Municipality of Kibawe
Official seal of Municipality of Kibawe Seal
Map of Bukidnon showing the location of Kibawe, Bukidnon
Country	Philippines
Region	Region X
Province	Bukidnon
Districts	3rd District
Barangays	23
Incorporated (town)	July 1, 1956
Government
• Mayor	minerva c.casinabe
• Vice Mayor	luciano ligan
Area
• Total	301.43 km2 (116.38 sq mi)
Elevation	337.19 m m (1,106.25 ft)
Population (2000)
• Total	32,955
• Density	109/km2 (283/sq mi)
Time zone	PST (UTC+8)
ZIP code	8720
Area code(s)	88

Kibawe is a 4th class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 32,955 people in 6,413 households.

History[link]

In the early days of the American regime, Kibawe was populated by a tribe of Mamadas people. The Mamadas people were nomadic by nature and subsisted on hunting and forest products. They maintained small plots of corn, camote and gabi in places where they built their temporary shelters. They practised a feudal type of government and were responsible only to their datus who governed as their political chieftain, judge, religious leader and armed-forces chief. The most famous among the “datus” was Datu Mambantayao. Datu Mambantayao's bravery and love for his subjects were unexcelled and remain in the hearts and minds of the people to this day. One of the historic events of his life as a datu was the capturing of a lady whom he loved. She was abducted by a tribe from Bugcaon, Malaybalay, Bukidnon, seventy kilometers away from Kibawe. Datu Mambantayao, along with his armed trained warriors marched to Bugcaon, which they attacked heavily, plundering and killing the Bugcaons’ chieftain for the recovery of the lady who he later married. Datu Mambantayao named this place Kibawe from the word “Guibawe” meaning recovery.

Bukidnon was eventually created as a separate province from Agusan. Kibawe became a barrio of Maramag. It now occupied the southern portion of Bukidnon, bounded on the north by Maramag, on the south by Carmen, Cotabato, on the east by Magpet, Cotabato and on the west by Lanao Sur. It covered the present areas of the mother municipality of Kibawe, the daughter municipalities of Dangcagan, Damulog and Kadingilan and grand daughter municipality of Kitaotao, with a land area of approximately 1,250 km².

Kibawe became a municipal district in 1931 and then became a regular municipality on July 1, 1956 under Executive Order 272 issued by the late President of the Philippines, President Carlos P. Garcia. Later on, barrio Dangcagan separated into a regular municipality. The growth and development of the municipality served high after the Second World War as immigrants from all over the country (mainly from Visayas and Mindanao) came flocking into the fertile valleys and low mountains of the community.

The original populace of the town, the Manobos, have practically been replaced by the above mentioned lowlanders. To date, only a few Manobos remain in the interior barrios. In the year 1972, the big barrios of Damulog and Kadingilan were created into separate municipalities. Thus, Kibawe retained the land area of 301.43 square kilometers. The Kibaweños of today are people of diverse ethnic origin including Cebuanos, Boholanos, Samariños, Leyteños, Sequijodnons, and Camiguingnon. From Luzon have come the Chinese, Ilongos, Manobos and Misamisnon. All are hardworking, friendly, peace-loving and law-abiding. Together, they work towards a common goal - the socio-economic advancement and amelioration of their lives as a whole.

Physical features[link]

Geographical Location[link]

Kibawe is a rich land at the center of Mindanao, located in southern Bukidnon. It is bounded in the north by the municipality of Dangcagan, on the south by the municipality of Damulog, on the east by the municipality of Magpet, North Cotabato and on the west by the municipality of Kadingilan with Muleta River serving as a natural boundary. It has a total land area of 301.43 square kilometers, with an approximate land elevation of 1,106.25 feet (337.19 m) above sea level.

Topography[link]

Kibawe has a larger percentage of rolling than plain areas. A rough estimate is 80% rolling hills and 20% plainlands. The important landmarks of the municipality are several mountain peaks, clustered over most of the barangays. Pulangi and Muleta Rivers serve as the major fishing grounds of the people residing near the bank, as do the beautiful and magnificent Paragupac Cave in Barangay Spring and the Rogobrob spring at Barangay New Kidapawan.

Climate[link]

The climate conditions of the entire municipality of Kibawe is pleasant and cool throughout the year. It is relatively dry from January to April and wet the rest of the year.

Barangays[link]

Kibawe is politically subdivided into 23 barangays.

Famous people born in Kibawe, Bukidnon[link]

• Manny Pacquiao - Filipino boxer, eight-division world champion^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Philippine Standard Geographic Code
• 2000 Philippine Census Information
• Kibaweños Cyber Hang-out

Coordinates: 7°34′N 124°59′E / 7.567°N 124.983°E / 7.567; 124.983

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

Bukidnon Lalawigan ng Bukidnon Probinsiya sa Bukidnon
—  Province  —
Official seal of Bukidnon Seal
Map of the Philippines with Bukidnon highlighted
Coordinates: 7°55′N 125°05′E / 7.917°N 125.083°E / 7.917; 125.083Coordinates: 7°55′N 125°05′E / 7.917°N 125.083°E / 7.917; 125.083
Country	Philippines
Region	Northern Mindanao (Region X)
Founded	March 10, 1917
Capital	Malaybalay City
Government
• Type	Province of the Philippines
• Governor	Alex P. Calingasan (Lakas-Kampi-CMD)
• Vice Governor	Jose Maria Zubiri, Jr. (Lakas-Kampi-CMD)
Area
• Total	10,498.59 km2 (4,053.53 sq mi)
Area rank	4th out of 80
Population (2007)
• Total	1,190,284
• Rank	21st out of 80
• Density	110/km2 (290/sq mi)
• Density rank	63rd out of 80
Divisions
• Independent cities	0
• Component cities	2
• Municipalities	20
• Barangays	464
• Districts	1st to 3rd districts of Bukidnon
Time zone	PHT (UTC+8)
ZIP Code
Spoken languages	Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Binukid, Tagalog, English

Bukidnon (/buːˈkɪdnɒn/; Cebuano: Probinsiya sa Bukidnon; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Bukidnon) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region.^[1] Its capital is Malaybalay City. The province borders, clockwise starting from the north, Misamis Oriental, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, and Lanao del Norte.

Bukidnon is considered by Filipinos to be the food basket of Mindanao. It is the major producer of rice and corn in the region. Plantations in the province also produce pineapples, bananas and sugarcane.

There are no seaports in the province, although there is an airport in Malaybalay City. The airport is currently closed. To get to Bukidnon, one must travel by land from Cagayan de Oro City in Misamis Oriental Province.

History[link]

Political history[link]

Bukidnon became a part of Misamis in the latter part of 1850. The whole area was then called Malaybalay (few houses) and the people were known as Bukidnons (mountain people). The Philippine Commission, then headed by Commissioner Dean C. Worcester, Secretary of Interior, proposed the separation of Bukidnon from Misamis Province. On August 20, 1907, the Philippine Commission Act No. 1693 was enacted the Province of Agusan and sub- province of Bukidnon. Bukidnon became a regular province on March 10, 1917 by virtue of the creation of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu under Act 2711.

In 1942, invading Japanese troops entered Bukidnon. Mt. Capistrano was a the civilian evacuation area in the World War II. In 1945, the province was liberated from Japanese occupation by Filipino and American troops with the aid of Bukidnon-based Filipino guerrillas during the Second World War.

Bukidnon Provincial Capitol, Malaybalay City

One of the "tulugan" at Kaamulan Park, Malaybalay City

Cultural history[link]

According to oral history of the indigenous people of Bukidnon, there were four main tribes in Central Mindanao: the Maranao who dwell in Lanao del Sur, and the Maguindanao, Manobo and Talaandig who respectively inhabit the eastern, southern, and north-central portions of the original province of Cotabato. When the civil government divided central Mindanao into provinces at the turn of the 20th century, the groups included in the province of Bukidnon are the Talaandig and the Manobo. The Bisayans, Cebuano, Boholanos and Ilonggos migrated into the province followed by various groups from Luzon, namely, the Ilocanos, Batangueños, the Igorots and the Ivatans. All contributed massive acculturation among the indigenous tribes. Most of those who moved to the mountains and forest continued to hold on their ancestors’ cultural heritage. The wide variety of Filipino groups now thrives in the province and contributed immensely in the socio-economic development.

Geography[link]

Location[link]

Bukidnon is a landlocked plateau in North Central Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by Misamis Oriental and Cagayan de Oro City; on the south by North Cotabato, Davao del Sur and Davao City; on the east by Agusan del Sur and Davao del Norte; and west by Lanao del Sur. It lies between parallels 7°25' and 8°38' North latitude and meridians 124°03' and 125°16' East longitude. Malaybalay City, the capital town, is about 850 kilometers by air from Manila and 91 kilometers by road from Cagayan de Oro City.

It has two important landmarks, Mt. Kitanglad and Pulangi River. Mt. Kitanglad is 2,955 meters above sea level. Pulangi River, on the other hand, traverses through the northeastern and southern part of the province towards the Rio Grande of Mindanao.

Land area[link]

The province's total land area is 829,378 hectares (8, 293.78 square kilometers). It accounts for 59 percent (59%) of Northern Mindanao. Thirty-eight percent (38%) is alienable and disposable. The rest is classified timberland.

It also accounts for 80 percent (80%) or 34 million metric tons of the region’s nonmetallic mineral deposits which include high grade white and red clay, gold, chromite, copper, serpentine, manganese, quartz and limestone deposits can also be found in the province.

Topography[link]

Bukidnon is generally characterized as an extensive plateau but the southern and eastern boundaries are mountainous area. The province's average elevation is 915 meters above sea level. The slope gradient peaks at 2, 938 meters with Mt. Kitanglad, an extinct volcano occupying the central portion. Two other mountain bodies are found in its southern portion, Mt. Kalatungan and Mt. Tangkulan, which rise to 2, 287 meters and 1, 678 meters, respectively. Gently rolling grassland plateau cut deep and wide canyons of the Cagayan, Pulangi, and Tagoloan Rivers and their tributaries which cover a greater part of the province. The whole eastern and southern border adjoining the provinces of Agusan, Davao, and Cotabato are covered by lofty and densely forested mountains of the Pantaron Mountain Range (Central Cordillera).

The Bukidnon plateau is mainly of volcanic zone consisting of pyroclastic, basaltic and andesitic cones.

The Central Cordillera is a mountain range of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. About 49% of the land resource of the province is of rugged hills and mountains and 33% of undulating to rolling terrain. The rest of the province is composed of nearly level terraces, alluvial lowland, canyons and gorges. The volcanic terraces and volcanic foot slopes that are ≥500 meters above sea level are estimated to be about 221, 600 hectares.

At Mailag, 23 kilometers south of Malaybalay City, the plateau begins to descend and gradually merges into the lowlands of Cotabato province.

Climate[link]

Two types of climate prevail between the northern and southern sections of Bukidnon, The northern part is classified as belonging to Type III, that is, there is no pronounced rain period but relatively dry during the months of November to May. In the southern portion of the province, the climate is classified as Type IV with no dry season. The driest area is Baungon, while the wettest is the Calabugao plain. The climate is relatively cool and humid throughout the year.

The average annual rainfall is 2, 800 millimeters (112.5 inches). Just like in other parts of the country, rainfall is more pronounced from June to October compared to other months of the year. February to April are the drier months.

Temperature ranges vary with elevation. In areas lower than 500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), the recorded temperature range is between 20°C to 34°C. Areas with elevations greater than 500 m.a.s.l. would have temperatures ranging from 18°C to 28°C.

Relative humidity also varies with elevation, with those above 500 meters having relative humidity of about 80%, while areas lying below 500 meters, 65-7 percent. Thus, the Malaybalay-Impasug-ong area and those around the volcanic cones approximate semi-temperate conditions and can support the cultivation of highland tropical crops.

Based on the records of climatological stations within and near the province, lithology and land form, three (3) agro-ecological zones are identified. One covers the mountainous eastern side (Central Cordillera) which is generally wet, with rainfall of about 2, 340 mm to 4, 000 mm per annum. Another covers the high altitude volcanic plains, the Malaybalay-Impasug-ong area and the footslopes of Mt. Kitanglad and Mt. Kalatungan. These areas have an annual rainfall in the range of 2, 490 mm to 3, 680 mm. The third zone covers the south-central and the north-western parts of the province, with elevations of less than 500 meters, relatively dry with mean annual rainfall in the range of 1, 700 mm to 2, 600 mm.

Bodies of water[link]

A waterfall found within the boundaries of the Kalatungan Mountain Range

Bukidnon is known as the watershed of Mindanao. It is endowed with six major river systems namely: Pulangi, Tagoloan, Cagayan, Manupali, Muleta, and Bobonawan Rivers. These rivers carved the landscape of the province creating numerous canyons.

The Pulangi River, considered the longest river in the province, is a tributary of the Rio Grande of Mindanao. Its headwaters are found in the mountains of Kalabugao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon. It is the largest as well as the longest river found in the province. It covers the following cities and municipalities of the province: Impasug-ong, Malaybalay City, Cabanglasan, San Fernando, Valencia City, Maramag, Quezon, Don Carlos, Kitaotao, Dangcagan, Kibawe and Damulog.

The Tagoloan River has its headwaters in the mountains of Can-ayan, Malaybalay City. It traverses the province northwestward passing through Malaybalay City, Impasug-ong, Sumilao, Manolo Fortich, Malitbog and finally empties into the sea at Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental.

The Cagayan River watershed is found mostly in the municipality of Talakag. Its headwaters are found in the Kitanglad Mountain Range in central Bukidnon. The river flows northward through the municipalities of Talakag and Baungon. Its mouth lies at Cagayan de Oro City in Misamis Oriental, where it is the main source of potable water.

The Manupali River, a major tributary of the Pulangi River, start in the mountains of Lantapan, Bukidnon, picking up tributaries along the way from the Kalatungan and Kitanglad Mountain Ranges. It forms part of the natural boundary of the Valencia City and Lantapan. It flows eastward towards Malaybalay City, eventually joining the Pulangi River in Valencia City.

The Muleta River is found in the southern portion of the province covering the municipalities of Pangantucan, Don Carlos, Kitaotao, Dangcagan, Kibawe, Kadingilan and Damulog. It is another important tributary of the Pulangi River and flows southward. It will join the Pulangi River in the boundary of Bukidnon and Cotabato province.

The Bobonawan River, found in the municipality of Cabanglasan, is another tributary of the Pulangi River. It covers most of the parts of the municipality, flowing southward towards Pulangi River.

Aside from the relatively important river systems, various lakes also dot the landscape of the province. Pinamaloy Lake, in Don Carlos, Bukidnon, is the biggest in the province covering about 50 hectares. It was named after Barangay Pinamaloy, the place where the lake is located. Another lake is found in Pigtauranan, Pangantucan called the Napalit Lake. The lake covers an area of 36 hectares and is one of the tourist spots in Pangantucan, Bukidnon. There are 24 floating islets in the lake. The third significant inland body of water in the province is Apo Lake at Guinoyoran, Valencia City. It occupies an approximate area of 25 hectares. A man-made lake called Maramag Basin is found in Maramag, Bukidnon, which was the result of the construction of the Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Dam of the National Power Corporation (NPC) in the course of the Pulangi River.

Demographics[link]

Based on the National Statistics Office (NSO) Census last 2000, Bukidnon has a total population of 1,060,415. Males slightly edge the females with 546,234, accounting for about 52% of the province’s total population while females, with 514,181, account about 48%. It is expected that by 2010, the province of Bukidnon will have a total population of 1,344,301. Based on age distribution, Bukidnon has a fairly young population, with ages 14 and below accounting 42.15% or 446, 952. The 15-34 age bracket account for 33.68% of the province’s population or 357,112. Ages 55 and above barely accounts 6.5% of the total. The average population growth rate of the province is 2.41% from 1995–2000. Male-to-female ratio in the province stood at 1.06.

Population density[link]

The average population density for the province is 128 persons per square kilometer. The cities/municipalities with the highest population densities are the following: Don Carlos (353/km²), Kitaotao (250/km²), Valencia City (244/km²), Maramag (213/km²) and Quezon (202/km²). The cities/municipalities with the lowest densities, on the other hand are: Impasug-ong (29/km²), Talakag (58/km²), San Fernando (63/km²), Malitbog (75/km²) and Damulog (83/km²).

Population by Congressional Districts[link]

By Congressional Districts, District II has the highest population among the three capturing almost 40% of the total population of the province. District II includes the cities of Malaybalay and Valencia. It is closely followed by District III with almost 33% of the total population. District I, although closer to the regional urban center of Cagayan de Oro City, has the least population with 28%.

Valencia City has the highest population among the cities/municipalities of the province with 147, 924 inhabitants, accounting 13.96% of the province’s total. It is closely followed by Malaybalay City with 123, 672 inhabitants or 11.67% of the total. Quezon is at third with 82, 567 inhabitants or 7.79% of the total. Maramag and Manolo Fortich are 4th and 5th with 74, 757 and 74, 252 inhabitants, respectively.

Ethnicity[link]

According to ethnicity, majority of the people in Bukidnon are Cebuano accounting approximately 58% of the total population. The Bukidnon lumads (Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, Talaandig, etc.) account about 14% of the total population of the province. The Hiligaynon/Ilonggo and Boholano groups follow with 8.83% and 7.37%, respectively, of the province’s total population.

Languages[link]

The lingua franca of the region is Cebuano. Also spoken, although at low percentage, are Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Ilocano, Tagalog, Maranao, Waray-Waray and English.

Education[link]

Universities and Colleges of Bukidnon

The following Universities and Colleges of Bukidnon are the tertiary schools.

Central Mindanao University

People and culture[link]

Indigenous inhabitants of Bukidnon are the Lumad, including the Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, Talaandig. Their cultures and traditions are embodied in oral folk literature of the province which are classified into; “Antoka” (riddles), “Basahan” (proverbs or wise sayings), “Kaliga” (ceremonial songs), “Limbay” (lyric poem), “Sala” (love song), “Idangdang” (ballad), “Ulaging” (epic) and “Nanangon” (folktales). Religion is monotheistic. They believe in one God. “Magbabaya” (the ruler of all) has minor gods and goddesses under his command (Example: “Bulalakaw” watches rivers and lakes, “Tumpas Nanapiyaw” or “Itumbangol” watches the bases of the earth night and day lost in crumbles).

Most of the population, however, are recent Christian immigrants from Cebu or elsewhere in the Philippine archipelago.

Festivals[link]

The province celebrated the Kaamulan Festival, an ethnic cultural festival held annually in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon from the mid-February up to March 10, the founding date of the Bukidnon as a province in 1917. It is held to celebrate the culture and tradition of the seven ethnic tribal groups—Bukidnon, Higaonon, Talaandig, Manobo, Matigsalug, Tigwahanon and Umayamnon—that originally inhabit the province. Kaamulan comes from the Binukid word “amul” meaning to gather. Kaamulan is gathering for a purpose—a datuship ritual, a wedding ceremony, a thanksgiving festival during harvest time, a peace pact, or all of these together. The festival started in 1974 and is celebrated until now.

Notable people[link]

• Elenito delos Reyes Galido - Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iligan
• Juan Miguel Zubiri - Former Senator of the Philippines.
• Jose Ma. R. Zubiri, Jr - Former Governor and currently Vice Governor of Province of Bukidnon and father of Juan Miguel Zubiri.
• Teofisto Guingona III - Senator of the Philippines.
• Clare Cabiguin - housemate of Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 1.
• Cherry Hazel Agustin - member of Viva Hot babes, known as Sheree.
• Oona Barretto - Star Dreamer of Pinoy Dream Academy (season 1).
• Manny Pacquiao - was born in Kibawe, Bukidnon.
• Menille Josem "Winwin" Cabinta - a contestant of The Biggest Loser: Pinoy Edition (season 1).
• Virgilio Garcillano - is a former official of the Philippine Commission on Elections.
• Happy Feet (finalist) - a finalist of Pilipinas Got Talent (season 2)
• Ayegee Paredes - is from Malaybalay, Bukidnon. She was seen in ABS-CBN shows, MTB's Singing competition segment and in TV5's Talentadong Pinoy.
• Nereus Acosta - was a 1st district congressman of Bukidnon.

Economy[link]

Bukidnon is an agricultural economy. it is a major producer of rice, maize, sugar, coffee, rubber, pineapple, banana, tomato, flowers, cassava, and other fruits and vegetables. It is also a major producer of chickens, hogs and cattle. Almost all large firms operating in the province are into production or processing of these agricultural products.

Del Monte Philippines, Inc. (DMPI), Lapanday Diversified Products Corp. and Mt. Kitanglad Agri-Development Corporation are engaged in pineapple production. Dole Philippines (Skyland) and Mt. Kitanglad Agri-Ventures, Inc. are into banana production. DMPI is also engaged in cattle fattening. Bukidnon Sugar Milling Corporation (BUSCO) and Crystal Sugar Milling are into sugar milling and refining.

Phil-Agro Industrial Corporation is in starch production. Menzi Agricultural Development is in cacao production. Agaropyta Phils. Inc., Bukidnon Greens Inc., FP Obrero Farms and ARDEM, Inc. are in cutflower production.

Food manufacturing giants, San Miguel Foods Corp. (SMFI_PFC), Monterey Farms Corp., Swift Foods, Inc. have intensified their contract breeding and growing operations in the province. Valencia Rubbertex, Inc., an 80-20 Japanese-Filipino joint venture produces rubber boots and rubber shoes for Japan.

As one of the major anchors in crop production, Bukidnon is moving forward towards establishing its position as a principal trader of rice, corn, sugar, potato, tomato and many other commercial and industrial crops. As the second largest producer of corn in the country, it reached a total production of 481,370 Mt. In year 2000, vast tracks of cornfields, rice paddles and sugar plantations are distributed all over the province.

Bukidnon has already assumed its role as producer and supplier of fresh fruits and vegetables. These produce are either sold in domestic markets or exported to Japan and other neighboring countries. Fresh pineapples, banana, sugarcane and cutflower grown over the years are among its exports. New agri-business industries are still growing. Even export of rubber boots and shoes, an infant industry in the province is increasing tremendously.

A wide variety of resource-based handicrafts is extensively produced from rattan, bamboo and wood. San Fernando is known for its rattan furniture. Bamboo baskets, wood wares and carvings, mats and other handmade products are ideal souvenir items.

Bukidnon Investment Grid[link]

During the mid-90's, the provincial government of Bukidnon, after careful studies and consultation, has adopted a strategic program called the Bukidnon Investment Grid or BIG. This program is aimed to confine all its investment promotion activities and projects to the strip of land three kilometers from both sides of the Sayre Highway from Damulog to Manolo Fortich, and along the national/provincial road from Kibawe to Kadingilan; Don Carlos to Kadingilan; Maramag to Quezon; Maramag to Kadingilan; Kadingilan to Pangantucan; Valencia City to San Fernando; Malaybalay City to Cabanglasan; Malaybalay to Lantapan; Manolo Fortich to Libona; Libona to Cagayan de Oro; Talakag to Pangantucan; and Malitbog to Tagoloan in Misamis Oriental.

Politics and administration[link]

The province of Bukidnon is subdivided into 20 municipalities and 2 cities.

Source: Provincial Planning & Development Office, Province of Bukidnon, National Statistics Office, 2000 Census of Population, Department of Finance (DOF)

[edit] Bukidnon My Home, The Provincial Hymn

See also[link]

• Mindanao
• Cagayan de Oro

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bukidnon

• Provincial Government of Bukidnon
• Tourism Philippines Bukidnon Travel Guide
• Philippine Standard Geographic Code listing for Bukidnon
• Bukidnon Community website
• 2007 Philippine Census Information

v t e Political divisions of the Philippines Capital Manila National Capital Region Autonomous region Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Provinces Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Compostela Valley Cotabato Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar Guimaras Ifugao Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Kalinga La Union Laguna Lanao del Norte Lanao del Sur Leyte Maguindanao Marinduque Masbate Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental Mountain Province Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Samar Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon Quirino Rizal Romblon Samar Sarangani Siquijor Sorsogon South Cotabato Southern Leyte Sultan Kudarat Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Tarlac Tawi-Tawi Zambales Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay Former Provinces Agusan Ambos Camarines Camarines Cotabato Davao Kalinga-Apayao Lanao Lepanto-Bontoc Manila Mindanao and Sulu Mindoro Misamis Moro Province Negros Negros del Norte Occidental Leyte Oriental Leyte Samar Shariff Kabunsuan Surigao Tayabas Zamboanga Other subdivisions Island groups (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao) Regions Cities Municipalities Barangays Legislative districts Territorial disputes North Borneo (Sabah) Scarborough Shoal Spratly Islands

Filipino people

Epifanio de los Santos Manuel Tinio
1st row: Corazon Aquino · Emilio Aguinaldo · Lorenzo Ruiz · Manny Pacquiao 2nd row: Julian Felipe · Andrés Bonifacio · Carlos P. Romulo · Mutya Buena 3rd row: Ramon Magsaysay · Juan Luna · Epifanio de los Santos · Imelda Marcos 4th row: Ferdinand Marcos · Charlene Gonzales · Mariano Gómez · Lea Salonga 5th row: Manuel Tinio · Melchora Aquino · Benigno Aquino III · Lakandula 6th row: Manuel L. Quezon · José Rizal · Lapu-Lapu
Total population
105,000,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Philippines 94,000,000[2]  United States 3,416,840[3]  Saudi Arabia 1,066,401[4]  Malaysia 636,544[5]  United Arab Emirates 529,114[4]  Canada 436,190[6]  Japan 305,972[7]  United Kingdom 203,035[4]  Mexico 200,000  Qatar 195,558[4]  Kuwait 139,802[4]  Italy 134,154[8]  Hong Kong 130,810[9]  Australia 129,400[10]  Taiwan 74,483[11]  Israel 70,000[12]  South Korea 63,464[13]  Spain 40,000[14]  New Zealand 16,938[15]  Nigeria  Norway 12,262[16]  Netherlands 12,000[17]  Pakistan 3,000[18]
Languages
Philippine languages, English; Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Lan-nang
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism), Islam, Buddhism, Traditional and folk religions, or other religions.
Related ethnic groups
other Southeast Asians and Austronesian-speaking people.

The Filipino people or Filipinos are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the islands of the Philippines. There are about 94 million Filipinos in the Philippines,^[19] and about 11 million living outside the Philippines.^[20]

There are around 180 languages spoken in the Philippines, most of them belonging to the Austronesian language family, with Tagalog and Cebuano having the greatest number of native speakers.^[21] The official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and English and most Filipinos are bilingual or trilingual.^[22][23]

Most Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as "Pinoy" (feminine: "Pinay"), which is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of "Pilipino" and adding the diminutive suffix "-y". The lack of the letter "F" in the pre-1987 Philippine alphabet, Abakada, had caused the letter "F" to be substituted with "P". This is why, when the 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet was made official in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino. The name Filipino was chosen by the Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, who named the islands "las Islas Filipinas" ("the Philippine Islands") after Philip II of Spain.^[24]

In colloquial speech, English language words borrowed from the Filipino language are inflected for gender. It is quite unnatural, for example, for women to call themselves Filipino in daily conversation and they will generally refer to themselves instead as Filipina. Also, adjectives that have to do with women (e.g. "Filipina beauty") are modified to use the feminine form. In legal documents such as bank accounts and passports, however, both genders are referred to as Filipino.

History[link]

Pre – Colonial[link]

In 2010, a metatarsal from "Callao Man" discovered in 2007 was dated through uranium-series dating as being 67,000 years old.^[25]

Prior to that, the earliest human remains found in the Philippines were thought to be the fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone, discovered in the 1960s by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an anthropologist from the National Museum.^[26] Anthropologists who examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species.

The "Tabon Man" fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago.^[27] Researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Mongoloid is the term which anthropologists applied to the ethnic group which migrated to Southeast Asia during the Holocene period and evolved into the Austronesian people (associated with the Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA) genetic marker), a group of Malayo-Polynesian-speaking people including those from Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Malagasy, the non-Han Chinese Taiwanese Aboriginals.^[28]

Anthropologist F. Landa Jocano of the University of the Philippines, in 2001 postulates that the present indigenous Filipinos are products of the long process of evolution and movement of people.^[29]

A page from the Boxer Codex showing a Filipino couple bedecked in gold thread. The use of Gold as jewelry and household purposes was common in any social castes of the pre-colonial Filipino society.

Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected to the Malay Archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and the Philippines. This may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP.^[30]

A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D. Gray at UCLA published in Science (journal), suggests that the population expansion of Austronesian peoples was triggered by rising sea levels of the Sunda shelf at the end of the last ice age in a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia.^[31]

The Negritos are likely descendants of the indigenous populations of the Sunda landmass and New Guinea, predating the Mongoloid peoples who later entered Southeast Asia.^[32] Multiple studies also show that Negritos from Southeast Asia to New Guinea share a closer cranial affinity with Australo-Melanesians.^[32][33] They were the ancestors of such tribes of the Philippines as the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the Philippines, today making up .03% of the total Philippine population.^[34]

The majority of present day Filipinos are a product of the long process of evolution and movement of people.^[35] After the mass migrations through land bridges, migrations continue by boat during the maritime era of South East Asia. The ancient races became homogenized into the Malayo-Polynesians which colonized the majority of the Philippine, Malaysian and Indonesian Archipelagos.^[29]

Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine kingdoms.^[34] South Asian and East Asian people together with the people of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and introduced and passed Hinduism and Buddhism to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into the local society.

Many of the barangay (tribal municipalities) were, to a varying extent, under the de-jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them the Malay Sri Vijaya, Javanese Majapahit, Brunei, Melaka, Indian Chola, Persia, Arabia, Seljuq/Turkish Ottoman, Greece, Funan, Champa, and Khmer empires, although de-facto had established their own independent system of rule. Trading links with Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Indochina, China, India, Arabia, Japan and the Ryukyu Kingdom flourished during this era. A thalassocracy had thus emerged based on international trade.

Even scattered barangays, through the development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era.

In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay,^[36][36][37] Cebu, Iloilo,^[38] Butuan, the Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdom of Luzon now known as Pampanga which specialized in trade with China, Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa, and most of what is now known as South East Asia.

From the 9th century onwards, a large number of Arab traders from the Middle East settled in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local Malay, Indonesian, and Filipino populations.^[39]

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription: The oldest known legal document from the Dynasty of Tondo.

In the years leading up to 1000 C.E., there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays (settlements ranging is size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus, rajahs or sultans^[40] or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". States such as the Kingdom of Maynila and Namayan, the Dynasty of Tondo, the Confederation of Madyaas, the rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu and the sultanates of Maguindanao and Sulu existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan.^{[41][42][43][44]} Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires of Srivijaya, Majapahit and Brunei.^[45][46][47]

By the 13th century, Arab and Indian Missionaries/Traders from Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Most indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of Animism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. Native villages, called barangays were populated by locals called Timawa (Middle Class/ freemen) and Alipin (servants & slaves). They were ruled by Rajahs, Datus and Sultans, a class called Maginoo (royals) and defended by the Maharlika (Lesser nobles, royal warriors and aristocrats).^[34] These Royals and Nobles are descended from native Filipinos with varying degrees of Indo-aryan, East Asian, Dravidian, Arab and even Greek ancestry which is evident in today's DNA analysis among South East Asian Royals who mostly claim their ancestry from the Alexandrian Era. This tradition continued among the Spanish and Portuguese traders who also intermarried with the local populations.^[48]

Colonial influence[link]

A mestiza de sangley woman in a photograph by Francisco Van Camp, c. 1875.

The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 began a period of European colonization. During the period of Spanish colonialism beginning in the 16th century, the Philippines was governed by Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials and religious missionaries born in Spain and Mexico. Most Spaniards who settled were of Andalusian ancestry but there were also Catalonian, Moorish and Basque settlers. The Peninsulares (governors born in Spain), mostly of Castilian ancestry, settled in the islands to govern their territory. Most settlers married the daughters of rajahs, datus and sultans (chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands. The Ginoo and Maharlika castes (royals and nobles) in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish formed the privileged Principalia (nobility) during the Spanish period. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.^[49]

A caricature of General Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero taken from the Catalan newspaper la Campana de Gràcia. He became the only Spanish prime minister of Filipino descent.

As a part of the Seven years war, the British forces occupied Manila between 1762 and 1764. However, the only part of the Philippines which the British held was the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and the principal naval port Cavite, both of which are located on Manila Bay. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris (1763). At the end of the war the treaty signatories were not aware that Manila had been taken by the British and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Empire.^[50] Many Indian Sepoy troops and their British captains mutinied and were left in Manila and some parts of the Ilocos and Cagayan. The ones in Manila settled at Cainta, Rizal and the ones at the north settled at Isabela. Most were assimilated into the local population.

The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted new waves of immigrants from China, and maritime trade flourished during the Spanish period. The Spanish recruited thousands of Chinese migrant workers called sangleys to build the colonial infrastructure in the islands. Most Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, intermarried with the locals, and adopted Hispanized names and customs and became fully assimilated. The children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese that became fully assimilated were designated in official records as mestizos de sangley but viewed themselves as Filipinos. The Chinese mestizos were largely confined to the Binondo area until the 19th century. However, they eventually spread all over the islands, and became traders, moneylenders and landowners.

A total of 110 Manila-Acapulco galleons set sail between 1565 to 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port. European criollos, mestizos and mulattos of Spanish, Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos. Japanese, Indian and Cambodian Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries.

With the inauguration of the Suez Canal in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade. European investors such as British, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Russian, Italian and French were among those who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards arrived during the next century. Many of these European migrants intermarried with local mestizos and some assimilated with the indigenous population. Their enterprises became the precursors of the current Chinese and oriental dominated major corporations and conglomerates of the country.

Water carriers in Iloilo, 1899.

After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish-American War in 1898, Filipino general, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence on 12 June while general Wesley Merritt became the first American governor of the Philippines. On 10 December 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $20 million dollars.^[51][52] After the Philippine–American War, the United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General.^[53] A number of Americans settled in the islands and thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then. Due to the strategic location of the Philippines, as many as 21 bases and 100,000 military personnel were stationed there since the United States first colonized the islands in 1898. These bases were decommissioned in 1992 after the end of the Cold War, but left behind thousands of Amerasian children.^[54] The country gained independence from the United States in 1946. The Pearl S. Buck International Foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered throughout the Philippines. In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their second or third generation-families returned to the country.

Filipino students from Lamitan.

Following its independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into the country, mostly involving Americans, British, Europeans, and some Chinese and Japanese peoples. After WWII, South Asians continued to migrate into the islands. Most of which assimilated and avoided the local social stigma instilled by the early Spaniards against them by keeping a low profile and/or by trying to pass as Spanish mestizos. This was also true for the Chinese and Arab immigrants, majority of whom are also post WWII arrivals. More recent migrations into the country by Koreans, Persians, Brazilians, and other Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language and culture. Centuries of migration, diaspora, assimilation, and cultural diversity made most Filipinos open-minded in embracing interracial marriage and multiculturalism. Philippine nationality law is currently based upon the principles of your place of birth or origin, and therefore descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born in the Philippines.

Filipinos of mixed ethnic origins are still referred to today as mestizos. However in common parlance, mestizos are only used to refer to Filipinos mixed with Spanish or any other European ancestry. Filipinos mixed with any foreign ethnicities are named depending on their predominant physical aspect.

Genetic studies[link]

Migration of the Austronesian peoples and their languages based on archeological studies.

A study by Leeds University and published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, showed that mitochondrial DNA lineages have been evolving within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) since modern humans arrived approximately 50,000 years ago. Population dispersals occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which resulted in migrations from the Philippine Islands to as far north as Taiwan within the last 10,000 years.^[55]

Filipinos are an Austronesian people, a linguistic and genetic group that includes other ethnicities from maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific islands.^[56] Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study), is commonly found among Filipinos and is shared with other Austronesian-speaking populations.^[57][58] After the 16th century, the colonial period saw the influx of limited genetic influence from Europeans and other populations from the Americas, Oceania, and Asia.

Filipinos also exhibit Sundadonty.^[59] The latter is regarded as having a more generalised morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty. Dental morphology provides clues to prehistoric migration patterns, with Sinodont dental patterns occurring in East Asia, Central Asia, North Asia, and the Americas. Sundadont patterns occur in mainland and maritime Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.^[60] Filipinos are also one of the Austronesian ancestors of modern Oceanic populations, including the Māori people of New Zealand. The current predominant theory of Austronesian migrations holds that Austronesians are believed to have reached Oceania through successive southward and eastward migrations ultimately from Taiwan.^[61]

Languages[link]

Austronesian languages have been spoken in the Philippines for thousands of years. According to a recent study by Mark Donohue of the Australian National University and Tim Denham of Monash University, there is no linguistic evidence for an orderly north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian languages from Taiwan through the Philippines and into Island Southeast Asia (ISEA).^[62] Many adopted words from Sanskrit were incorporated during the Indian cultural influence starting from the 5th century BC, in common with its Southeast Asian neighbours. Starting in the second half of the 16th century, Spanish was the official language of the country for the more than three centuries that the islands were governed through Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Spanish was the preferred language among Ilustrados and educated Filipinos in general. Significant disagreement exists, however, on the extent Spanish use beyond that. It has been argued that the Philippines were less hispanized than Canaries and America, with Spanish only being adopted by the ruling class involved in civil and judicial administration and culture. Spanish was the language of only approximately ten percent of the Philippine population when Spanish rule ended in 1898.^[63] As a lingua franca or creole language of Filipinos, major languages of the country like Chavacano, Cebuano, Tagalog, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, and Ilocano assimilated many different words and expressions from Castilian Spanish.

In sharp contrast, another view is that the ratio of the population which spoke Spanish as their mother tongue in the last decade of Spanish rule was 10% or 14%.^[64] An additional 60% is said to have spoken Spanish as a second language until World War II.^[65] Various sources reported the widespread use of Spanish by the Philippine population, among them the secretary of education during the period of US rule, as well as Henry Ford, who reported what he observed and the Filipino speech that he heard in his travels through the archipelago, sixteen of whose provinces where said to be Spanish-speaking in 1906.^[64]

In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish.^[66] It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution proclaimed it as the "official language" of the First Philippine Republic. Spanish continued to be the predominant lingua franca used in the islands and formed a second language for most Filipinos before and during the American colonial regime. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the overall use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines.^[67] The Constitution of the Philippines designates Filipino (which is based on Tagalog^[68][69]) as the national language and designates both Filipino and English as official languages. Regional languages are designated as auxiliary official languages. The constitution also provides that Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.^[70]

Other Philippine languages in the country with at least 320,000 native speakers include Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, Chavacano (Spanish creole), Northern Bicol, Pangasinan, Southern Bicol, Maranao, Maguindanao, Kinaray-a, Tausug, Surigaonon, Masbatenyo, Aklanon, and Ibanag. The 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet, adopted in 1987, is the official writing system.^[71]

Religion[link]

Main article: Religion in the Philippines

A 2004 California wedding between a Filipina bride and a Nigerian groom.

Most Filipinos are Roman Catholics. About eighty percent of the total Filipino population follows the Roman Catholic faith. Historically, the ancient Filipinos were Hindus, Buddhists and Muslims. The Spanish arrival converted a vast majority of the Filipinos to Roman Catholicism. There are also large groups of Protestants and members of the Iglesia ni Kristo, an independent branch of Christianity unique only to the Philippines. Five to ten percent of Filipinos still follow the Islamic religion. The Muslims in the Philippines are situated in southwestern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. The Filipino Muslims call themselves the Moros, which is a Spanish word that refers to the Moors, a Muslim empire that had once ruled Spain. Although the Filipino Moros and Arab Moors have no cultural connection, other than following Islam. Indigenous groups like the Aeta are Animists. Four to five percent of Filipinos also follow the Buddhist religion. These are mostly the ethnic Chinese and Chinese-Filipinos living in Metro Manila.^[72]

Diaspora[link]

Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania,^[73][74] the Middle East, and other countries in the world.

There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 300,000 American citizens in the Philippines.^[75]

Filipinos make up about half of the entire population of the Northern Marianas Islands, an American territory in the North Pacific Ocean, and a large proportion of the populations of Guam, Palau, and the Malaysian state of Sabah.^[74]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: People of the Philippines

• Demographics of the Philippines
• Ethnic groups in the Philippines
• List of Filipinos
• List of Filipino athletes

Publications[link]

• Peter Bellwood (July 1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". Scientific American 265 (1): 88–93. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88. 
• Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell (1995). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. ISBN 0-7315-2132-3. 
• Peter Bellwood (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples". Review of Archaeology 18: 39–48. 
• Peter Bellwood & Alicia Sánchez-Mazas (June 2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence". Current Anthropology 46 (3): 480–485. DOI:10.1086/430018. 
• David Blundell. "Austronesian Disperal". Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology 35: 1–26. 
• Robert Blust (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives 20: 46–67. 
• Peter Fuller (2002). "Asia Pacific Research". Reading the Full Picture. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. http://rspas.anu.edu.au/qb/articleFile.php?searchterm=3-4-3. Retrieved 28 July 2005. 
• "Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid". http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/. Retrieved 28 July 2005. 
• Malcolm Ross & Andrew Pawley (1993). "Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history". Annual Review of Anthropology 22: 425–459. DOI:10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233. 
• Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History. New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-0227-5. http://books.google.com/?id=bR2XAQAACAAJ. Retrieved 2008-08-05.  ISBN 978-971-10-0226-8.
• John Edward Terrell (Dec. 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration". World Archaeology 36 (4): 586–591. DOI:10.1080/0043824042000303764. 
• Zaide, Sonia M. (1999) [1994]. The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. ISBN 971-642-071-4. http://books.google.com/?id=otdEGQAACAAJ. 

References[link]

• Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A history of the Spanish language (22nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6. http://books.google.com/?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C 

v t e Ethnic groups in the Philippines Filipinos Overseas Filipinos Indigenous Non-tribal Luzon Bicolano Ibanag Ilocano Ivatan Kapampangan Pangasinan Sambal Tagalog Moro Bajau Banguingui Illanun Maguindanao Maranao Samal Sangir Tausug Yakan Visayan Aklanon Boholano/Bol-anon Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Eskaya Hiligaynon Karay-a Masbateño Porohanon Romblomanon Surigaonon Waray Tribal Igorot / Cordillerano Balangao Bontoc Ibaloi Ifugao Isneg Kalinga Kankana-ey Tinguian Lumad Kamayo Manobo Samal T'boli B'laan Tasaday Mangyan Buhid Hanunó'o Tawbuid Ratagnon Negrito Aeta Ati Batak Palawan peoples Agutaynen Cuyunon Kagayanen Palawano Batak Tagbanua Suludnon Suludnon/Tumandok Non-indigenous Americas American Brazilian Mexican Asia Chinese Indian Indonesian Japanese Korean Nepali Europe German Greek Russian Spanish Middle East Arab Iranian Jewish

v t e  Philippines topics History Prehistory Spanish colonial period Battle of Mactan Manila Galleon Spanish East Indies Philippine revolts against Spain Philippine Revolution Philippine Declaration of Independence First Republic Philippine-American War American colonial period Tydings-McDuffie Act Commonwealth of the Philippines World War II Second Republic Third Republic Marcos era 1986 People Power Revolution 2001 EDSA Revolution EDSA III Fifth Republic Geography Island groups Administrative divisions Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Bays Islands Lakes Mountains Peninsulas Rivers Volcanoes Environmental issues Water supply and sanitation Tourism Landmarks Governance Constitution President Cabinet Vice President Executive departments Congress Senate House of Representatives Supreme Court Military Law enforcement Foreign relations Politics Political parties Elections Liberalism Human rights Economy Companies Central Bank Philippine peso Stock Exchange Transportation Communications Fiscal policy Society Demographics Filipino people Education Ethnic groups Languages Religion Immigration Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Sports Traditional beliefs Martial arts Olympics Symbols Name Flag Coat of arms Lupang Hinirang Philippine Eagle Sampaguita Narra Arnis Portal

Manny Pacquiao
Pacquiao during the ceremonial first pitch at a baseball game
Statistics
Real name	Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao
Nickname(s)	Pac-Man, Ang Pambansang Kamao (The Nation's Fist), The Destroyer, Fighting Pride of the Philippines, Pambansang Ninong (National Godfather),[1] The Fighting Congressman[citation needed]
Rated at	Flyweight Super Bantamweight Featherweight Super Featherweight Lightweight Light Welterweight Welterweight Light Middleweight
Height	5 ft 6 1⁄2 in (1.69 m)[2]
Reach	67 in (170 cm)
Nationality	Filipino
Born	(1978-12-17) December 17, 1978 (age 33) Kibawe, Bukidnon, Philippines
Stance	Southpaw[3]
Boxing record
Total fights	59
Wins	54
Wins by KO	38
Losses	3
Draws	2
No contests	0 Official Site

Emmanuel "Manny" Dapidran Pacquiao, PLH (English pronunciation: /ˈpæki.aʊ/ PAK-ee-ow; Tagalog: [pɐkˈjaʊ];^[4] born December 17, 1978) is a Filipino professional boxer and politician. He is the first eight-division world champion; having won six world titles,^[5] as well as the first to win the lineal championship in four different weight classes.^[6] He was named "Fighter of the Decade" for the 2000s (decade) by the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA). He is also a three-time The Ring and BWAA "Fighter of the Year," winning the award in 2006, 2008 and 2009.^[7]

As of 2012, Pacquiao is the WBO Welterweight Champion. He was long rated as the best pound for pound boxer in the world by some sporting news and boxing websites, including BoxRec.com, Sporting Life and The Ring.^[8][9] However, in April 2012, Pacquiao dropped to number two in the rankings, behind Floyd Mayweather Jr.^[10] In their ratings ending May 7, 2012, Ring Magazine declared the top position vacant and jointly ranked Pacquiao and Mayweather in the number two spot.^[11]

Aside from boxing, Pacquiao has participated in acting, music recording and politics. In May 2010, Pacquiao was elected to the House of Representatives in the 15th Congress of the Philippines, representing the province of Sarangani.^[12]

Personal life[link]

Pacquiao was born on December 17, 1978, in Kibawe, Bukidnon, Philippines. He is the son of Rosalio Pacquiao and Dionesia Dapidran-Pacquiao.^[13] His parents separated when he was in sixth grade, after his mother discovered that his father was living with another woman.^[13] He is the fourth among six siblings: Liza Silvestre-Onding and Domingo Silvestre (from first husband of his mother) and Isidra Pacquiao-Paglinawan, Alberto "Bobby" Pacquiao and Rogelio Pacquiao.

Pacquiao is married to Maria Geraldine "Jinkee" Jamora,^[14] and they have four children: Emmanuel Jr. "Jimuel", Michael, Princess, and Queen Elizabeth "Queenie." He resides in his hometown General Santos City, South Cotabato, Philippines.^[15] However, as a congressman of lone district of Sarangani, he is officially residing in Kiamba, Sarangani, the hometown of his wife.

Pacquiao is a devout Roman Catholic.^[16] Within the ring, he frequently makes the sign of the cross and every time he comes back from a successful fight abroad, he attends a thanksgiving Mass in Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila to kneel and pray.

Pacquiao is also a military reservist with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Reserve Force of the Philippine Army.^[17]

Education[link]

Pacquiao completed his elementary education at Saavedra Saway Elementary School in General Santos City, but dropped out of high school due to extreme poverty.^[18] He left his home at age 14 because his mother, who had six children, was not making enough money to support her family.^[18]

In February 2007 he took, and passed, a high school equivalency exam making him eligible for college education.^[19] He was awarded with a high school diploma by the Department of Education. Pacquiao enrolled for a college degree in business management at Notre Dame of Dadiangas University (NDDU) in his hometown in General Santos City.

On February 18, 2009, Pacquiao was conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humanities (Honoris Causa) by Southwestern University (SWU) at the Waterfront Hotel and Casino in Lahug, Cebu City in recognition of his boxing achievements and humanitarian work.^[20]

In preparation for his career as a lawmaker in the House of Representatives, Pacquiao enrolled in the Certificate Course in Development, Legislation and Governance at the Development Academy of the Philippines – Graduate School of Public and Development Management (DAP-GSPDM).^[21]

Amateur boxing career[link]

At the age of 14, Pacquiao moved to Manila and lived, for a time, on the streets. He started boxing and made the Philippine national amateur boxing team where his room and board were paid for by the government. Pacquiao reportedly had an amateur record of 64 fights (60–4).^[22]

Professional boxing career[link]

Light Flyweight[link]

In 1995, the death of a young aspiring boxer and close friend, Eugene Barutag, spurred the young Pacquiao to pursue a professional boxing career.^[23] Pacquiao started his professional boxing career when he was just 16 years of age, stood at 4'11'' and weighed 98 pounds (7 pounds under the minimumweight division). He admitted before American media that he put weights in his pockets to make the 105-pound weight limit.^[24] His early light flyweight division fights took place in small local venues and were shown on Vintage Sports' Blow by Blow, an evening boxing show. His professional debut was a four-round bout against Edmund "Enting" Ignacio, on January 22, 1995, which Pacquiao won via decision, becoming an instant star of the program.

Pacquiao's weight increased from 106 to 113 pounds before losing in his 12th bout against Rustico Torrecampo via a third-round knockout. Pacquiao failed to make the required weight, so he was forced to use heavier gloves than Torrecampo, thereby putting him at a disadvantage.^[25]

Flyweight[link]

Following the Torrecampo fight, Pacquiao continued undefeated for his next 15 fights. He went on another unbeaten run that saw him take on the vastly more experienced Chokchai Chockvivat in flyweight division. Pacquiao knocked out Chockvivat in the fifth round and took the OPBF Flyweight title.^[26] After one official defense and two non-title bouts, Pacquiao got his first opportunity to fight for a world title.

Pacquiao vs. Sasakul[link]

Pacquiao captured the Lineal and WBC Flyweight titles (his first major boxing world title) over Chatchai Sasakul by way of knockout in the eighth round. He defended the titles successfully against Mexican Gabriel Mira via a fourth-round technical knockout. However, Pacquiao lost the Lineal title in his second defense against Medgoen Singsurat, also known as Medgoen 3K Battery, via a third-round knockout. The bout was held in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Singsurat got Pacquiao on the ropes and landed a flush straight right to the body, coiling Pacquiao over and keeping him there. Pacquiao lost the WBC title at the scales, as he surpassed the weight limit of 112 pounds.

Super Bantamweight[link]

Pacquiao with his trainer Freddie Roach at Pacquiao's Christmas and birthday bash in Los Angeles

Following his loss to Singsurat, Pacquiao gained weight and skipped the super flyweight and bantamweight divisions. This time, Pacquiao went to super bantamweight, or junior featherweight, division of 122 pounds, where he picked up the WBC International Super Bantamweight title. He defended this title five times before his chance for a world title fight came. Pacquiao's big break came on June 23, 2001, against IBF Super Bantamweight title holder Lehlohonolo Ledwaba. Pacquiao stepped into the fight as a late replacement on two weeks' notice but won the fight by technical knockout to win the title, his second major boxing world title. The bout was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, in Las Vegas, Nevada. Pacquiao went on to defend this title four times under head trainer Freddie Roach, owner of the famous Wild Card Gym in West Hollywood.

Featherweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. Barrera I[link]

On November 15, 2003, Pacquiao faced Marco Antonio Barrera at the Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas, in a fight that many consider to have defined his career. Pacquiao, who was fighting at featherweight for the first time, brought his power with him and defeated Barrera via technical knockout in the eleventh round, the only knockout loss in Barrera's career, and won the Lineal & The Ring Featherweight Championship, making him the first Filipino and Asian to become a three-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in three different weight divisions. He defended the title twice before relinquishing it in 2005.^[27]

On November 24, 2003, the then Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo conferred on Pacquiao the Presidential Medal of Merit at the Ceremonial Hall of Malacañang Palace for his knockout victory over the best featherweight boxer of the world. The following day, the members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines presented the House Resolution No. 765, authored by the then House Speaker Jose De Venecia and Bukidnon Representative Juan Miguel Zubiri, which honored Pacquiao the Congressional Medal of Achievement for his exceptional achievements. Pacquiao is the first sportsman to receive such an honor from the House of Representatives.^[28][29]

Pacquiao vs. Marquez I[link]

Six months after the fight with Barrera, Pacquiao went on to challenge Juan Manuel Márquez, who at the time held both the WBA and IBF Featherweight titles. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Arena, Las Vegas, on May 8, 2004. After twelve rounds, the bout was scored a draw, which proved to be a controversial decision that outraged both camps.^[30]

In the first round, Márquez was caught cold, as he was knocked down three times by Pacquiao. However, Márquez showed great heart to recover from the early knockdowns and went on to win the majority of rounds thereafter. This was largely due to Márquez's counterpunch style, which he managed to effectively utilize against the aggressive style of Pacquiao. At the end of a very close fight, both boxers felt they had done enough to win the fight. The final scores were 115–110 for Márquez, 115–110 for Pacquiao and 113–113.^[30] One of the judges (who scored the bout 113–113) later admitted to making an error on the scorecards, having scored the first round as 10–7 in favor of Pacquiao instead of the standard 10–6 for a three-knockdown round. If he had scored the round 10–6 for Pacquiao (as the other two judges did), the result would have been a split decision in favor of Pacquiao.^[30]

Super Featherweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. Morales I[link]

On March 19, 2005, Pacquiao moved up in super featherweight, or junior lightweight, division of 130 pounds, in order to fight another Mexican legend and three-division world champion Érik Morales for the vacant WBC International and vacant IBA Super Featherweight titled. The fight took place at the MGM Grand, Las Vegas. In this fight, Pacquiao sustained a cut over his right eye from an accidental clash of heads in the fifth round. He lost the twelve-round match by a unanimous decision from the judges. All three scorecards read 115–113 for Morales.^[31]

Pacquiao vs. Velázquez[link]

On September 10, 2005, Manny Pacquiao knocked out in six rounds Héctor Velázquez at Staples Center in Los Angeles to capture the WBC International Super Featherweight title, which he went on to defend five times. On the same day, his rival, Érik Morales, fought Zahir Raheem and lost via unanimous decision.

Pacquiao vs. Morales II[link]

Despite Morales's loss to Raheem, Pacquiao got matched up against Morales in a rematch which took place on January 21, 2006 at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas. During the fight, Morales escaped being knocked down twice, once in the second round by holding onto the ropes and once in the sixth by falling on the referee. Pacquiao eventually knocked Morales out in the tenth, the first time Morales was knocked out in his boxing career.^[32]

Pacquiao vs. Larios[link]

On July 2, 2006, Pacquiao defended his WBC International title against Óscar Larios, a two-time Super Bantamweight Champion who had moved up two weight divisions to fight Pacquiao. Pacquiao won the fight via unanimous decision, knocking down Larios two times in the 12-round bout at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippines. The three judges scored the fight 117–110, 118–108 and 120–106 all for Pacquiao.^[33]

On July 3, 2006, the day after winning the fight against Larios, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo personally bestowed the Order of Lakandula with the rank of "Champion for Life" (Kampeon Habambuhay) and the plaque of appreciation to Pacquiao in a simple ceremony at the Rizal Hall of Malacañang Palace.^[34]

Pacquiao vs. Morales III[link]

Pacquiao and Morales fought a third time (with the series tied 1–1) on November 18, 2006. Witnessed by a near record crowd of 18,276, the match saw Pacquiao defeat Morales via a third-round knockout at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas.^[35] Morales' knockout losses to Pacquiao are the only knockout losses in his professional career. After the Pacquiao–Morales rubber match, Bob Arum, Pacquiao's main promoter, announced that Manny had returned his signing bonus back to Golden Boy Promotions, signaling intentions to stay with Top Rank. This prompted Golden Boy Promotions to sue Pacquiao over breach of contract.^[36]

Pacquiao vs. Solis[link]

After a failed promotional negotiation with Marco Antonio Barrera's camp, Bob Arum chose Jorge Solís as Pacquiao's next opponent among several fighters Arum offered as replacements. The bout was held in San Antonio, Texas, on April 14, 2007. In the sixth round, an accidental headbutt occurred, giving Pacquiao a cut under his left eyebrow. The fight ended in the eighth when Pacquiao knocked Solis down twice. Solis barely beat the count after the second knockdown, causing the referee to stop the fight and award Pacquiao a knockout win. The victory raised Pacquiao's win–loss–draw record to 44–3–2 with 34 knockouts. This also marked the end of Solis's undefeated streak.

Pacquiao vs. Barrera II[link]

On June 29, 2007, Top Rank and Golden Boy Promotions announced that they agreed to settle their lawsuit, meaning the long-awaited rematch with Marco Antonio Barrera would occur despite Pacquiao being the top-ranked contender for Juan Manuel Márquez's WBC Super Featherweight title. On October 6, 2007, Pacquiao defeated Barrera in their rematch via an easy unanimous decision. In the eleventh round, Pacquiao's punch caused a deep cut below Barrera's right eye. Barrera retaliated with an illegal punch on the break that dazed Pacquiao, but also resulted in a point deduction for Barrera. Two judges scored the bout 118–109, whereas the third scored it 115–112.^[37]

In The Ring Magazine, Pacquiao (45–3–2) remained at the top of the super featherweight division (130 pounds). He had been in the ratings for 108 weeks.^[38][39] On November 13, 2007, he was honored by the World Boxing Council as Emeritus Champion during its 45th Annual World Convention held at the Manila Hotel.^[40]

On November 20, 2007, José Nuñez, manager of WBO Super Featherweight Champion Joan Guzmán, accused Pacquiao's handler Bob Arum of evading a match between the two boxers to protect Pacquiao.^[41] Guzmán went as far as to directly call out Pacquiao at the postfight press conference of the Pacquiao–Barrera rematch in front of the crowd at the Mandalay Bay Events Center's media room in Las Vegas.^[42]

Pacquiao vs. Marquez II[link]

On March 15, 2008, in a rematch against Juan Manuel Márquez, called "Unfinished Business," Pacquiao won via split decision. The fight was held at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas. With the victory, Pacquiao won the WBC Super Featherweight and The Ring Super Featherweight titles, making him the first Filipino and Asian to become a four-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in four different weight divisions. The fight was a close hard fought battle, during which both fighters received cuts.^[43] Throughout the fight, Márquez landed the most punches at a higher percentage; however, the decisive factor proved to be a third-round knockdown, wherein Márquez was floored by a Pacquiao left hook.^[43] At the end of the fight, the judges' scores were 115–112 for Pacquiao, 115–112 for Márquez and 114–113 for Pacquiao.^[43]

In the post-fight news conference, Márquez’s camp called for an immediate rematch. In addition, Richard Schaefer, Golden Boy Promotions CEO, offered a $6 million guarantee to Pacquiao for a rematch.^[44] However, Pacquiao ruled out a third clash with Márquez, saying, "I don't think so. This business is over."^[43] The reason that Pacquiao did not want a rematch was because he intended to move up to the lightweight division to challenge David Díaz, the reigning WBC Lightweight title holder at that time.^[43] Díaz won a majority decision over Ramón Montano that night as an undercard of the "Unfinished Business" fight.

Lightweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. Díaz[link]

On June 28, 2008, at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Pacquiao defeated David Díaz in lightweight division via ninth-round knockout and won the WBC Lightweight title. With the victory, Pacquiao became the first and only Filipino and Asian to become a five-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in five different weight divisions,^[45] and also became the first Filipino fighter to ever win a world title at lightweight.^[46] During the fight, which Pacquiao dominated, Díaz was cut badly on his right eye in the fourth round.^[47] After the bout, Díaz acknowledged Pacquiao's superior hand speed, stating "It was his speed. It was all his speed. I could see the punches perfectly, but he was just too fast."^[48]

Bob Arum reported that the fight had made 12.5 million dollars, earning Díaz his best payday of 850,000 dollars, whilst Pacquiao earned at least 3 million dollars.^[45] Official records revealed an attendance of 8,362 (out of a maximum capacity of 12,000).^[49]

Holding both the WBC Super Featherweight and Lightweight titles following the win, Pacquiao decided to vacate his super featherweight title in July 2008.^[50]

On August 7, 2008, the members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines issued a House Resolution, sponsored by South Cotabato Congresswoman Darlene Antonino-Custodio, which recognized Pacquiao as a "People’s Champ" — "for his achievements and in appreciation of the honor and inspiration he has been bringing... to the Filipino people." He received a plaque from the then House Speaker Prospero Nograles.^[51]

Welterweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. De La Hoya[link]

On December 6, 2008, Pacquiao moved up to the welterweight division in order to face the six-division world champion Oscar De La Hoya at the MGM Grand, in a fight called "The Dream Match." Presented by Golden Boy Promotions and Top Rank, the bout was scheduled as a twelve-round, non-title fight contested at the 147-pound welterweight limit. Although Pacquiao went into the fight widely recognized as the leading pound-for-pound boxer in the world, some boxing pundits had speculated that 147 pounds could be too far above his natural weight against the larger De La Hoya.^[52] However, due to rehydration after the weigh in, De La Hoya came into the fight actually weighing less than Pacquiao and close to 20 pounds under his usual fighting weight. Pacquiao dominated the fight and, after eight rounds, De La Hoya's corner was forced to throw in the towel, awarding Pacquiao the win via technical knockout.^[53]

Pacquiao was ahead on all three judges' scorecards before the stoppage, with two judges scoring the fight at 80–71 and one scoring it at 79–72.^[54] Moreover, Pacquiao landed 224 out of 585 punches, whilst De La Hoya landed only 83 out of 402 punches.^[54] After the bout, trainer Freddie Roach stated, "We knew we had him after the first round. He had no legs, he was hesitant and he was shot."^[55] The fight would be De La Hoya's last, as he announced his retirement from boxing shortly after.^[56]

Pacquiao received 15 to 30 million dollars (share of the pay-per-view), plus a guaranteed amount.^[57] Tickets reportedly sold out just hours after they went on sale. Moreover, the total gate revenue for the fight was said to be nearly 17 million dollars, making it the second largest gate revenue in boxing history.^[58]

On December 22, 2008, Pacquiao has been decorated with the Philippine Legion of Honor with the rank of "Officer" (Pinuno) in a ceremony marking the 73rd founding anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. As an army reservist, he was given recognition for bringing pride and honor to the country through his remarkable achievements in the ring.^[59]

Light Welterweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. Hatton[link]

Manny Pacquiao and Ricky Hatton with their trainers at the Trafford Centre

On May 2, 2009, Pacquiao fought at light welterweight, or super lightweight, division for the first time against Ricky Hatton at the MGM Grand Las Vegas, in a fight billed as "The Battle of the East and West." Pacquiao won the bout via knockout to claim Hatton's The Ring and IBO Light Welterweight titles. In doing so, Pacquiao became the second man in boxing history to become a six-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in six different weight divisions and the first man ever to win lineal world titles in four different weight classes.^[60]

The fight was originally placed in jeopardy due to disputes with both camps over the fight purse money.^[61] Eventually, the money issue was settled and the fight went on as scheduled. HBO aired the contest.^[62]

Pacquiao started the fight strong, knocking down Hatton twice in the first round.^[63] A somewhat shaken Hatton beat the count, only to be saved by the bell seconds later. In the second round, Hatton seemed to have recovered, as he stalked Pacquiao for most of the round. However, with less than ten seconds remaining in the second round, Hatton was knocked out cold by a sharp left hook, prompting the referee to award Pacquiao the win by knockout (at 2:59 of the round).^[64] The knockout won him the The Ring Magazine "Knockout of the Year" for 2009.

Return to welterweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. Cotto[link]

On November 14, 2009, Pacquiao defeated Miguel Cotto via technical knockout in the twelfth round at the MGM Grand Las Vegas in a fight billed as "Firepower." Although the bout was sanctioned as a world title fight in the welterweight division, where the weight limit is 147 pounds, Cotto agreed to fight at a catchweight of 145 pounds.^[65]

Pacquiao dominated the fight, knocking Cotto down in round three and round four, before the referee stopped the fight at 0:55 of round twelve.^[66] With this victory, Pacquiao took the WBO Welterweight title, was awarded the WBO Super Championship title and became the first seven-division world champion, the first fighter in boxing history to win world titles in seven different weight divisions.^[67] Pacquiao also won the first and special WBC Diamond Championship belt.^[68] This belt was created as an honorary championship exclusively to award the winner of a historic fight between two high-profile boxers.^[69] After the fight, promoter Bob Arum stated "Pacquiao is the greatest boxer I've ever seen, and I've seen them all, including Ali, Hagler and Sugar Ray Leonard."^[70] Miguel Cotto said in a post fight interview: "Miguel Cotto comes to boxing to fight the biggest names, and Manny is one of the best boxers we have of all time."

The fight generated 1.25 million buys and $70 million in domestic pay-per-view revenue, making it the most watched boxing event of 2009.^[71] Pacquiao earned around $22 million for his part in the fight, whilst Cotto earned around $12 million.^[71] Pacquiao–Cotto also generated a live gate of $8,847,550 from an official crowd of 15,930.^[71]

On November 20, 2009, in a simple rites at the Quirino Grandstand, President Macapagal-Arroyo conferred Pacquiao the Order of Sikatuna with the rank of Datu (Grand Cross) with Gold distinction (Katangiang Ginto) which usually bestowed to foreign diplomats and heads of state. It was awarded to Pacquiao for winning his historical seventh weight division world title.^[72]

Following the victory against Cotto, there was much public demand for a fight between the seven-division world champion Manny Pacquiao (the number-one pound-for-pound boxer) and the five-division world champion Floyd Mayweather, Jr. (the number-two and former number-one pound-for-pound boxer). Pacquiao reportedly agreed to fight Mayweather on March 13, 2010 for a split of $50 million up front.^[73] And it was later agreed that the venue for the fight would be the MGM Grand Las Vegas. However, the bout was put in jeopardy due to disagreements about Olympic-style drug testing. The Mayweather camp wanted random blood testing by the United States Anti-Doping Agency,^[74] whereas Pacquiao refused to have any blood testing within 30 days from the fight, because he thought it would weaken him, but he was willing to have blood taken from him before the 30-day window as well as immediately after the fight.^[75] Freddie Roach, on the other hand, commented that he would not allow blood to be taken from Pacquiao one week before the fight.^[76][77] In an attempt to resolve their differences, the two camps went through a process of mediation before a retired judge. After the mediation process Mayweather agreed to a 14-day no blood testing window. However, Pacquiao refused and instead only agreed to a 24-day no blood testing window.^[78] Consequently, on January 7, 2010, Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum declared that the fight was officially off.^[79]

Because of Pacquiao's reluctance to submit to random blood testing to the extent requested by Mayweather, despite lack of evidence, the Mayweather camp repeated their suggestion that Pacquiao was using banned substances, which resulted in Pacquiao filing a lawsuit for defamation, seeking damages in excess of 75,000 dollars.^[80] The lawsuit cited accusations made by Floyd Mayweather, Jr., Floyd Mayweather Sr., Roger Mayweather, Oscar De La Hoya and Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer.^[80][81]

Manny Pacquiao and Joshua Clottey shortly after the weigh in for their fight in Dallas, Texas. In the background are Bob Arum and Jerry Jones

After negotiations for the Mayweather fight fell through, other boxers were considered to replace Mayweather as Pacquiao's next opponent, including former Light Welterweight Champion Paul Malignaggi,^[82] and WBA Light Middleweight title holder Yuri Foreman.^[83] However, Pacquiao chose to fight former IBF Welterweight title holder Joshua Clottey instead.

Pacquiao vs. Clottey[link]

On March 13, 2010, at the Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, Pacquiao defeated Clottey via unanimous decision to retain his WBO Welterweight title. The judges scored the fight 120–108, 119–109 and 119–109, all in favor of Pacquiao.^[84] During the fight, Pacquiao threw a total of 1231 punches (a career high), but landed just 246, as most were blocked by Clottey's tight defense. On the other hand, Clottey threw a total of 399 punches, landing 108.^[85]

The fight was rewarded with a paid crowd of 36,371 and a gate of $6,359,985, according to post-fight tax reports filed with Texas boxing regulators.^[86] Counting complimentary tickets delivered to sponsors, media outlets and others, the Dallas fight attracted 41,843,^[86] well short of the 50,994 that was previously announced,^[87] but still an epic number for boxing. In addition, the bout drew 700,000 pay-per-view buys and earned $35.3 million in domestic revenue.^[88]

Manny Pacquiao was named as the Fighter of the Decade for years 2000–2009 by the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA). This award was presented by legendary boxer Joe Frazier, who was also a recipient of the award himself back in 1978 for defeating Muhammad Ali. Aside from this prestigious recognition, he was also named as the Sugar Ray Robinson Fighter of the Year for 2009, having received the same honor in 2006 and 2008. The awards ceremony was held at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City on June 4, 2010.^[7]

After his victory over Clottey, Pacquiao was expected to return to boxing in late 2010 with a possible matchup against Floyd Mayweather, Jr.. It was later reported that Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer and Top Rank Chief Bob Arum worked out a '"Super Fight" between Manny Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather, Jr.. However, complications arose when Mayweather requested Pacquiao undergo random blood and urine testing up until the fight day. Pacquiao responded that he would agree to undergo blood and urine testing up until 14 days before the fight (as requested by Mayweather in the first round of negotiations), stating that giving blood too close to the fight day would weaken him. On May 13, 2010, Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum announced that he had penciled in November 13, 2010 as the date of Manny Pacquiao's next fight, possibly against Mayweather. However, the stumbling block over demands that Pacquiao submit to Olympic-level random drug testing put the fight in jeopardy.^[89]

On June 12, 2010, the President of Golden Boy Promotions, Oscar De La Hoya, stated during an interview with a Spanish network that the deal for the fight was very close and the negotiation process has been very difficult.^[90] On June 30, 2010, Arum announced that the management of both sides had agreed to terms, that all points had been settled (including Pacquiao agreeing to submit to both blood and urine testing) and only the signature of Floyd Mayweather, Jr. was needed to seal the deal that could have earned both fighters at least $40 million each. Mayweather was then given a two-week deadline for the fight contract to be signed.^[91] Arum also announced that Pacquiao accepted the terms of the random drug testing, blood and urine, leading up to the fight.^[92]

On July 15, 2010, Bob Arum announced that Pacquiao's camp would give Mayweather until Friday midnight to sign the fight. The next day, the Top Rank website embedded a countdown clock on their website with the heading "Money" Time: Mayweather's Decision.^[93] On July 17, 2010, Arum announced that there was no word from Mayweather's camp and the deal for a November 13, 2010 fight with Mayweather was not reached.

On July 19, 2010, Leonard Ellerbe, one of Floyd Mayweather, Jr.'s closest advisers, denied that negotiations for a super fight between Mayweather and Pacquiao had ever taken place. Ellerbe stated that Bob Arum was not telling the truth.^[94] Bob Arum responded, questioning that if there was no negotiation, then who imposed the gag order (referring to a gag order about the negotiation allegedly imposed on both camps) and who could there be a gag order from if there were no negotiations. He also criticized Oscar De La Hoya and his Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer for denying that negotiations took place, when De La Hoya himself had previously stated that they were "very, very close in finalizing the contracts."^[95] Arum revealed that HBO Sports President Ross Greenburg acted as the mediator between Mayweather’s handlers and those of Pacquiao’s from Top Rank Promotions.^[96] On July 26, 2010, Ross Greenburg said in a statement that he has been negotiating with a representative from each side since May 2, 2010, carefully trying to put the fight together and he did in fact act as a go-between in negotiations with the two sides, but they were unable to come to an agreement, contradicting what Arum and the Pacquiao camp had said.^[97][98] Floyd Mayweather, Jr., after the second negotiation had been officially declared off, told the Associated Press that he had fought sixty days ago and that he was not interested in rushing into anything and was not really thinking about boxing at the moment.^[99] Almost a year later, on July 8, 2011, Manny Pacquiao's top adviser Michael Koncz confirmed that Pacquiao had in fact never agreed to testing up until fight day, which contradicted what Bob Arum and the Pacquiao camp had been saying for well over a year.^[100]

Light Middleweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. Margarito[link]

On July 23, 2010, Bob Arum announced that Pacquiao would fight Antonio Margarito on November 13, 2010. The fight for the vacant WBC Light Middleweight title gave Pacquiao the chance to win a world title in his eighth weight class, the light middleweight, or super welterweight, division.^[101] A catchweight of 150 pounds was established for the fight, although the weight limit for the light middleweight division is 154 pounds. During the pre-fight, Pacquiao weighed in at a low 144.6 pounds, while Margarito weighed in at the limit of 150 pounds. Pacquiao said he was pleased with his weight because he loses too much speed when he gains pounds. During the fight itself, Pacquiao weighed 148 lbs, 17 pounds lighter than Margarito's 165.^[102]

Prior to the fight, Pacquiao's team demanded to the Texas officials to test Margarito for banned substances after a weight loss supplement, reportedly Hydroxycut, was found in his locker. It was stated that the officials would undergo testing for both boxers after the fight.^[103] In the fight, Pacquiao defeated Margarito via unanimous decision, using his superior handspeed and movement to win his 8th world title in as many divisions. In the penultimate round, Pacquiao implored referee Laurence Cole several times to stop the fight as Margarito had a swollen face and a large cut beneath the right eye, but the referee let the fight continue.^[104] Margarito had to be taken directly to the hospital after the fight, where it was discovered his orbital bone had been fractured; he had to undergo surgery.^[105]

On November 22, 2010, after winning world title in his eighth weight division, Pacquiao was awarded with another Congressional Medal of Distinction from his fellow congressmen led by House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte during the ceremony at the Philippine House of Representatives.^[106]

Because Pacquiao had no plans to defend the WBC Light Middleweight title that he won against Margarito, the WBC Board of Governors voted to declare the title vacant.^[107]

Second return to welterweight[link]

Pacquiao vs. Mosley[link]

On May 7, 2011, Pacquiao successfully defended his WBO Welterweight title against three-division world champion Shane Mosley via lopsided unanimous decision at the MGM Grand Arena. Rapper LL Cool J performed as Mosley entered first the arena, while vocalist Jimi Jamison of the rock band Survivor sang "Eye of the Tiger" as Pacquiao approached the ring. Pacquiao knocked Mosley down in the third round using a one-two capped with a left straight. Mosley was left dazed by the knockdown but managed to stand up.^[108] Mosley floored Pacquiao in the tenth round with a push, but referee Kenny Bayless inexplicably ruled it a knockdown. None of the judges seemed to have bought it judging from the scores. Replays showed that Pacquiao was throwing a punch off balance, had his right foot stepped on by Mosley's left foot and went down with a little help from Mosley's right hand. Bayless apologized to Pacquiao after the fight for the mistake. Pacquiao gained one-sided verdicts from all three judges – 119–108, 120–108 and 120–107.^[109] Pacquiao reported that the only thing preventing him from knocking out Mosley was a cramp in his legs. Freddie Roach said that Pacquiao had problems with cramping before but usually in training sessions and not in the middle of bouts.^[110] After the fight, there was much controversy over Shane Mosley reportedly telling Floyd Mayweather that he should have made Pacquiao "take the test."^[111]

Bob Arum talked about having Pacquiao's next bout at the MGM Grand on November 5, 2011 or across town at the Thomas and Mack Center on November 12, 2011. Arum listed Juan Manuel Marquez as the first choice and then mentioned Timothy Bradley and Zab Judah as other options.^[112]

Pacquiao vs. Marquez III[link]

Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum stated that a third meeting with Márquez could happen in November 2011, providing Pacquiao defeated his next opponent Shane Mosley on May 7.^[113] On May 10, Márquez accepted an offer from Top Rank to fight Pacquiao for his WBO Welterweight title at a catchweight of 144 pounds.^[114] On May 18, Márquez signed the deal to fight Pacquiao for the third time on November 12 at Las Vegas.

On November 12, Marquez lost to Pacquiao via majority decision by garnering scores 114–114, 115–113 & 116–112 from scorecards of three judges. Upon the results being announced, the crowd reaction was largely negative with thousands continuing to boo^[115] as Pacquiao spoke with Max Kellerman. Tim Smith of New York's Daily News wrote that Márquez "was robbed of a decision by judges who were either blind or corrupt."^[116] However, ringside punch stats showed Pacquiao landing more strikes, 176 to 138, and landing more power punches, 117 to 100.^[117] Michael Woods of ESPN stated that Marquez was not robbed noting the Compubox stats, all of which favored Pacquiao.^[118]

Pacquiao vs. Bradley[link]

Bob Arum announced that Pacquiao is having his next bout on June 9, 2012, following another failed negotiations for a showdown with the now WBC titleholder Floyd Mayweather, Jr. on Cinco De Mayo. Timothy Bradley, Miguel Cotto, Juan Manuel Marquez and Lamont Peterson were the names on Arum's list of his next possible opponents.

On February 5, Timothy Bradley was announced as Pacquiao's next opponent on June 9 for his WBO Welterweight title.^[119][120]

Professional boxing record[link]

54 Wins (38 knockouts, 16 decisions), 3 Losses (2 knockouts, 1 decision), 2 Draws[121]
Res.	Record	Opponent	Type	Round, Time	Date	Location	Notes
N/A	N/A	Timothy Bradley	-	? (12)	2012-06-09	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Defends WBO Welterweight title.
Win	54-3-2	Juan Manuel Márquez	MD	12	2011-11-12	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBO Welterweight title. Fight at 144-pound catch weight.
Win	53-3-2	Shane Mosley	UD	12	2011-05-07	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBO Welterweight title.
Win	52-3-2	Antonio Margarito	UD	12	2010-11-13	Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas	Won vacant WBC Light Middleweight title. Fight at 150-pound catch weight.
Win	51-3-2	Joshua Clottey	UD	12	2010-03-13	Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas	Retained WBO Welterweight title.
Win	50-3-2	Miguel Ángel Cotto	TKO	12 (12), 0:55	2009-11-14	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won WBO Welterweight title. Awarded WBC Diamond belt. Fight at 145-pound catch weight.
Win	49-3-2	Ricky Hatton	KO	2 (12), 2:59	2009-05-02	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won The Ring & IBO Light Welterweight titles.
Win	48-3-2	Oscar De La Hoya	RTD	8 (12), 3:00	2008-12-06	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	A non-title welterweight bout.
Win	47-3-2	David Díaz	TKO	9 (12), 2:24	2008-06-28	Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won WBC Lightweight title.
Win	46-3-2	Juan Manuel Márquez	SD	12	2008-03-15	Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won WBC & vacant The Ring Super Featherweight titles.
Win	45-3-2	Marco Antonio Barrera	UD	12	2007-10-06	Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBC International Super Featherweight title.
Win	44-3-2	Jorge Solís	KO	8 (12), 1:16	2007-04-14	Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas	Retained WBC International Super Featherweight title.
Win	43-3-2	Érik Morales	KO	3 (12), 2:57	2006-11-18	Thomas and Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBC International Super Featherweight title.
Win	42-3-2	Óscar Larios	UD	12	2006-07-02	Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City, Metro Manila	Retained WBC International Super Featherweight title.
Win	41-3-2	Érik Morales	TKO	10 (12), 2:33	2006-01-21	Thomas and Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBC International Super Featherweight title. WBC Super Featherweight Title Eliminator.
Win	40-3-2	Héctor Velázquez	TKO	6 (12), 2:59	2005-09-10	Staples Center, Los Angeles, California	Won vacant WBC International Super Featherweight title.
Loss	39-3-2	Érik Morales	UD	12	2005-03-19	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	For vacant WBC International & vacant IBA Super Featherweight titles.
Win	39-2-2	Fahsan Por Thawatchai	TKO	4 (12), 1:26	2004-12-11	Fort Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City, Metro Manila	Retained The Ring Featherweight title. IBF Featherweight Eliminator for the #2 Spot.
Draw	38-2-2	Juan Manuel Márquez	SD	12	2004-05-08	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained The Ring Featherweight title. For WBA (Super) and IBF Featherweight titles.
Win	38-2-1	Marco Antonio Barrera	TKO	11 (12), 2:56	2003-11-15	Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas	Won Lineal & The Ring Featherweight titles.
Win	37-2-1	Emmanuel Lucero	KO	3 (12), 0:48	2003-07-26	Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California	Retained IBF Super Bantamweight title.
Win	36-2-1	Serikzhan Yeshmagambetov	TKO	5 (10), 1:52	2003-03-15	Rizal Park, Manila, Metro Manila	A non-title featherweight bout.
Win	35-2-1	Fahprakorb Rakkiatgym	KO	1 (12), 2:46	2002-10-26	Rizal Memorial College Gym, Davao City	Retained IBF Super Bantamweight title.
Win	34-2-1	Jorge Eliecer Julio	TKO	2 (12), 1:09	2002-06-08	The Pyramid, Memphis, Memphis	Retained IBF Super Bantamweight title.
Draw	33-2-1	Agapito Sánchez	TD	6 (12), 1:12	2001-11-10	Bill Graham Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, California	Retained IBF Super Bantamweight title. For WBO Super Bantamweight title. Bout stopped due to cut on Pacquiao's eye caused by headbutt.
Win	33–2	Lehlohonolo Ledwaba	TKO	6 (12), 0:59	2001-06-23	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won IBF Super Bantamweight title.
Win	32–2	Wethya Sakmuangklang	KO	6 (12), 2:40	2001-04-28	Kidapawan City, Cotabato	Retained WBC International Super Bantamweight title.
Win	31–2	Tetsutora Senrima	TKO	5 (12)	2001-02-24	Ynares Center, Antipolo City, Rizal	Retained WBC International Super Bantamweight title.
Win	30–2	Nedal Hussein	TKO	10 (12), 1:48	2000-10-14	Ynares Center, Antipolo City, Rizal	Retained WBC International Super Bantamweight title.
Win	29–2	Seung-Kon Chae	TKO	1 (12), 1:42	2000-06-28	Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City, Metro Manila	Retained WBC International Super Bantamweight title.
Win	28–2	Arnel Barotillo	KO	4 (12)	2000-03-04	Ninoy Aquino Stadium, Manila, Metro Manila	Retained WBC International Super Bantamweight title.
Win	27–2	Reynante Jamili	KO	2 (12)	1999-12-18	Elorde Sports Complex, Parañaque City, Metro Manila	Won WBC International Super Bantamweight title.
Loss	26–2	Medgoen Singsurat	KO	3 (12), 1:32	1999-09-17	Pakpanag Metropolitan Stadium, Nakhon Si Thammarat	Lost Lineal Flyweight title. Pacquiao was overweight at weigh-in and stripped of WBC Flyweight title.
Win	26–1	Gabriel Mira	TKO	4 (12), 2:45	1999-04-24	Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City, Metro Manila	Retained Lineal & WBC Flyweight titles.
Win	25–1	Todd Makelim	TKO	3 (10), 2:52	1999-02-20	Kidapawan City, Cotabato
Win	24–1	Chatchai Sasakul	KO	8 (12)	1998-12-04	Tonsuk College Ground, Phutthamonthon	Won Lineal & WBC Flyweight titles.
Win	23–1	Shin Terao	TKO	1 (10), 2:59	1998-05-18	Korakuen Hall, Tokyo
Win	22–1	Panomdej Ohyuthanakorn	KO	1 (12), 1:38	1997-12-06	South Cotabato Stadium, Koronadal City, South Cotabato	Retained OPBF Flyweight title.
Win	21–1	Melvin Magramo	UD	(10)	1997-09-13	Cebu Coliseum Cebu City, Cebu
Win	20–1	Chokchai Chockvivat	KO	5 (12), 2:46	1997-06-26	Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila	Won OPBF Flyweight title.
Win	19–1	Ariel Austria	TKO	6 (10)	1997-05-30	Almendras Gym, Davao City
Win	18–1	Wook-Ki Lee	KO	1 (10), 1:04	1997-04-24	Ritsy's, Makati City, Metro Manila
Win	17–1	Mike Luna	KO	1 (10), 1:56	1997-03-03	Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila
Win	16–1	Sung-Yul Lee	TKO	2 (10)	1996-12-28	Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila
Win	15–1	Ippo Gala	TKO	2 (10)	1996-07-27	Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila
Win	14–1	Bert Batiller	TKO	4 (10)	1996-06-15	General Santos City, South Cotabato
Win	13–1	John Medina	TKO	4 (10)	1996-05-05	Malabon City, Metro Manila
Win	12–1	Marlon Carillo	UD	(10)	1996-04-27	Ramada Hotel, Manila, Metro Manila
Loss	11–1	Rustico Torrecampo	KO	3 (10), 0:29	1996-02-09	Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila	Pacquiao was one pound over the specified catch weight of 111 lbs. He was penalized by wearing heavier gloves.
Win	11–0	Lito Torrejos	TD	5 (10)	1996-01-13	Parañaque City, Metro Manila
Win	10–0	Rolando Toyogon	UD	10	1995-12-09	Sampaloc Metro Manila
Win	9–0	Rudolfo Fernandez	TKO	3 (10)	1995-11-11	Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila
Win	8–0	Renato Mendones	TKO	2 (8)	1995-10-21	Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Win	7–0	Lolito Laroa	UD	8	1995-10-07	Makati City, Metro Manila
Win	6–0	Armando Rocil	KO	3 (8)	1995-09-16	Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila
Win	5–0	Acasio Simbajon	UD	6	1995-08-03	Mandaluyong Sports Complex, Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila
Win	4–0	Dele Decierto	TKO	2 (6)	1995-07-01	Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila
Win	3–0	Rocky Palma	UD	6	1995-05-01	Montano Hall, Cavite City, Cavite
Win	2–0	Pinoy Montejo	UD	4	1995-03-18	Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
Win	1–0	Edmund Enting Ignacio	UD	4	1995-01-22	Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro	Professional boxing debut at light flyweight.