Zenit Saint Petersburg in the UEFA cup semi-final on 1 May 2008.[28] His last Bundesliga game was the 4–1 victory against Hertha Berlin on 17 May.[29]
After a twenty year-career, of which he played fourteen with Bayern, he had his professional farewell in a testimonial match versus the select Germany XI on 2 September 2008, which ended 1–1.[30] His last appearance for Bayern Munich was on 27 May 2008 at the Salt Lake Stadium (Yuvabharati Krirangan), Kolkata in a friendly against Mohun Bagan of India during Bayern's Asian tour of 2008. Around 120,000 people turned up for the match. The match ended 0–3 in favour of Bayern and Michael Rensing substituted him in the 55th minute.[31]
International career[link]
Kahn was initially called for the German national team as a late back-up for the 1994 FIFA World Cup;[32] however he made his first international appearance in a 2–1 victory against Switzerland on 23 June 1995,[33] two months after recovering from his cruciate ligament injury.[10] Along with Oliver Reck, Kahn was a reserve keeper of the squad, which won the 1996 UEFA European Football Championship in England.[34][35] He spent the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France on the bench, and it was not until Andreas Köpke announced his retirement at the end of the tournament that Kahn became the starting goalkeeper.[36] Two years after the 2000 UEFA European Football Championship, in which defending champions Germany made an embarrassing exit in the group stage,[37] Kahn received the squad's captaincy, succeeding the striker Oliver Bierhoff.[38]
Kahn experienced one of his worst performances in his international career against England in Munich in 2001. Germany were favored to win as they had beaten England in 2000 1–0 at Wembley stadium.[39] However, they were routed 5–1, including a hat-trick by Michael Owen.[40] Despite the defeat, Germany qualified for the World Cup after winning a playoff against Ukraine, and Kahn remained as Germany's number one for the upcoming Cup.[41][42] Kahn was named the best goalkeeper in the world by IFFHS for the second time in his career.[43]
Despite Germany's comparatively low expectations when for the 2002 FIFA World Cup,[44] the team advanced to the finals; Kahn allowed only three goals in the course of the competition, two of which were in the Final.[45] Playing the final match with torn ligaments in his right ring finger, Kahn allowed the first goal by fumbling a rebounded shot from Rivaldo to the feet of striker Ronaldo in the 67th minute. Once the game was over with Brazil as the new champion, he stood alone and disappointed in his goal;[46] nevertheless he refused to blame his injury for his mistake.[47]
"There is no consolation [...] it was the only mistake I made in seven games and it was brutally punished".
—Oliver Kahn's statements after the final of the 2002 World Cup.[3]
The FIFA Technical Study Group awarded him with the Lev Yashin Award for the best goalkeeper of the tournament, and became the first goalkeeper in history to win the Golden Ball for the best individual performance.[48] He also became the first German goalkeeper to keep five clean sheets in a World Cup tournament.[49] Kahn maintained his number one spot for the 2004 UEFA European Football Championship,[50] but Germany were once again eliminated in the group stage. Oliver Kahn gave up his captaincy to Michael Ballack after the tournament.[51]
Germany's new manager Jürgen Klinsmann, who replaced Rudi Völler, adopted the strategy of rotating the number one spot between Kahn and his longtime competitor, Jens Lehmann of Arsenal, to stimulate competition between the two.[52] On 7 April 2006, after two years of dispute for the position Klinsmann announced Lehmann was his first-choice goalkeeper for the 2006 World Cup.[53] Kahn decided to stay on as a backup for the competition; despite their acrimonious pre-tournament battle for Germany’s starting role, Kahn openly accepted Klinsmann’s decision. Kahn and Lehmann embraced and shook hands as the former offered words of encouragement before the quarter-final penalty shootout against Argentina.[54] In the postgame conference, Kahn publicly praised Lehmann for his two decisive penalty saves.[55]
After Germany was eliminated in the semi-finals by Italy, Kahn was given the start for the third place play-off held on 8 July 2006, which Germany won 3–1 against Portugal. In what was his last international appearance for Germany, he also received the captaincy of the team in the absence of the injured Michael Ballack.[56] Although overshadowed by Bastian Schweinsteiger’s game-winning performance in the match, Kahn played to a high standard, pulling off several saves.[57] Kahn deflected a shot by Portuguese forward Pauleta after he beat the German defence, and later saved Deco's shot made from just inside the penalty area.[58] Following the match, Oliver Kahn announced his retirement from the German National Team.[56] Throughout his international career he earned 86 caps for Germany, including 49 as team captain.[59] He never won a World Cup, but finished as runner-up in 2002 and third in 2006.[16][60]
Television career[link]
After the 2004 UEFA European Football Championship, he joined the ZDF sports team as an analyst for the German National Team's games.[61] In 2009, he was part of the jury of a China Central Television reality show, which aimed to find China's best young goalkeeper.[62] As of 2011, he started negotiations with television channel Sat.1 to introduce the same format to German television under the name Never give up - The Kahn Principle, in which the winner would receive a contract to play for a Bundesliga club.[63]
Personal life[link]
Kahn was born in Karlsruhe. He is of Latvian descent;[64] he had a Latvian grandmother and his father was born in Liepāja, where he remains well-known.[65] He has an older brother named Axel, who played in the second division for the Karlsruher.[66] In 2010, Kahn ended his ten-year marriage with his wife Simone, with whom he has had two children.[67] In February 2011 his girlfriend Svenja gave birth to a son.[68]
In 2009, he was offered the position of manager for the FC Schalke 04, which he turned down.[69] Two years thereafter, in April 2011, a German court fined Kahn €125,000 ($182,223) for tax evasion after failing to declare more than €6,000 of luxury clothing he bought on a trip to Dubai.[70]
He supports the Munich street-football league Bunt kickt gut,[71] which is considered a pioneer project of organized street-football and a Germany and Europa-wide model of intercultural understanding, education values and prevention;[72] the Sepp-Herberger foundation, which promotes football in schools, clubs, and prisons;[73] and the Justin Rockola Association, whose goal is the protection of young people against violence, alcohol and drugs.[74]
He received his coaching license in 2010.[63]
Reputation[link]
Kahn is widely admired for the stamina he showed to overcome the stresses and pressures of his career.[75] His profile on the Bayern Munich website lists his attributes as "impatient, disciplined, ambitious".[1]
During the 2002 World Championship in Japan and South Korea, Kahn gained popularity in Asia.[76] He was depicted in several television commercials, including one for the Shinkin bank.[77] In 2008, his wax figure in the Berlin branch of the Madame Tussaud museum was inaugurated.[78] Kahn is the subject of the song Olli Kahn by the German pop group Die Prinzen.[79]
Due to the formidable presence and influence that he showed during his professional career, Kahn's epithet is "The Titan".[80]
Career statistics[link]
| Club performance | League | Cup | Continental | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Germany | League | DFB-Pokal | Europe | Total | ||||||
| 1987–88 | Karlsruher SC | Bundesliga | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 2 | 0 | |
| 1988–89 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 2 | 0 | |||
| 1989–90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | |||
| 1990–91 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 22 | 0 | |||
| 1991–92 | 37 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | 39 | 0 | |||
| 1992–93 | 34 | 0 | 5 | 0 | – | 39 | 0 | |||
| 1993–94 | 31 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 44 | 0 | ||
| 1994–95 | Bayern Munich | Bundesliga | 23 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| 1995–96 | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 46 | 0 | ||
| 1996–97 | 32 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 38 | 0 | ||
| 1997–98 | 34 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 50 | 0 | ||
| 1998–99 | 30 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 51 | 0 | ||
| 1999–00 | 27 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 45 | 0 | ||
| 2000–01 | 32 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 52 | 0 | ||
| 2001–02 | 32 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 51 | 0 | ||
| 2002–03 | 33 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 45 | 0 | ||
| 2003–04 | 33 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 46 | 0 | ||
| 2004–05 | 32 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 49 | 0 | ||
| 2005–06 | 31 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 44 | 0 | ||
| 2006–07 | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 44 | 0 | ||
| 2007–08 | 26 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 42 | 0 | ||
| Total | Germany | 557 | 0 | 81 | 0 | 142 | 0 | 780 | 0 | |
| Career total | 557 | 0 | 81 | 0 | 142 | 0 | 780 | 0 | ||
1 Includes German Super Cup[81]
| Germany national team | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1995 | 2 | 0 |
| 1996 | 3 | 0 |
| 1997 | 3 | 0 |
| 1998 | 7 | 0 |
| 1999 | 6 | 0 |
| 2000 | 10 | 0 |
| 2001 | 10 | 0 |
| 2002 | 15 | 0 |
| 2003 | 9 | 0 |
| 2004 | 11 | 0 |
| 2005 | 7 | 0 |
| 2006 | 3 | 0 |
| Total | 86 | 0 |
Honours[link]
Bayern Munich[link]
Source:[1]
- Bundesliga (8): 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008
- DFB-Pokal (6): 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008
- German League Cup (6): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007
- UEFA Cup (1): 1996
- UEFA Champions League (1): 2001
- Intercontinental Cup (1): 2001
International[link]
Source:[14]
- UEFA European Championship: 1996
- FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place: 2005
- FIFA World Cup Second Place: 2002
- FIFA World Cup Third Place: 2006
Individual[link]
Source:[82]
- UEFA Champions League Man of the Match: 2001
- UEFA Fair-Play Award: 2001
- German Footballer of the Year: 2000, 2001
- Runner Up FIFA World Player of the Year: 2002
- European Footballer of the Year Bronze Ball: 2001, 2002
- IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 1999, 2001, 2002
- UEFA Club Football Awards – Best Goalkeeper: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
- Best European Goalkeeper: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
- Best Bundesliga Keeper: 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
- FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 2002
- Yashin Award: 2002
- FIFA World Cup awards: All-Star Team 2002
- FIFA 100
Further reading[link]
- Nummer eins, Droemer/Knaur 2004, ISBN 3-426-27346-2
- Ich. Erfolg kommt von Innen, riva premium Verlag 2008, ISBN 3-936994-99-4
- Du packst es! Wie du schaffst, was du willst Pendo/Piper Verlag 2010, ISBN 978-3-86612-279-6
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- ^ Brown, Oliver (20 November 2009). "Michael Ballack: Germany star player at World Cup 2010". The Daily Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group Limited). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/germany/6607254/Michael-Ballack-Germany-star-player-at-World-Cup-2010.html. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ Palmer, Martin (7 November 2004). "Stop the Kahn-Lehmann feud, says Bayern boss". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2004/nov/07/newsstory.sport1. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ "Lehmann ist die neue Nummer eins" (in German). Sport ARD. dpa/sid (ARD). 7 April 2006. http://www.sportschau.de/wm2006/wm/news200604/07/lehmann_kahn.jhtml. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ Walker, Michael (1 July 2006). "Lehmann's penalty heroics send Germany into raptures". The Guardian (Berlin: Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/jul/01/worldcup2006.match1. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ Whelan, Barry (28 July 2006). "Kahn praises Lehmann but stills feels frustration". MonstersandCritics. dpa (WotR Ltd). http://www.monstersandcritics.com/sport/worldcup2006/news/article_1176413.php/Kahn_praises_Lehmann_but_stills_feels_frustration. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ a b "Germany keeper Kahn quits international football". ESPNSoccernet. Reuters (Stuttgart: ESPN). 8 July 2006. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=373546&cc=3888. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ Glindmeier, Mike (8 July 2006). "Deutschland feiert den dritten Platz" (in German). Der Spiegel (Stuttgart: Spiegel-Verlag). http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,425766,00.html. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ "Germany 3–1 Portugal". BBC Sport. 8 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4991644.stm. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn - Sein Leben" (in German). TZ Online. 12 April 2008. http://www.tz-online.de/sport/fussball/fc-bayern/oliver-kahn---sein-leben-93558.html. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ "Germany is third!". Der Spiegel (Spiegel-Verlag). 7 September 2006. http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,425806,00.html. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn wird der neue Klopp beim ZDF" (in German). Die Welt (Axel Springer AG). 24 April 2008. http://www.welt.de/sport/article1926442/Oliver_Kahn_wird_der_neue_Klopp_beim_ZDF.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn to launch reality TV show in China" (in German). China Daily (China Daily Information Co). 18 July 2009. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2009-06/18/content_8296497.htm. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ a b Levitz, David (21 August 2011). "Former Germany captain to launch reality show". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15333282,00.html. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Kahn hat lettische Wurzeln" (in German). UEFA.com. 18 June 2004. http://de.uefa.com/uefaeuro2012/news/newsid=195443.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ^ "Der Viertel-Lette" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 18 June 2004. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/kapitaen-oliver-kahn-der-viertel-lette-1.317139. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ Osang, Alexander (5 June 2002). "Wer kann mir noch was sagen?" (in German). Der Siegel (Spiegel-Verlag). http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,199158,00.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Oliver und Simone Kahn: Scheidung" (in German). Gala.de. 18 August 2009. http://www.gala.de/stars/ticker/BSBS74598/Oliver-und-Simone-Kahn-Scheidung.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Oliver Kahn soll zum dritten Mal Vater geworden sein" (in German). Die Welt (Axel Springer AG). 6 February 2011. http://www.welt.de/vermischtes/prominente/article12463398/Oliver-Kahn-soll-zum-dritten-Mal-Vater-geworden-sein.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn sieht seine Zukunft nicht auf Schalke" (in German). DerWesten (WAZ NewMedia GmbH & Co). 11 March 2009. http://www.derwesten.de/sport/fussball/s04/Oliver-Kahn-sieht-seine-Zukunft-nicht-auf-Schalke-id864643.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn fined €125,000 for tax evasion". The Local. 21 April 2011. http://www.thelocal.de/sport/20110421-34561.html. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn mit Laureus-Preis geehrt" (in German). Die Welt (Axel Springer AG). 10 November 2010. http://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/sport/article10840340/Oliver-Kahn-mit-Laureus-Preis-geehrt.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Historie" (in German). Bunt kickt gut. Bunt kickt gut's Official Site. http://www.buntkicktgut.de/historie. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn gibt in JVA Iserlohn den Anstoß für neues Leben" (in German). Foundation Sepp Herberger's Official Site (German Football Association). 13 April 2011. http://www.sepp-herberger.de/main.php?id=111&news=340. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Justin Rockola Soforthilfe" (in German). Oliver Kahn's Official Site. http://www.oliver-kahn.de/justin_rockola_soforthilfe.php. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "German Information Centre Pretoria". German Government. http://www.germanyandafrica.diplo.de/Vertretung/pretoria__dz/en/06__S/sport__personalities/Oliver__Kahn.html. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
- ^ "Gesucht: Chinas Titan" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung (Süddeutsche Zeitung GmbH). 9 December 2008. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/castingshow-mit-oliver-kahn-gesucht-chinas-titan-1.380863. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Kahn wirbt für dubiose japanische Kreditgesellschaft" (in German). Der Spiegel (Spiegel-Verlag). 21 June 2004. http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/0,1518,305135,00.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Kahn's wax figure at Berlin's Madam Tussaud's Museum" (in German). Madam Tussaud's Berlin Official Site. Merlin Entertainments Group. 18 July 2009. http://www.madametussauds.com/Berlin/UnsereFiguren/SportStars/OliverKahn.aspx. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Olli Kahn". Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000065CZS. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
- ^ "Der Titan sagt Servus" (in German). Vanity Fair. 13 July 2007. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071210201239/http://www.vanityfair.de/articles/agenda/oliver-kahn/2007/07/13/02085/. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ a b "Oliver Kahn". FIFA's Official Site. FIFA. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=78091/index.html. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ "Keepers Profiles: Oliver Kahn". Goalkeeping Museum. 24 Hour Trading Ltd. http://goalkeeping-museum.com/keeper-profiles/oliver-kahn/. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oliver Kahn |
- Official website (German)
- Oliver Kahn – FIFA competition record
- Oliver Kahn's profile on Bayern Munich's Official Site
- Oliver Kahn's article in Encyclopædia Britannica
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kahn, Oliver Rolf |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | German footballer |
| Date of birth | 15 June 1969 |
| Place of birth | Karlsruhe, West Germany |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kahn
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Ludwig II" redirects here. For other uses, see Ludwig II (disambiguation).
| Ludwig II | |
|---|---|
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| Ludwig in c. 1874 | |
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| Reign | 10 March 1864 – 13 June 1886 |
| Predecessor | Maximilian II |
| Successor | Otto |
| Full name | |
| Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm | |
| House | House of Wittelsbach |
| Father | Maximilian II of Bavaria |
| Mother | Marie of Prussia |
| Born | (1845-08-25)25 August 1845 Nymphenburg Palace |
| Died | 13 June 1886(1886-06-13) (aged 40) Lake Starnberg |
| Burial | St. Michael's Church, Munich |
| Religion | Catholic |
Ludwig II (Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm;[1] sometimes rendered as Louis II in English) (25 August 1845[2] – 13 June 1886) was King of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly before his death. He is sometimes called the Swan King (English) and der Märchenkönig, the Fairy tale King (German). Additional titles were Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Franconia and in Swabia.[3]
Ludwig is sometimes also called "Mad King Ludwig", though the accuracy of that label has been disputed. His younger brother, Otto, was certifiably insane, thus the claim of hereditary madness was convenient. Because Ludwig was deposed on grounds of mental incapacity without any medical examination, questions about the medical "diagnosis" remain controversial. Adding to the controversy are the mysterious circumstances under which he died. King Ludwig and the doctor assigned to him in captivity at Castle Berg on Lake Starnberg were both found dead in the lake in waist-high water (Ludwig was well-known to be a strong swimmer), the doctor with unexplained injuries to the head and shoulders on the morning of June 13, 1886. [4] One of his most quoted sayings was "I wish to remain an eternal enigma to myself and to others."[5]
Ludwig is best known as an eccentric whose legacy is intertwined with the history of art and architecture. He commissioned the construction of two extravagant palaces and a castle, the most famous being Neuschwanstein, and was a devoted patron of the composer Richard Wagner. King Ludwig is generally well-liked and even revered by many Bavarians today, many of whom note the irony of his supposed madness and the fact that his legacy of architecture and art and the tourist income they generate help to make Bavaria the richest state in Germany.
Contents |
Life[link]
Childhood and adolescent years[link]
Born in Nymphenburg Palace (today located in suburban Munich), he was the eldest son of Maximilian II of Bavaria (then Crown Prince) and his wife Princess Marie of Prussia. His parents intended to name him Otto, but his grandfather, Ludwig I of Bavaria, insisted his grandson was to be named after him, since their common birthday, 25 August, is the feast day of Saint Louis, patron saint of Bavaria. A younger brother, born three years later, was named Otto.
Like many young heirs in an age when Kings governed most of Europe, Ludwig was continually reminded of his royal status. King Maximilian wanted to instruct both of his sons in the burdens of royal duty from an early age.[6] Ludwig was both extremely indulged and severely controlled by his tutors and subjected to a strict regimen of study and exercise. There are some who point to these stresses of growing up in a royal family as the causes for much of his odd behavior as an adult. Ludwig was not close with either of his parents.[7] King Maximilian's advisers had suggested that on his daily walks he might like, at times, to be accompanied by his future successor. The King replied, "But what am I to say to him? After all, my son takes no interest in what other people tell him."[8] Later, Ludwig would refer to his mother as "my predecessor's consort".[8] He was far closer to his grandfather, the deposed and notorious King Ludwig I, who came from a family of eccentrics.
Ludwig's childhood years did have happy moments. He lived for much of the time at Castle Hohenschwangau, a fantasy castle his father had built near the Schwansee (Swan Lake) near Füssen. It was decorated in the gothic style with countless frescoes depicting heroic German sagas. The family also visited Lake Starnberg. As an adolescent, Ludwig became close friends with his aide de camp, Prince Paul of Bavaria's wealthy Thurn und Taxis family. The two young men rode together, read poetry aloud, and staged scenes from the Romantic operas of Richard Wagner. The friendship ended when Paul became engaged in 1866. During his youth Ludwig also initiated a lifelong friendship with his half-first cousin once removed, Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria, later Empress of Austria.[7] They loved nature and poetry; Elisabeth called Ludwig "Eagle" and he called her "Dove."
Early reign and wars[link]
Crown Prince Ludwig had just turned 18 when his father died after a three-day illness, and he ascended the Bavarian throne.[8] Although he was not prepared for high office,[7] his youth and brooding good looks made him popular in Bavaria and elsewhere.[7] One of the first acts of his reign, a few weeks after his accession, was to summon composer Richard Wagner to his court in Munich.[7][9] Wagner had a notorious reputation as a revolutionary and a philanderer and was constantly on the run from creditors.[7] Ludwig had admired Wagner since first seeing his opera, Lohengrin, at the impressionable age of 15½, followed by Tannhäuser ten months later. Wagner's operas appealed to the king's fantasy-filled imagination. On 4 May 1864, the 51-year-old Wagner was given an unprecedented 1¾ hour audience with Ludwig in the Royal Palace in Munich; later the composer wrote of his first meeting with Ludwig, "Alas, he is so handsome and wise, soulful and lovely, that I fear that his life must melt away in this vulgar world like a fleeting dream of the gods."[7][9] The king was likely the saviour of Wagner's career. Without Ludwig, it is doubted that Wagner's later operas would have been composed, much less premiered at the prestigious Munich Royal Court Theatre, now the Bavarian State Opera House.
A year after meeting the King, Wagner presented his latest work, Tristan und Isolde, in Munich to great acclaim. But the composer’s perceived extravagant and scandalous behaviour in the capital was unsettling for the conservative people of Bavaria, and the King was forced to ask Wagner to leave the city six months later, in December 1865.
Ludwig’s interest in theatre was by no means confined to Wagner. In 1864, he laid the foundation stone of a new Court Theatre. This theatre is nowadays called the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz (Gärtnerplatz-Theater). In 1867, he appointed Karl von Perfall Director of the new theatre. Ludwig wished to introduce Munich theatre-goers to the best of European drama. Perfall, under Ludwig’s supervision, introduced the public to Shakespeare, Calderón, Mozart, Gluck, Ibsen, Weber and many others. He also raised the standard of interpretation of Schiller, Molière and Corneille.[10]
Between 1872 and 1885, the King had 209 private performances (Separatvorstellungen) given for himself alone or with a guest, in the two court theatres, comprising 44 operas (28 by Wagner, including eight of Parsifal), 11 ballets and 154 plays (the principal theme being Bourbon France) at a cost of 97,300 marks.[11] This was not due so much to misanthropy but, as the King complained to the theatre actor-manager Ernst Possart: "I can get no sense of illusion in the theatre so long as people keep staring at me, and follow my every expression through their opera-glasses. I want to look myself, not to be a spectacle for the masses."
Marriage and homosexuality[link]
The greatest stresses of Ludwig's early reign were pressure to produce an heir, and relations with militant Prussia. Both issues came to the forefront in 1867.
File:Ludwig II and Sophie of Bavaria.jpg
Ludwig II and Duchess Sophie in Bavaria in 1867
Ludwig became engaged to Duchess Sophie in Bavaria, his cousin and the youngest sister of his dear friend, Empress Elisabeth of Austria.[7] The engagement was publicized on 22 January 1867, but after repeatedly postponing the wedding date, Ludwig finally cancelled the engagement in October. A few days before the engagement had been announced, Sophie had received a letter from the King telling her what she already knew: "The main substance of our relationship has always been ... Richard Wagner's remarkable and deeply moving destiny."[12] After the engagement was broken off, Ludwig wrote to his former fiancee, "My beloved Elsa! Your cruel father has torn us apart. Eternally yours, Heinrich" (the names Elsa and Heinrich came from characters from Wagner operas)[12] Ludwig never married, but Sophie later married Ferdinand d'Orléans, duc d'Alençon (1844–1910).
Throughout his reign, Ludwig had a succession of close friendships with men, including his chief equerry and Master of the Horse, Richard Hornig (1843–1911), Hungarian theatre actor Josef Kainz, and courtier Alfons Weber (born c.1862). He began keeping a diary in which he recorded his private thoughts and his attempts to suppress his sexual desires and remain true to his Roman Catholic faith. Ludwig's original diaries from 1869 were lost during World War II, and all that remains today are copies of entries during the 1886 plot to depose him. These questionable copied diary entries, along with private letters and other surviving personal documents, have been said to suggest that Ludwig was homosexual and struggled with his orientation throughout his life.[13] (Homosexuality had not been punishable in Bavaria since 1813[14], however became punishable again in 1871 due to the Unification of Germany under Prussian hegemony, see Paragraph 175, an event due to which for instance early German gay activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs had to leave Bavaria, living the remainder of his life in exile in Italy) Some earlier diaries have survived in the Geheimes Hausarchiv in Munich and extracts starting in 1858 were published by Evers in 1986.[15]
The Seven Weeks' War[link]
Relations with Prussia took centre stage starting in 1866. During the Seven Weeks' War, which began in July, Ludwig agreed (as did several other German principalities) to take the side of Austria against Prussia.[7] When the two sides negotiated the war’s settlement, the terms required that Ludwig accept a mutual defense treaty with Prussia.
This treaty placed Bavaria back on the firing line three years later, when the Franco-Prussian War broke out. Prussia and her allies prevailed in this conflict, and an emboldened Prussia now finished her campaign to unify all of the minor German kingdoms into one German Empire under the rule of his uncle Wilhelm I of Prussia, who would now be declared Emperor, or Kaiser.
At the request of Prussian Minister President Bismarck (and in exchange for certain financial concessions), Ludwig wrote a letter (the so-called Kaiserbrief) in December 1870 endorsing the creation of the German Empire. With the creation of the Empire, Bavaria lost its status as an independent kingdom and became another state in the empire. Ludwig attempted to protest these alterations by refusing to attend the ceremony where Wilhelm I was proclaimed the new empire's first emperor.[16] However the Bavarian delegation under Prime Minister Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg had secured a privileged status of the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire (Reservatrechte). Within the Empire the Kingdom of Bavaria was even able to retain its own diplomatic body and its own army, which would fall under Prussian command only in times of war.
After the creation of the greater Germany, Ludwig increasingly withdrew from politics, and devoted himself to his personal creative projects, most famously his castles, where he personally approved every detail of the architecture, decoration and furnishing.
Ludwig’s castles[link]
Ludwig was notably eccentric in ways that made serving as Bavaria’s head of state problematic. He disliked large public functions and avoided formal social events whenever possible, and preferred a life of seclusion that he pursued with various creative projects. He last inspected a military parade on 22 August 1875 and last gave a Court banquet on 10 February 1876.[17] His mother had foreseen difficulties for Ludwig when she recorded her concern for her extremely introverted and creative son who spent much time day-dreaming. These idiosyncrasies combined with the fact that Ludwig avoided Munich and participating in the government there at all costs, caused considerable tension with the king's government ministers, but did not cost him popularity among the citizens of Bavaria. The king enjoyed traveling in the Bavarian countryside and chatting with farmers and laborers he met along the way. He also delighted in rewarding those who were hospitable to him during his travels with lavish gifts. He is still remembered in Bavaria as Unser Kini, which means "our cherished king" in the Bavarian dialect.
Ludwig also used his personal fortune (supplemented annually from 1873 by 270,000 marks from the Welfenfonds[18]) to fund the construction of a series of elaborate castles. In 1867 he visited Viollet-le-Duc's work at Pierrefonds, and the Palace of Versailles in France, as well as the Wartburg near Eisenach in Thuringia, which largely influenced the style of their construction. In his letters, Ludwig marveled at how the French had magnificently built up and glorified their culture (e.g., architecture, art, and music) and how miserably lacking Bavaria was in comparison. It became his dream to accomplish the same for Bavaria. These projects provided employment for many hundreds of local labourers and artisans and brought a considerable flow of money to the relatively poor regions where his castles were built. Figures for the total costs between 1869 and 1886 for the building and equipping of each castle were published in 1968: Schloß Neuschwanstein 6,180,047 marks; Schloß Linderhof 8,460,937 marks (a large portion being expended on the Venus Grotto); Schloß Herrenchiemsee (from 1873) 16,579,674 marks[19] In order to give an equivalent for the era, the British Pound sterling, being the monetary hegemon of the time, had a fixed exchange rate (based on the gold standard) at £1 = 20.43 Goldmarks.
In 1868, Ludwig commissioned the first drawings for two of his buildings. The first was Schloss Neuschwanstein, or "New Swan Castle on the Rock", a dramatic Romanesque fortress with soaring fairy-tale towers situated on an Alpine crag above Ludwig's childhood home, Castle Hohenschwangau (approximately, "High Swan Region"). Hohenschwangau was a medieval knights' caslte which his parents had purchased. Ludwig reputedly had spied the location and conceived of building a castle there while still a boy. The second was Herrenchiemsee, a replica of the palace at Versailles, France, which was sited on the "Herren" Island in the middle of Lake Chiemsee, and was built as a monument to Ludwig's admiration for Louis XIV, the magnificent "Sun King." Only the central portion of the palace was built; all construction halted on the king's death. Herrenchiemsee comprises 8,366 square feet, a "copy in miniature" compared with Versailles' 551,112 ft². The following year, Ludwig finished the construction of the royal apartment in the Residenz Palace in Munich, to which he had added an opulent conservatory or winter garden on the palace roof. It was started in 1867 as quite a small structure, but after extensions in 1868 and 1871, the dimensions reached 69.5mx17.2mx9.5m high. It featured an ornamental lake complete with skiff, a painted panorama of the Himalayas as a backdrop, an Indian fisher-hut of bamboo, a Moorish kiosk, and an exotic tent. The roof was a technically advanced metal and glass construction. The winter garden was closed in June 1886, partly dismantled the following year and demolished in 1897.[20][21]
In 1869, Ludwig oversaw the laying of the cornerstone for Schloss Neuschwanstein on a breathtaking mountaintop site. The walls of Neuschwanstein are decorated with frescoes depicting scenes from the legends used in Wagner's operas, including "Tannhäuser," "Tristan and Isolde," "Lohengrin," "Parsifal," and the somewhat less than mystic Meistersinger.[22]
After plans for a monumental festival theatre for Wagner's opera in Munich were thwarted by Court opposition, he supported the construction in 1872-76 of the Festspielhaus in the town of Bayreuth, and attended the dress rehearsal and third public performance of the complete Ring Cycle in 1876. In 1878, construction was completed on Ludwig’s Schloss Linderhof, an ornate palace in neo-French Rococo style, with handsome formal gardens. The grounds contained a Venus grotto lit by electricity, where Ludwig was rowed in a boat shaped like a shell. After seeing the Bayreuth performances Ludwig had built in the forest near Linderhof Hunding's Hut (Hundinghütte) (based on the stage set of the first act of Wagner's Die Walküre) complete with an artificial tree and a sword embedded in it. In Die Walküre, Siegfried's father Siegmund, pulls the sword from the tree. Hunding's Hut was destroyed in 1945 but a replica was constructed at Linderhof in 1990. In 1877 a small hermitage (Einsiedlei des Gurnemanz) as in the third act of Wagner's Parsifal was erected near Hunding's Hut, with a meadow of spring flowers, where the king would retire to read. (A replica made in 2000 can now be seen in the park at Linderhof.) Nearby a Moroccan House, purchased at the Paris World Fair in 1878, was erected alongside the mountain road. Sold in 1891 and taken to Oberammergau it was purchased by the government in 1980 and re-erected in the park at Linderhof after extensive restoration. Inside the palace, iconography reflected Ludwig's fascination with the absolutist government of Ancien Régime France. Ludwig saw himself as the "Moon King", a romantic shadow of the earlier "Sun King", Louis XIV of France. From Linderhof, Ludwig enjoyed moonlit sleigh rides in an elaborate eighteenth-century sleigh, complete with footmen in eighteenth century livery. Also in 1878, construction began on his Versailles-derived Herrenchiemsee.
In the 1880s, Ludwig’s plans proceeded undeterred. He planned construction of a new castle on Falkenstein ("Falcon Rock") near Pfronten in the Allgäu (a place he knew well: a diary entry for 16 October 1867 reads "Falkenstein wild, romantic"[23]) The first design was a sketch by Christian Jank in 1883 "very much like the Townhall of Liege" (Kreisel 1954, p. 82). Subsequent designs showed a modest villa with a square tower (Dollmann 1884) and a small Gothic castle (Schultze 1884, Hofmann 1886). [24] a Byzantine palace in the Graswangtal and a Chinese summer palace by the Plansee in Tyrol. By 1885, a road and water supply had been provided at Falkenstein but the old ruins remained untouched;[25] the other projects never got beyond initial plans.
Controversy and struggle for power[link]
Although the king had paid for his pet projects out of his own funds and not the state coffers,[26] that did not necessarily spare Bavaria from financial fallout. By 1885, the king was 14 million marks in debt, had borrowed heavily from his family, and rather than economizing, as his financial ministers advised him, he undertook new opulence and new designs without pause. He demanded that loans be sought from all of Europe's royalty, and remained aloof from matters of state. Feeling harassed and irritated by his ministers, he considered dismissing the entire cabinet and replacing them with fresh faces. The cabinet decided to act first.
Seeking a cause to depose Ludwig by constitutional means, the rebelling ministers decided on the rationale that he was mentally ill, and unable to rule. They asked Ludwig's uncle, Prince Luitpold, to step into the royal vacancy once Ludwig was deposed. Luitpold agreed, so long as the conspirators produced reliable proof that the king was in fact helplessly insane.
Between January and March 1886, the conspirators assembled the Ärztliches Gutachten or Medical Report, on Ludwig's fitness to rule. Most of the details in the report were compiled by Count von Holnstein, who was disillusioned with Ludwig and actively sought his downfall. Holnstein used his high rank and bribery to extract a long list of complaints, accounts, and gossip about Ludwig from among the king's servants. The litany of supposed bizarre behavior included his pathological shyness, his avoidance of state business, his complex and expensive flights of fancy, dining out of doors in cold weather and wearing heavy overcoats in summer, sloppy and childish table manners; dispatching servants on lengthy and expensive voyages to research architectural details in foreign lands; and abusive, violent threats to his servants.
While some of these accusations may have been accurate[citation needed], exactly which, and to what degree, may never be known. The conspirators approached the Imperial Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, who doubted the report's veracity, calling it "rakings from the King's wastepaper-basket and cupboards."[27] Bismarck commented after reading the Report that "the Ministers wish to sacrifice the King, otherwise they have no chance of saving themselves," and suggested that the matter be brought before the Bavarian Diet and discussed in a session of Parliament, but did not stop the ministers from carrying out their plan. [28]
In early June, the report was finalized and signed by a panel of four psychiatrists: Dr. Bernhard von Gudden, chief of the Munich Asylum; Dr Hubert von Grashey (who was Gudden's son-in-law); and their colleagues, a Dr. Hagen and a Dr. Hubrich. The report declared in its final sentences that the king suffered from paranoia, and concluded, "Suffering from such a disorder, freedom of action can no longer be allowed and Your Majesty is declared incapable of ruling, which incapacity will be not only for a year's duration, but for the length of Your Majesty's life." The men had never met the king except Gudden, once, twelve years earlier, nor examined him.[7]
Deposition[link]
At 4 a.m. on 10 June 1886, a government commission including Holnstein and von Gudden arrived at Neuschwanstein to formally deliver the document of deposition to the king and place him in custody. Tipped off an hour or two earlier by a faithful servant, his coachman Fritz Osterholzer, Ludwig ordered the local police to protect him, and the commissioners were turned back at the castle gate at gun-point. In an especially famous sideshow, the commissioners were attacked by 47-year-old local Baroness (Spera von Truchseß[29]) loyal to the king, who flailed at the men with her umbrella and then rushed to the king’s apartments to identify the conspirators. Ludwig then had the commissioners arrested, but after holding them captive for several hours, had them released.
That same day, the Government publicly proclaimed Luitpold as Prince Regent. The king’s friends and allies urged him to flee, or to show himself in Munich and thus regain the support of the people. Ludwig hesitated, instead issuing a statement, allegedly drafted by his aide-de-camp Count Alfred Dürckheim, which was published by a Bamberg newspaper on 11 June:
- The Prince Luitpold intends, against my will, to ascend to the Regency of my land, and my erstwhile ministry has, through false allegations regarding the state of my health, deceived my beloved people, and is preparing to commit acts of high treason. [...] I call upon every loyal Bavarian to rally around my loyal supporters to thwart the planned treason against the King and the fatherland.
The government succeeded in suppressing the statement by seizing most copies of the newspaper and handbills. Anton Sailer's pictorial biography of the King prints a photograph of this rare document. (The authenticity of the Royal Proclamation is doubted however, as it is dated 9 June, before the Commission arrived, it uses "I" instead of the royal "We" and there are orthographic errors.) As the king dithered, his support waned. Peasants who rallied to his cause were dispersed, and the police who guarded his castle were replaced by a police detachment of 36 men who sealed off all entrances to the castle.
Eventually the king decided he would try to escape, but it was too late. In the early hours of 12 June, a second commission arrived. The King was seized just after midnight and at 4 a.m. taken to a waiting carriage. He had asked Dr. Gudden, "How can you declare me insane? After all, you have never seen or examined me before." only to be told that "it was unnecessary; the documentary evidence [servants' tittle-tattle] is very copious and completely substantiated. It is overwhelming." [30] Ludwig was transported to Castle Berg on the shores of Lake Starnberg, south of Munich.
Mysterious death[link]
On 13 June 1886, around 6:00 pm, Ludwig asked Gudden to accompany him on a walk through the Schloß Berg parkland along the shore of Lake Starnberg. Gudden agreed; the walk may even have been his suggestion, and he told the aides not to accompany them. His words were ambiguous ("Es darf kein Pfleger mitgehen") and whether they were meant to follow at a discreet distance is not clear. The two men were last seen at about 6:30 p.m.; they were due back at eight but never returned. After searches were made for more than three hours by the entire castle personnel in a gale with heavy rain, at 11:30 p.m. that night, the bodies of both the King and von Gudden were found, head and shoulders above the shallow water near the shore. The King's watch had stopped at 6:54. Gendarmes patrolling the park had heard and seen nothing.
Ludwig's death was officially ruled a suicide by drowning, but this has been questioned.[31][32] Ludwig was known to have been a very strong swimmer in his youth, the water was approximately waist-deep where his body was found, and the official autopsy report indicated that no water was found in his lungs.[31][33] Ludwig had expressed suicidal feelings during the crisis, but the suicide theory does not fully explain Gudden's death. Gudden's body showed blows to the head and neck and signs of strangulation, leading to the suspicion that he was strangled to death by Ludwig.[7]
Many hold that Ludwig was murdered by his enemies while attempting to escape from Berg. One account suggests that the king was shot.[31] The King's personal fisherman, Jakob Lidl (1864–1933), stated, "Three years after the king's death I was made to swear an oath that I would never say certain things — not to my wife, not on my deathbed, and not to any priest ... The state has undertaken to look after my family if anything should happen to me in either peace time or war." Lidl kept his oath, at least orally, but left behind notes which were found after his death. According to Lidl, he had hidden behind bushes with his boat, waiting to meet the king, in order to row him out into the lake, where loyalists were waiting to help him escape. "As the king stepped up to his boat and put one foot in it, a shot rang out from the bank, apparently killing him on the spot, for the king fell across the bow of the boat."[31][34] However, the autopsy report indicates no scars or wounds found on the body of the dead king; on the other hand, many years later Countess Josephine von Wrba-Kaunitz would show her afternoon tea guests a grey Loden coat with two bullet holes in the back, asserting it was the one Ludwig was wearing.[35] Another theory suggests that Ludwig died of natural causes (such as a heart attack or stroke) brought on by the extreme cold (12°C) of the lake during an escape attempt.[31]
Ludwig’s remains were dressed in the regalia of the Order of Saint Hubert, and lay in state in the royal chapel at the Munich Residence Palace. In his right hand he held a posy of white jasmine picked for him by his cousin the Empress Elisabeth of Austria.[36] After an elaborate funeral on 19 June 1886, Ludwig's remains were interred in the crypt of the Michaelskirche in Munich. His heart, however, does not lie with the rest of his body. Bavarian tradition called for the heart of the king to be placed in a silver urn and sent to the Gnadenkapelle (Chapel of the Mercy) in Altötting, where it was placed beside those of his father and grandfather.
Three years after his death, a small memorial chapel was built overlooking the site and a cross erected in the lake. A remembrance ceremony is held there each year on 13 June.
The King was succeeded by his brother Otto, but since Otto was genuinely incapacitated by mental illness, the king's uncle Luitpold remained regent.
Legacy[link]
Most historians believe that Ludwig was deeply peculiar and irresponsible, but the question of clinical insanity remains unresolved.[4] The brain researcher Heinz Häfner disagreed that there were signs for insanity.[7] Others believe he may have suffered from the effects of chloroform used in an effort to control chronic toothache rather than any psychological disorder. His cousin Empress Elisabeth held that "The King was not mad; he was just an eccentric living in a world of dreams. They might have treated him more gently, and thus perhaps spared him so terrible an end."[citation needed]
King Ludwig’s uncle Luitpold maintained the regency until his own death in 1912 at the age of 91. He was succeeded as regent by his eldest son, also named Ludwig. The regency lasted for 13 months until November 1913, when the new regent, Ludwig, declared the regency at an end, deposed the still-living but still-institutionalized King Otto, and declared himself King Ludwig III of Bavaria. His reign lasted until the end of the First World War, when monarchy in all of Germany came to an end.
Today visitors pay tribute to King Ludwig by visiting his grave as well as his castles. Ironically, the very castles which were said to be causing the king’s financial ruin have today become extremely profitable tourist attractions for the Bavarian state. The palaces, given to Bavaria by Ludwig III's son Crown Prince Rupprecht in 1923,[37] have paid for themselves many times over and attract millions of tourists from all over the world to Germany each year.
Buildings[link]
It is not surprising that Ludwig II had a great interest in building. His paternal grandfather, King Ludwig I, had largely rebuilt Munich. It was known as the 'Athens on the Isar'. His father, King Maximilian II had also continued with more construction in Munich as well as the construction of Hohenschwangau Castle, the childhood home of Ludwig II, near the future Neuschwanstein Castle of Ludwig II. Ludwig II had planned to build a large opera house on the banks of the Isar river in Munich. This plan was vetoed by the Bavarian government.[38] Using similar plans, a festival theatre was built later in his reign from Ludwig's personal finances at Bayreuth.
- Winter Garden, Residenz Palace, Munich, an elaborate winter garden built on the roof of the Residenz Palace in Munich. It featured an ornamental lake with gardens and painted frescos. It was roofed over using a technically advanced metal and glass construction.[20] After the death of Ludwig II, it was dismantled in 1897 due to water leaking from the ornamental lake through the ceiling of the rooms below. Photographs and sketches still record this incredible creation which included a grotto, a Moorish kiosk, an Indian royal tent, an artificially illuminated rainbow and intermittent moonlight.[20][39]
- Neuschwanstein Castle,[40] or "New Swan Stone Castle", a dramatic Romanesque fortress with Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic interiors, which was built high above his father's castle: Hohenschwangau. Numerous wall paintings depict scenes from the legends Wagner used in his operas. Christian glory and chaste love figure predominantly in the iconography, and may have been intended to help Ludwig live up to his religious ideals, but the bedroom decoration depicts the illicit love of Tristan & Isolde (after Gottfried von Strasbourg's poem). The castle was not finished at Ludwig's death; the Kemenate was completed in 1892 but the watch-tower and chapel were only at the foundation stage in 1886 and were never built.[41] The residence quarters of the King - which he first occupied in May 1884[42] - can be visited along with the servant's rooms, kitchens as well as the monumental throne room. Unfortunately the throne was never completed although sketches show how it might have looked on completion.[43]
Neuschwanstein Castle is a landmark well known by many non-Germans, and was used by Walt Disney in the twentieth century as the inspiration for the Sleeping Beauty Castles at Disneylands around the world. The castle has had over 50 million visitors since it was opened to the public on 1 August 1886, including 1.3 million in 2008 alone.[44]
- Linderhof Castle, an ornate palace in neo-French Rococo style, with handsome formal gardens. Just north of the palace, at the foot of the Hennenkopf, the park contains a Venus grotto where Ludwig was rowed in a shell-like boat on an underground lake lit with red, green or "Capri" blue effects by electricity, a novelty at that time, provided by one of the first generating plants in Bavaria.[45] Stories of private musical performances here are probably apochryphal; nothing is known for certain.[46] In the forest nearby a romantic wooded hut was also built around an artificial tree (see Hundinghütte above). Inside the palace, iconography reflects Ludwig's fascination with the absolutist government of Ancien Régime France. Ludwig saw himself as the "Moon King", a romantic shadow of the earlier "Sun King", Louis XIV of France. From Linderhof, Ludwig enjoyed moonlit sleigh rides in an elaborate eighteenth century sleigh, complete with footmen in eighteenth century livery. He was known to stop and visit with rural peasants while on rides, adding to his legend and popularity. The sleigh can today be viewed with other royal carriages and sleds at the Carriage Museum (Marstallmusem) at Nymphenburg Palace in Munich. Its lantern was illuminated by electricity supplied by a battery.[47] There is also a Moorish Pavilion in the park of Schloß Linderhof.
- Herrenchiemsee, a replica (although only the central section was ever built) of Louis XIV's palace at Versailles, France, which was meant to outdo its predecessor in scale and opulence - for instance, at 98 meters the Hall of Mirrors and its adjoining Halls of War and Peace is slightly longer than the original. The palace is located on the Herren Island in the middle of the Chiemsee Lake. Most of the palace was never completed once the king ran out of money, and Ludwig lived there for only 10 days in October 1885, less than a year before his mysterious death.[42] It is interesting to note that tourists come from France to view the recreation of the famous Ambassadors' Staircase. The original Ambassadors' Staircase at Versailles was demolished in 1752.[48]
- Ludwig also outfitted Schachen king's house with an overwhelmingly decorative Arabian style interior, including a replica of the famous Peacock Throne. There are allegations of luxurious parties with the king sometimes reclining in the role of Turkish sultan while the most handsome soldiers and stable boys served him as scantily clad dancers.
- Falkenstein, a planned, but never executed "robber baron's castle" in the Gothic style. A painting by Christian Jank shows the proposed building as an even more fairytale version of Neuschwanstein, perched on a rocky cliff high above Castle Neuschwanstein.
Ludwig II left behind a large collection of plans and designs for other castles that were never built, as well as plans for further rooms in his completed buildings. Many of these designs are housed today in the King Ludwig II Museum at Herrenchiemsee Castle. These building designs date from the latter part of the King's reign, beginning around 1883. As money was starting to run out, the artists knew that their designs would never be executed. The designs became more extravagant and numerous as the artists realized that there was no need to concern themselves with economy or practicality.
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Ludwig and the arts[link]
File:Wagner Ludwig.jpg
Ludwig II with Richard Wagner, the composer of Lohengrin and many other romantic operas, at the piano
It has been said that Richard Wagner’s late career is part of Ludwig’s legacy, since he almost certainly would have been unable to complete his opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen or to write his final opera, Parsifal, without the king’s support.
Ludwig also sponsored the premieres of Tristan und Isolde, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, and, through his financial support of the Bayreuth Festival, those of Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal.[49]
Ludwig provided Munich with its Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz, establishing a lasting tradition of performing the best of European drama.
Ludwig in popular culture[link]
Literature, stage, games, and film[link]
- The 1972 film Ludwig, directed by Luchino Visconti was based on his life. It traces the life of Ludwig II from his accession to death, and stars Helmut Berger as Ludwig II and Romy Schneider as the Austrian Empress Elisabeth.
- The 1972 German film Ludwig - Requiem für einen jungfräulichen König (Ludwig - Requiem for a Virgin King), written and directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg provides a more personal, sympathetic and idiosyncratic account of the King's life from his boyhood to his death. It stars Harry Baer and Balthasar Thomass as Ludwig II, and Gerhard Maerz and Anette Tirier as Richard Wagner.
- An earlier film, directed by Helmut Kautner, entitled Ludwig II (1955), starred O. W. Fischer in the role of Ludwig II and Ruth Leuwerik in the role of Empress Elizabeth.
- An epic film, Wagner (1983), directed by Tony Palmer, on the life of Richard Wagner, starring Richard Burton in the role of Wagner, also features László Gálffi in the substantial role of King Ludwig.
- The early 21st century play Valhalla by playwright Paul Rudnick prominently features Ludwig as the play unfolds in 19th century Bavaria and 1940s Texas.
- A play by Jordan Harrison, "Doris to Darlene: A Cautionary Valentine," features Ludwig II and his relationship with Wagner as two central characters. It premiered at Playwrights Horizons in New York in December 2007.
- The three-volume manga series Ludwig II (ルートヴィヒII世) by the artist You Higuri, published by Kadokawa Shoten, is a highly fictionalized account of Ludwig's love life.
- The Busch Gardens Williamsburg ride The Curse of DarKastle features Ludwig as a king whose parents, and later, party guests "mysteriously disappeared", and who now haunts his old castle terrorizing guests riding golden sleighs. As with Gabriel Knight 2: The Beast Within, werewolves figure in the ride.
- Takarazuka Revue has adopted the life of the emperor for a musical production.
- Ludwig figures in The Alabaster Egg, a novel by Gillian Freeman.
- There is an anecdote of the death of Ludwig II by T. S. Eliot in the first stanza of The Waste Land.
- Sharyn McCrumb's 1984 mystery novel Sick of Shadows features a character who identifies with Ludwig II and builds a replica of Neuschwanstein castle in Georgia. The novel also acts out a few more disturbing incidents from Ludwig's life.
- The 1993 novel Sherlock in Love by Sena Jeter Naslund features an appearance by the Mad King Ludwig.
- In the 1993 film Ludwig 1881, Helmut Berger reprises his role as Ludwig II in an episode involving the actor Josef Kainz, who is invited to accompany the king on a cruise on a Swiss lake, in order to recreate scenes from a story which actually took place around the lake.
- The story of Ludwig II is discussed by the characters of the 1947 novel Doktor Faustus by Thomas Mann, in chapter XL.
- Ludvig II is a prominent character in the 1995 computer game Gabriel Knight 2: The Beast Within.
- Ludwig II is a prominent character in the 1994 steampunk/fantasy role-playing game Castle Falkenstein. In the game world, Ludwig's death was really an abduction by the faerie folk of New Europa. His real-world eccentricities are an asset to Bavaria because they allow him to work with faeries and other magical creatures more effectively than his rivals in Prussia.
- Ludwig's life and 'swan obsession' features in 'The Secret Crown', by author Chris Kuzneski. The book focuses on the 2 main characters following a trail that leads to them investigating Ludwig's life and castles in hopes of finding his secret treasure.
Music[link]
- Illusions like ‘Swan Lake’, a restaging of Tchaikovsky’s ballet Swan Lake by John Neumeier to reflect the life of Ludwig II.
- A number of musicals based on the life of Ludwig II have been staged. One was called, Ludwig: The Musical by Rolf Rettburg and another, Ludwig II: Longing For Paradise with music by Franz Hummel and lyrics by Stephen Barbarino. A special theatre was constructed on the shores of the lake at Fussen, not far from Castles Hohenschwangau and Neuschwanstein, specifically for the musical performances.
- The Clean's spoken-word song Ludwig, and Amon Duul II's 1975 song of the same name are about him.
- The electronic duo Matmos recorded a song entitled "Banquet for King Ludwig II of Bavaria" on their 2006 album The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast.
- Electronic music composer Klaus Schulze wrote the song "Ludwig II von Bayern" on his album X, a concept album of six "musical biographies" evoking contemporary or historical intellectuals with an influence on Schulze.
- In 2010, the German power metal group Freedom Call released a concept album about the life of King Ludwig II, called Legend of the Shadowking.
- The song King Ludwig II, by AEIOU.
Ancestors[link]
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Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]
Titles and styles[link]
- 25 August 1845 - 28 March 1848 His Royal Highness Prince Ludwig of Bavaria
- 28 March 1848 - 10 March 1864 His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Bavaria
- 10 March 1864 – 13 June 1886 His Majesty The King [of Bavaria]
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ He was originally named Otto Ludwig and Friedrich Wilhelm was his father, but on 8 Sept. 1845 he was called Ludwig, after his grandfather, who was born on the same day (St Ludwig's Day). See Böhm 1924, pp. 1f; Chapman-Huston 1955, p. 4; Schlim 2005, p. 5.
- ^ At 00.28 hours: J.G. Wolf 1922, p. 16. Compare Ludwig's remark to Anton Niggl on 11/12 June 1886 about being born & going to die at 12.30 (Hacker 1966, p. 363 quoting Gerold 1914, pp. 91-3)
- ^ See e.g., Adreßbuch von München 1876, p. 1.
- ^ a b Desing, 1996.
- ^ "Ein ewig Rätsel bleiben will ich mir und anderen." In a letter dated 27 April 1876 to the actress Marie Dahn-Hausmann (1829-1909), whom he may have regarded as a kind of substitute mother (published by Conrad in Die Propyläen 17, Munich, 9 July 1920). The words are based on a passage in Schiller's 1803 drama Die Braut von Messina II/1.
- ^ Nohbauer, 1998, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Der Mythos vom Märchenkönig". focus.de. 2010-06-12. http://www.focus.de/wissen/bildung/deutsche_geschichte/tid-22518/125-todestag-der-mythos-vom-maerchenkoenig_aid_632826.html. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
- ^ a b c Nohbauer, 1998, p. 12.
- ^ a b Nohbauer, 1998, p. 25.
- ^ Rall, Petzet and Merta (2001), King Ludwig II
- ^ See Kurt Hommel: Die Separatvorstellungen vor König Ludwig II. von Bayern (Munich, 1963)
- ^ a b Nohbauer, 1998, p. 40.
- ^ McIntosh, 1982, pp. 155–158.
- ^ Till 2010, p. 48
- ^ Hans Gerhard Evers: Ludwig II. von Bayern. Theaterfürst-König-Bauherr (Munich, 1986)
- ^ Nohbauer, 1998, p. 37.
- ^ Hojer 1986, p. 138
- ^ Gerhard Hojer (ed.): König Ludwig II.-Museum Herrenchiemsee. Katalog (Munich, 1986, p. 137)
- ^ Petzet Katalog 1968, p. 226.
- ^ a b c Nohbauer, 1998, p. 18.
- ^ See Die Wintergarten König Ludwigs II. in der Münchener Residenz by Elmar D. Schmid in Gerhard Hojer (ed.): König Ludwig II. Museum Herrenchiemsee. Katalog. (Munich, 1986), pp. 62-94 & 446-451.
- ^ "The pictures in the new castle shall follow the sagas and not Wagner's interpretation of them." Letter from footman Adalbert Welker to Court secretary Ludwig von Bürkel 5 April 1879 (Petzet 1970, p. 138)
- ^ Evers 1986, p. 228.
- ^ See Petzet Katalog 1968 & Hojer 1986, pp. 298-304 for details.
- ^ Hojer 1986, p. 300.
- ^ Nohbauer, 1998, p. 73.
- ^ Blunt 1970, p.216
- ^ http://schwangau.de/646.0.html
- ^ Esperanza Truchsess von Wetzhausen née von Sarachaga, of Spanish descent, born Petersburg 1839, married 1862 Friedrich Truchsess von Wetzhausen (1825-94); died after 1909: Böhm 1922, p. 600.
- ^ name=nohbauer82
- ^ a b c d e Nohbauer, 1998, p. 88.
- ^ von Burg, 1989, p. 315.
- ^ von Burg, 1989, p. 308.
- ^ von Burg, 1989, p. 311.
- ^ http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,515924,00.html
- ^ Nohbauer, 1998, p. 86.
- ^ "Princess Irmingard of Bavaria". The Daily Telegraph (London). 8 November 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8118338/Princess-Irmingard-of-Bavaria.html.
- ^ Petzet and Neumeister, 1995, p. 24.
- ^ Calore, 1998, pp. 164-165.
- ^ First so-called only in 1891: Baumgartner 1981, p. 78
- ^ Hojer 1986, p. 294
- ^ a b Merta 2005, p. 190
- ^ Calore, 1998, p. 89.
- ^ Till 2010, p. 34
- ^ Petzet 1970, p. 144
- ^ Petzet 1970, p. 146
- ^ Petzet 1968, no. 780
- ^ Calore, 1998, p. 60.
- ^ See Detta & Michael Petzet 1970, passim
Bibliography[link]
- English-language biographies and related information on Ludwig II
- Blunt, Wilfred; Petzet, Michael. The Dream King: Ludwig II of Bavaria. (1970) ISBN 0-241-11293-1, ISBN 0-14-003606-7.
- von Burg, Katerina. Ludwig II of Bavaria. (1989) ISBN 1-870417-02-X.
- Calore, Paola. Past and Present Castles of Bavaria. (1998) ISBN 1-84056-019-3.
- Chapman-Huston, Desmond. Bavarian Fantasy: The Story of Ludwig II. (1955) (Much reprinted but not entirely reliable; the author died before completing the biography.)
- King, Greg. The Mad King: The Life and Times of Ludwig II of Bavaria. (1996) ISBN 1-55972-362-9.
- McIntosh, Christopher. The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria. (1982) ISBN 1-86064-892-4.
- Nöhbauer, Hans. Ludwig II. (Taschen, 1998) ISBN 3-8228-7430-2.
- Rall, Hans; Petzet, Michael; Merta, Franz. King Ludwig II. Reality and Mystery. (Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg, 2001. ISBN 3-7954-1427-X (This English translation of König Ludwig II. Wirklichkeit und Rätsel is based on the 1980 German edition, despite revisions contained in the 1986 and subsequent German editions. Includes an itinerary by Merta of Ludwig's travels 1864-86. Rall [1912-98] was formerly Chief Archivist of the Geheimes Hausarchiv in Munich.)
- Richter, Werner. The Mad Monarch: The Life and Times of Ludwig II of Bavaria. (Chicago, 1954; 280 pages; abridged translation of German biography)
- Spangenberg, Marcus: The Throne Room in Schloss Neuschwanstein: Ludwig II of Bavaria and his vision of Divine Right (1999) ISBN 978-3-7954-1233-3
- Wrba, Ernst (photos) & Kühler, Michael (text). The Castles of King Ludwig II. (Verlagshaus Würzburg, 2008; 128 richly illustrated pages.) ISBN 978-3-8003-1868-1
- Merkle, Ludwig: Ludwig II and his Dream Castles (Stiebner Verlag, Munich, 2nd edition 2000; 112 pages, 27 colour & 35 monochrome illus., 28.5 x 24.5 cm) ISBN 978-3-8307-1019-6
- Krückmann, Peter O.: The Land of Ludwig II: the Royal Castles and Residences in Upper Bavaria and Swabia (Prestel Verlag, Munich, 2000; 64 pages, 96 colour illus, 23 x 30 cm) ISBN 3-7913-2386-5
- Till, Wolfgang: Ludwig II King of Bavaria: Myth and Truth (Vienna, Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2010: 112 pages, 132 illus., 21 cm: Engl. edition of Ludwig II König von Bayern: Mythos und Wahrheit [2010]) ISBN 978850334587 (The author was formerly Director of the Munich Civic Museum)
- German-language biographies and related information on Ludwig II
- Botzenhart, Christof: Die Regierungstätigkeit König Ludwig II. von Bayern - "ein Schattenkönig ohne Macht will ich nicht sein" (München, Verlag Beck, 2004, 234 S.) ISBN 3-406-10737-0.
- Design, Julius: Wahnsinn oder Verrat - war König Ludwig II. von Bayern geisteskrank? (Lechbruck, Verlag Kienberger, 1996)
- Hojer, Gerhard: König Ludwig II. - Museum Herrenchiemsee (München, Hirmer Verlag, 1986) ISBN 3-7774-4160-0.
- Petzet, Michael: König Ludwig und die Kunst (Prestel Verlag, München, 1968) (Exhibition catalogue)
- Petzet, Detta und Michael: Die Richard Wagner-Bühne Ludwigs II. (München, Prestel-Verlag, 1970: 840 pages, over 800 illus., 24.5x23cm) (Even for the non-German reader this is an important source of illustrations of designs, stage settings & singers in the early productions of Wagner's operas at Munich & Bayreuth.)
- Petzet, Michael; Neumeister, Werner: Ludwig II. und seine Schlösser: Die Welt des Bayerischen Märchenkönigs (Prestel Verlag, München, 1995) ISBN 3-7913-1471-8. (New edition of 1980 book.)
- Reichold, Klaus: König Ludwig II. von Bayern - zwischen Mythos und Wirklichkeit, Märchen und Alptraum; Stationen eines schlaflosen Lebens (München, Süddeutsche Verlag, 1996)
- Richter, Werner: Ludwig II., König von Bayern (1939; frequently reprinted: 14. Aufl.; München, Stiebner, 2001, 335 S.) ISBN 3-8307-1021-6. (See above for English translation. Richter 1888-1969 was a professional biographer of great integrity.)
- Schäffler, Anita; Borkowsky, Sandra; Adami, Erich: König Ludwig II. von Bayern und seine Reisen in die Schweiz - 20. Oktober - 2. November 1865, 22. Mai - 24. Mai 1866, 27. Juni - 14. Juli 1881; eine Dokumentation (Füssen, 2005)
- Wolf, Georg Jacob (1882–1936): König Ludwig II. und seine Welt (München, Franz Hanfstaengl, 1922; 248 pages, many monochrome illus., 24 cm)
- Spangenberg, Marcus: Der Thronsaal von Schloss Neuschwanstein: König Ludwig II. und sein Verständnis vom Gottesgnadentum (1999) ISBN 978-3-7954-1225-8
- Rupert Hacker: Ludwig II. von Bayern in Augenzeugenberichten. (1966, 471 pages) (A valuable anthology of published & archival material, compiled by the Director of the Bavarian Civil Service College.)
- Wilhelm Wöbking: Der Tod König Ludwigs II. von Bayern. (Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 1986, 414 pages) (Includes many documents from the Bavarian State Archives.)
- Schlimm, Jean Louis: König Ludwig II. Sein leben in Bildern und Memorabilien (Nymphenburger, München, 2005; 96 pages, many illus., 24 x 24 cm) ISBN 3-485-01066-9
- Rall, Hans; Petzet, Michael; & Merta, Franz: König Ludwig II. Wirklichkeit und Rätsel (Regensburg, Schnell & Steiner, 3rd edition 2005: 192 pages, 22 colour & 52 monochrome illus., 22.5x17cm) ISBN 3-7954-1426-1
- Nöhbauer, Hans F.: Auf den Spuren König Ludwigs II. Ein Führer zu Schlössern und Museen, Lebens- und Errinerungsstätten des Märchenkönigs. (München, Prestel Verlag, 3rd edition 2007: 240 pages, 348 illus, with plans & maps, 24x12cm) ISBN 978791340081
- Baumgartner, Georg: Königliche Träume: Ludwig II. und seine Bauten. (München, Hugendubel, 1981: 260 pages, lavishly illustrated with 440 designs, plans, paintings & historic photos.; 30.5 x 26 cm) ISBN 3-88034-105-2
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ludwig II of Bavaria |
- The 125th Anniversary of the Death of King Ludwig II, photo essay by Alan Taylor, "In Focus", The Atlantic, June 13, 2011
- Mysterious death of King Ludwig
- New theory about the possible murder of Ludwig II
- Video on YouTube of the ballet Illusions – like “Swan Lake”
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Ludwig II of Bavaria
Born: 25 August 1845 Died: 13 June 1886 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
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| Preceded by Maximilian II |
.jpg) King of Bavaria 1864-1886 |
Succeeded by Otto |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Ludwig 02 Of Bavaria |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 25 August 1845 |
| Place of birth | Nymphenburg Palace |
| Date of death | 13 June 1886 |
| Place of death | Lake Starnberg |
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Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Ludovico II di Baviera
http://cs.wn.com/Ludvík II. Bavorský
http://id.wn.com/Ludwig II dari Bayern
http://es.wn.com/Luis II de Baviera
http://ru.wn.com/Людвиг II (король Баварии)
http://nl.wn.com/Lodewijk II van Beieren
http://pt.wn.com/Luís II da Baviera
http://pl.wn.com/Ludwik II Wittelsbach
http://fr.wn.com/Louis II de Bavière (1845-1886)
http://de.wn.com/Ludwig II. (Bayern)
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
