- published: 10 Dec 2008
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- author: ArmenianEducation
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Aleppo
Aleppo (Arabic: حلب Ḥalab [ˈħalæb], other names) is the largest city in Syria and the capital of Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate. With an official population of 2,132,100 (2004 census), it is also one of the largest cities in the Levant. For centuries, Aleppo was Greater Syria's largest city and the Ottoman Empire's third, after Constantinople and Cairo. Although relatively close to Damascus in distance, Aleppo is distinct in identity, architecture and culture, all shaped by a markedly different history and geography.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world; it has been inhabited since perhaps as early as the 6th millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the old city of Aleppo, show that the area was occupied since at least the latter part of the 3rd millennium BC; and this is also when Aleppo is first mentioned in cuneiform tablets unearthed in Ebla and Mesopotamia, in which it is noted for its commercial and military proficiency. Such a long history is probably due to its being a strategic trading point midway between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia.
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Americas
The Americas, or America, are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World.
In the English language, the Americas refers to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, whereas America, in current usage, usually refers to the United States of America.
The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000–17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific Northwest coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of meters following the last ice age.
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Antelias
Antelias (Arabic: أنطلياس; Armenian: Անթիլիաս) is a town in Lebanon. It is located around 5 km to the north of Beirut. Its inhabitants are mainly Christians and include Armenians (mostly Apostolic Christians), Maronites, Greek Catholics and Greek Orthodox .
Antelias is the seat of the Catholicos of Cilicia of the Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia.
It also includes other important religious buildings such as the St-Elie Maronite convent with its two churches and the St. Mikhael Greek Orthodox church.
The name is originally Greek, ἀντήλιος—from ἀντί(anti) "contra" and ἥλιος (helios) "sun" --, meaning "facing the sun".
Antelias is composed of a coastal fertile plain and a hilly region more to the east. There is also a narrower plain on the sides of the Antelias river, which originates from a nearby source (Fawar) and runs east west to discharge in the Mediterranean Sea.
Until the early nineties of the last century, the coastal plain of Antelias mostly consisted of open areas planted with orange and banana trees. Very few houses could be seen in the coastal plain. The strips along the Antelias river also used to be planted with orange trees.
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Armenia
Armenia
i/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Armenian Highland
The Armenian Highland (for names in other languages see below; also known as the Armenian Upland, Armenian plateau, Armenian tableland, simply Armenia) is the central-most and highest of three land-locked plateaus that together form the northern sector of the Middle East. To its west is the Anatolian plateau which rises slowly from the lowland coast of the Aegean Sea and rises to an average height of 3,000 feet (910 m). In Armenia, the average height rises dramatically from 3,000 feet (910 m) to 7,000 feet (2,100 m). To its southeast is the Iranian plateau, where the elevation drops rapidly to an average 2,000 feet (610 m) to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) feet above sea level.
When the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923, the Republic of Turkey was established. It is claimed that in its attempts to Turkify the geographical and settlement names in Turkey, the authorities of the republic began a systematic campaign to alter non-Turkish placenames. These attempts included the name change of the geographical expression of "Armenia" or "Armenian plateau" to "Eastern Anatolia." However, as can be seen in Turkish sources, the names Armenian plateau (Ermenistan Platosu) or Armenian Highland (Ermenistan Yaylası) are used to define the plateau. The term "Eastern Anatolia Region" is designated for the region and is mainly used for statistical purposes, while geographic expression Armenian plateau is continued to be used in contemporary Turkish sources.
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Armenian Quarter
The Armenian Quarter (Armenian: Հայկական թաղամաս Haykakan t'ağamas, Hebrew: הרובע הארמני, Arabic: حارة الأرمن) is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. The Armenian Quarter is the smallest of the four quarters, with the smallest number of residents.
In 2001, there were about 2,500 Armenians living in Jerusalem, most of them living in and around the Patriarchate at the St. James Monastery, which occupies most of the Armenian Quarter.
Armenians have inhabited parts of modern Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus Mountains for more than four thousand years. The first known instance of an Armenian to come anywhere near Jerusalem arrived in 95 BC under King Tigranes II of Armenia. The Armenian armies traveled to several cities in Judea before leaving Israel. It was at this time that Jews may have come to trade with Armenia and settle in that far away land when likewise some Armenians came to know of the lands around Jerusalem and may have traded with Israel. Following the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 the Romans imported "Armenian traders, artisans, Legionaries and government administrators". At precisely this time Thaddeus and Bartholomew, both Christian apostles, arrived in Armenia to preach to the Armenians and the small Jewish community there. Subsequently Christianity spread to the higher echelons of Armenian royalty. In AD 301, Armenia was proclaimed a "Christian state" under its King Terdat III, the first Christian country historically. During this period it is believed Armenian pilgrims were already making their way to and from Jerusalem on pilgrimages. Armenian folk history also tells that already a small "upper room" of a house on Mount Zion was being used as a church, thus the later Armenian claim to a quarter near Mount Zion where the St. James Cathedral would later be built.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Batumi
Batumi (Georgian: ბათუმი) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and capital of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. Sometimes considered Georgia's second capital, with a population of 180,000 (2008 census), Batumi serves as an important port and a commercial center. It is situated in a subtropical zone, rich in agricultural produce such as citrus fruit and tea. While industries of the city include shipbuilding, food processing, and light manufacturing, most of its economy revolves around tourism.
Batumi is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony in Colchis called Bathus or Bathys – derived from the Greek phrase bathus limen or bathys limin meaning "deep harbour". Under Hadrian (r. 117–138 AD), it was converted into a fortified Roman port later deserted for the fortress of Petra founded in the times of Justinian I (r. 527–565). Garrisoned by the Roman-Byzantine forces, it was formally a possession of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs who did not hold it; in the 9th century it formed part of the Bagratid monarchy of Tao-Klarjeti and at the close of the 10th century of the unified kingdom of Georgia which succeeded it.
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Beirut
Coordinates: 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306
Beirut (Arabic: بيروت Bayrūt, Greek: Βηρυττός, Latin: Berytus, French: Beyrouth, Hebrew: ביירות Beyrut) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. As there has been no recent population census, the exact population is unknown; estimates in 2007 ranged from slightly less than 1 million to slightly more than 2 million. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport. The Beirut metropolitan area consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating from the 15th century BC. The city has been inhabited continuously since then.
Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in its city centre, Hamra Street, Rue Verdun and Ashrafieh. The city is the focal point of the region's cultural life, renowned for its press, theatres, cultural activities and nightlife. After the destructive Lebanese Civil War, Beirut underwent major reconstruction, and the redesigned historic city centre, marina, pubs and nightlife districts have once again made it a tourist attraction. Beirut was named the top place to visit by The New York Times in 2009, and as one of the ten liveliest cities in the world by Lonely Planet in the same year.
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Bourj Hammoud
Bourj Hammoud (or Burj Hammud) (Arabic: برج حموﺪ, Armenian: Պուրճ Համուտ) is a suburb in North-East Beirut, Lebanon in the Metn district. The suburb is heavily populated by Armenians as it is where most survivors of the Armenian Genocide settled. Bourj Hammoud is an industrious area and is one of the most densely-populated districts in the Middle East.
Bourj Hammoud was founded by survivors of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 and expanded mostly during the 1930s. When the sick and exhausted Armenians who had survived the death marches in Deir ez-Zor (Syria) arrived in Beirut after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, they were given the right to construct shacks on the eastern banks of the Beirut River that was at the time swamps and marshy lands. They were then allowed to erect houses and buildings which stand to this day. In 1952, Bourj Hammoud became an independent municipality and is currently a member of the Metn-North group of municipalities.
The founding father of Bourj Hammoud and its municipality was the Armenian Catholic Father Paul Ariss (in Arabic الأب بول عريس; in Armenian Հայր Պօղոս Արիս) who was instrumental in laying the foundations of a bustling city and center for the Lebanese Armenian community and served a long time as its mayor. The municipality named a main street in Bourj Hammoud in his name in acknowledgement of his big contributions to the establishment and development of the city.
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Budapest
Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/, /ˈbuːdəpɛʃt/ or /ˈbʊdəpɛst/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] (
listen); names in other languages) is the capital and the largest city of Hungary, the largest in East-Central Europe and the seventh largest in the European Union. It is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre, sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. According to 2011 Census, Budapest had 1.74 million inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2.1 million due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3.3 million people. The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7 sq mi) within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of west-bank Buda and Óbuda with east-bank Pest.
The history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture in the 15th century. Following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification. It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, when Hungary lost 72% of its former territory, culturally and economically the country became wholly Budapest-dominated. The capital dominates the country both by the size of its population—which dwarfs those of Hungary's other cities Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Byzantine Armenia
Byzantine Armenia is the name given to the Armenian part of the Byzantine Empire. The size of the territory varied over time, depending on the degree of control the Byzantines had over Armenia.
The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires divided Armenia in 387 and in 428. Western Armenia fell under Byzantine rule, and Eastern Armenia fell under Sassanid control. Even after the establishment of the Bagratid Armenian Kingdom, parts of historic Armenia and Armenian-inhabited areas were still under Byzantine rule.
The Armenians had no representation in the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451, because they were struggling against the Sassanids in an armed rebellion. For that reason, there appeared a theological drift between Armenian and Byzantine Christianity.
Regardless, many Armenians became successful in the Byzantine Empire. One out of five Byzantine emperors and empresses were ethnically Armenian or half-Armenian; although culturally Greek. The best example of this is Emperor Heraclius, whose father was Armenian and mother Cappadocian. Emperor Heraclius began the Heraclean Dynasty (610-717). Basil I is another example of an Armenian beginning a dynasty; the Macedonian dynasty. Other great emperors were Romanos I, John I Tzimiskes, and Nikephoros II.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia (for endonyms, see below), is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, which contain Europe's highest mountain, Mt. Elbrus. Politically, the Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts.
The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus.
The Ciscaucasus contains the larger majority of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range, also known as the Major Caucasus mountains. It includes Southwestern Russia and northern parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
The Transcaucasus is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by the Black Sea and Turkey, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the south by Iran. It includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia, Azerbaijan (excluding the northern parts) and Georgia (excluding the northern parts) are in South Caucasus.
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Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Gliwice
Gliwice [ɡlʲiˈvʲit͡sɛ] ( listen) (German: Gleiwitz) is a city in Upper Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. Gliwice is the west district of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – a metropolis with a population of 2 million. The city is located in the Silesian Highlands, on the Kłodnica river (a tributary of the Oder).
Situated in the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999, Gliwice was previously in Katowice Voivodeship. Gliwice is one of the cities of a 2.7 million conurbation known as the Katowice urban area and is within the larger Silesian metropolitan area, which has a population of about 5,294,000 people. The population of the city is 196,361 (June 2009).
In Slavic languages, the root gliw or gliv suggests terrain characterized by loam or wetland. In South Slavic languages, glive or gljive refers to mushrooms, with gljivice meaning little mushrooms.
Gliwice was first mentioned as a town in 1276 and was ruled during the Middle Ages by the Silesian Piast dukes. During the reign of Mieszko I Tanglefoot, the town was part of a duchy centered on Opole-Racibórz, and became a separate duchy in 1289. According to 14th century writers, the town seemed defensive in character and was ruled by Siemowit of Bytom. The town became a possession of the Bohemia crown in 1335, passing with that crown to the Austrian Habsburgs as Gleiwitz in 1526.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Nicosia
Nicosia (/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə), known locally as Lefkosia (Greek: Λευκωσία, Turkish: Lefkoşa), is the capital and largest city in Cyprus, as well as its main business center. After the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Nicosia remained the only divided capital in the world, with the southern and the northern portions divided by a Green Line. It is located near the center of the island, on the banks of the Pedieos River.
Nicosia is the capital and seat of government of the Republic of Cyprus. The northern part of the city functions as the capital of the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a disputed breakaway region whose independence is recognized only by Turkey, and which the rest of the international community considers as occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus since the Turkish Invasion in 1974.
Despite the division Nicosia has managed to become a sophisticated and cosmopolitan city, rich in history and culture that combines its historic past with the amenities of a modern city.
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Odessa
Odessa (Russian: Одесса, pronounced [ɐˈdʲesːə]) or Odesa (Ukrainian: Одеса, pronounced [ɔˈdɛsɑ]) is the third largest city in Ukraine, with a population of 1,003,705. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast.
The predecessor of Odessa, a small Tatar settlement, was founded by Hacı I Giray, the Khan of Crimea, in 1240 and originally named after him as "Hacıbey"[citation needed]. After a period of Lithuanian control, it passed into the domain of the Ottoman Sultan in 1529 and remained in Ottoman hands until the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792. The city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great in 1794. From 1819 to 1858 Odessa was a free port. During the Soviet period it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base. On 1 January 2000 the Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a term of 25 years.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Plovdiv
Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria after the capital Sofia with a population of 338,153 inhabitants as of February, 2011. It is administrative center of Plovdiv Province and the municipalities of City of Plovdiv, Maritsa municipality and Rodopi municipality, which municipal body has a population of 403,153 inhabitants as of February, 2011. It is an important economic, transport, cultural and educational center, as well as the second-largest city in the historical international region of Thrace after Istanbul. It is the tenth-largest city in the Balkans after Istanbul, Athens, Bucharest, Sofia, Thessaloniki, Zagreb, Skopje and Tirana.
Plovdiv's history spans 6,000 years, with traces of a Neolithic settlement dating to roughly 4000 BC and some rank it as Europe's oldest city. Plovdiv is known in the West for most of its history by the Greek name Philippopolis, which was created in 340 BC. Plovdiv was originally a Thracian city before later becoming a Greek and a major Roman one. In the Middle Ages, it retained its strategic regional importance, changing hands between the Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires. It came under Ottoman rule in the 14th century. In 4 January, 1878, Plovdiv was liberated from Ottoman rule by the Russian army and was within the borders of Bulgaria until July, the same year, when it became the capital of an autonomous Ottoman region of Eastern Rumelia. In 1885, it and Eastern Rumelia itself became part of Bulgaria.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Roman Armenia
From the end of the 1st century BC onwards, Armenia was, in part or whole, subject to the Roman Empire and its successor, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Emperor Trajan created even a short-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 118 AD.
Armenia was under direct Roman control as a province only for a few years under Trajan, but it had a far longer history as a vassal and client state of the Roman Empire for most of the first three centuries after Pompey's campaign in Armenia in 66 BC.
With the eastwards expansion of the Roman Republic during the Mithridatic Wars, the Kingdom of Armenia, under the Artaxiad Dynasty, was made a Roman protectorate by Pompey in 66/65 BC. For the next 100 years, Armenia remained under Roman influence. Towards the middle of the 1st century AD, the rising Parthian influence disputed Roman supremacy, which was re-established by the campaigns of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo.
This conflict ended after the Battle of Rhandeia, in an effective stalemate and a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (i/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdīyah[citation needed] or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
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Sevastopol
Sevastopol ( /ˌsɛvəˈstoʊpəl/ or /səˈvæstəpoʊl/; previously Sebastopol; Ukrainian and Russian: Севасто́поль; Crimean Tatar: Aqyar) is one of two cities with special status in Ukraine (the other being the capital, Kiev), located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimean peninsula. It has a population of 342,451 (2001). Sevastopol is the second largest port in Ukraine, after the Port of Odessa.
The unique geographic location and navigation conditions of the city's harbours make Sevastopol a strategically important naval point. It is also a popular seaside resort and tourist destination, mainly for visitors from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. The city, formerly the home of the Russian then Soviet Black Sea Fleet, is now home to a Ukrainian naval base and a Russian naval base in facilities leased by the Russian Navy. The headquarters of both the Ukrainian Naval Forces and Russia's Black Sea Fleet are located in the city. In 1993, the city was the subject of a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
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Sochi
Sochi (Russian: Сочи; IPA: [ˈsotɕɪ]) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, situated just north of Russia's border with the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia, on the Black Sea coast. Greater Sochi sprawls for 145 kilometers (90 mi) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains. According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,285; up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census, making it Russia's largest resort city.
Sochi will host the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014, as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020. It is also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Sochi has a humid subtropical climate with mild winters (average +11 °C (52 °F) during the day and +4 °C (39 °F) at night in the period from December to March) and comfortable summers (average +24 °C (75 °F) during the day and +16 °C (61 °F) at night period from May to October).
At 145 kilometers (90 mi), Greater Sochi claims to be the longest city in Europe. Other sources using the Caucasus Mountains as the Europe-Asia divide place Sochi in Southwest Asia as it falls on the southern (Asian) side of the Greater Caucasus.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Tbilisi
Tbilisi (Georgian: თბილისი [tʰb̥ilisi] ( listen)) is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi (ტფილისი) and it was officially known as Tpilisi (in Georgian) or Tiflis (in Russian) until 1936. The city covers an area of 726 km2 (280 sq mi) and has 1,480,000 inhabitants.
Founded in the 5th century by Vakhtang Gorgasali, the monarch of Georgia's precursor Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has served, with various intervals, as Georgia's capital for nearly 1500 years and represents a significant industrial, social, and cultural center of the country. Located near the southeastern edge of Europe, Tbilisi's proximity to lucrative east-west trade routes often made the city a point of contention between various rival empires throughout history and the city's location to this day ensures its position as an important transit route for global energy and trade projects. Tbilisi's varied history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, classical, and Soviet structures.
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Tehran
Tehran ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)[citation needed].
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Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
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Armenian American
Armenian Americans (Armenian: Ամերիկահայեր Amerikahayer) are citizens of the United States of Armenian descent or origin. Their number is estimated to be up to 1,400,000. The 2010 American Community Survey one-year estimates indicated 474,559 Americans with full or partial Armenian ancestry.
The largest concentration of Armenian-Americans is in the Greater Los Angeles area, where 166,498 people have identified themselves as Armenian during the US 2000 Census, which was about 43.2% of the total number (385,488) of people with Armenian origin in the United States in 2000.
The first Armenian known to have immigrated to America was Martin the Armenian. He arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1618, when the colony was only eleven years old. A few other Armenians are recorded as having come to the United States in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but they mostly came as individuals and did not form a community. A number of Armenians were known to have served for the side of the Union during the Civil War. Three Armenian doctors, Simeon Minasian, Garabed Galstian, and Baronig Matevosian, worked at military hospitals in Philadelphia. The only Armenian known to have participated in hostilities was Khachadour Paul Garabedian, who enlisted in the Union Navy. A naturalized citizen who hailed from Rodosto, Garabedian served aboard the blockade ships USS Geranium and USS Grand Gulf as a Third Assistant Engineer (and later attained officer rank) from 1864 until his honorable discharge from the Navy in August 1865.
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Armenian Brazilian
An Armenian Brazilian (Portuguese: Armeno-brasileiro, Armênio-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of full, partial, or predominantly Armenian ancestry, or an Armenian immigrant in Brazil.[citation needed]
Armenian immigrants in Brazil gathered mostly in and around the city of São Paulo, where there are churches, cultural centers, and even a subway station named Armenia. The Armenian community maintains a strong presence in the city, albeit not in the country as a whole. Some people of Armenian descent have become famous in arts and politics, such as Senator Pedro Pedrossian, actress Aracy Balabanian and actor and politician Stepan Nercessian.
Armenians in Latin America arranged a demonstration in Brazil, in the city of São Paulo at the Armenian Genocide monument on April 24, 1965 of 50th Anniversary of putting into force the Law of Relocation, and a play titled "The Adventures of Armenians 1915" was written and played by Armenians of Brazil at a theatre of São Paulo.
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Armenian Canadian
The 2006 Canadian census determined that there were 50,500 Canadians of Armenian ancestry and 30,130 had Armenian as their mother tongue. A large part of the Armenian diaspora in Canada came from Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, and other nations in the Middle East. Canada has also seen increased immigration from Armenia, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Armenians who had escaped persecution from the Armenian Genocide settled in communities in southern Ontario.
Thousands of Armenians made their way to Canada after federal immigration policies became less restrictive during the 1950s. Many newcomers were originally from Middle Eastern countries that were affected by strife such as Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. In the early 1990s, some Armenians immigrated to Canada after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Most Armenian-Canadians are centered in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and are active in community life. Smaller communities exist in the central and Maritime Provinces, with a slightly larger community in British Columbia.
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Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, Armenian pronunciation: [hɑˈjɛɾ]) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.
The largest concentration is in Armenia, having a nearly homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian. Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, an estimated total of 3 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry live outside of Armenia. As a result of the Armenian Genocide, a large number of survivors fled to many countries throughout the world, most notably the Russian Empire, the Near East, the United States, France, Iran, Georgia and other parts of Europe (see Armenian diaspora).
Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus's death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew In the early 4th century, the Kingdom of Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a non-Chalcedonian church, which is also the world's oldest national church.
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Armenians in Austria
Armenians in Austria refers to ethnic Armenians living in Austria. They number around 3,000 and mainly live in Vienna. There is also the very important presence of the Mekhitarist Order in Vienna that plays a major role in the country as well as worldwide.
The history of Armenians in Austria dates back to the time of Vienna's liberation from the Turkish siege at the end of the 17th century, when several Armenian merchants found a new market in the Habsburg empire.
In 1775 Maria Theresa gave the official permission to the Mechitarists congregation of the Armenian Catholic Church to settle in the Habsburg empire. The Mekhitarian congregation in Vienna contributed to the spread of Armenian culture in central Europe through its printing, its library and its college for Armenian boys.
The very active, well organized Armenians of the Ottoman province of Suczawa (Bukowina, today a part of the Ukraine) were annexed by the Austrian Empire and Armenians automatically became citizens of the Empire.
In the beginning of the 19th century, the Austrian Armenians enjoyed officially recognized status as an autonomous religious community. The Armenian community in Vienna grew constantly, so that already in 1896 the first efforts were made to found an Armenian-Apostolic community. In 1912 a small chapel was established in Vienna. The First World War and its aftermath transformed the Austrian Armenian community: the area of the Bukowina Armenians was lost during the war, but a wave of immigrants came to Austria as a result of the Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Turks in 1915.
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Armenians in Greece
The Armenians in Greece (Greek: Αρμένιοι, Arménioi) are Greek citizens of Armenian descent. The Armenian presence in Greece began centuries ago when Armenians, for various reasons, left Armenia and settled in the wider area of Thessaly, Macedonia and Thrace. Traces of Armenians can also be found on the Greek islands of Crete and Kerkyra (Corfu). The Armenians in Greece however, acquired the character of a community after the 1920s, when 70,000 to 80,000 survivors of the Armenian Genocide fled to Greece from Cilicia, Smyrna, Ionia, Constantinople and other regions of Asia Minor, scattering all over Greece.
Today, immigration to North America has diminished the Armenian population of Greece. The number now counts for roughly 20,000-35,000 Greco-Armenians.
The presence of Armenians in Greece dates back centuries when Armenians settled in Thessalia, Macedonia, Thrace and the islands of Crete and Kerkyra for various reasons such as war and business. Proof of their presence in Greece can be found in several historical testimonies, the genealogical history of certain old Armenian families and the names of some towns or villages that have Armenian names, such as an old village of Thessalia that was named Armenos, a village between the cities of Larissa and Volos that is called Armenio and other settlements in various places of mainland Greece and in the islands.
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Armenians in Israel
The Armenian community has been resident in the Levant for two millennia. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the establishment of the State of Israel, a number of Armenians residing in what had been the British Mandate of Palestine took up Israeli citizenship, whereas other Armenian residents of Old City of Jerusalem and the territory captured by Jordan took on the Jordanian nationality.[citation needed].
Armenians in Israel are Armenians with Israeli citizenship. There are around one thousand Armenian-Israelis with Israeli citizenship, residing mainly in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv Jaffa and Haifa. When taking into account the total number of Armenians in the areas controlled by the Palestinian Authority, the Armenian community in Israel and the West Bank added, the number of Armenian may total around five thousand.
Thus, after 1948, two groups of Armenians emerged:
After the 1967 Six-Day War, the Armenian population, especially in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, experienced a decrease in its numbers because of emigration.
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Armenians in Poland
Armenians in Poland have an important and historical presence going back to the 14th century. According to the Polish census of 2002, there are 1,082 self-identifying Armenians in Poland,, although Armenian-oriented sources cite estimates as high as 92,000.
About the beginning of the Armenian presence in Poland, Adolf Nowaczyński, a Polish writer, gives us the following sketch of the Armenians of Poland:
Long before the fall of the (Armenian) Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375, the Armenians appeared among us, having been invited here by David, the Prince of Galicia.
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Armenians in Turkey
Armenians in Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Ermenileri; Armenian: Թուրքահայեր, also Թրքահայեր, both meaning Turkish Armenians) have an estimated population of 40,000 to 70,000 (the Hamshenis are not included). Most are concentrated around Istanbul. The Armenians support their own newspapers and schools. The majority belong to the Armenian Apostolic faith, with much smaller numbers of Armenian Catholics and Armenian Evangelicals.
Armenians living nowadays in Turkey are a remnant of a once much larger community that existed for hundreds of years and long before the establishment of the Sultanate of Rum. Estimates for the number of Armenian citizens of the Ottoman Empire in the decade before World War I range between 1.3 to 1.8 million. During the Ottoman Empire, the Armenians of Turkey were active in business and trade, just like the Greeks and Jews of Turkey.
When Constantinople finally became a part of Ottoman Empire, financial support was given to Orthodox Armenians by the Sultan, so they could build their churches on the land of the Empire. Many of the Armenian churches in Anatolia and Istanbul, were built in 1453 or after reflecting tolerance of the Ottoman Empire to other ethnic groups and various religions living under their control during that time.
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Armenians in Ukraine
Armenians in Ukraine are ethnic Armenians who live in Ukraine. They number 99,894 according to the 2001 Ukrainian census. However, the country is also host to a number of Armenian guest workers which has yet to be ascertained. The Armenian population in Ukraine has nearly doubled since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989, largely due to instability in the Caucasus. Today, Ukraine is home to the 11th largest Armenian community in the world.
Armenians first appeared in Ukraine during the times of Kievan Rus'. During the 10th century individual Armenian merchants, mercenaries and craftsmen served at the courts of various Ruthenian rulers. A larger wave of Armenians settled in southeastern Ukraine after the fall of the Armenian capital of Ani to Seljuks in the 11th century. They arrived mainly at the Crimean peninsula and established colonies in Kaffa (Feodosiya), Sudak and Solcati (Staryi Krym). Their numbers were further strengthened throughout the 12th-15th century by Armenians fleeing from a Mongol invasion. This gave the peninsula the name Armenia Maritima in medieval chronicles. Smaller Armenian communities were established in central Ukraine, including Kiev, and the western regions of Podolia and Halychyna, concentrating around Lviv which in 1267 became the center of an Armenian eparchy.
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Armenians in Uruguay
Armenians in Uruguay number around 19,000. The Armenian community in Uruguay is one of the oldest in South America. Most live in the capital Montevideo.
Being one of the Armenian diaspora's smaller communities, Armenians in Uruguay are concentrated mostly in the capital city. Many of the Armenians are third or even fourth-generation descendants of the first wave of immigrants from Turkey. The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) established a chapter in Uruguay in 1938 and inaugurated a community center complex in 1953.Recognition of the Armenian Genocide by various world parliaments was spearheaded by Uruguay's Parliament, when in May 1985 it became the third country in the world to recognize the Armenian Genocide. The Parliament has subsequently consistently supported various resolutions in favor of the Armenians.
Between 1974 and 1975, the AGBU Uruguay Chapter established an educational center which was completed in two phases: first to be completed was the Nubarian Elementary School in honor of the founder of AGBU, Boghos Nubar; then came the Alex Manoogian High School, named after the then AGBU President.
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Armenians of Romania
Armenians have been present in what is now Romania and Moldova for over a millennium, and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century. Numbering only in the thousands in modern times, they were culturally suppressed in the Communist era, but have undergone a cultural revival since the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
The earliest traces of Armenians in what was later Moldavia are dated by 967 (recorded presence in Cetatea Albă). Early Armenian Diasporas stemmed in the fall of the Bagratuni rule and other disasters, including the Mongol invasion. In 1572-1574, Ioan Vodă cel Cumplit was Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia, grandson of Stephen the Great, son of Bogdan III and his Armenian concubine Serpega.
Armenian expatriates were awarded tax exemptions at different times in the Danubian Principalities' history. Encouraged to settle as early as the 14th century, they became a familiar presence in towns, usually as the main entrepreneurs of the community - for this, in early modern Botoşani and several other places, Armenians as a guild were awarded political representation and degrees of self rule. A considerable number of noble families in the Principalities were of Armenian descent.
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Cherkesogai
Cherkesogai (Russian: Черкесогаи) or Circassian Armenians (Armenian: չերքեզահայեր cherk'ezahayer; Russian: черкесские армяне; Kabardian/Adyghe: Адыгэ-ермэлы) sometimes referred to as Ermeli (Kabardian/Adyghe: ермэлы), Mountainous Armenians (Russian: горские армяне), Kuban Armenians (Russian: закубанские армяне) are ethnic Armenians who inhabit Russia's Krasnodar Krai and Republic of Adyghea since the end of 15th century that spoke the Adyghe language (currcently, most of them speak Russian as their first language), apart from other Armenians living in the region. They reside mostly in the cities of Armavir and Maykop. Total number of Cherkosogai Armenians is about 50 thousand people (2008 estimation)[citation needed]. According to Russian 2002 Census 230 Armenians speak Adyghe language and 222 speak Kabardian language as native.
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Hayk
Hayk Nahapet (Armenian: Հայկ; also known as Haig; transliterated as Haik) is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi (410 to 490 AD).
The name of the patriarch, Հայկ Hayk is not exactly homophonous with the name for "Armenia", Հայք Hayk’. Հայք Hayk’ is the nominative plural in Classical Armenian of հայ (hay), the Armenian term for "Armenian." Some claim that the etymology of Hayq' (Հայք) from Hayk (Հայկ) is impossible and that origin of the term Hay ("Armenian") is verifiable. Nevertheless, Hayk and Hayq are usually[who?] connected to hay (հայ) and hayer (հայեր, the nominative plural in Modern Armenian), the self-designation of the Armenians.
Hayk would then be an aitiological founding figure, like e.g. Asshur for the Assyrians, Indra for the Indians, etc. One of Hayk's most famous scions, Aram, settled in Eastern Armenia from the Mitanni kingdom (Western Armenia), when Sargon II mentions a king of part of Armenia who bore the (Armenian-Indo-Iranian) name Bagatadi ("Theodore").
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Hemshin peoples
The Hemshin peoples (Armenian: Համշէնցիներ Hamshentsiner) or Hemshinli (Turkish: Hemşinli) also known as Hamshenis or Homshentsi, are a diverse group of people who in the past or present have been affiliated with the Hemşin district in the province of Rize, Turkey.
The term "the Hemshin" is used also in some publications to refer to Hemshinli.
Robert H. Hewsen shows the region where today's Hemshin is located to be populated by a people with different designations throughout the ancient and early medieval history. He indicates thereby that some designations may have alternative forms and partially presents the names used with question marks. In summary from 13th century to 6th century BC Kolkhians, 550 to 330 BC Kolkhiansa and Makrones, 180 BC to 14 AD Laz (Chanian tribes), in the Arsacid Period (63 AD–298 AD) Heniokhians, Makhelones, Heptakometians, Mossynoeci as well as Sannians, Drilles and Makrones are mentioned.
The Hemshin region is shown as part of Colchis (299 AD–387 AD),Tzanica ( 387 AD–591 AD) and Chaldia ( 654 AD–750 AD). The specific location of Hemşin is indicated as Tambur/Hamamašen as a fort and town for the first time in the map covering the period 654–750.
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Iranian Armenians
Iranian-Armenians (Armenian: Իրանահայ Iranahye), sometimes called Persian-Armenians (Պարսկահայ Parskahye), are Iranian citizens of Armenian or both Iranian and Armenian origin. Their number is about 3,000,000. They mostly live in Tehran and Jolfa district, Isfahan. The Iranian-Armenians were very influential and active in the modernization of Iran during the 19th and 20th centuries. After the Iranian Revolution, many Armenians immigrated to Armenian diasporic communities in North America and Western Europe.Today the Armenians are Iran's largest Christian religious minority. Despite their cultural Armenian identity in Iran, no sizeable numbers of Iranian-Armenians hold Armenian citizenship.
Since Antiquity there has always been much interaction between Ancient Armenia and Persia (Iran).
On the Behistun inscription of 515 BC, Darius the Great indirectly confirmed that Urartu and Armenia are synonymous when describing his conquests. Armenia became a satrap of the Persian Empire for a long period of time. Regardless, relations between Armenians and Persians were cordial.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and later held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While the office of the General Secretary was officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist Party. This included Leon Trotsky, a socialist theorist and the principal critic of Stalin among the early Soviet leaders, who was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929. Whereas Trotsky was an exponent of permanent revolution, it was Stalin's concept of socialism in one country that became the primary focus of Soviet politics.
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Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية) was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon. The war lasted from 1975 to 1990 and resulted in an estimated 150,000 to 230,000[citation needed] fatalities. Another one million people (a quarter of the population) were wounded,[citation needed] and today approximately 350,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon.[citation needed] There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon.
It has been argued that the antecedents of the war can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanon's administration by the Ottoman Empire. The Cold War had a powerful disintegrative effect on Lebanon, which was closely linked to the polarization that preceded the 1958 political crisis. The establishment of the state of Israel and the displacement of a hundred thousand Palestinian refugees to Lebanon (around 10% of the total population of the country) changed the demographics of Lebanon and provided a foundation for the long-term involvement of Lebanon in regional conflicts. By 1975, the presence of a foreign armed force in the form of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrillas, who exercised a veto on Lebanese politics, had a serious effect on Lebanon. The militarization of the Palestinian refugee population, with the arrival of the PLO guerrilla forces, sparked an arms race amongst the different Lebanese political factions.
wn.com/Lebanese_Civil_War -
Lom people
The Lom people (Turkish: Lomlar) also known as Bosha (Armenian: Բոշա; Georgian: ბოშა; Russian: Боша; Turkish and Azeri: Poşa or Boşa) or Armenian Gypsies (Russian: армянские цыгане; Armenian: հայ գնչուներ) or Caucasian Gypsies (Russian: кавказские цыгане) are an ethnic group in Transcaucasia. Their Lomavren language is a mixed language combining Indo-Aryan and Armenian.
The Lom like the Dom are sometimes considered a separate branch of the proto-Romani people who remained in Eastern Asia Minor and Armenia in the 11th century, while the ancestors of the contemporary Romani people immigrated further west in the 13th-14th centuries. The names Dom, Lom and Rom are likely to have the same origin (see Names of the Romani people for details).
The exact number of existing Bosha is difficult to determine, due to the dispersed and often mostly-assimilated nature of the group. Estimates suggest only a few thousand of the people can be found across Armenia and Georgia, while Government census reports only 50 living in the former.
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Randall Hansen
Randall Hansen is a political scientist and historian at the University of Toronto, where he has held a Canada Research Chair in Political Science since 2005. He is a Full Professor and is jointly appointed to the School of Public Policy and Governance.
His fields of research are Twentieth-Century History and Public Policy. Hansen has worked on the allied bombing of Germany, eugenics and sterilization, and immigration. He has authored two books, Citizenship and Immigration in Postwar Britain (Oxford University Press, 2000) and Fire and Fury: the Allied Bombing of Germany 1942-1945 (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2008). Fire and Fury was shortlisted for the Governor General’s Literary Award for Non-Fiction in 2009.
wn.com/Randall_Hansen -
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, which espoused ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup, later referred to as the 17 July Revolution, that brought the party to long-term power of Iraq.
As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and other industries. The state-owned banks were put under his control, leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, and UN sanctions. Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace. Positions of power in the country were filled with Sunnis, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.
wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Armenian Diaspora Throughout The World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Only one-fifth of the world's A...
http://wn.com/Armenian_Diaspora_Throughout_The_World
The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Only one-fifth of the world's A...
Diaspora Armenians came back to homeland. REPAT ARMENIA.mp4.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
http://animargaryan.blogspot.com/2012/05/blog-post_4959.html.
http://wn.com/Diaspora_Armenians_came_back_to_homeland_REPAT_ARMENIAmp4mp4
http://animargaryan.blogspot.com/2012/05/blog-post_4959.html.
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 771
- author: Ani Margaryan
ARMENIA & DIASPORA AT CRITICAL CROSSROADS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 83:45
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Armenian Bar Association & Glendale Youth Center Public Event.
http://wn.com/ARMENIA_DIASPORA_AT_CRITICAL_CROSSROADS
Armenian Bar Association & Glendale Youth Center Public Event.
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 984
- author: Armenian Bar
ROOTS ԱՐՄԱՏՆԷՐ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:54
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
The identification of spiritual identity of every individual is directly dependent on the homeland, Language and culture. For the Armenian Diaspora communiti...
http://wn.com/ROOTS_ԱՐՄԱՏՆԷՐ
The identification of spiritual identity of every individual is directly dependent on the homeland, Language and culture. For the Armenian Diaspora communiti...
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 405
- author: Vahagnfilms
Exile and Diaspora: Armenian Community of Syria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:10
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
Hakem Rustom is an anthropologist from Cairo, who has studied the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, exile communities, and diaspora issues. He discusses the l...
http://wn.com/Exile_and_Diaspora_Armenian_Community_of_Syria
Hakem Rustom is an anthropologist from Cairo, who has studied the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, exile communities, and diaspora issues. He discusses the l...
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 387
- author: CivilNetTV
Print on Identity between the Diaspora and Armenian Plateau in the 17th-18th Centuries
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 68:35
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
Abstract: Building on insights from Eisenstein regarding the impact of print and Smith and Gellner on the nationalist gestation process, this paper seeks to ...
http://wn.com/Print_on_Identity_between_the_Diaspora_and_Armenian_Plateau_in_the_17th-18th_Centuries
Abstract: Building on insights from Eisenstein regarding the impact of print and Smith and Gellner on the nationalist gestation process, this paper seeks to ...
- published: 30 Jun 2012
- views: 209
- author: Hagop Panossian
US Ambassador JOHN A HEFFERN's meeting with Armenian Diaspora in NY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:32
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
US Ambassador JOHN A heffern's meeting with Armenian Diaspora in NY. Karine Kocharyan155 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 41. 25 views. Like 0 Dislike 0. Like ... Armenian Christmas at the St Vartan Cathedral NYby Karine Kocharyan 2 views · 224. Watch Later Armenian Christmas at the Prelacy of NYby Karine Kocharyan No views · 1856. Watch Later Armenian News January 12 2013by otvlebanon 1 view · 030. Watch Later Harlem Shake Los Angeles Motorcycleby jorians4e 311 views ...
http://wn.com/US_Ambassador_JOHN_A_HEFFERN's_meeting_with_Armenian_Diaspora_in_NY
US Ambassador JOHN A heffern's meeting with Armenian Diaspora in NY. Karine Kocharyan155 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 41. 25 views. Like 0 Dislike 0. Like ... Armenian Christmas at the St Vartan Cathedral NYby Karine Kocharyan 2 views · 224. Watch Later Armenian Christmas at the Prelacy of NYby Karine Kocharyan No views · 1856. Watch Later Armenian News January 12 2013by otvlebanon 1 view · 030. Watch Later Harlem Shake Los Angeles Motorcycleby jorians4e 311 views ...
- published: 12 Jan 2013
- views: 27
- author: Karine Kocharyan
Armenian Diaspora Press Conference in Armenia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Armenian Diaspora Press Conference in Armenia.
http://wn.com/Armenian_Diaspora_Press_Conference_in_Armenia
Armenian Diaspora Press Conference in Armenia.
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 88
- author: StudioAshnag
Genocide in Film Ahead of 2015
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:58
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Sona Tatoyan, actress and producer, speaks about her experience as an artist in the Armenian Diaspora, and her new project in production "Three Apples Fell F...
http://wn.com/Genocide_in_Film_Ahead_of_2015
Sona Tatoyan, actress and producer, speaks about her experience as an artist in the Armenian Diaspora, and her new project in production "Three Apples Fell F...
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 976
- author: CivilNetTV
Armenian Diaspora Research Center - Dr. Antranik Dakessian
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Armenian Diaspora Research Center - Dr. Antranik Dakessian.
http://wn.com/Armenian_Diaspora_Research_Center_Dr_Antranik_Dakessian
Armenian Diaspora Research Center - Dr. Antranik Dakessian.
- published: 29 Jan 2012
- views: 190
- author: StudioAshnag
Russia Armenian diaspora & Жириновский предвыборная встреча
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Самое интересное о нас тут http://erevanlive.wordpress.com/ Жириновский и РФ хватит нас пугать войной США против Ирана,лучше выполняйте свои обезательства по...
http://wn.com/Russia_Armenian_diaspora_Жириновский_предвыборная_встреча
Самое интересное о нас тут http://erevanlive.wordpress.com/ Жириновский и РФ хватит нас пугать войной США против Ирана,лучше выполняйте свои обезательства по...
- published: 27 Feb 2012
- views: 2998
- author: newerevanlive
Ronald Grigor Suny - Armenian Diaspora Social Dynamics and Political Spectrum - PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:30
- Updated: 27 Jan 2011
Ronald Grigor Suny Armenian Diaspora Social Dynamics and Political Spectrum PART 2by sabanciuniversity 74 views; 5538. Watch Later Dr Ronald Grigor Suny The Persistent Pastby usflibraries 133 views; 1500. Watch Later Noam Chomsky and Robert Fisk War Geopolitics and History 17by Peter Pan 8880 views; 721. Watch Later Discovering ArmenianPart 1 of 3 Washington DCby discoverarmenian 3447 views; 516. Watch Later Dr Eric Weitz on the Armenian Genocide Part Iby kievian 6026 views ...
http://wn.com/Ronald_Grigor_Suny_Armenian_Diaspora_Social_Dynamics_and_Political_Spectrum_PART_1
Ronald Grigor Suny Armenian Diaspora Social Dynamics and Political Spectrum PART 2by sabanciuniversity 74 views; 5538. Watch Later Dr Ronald Grigor Suny The Persistent Pastby usflibraries 133 views; 1500. Watch Later Noam Chomsky and Robert Fisk War Geopolitics and History 17by Peter Pan 8880 views; 721. Watch Later Discovering ArmenianPart 1 of 3 Washington DCby discoverarmenian 3447 views; 516. Watch Later Dr Eric Weitz on the Armenian Genocide Part Iby kievian 6026 views ...
- published: 27 Jan 2011
- views: 325
- author: sabanciuniversity
Gayane Khachaturian
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Gayane Khachaturian, Of 8 million Armenians around the world 3 million live in the present-day Armenia. Armenian Diaspora is culturally very rich and diverse...
http://wn.com/Gayane_Khachaturian
Gayane Khachaturian, Of 8 million Armenians around the world 3 million live in the present-day Armenia. Armenian Diaspora is culturally very rich and diverse...
- published: 22 Feb 2013
- views: 1067
- author: bagnik1
Interview with Armenian Diaspora representatives at the Armenian Pavilion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
The eventApricot Garden at the Armenian Pavilion on the World Expo 2010 Shanghaiby creativearmeniateam 27 views; 358. Watch Later As President I Will Recognize The Armenian Genocide Obamaby serjtankian 324303 views; 2604. Watch Later Zu Tisch in Armenien Arte HDby Komitas Dersimi 1657 views; 228. Watch Later Hot news of the Armenian Pavilion on the World Expo 2010 Shanghaiby creativearmeniateam 18 views; 1110. Watch Later Exile and Diaspora Armenian Community of Syriaby ...
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Armenian_Diaspora_representatives_at_the_Armenian_Pavilion
The eventApricot Garden at the Armenian Pavilion on the World Expo 2010 Shanghaiby creativearmeniateam 27 views; 358. Watch Later As President I Will Recognize The Armenian Genocide Obamaby serjtankian 324303 views; 2604. Watch Later Zu Tisch in Armenien Arte HDby Komitas Dersimi 1657 views; 228. Watch Later Hot news of the Armenian Pavilion on the World Expo 2010 Shanghaiby creativearmeniateam 18 views; 1110. Watch Later Exile and Diaspora Armenian Community of Syriaby ...
- published: 18 Jun 2012
- views: 37
- author: CreativeArmeniaTeam
Armenian Diaspora - Large.m4v
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 10 Mar 2012
Armenian Diaspora for EWS451.
http://wn.com/Armenian_Diaspora_Largem4v
Official Opening Ceremony of Armenian Diaspora Research Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 30 Jan 2012
Official Opening Ceremony of Armenian Diaspora Research Center.
http://wn.com/Official_Opening_Ceremony_of_Armenian_Diaspora_Research_Center
Official Opening Ceremony of Armenian Diaspora Research Center.
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 78
- author: StudioAshnag
Truth or Consequences II: Challenges to Armenia-Diaspora Relations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:00
- Updated: 05 May 2012
This is a compilation of highlights from the thought-provoking, solution-seeking conference that took place on April 20th, 2012 at St. Leon Armenian Church, ...
http://wn.com/Truth_or_Consequences_II_Challenges_to_Armenia-Diaspora_Relations
This is a compilation of highlights from the thought-provoking, solution-seeking conference that took place on April 20th, 2012 at St. Leon Armenian Church, ...
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 30
- author: Free Nareg
U.S. Ambassador Meets with Armenian Diaspora
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
U.S. Ambassador Meets with Armenian Diaspora.
http://wn.com/US_Ambassador_Meets_with_Armenian_Diaspora
U.S. Ambassador Meets with Armenian Diaspora.
- published: 21 Oct 2009
- views: 48
- author: usembassyarmenia
Syrian Armenian recently moved to Armenia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
The RepatArmenia Foundation (RAF) The RepatArmenia Foundation, a non-governmental, non-profit institution, was established in August 2012 to take the concept...
http://wn.com/Syrian_Armenian_recently_moved_to_Armenia
The RepatArmenia Foundation (RAF) The RepatArmenia Foundation, a non-governmental, non-profit institution, was established in August 2012 to take the concept...
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 712
- author: Repat Armenia
Young Turks- Peace and Truth Rally against Armenian Diaspora Genocide Lies.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
300 attended a meeting in New York City, Times Square, to honor the millions that died during Ottoman times and to protest the hatemongering of the Armenian ...
http://wn.com/Young_Turks_Peace_and_Truth_Rally_against_Armenian_Diaspora_Genocide_Lies
300 attended a meeting in New York City, Times Square, to honor the millions that died during Ottoman times and to protest the hatemongering of the Armenian ...
- published: 26 Apr 2009
- views: 2142
- author: ataturk2k
Ashim Feat. Shakur - Diaspora | Armenian Rap™ |
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Ashim (Ашим) Feat. Shakur (Шакур) - Diaspora (Диаспора) | Armenian Rap™ | Facebook : http://www.facebook.com/ArmenianRapRecords.
http://wn.com/Ashim_Feat_Shakur_Diaspora_|_Armenian_Rap™_|
Ashim (Ашим) Feat. Shakur (Шакур) - Diaspora (Диаспора) | Armenian Rap™ | Facebook : http://www.facebook.com/ArmenianRapRecords.
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 333
- author: ArmenianRapRecords
"Diaspora Respond to Turkish Dialog" by Crescenta Valley Armenian Apostolic Church
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:51
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
Lecture on "How Should the Diaspora Respond to Turkish Foreign Minister's Invitation for Dialog?" presented by Harut Sassounian at the Crescenta Valley Armen...
http://wn.com/Diaspora_Respond_to_Turkish_Dialog_by_Crescenta_Valley_Armenian_Apostolic_Church
Lecture on "How Should the Diaspora Respond to Turkish Foreign Minister's Invitation for Dialog?" presented by Harut Sassounian at the Crescenta Valley Armen...
- published: 21 Jul 2012
- views: 130
- author: CRESCENTA VALLEY ARMENIAN CHURCH
Armenia-Diaspora Conference
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
His Holiness Karekin II Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, participated in the opening of the Armenia Diaspora Conference. The event gathered...
http://wn.com/Armenia-Diaspora_Conference
His Holiness Karekin II Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, participated in the opening of the Armenia Diaspora Conference. The event gathered...
- published: 22 Sep 2011
- views: 322
- author: Armenian Church
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
07 Mar 2013
Posted. March 7, 2013. North Korea threatened a preemptive nuclear attack against the United States ahead of an upcoming vote on additional UN sanctions against Pyongyang. The country also accused the United States of performing military drills in South Korea as a launching pad for nuclear war. North Korea adds that it plans to scrap the armistice that ended Korean War hostilities ... The statement read. ... Category. Asia. Tags ... Posted ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
05 Mar 2013
Manila. Members of a major Philippine Muslim rebel force who were meant to have disarmed in the 1990s as part of a peace pact are involved in deadly battles in Malaysia, the group’s leader said on Tuesday. Nur Misuari, who founded the Moro National Liberation Front in the late 1960s, confirmed “freedom fighters” from his group were part of the militia sent by a self-proclaimed sultan to claim the Malaysian state of Sabah....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
07 Mar 2013
9.58 PM. The U.N. is demanding the immediate release of 21 peacekeepers seized by members of the Syrian opposition in the disputed Golan Heights area between Syria and Israel. Here's a statement from U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon. ... "The Secretary-General reminds all actors in Syria that UNDOF is mandated to monitor the Disengagement of Forces Agreement between Israel and Syria ... The U.N ... A U.N ... Here's more from The New York Times. ... U.N ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
06 Mar 2013
North Korea has threatened to cancel the 1953 ceasefire that ended the Korean War, citing a US-led push for punishing UN sanctions over its recent nuclear test and ongoing US-South Korean joint military drills. The threat came on Tuesday as the United States, with Chinese backing, introduced a draft UN resolution to punish North Korea for its nuclear test on February 12 ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share. Send Feedback ... China ... News ... ....(size: 7.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ronald Zak
06 Mar 2013
6 March 2013 –. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today urged an end to violence and encouraged dialogue among all parties to peacefully resolve the situation in Sabah, Malaysia ... Mr ... News Tracker. past stories on this issue ... Source....(size: 1.3Kb)
Voa News
06 Mar 2013
One trickle of refugees has been a flow of 6,000 Armenian Christians, going north to a landlocked, mountainous country many never knew ... Between classes, Syrian Armenian students mingle with Armenian classmates at High School No ... So there is a natural dynamic trend for change in what is called the Armenian diaspora ... For the young Syrian Armenians, a new generation of Armenia’s diaspora, their passport to the future is flexibility....(size: 6.0Kb)
Foreign Policy
04 Mar 2013
Defying widespread expectations that he was too foreign to rally support in Armenian elections, the 53-year-old Hovannisian won more votes than any presidential challenger since independence ... Tens of thousands continue to protest daily within the country and throughout the Armenian diaspora, with another protest held by Armenian immigrants in Los Angeles this past weekend....(size: 3.0Kb)
France24
18 Feb 2013
INTERNATIONAL PAPERS, Mon. 18/02/13. Marc Dutroux’s mother tells Le Soir her son should stay behind bars ... INDEPENDENT ... A closer look at the Armenian diaspora. ....(size: 0.9Kb)
PR Newswire
25 Jan 2013
intoxicated by hate speech towards anything Armenian, an Azeri officer beheads his sleeping fellow Armenian classmate – both attending a NATO seminar in Budapest ... Having declared the worldwide Armenians Azerbaijan's worst enemy, Azerbaijan has in recent months imported its deceptive propaganda and bellicose rhetoric to the US West Coast – home to one of the largest Armenian Diasporas in the world....(size: 6.1Kb)
PR Newswire
21 Jan 2013
The Armenian diaspora and their lobbying efforts worldwide have successfully protected Armenia's interests in the international arena to the detriment of Azerbaijan, concludes a report issued by the Brussels-based think tank European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center (ESISC). The recognition of the Armenian genocide by more than twenty states, the Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act (a U.S....(size: 5.2Kb)
BBC News
08 Jan 2013
The 32-year-old is of Armenian descent. So how do Armenians feel about her fame? ... But for some it's impossible not to read her surname and think of her Armenian heritage. Kardashian is distinctively Armenian ... And just because some Armenians - both in Armenia and the further seven to eight million Armenians in the diaspora - are proud of her, it doesn't necessarily mean they all want to be like her, she says....(size: 8.7Kb)
The Hindu
23 Dec 2012
The book takes place in the 60s and 70s, almost 50 years after the Armenian genocide and the boy in the story is exposed to this history through his uncle ... Young Turks were sent word to deport all Armenians in the region ... About 500,000 Armenians survived and lived as refugees across the world,” answered Balian ... This is probably the most important issue for the Armenian diaspora and has been since 1975....(size: 3.3Kb)
The New York Times
12 Dec 2012
They are also ethnic Armenians, driven by Syria’s civil war to a notional motherland most barely know ... They are also a critical component of Syria’s connection to Russia and the West, serving an intermediary role through their relations with the global Armenian diaspora ... For Armenia, the Syrians’ arrival reignites a debate over how to manage its relationship with Armenians in the diaspora....(size: 10.0Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
President Serzh Sargsyan met with the representatives of the Armenian community of Lebanon. Last night in Beirut, President Serzh Sargsyan met with the representatives of the Armenian community of Lebanon ... "The Armenian Diaspora of Lebanon has been and remains a spiritual, national-political center of Spyurk, a vein nourishing the illuminating mind of the Armenians ... the Armenian passport is a legal bond with the state....(size: 6.4Kb)
noodls
28 Nov 2012
The parties stressed the importance of the interparliamentary ties in the development of the interstate relations, strengthening of mutual trust, active cooperation between the parliaments of the two countries, which, according to the parties, will promote also the Armenian-Lebanese economic relations ... The Armenian Diaspora of Syria is a historically formed, strong and viable community which we are really proud of....(size: 15.8Kb)
noodls
27 Nov 2012
In his toast addressed to the President of Lebanon, his spouse, the President of the National Assembly, Prime Minister and all those present at the official dinner, Serzh Sargsyan expressed gratitude for the warm welcome on the hospitable soil of Lebanon - the country which is so dear to the hearts of the Armenians ... Peaceful and creative existence of the Armenian diaspora of many thousands is the best proof of it....(size: 3.8Kb)
Reuters
20 Nov 2012
Aliyev and his government have tried to boost their presence online, where dissident Azeri bloggers and members of the Armenian diaspora regularly attack Azerbaijan's human rights record. "Our main enemy is the Armenian lobby ... War between ethnic Azeris and Armenians erupted in 1991 over Azerbaijan's mainly Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh region, which Armenian-backed forces seized along with seven surrounding Azeri districts....(size: 2.3Kb)
Al Jazeera
01 Nov 2012
As well, Turkey has some severely troublesome internal problems, especially its inability to accommodate the grievances of 12-15 million Kurdish minority and important international unresolved issues such as its relationship with the Armenian diaspora and its various tensions with Israel, Greece, Cyprus, Syria and Iran....(size: 32.4Kb)
The Armenian diaspora (Armenian: Հայկական սփիւռք Haygagan spyourk' ) refers to the Armenian communities outside the Republic of Armenia and self proclaimed de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Throughout the fourth century A.D. and then during and after the Armenian Genocide, Armenian immigrants have established communities in over 30 different regions throughout the world.[1] Most Armenians in the diaspora are not from the Republic of Armenia but from Western Armenia (modern day Eastern Turkey), mainly those who descended from the survivors of the Armenian Genocide.[2]
Contents |
Background[link]
The Armenian diaspora has been present for over seventeen hundred years.[3] The modern Armenian diaspora was formed largely after the First World War as a result of the Armenian Genocide, which is centrally-planned extermination of the indigenous Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Those Armenians who survived and fled to different parts of the world (approximately half a million in number) created new Armenian communities far from their native land. Through marriage and procreation, the number of Armenians in the diaspora who trace their lineage to those Armenians who survived and fled the Armenian Genocide is now several million. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, approximately one million Armenians have joined the diaspora largely as a result of difficult economic conditions in Armenia. Jivan Tabibian, an Armenian scholar and former diplomat in Armenia said, Armenians "are not place bound, but... are intensely place- conscious".[4]
Today, the Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, since these regions form part of Armenians' indigenous homeland. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000.[5] Of those, approximately 3,300,000 live in Armenia,[6] 140,000 in the unrecognized majority-Armenian Republic, an autonomous republic within Soviet Azerbaijan) [7] and 120,000 in the region of Javakhk in neighboring Georgia.[8] This leaves approximately 7,000,000 in diaspora (with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, and Australia).[9] (See chart of population breakdown by country). Only one-third of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia, and their pre-World War I homeland was six times larger that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, northern part of Iran, southern part of Georgia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhijevan regions of Azerbaijan.[10]
According to Randall Hansen, "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."[2]
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In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside of Greater Armenia. Diasporic Armenian communities emerged in the Sassanid and Persian empires, and also to defend eastern and northern borders of the Byzantine Empire.[10] In order to populate depopulated regions of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Until the eleventh century, Byzantine authorities often following the Armenian Apostolic version of Christianity, they kept ties with families in Armenia.[10] As Cilis during the seventh and eighth century confrontations between the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire, Armenians either forcibly or voluntarily relocated there. After the fall of the kingdom to the Mamelukes and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to Cyprus, the Balkans, and Italy.[10] Although an Armenian diaspora existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire and Russia and the Caucasus.
The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to ethnic cleansing done by the Ottoman Empire. Following the Hamidian massacres in 1895-99 about 78,980 Armenians emigrated to the United States.[11] Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian Genocide, some of the Armenians managed to escape, and established themselves in various Eastern European cities, such as Moscow, Russia; Sochi, Russia; Kiev, Ukraine; Odessa, Ukraine; Sevastopol, Crimea (Ukraine); Tbilisi, Georgia; Batumi, Georgia; Budapest, Hungary; Warsaw, Poland and Lodz, Poland.
Others emigrated to The Balkans, such as Belgrade, Serbia; Bucharest, Romania; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Sofia, Bulgaria, Zagreb, Croatia; and Athens, Greece; and yet even more Armenians emigrated to Middle Eastern cities, such as Tehran, Cairo, Egypt; Aleppo, Syria and Beirut, Lebanon.
Political and religious conflicts[link]
In the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, seeing it as the only place in the world where Armenians could live safely as Armenians, the Social-Democrat Hunchak party, The Liberal Ramgavar party, and the AGBU backed the Armenian soviet socialist republic. The ARF, despite its national socialist background a nationalistic party, initially flip flopped on the matter, (briefly for in 1921, than against from 1921–1944, than for 1944–1946, than against 1946-1988, than for from 1988 to 1990, and finally against soviet rule once Independence was established in 1991. Throughout this time the ARF propagated the idea of a free, independent, and united Armenia one day. Thus the ARF struggled to preserve the flag, coat of arms, and national anthem of the Independent Armenian Republic of 1918-1922.
There was also a conflict between the leaders of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Armenians had 2 Catholicoses. One of them was located in Echmiadzin, Armenia and was supported by the Soviet authorities and in the Armenian diaspora by the Hunchaks, the Ramgavars and the Armenian communists, while the other was located in Antelias, Lebanon and was supported by the Dashnaks, as they thought that the Catholicosate of Echmiadzin was a tool for propagation of communism. In the 1950s, during the climax of this conflict, there were armed clashes between partisans of the two "sides", and also assassination attempts, acts of desecration, etc.
Tensions eased out as in 1965, all the conflicting major parties came together with a joint communiqué and plan of action to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. They also agreed to set aside acrimonious aspects between them especially in the highly politicized and partisan media of the time. In 1975 the inter-Armenian relations became even closer as, during the Lebanese Civil War, the Armenians had to stick together in a pact of "positive neutrality" in order to overcome opposing forces and keep the Armenians as far away as possible from the conflict between the Lebanese.
Armenian diaspora by region[link]
Armenians of the Middle East[link]
Main article: Armenian diaspora in the Middle East
Main article: Armenians in Lebanon
Armenians of the diaspora lived in refugee camps in Lebanon, Syria, Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East, (Iran, Iraq, Jordan and Israel). Some emigrated to Greece and further. However, as the financial situation of the refugee Armenians improved, the camps grew into towns, and these towns became cities.
This was the case of many of the Armenian-populated regions in Lebanon like Bourj Hammoud and Anjar. In time, the Armenians organized themselves by building churches, schools, community centers, cultural associations, arts, sports clubs, etc. Various political parties and benevolent unions, such as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutiun), the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchakian Party), Liberal Democratic Party (Ramgavar Party) and the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU), were established wherever there was a considerable number of Armenians.
Following the expansion of Pan-Arabism in Egypt and Syria, Islamism in Iran, and the Lebanese Civil War, tens of thousands of Armenians emigrated from the Middle East and established themselves in Europe, USA, Canada and Australia.
Some Armenians fought for Iraq in the army under Saddam Hussein in the 1980s Iran-Iraq war, two countries known to have large Armenian communities until the 2000s. The Armenian community in Iraq has dwindled after the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and a scattering number of Armenians remain in east Asia. The Iranian Armenian community also shrank in size since the 1970s.
Israel has a small Armenian community. There is an important Armenian presence in the Armenian Quarter in Jerusalem. Some Armenians also live in the areas of the Palestinian Authority.
Cyprus meanwhile has a small but vocal Armenian community, particularly in the southern portion of the island where the majority population is Greek-Cypriot and Orthodox Christian. The Armenian community is guaranteed a seat in the House of Parliament.
The Persian Gulf region also has small Armenian communities from other Arab countries who work in the Gulf or run their businesses there. Countries with some Armenian populations include Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.
Armenians in Europe and the Americas[link]
Main articles: Armenian diaspora in Europe and Armenian diaspora in the Americas
The Armenians in Eastern Europe have been an important and historical presence in the region going back to the 14th century.[12] From their first center in the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and joined by emigrants from the later Russian Empire and Soviet Union, the Armenian community is an integral part of the region in countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, the Czech Republic and Lithuania.
Hundreds of thousands of Armenians also settled in Western Europe (i.e. France, Germany, Italy, the UK and the Netherlands); and in the Americas (North and South) as early as in the 1890s.
The Armenian communities in the United States and Canada are considerably younger. These two countries have seen an upsurge of Armenian immigration of later generations from the Middle East following the expansion of Pan-Arabism in Egypt and Syria, Islamism in Iran, the Lebanese Civil War. North American countries are also witnessing a considerable amount of immigration after the fall of the Soviet Union and as a result of economic conditions in the Republic of Armenia.
For Latin America, there are active Armenian communities in the entire region. Argentina and Brazil, and to a lesser extent Uruguay, contain large numbers of Armenians. An estimated 10,000 Armenians are also said to reside in Mexico.
Armenians in the Soviet Era[link]
Substantial Armenian communities also exist in the Russian Far East as well as in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. Some of these groups were encouraged to settle in the area by both Tsarist and Soviet authorities while others had no choice but to come, being part of Stalin's population deportations.
Armenians in Asia and the Far East[link]
Armenian communities can also be found on the Asian continent. Some of these communities have a very long history going back many centuries.
In Asian countries, there were important communities in India and Pakistan, and as far east as Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar and Hong Kong. Armenian exile communities even once thrived in China, Japan[citation needed] and the Philippines, but the status of Armenian culture in these countries has all but disappeared.
Armenians in Africa[link]
In the African continent, Armenians held a presence very notably in Sudan and Ethiopia, as Armenians lived in these countries for a few centuries. Armenians also live in Sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa.
Armenians in Oceania[link]
There is a large Armenian community in Australia, estimated to be between 45 000 and 50 000, and consisting mainly of Armenian immigrants from the Middle East and Armenia. A much smaller Armenian community has settled in New Zealand.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times by By Richard G. Hovannisian p.413
- ^ a b Hansen, Randall. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. pp. 13. http://books.google.com/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA13&dq=armenians+around+the+world&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RZqTT_n2E8ee6AG_g82BBA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=armenians%20around%20the%20world&f=false.
- ^ Herzig, Edmund. The Armenians: Past And Present In The Making Of National Identity. p. 126. http://books.google.com/books?id=kEVR88DKpGgC&pg=PA126&dq=armenian+diaspora+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gpeTT5GhCrKd6AGJjO2QBA&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=armenian%20diaspora%20history&f=false.
- ^ Ember, Melvin (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. pp. 46. http://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA46&dq=Jivan+Abrahamian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YTueT9LBLqLH6AGYoITqDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Jivan%20Abrahamian&f=false.
- ^ ArmeniaDiapora.com
- ^ Nouvelles d'Arménie Magazine (2008-02-24). "3 299 900 habitants en Arménie au 1er janvier 2008" (in French). http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article=38779.
- ^ The National Statistical Service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
- ^ ETHMAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL UNITS OF THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA[dead link]
- ^ "Armenia seeks to boost population". BBC News. 2007-02-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6382703.stm. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^ a b c d Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. Springer. pp. 36–43. ISBN 0-306-48321-1.
- ^ Harutyunyan, Arus. Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Western Michigan University. p. 192. http://books.google.com/books?id=tTc8Pt8mX6wC&pg=PA192&dq=armenian+diaspora+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZZiTT97KF-fH6AGBx4WWBA&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=armenian%20diaspora%20history&f=false.
- ^ The First Large Emigration of the Armenians - History of Armenia
External links[link]
- Armenia's Ministry of Diaspora official website
- Hayern Aysor (Armenians Today) Official site of the Armenian Ministry of the Diaspora
- ArmeniaDiaspora.com
- ArmDiasporaMuseum.com
- Armenian Family Tree Project
- Armenian Genealogy
- The Armenian Diaspora Today: Anthropological Perspectives. Articles in the Caucasus Anallytical Digest No. 29
Documentary films[link]
- 2011 – Grandma's Tattoos (dir. Suzanne Khardalian)
Armenian Diaspora Political Organizations[link]
- European Armenian Federation for Justice & Democracy - Europe
- Armenian National Committee of America - USA
- Comité de Défense de la Cause Arménienne - France
- Armenian National Committee of Canada - Canada
- Armenian National Committee of Middle East - Middle East
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John A. Heffern is the United States Ambassador to Armenia.[1] After being nominated in May 18, 2011 by United States President Barack Obama,[2] Heffern was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on September 26, 2011[3] and sworn in as Ambassador on October 6, 2011.
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Early life and education[link]
Heffern was born in Saint Louis, Missouri, the son of Elleard Buridan Heffern and Beulah "Jo" Heffern.[4] His father served briefly in the Foreign Service, and met his wife in India. Heffern’s mother is a naturalized citizen. After graduating from the Saint Louis Priory School, Heffern attended Michigan State University, receiving his B.A. in 1976.
Career[link]
After college, Heffern served in the office of Senator John C. Danforth (R-MO) as the Senator's Office Director and Research Assistant. He joined the Foreign Service in 1982 and has been a career Senior Foreign Service officer ever since. His early postings included in China, Taiwan, and Cote d'Ivoire. He was later assigned to Kuala Lumpur, and then held postings in Washington, among them as Malaysia Desk Officer, related to Southeast Asia. He later From 1994 to 1996, he served as a Pearson Fellow on the Asia Subcommittee for the House International Relations Committee, for Congressman Doug Bereuter (R-Nebraska). He subsequently served as Deputy Political Counselor at the U.S. Mission to NATO (USNATO).[5][6]
Following postings in the Human Resources Bureau in Washington as Executive Assistant to Under Secretary for Political Affairs and as Deputy Chief of Mission at U. S. Embassy, Jakarta, Indonesia, he reported in 2009 to the U. S. Mission to NATO as the Deputy Permanent Representative. Most recently he has served as Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) at USNATO, in Brussels, Belgium.
Ambassadorship to Armenia[link]
Initially, U. S. Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) held up Heffern's nomination as a protest against President Barack Obama's "refusal to characterize the Turkish killing of Armenians during World War I as a 'genocide.'" At his confirmation hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Heffern dodged the controversy by stating that “the characterization of those events...is a policy decision that is made by the President of the United States.”,[7][8] He was later unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,[9] and confirmed by the U. S. Senate.
In the fall of 2011, Heffern expressed his view that Armenia's elections in 2012 and 2013 would be "regarded as democratic," and described his meetings with Armenian president Serge Sargsyan and Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandian as "'very good'."[10]
On April 3, 2012, addressing a meeting in Yerevan, Armenia dedicated to the 20th anniversary of Armenia-U. S. relations, According to the Yerevan Report, Ambassador Heffern stated that "bilateral dialogue between the two countries is held at the highest level."[11] Proof of this includes the facts that "Armenian President Serge Sargsyan had a meeting with US President Obama and...US State Secretary Clinton paid a visit to Armenia--for the first time during the last 18 years."
Since assuming his post, Heffern has followed his predecessor by posting video blogs on topics related to Armenia and his service in that country to YouTube, under the "usembassyarmenia" tag.[12]
References[link]
- ^ http://armenia.usembassy.gov/ambassador.html US Embassy Armenia: Ambassador
- ^ http://asbarez.com/95997/obama-nominates-john-heffern-for-armenia-ambassadorship/ Obama Nominates John Heffern for Armenia Ambassadorship
- ^ http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/one_item_and_teasers/nom_confc.htm United States Senate Nominations Confirmed (Civilian)
- ^ http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/61/16/index.xml Princeton Alumni Weekly Memorial for Elleard Buridan Heffern
- ^ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/175178.htm United States Department of State Biography for John A. Heffern
- ^ photos.state.gov/libraries/usnato/19452/.../HEFFERN%20John.pdf United States Department of State Information on John A. Heffern
- ^ http://www.allgov.com/Appointments_and_Resignations/ViewNews/Ambassador_to_Armenia__Who_is_John_Heffern_110827 Ambassador to Armenia: Who is John Heffern?
- ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/28/embassy-row-522228631/ Washington Times: Embassy Row: "NOMINATION DELAYED"
- ^ http://massispost.com/2011/09/13/john-heffern-unanimously-approved-as-us-ambassador-to-armenia/ Armenia News: John Heffern Unanimously Approved as US Ambassador to Armenia
- ^ http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2011/10/20/us-wants-‘best-elections-ever’-in-armenia/ US Wants ‘Best Elections Ever’ in Armenia
- ^ http://www.yerevanreport.com/117521/john-heffern-armenia-relations-closer/ John Heffern: Armenia – US Relations Are Closer Than Ever
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/user/usembassyarmenia YouTube: US Embassy Armenia
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Heffern, John A. |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Ambassador of the United States |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | Saint Louis, Missouri |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Ronald Grigor Suny (born September 25, 1940[1]) is currently director of the Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies [1] and the Charles Tilly Collegiate Professor of Social and Political History at the University of Michigan, as well as Emeritus Professor of political science and history at the University of Chicago. He was the first holder of the Alex Manoogian Chair in Modern Armenian History at the University of Michigan, after beginning his career as an assistant professor at Oberlin College.
Suny was born in Philadelphia, graduated from Swarthmore College in 1962, and earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1968. His fields of study are the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia; nationalism; ethnic conflict; the role of emotions in politics; South Caucasus; and Russian/Soviet historiography.[2]
He is a grandson of the Armenian composer Grikor Mirzaian Suni.
Contents |
Selected publications[link]
- The Baku Commune, 1917-1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton University Press, 1972);
- Armenia in the Twentieth Century (Scholars Press, 1983);
- The Making of the Georgian Nation (Indiana University Press, 1988, 1994);
- Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History (Indiana University Press, 1993);
- The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford University Press, 1993);
- The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States (Oxford University Press, 1998).
- "Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 73, No. 4, December 2001
Editor[link]
- Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia (Michigan Slavic Publications, 1983; University of Michigan Press, 1996) and
- The Structure of Soviet History: Essays and Documents (Oxford University Press, 2003);
- The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. 3: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Coeditor[link]
- Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History (Indiana University Press, 1989);
- The Russian Revolution and Bolshevik Victory: Visions and Revisions (D. C. Heath, 1990);
- Making Workers Soviet: Power, Culture, and Identity (Cornell University Press, 1994);
- Becoming National (Oxford University Press, 1996);
- Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation (University of Michigan Press, 1999);
- A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (Oxford University Press, 2001).
References[link]
- ^ Report of the President and of the Treasurer (John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, 1983), p. 115.
- ^ Ronald Grigor Suny
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Suny, Ronald Grigor |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | September 25, 1940 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ronald_Grigor_Suny
Related pages:
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Gayane Khachaturian (Armenian: Գայանե Խաչատուրյան) (May 9, 1942 – May 1, 2009) was a Georgian-Armenian painter and graphic artist.
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Biography[link]
Gayane Khachaturian was born into an Armenian family in Tbilisi, capital of Georgia, and studied art at the Nikoladze Art School. She became seriously involved in the art scene after graduating from the Secondary School of Working Youth in 1960. She met Sergei Parajanov in 1967 at Elene Akhvlediani's house and they maintained a close friendship which lasted until his death. Some of Khachaturian’s works are permanently exhibited at the Yerevan Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery of Armenia, Sergei Parajanov Museum in Yerevan as well as are in a number of private collections, including those owned by Valerie Khanukaev, Bagrat Nikogosyan, and Artashes Aleksanyan. When she was alive, her tiny studio on Bakinskaya Street had become a tourist attraction. According to Russian art critic Vitaly Patsyukov, "Khachaturian is among those pioneers of new artistic consciousness who draw into their focus all phenomenal aspects of European 'actual view' and the radical sensuousness and natural freedom of plastic gesture." [1]
Khachaturian died on May 1, 2009 and is buried in the Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi (Khojivank).
Exhibitions[link]
Gayane Khachaturian's first informal solo exhibition was at the Skvoznyachok Café in Yerevan in 1967 by the invitation of Sergei Parajanov. Since then her work began to appear in various shows and exhibitions:
- 1970 — National Gallery of Georgia, Tbilisi, Group exhibition
- 1971 — House of Painters, Yerevan, Solo exhibition
- 1972 — House of Actors, named after A.Khorava in Tbilisi
- 1978 — Calouste Gulbenkian Museum in Portugal, Lisbon
- 1979 — Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Paris — Lyon — Marseille
- 1979 — Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Beirut
- 1987 — "Days of Armenian Culture" in Venice
- 1995 — "Contemporary Armenian Art," Paris — Metz — Poitiers — Pontivy, Solo exhibition
- 1995 — "The Paths of Armenia," Palace of Youth, Paris
- 1996 — National Gallery of Armenia, Yerevan, Group exhibition of Georgian and Armenian artists
- 2001 — "I Am Gayane from Tiflis," Nashchokin House Gallery, Moscow
- 2009 — "Painting — Film," with Andrei Tarkovsky and Sergei Parajanov, National Center for Contemporary Arts, Moscow
- 2009 — Armenian Pavilion, 53rd International Art Exhibition of the Venice Biennale
- 2010 — "In Memoriam of Gayane Khachaturian" National Gallery of Armenia, Yerevan
References[link]
External links[link]
- Official site of Gayane Khachaturian
- Armenian Center for Contemporary Experimental Art
- Gayane Khachaturian's Catalog, Armenian Pavilion, 53rd International Art Exhibition la Biennale di Venezia
- Gayane Khachaturian Foundation (in Russian)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khachaturian, Gayane |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 9, 1942 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | May 1, 2009 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Gayane_Khachaturian
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Хачатурян, Гаянэ Левоновна
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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