- published: 26 Jul 2010
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- author: Indiandiplomacy
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Amritsar
Amritsar (
pronunciation (help·info); Punjabi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ IPA: [əmːɾɪt̪səɾ], historically also known as ਰਾਮਦਾਸਪੁਰ Rāmdāspur and colloquially as ਅੰਬਰਸਰ, Ambarsar) is a city in the north-western part of India. It is the spiritual center for the Sikh religion and the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district in the state of Punjab.
It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the "Golden Temple" in the western media), the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. This important Sikh shrine attracts more visitors than the Taj Mahal with more than 100,000 visitors on week days alone and is the most popular destination for Non-resident Indians (NRI) in the whole of India. The city also houses the Sikh temporal and political authority, Akal Takht, as well as the Sikh Parliament.
The 2011 Indian census reported the population of the city to be 1,132,761. Amritsar is situated 217 kilometres (135 mi) northwest of state capital Chandigarh and is 32 kilometres (20 mi) east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan.
wn.com/Amritsar -
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Oriya.
wn.com/Andhra_Pradesh -
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh /ˌɑrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ is a state of India. Located in northeast India, Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the east and the People's Republic of China in the north.
Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn-lit mountains". It is also known as "land of the rising sun" ("pradesh" means "state", "territory" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Like other parts of Northeast India, a majority of the people native to the state are of Tibeto-Burman origin.[citation needed] A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state.[citation needed]
wn.com/Arunachal_Pradesh -
Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
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Barak Valley
Barak Valley (Bengali: বরাক উপত্যকা) is situated in the southern part of the Indian state of Assam.It's another name is East Bengal (Bengali: পূর্ববঙ্গ) or Northeast Bengal (Bengali: ঈশাণবঙ্গ) The main city of the valley is Silchar. The place is named after the Barak river. Barak valley mainly consists of three districts namely Cachar, Karimganj, and Hailakandi. Karimganj, the district headquarters of Karimgnaj district, is the second largest town in valley. It is considered as the cultural center of Barak valley.
The official language of Barak valley is Bengali. Majority of the people speak a dialect of Bengali, which is known as Sylheti. Religious composition of the valley population is Hindu:50%,Muslim:46%,and others 4%. Hindus are majority in Cachar district (60)% while Muslims are majority in Karimganj district (53%) and Hailakandi district (57%).
Apart from the Bengali nation (Bengali: বাঙালি জাতি), Barak Valley is the home land of Kacharis, Hmar, Manipuris (Both Bishnupriya and Meitei, Rongmei Nagas,and tea garden labourers.
wn.com/Barak_Valley -
Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
wn.com/Beijing -
Bhopal
Bhopal /boʊˈpɑːl/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [bʱoːpaːl] (
listen)) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India.
A B-1 class city, Bhopal houses various institutions and installations of national importance. Some of these include ISRO's Master Control Facility, the CSIR Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Bhopal), School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (associated with Hamidia Hospital, Sultania Zanana Hospital & Kamla Nehru Hospital), and the (approved, under-construction) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal.
wn.com/Bhopal -
Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
wn.com/Bihar -
Champaran
Champaran is a historic region around 26°50′37″N 84°40′57″E / 26.8437°N 84.6826°E / 26.8437; 84.6826Coordinates: 26°50′37″N 84°40′57″E / 26.8437°N 84.6826°E / 26.8437; 84.6826, which now forms the East Champaran district, and the West Champaran district in Bihar. Champaran was part of erstwhile Bettiah Raj. Bettiah Raj's eighteen hundred square miles yielding a rental of almost 2 million rupees made it the second largest zamindari in Bihar belonging to a Bhumihar Brahmin family.
Champaran District was created in 1866. On 1 December 1971 it was split into two districts: Paschim Champaran and Purbi Champaran. The headquarter of Paschim Champaran district is at Bettiah. The headquarters of Purbi Champaran district is at Motihari. Purbi Champaran consists of six subdivisions and twentyseven blocks. Nepal forms its northern boundary, Sitamadhi and Sheohar are to the east while Muzaffarpur lies to the south and with part of Gopalganj bounds it on the west.
The name Champaran derives from Champa-aranya or . Champa or champaka means magnolia and aranya means forest. Hence, Champaranya means forest of magnolia trees. It is believed that the forest was named while its western portion was inhabited by solitary ascetics.
wn.com/Champaran -
China
China (
i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ ( locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Garhwal division
Coordinates: 30°30′N 78°30′E / 30.5°N 78.5°E / 30.5; 78.5 Garhwal (Hindi: गढ़वाल [ɡəɽʱʋaːl]) is the north-western region and administrative division of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand which is home to the Garhwali people. Lying in the Himalayas, It is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Kumaon region, on the south by Uttar Pradesh state, and on the north-west by Himachal Pradesh state. It includes the districts of Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Uttarkashi. The people of Garhwal are known as Garhwali (गढ़वाली) and speak the Garhwali language (गढ़वाली भाषा). The administrative center for Garhwal division is the town of Pauri.
Garhwal the land of many ‘GAHRS’ meaning forts. This region was made up of many small forts which were ruled by chieftains. Therefore, the history of Garhwal before the dynastic rule of the ‘Panwar’ rulers is very obscure. Kanak Pal was the first ruler of the state of Garhwal in 823 AD.
The Garhwal Himalayas have nurtured civilization from the wee hours of history. It appears to have been a favorite locale for the voluminous mythology of the Puranic period. The traditional name of Garhwal was Uttarakhand and excavations have revealed that it formed part of the Mauryan Empire.
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Goa
Goai/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indore
Indore /ɪnˈdɔər/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the largest city and the headquarters of Indore District in the state of Madhya Pradesh. Indore is located 190 km west of the state capital of Bhopal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Indore city has a population of 1,960,631 and is fourteenth most populous city in India, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 2.3 million. It is the 147th largest city in the world. Indore is the richest city in central India and also known as "Mini Mumbai" due to it's lifestyle similarities with Mumbai. It also reflects Mumbai's potpourri of cultures, with significant Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari and Sindhi populations.
Indore is the only city of India with both an Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT).
During the days of the Maratha Empire Indore was an important hub between the Deccan and Delhi. However after the death of Madhavrao Peshwa, the Maratha Empire disintegrated and Indore was declared the capital of the Holkar state, until Rani Ahilyabai Holkar moved the capital to Maheshwar.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand /dʒɑrˈkɑːnd/[citation needed] (Hindi: झारखण्ड; Bengali: ঝাড়খন্ড; Urdu: جھاڑکھنڈ; Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [ˈdʒʱaːrkʰəɳɖ] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714 km2 49,821 sq mi (129,040 km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands. During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.
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Karaikudi
Karaikudi (Tamil: காரைக்குடி) is a city in Sivaganga District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.Chettinad literally 'Chetti land' in Tamil, is a collection of 76 villages/towns. Chettinad stretched from Ramnad District and Pudukottai State of 'British' India. The Chettiars, or more properly the Nattukottai Chettiars, came from the Chettinad. Originally involved in salt trading, sometime in the 18th century they became more widely known as financiers and facilitators for the trade in a range of commodities. By the early 19th century finance had become the primary specialisation of the Chettiars, and they became famed lenders to great land-owning families and in underwriting their trade in grain through the provision of hundis. Several members of the Chettiar community migrated to nearby Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, particularly Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam and Burma, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Karaikudi became popular because the area is famous for the type of houses built with limestone called 'karai veedu' and also may be due to a plant called "Karai" which is widely spread over this area.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Khasi Hills
The Khasi Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi range in the Indian state of Meghalaya, and is part of the Patkai range and of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion. In older sources in particular, the alternative transcription Khasia Hills is seen. Khassi Hills Is Located in India The region is inhabited mainly by tribal Khasi dwellers, which are traditionally in various chieftainships, petty states known as the Khasi Hill States. One of its capitals, Cherrapunji, is considered one of the wettest place in the world.
The region came under the Khasi Hills district, which was divided into West Khasi Hills and East Khasi Hills districts on 28 October 1976.
The highest peak is Lum Shyllong which is 1968 meters high. It is situated a few kilometers south of Shillong town.
Administratively, the Khasi Hills used to be a part of the Khasil Hills district. The district was dividied into East Khasi Hills district and West Khasi Hills district on 28 October 1976. On 4 June 1992, the Ri-Bhoi District was carved out of the of East Khasi Hills District.
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Kodagu district
Kodagu, also known by its anglicised former name of Coorg, is an administrative district in Karnataka, India. It occupies an area of 4,102 square kilometres (1,584 sq mi) in the Western Ghats of southwestern Karnataka. As of 2001, the population was 548,561, 13.74% of which resided in the district's urban centres, making it the least populous of the 30 districts in Karnataka. Kodagu is well known in the world for coffee and its "brave warriors", like Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa.
Madikeri (English: Mercara) is the headquarters of Kodagu. The district is bordered by Dakshina Kannada district to the northwest, Hassan district to the north, Mysore district to the east, Kannur district of Kerala to the southwest, and the Wayanad district of Kerala to the south.
Kodagu is home to the native speakers of Kodava language. As per 1991 census, the speakers of Kodava made up 0.25% of the total population of Karnataka.[citation needed] According to Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy, apart from Kodavas, 18 other ethnic groups speak Kodava Takk in and outside the district including Heggade, Iri, Koyava, Banna, Madivala, Hajama, Kembatti, and Meda. Though the language has no script, recently German linguist Gregg M. Cox developed a new writing system for the language known as the Coorgi-Cox alphabet, used by a number of individuals within Kodagu. Lately, some organizations including the Codava National Council and Kodava Rashtriya Samiti are demanding Kodava homeland status and autonomy to Kodagu district.
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Kolkata
Kolkata /kɒlˈkætə/, or Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product ranked third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, and the East India Company retook it in the following year and by 1772 assumed full sovereignty. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.
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Kumaon division
For Kumaoni/Kumauni People see Kumauni People
Kumaon (Hindi: कुमाऊं) or Kumaun is one of the two regions and administrative divisions of Uttarakhand, a mountainous state of northern India, the other being Garhwal. It includes the districts of Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar. It is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Nepal, on the south by the state of Uttar Pradesh, and on the west by the Garhwal region. The people of Kumaon are known as Kumaonis and speak the Kumaoni language.
It is home to a famous Indian Army regiment, the Kumaon Regiment.
Important towns of Kumaon are Haldwani, Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, Rudrapur, Kashipur, Pantnagar, Mukteshwar and Ranikhet. Nainital is the administrative centre of Kumaon Division and this is where the Uttarakhand high court is located.
The Kumaon region consists of a large Himalayan tract, together with two submontane strips called the Terai and the Bhabhar. The submontane strips were up to 1850 an almost impenetrable forest, given up to wild animals; but after 1850 the numerous clearings attracted a large population from the hills, who cultivated the rich soil during the hot and cold seasons, returning to the hills in the rains. The rest of Kumaon is a maze of mountains, part of the Himalaya range, some of which are among the loftiest known. In a tract not more than 225 km in length and 65 km in breadth there are over thirty peaks rising to elevations exceeding 5500 m.
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Madurai
Madurai is the third largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with a population of over 1 million (according to the 2001 census). Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The city is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. The capital of the Pandyan kingdom was initially Korkai, around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunj Cheliyan I. Madurai is famous for its temples built by Pandyan and Madurai Nayak kings in the Dravidian style of architecture. It is also one of India's most prominent Hindu pilgrimage centres.
Madurai is also called as City of Junction (Koodal nagaram), City of Jasmine (Malligai maanagar), Temple city (Koil maanagar), City that never sleeps (Thoonga nagaram) and City of four junctions (Naanmada koodal).
Madurai's recorded history goes back to the 3rd century BC and the city is mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India and Kautilya, the minister of the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. The city was the principal administrative and cultural centre of the Pandyan dynasty which ruled over the southern parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala till the first half of the 14th century AD. In about 1311, the Pandyan dynasty was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate which established the province of Ma'bar which later became independent as the Ma'bar Sultanate. When the Ma'bar Sultanate began to decline in the latter years of the 14th century, Madurai was absorbed into the Vijayanagar Empire. The viceroys of the Vijayanagar Empire established the Madurai Nayak kingdom and ruled as independent kings from 1559 to 1736. After a brief period of occupation by Chanda Sahib and the Carnatic kingdom, Madurai was annexed by the British East India Company in 1801.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Malvan
Malvan (Marathi: मालवण) (also written as Malwan) is a town in Sindhudurg District, the southernmost district of Maharashtra. This culturally and historically important town is a Taluka place in Sindhudurg District. Malvan taluka consists of villages like Aangnechi wadi, Achra, Khalchi Devli, Jamdul, Juva, Pankhol and Sarjekot. Malvan is wellknown for its historical monument, the Sindhudurg fort, which is beautiful and vast in area.The stable diet of the people is fish,fish curry and rice.It is known for its variety of mangos (Malvani Hapus - Alphonso). It is also known for sweets such as Malvani Khaja (Made from Gram - besan flour and coated jaggery) and Malvani Ladoos.A very important part of Malavni culture is a Malvani Dashavtar, a drama-play based on mythological stories. There are many tourism places in Malvan. The main occupation here is fishing.Many foreigner visit here.The nature of the people here is very helping and hardworking.
Several apocryphal and some more credible stories related to the name Malvan exist. Salt was produced in large quantity in the Malvan region. Salt producers use term Mahalavan to describe a region rich in salt, a compound word from "Maha" meaning great, and "lavan" meaning plantation (or salt). Another possibility is a phonetic derivative of the compound of "Mad" and "Ban", Malvani for coconut trees and garden respectively, relating to the large number of coconut trees in the region.
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Malwa
Malwa (Devnagari: मालवा,) is a natural region in west-central northern India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.
Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic upland south of the Vindhya Range. Politically and administratively, the historical Malwa region includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and parts of south-eastern Rajasthan. The definition of Malwa is sometimes extended to include the Nimar region north of the Vindhyas.
The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient Malava Kingdom. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the Avanti Kingdom, the Mauryans, the Guptas, the Parmaras, the Malwa sultans, the Mughals and the Marathas. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the Malwa Agency of British India was merged into Madhya Bharat (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.
Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several prominent people in the history of India have hailed from Malwa, including the poet and dramatist Kalidasa, the author Bhartrihari, the mathematicians and astronomers Varahamihira and Brahmagupta, and the polymath king Bhoja. Ujjain had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and Indore is presently the largest city and commercial centre.
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Mangalore
Mangalorei/ˈmæŋɡəlɔr/ (also called Kuḍla in Tulu, Maṅgaḷūru in Kannada, Koḍiyāl in Konkani, or Maikāla in Beary bashe) is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 350 kilometres (220 mi) west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in south western Karnataka.
Mangalore derives its name from the local Hindu Goddess Mangaladevi. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalore's port handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports.
Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Vijayanagar dynasty, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.
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Manipur
Manipur /mænɨˈpʊər/ (Pronunciation manipur (help·info)), literally meaning "a jeweled land", is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Paites and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State. Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.[citation needed]
Manipur state has taken Bengali script of writing but now-a-days started in their original scripts "Meetei/Meitei Mayek(Script)" at schools as well as in Newspapers.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya /ˌmɛɡəˈleɪə/ (Hindi: मेघालय; pronounced [meːˈɡʱaːləjə]) is a state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (east-west) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000.
About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.
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Mizoram
Mizoram /mɨˈzɔrəm/ (Mizo pronunciation: /mɪ.'zoʊ.'rʌm/) (from mi 'people', zo 'hill', ram 'country', Land of the Hill People / Mizo people") is one of the Seven Sister States listed as in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar Burma. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. Its capital is Aizawl. Mizoram is located in the northeast of India.
Mizoram has a mild climate, comfortable in summer 20 °C to 29 °C (68 °F to 84 °F) and never freezing during winter, with temperatures from 7 °C to 21 °C (44 °F to 70 °F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The average state rainfall is 254 cm (100 in.), per annum. In the capital, Aizawl rainfall is about 208 centimetres (82 in.) and in Lunglei, another major center, about 350 centimetres (138 in.)
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000 metres (3,281 feet). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,265 feet) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,251 feet).
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Nagaland
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579 km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator.
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.
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Orissa
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers. April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline (about 480 km long) and lacked good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population. The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (
i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Porbandar
Porbandar (Gujarati પોરબંદર) pronunciation (help·info) is a coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat, perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sudama (Friend of Lord Krishna). It is the administrative center of Porbandar District.
The following are notable sites:
The following are institutions of higher learning:
The following are institutions of primary learning:
Porbandar is also an ancient port city at present having an all-weather port, with direct berthing facilities up to 50,000 DWT ships.
Onshore explorations in and around Porbandar brought to light, for the first time, the remains of a late Harappan settlement dating back to the 16th - 14th century BC, which is similar to that from Bet Dwarka. This is another evidence to suggest that the Harappan legacy of maritime activity continued till the late Harappan period on the Saurashtra coast. The discovery of ancient jetties along the Porbandar creek signifies the importance of Porbandar as an active centre of maritime activities in the past. The Indian mythology says its the birthplace of Sudhaama (Friend of Lord Krishna), hence its being referred to as Sudhaamapuri or Sudhamapuri.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was the first global empire in history. In addition, it was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shenzhen
Shenzhen (Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂə́ntʂə̂n]) is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones (SEZs). It currently also holds sub-provincial administrative status, with powers slightly less than a province.
Shenzhen's modern cityscape is the result of the vibrant economy made possible by rapid foreign investment since the institution of the policy of "reform and opening" establishment of the SEZ in the late 1979, before which it was only a small village. Both Chinese and foreign nationals have invested enormous amount of money in the Shenzhen SEZ. More than US$30 billion in foreign investment has gone into both foreign-owned and joint ventures, at first mainly in manufacturing but more recently in the service industries as well. Shenzhen is now reputedly considered as one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
Being southern mainland China's major financial centre, Shenzhen is home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous high-tech companies. Shenzhen is also the third-busiest container port in China, after Shanghai and Hong Kong.
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Sikkim
Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɨm/; Devanagari: सिक्किम, i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";Standard Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་, Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs) is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.
With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011[update], Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi). Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok.
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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Tripura
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia. It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India. The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
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Tsim Sha Tsui
Coordinates: 22°17′38.33″N 114°10′16.39″E / 22.2939806°N 114.1712194°E / 22.2939806; 114.1712194
Tsim Sha Tsui (/ˌtsɪm ˌʃɑː ˈtsuː.iː/ or /ˌtʃɪm ˌʃɑː ˈtʃuː.iː/), often abbreviated as TST, is an urban area in southern Kowloon, Hong Kong. The area is administratively part of the Yau Tsim Mong District. Tsim Sha Tsui East is a piece of land reclaimed from the Hung Hom Bay now east of Tsim Sha Tsui. The area is bounded north by Austin Road and in the east by Hong Chong Road and Cheong Wan Road.
Geographically, Tsim Sha Tsui is a cape on the tip of the Kowloon Peninsula pointing towards Victoria Harbour, opposite Central. Several villages had been established in this location before Kowloon was ceded to the British Empire in 1860. Tsim Sha Tsui in Chinese means pointed sandy mouth. It was also known as Heung Po Tau (香埗頭), i.e. a port for exporting incense tree.
Tsim Sha Tsui is a major tourist hub in metropolitan Hong Kong, with many shops and restaurants that cater to tourists. Many of the museums in the territory are located in the area.
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Udupi
Udupi (Tulu:ಉಡುಪಿ, Konkani:उडुपी and Kannada:ಉಡುಪಿ) is a town in the south-west Indian State of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Udupi District. Udupi is notable for the Krishna Temple, and lends its name to the popular Udupi cuisine. Udupi, also known as Rajata Peetha and Shivalli (Shivabelli), a centre of pilgrimage, is situated about 58 km north of Mangalore and about 422 km north-west of Bangalore.
It is widely believed that the name of Udupi was derived from its Tulu name Odipu. The Tulu name in turn is associated with a temple at Malpe, devoted to Vadabhandeshwara. Another story is that the name Udupi came from the combination of the Sanskrit words Udu and Pa, which mean "stars" and "lord." According to legend, the moon's light was once reduced due to a curse by King Daksha, whose 27 daughters (the 27 stars, according to Hindu astrology) were married to the moon. The moon prayed to Lord Shiva to get back its original shine. Lord Shiva was pleased with the moon's prayer and restored its shine. Legend says that the moon and his wives made their prayer at the Chandramouleeshwara temple at Udupi, creating a linga that can be seen even today. According to this story, therefore, Udupi means the land of the "lord of the stars," the moon.
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Ulhasnagar
Ulhasnagar is a city located on coast of the West India, approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of the city of Mumbai, in the Thane district in the state of Maharashtra. This city is part of Mumbai Metropolitan Region managed by MMRDA.
Ulhasnagar, also referred to as Sindhunagar, has an estimated population of 472,943 people (2001). The name derives from the Ulhas river which flows through it. Kalyan is situated near Ulhasnagar. The city is home to many types of businesses.
Ulhasnagar is located at 19°13′N 73°09′E / 19.22°N 73.15°E / 19.22; 73.15. It has an average elevation of 19 metres (62 feet).
As of 2011[update] India census, Ulhasnagar had a population of 506937. (Current Estimate : One million). Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%.
Ulhasnagar is a municipal town and the headquarters of the Tahsil bearing the same name. It is a railway station on the Mumbai-Pune route of the Central Railway. Ulhasnagar, a colony of migrants in the aftermath of the Partition of India (1947), is 61 years old. Situated 58 km from Mumbai, the once-barren land has developed into a rich town of Thane district. Originally, known as Kalyan Military transit camp (or Kalyan Camp), Ulhasnagar was set up especially to accommodate 6,000 soldiers and 30,000 others during World War II. There were 2,126 barracks and about 1,173 housed personals. The majority of barracks had large central halls with rooms attached to either end. The camp had a deserted look at the end of the war and served as a ready and commercial ideal ground for Partition victims. Sindhis, in particular, began life anew in the new land.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Vancouver
Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
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Vidarbha
Nagpur, Amravati, Akola
Vidarbha (Marathi: विदर्भ) is the eastern region of Maharashtra state made up of Nagpur Division and Amravati Division. Its former name is Berar (Varhad in Marathi). It occupies 31.6% of total area and holds 21.3% of total population of Maharashtra. It borders the state of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the south and Marathwada and Khandesh regions of Maharashtra to the west. Situated in central India, Vidarbha has its own rich cultural and historical background distinct from rest of Maharashtra. The largest city in Vidarbha is Nagpur, the second largest is Amravati while Akola stands third followed by Yavatmal, Chandrapur and Gondia. A majority of Vidarbhians speak Vahardi, a dialect of Marathi.
The region is famous for growing oranges and cotton. Vidarbha holds two-thirds of Maharashtra's mineral resources, three quarters of its forest resources, and is a net producer of power. Throughout its history, Vidarbha has remained much calmer during the communal troubles than the rest of India; but it is plagued very much by poverty and malnutrition. It is less economically prosperous compared to the rest of Maharashtra.
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Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Asian Canadian
Asian Canadians ancestry refers to Canadians who can trace their ancestry back to the continent of Asia or the Asian people. Canadians of Asian ancestry comprise the largest visible minority group in Canada, at 11% of the Canadian population, and is the fastest growing. Most "Asian Canadians" are concentrated in the urban areas of southern Ontario, the Greater Vancouver area, Montreal, and other large Canadian cities. In Canada, the term 'Asian' is pan-continental, in contrast to its usage in other English-speaking countries.
Canada has a long history of Asian immigration over the past 100 years. During the 19th century, many Chinese arrived to take part in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Chinese who came from Guangdong Province blasted and chiseled the treacherous western stretch of railway through the Canadian Rockies. Japanese also had arrived in the 1890s and became fishermen and merchants in British Columbia. In 1923, the federal government passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which banned all Chinese immigration. With this act, all other non-whites were restricted to come. In 1947, the act was repealed.
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Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the "New World".
In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.
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Jamatia
Jamatia is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura [1] state of India. They are mainly dwelling in the West Tripura [2] and the South Tripura [3] districts. They speak the language Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Their appearance is mongoloid.
Jamatia clan is the third largest sub-tribe of among indigenous Tripuris, after the Tripuris(Debbarma), and the Reang sub-tribe in Tripura. The origin of the word Jamatia, in one opinion had derived from the word Jamat, which means collection or union of peoples. This later on turned to Jamatia. It is to be noted that the people of this clan live in unity and concentrated in any particular place even today.
According to other opinion Jamatia is conjugation of two Kokborok words, Jama, means tax and twiya means no need to pay. It is fact that the men of this clan were used to engaged in Tripura royal force as soldier by the kings of Tripura during the rule of Manikya Dynasty. So the peoples of Jomatia clan were exempted to pay any tax by the king for their loyalty, service and sacrifice for the royal regime. Later on the people of this clan had been known as Jamatia.
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Lepcha people
The Lepcha or Róng people (Lepcha: Róng ɂágít; "Róng tribe"), also called Róngkup (Lepcha:
; "children of the Róng"), Mútuncí Róngkup Rumkup (Lepcha: 
; "beloved children of the Róng and of God"), and Rongpa (Sikkimese: རོང་པ་), are the aboriginal people of Sikkim, who number between 30,000 and 50,000. Many Lepcha are also found in western and southwestern Bhutan, Tibet, Darjeeling, the Ilam District of eastern Nepal, and in the hills of West Bengal. Lepcha groups in India are more populous than those elsewhere. The Lepcha people are composed of four main distinct communities: the Renjóngmú of Sikkim; the Támsángmú of Kalimpong, Kurseong, and Mirik; the ʔilámmú of Ilam District, Nepal; and the Promú of Samtse and Chukha in southwestern Bhutan.
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Naga people
The term Naga people (Burmese: နာဂ, Hindi: नागा) refers to a conglomeration of several tribes inhabiting the North Eastern part of India and north-western Burma. The tribes have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority ethnic group in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland. Some of the prominent Naga tribes are Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha, Pochury, Phom, Poumai, Rengma, Sangtam, Sema (Sumi), Mao (Memai), Yimchunger, Zeliang.
There are 16 officially recognized tribes in the Nagaland state of India. The other Naga tribes can be found in the contiguous adjoining states of Manipur, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and across the border in Burma. Some of these tribes are: Zeme, Liangmai, Mao (Memai), Nocte, Phom, Pochuri, Poumai Naga, Rongmei, Tangsa, Tutsa, and Wancho
The Naga tribes practised headhunting and preserved the heads of enemies as trophies before the 19th century.
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Noatia
Noatia is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of the Tripura state of India. The tribe mainly lives in the hills of Dhalai and the North Tripura districts of the Tripura state of India. They speak the Noatia dialect of Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Their appearance is mongoloid.
Noatia is also exists in South Tripura and West Tripura district. At Garjee, Kalaban & Rothaicherra under Udaipur sub-division of South Tripura there are so many Noatia family exists and in west Tripura district at Chawndul,Tuiwandal, Khamarbari and Tyuisa khandal even in at Urmai kalakhet there are so many Noatia family exists but unluckyly these are not mentioned in the record.* Tripuri people
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Oriya people
The Oriya, known classically by various names (Odia, Odri, Utkaliya, Kalingi, Latin: Uri), are an ethnic group of eastern India and of eastern Indo-Aryan stock. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state of Orissa, with minority populations in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
The vast majority of the Oriyas are Hindus and are known for their history of Sun worship. Orissa is home to some of the oldest Sun temples in India, including Konark. There are small Christian and Muslim minorities.
The term 'Oriya', while sometimes used to refer to any inhabitant of Orissa (that is, an Orissi or Orissan), more precisely refers to the ethnic group which natively speaks the Oriya language. Orissa marks the southeastern frontier of Aryan expansion and is therefore also home to a large tribal population of Dravidian and Munda origin. While many of them have adopted the Oriya language, they maintain a distinct identity and there is no discernible admixture between them and the Oriyas.
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Pat Chapman
Patrick Lawrence Chapman (born 20 December 1940) is an English food writer, broadcaster and author, best known for founding The Curry Club.
Chapman was born in London during the Blitz. His grandfather had achieved senior rank in the British Indian Army; his father served in the wartime Merchant Navy and his mother was a former midwifery training sister at Queen Charlotte's Hospital London, before running her own maternity nursing home in Ealing. His primary education was dysfunctional, with him going to no less than four schools. As a chorister at a local church, he auditioned to join the Westminster Abbey Choir School but failed because he had been watching trams driving around Westminster on a very smoggy evening, which clogged up his voice. Had he passed, he would have sung at Queen Elizabeth II's coronation ceremony in June 1953. Instead, his secondary education was at Bedales School whose headmaster, Hector Jacks, said that he would never pass A-Level examinations, which turned out to be true. In the school holidays he obtained work as an electrical stage hand / light board operator in West End theatre land, obtaining a NATKE union card.
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Reang
Reang or Riangare one of the 21 scheduled tribes of the Indian state of Tripura. The correct nomenclature for this ethnic group is actually Bru although the name reang was accidentally incorporated by the Indian government during a census count. The Bru can be found mainly in the North Tripura, Dalai and the South Tripura districts of Tripura state in India. However, they may also be found in Mizoram, Assam, Manipur and Bangladesh. They speak the Reang dialect which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin and is locally referred to as Kau Bru. Like many of the tribes in the north east of India, the appearance of the Bru is mongoloid.
The Bru are the second most populous tribe of Tripura after the Tripuris. According to the legend, a Tripuri prince who was once exiled by the King made his way, along with his followers, to the Mayani Thalang area of Lushai hills and founded a state over there. He proclaimed himself King and his descendants too ruled over the break-away state for generations. As it sometimes happens, there came a time when there was no heir to succeed to the throne, leading to anarchy in the kingdom. At around the same time, bitter feud and internal vendetta saw four chiefs of the following sub tribes Twikluha, Yongsika, Paisika, Tuibruha leave their hearth and home along with their entourages to migrate back to the state of Tripura. It was a long and difficult journey, fraught with danger and the travellers had to make more than a couple of attempts before they successfully made their way up the Dombur hill.
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Sandwich
A sandwich is a food item, typically consisting of two or more slices of bread with one or more fillings between them, or one slice of bread with a topping or toppings, commonly called an open sandwich. Sandwiches are a widely popular type of lunch food, typically taken to work, school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. They generally contain a combination of salad vegetables, meat, cheese, and a variety of sauces or savoury spreads. The bread can be used as it is, or it can be coated with any condiments to enhance flavour and texture. They are widely sold in restaurants and cafes. Several examples of unconventional sandwiches include tacos, burritos, and pizza.
The sandwich is the namesake of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich.
The ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder is said to have wrapped meat from the Paschal lamb and bitter herbs between two pieces of old-fashioned soft matzah, flat, unleavened bread, during Passover in the manner of a modern "wrap" sandwich made with flatbread. Flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India, bread is baked in flat rounds, contrasting with the European loaf tradition.
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Sindhi people
Sindhis (Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi-speaking ethnic group of people native to the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Some of the places in Sindh have been inhabited as early as the 3rd millennium BC. A large number of Indus valley sites have been found in Sindh. Sindh was ruled by Hindu, Buddhist and Zoroastrian kingdoms till 712, when it became a part of the Umayyad Caliphate. While Sindhis were originally Hindus or Buddhists.
Sindhi culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the popular cultural icons are Raja Dahir, Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.
Following the partition of India in 1947, most Hindus, Sikhs and Jains migrated to India and other parts of the world, though as of 1998, Hindus still constituted about 6% of the total Sindhi population in Pakistan. Sindhis in different parts of the world formed their own social gatherings or sammelans and associations.
The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the Indus Valley civilization around 3000 BC.
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Telugu people
The Telugu people or Telugu Prajalu (Telugu: తెలుగు ప్రజలు) are a Dravidian ethnic group of India. They are the native speakers of the Telugu language, the third most commonly spoken language in India after Hindi and Bengali. They are mostly native to Andhra Pradesh, with significant populations in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Pondicherry, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. The Telugu constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in the world.
After Apastamba's death the Andhra tribes crossed the Vindhya mountains, reached the south, and merged with the other Andhra tribes. The Atreya Brahmana says that the Andhras lived on the south side of Vindhya Range along with the Pundras, Pulindas, Sabaras and Mootibas.[citation needed]
Some of those Andhras who came to the south of the Vindhya mountains settled in the regions north of present-day Hyderabad. Another tribe crossed the Eastern Ghats.[citation needed]
The Sanskrit epics mention the Andhra Kingdom, named for the Aryan tribe of the Andhras. They are mentioned again at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King Ashoka in 232 BC. This date has been considered to be the beginning of the Andhra historical record. Various dynasties have ruled the area, including the Andhra (or Satavahana), Shakas, Ikshvakus, Eastern Chalukyas, the Vijayanagara Kingdom, the Qutb Shahis of Golconda, and the Nizams (princes) of Hyderābād.
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Timur
Timur (Turkish: Demir "iron", Persian: تمور Timūr, Chagatai: Temür "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (from Persian: تيمور لنگ, Timūr-i Lang, Aksak Timur "Timur the Lame" in Turkish), was a Turkic, who conquered West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled South Asia for centuries.
Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. Unlike his predecessors Timur was also a devout Muslim and referred to himself as the Sword of Islam. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and multicultural. During his lifetime Timur would emerge as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the formidable Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi; Timur had also decisively defeated the Knights Hospitaler at Smyrna and since then referred to himself as a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete suzerainty over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even the Yuan Khanate.
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Tripuri people
Most popularly known as tripuri tribes The Tripuri (Tipra or Tipperah) people are the original inhabitants of the Kingdom of Tripura in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Royal family of the Debbarmas ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for more than 2000[citation needed] years till the kingdom joined the Indian Union in 1949.
The Tripuris live on the slopes of hills in a group of five to fifty families. Their houses in these areas are built of bamboo or ua as it is called in Kokborok and raised five to six feet height to save themselves from the dangers of the wild animals. Nowadays a considerable section of this community are living in the plains and erecting houses like the plains people, adopting their methods of cultivation, and following them in other aspects of life, such as dress, manners, and cosmetics. Tripuri women wear a scarp, called rignai, which reaches down just below the knee. They weave in their loin-loom a small piece of cloth, which they call risa, and they use this small piece of cloth as their breast garment.
wn.com/Tripuri_people -
Uchoi
Uchoi is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura state of India. They are mainly dwelling in the Dhalai and the South Tripura districts of Tripura state of India. They speak the language Reang dialect of Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Their appearance is mongoloid. They are the least in number among Tripuri tribes.
wn.com/Uchoi -
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]) (c. 1460 or 1469 – 24 December 1524) was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. For a short time in 1524 he was the Governor of Portuguese India, under the title of Viceroy.
Vasco da Gama was born in either 1460 or 1469 in Sines, on the southwest coast of Portugal, probably in a house near the church of Nossa Senhora das Salas. Sines, one of the few seaports on the Alentejo coast, consisted of little more than a cluster of whitewashed, red-tiled cottages, tenanted chiefly by fisherfolk.
Vasco da Gama's father was Estêvão da Gama, who had served in the 1460s as a knight of the household of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and went on to rise in the ranks of the military Order of Santiago. Estêvão da Gama was appointed alcaide-mór (civil governor) of Sines in the 1460s, a post he held until 1478, and continued as a receiver of taxes and holder of the Order's commendas in the region.
wn.com/Vasco_da_Gama -
Vedic period
The Vedic period (or Vedic age) was a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE, and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature.
Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. Despite the difficulties in dating the period, the Vedas can safely be assumed to be several thousands of years old. The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was probably centred early on in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, but has now spread and constitutes the basis of contemporary Indian culture.
wn.com/Vedic_period
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A La Cart!!! Food in the Streets of India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
The Indian culinary experience has been diversified and modified to a large extent owing to the waves of migration, climate and the tastes of the local population. As a result, Indian food in general, and street food in particular, draws inspiration from multiple sources but always reflects local tastes. Hugely popular, very affordable, and wonderfully delicious, Indian street food has come to represent a remarkable innovation and adaptation to the changing times. From Mumbai to Delhi to Lucknow and Kolkata- the film travels through the sheer size, variety and nuances within the Indian food palette seen through the eyes of four celebrities, who take the viewer on an intimate culinary exploration of the street food they love in their cities.
http://wn.com/A_La_Cart!!!_Food_in_the_Streets_of_India
The Indian culinary experience has been diversified and modified to a large extent owing to the waves of migration, climate and the tastes of the local population. As a result, Indian food in general, and street food in particular, draws inspiration from multiple sources but always reflects local tastes. Hugely popular, very affordable, and wonderfully delicious, Indian street food has come to represent a remarkable innovation and adaptation to the changing times. From Mumbai to Delhi to Lucknow and Kolkata- the film travels through the sheer size, variety and nuances within the Indian food palette seen through the eyes of four celebrities, who take the viewer on an intimate culinary exploration of the street food they love in their cities.
Real Indian food in Delhi - Gordon Ramsay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Gordon Ramsay travels to Delhi to sample real Indian food and see how it compares to the English version we're used to. He samples food at one of India's most famous restaurants, the Moti Mahal. From Gordon's Great Escape.
http://wn.com/Real_Indian_food_in_Delhi_Gordon_Ramsay
Gordon Ramsay travels to Delhi to sample real Indian food and see how it compares to the English version we're used to. He samples food at one of India's most famous restaurants, the Moti Mahal. From Gordon's Great Escape.
- published: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 236863
- author: gordonramsay
Butter Chicken
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
the very famous chicken preparation with silky butter and tomato sauce
http://wn.com/Butter_Chicken
the very famous chicken preparation with silky butter and tomato sauce
- published: 07 Dec 2007
- views: 1907092
- author: vahchef
Chum Chum (Sweet) Recipe by Manjula, Indian Cuisine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients: Paneer prepared with 4 cups or 1 liter of whole milk 2 cups of sugar 5 cups of water Ingredients for different serving options: 1. With Pistachios 1 tablespoon sliced pistachios 2. With Coconuts 2 tablespoons finely shredded coconut/coconut powder 3. With Malai (cream) 2 cups whole milk 2 tablespoons sugar 1/8 teaspoon cardamom powder Few strands saffron (optional)
http://wn.com/Chum_Chum_Sweet_Recipe_by_Manjula,_Indian_Cuisine
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients: Paneer prepared with 4 cups or 1 liter of whole milk 2 cups of sugar 5 cups of water Ingredients for different serving options: 1. With Pistachios 1 tablespoon sliced pistachios 2. With Coconuts 2 tablespoons finely shredded coconut/coconut powder 3. With Malai (cream) 2 cups whole milk 2 tablespoons sugar 1/8 teaspoon cardamom powder Few strands saffron (optional)
- published: 21 Nov 2010
- views: 333247
- author: Manjulaskitchen
Naan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Indian bread usually made in tandoor can also be made on stove top and oven
http://wn.com/Naan
Indian bread usually made in tandoor can also be made on stove top and oven
- published: 26 Nov 2007
- views: 1189298
- author: vahchef
samosa Traditional Indian Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
indias most popular appetizer
http://wn.com/samosa_Traditional_Indian_Food
dosa south indian cuisine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
dosa indian crepe
http://wn.com/dosa_south_indian_cuisine
Chicken 65- indian food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
chicken cooked in spicilicious style
http://wn.com/Chicken_65_indian_food
Biryani Recipe from Planet Food South India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
Top Chef's Padma Lakshmi cooks a Royal Biryani for 200 children in Hyderabad, India from Planet Food South India. Watch the full episode - www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Biryani_Recipe_from_Planet_Food_South_India
Top Chef's Padma Lakshmi cooks a Royal Biryani for 200 children in Hyderabad, India from Planet Food South India. Watch the full episode - www.youtube.com
- published: 11 Jun 2010
- views: 169865
- author: pilotguides
Masala Fried Fish - Tilapia - Indian cuisine recipe video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Indian home cooking at its finest. Simple and basic Masala fried fillets of Tilapia. Marinated in a flavorful paste of garlic, chilies, cilantro, cumin and turmeric. Moist & juicy with a crispy crust, just like mom used to make.
http://wn.com/Masala_Fried_Fish_Tilapia_Indian_cuisine_recipe_video
Indian home cooking at its finest. Simple and basic Masala fried fillets of Tilapia. Marinated in a flavorful paste of garlic, chilies, cilantro, cumin and turmeric. Moist & juicy with a crispy crust, just like mom used to make.
- published: 10 Feb 2010
- views: 55676
- author: Irfan Dama
Rava Idli (Semolina Dumplings) Indian Cuisine Recipe by Manjula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients For the batter 1 cup coarse semolina (moti sooji) 1 teaspoon salt adjust to taste 1 finely chopped green chili 1 teaspoon finely grated ginger 1 tablespoon chopped cilantro (hara dhania) 1/4 cup finely chopped cabbage (pata ghobi) 1/2 cup yogurt 1 cup water as needed 1 teaspoon ENO (fruit salt). Readily available in Indian grocery stores. For the seasoning 1 tablespoon oil 1/4 teaspoon mustard seed (rai) 1/4 teaspoon cumin seeds (jeera) 2 green chilies sliced lengthwise and cut in half. Utensils for Steaming Idlis Idli stand - this has 3 to 4 plates stacked over each other. For this recipe I am using the rack that makes 16 Idlis. Pot with a lid that is large enough to hold the Idli stand. Alternatively, an egg poacher can work just as well, if you do not have an Idli stand. Learn how to make Rava Idli (Semolina Dumplings) Recipe by Manjula Ingredients: For the batter 1 cup cores semolina (moti sooji) 1 teaspoon salt adjust to taste 1 finely chopped green chili 1 teaspoon finely grated ginger 1 tablespoon chopped cilantro (hara dhania) 1/4 cup finely chopped cabbage (pata ghobi) 1/2 cup yogurt 3/4 cup water as needed 1 teaspoon ENO (fruit salt) For the tempering 1 tablespoon oil 1/4 teaspoon mustard seed (rai) 1/4 teaspoon cumin seeds (jeera) 2 green chilies
http://wn.com/Rava_Idli_Semolina_Dumplings_Indian_Cuisine_Recipe_by_Manjula
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients For the batter 1 cup coarse semolina (moti sooji) 1 teaspoon salt adjust to taste 1 finely chopped green chili 1 teaspoon finely grated ginger 1 tablespoon chopped cilantro (hara dhania) 1/4 cup finely chopped cabbage (pata ghobi) 1/2 cup yogurt 1 cup water as needed 1 teaspoon ENO (fruit salt). Readily available in Indian grocery stores. For the seasoning 1 tablespoon oil 1/4 teaspoon mustard seed (rai) 1/4 teaspoon cumin seeds (jeera) 2 green chilies sliced lengthwise and cut in half. Utensils for Steaming Idlis Idli stand - this has 3 to 4 plates stacked over each other. For this recipe I am using the rack that makes 16 Idlis. Pot with a lid that is large enough to hold the Idli stand. Alternatively, an egg poacher can work just as well, if you do not have an Idli stand. Learn how to make Rava Idli (Semolina Dumplings) Recipe by Manjula Ingredients: For the batter 1 cup cores semolina (moti sooji) 1 teaspoon salt adjust to taste 1 finely chopped green chili 1 teaspoon finely grated ginger 1 tablespoon chopped cilantro (hara dhania) 1/4 cup finely chopped cabbage (pata ghobi) 1/2 cup yogurt 3/4 cup water as needed 1 teaspoon ENO (fruit salt) For the tempering 1 tablespoon oil 1/4 teaspoon mustard seed (rai) 1/4 teaspoon cumin seeds (jeera) 2 green chilies
- published: 02 Jan 2011
- views: 191610
- author: Manjulaskitchen
Sprouted Mung Curry - Indian Food Recipe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
For a detailed recipe: showmethecurry.com
http://wn.com/Sprouted_Mung_Curry_Indian_Food_Recipe
For a detailed recipe: showmethecurry.com
- published: 01 Jun 2008
- views: 77032
- author: ShowMeTheCurry
Indian Food - Yum Sum Goe Recipe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:25
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Food court is a show for food lovers and for the people who love to taste different varieties of food.
http://wn.com/Indian_Food_Yum_Sum_Goe_Recipe
Food court is a show for food lovers and for the people who love to taste different varieties of food.
- published: 10 Nov 2012
- views: 1447
- author: rajpengalneram
Google Demo Slam: Extra Spicy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
demoslam.com | Three girls use Google Translate to call a real Indian restaurant and order in Hindi for their Demo Slam. This demo is the real deal; nothing was faked. Try it now translate.google.com
http://wn.com/Google_Demo_Slam_Extra_Spicy
demoslam.com | Three girls use Google Translate to call a real Indian restaurant and order in Hindi for their Demo Slam. This demo is the real deal; nothing was faked. Try it now translate.google.com
- published: 03 Nov 2010
- views: 1005351
- author: Google
Food Treasures of Mumbai - Authentic South Indian Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
The Foodie explores the treasures of Mumbai. Join Kunal Vijayakar as he visits his favourite traditional joints for some simple, hygenic, mouth watering food. So, have a mouthful!
http://wn.com/Food_Treasures_of_Mumbai_Authentic_South_Indian_Food
The Foodie explores the treasures of Mumbai. Join Kunal Vijayakar as he visits his favourite traditional joints for some simple, hygenic, mouth watering food. So, have a mouthful!
- published: 22 Jun 2009
- views: 43385
- author: timesnowonline
Gatte Ke Kadhi Recipe by Manjula, Indian Cuisine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients: For the Gattes 1 ¼ cup besan (gram flour) 1/2 teaspoon chili powder adjust to taste 1/2 teaspoon salt 1/8 teaspoon turmeric (haldi) 3 tablespoons yogurt (dahi) 3 tablespoons oil For the kadhi 1 cup yogurt (dahi) 1 tablespoon besan (gram flour) 1/4 teaspoon turmeric powder (haldi) 1/4 teaspoon chili powder adjust to taste 1 tablespoon coriander powder (dhania) 1 teaspoon salt adjust to taste 2 tablespoons oil 1 teaspoon cumin seeds (jeera) 1/2 teaspoon mustard seeds (rai) 1/8 teaspoon asafetida (hing) 4 whole red chilies 1 bay leaf (tejpat) 1 black cardamom optional 1/2 teaspoon paprika (dagi mirch) For Garnish 2 tablespoons chopped cilantro
http://wn.com/Gatte_Ke_Kadhi_Recipe_by_Manjula,_Indian_Cuisine
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients: For the Gattes 1 ¼ cup besan (gram flour) 1/2 teaspoon chili powder adjust to taste 1/2 teaspoon salt 1/8 teaspoon turmeric (haldi) 3 tablespoons yogurt (dahi) 3 tablespoons oil For the kadhi 1 cup yogurt (dahi) 1 tablespoon besan (gram flour) 1/4 teaspoon turmeric powder (haldi) 1/4 teaspoon chili powder adjust to taste 1 tablespoon coriander powder (dhania) 1 teaspoon salt adjust to taste 2 tablespoons oil 1 teaspoon cumin seeds (jeera) 1/2 teaspoon mustard seeds (rai) 1/8 teaspoon asafetida (hing) 4 whole red chilies 1 bay leaf (tejpat) 1 black cardamom optional 1/2 teaspoon paprika (dagi mirch) For Garnish 2 tablespoons chopped cilantro
- published: 31 Oct 2010
- views: 97332
- author: Manjulaskitchen
South Indian Cooking Simple Sambhar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/South_Indian_Cooking_Simple_Sambhar
Daal Makhani - Restaurant Style - Indian cuisine recipe video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Daal Makhani, the king of all Indian lentil preparations, is prepared restaurant style. This black gram lentil dish is slow cooked to perfection over an extensively long period of time.
http://wn.com/Daal_Makhani_Restaurant_Style_Indian_cuisine_recipe_video
Daal Makhani, the king of all Indian lentil preparations, is prepared restaurant style. This black gram lentil dish is slow cooked to perfection over an extensively long period of time.
- published: 16 Mar 2010
- views: 53525
- author: Irfan Dama
Curried Black Eyed Peas (Chawli Bhaji) - Indian cuisine recipe video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Back to basics, simple homestyle Curried Black Eyed Peas. In India, it goes by the name of Lobia or Chawli. A simple delicious vegetarian dish that is very nutritious and healthy.
http://wn.com/Curried_Black_Eyed_Peas_Chawli_Bhaji_Indian_cuisine_recipe_video
Back to basics, simple homestyle Curried Black Eyed Peas. In India, it goes by the name of Lobia or Chawli. A simple delicious vegetarian dish that is very nutritious and healthy.
- published: 06 Jan 2010
- views: 23373
- author: Irfan Dama
Chicken Biryani Indianfood
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:40
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
detailed recipe at www.vahrehvah.com chicken biryani is the most popular Indian rice dish Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani recipes, how to make Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani, Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani video, Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani recipe
http://wn.com/Chicken_Biryani_Indianfood
detailed recipe at www.vahrehvah.com chicken biryani is the most popular Indian rice dish Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani recipes, how to make Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani, Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani video, Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani recipe
- published: 25 Sep 2007
- views: 2637248
- author: vahchef
All Indian Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
A kitchen scene from the play MenApause. Watch as Thawi lectures Shirley girl a comprehensive view of world cuisine against one ONLY food comparison.
http://wn.com/All_Indian_Food
A kitchen scene from the play MenApause. Watch as Thawi lectures Shirley girl a comprehensive view of world cuisine against one ONLY food comparison.
- published: 21 Mar 2008
- views: 325554
- author: comedycourt
Indian Food - Chicken Banjara Tikka Recipe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:38
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Food court is a show for food lovers and for the people who love to taste different varieties of food.
http://wn.com/Indian_Food_Chicken_Banjara_Tikka_Recipe
Food court is a show for food lovers and for the people who love to taste different varieties of food.
- published: 10 Nov 2012
- views: 1839
- author: rajpengalneram
indian cooking base sauce
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
base sauce for several dishes of Indian cusine
http://wn.com/indian_cooking_base_sauce
base sauce for several dishes of Indian cusine
- published: 04 Dec 2008
- views: 36583
- author: Clarence Bliss
photo: AP / BP
16 Jan 2013
IN what could be the first spillover from France's intervention in Mali, Islamist militants attacked and occupied a natural gas complex partly operated by energy company BP in southern Algeria. Two foreigners were killed and dozens of others, including Americans, were taken hostage ... It said it was holding 41 foreigners, including seven Americans ... Recommended Coverage. Al-Qaeda seize hostages in Algeria. End of sidebar ... . ....(size: 7.4Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
16 Jan 2013
JULIE PACE. Associated Press= WASHINGTON (AP) — Braced for a fight, President Barack Obama on Wednesday unveiled the most sweeping proposals for curbing gun violence in two decades, pressing a reluctant Congress to pass universal background checks and bans on military-style assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines like the ones used in the Newtown, Conn., school shooting ... "And Congress must act soon." ... World news....(size: 9.2Kb)
The Times of India
17 Jan 2013
Deccan Chronicle
17 Jan 2013
Celebrated cookbook author Tarla Dalal is in the city to participate as a guest in a cooking competition, titled 'Superchef ', organised by the Madras Cosmopolitan Ladies Circle 38 ... In an interview with DC, a grande dame of Indian cuisine goes back to how she began and how cooking became her primary passion. Just for the family. ... Books and Tv shows ... I am a lover of south Indian Cuisine and I've tried many a Tamilian dish ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
Detroit news
17 Jan 2013
U~T San Diego
16 Jan 2013
Also known as “Chinese parsley,” cilantro is the leafy green part of the coriander plant, imparting its bold, distinctive flavor to Mexican dishes as well as Indian cuisine ... Used sparingly in Indian cuisine due to its strong, sweet aroma, it is the tiny dried flower of an evergreen tree ... A member of the carrot family, its sweet, slightly citrusy flavor is very popular in Indian cuisine....(size: 4.3Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
16 Jan 2013
Hailing from Ohio, this musician opens up about his new found respect for south Indian cuisine and the hardships of not knowing Tamil ... people, trying new cuisine, and seeing new parts of town along the way ... I love south Indian cuisine. After recently traveling further North for the first time, I have a new found appreciation for south Indian cuisine....(size: 1.8Kb)
The Times of India
16 Jan 2013
Spices do much more than just flavour your food. Used correctly, they are a storehouse of curative properties. Spice is nice and even nicer in traditional Indian cuisine ... But taste isn't the only benefit you can derive from spices. Ask the elders in your house and they are sure to start off a litany about the various medicinal properties of all the spices that are a part of everyday cooking ... Garlic (Lahsun) ... Ginger (Adrak) ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
York Press
15 Jan 2013
Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group strengthens leadership position in India in 2012 (Carlson Companies Inc)
noodls15 Jan 2013
Carlson Rezidor remains confident in the potential of the Indian market and we foresee great opportunities to further strengthen our position in 2013 ... Convention and Exhibition Centre and the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad ... Chef Shakti Raj of name of hotel won the Master Chef Award in North Indian Cuisine at the 9th Annual Chef Awards....(size: 11.9Kb)
The Times of India
14 Jan 2013
The chef's secrets turn your Italian experiments into finger-licking meals. Here's how. Italian cuisine is arguably the one non-Indian cuisine that has penetrated deeply into our kitchens. We all whip up lasagne, pasta and at least a bread-toast version of pizza in our homes ... ... So at the risk of Indian-ising your pizza in favour of flavour, use vegetables such as marinated zucchini or eggplants instead of tinned mushrooms ... Never add oil....(size: 4.6Kb)
Deccan Herald
14 Jan 2013
Little Critics ... While most of the day went in watching movies, they also took time out to enjoy Indian food, roam the streets of the City and of course, pick up souvenirs for their families ... Everything is so magical in India.” ... I like comedies and thrillers and have watched the Indian movie Iqbal ... While Xu wanted to gorge on Indian cuisine, Tong added that she will buy something for everyone back home. She isn’t the only one ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
noodls
14 Jan 2013
(Source. UK Border Agency) Four illegal workers arrested in Reading. 14 January 2013. Four people have been arrested following raids by our officers on businesses in Reading ... They arrested a 29-year-old man from Pakistan who was working in breach of his student visa. He was detained pending his removal from the UK. Officers then moved on to Red Rose Indian Cuisine on Headley Road in Woodley ... They were also detained pending their removal....(size: 3.1Kb)
Baltimore Sun
14 Jan 2013
¿. An executive suite in the city school system’s headquarters that underwent $250,000 in lavish renovations last year will soon be empty ... The Dallas Morning News reported that he will earn a salary of $185,000. He starts his new position Jan. 22 ... Other charges from that office included a $7,300 office retreat, a $500 dinner at the Inner Harbor's Fogo de Chao, and a $500 quarterly meeting for staff at Paradise Indian Cuisine....(size: 2.7Kb)
The Star
13 Jan 2013
KLANG ... Najib, together with his wife, Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor, spent about an hour meeting the locals here and chatted with them ... “He praised the food we served to him, saying that it was very nice and represented typical South Indian cuisine,” said the 53-year-old at his shop here yesterday. His wife, G ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
Not to be confused with Native American cuisine.
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The cuisine of India encompasses a variety of regional cuisines making use of local spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruits. Indian religious and cultural habits—especially Hindu beliefs and culture—have shaped the development of these cuisines. Vegetarianism is common in Indian society.[1] Indian cuisine has evolved as a result of the subcontinent's cultural interactions with other societies.[2][3] Indian cuisine has also shaped the history of international relations; the spice trade between India and Europe is often cited as the primary catalyst for Europe's Age of Discovery.[4] Indian cuisine has influenced other cuisines across the world, especially those from Southeast Asia, the British Isles and the Caribbean.[5][6]
History[link]
Indian cuisine has been influenced by a 5000-year history of various groups and cultures interacting with the subcontinent, leading to the diversity of flavors and regional cuisines found in modern-day India.
Antiquity[link]
Many recipes first emerged during the initial Vedic period, when India was still heavily forested and agriculture was complemented with game hunting and forest produce. In Vedic times, a normal diet consisted of fruit, vegetables, grain, dairy products, honey, and meat, especially poultry. Over time, some segments of the population embraced vegetarianism. The advent of Buddhism affected this shift, as well as an equitable climate permitting a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown throughout the year. A food classification system that categorized any item as saatvic, raajsic or taamsic developed in Ayurveda. The Bhagavad Gita prescribes certain dietary practices (Chapter 17, Verses 8-10).[7] In this period, consumption of beef became taboo; many Indians continue to abide by this belief, making the use of beef in Indian cuisine rather rare.
Middle Ages[link]
During the Middle Ages, several North Indian dynasties were predominant, including the Gupta dynasty. Travelers who visited India during this period introduced new cooking methods and products to the region, such as tea and spices. Later, Northern India was invaded by Central Asian cultures, which led to the emergence of Mughlai cuisine, a mix of Indian and Central Asian cuisine. Hallmarks of this cuisine include several seasonings, such as saffron, and the practice of cooking in a sealed pot called a dum.
Ingredients[link]
Staple foods of Indian cuisine include pearl millet (bajra), rice, whole-wheat flour (atta), and a variety of pulses, especially masoor (most often red lentils), channa (bengal gram), toor (pigeon pea or yellow gram), urad (black gram), and moong (green gram). Pulses may be used whole, dehusked—for example, dhuli moong or dhuli urad—or split. Split pulses, or dal, are used extensively. Some pulses, such as channa and mung, are also processed into flour (besan).
Many Indian dishes are cooked in vegetable oil, but in northern and western India, peanut oil is popular, and in eastern India, mustard oil is more commonly used. Coconut oil is used widely along the western coast, especially in Kerala; gingelly (sesame) oil is common in the south as well. In recent decades, sunflower and soybean oil have become popular across India. Hydrogenated vegetable oil, known as Vanaspati ghee, is another popular cooking medium. Butter-based ghee, or desi ghee, is used frequently, though less than in the past.
The most important or frequently used spices in Indian cuisine are chilli pepper, black mustard seed (sarso), cumin (jeera), turmeric (haldi), fenugreek (methi), asafoetida (hing), ginger (adrak), coriander (dhania), and garlic (lehsun). One popular spice mix is garam masala, a powder that typically includes five or more dried spices, especially cardamom, cinnamon, and clove. Each culinary region has a distinctive garam masala blend—individual chefs may also have their own. Goda masala is a comparable, though sweet, spice mix popular in Maharashtra. Some leaves commonly used for flavoring include bay (tejpat), coriander, fenugreek, and mint leaves. The use of curry leaves and roots is typical of Gujarati and South Indian cuisine. Sweet dishes are often seasoned with cardamom, saffron, nutmeg, and rose petal essences.
Regional cuisines[link]
See also: List of Indian dishes
Cuisine differs across India's diverse regions as a result of variation in local culture, geographical location (such as whether a region is close to sea, desert, or mountains), and economics. It also varies seasonally, depending on which fruits and vegetables are ripe.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands[link]
Seafood plays a major role in the cuisines of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Since the indigenous Andamanese traditionally had very little contact with the outside world, raw fish and fruits have long been a staple diet for them. Immigrated from other regions of India, however, has resulted in variations in the cuisine.
Andhra Pradesh[link]
Main article: Telugu cuisine
See also: Hyderabadi cuisine
Cuisine of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh is referred to as Telugu and Hyderabadi cuisine. Rice is the staple starch and is usually consumed with a variety of curries and lentil soups or broths. Although much of the region's population are vegetarians, the coastal areas are known for their seafood dishes. Food in Andhra Pradesh is known for heavy usage of spices and chillies. One of the most important parts of the local cuisine is the use of various pickles, such as avakaya, a pickle made from green mango, and gongura, a pickle made from red sorrel leaves. Curds are a common addition to meals, as a way of neutralizing spiciness. Another popular regional dish is Hyderabadi biryani, a mixture of rice, yogurt, onions, meat, and spices. The biryani is derived from the Persian style of slow cooking. While only a small proportion of the Hyderabad populace are vegetarians, vegetarian food is still quite popular, and is often served for breakfast and lunch. Breakfast items like dosa, vada have origins in Udipi, Karnataka but are influenced by spices native to Andhra Pradesh.
Arunachal Pradesh[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh
The staple food of Arunachal Pradesh is rice, along with fish, meat and green vegetables. Many varieties of rice are used. Lettuce is the most common vegetable, usually prepared by boiling with ginger, coriander and green chillies. Boiled rice cakes wrapped in leaves are a popular snack. Thukpa is a kind of noodle soup common among the Monpa tribe of the region.
Assam[link]
Main article: Assamese cuisine
Assamese cuisine is a mixture of different indigenous styles, with considerable regional variation and some external influences. Although it is known for its limited use of spices, Assamese cuisine has strong flavors from its use of endemic herbs, fruits, and vegetables served fresh, dried, or fermented. Fish is widely eaten, as are birds, such as duck or pigeon. The region's cuisine involves simple cooking processes; the practice of bhuna, the gentle frying of spices before the addition of the main ingredients, generally common in Indian cooking, is absent in the cuisine of Assam. A traditional meal in Assam begins with a khar, a class of dishes named after the main ingredient, and ends with a tenga, a sour dish. The food is usually served in bell metal utensils. Pann, the practice of chewing betel nut, generally concludes a meal.
Bihar[link]
Main article: Bihari cuisine
See also: Bhojpuri cuisine and Mithila (India)
The cuisine of Bihar, a part of North Indian cuisine, shares many similarities with neighboring West Bengal and Orissa. Bihari society is not strictly vegetarian, but people often avoid eating meat regardless. Bihari people typically eat boiled rice and daal with cooked vegetables for lunch, and roti with cooked vegetables for dinner—roti and boiled rice are rarely eaten together. Due to this area's joint Hindu-Muslim heritage, river fish, chicken, and goat meat are popular meats, eaten maily with boiled rice. Fish curry is made using mustard paste, a similar technique to the Oriya way of cooking fish. Dairy products, such as yogurt (dahi), buttermilk (mattha), butter, ghee (clarified butter), and lassi, are consumed throughout the year. The Champaran region is famous for a grilled mutton dish called taash. Watery foods, such as watermelon and sherbet made of pulp of the wood-apple fruit, are consumed mainly in the summer months, and dry foods and preparations made of sesame or poppy seeds mainly in the winter months. Roti soaked in milk is common, and there is a custom of eating flattened rice (poha) with yogurt and sugar. Bihar is famous for sattu parathas (parathas stuffed with fried chickpea flour), spicy mashed potatoes (chokha), fish curry, litti, Bihari kebab, and postaa-dana kaa halwaa. Another common dish is alu-bhujia, made from potatoes cut like French fries and cooked in mustard oil and mild spices, and eaten with roti or rice and daal. Tangy raita made from winter melon (lauki) or unripened papaya, yogurt, and spices, and often a paste of green chilli, ginger, garlic and mustard, is popular in many parts of Bihar.
Chattisgarh[link]
Chattisgarh cuisine uses many foods not found in the rest of India, although the staple food is rice, like in much of the country. Many Chattisgarhi people drink liquor brewed from the Mahuwa flower. The tribal people of the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh eat whatever is available, including food which would not be eaten by people of other states and regions, such as red ant chutney. Flying ants, mushrooms, squirrels, and rats are considered delicacies, but fish and pork constitute a large part of Chhatisgarhi cuisine. Almost every major ceremony in the region begins with the sacrifice of a pig.[8]
Daman and Diu[link]
Daman and Diu is a union territory of India which, like Goa, was a former colonial possession of Portugal. Consequently, both native Gujarati food and traditional Portuguese food are common. As the neighbouring state of Gujarat has prohibited alcohol, drinking is common in Daman and Diu, and almost all popular brands of foreign liquor are readily available.[9][10]
Goa[link]
Main article: Goan cuisine
See also: Saraswat cuisine and Malvani cuisine
The area is located in a tropical climate, and spices and flavors are intense. Use of kokum is a distinct feature of the region's cuisine. Goan cuisine is mostly seafood based; the staple foods are rice and fish. Kingfish (Vison or Visvan) is the most common delicacy, and others include pomfret, shark, tuna, and mackerel; these are often served with coconut milk. Shellfish, including crabs, prawns, tiger prawns, lobster, squid and mussels are commonly eaten. The cuisine of Goa is influenced by its Hindu origins, four hundred years of Portuguese colonialism, and modern techniques. Frequent tourism in the area gives Goan food has an international aspect. Goan Saraswat Brahmin and Daivajna Brahmins eat fish and chicken most of the time, occasionally observing vegetarianism for religious reasons, although Brahmins belonging to Pancha Dravida are strict vegetarians.
Gujarat[link]
Main article: Gujarati cuisine
Gujarati cuisine is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati thali consists of roti (rotli in Gujarati), daal or kadhi, rice, and sabzi/shaak, a dish of different combinations of vegetables and spices which may be stir fried, spicy or sweet). Gujarati cuisine can vary widely in flavor and heat based on personal and regional tastes. North Gujarat, Kathiawad, Kachchh, and South Gujarat are the four major regions of Gujarati cuisine. Many Gujarati dishes are simultaneously sweet, salty, and spicy. In mango season keri no ras (fresh mango pulp), is often an integral part of the meal. Spices also vary seasonally; garam masala is used less in summer, for example. Regular fasting, with diets limited to milk, dried fruit, and nuts, is a common practice.
Haryana[link]
Cattle are common in Haryana, so dairy products are a common component of its cuisine. Specific dishes include kadhi pakora, besan masala roti, bajra aloo roti, churma, kheer, Bathua raita, methi gajar, singri ki sabzi, and tamatar chutney.
Lassi and sherbet are two popular non-alcoholic beverages in Haryana. Liquor stores are common there, which cater to the traffic of many truck drivers.[11][12]
Himachal Pradesh[link]
Main article: Culture of Himachal Pradesh#Cuisine
The daily diet of Himachalis is similar to that of the rest of North India, including lentils, broth, rice, vegetables, and bread, although non-vegetarian cuisine is preferred. Some of the specialities of Himachal include pateer, chouck, bhagjery and til chutney.
Jammu & Kashmir[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Kashmir
Kashmiri cuisine has evolved over hundreds of years. Its first major influence was the food of the Kashmiri Hindus and Buddhists. The cuisine was later influenced by the cultures which arrived with the invasion of Kashmir by Timur from the area of modern Uzbekistan. Subsequently influences have included the cuisines of Central Asia, Persia, and the North Indian plains. The most notable ingredient in Kashmiri cuisine is mutton, of which there are over 30 varieties.
Kashmiri Pandit food is elaborate, and an important part of the Pandits' ethnic identity. Kashmiri Pandit cuisine usually uses yogurt, oils, and spices as such turmeric, red chilli powder, cumin, ginger, and fennel, though they do not use onion and garlic.[13]
Jharkhand[link]
Main article: Traditional cuisine of Jharkhand
Traditional Jharkhandi dishes are not available at the restaurants, as they have not been commercialised. Prepared exclusively in tribal regions, this cuisine uses oil and spices infrequently, except for pickle production and special occasions.
Karnataka[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Karnataka
Varieties in the cuisine of Karnataka reflect influences from the three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the states of Maharashtra and Goa to the north. Typical dishes include bisi bele bath, jolada rotti, chapati, ragi rotti, akki rotti, saaru, huli, vangibath, khara bath, kesari bath, Benne Dose, ragi mudde, and uppittu. The Kodagu district is famous for spicy pork curries, while coastal Karnataka specializes in seafood. Although the ingredients differ regionally, a typical Kannadiga Oota (Kannadiga meal) is served on a banana leaf. The coastal regions of Mangalore and Udupi have slightly varying cuisines, which make extensive use of coconut in curries and frequently include seafood.
Kerala[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Kerala
Kerala cuisine blends indigenous dishes with foreign ones adapted to local tastes. Coconuts grow in abundance in Kerala, so grated coconut and coconut milk are commonly used for thickening and flavouring. Kerala's long coastline and numerous rivers have led to a strong fishing industry in the region, making seafood common. Rice is grown in abundance; along with tapioca it is the main starch ingredient used in Kerala's food. Having been a major production area of spices for thousands of years, the region makes frequent use of black pepper, cardamom, clove, ginger, and cinnamon. Most of Kerala's Hindus, except its Brahmin community, eat fish, and non-vegetarian foods are common, like Chicken, Beef, Pork catering to Kerala's large minorities of Muslims and Christians. In most Kerala households, a typical meal consists of rice, fish, and vegetables. Kerala also has a variety of breakfast dishes like idli, dosa, appam, idiyappam, rasam, puttu, and pathiri.
Lakshadweep[link]
The culinary influence of Kerala is quite evident in the cuisines of Lakshadweep, since the island lies in close proximity to Kerala. Coconut and sea fish serve as the foundations of most meals. The people of Lakshadweep drink large amounts of coconut water, the most abundant aerated drink on the island.[14]
Madhya Pradesh[link]
The cuisine in Madhya Pradesh varies regionally. Wheat and meat are common in the north and west of the state, while the wetter south and east are dominated by rice and fish. Milk is a common ingredient in Gwalior and Indore. The street food of Indore is renowned, with shops that have been active for generations. Bhopal is known for meat and fish dishes, such as rogan josh, korma, keema, biryani, pilaf, and kebabs. There is street named "Chatori Gali" in old Bhopal where one can find traditional Muslim non-veg fare like Paya Soup, Bun Kabab, Nalli-Nihari to name a few local specialities.
Dal bafla is a common meal in the region, consisting of a steamed and grilled wheat cake dunked in rich ghee which is eaten with daal and ladoos. The culinary specialty of the Malwa region of central Madhya Pradesh is poha (flattened rice); usually eaten at breakfast with jalebi.
Beverages in the region include lassi, beer, and rum and juice made from sugarcane. A local liquor is distilled from the flowers of the mahua tree, and date palm toddy is also popular. In tribal regions, a popular drink is the sap of the sulfi tree, which may be alcoholic if it has gone through fermentation.[15]
Maharashtra[link]
Main article: Maharashtrian cuisine
Maharashtrian cuisine includes a range of dishes from mild to very spicy tastes. Bajri, wheat, rice, jowar, vegetables, lentils, and fruit form important components of the Maharashtrian diet. Popular dishes include puran poli, ukdiche modak, batata wada and wada pav. The cuisine of Maharashtra can be divided into two major sections–the coastal and the interior. The Konkan, on the coast of the Arabian Sea has its own type of cuisine, a homogeneous combination of Malvani, Gaud Saraswat Brahmin, and Goan cuisines. In the interior of Maharashtra, the Vidarbha area has its own distinctive cuisine.
Apart from Konkan, the state's cuisine uses ground nuts, jaggery, wheat, jowar and bajra extensively. A typical meal consists of rice and bread both along with varan and aamtee—lentils and spiced vegetables. Like other coastal states, there is an enormous variety of vegetables eaten, and fish and coconuts are common. Peanuts and cashews are often served with vegetables. Grated coconuts are used to flavor many types of dishes, but coconut oil is not widely used; peanut oil is preferred. Kokum, most commonly served chilled in an appetizer-digestive called sol kadhi, is prevalent. During summer, Maharashtrians consume panha, a drink made from raw mango is consumed.
Manipur[link]
Main article: Manipuri cuisine
Manipuri cuisine typically features spicy foods that use chilli pepper rather than garam masala. The staple diet consists of rice, leafy vegetables, and fish.[16] Manipuris typically raise vegetables in kitchen gardens and rear fish in small ponds around their homes. The Umarok is a very popular chili in the area, also known by names such as naga jolokia or "ghost chili" (in US media).[17]
Meghalaya[link]
Main article: Meghalayan cuisine
Meghalayan cuisine is unique, different even from other northeastern Indian states. Spiced meat is common, from goats, pigs, fowl, ducks, and cows. In the Khasi and Jaintia Hills districts, common foods include jadoh, ki kpu, tung-rymbai, and pickled bamboo shoots. Other common foods in Meghalaya include minil songa (steamed sticky rice), sakkin gata, and momo dumplings. Like other tribes in the northeast, the Garos ferment rice beer, which they consume in religious rites and secular celebrations.
Mizoram[link]
The cuisine of Mizoram differs from that of most of India, though it shares characteristics with other cuisines from the northeastern part of the country.[18] Mizo cuisine blends Chinese and North Indian cuisines, offering mainly non-vegetarian delicacies. Dishes may be served on fresh banana leaves. Meals tend to be less spicy than in most of India. A popular dish is bai, made from boiling spinach with pork and bamboo shoots and served with rice.Sawchair is another common dish, made of rice cooked with pork or chicken.[19]
Nagaland[link]
The cuisine of Nagaland reflects that of the Naga people. It is known for exotic pork meats cooked with simple and flavorful ingredients[20], like the extremely hot bhut jolokia pepper, fermented bamboo shoots and soya beans. The Naga use oil sparingly, preferring to ferment, dry, and smoke their meats and fish. Traditional homes in Nagaland have external kitchens that serve as smokehouses.
Orissa[link]
Main article: Oriya cuisine
The cuisine of Orissa relies heavily on local ingredients. Flavors are usually subtle and delicately spiced, unlike the spicy curries typically associated with Indian cuisine. Fish and other seafood, such as crab and shrimp, are very popular, and chicken and mutton are also consumed. Panch phutana, a mix of cumin, mustard, fennel, fenugreek, and kalonji (nigella) is widely used for flavoring vegetables and dals, while garam masala and turmeric are commonly used for meat-based curries. Pakhala, a dish made of rice, water, and yogurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer in rural areas. Oriyas are very fond of sweets, so dessert follows most meals.
Pondicherry[link]
The union territory of Puducherry was a French colony for around 200 years, making French cuisine a strong influence on the area. The influence of the neighboring areas, such as Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala is also visible on the territory's cuisine. Some favorite dishes include coconut curry, tandoori potato, soya dosa, podanlangkai, curried vegetables, stuffed cabbage, and baked beans.[21]
Punjab[link]
Main article: Punjabi cuisine
The cuisine of Punjab is known for its diverse range of dishes. Home-cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly. Restaurant-style Punjabi cooking uses large amounts of ghee, butter, and cream, while home-cooked equivalents center around whole wheat, rice, and other ingredients flavored with masala[22]. Regional differences also exist in Punjabi cuisine. People in the area of Amritsar prefer stuffed paratha and dairy products, for example. Certain dishes are exclusive to Punjab, such as mah di dal and saron da saag. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Much of this food was made to meet the demands of traditional Punjabi lifestyle, with high calorie counts to support rural workers. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty, especially with non-vegetarian dishes.
Many of the most popular elements of Anglo-Indian cuisine, such as tandoori foods, naan, pakoras, and vegetable dishes with paneer, are derived from Punjabi styles.
Rajasthan[link]
Main article: Rajasthani cuisine
Cooking in Rajasthan, an arid region, has been strongly shaped by the availability of ingredients. Because water is at a premium, food is generally cooked in milk or ghee, making it quite rich. Gram flour is a mainstay of Marwari food mainly due to the scarcity of vegetables in the area.
Historically, food that could last for several days and be eaten without heating was preferred. Major dishes of a Rajasthani meal may include daal-baati, tarfini, raabdi, ghewar, bail-gatte, panchkoota, chaavadi, laapsi, kadhi, and boondi. Typical snacks include bikaneri bhujia, Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori, and dal kachori.
Sikkim[link]
Main article: Sikkimese cuisine
In the Sikkim Himalayas, traditional foods are an integral part of the cultures of ethnic groups such as the Nepalese, Bhutias, and Lepchas. Rice is the staple food of the area, and meat and dairy products are also consumed as available. For centuries, traditional fermented foods and beverages have constituted about 20 percent of the local diet. Depending on altitudinal variation, finger millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley, vegetable, potato, and soybeans are grown.
Sindh[link]
Main article: Sindhi cuisine
Sindhi cuisine refers to the native cuisine of the Sindhi people from the Sindh region, Pakistan. While Sindh is not geographically part of modern India, its food is there,[23] where a sizeable number of Hindu Sindhi people migrated following the Partition of India, especially in Sindhi enclaves such as Ulhasnagar[24] and Gandhidam. A typical meal in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flatbread (phulka) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one with gravy and one dry.
Tamil Nadu[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Tamil Nadu
Tamil food is characterized by its use of rice, legumes, and lentils, along with distinct aromas and flavours achieved by the blending of spices such as curry leaves, tamarind, coriander, ginger, garlic, chilli, pepper, cinnamon, clove, cardamom, cumin, nutmeg, coconut and rose water. The word "curry" is derived from the Tamil kari, meaning an additive to the main course or a side dish. The southern regions of Madurai, Karaikudi, and Chettinad are famous for their spicy non-vegetarian dishes.
Tripura[link]
Main article: Tripuri cuisine
The Tripuri people are the original inhabitants of the state of Tripura in northeast India. Today, they comprise the communities of Tipra, Reang, Jamatia, Noatia, and Uchoi among others. The Tripuri are not vegetarian, although they have a minority of vaishnavite Hindu vegetarians. The major ingredients of Tripuri cuisine include pork, chicken, mutton, turtle, fish, prawns, crabs, and frogs.
Uttar Pradesh[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh
Traditionally, Uttar Pradeshi cuisine consists of Awadhi and Mughlai cuisine, though a vast majority of the state is vegetarian, preferring dal, roti, sabzi, and rice. Pooris and kachoris are eaten on special occasions. Chaat, samosa and pakora, among the most popular snacks in India, originate from Uttar Pradesh.
Uttarakhand[link]
Main article: Kumauni cuisine
The food from Uttrakhand is known to be wholesome to suit the high-energy necessities of the cold, mountainous region. It is traditionally cooked over wood fire The cuisine mainly consists of food from two different sub regions—Garhwal and Kumaon—though their basic ingredients are the same. A distinctive trait of Kumauni cuisine is the infrequent use of dairy products, as cows from hilly areas do not yield much milk. Both the Garhwal and Kumaon styles make liberal use of ghee, charcoal cooking, lentils or pulses, and bhaatt (rice). To combat the extreme winters and possible exhausting of food, they also use Badi (sun-dried Urad Dal balls) and Mangodi (sun-dried Moong Dal balls) as substitute for vegetables at times. In general, Uttarkhand cuisine resembles that of Uttar Pradesh.
West Bengal[link]
Main article: Bengali cuisine
Bengali cuisine is found in the states of Tripura, the Barak Valley of Assam, and West Bengal itself. The cuisine is known for subtle flavours with an emphasis on fish, vegetables, lentils, and rice. Bengal's many rivers, ponds, and lakes produce many kinds of freshwater fish that closely resemble catfish, bass, shad, and mullet. Bengalis prepare fish in many ways, such as steaming, braising, or stewing vegetables and sauces based on coconut milk or mustard. Bengali confectioneries and desserts also distinguish the style, which has perhaps the only multi-course tradition in India similar to those in Western traditions.
Desserts[link]
Main article: List of Indian sweets and desserts
Many Indian sweets, or mithai, are fried foods made with sugar, milk or condensed milk. Ingredients vary by region; in the eastern part of India, for example, most sweets are based on milk products. See sections or articles on specific regional cuisines for their preferred types of sweets.
Some common Indian sweets and desserts include:
- Barfi: A sweet made of dried milk with ground cashews or pistachios, often served with a thin layer of edible silver foil as decoration
- Chikki: A sweet made out of peanuts and molasses.
- Gulab jamun: A dessert consisting of fried milk balls soaked in sweet syrup, such as rose syrup or honey
- Jalebi: Dough fried in a coil shape dipped in sugar syrup, often taken with milk, tea, yogurt, or lassi
- Kulfi: An Indian ice cream in a variety of flavors such as mango, saffron, or cardamom
- Kheer: A sweet rice pudding, usually made with rice and milk
- Malpoa: A type of pancake, made of wheat or rice flour, deep fried and dipped in sugar syrup
- Rasgulla: A popular sweetmeat, produced by boiling small balls of casein in sugar syrup
- Sandesh: A sweet made from cheese, kneaded with fine ground sugar and molasses
- Shrikhand: A creamy dessert made out of strained yogurt, often served with dried fruits such as mangoes
Beverages[link]
Non-alcoholic beverages[link]
Tea is a staple beverage throughout India; the finest varieties are grown in Darjeeling and Assam. It is generally prepared as masala chai, wherein the tea leaves are boiled in a mix of water, milk, and spices such as cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and ginger. Coffee is also popular, mostly in South India. Indian filter coffee, or kafee, is also especially popular in South India.
Lassi is a traditional yogurt-based drink in India. It is made by blending yogurt with water or milk and spices. Salted lassi is more common in villages of Punjab and in Porbandar, Gujarat. Traditional lassi is sometimes flavored with ground roasted cumin. Lassi can also be flavored with ingredients such as sugar, rosewater, lemon, strawberry, and saffron.
Sharbat is a sweet cold beverage prepared from fruits or flower petals. It can be served in concentrate form and eaten with a spoon, or diluted with water to create a drink. Popular sharbats are made from plants such as rose, sandalwood, bel, gurhal (hibiscus), lemon, orange, pineapple, and falsa (Grewia asiatica). In Ayurveda, sharbats are believed to hold medicinal value.
Other beverages include nimbu pani (lemonade), chaach, badam doodh (almond milk with nuts and cardamom), and coconut water. Cold drinks unique to southern India include beverages known as "Panner Soda" or "Gholi Soda"—mixtures of carbonated water, rosewater, and sugar—and rose milk.
Alcoholic beverages[link]
Beer[link]
Main article: Beer in India
Most beers in India are either lagers (4.8 percent alcohol) or strong lagers (7.8 percent). The Indian beer industry has witnessed steady growth of 10-17 percent per year over the last ten years. Production exceeded 170 million cases during the 2008–2009 financial year. With the average age of the population decreasing[citation needed] and income levels on the rise, the popularity of beer in the country continues to increase while the Indian beer industry has witnessed major changes over the last five years.
Others[link]
Other popular alcoholic drinks in India include fenny, a Goan liquor made from either coconut or the juice of the cashew apple. The state of Goa has registered for a geographical indicator to allow its fenny distilleries to claim exclusive rights to production of liquor under the name "fenny."
Hadia is a rice beer, created by mixing herbs with boiled rice and leaving the mixture to ferment for around a week. It is served cool and is less alcoholic than other Indian country liquors. Chuak is a similar drink from Tripura. Palm wine, locally known as neera, is a sap extracted from inflorescences of various species of toddy palms. Chhaang is consumed by the people of Sikkim and the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region of West Bengal. It is drunk at room temperature in summer, and often hot in cold weather. Chhaang is similar to traditional beer, brewed from barley, millet, or rice.
Eating habits[link]
Indians consider a healthy breakfast (nashta) important. They generally prefer to drink tea or coffee with breakfast, though food preferences vary regionally. North Indian people prefer roti, parathas, and a vegetable dish, accompanied by achar (pickles) and some curd, people of western India prefer dhokla and milk, and South Indians prefer idlis and dosas, generally accompanied by various chutneys.
Lunch in India usually consists of a main dish of rice in the south and east, or whole wheat rotis in the north and west. It typically includes two or three kinds of vegetables, and sometimes items such as kulcha, naan, or parathas. Along with dessert, paan (betel leaves), which aid digestion, are often eaten after lunch in parts of India.
Indian families often gather for "evening breakfast," similar to teatime to talk, drink tea, and eat snacks. Dinner is considered the main meal of the day.
Etiquette[link]
Main article: Etiquette of Indian dining
Traditionally, meals in India were eaten while seated either on the floor or on very low stools or cushions. Food is most often eaten with the right hand rather than cutlery. Often roti is used to scoop curry without allowing it to touch the hands. In the wheat-producing north, a piece of roti is gripped with the thumb and middle finger and ripped off while holding the roti down with the index finger. Traditional serving styles vary regionally throughout India. Contact with other cultures has affected Indian dining etiquette; for example, the Indian middle class commonly uses spoons and forks, as is traditional in Western culture.
In South India, cleaned banana leaves, which can be disposed of after the meal, are used for serving food. When hot food is served on banana leaves, the leaves add particular aromas and tastes to the food. Leaf plates are less common today, except on special occasions.
Outside of India[link]
Indian migration has spread the culinary of traditions of the subcontinent throughout the world. These cuisines have been adapted to local tastes, and have also affected local cuisines. Curry's international appeal has been compared to that of pizza.[27] Indian tandoor dishes such as chicken tikka enjoy widespread popularity.[28]
Canada[link]
As in the United Kingdom and the United States, Indian cuisine is widely available in Canada, especially in the cities of Toronto and Vancouver, where the majority of Canadians of South Asian heritage live.
China[link]
Indian food is gaining popularity in China, where there are many Indian restaurants in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen. Hong Kong alone has more than 50 Indian restaurants, some of which date back to the 1980s. Most of the Indian restaurants in Hong Kong are in Tsim Sha Tsui.
Middle East[link]
Indian cuisine has gained popularity in the Arab world, due to its similarity to and influence on Arab cuisine.[29][dead link] Historically, Indian spices and herbs were among the most sought-after trade commodities, and the spice trade between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab traders, to such an extent that European explorers such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus set out to find new trade routes to India, leading to the Age of Discovery.[4]
Southeast Asia[link]
Indian cuisine is very popular in Southeast Asia, due to the strong Hindu and Buddhist cultural influence in the region. Indian cuisine has had considerable influence on Malaysian cooking styles[5] and also enjoys popularity in Singapore.[30][31] There are numerous North and South Indian restaurants in Singapore, mostly in Little India. Singapore is also known for fusion cuisine combining traditional Singaporean cuisine with Indian cuisines. Fish head curry for example, is a local creation. Indian influence on Malay cuisine dates to the 19th century.[32] Other cuisines which borrow inspiration from Indian cooking styles include Filipino, Vietnamese, Indonesian,[33] Thai,[34] and Burmese. The spread of vegetarianism in other parts of Asia is often credited to Indian Hindu and Buddhist practices.[35]
United Kingdom[link]
See also: Anglo-Indian cuisine
In 2003, there were as many as 10,000 restaurants serving Indian cuisine in England and Wales alone. According to Britain's Food Standards Agency, the Indian food industry in the United Kingdom is worth 3.2 billion pounds, accounts for two-thirds of all eating out, and serves about 2.5 million British customers every week.[37]
Anglo-Indian restaurants adapt traditional Indian food for British tastes, which are commonly less accustomed to strong spicing. Likely the most famous example of this is chicken tikka masala.
United States[link]
A survey held in 2007 revealed that more than 1,200 Indian food products have been introduced in the United States since 2000.[38] There are numerous Indian restaurants across the US, which vary based on regional culture and climate. North Indian and South Indian cuisines are especially well represented.[39] Most Indian restaurants in the United States serve Americanized versions of North Indian food, which is generally less spicy than its South Indian equivalents.
See also[link]
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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on |
- Buddhist vegetarianism
- Diet in Hinduism
- Diet in Sikhism
- Indian bread
- Indian Chinese cuisine
- Jain vegetarianism
- List of Indian pickles
- List of Indian snacks
- Marwari Bhojnalaya
- South Asian pickle
References[link]
- ^ Steward, the (pb) by hi. Google Books. ISBN 978-81-250-0325-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=SRx9I2BqSpMC&pg=PA215&dq=indian+cuisine+diverse+most&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=kWvBSfziMpK8zATZtPHGBA&client=firefox-a#PPA215,M1. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ Chandra, Sanjeev; Chandra, Smita (7 February 2008). "The story of desi cuisine: Timeless desi dishes". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/article/300969.
- ^ "Indian food – Indian Cuisine – its history, origins and influences". Indianfoodsco.com. http://www.indianfoodsco.com/Classes/CulinayHistory.htm. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ a b Cornillez, Louise Marie M. (Spring 1999). "The History of the Spice Trade in India". http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Spice_Trade.html.
- ^ a b "Nasi, Kari, Biryani & Mee". Veg Voyages. http://www.vegvoyages.com/food.htm. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Asia Food Features". Asiafood.org. http://www.asiafood.org/features_dietary_culture4.cfm. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Chapter 17, Verse 8,9,10". Bhagavad-Gita. http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-17-07.html. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ^ "Chhattisgarh Cuisine in India". India9.com. 7 June 2005. http://www.india9.com/i9show/Chhattisgarh-Cuisine-58039.htm. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Goa – Daman, Beach, Access, accommodation/stay, shopping options". Travelmasti.com. http://www.travelmasti.com/domestic/goa/daman.htm. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Diu Island Cuisine". Mapsofindia.com. http://www.mapsofindia.com/diu-island/people-culture/cuisine.html. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Cuisine of Haryana – Recipes Wiki". Recipes.wikia.com. 24 January 2011. http://recipes.wikia.com/wiki/Cuisine_of_Haryana. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Food of Haryana, Cuisine of Haryana, Famous Haryana Food, Recipes of Haryana, Haryana Food". Richindianculture.com. http://www.richindianculture.com/haryana/food-of-haryana.html. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ Anand, Karen. "Treats from the Valley". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/food-reviews/30463600_1_kashmiri-pandits-kashmiri-food-rogan-josh.
- ^ "Culture of Lakshadweep – India". India.wikia.com. http://india.wikia.com/wiki/Culture_of_Lakshadweep. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Uni Crystal Holidays Pvt. Ltd". Unicrystalholidays.com. http://www.unicrystalholidays.com/statesofindia/madhya%20pradesh/cuisine.html. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Cuisines of North East India". http://www.north-east-india.com/information/cuisines.html.
- ^ Ritter, Peter (22 July 2007). "6,000 Years of Red Hot Chili Peppers". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1592570,00.html. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "Food in Mizoram". Mapsofindia.com. http://www.mapsofindia.com/mizoram/culture/food.html. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Mizo Cuisine in India". India9.com. 7 June 2005. http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mizo-Cuisine-51701.htm. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ Bhandari Laveesh (1 September 2009). Indian States At A Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures - North-East And Sikkim. Pearson Education India. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-81-317-2348-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=rATUgMKE9L0C&pg=PT48. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Pondicherry Cuisine". Mapsofindia.com. http://www.mapsofindia.com/pondicherry/cuisine/. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ Tarla Dalal (15 June 2007). Punjabi Khana. Sanjay & Co. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-81-89491-54-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=caBlQu0YwC4C&pg=PA6. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Care for some Sindhi savouries?". Dnaindia.com. 5 November 2010. http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_care-for-some-sindhi-savouries_1462485. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Sindhi Cuisine". Sindhunagar.com. http://www.sindhunagar.com/sindhicuisineindex.php. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ Yoder, Candie. "Masala Chai". http://www.culinaryteas.com/Masala_Chai.html.
- ^ {{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/30/stories/2008033058640200.htm |title=As coffee gets popular |first=M. Soundariya |last=Preetha | location=[[Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2008}}
- ^ Collingham, Lizzie (1 February 2006). "Curry". The New York Times Book Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/books/01grim.html. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ "Tandoori Village Restaurant Brisbane". AsiaRooms.com. http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/australia/brisbane/what-where-to-eat/indian-restaurants-in-brisbane/tandoori-village-restaurant-brisbane.html.
- ^ "Indian Cuisine Is Popular as It's Close to Arabic Food". Arab News. 16 June 2006. http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4§ion=0&article=83892&d=16&m=6&y=2006&pix=world.jpg&category=World.
- ^ "Indian food gains popularity during Chinese New Year". 20 February 2007. http://www.hindustandainik.com/news/181_1933405,001100020009.htm.
- ^ Then, Viviane. "Go India: Curry, my love?". http://www.streetdirectory.com/restaurants/singapore/reviews/restaurant-Go_India-1000000999.php.
- ^ "About Food in Malaysia". http://www.travellersworldwide.com/11-malaysia/11-malaysia-food.htm.
- ^ Freeman, Nancy. "Ethnic Cuisine: Indonesia". http://www.sallys-place.com/food/cuisines/indonesia.htm.
- ^ "Thai Kitchen in East Lansing, Michigan". http://www.restaurantdb.net/restaurants/profile-103.html.
- ^ Corum, Ann Kondo (2000). Ethnic Foods of Hawai'i. Bess Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-57306-117-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=RI9BPVDH8HsC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=indian+arab+cuisine+influence+-restaurant+-recipes+-earthquake&source=web&ots=tB-g-vxs2A&sig=PdMjRcIkC1zqWYda9nNVyuAs0FI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result.
- ^ "Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech". London: The Guardian. 19 April 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity. Retrieved 25 February 2002-02-25.
- ^ "Food Standards Agency – Curry factfile". http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/nov/curryfacts.
- ^ Bhide, Monica (24 January 2007). "Tikka in No Time". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/23/AR2007012300296_pf.html.
- ^ "Indian restaurants in USA". Immihelp.com. http://www.immihelp.com/yellowpages/indian-restaurants-usa.html. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Bibliography[link]
- Pat Chapman India: Food & Cooking, New Holland, London — ISBN 978-1-84537-619-2 (2007)
External links[link]
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Life in India
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http://wn.com/Indian_cuisine
Related pages:
http://id.wn.com/Masakan India
http://es.wn.com/Gastronomía de la India
http://ru.wn.com/Индийская кухня
http://nl.wn.com/Indiase keuken
http://it.wn.com/Cucina indiana
http://pl.wn.com/Kuchnia indyjska
http://fr.wn.com/Cuisine indienne
http://de.wn.com/Indische Küche
http://hi.wn.com/भारतीय खाना
http://pt.wn.com/Culinária da Índia
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Not to be confused with Gordon Ramsey.
 Gordon Ramsay, 2010 |
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| Born | Gordon James Ramsay (1966-11-08) 8 November 1966 (age 45) Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland |
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| Cooking style | French/Italian/British |
| Education | North Oxfordshire Technical College |
| Spouse | Tana Ramsay (m. 1996) «start: (1996-12-21)»"Marriage: Tana Ramsay to Gordon Ramsay" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Gordon_Ramsay) |
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| www.gordonramsay.com | |
Gordon James Ramsay, OBE (born 8 November 1966)[1] is a British chef, television personality and restaurateur.[2] He has been awarded 13 Michelin stars in total and currently holds 12.[3][4][5]
Ramsay is known for presenting TV programmes about competitive cookery and food, such as the British series Hell's Kitchen, The F Word, Ramsay's Best Restaurant, and Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, along with the American versions of Hell's Kitchen, Kitchen Nightmares, and MasterChef.
Contents
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Early life[link]
Gordon Ramsay was born in Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland,[6] and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England from the age of 5.[7] Ramsay is the second of four children; he has an older sister, Diane, a younger brother, Ronnie, and a younger sister, Yvonne. Ramsay's father Gordon (died 1997)[8] was, at various times, a swimming pool manager, a welder, and a shopkeeper; his mother, Helen Cosgrove,[9] and Yvonne[8] have been nurses.[10] Ramsay has described his early life as "hopelessly itinerant", as his family moved constantly due to the aspirations and failures of his father, who was violent.[8] In 1976, they finally settled in Stratford-upon-Avon where he grew up in the Bishopton area of the town. In past public interviews, Ramsay has declined to describe his father as an alcoholic; however, his autobiography, Humble Pie,[10] describes his early life as being marked by abuse and neglect from this "hard-drinking womaniser".[10][11] At the age of 16, Ramsay moved out of the family house into a flat in Banbury.[12]
Football career[link]
Ramsay played football and was first chosen to play under-14 football at age 12. He was chosen to play for Warwickshire. His football career was marked by a number of injuries, causing him to remark later in life, "Perhaps I was doomed when it came to football".[10] In mid-1984, Ramsay had a trial with Rangers, the club he supported as a boy. He seriously injured his knee, smashing the cartilage during training.[13] Ramsay continued to train and play on the injured knee, tearing a cruciate ligament during a squash game. He never fully recovered from the double injury.[citation needed]
Ramsay has claimed to have played two first team games for Rangers.[14] According to his autobiography Ramsay played "a couple of non-league matches as a trialist" for Rangers[15] and was signed by the club at the age of 15.[16] In May 2002 he told The Observer newspaper that he played two first-team games, for Rangers against St Johnstone and Morton.[17] However, according to Rangers historians, there is no evidence he ever played for the Rangers first-team and he was never a signed player.[18]
As evidence of his time with Rangers, Ramsay has produced a team photo showing him in full kit, boasting that he played in a reserve match against Celtic. But while the caption mentions the other players by name, Ramsay is labelled simply as 'triallist'. And Rangers historian Robert McElroy said: 'It's all nonsense. The reserve team was really good but Ramsay wasn't even a signed player and wasn't in it.'[19]However Allan Cairns, the photographer who took the picture in September 1985, said the photo was not one of Rangers first team but a side picked to play a testimonial match. A Rangers spokesman said: "Ramsay was a trialist in that testimonial game. He trained with us for a few months after that but then got injured."[20]
Rangers revisited[link]
In series 4, episode 12 of The F Word (originally aired on 29 July 2008),[21] Ramsay visited Ibrox, the home playing field of his favourite childhood team, Rangers, and exclaimed, "Home, Sweet Home" and said, "My dream came true when I was spotted in the mid-80s and I joined the youth team here in Ibrox." He related that one of his fondest memories is playing alongside one of Scotland's football legends, Ally McCoist, who said about Ramsay, "I remember him well and the one thing that never ever will change is that he's a competitive so-and-so and wants to do and be the best that he can." Ramsay recalled that, "the pain of being released on the back of an injury" was only assuaged many years later, "after receiving [his] third Michelin Star", and concluded that, "without the upset at Ibrox, I would not be the chef I am today."[22]
Early cooking career[link]
By this time, Ramsay's interest in cooking had already begun, and rather than be known as "the football player with the gammy knee",[10] at age 19, Ramsay paid more serious attention to his culinary education. After weighing his options, Ramsay enrolled at North Oxfordshire Technical College, sponsored by the Rotarians, to study Hotel Management. He describes his decision to enter catering college as "an accident, a complete accident".[10]
In the late 1980s, he worked as a commis chef at the Roxburgh House Hotel, then ran the kitchen and 60-seat dining room at the Wickham Arms, until his sexual relationship with the owner's wife made the situation difficult.[23] Ramsay then moved to London, where he worked in a series of restaurants until being inspired to work for the temperamental Marco Pierre White at Harveys.[10]
After working at Harveys for two years and ten months, Ramsay, tired of "the rages and the bullying and violence", decided that the way to further advance his career was to study French cuisine. White discouraged Ramsay from taking a job in Paris, instead encouraging him to work for Albert Roux at Le Gavroche in Mayfair. (While at Le Gavroche, he met Jean-Claude Breton, now his maître d' at Royal Hospital Road.) After working at Le Gavroche for a year, Albert Roux invited Ramsay to work with him at Hotel Diva, a ski resort in the French Alps, as his number two. From there, Ramsay moved to Paris to work with Guy Savoy and Joël Robuchon, both Michelin-starred chefs. He continued his training in France for three years, before giving in to the physical and mental stress of the kitchens and taking a year to work as a personal chef on the private yacht Idlewild, based in Bermuda.[10]
Head chef[link]
Upon his return to London in 1993, Ramsay was offered the position of head chef at La Tante Claire in Chelsea. Shortly thereafter, Marco White re-entered his life, offering to set him up with a head chef position and 10% share in the Rossmore, owned by White's business partners. The restaurant was renamed Aubergine and went on to win its first Michelin star fourteen months later. In 1997, Aubergine won its second Michelin star. Despite the restaurant's success, a dispute with Ramsay's business owners and Ramsay's dream of running his own restaurant led to his leaving the partnership in 1997.[10] In 1998, Ramsay opened his own restaurant in Chelsea, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, with the help of his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson. The restaurant gained its third Michelin star in 2001, making Ramsay the first Scotsman to achieve that feat.[24]
From his first restaurant, Ramsay's empire has expanded rapidly, first opening Petrus, where six bankers famously spent over £44,000 on wine during a single meal in 2001,[25] then Amaryllis in Glasgow (which he was later forced to close) and later Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's. Restaurants at the Dubai Creek and Connaught Hotels followed, the latter branded with his protégé, Angela Hartnett's, name. Ramsay has now begun opening restaurants outside the UK, beginning with Verre in Dubai. Gordon Ramsay at Conrad Tokyo and Cerise by Gordon Ramsay both opened in Tokyo in 2005, and in November 2006, Gordon Ramsay at the London opened in New York City,[26] winning top newcomer in the city’s coveted Zagat guide, despite mixed reviews from professional critics.[27]
In 2007, Ramsay opened his first Irish restaurant, Gordon Ramsay at Powerscourt, at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.[28] In May 2008 Ramsay opened his first US west coast restaurant, in Los Angeles, California. Situated in the former Bel-Age hotel on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, the hotel has been renovated and renamed The London West Hollywood. The restaurant is called Boxwood.
On 9 August 2011 Ramsay opened his first Canadian restaurant in Montreal. Laurier Gordon Ramsay, formerly Rotisserie Laurier BBQ, will continue on with the tradition of BBQ rotisserie but with an update Ramsay is known for.[29] However, in February 2012 Danny Lavy — the owner of the restaurant — announced the restaurant was disassociating itself from Ramsay, citing a lack of involvement and understanding on Ramsay's part.[30]
Awards[link]
Opened in 1998, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay was Ramsay’s first solo restaurant, located at Royal Hospital Road, London. In 2001, it was voted Top Restaurant in the U.K. in the London Zagat Survey and was awarded its third Michelin star, making Gordon Ramsay the first Scottish chef to have ever won three Michelin stars.[31] Though he spends more time on television than in the kitchen, Gordon Ramsay's Chelsea restaurant still managed to retain its three Michelin star status according to the latest edition of the guide.[32] Ramsay is one of only four chefs in the UK to maintain three Michelin Stars for his restaurant (the others being Heston Blumenthal, Alain Ducasse and Alain Roux). He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) from Queen Elizabeth II in the 2006 honours list for services to the hospitality industry, but almost missed the award when his plane was delayed.[33]
In July 2006, Ramsay won the Catey award for "Independent Restaurateur of the Year", becoming only the third person to have won three Catey awards, the biggest awards of the UK hospitality industry. Ramsay's two previous Catey awards were in 1995 (Newcomer of the Year) and 2000 (Chef of the Year). The other two triple-winners are Michel Roux, and Jacquie Pern.
In September 2006, he was named as the most influential person in the UK hospitality industry in the annual Caterersearch 100 list, published by Caterer and Hotelkeeper magazine. He overtook Jamie Oliver, who had been top of the list in 2005.[34]
Also in 2006, Ramsay was nominated as a candidate for Rector at the University of St Andrews, but was beaten at the polls by Simon Pepper.[35] Despite a publicity campaign, Ramsay never visited St Andrews and did not appear in press interviews.
Ramsay's flagship restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, was voted London's top restaurant in food bible Harden's for eight years, but in 2008 was placed below Petrus, a restaurant run by former protégé Marcus Wareing.[36]
Gordon Ramsay holdings[link]
All of Ramsay's business interests (restaurants, media, consultancy) are held in the company Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited. Run in partnership with his father-in-law Chris Hutcheson, Ramsay owns a 69% stake valued at £67 million.[37]
Whereas previous ventures acted as a combined consultant/brand, in November 2006 Ramsay announced plans to create three restaurants in the United States in partnership with private equity firm Blackstone Group, who are refurbishing each of the chosen hotels into five star locations at a cost of £100 million per hotel. At an investment of £3 million per restaurant for the 10-year lease, all the restaurants offer the chef’s trademark modern European cuisine, and opened in 2006/2007 at:
- Gordon Ramsay at the London Hotel in Manhattan, New York, October 2006[26]
- Gordon Ramsay at the Cielo in Boca Raton, Florida
- Gordon Ramsay at the London Hotel in West Hollywood, California
- Gordon Ramsay at the Mirabelle in London
In late 2006 Gordon Ramsay Holdings purchased three London pubs which he converted into gastropubs. These are: The Narrow in Limehouse, which opened in March 2007, the Devonshire in Chiswick, which opened in October of that year and The Warrington in Maida Vale, which opened in February 2008. Both The Devonshire and The Warrington were subsequently sold in 2011, leaving The Narrow as the sole pub in GRH's portfolio.[38]
Ramsay acts as a consultant to numerous catering organisations, and was recruited by Singapore Airlines as one of its "International Culinary Panel" consultants.[39]
In May 2008 it was confirmed that Ramsay's protégé of 15 years, Marcus Wareing was going solo having opened and operated Pétrus at The Berkeley Hotel on behalf of Gordon Ramsay Holdings since 2003.[40] With the name Pétrus owned by Gordon Ramsay Holdings, industry sources suggested it was likely to transfer to another restaurant in the group with the former La Noisette site identified as the most likely.[41]
As of June 2009, Gordon Ramsay Holdings is reported to be in severe financial difficulty after a financial audit by accounting firm KPMG.[42]
In April 2010, Jason Atherton, Executive chef of Maze restaurants worldwide resigned to open his own venue in Mayfair.[43]
On 19 October 2010, the company Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited announced that Chris Hutcheson had left his position as CEO of Gordon Ramsay Holdings Ltd. Shortly after, Ramsay released a letter to the press describing how he had unraveled the "manipulative" Hutcheson's "complex life" after having him followed by a private detective. His father-in-law's "away days", wrote Ramsay, "were rarely what I thought they were". Company accounts show Hutchenson borrowed up to £1.5 million from Gordon Ramsay Holdings, of which he was chief executive, though he says he reported the borrowings to the company and paid the money back. Hutcheson said he had been "vaporised" and subjected to a "public hanging" by Ramsay, whom he described as a friendless egotist.[44]
Television[link]
Ramsay's first foray in television was in two fly-on-the-kitchen-wall documentaries: Boiling Point (1998) and Beyond Boiling Point (2000).
Ramsay appeared on series three of Faking It in 2001 helping the prospective chef, a burger flipper named Ed Devlin, learn the trade. This episode won the 2001 BAFTA for "Best Factual TV Moment".[45][46]
In 2004, Ramsay appeared in two British television series. Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares aired on Channel 4, and saw the chef troubleshooting failing restaurants over a one week period. This series ran its fifth season in 2007. Hell's Kitchen was a reality show, which aired on ITV1, and saw Ramsay attempt to train ten British celebrities to be chefs, as they ran a restaurant on Brick Lane which opened to the public for the two-week duration of the show.
In May 2005, the FOX network introduced Ramsay to American audiences in a US version of Hell's Kitchen produced by Granada Entertainment and A. Smith & Co. The show follows a similar premise as the original British series, showcasing Ramsay's perfectionism and infamous short temper. The show proved to be popular enough with audiences in the United States that, in August 2005, shortly following the Season 1 finale, Hell's Kitchen was picked up for a second season. The show has now run nine seasons. In addition, Ramsay had also hosted a US version of Kitchen Nightmares which premiered on Fox on 19 September 2007. The show's second season aired from September 2008 to January 2009; in September 2008, Fox announced that Kitchen Nightmares would return for a third season which aired from January 2010 to May 2010.
Ramsay has presented five series of a food-based magazine programme titled The F-Word; it launched on Channel 4 on 27 October 2005. The show is organised around several key, recurring features, notably a brigade competition, a guest cook competition, a food related investigative report and a series-long project of raising animals to be served in the finale. The guest cook (usually a celebrity) prepares a dish of their own choosing and places it in competition against a similar dish submitted by Ramsay. The dishes are judged by diners who are unaware of who cooked which dish and, if the guest wins (as they have on numerous occasions), their dish is served at Ramsay's restaurant.
In the first series of The F-Word, Ramsay mockingly named the turkeys he raised: Antony, Ainsley, Jamie, Delia, Gary and Nigella — all in reference to other celebrity chefs. During the second series, Ramsay named the two pigs that he was raising after Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine[47] who found the naming highly amusing.[48] In July 2006, Channel 4 announced that it had re-signed Ramsay to an exclusive four-year deal at the network, running until July 2011.[49] During the third series, Ramsay reared lambs that had been selected from a farm in North Wales and he named them after two Welsh celebrities, Charlotte Church and Gavin Henson. The series became one of the highest rated shows aired on Channel 4 each week.[50] During one episode of The F-Word, Ramsay cooked in Doncaster Prison in Marshgate for its inmates. The chef was so impressed by the speed at which a prisoner, Kieron Tarff, chopped vegetables that he offered him a job at his restaurant following his release in 2007.[51]
In 2010, Ramsay served as a producer and judge on the US version of MasterChef.[52] (A second season of the show began in June 2011, again starring Ramsay.) He starred in a travelogue about his visit to India, Gordon's Great Escape followed by a series set in Asia. He hosted the series Ramsay's Best Restaurant, which was the first UK series by Ramsay's own production company, One Potato Two Potato.
Ramsay joined several other celebrity chefs in the 2010 series, The Big Fish Fight, where he, along with fellow chef Jamie Oliver and a few others, spent time on a trawler boat to raise awareness about the discarding of hundreds of thousands of salt water fish.
In March 2012, Fox announced the coming of Ramsay's fourth series for the Fox network, Hotel Hell;[53] the series is similar to Kitchen Nightmares, except that it focuses on struggling hotels, motels and other lodging establishments in the United States.[54] Originally slated for debut 6 April 2012[55] and 4 June 2012,[56] the series has been delayed until later in the summer.[57]
Guest appearances[link]
In September 2005, Ramsay, along with Jamie Oliver, Heston Blumenthal, Wolfgang Puck and Sanjeev Kapoor, were featured in CNN International's Quest, in which Richard Quest stepped into the shoes of celebrity chefs.[58]
In 2006, Ramsay took part in a television series for ITV1, following the lead-up to Soccer Aid, a celebrity charity football match, in which he played only the first half, nursing an injury picked up in training. Ramsay captained the Rest of the World XI against an England XI captained by Robbie Williams. However, his involvement was limited after he received a four-inch cut in his calf.
During his second Top Gear appearance, he stated that his current cars are a Ferrari F430 and a Range Rover Sport Supercharged, the latter replacing the Bentley Continental GT he previously owned. On 14 May 2006, he appeared on Top Gear in the "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" segment. Ramsay held the top spot on Top Gear's celebrity leader board, with a lap time of 1.46.38 until overtaken by Simon Cowell.[59]
Ramsay starred in part of a National Blood Service "Give Blood" television advertisement, in which he said that he would have died from a ruptured spleen[60] had it not have been for another person's blood donation. On 13 October 2006, he was guest host on the first episode of Have I Got News for You's 32nd series. On 27 December 2007 Ramsay appeared in the Extras Christmas special.
In January 2008, Ramsay also guest featured on Channel 4's Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack as the Big Brother housemates took part in his Cookalong Live television show. Gordon spoke directly to the Big Brother House via the house plasma screens, regularly checking on the progress of the contestants.
In 2011, during the results show of American Idol, footage of the top 5 contestants taking on a challenge of cooking with Gordon Ramsay was shown. The Top 5 were given 10 minutes to make the best omelets.
Ramsay also made an appearance on The Simpsons episode "The Food Wife" in November 2011.
Legal proceedings[link]
In June 2006, Ramsay won a High Court case against the London Evening Standard newspaper, in which Victor Lewis Smith had alleged, after reports from previous owner Sue Ray, that scenes and the general condition of Bonaparte's had been faked for Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares. Ramsay was awarded £75,000 plus costs.[61] Ramsay said at the time: "I won't let people write anything they want to about me. We have never done anything in a cynical fake way".
In June 2007, Ramsay's show was sued by the terminated general manager (Martin Hyde) of the New York restaurant Purnima (Dillon's), who also alleged fakery. Hyde had quit his position at the restaurant during the show, when Ramsay suggested that the owner hire top Indian Chef Vikas Khanna as the Consultant Chef for Purnima. The lawsuit alleged that "unknown to the viewing audience, some or all of Kitchen Nightmares are fake and the so-called 'problems uncovered and solved' by Ramsay are, for the most part, created by Ramsay and his staff for the purpose of making it appear that Ramsay is improving the restaurant".[62] However, in August 2007, the case was dismissed voluntarily and ordered into arbitration as stipulated in their contract.[63]
On 21 March 2012, Ramsay filed a $2.7 million lawsuit against his former partners of his restaurant in Montreal, Canada, the Laurier Gordon Ramsay (since renamed The Laurier 1936), over lost licensing fees and defamatory statements made against him.[64][65]
Public image and reception[link]
Personality[link]
Ramsay's reputation is built upon his goal of culinary perfection. Since the airing of Boiling Point which followed Ramsay's quest of earning three Michelin stars, the chef has also become infamous for his fiery temperament and use of expletives.[66] Ramsay once famously ejected food critic A. A. Gill along with his dining companion, Joan Collins, from his restaurant, leading Gill to state that "Ramsay is a wonderful chef, just a really second-rate human being".[24] Ramsay admitted in his autobiography that he did not mind if Gill insulted his food, but a personal insult he was not going to stand for. Ramsay has also had confrontations with his kitchen staff, including one incident that resulted in the pastry chef calling the police.[67] A 2005 interview claimed Ramsay had retained 85% of his staff since 1993.[68]
Ramsay attributes his pugnacious management style to the influence of previous mentors, notably chefs Marco Pierre White and Guy Savoy, father-in-law Chris Hutcheson, and Jock Wallace, his manager while a footballer at Rangers.[69]
Ramsay's ferocious temper has contributed to his media appeal in both the United Kingdom and the United States, where his programmes are produced.[70][71] His fierce personality ensured that he was voted television's most terrifying celebrity in a Radio Times poll consisting of 3,000 people.[72] MSN Careers featured an article about television's worst bosses, which listed Ramsay as the only non-fictional boss. They cited his frequent loss of his temper and his harsh critiques, notably when he picks on something other than one's cooking abilities, such as calling someone a "chunky monkey."[73] He maintains that such behaviour within the kitchen is necessary and demonstrates passion.
Although Ramsay often mocks the French, one of his most trusted maîtres d, Jean-Claude Breton (Royal Hospital Road) is French.[74][75]
In November 2007, Ramsay installed 29-year-old Clare Smyth as head chef at his three-Michelin-starred flagship restaurant on London’s Royal Hospital Road.[76] Smyth is the second high profile appointment of a female chef by Ramsay, after Angela Hartnett.
Ramsay has been criticised for his frequent use of profanity on his programmes, first by British celebrity cook Delia Smith,[77] then, in relation to Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, by a member of the Federal Parliament of Australia.[78] In his autobiography, Ramsay himself said he was unaware of the extent of his swearing until he watched an episode of Boiling Point. While he stated he did not have a problem with it, "Mum was appalled".
On 5 June 2009, Ramsay started trading national TV insults with Australia's Nine Network, A Current Affair journalist Tracy Grimshaw. The day after his interview, he was a guest feature at the Melbourne Food and Wine festival. While doing his display, he added some comments pertaining to a person who's name "starts with a T" at which time an audience member completed his sentence by shouting out Tracy Grimshaw's name. Ramsay laughed and said, "Oh don't shout that out". This incident was taken out of context by Tracy Grimshaw where she made claims of Ramsay questioning her sexual orientation and responded by calling Ramsay an "arrogant, narcissist bully" and implied that Ramsay mistreats his wife.[79][80] Ramsay eventually apologised, stating that his behavior "was a joke".[81][82]
Ramsay has also drawn the ire of vegetarians. In 2005, he served ham to an unknowing vegetarian. He has also told the BBC that he has lied to vegetarian diners to conceal the presence of chicken stock in his soup.[83]
Food views[link]
On the second series of The F Word, Ramsay showed a softened stance after learning about intensive pig farming practices including castration and tail docking. On the programme, Ramsay commented, "It's enough to make anyone turn fucking vegetarian, for God's sake. And I've always sort of knocked vegetarians and vegans for missing out on the most amazing flavour you can get from meat. But you can see why so many people change instantly."[84]
Some controversy arose in the third series of The F Word when journalist Janet Street-Porter, who thought horse meat should be eaten more widely in Britain, attempted to serve horse steaks and quiche at Cheltenham Racecourse during Gold Cup Week. The police prevented her from doing this, and deemed the stunt "highly provocative". She, subsequently, served the meat from a private property; most of the consumers shown in the programme approved. The conclusion of both Street-Porter and Ramsay was that horse meat merited a more prominent place in Britain's national diet. In the wake of the stunt, representatives of animal rights group PETA protested by dumping a tonne of horse manure outside Ramsay's restaurant at Claridge's in central London.[85]
Other chefs[link]
Ramsay has been highly critical of Food Network and Iron Chef America star Mario Batali.[citation needed] The New York Post reported in 2009 that Batali has banned Ramsay from his restaurants. This alleged feud goes back to when Batali was highly critical of Ramsay's cooking style for being "dull and outdated".[86] However, Batali has since stated that the alleged feud "was created by a couple of journalists." Batali went on to state, "I'd love to hang out with [Ramsay]."[87]
Personal life[link]
Ramsay stands at 6 feet 1.5 inches (186.7 cm).[88] On his show Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, Ramsay has stated that he is afraid of dancing, especially in front of people.[episode needed] On a later episode, at La Gondola, he decided to "confront his demons" and is seen dancing. Ramsay also demonstrates the moonwalk dance in the episode of Kitchen Nightmares spotlighting Mama Cherri's Soul Food Shack. He also learns to salsa dance on an episode of The F-Word[episode needed] Ramsay is a fan of Scottish Premier League team Rangers F.C. and English Premier League team Chelsea F.C..
Family[link]
Ramsay married Cayetana Elizabeth Hutcheson (known as Tana), a Montessori-trained schoolteacher, in 1996. The couple have four children: Megan Jane (b. 1998), twins Jack Scott and Holly Anna (b. 2000), and Matilda Elizabeth (b. 2002), They live in Battersea. Ramsay's father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, was until 2010 responsible for the business operations of Ramsay's restaurant empire.[89][90]
Legal issues[link]
In 1994, Ramsay accepted a police caution for gross indecency involving him and two other men, both chefs, in the lavatory of a London Underground station. It was stressed to be only "hi jinks" by Ramsay and not sexual.[91] Ramsay stated that the three, who were discovered in the early morning hours, were celebrating and drinking the night before. In regards to the caution, Ramsay stated that one of his friends was urinating in a sink, another friend was walking around with his trousers by his ankles, and that he himself was urinating in a urinal with his head against the wall, when the station supervisor discovered them.[91]
On 15 November 2002, Ramsay was breathalysed, arrested, and charged with driving under the influence of excess alcohol in London. While he remained charged, he was informed by police that the case would be discontinued.[92]
In 2007, Ramsay admitted arranging for a biker to steal the reservations book from the Aubergine restaurant in 1998 and blaming the theft on Marco Pierre White, because he suspected Aubergine's owners were planning to offer his job to Pierre White.[93]
Charity work[link]
Ramsay has been involved in a series of charitable events and organisations. He fulfilled his aim of finishing 10 marathons in ten years by running his 10th consecutive London Marathon on 26 April 2009, sponsoring the Scottish Spina Bifida Association.[94]
Ramsay has been Honorary Patron of the Scottish Spina Bifida Association since 2004, and in 2005 he launched The Gordon Ramsay "Buy a Brick" appeal to help the organisation raise funds to build a new Family Support Centre and Head Office in Glasgow. In 2006 he launched a new Appeal to help the charity raise the funds required to continue to run the support centre "What's your favourite F Word, Gordon's is Fundraising". In November 2007 Ramsay hosted a St Andrew's Day Gala Dinner at Stirling Castle in aid of the Association and has now made this fundraising Gala Dinner an annual event.[95]
During March 2005 Ramsay teamed up with Indian chef Madhur Jaffrey to help the VSO, an international development charity group to support its Spice Up Your Life event. The charity hoped to raise £100,000 for VSO’s work in HIV and AIDS in India.[96] The Ramsays were the first couple to become ambassadors for the women's charity Women's Aid in 2005. The couple ran the Flora Families marathon[97] to support Women's Aid.[98]
Life endangering experiences[link]
In 2008, Ramsay was in Iceland's Westman Islands filming a puffin hunting segment when he lost his footing and fell during a descent of an 85m cliff, landing in the icy water below. He said, "I thought I was a goner", reaching the surface of the water by removing his heavy boots and waterproof clothing. His film crew, who rescued Ramsay by throwing him a rope, reported that he was submerged for at least 45 seconds. During the ordeal he remembers how he felt: "I was panicking and my lungs were filling with water. When I got to the top after getting my boots off I was dazed and my head was totally massive".[99] At first, Ramsay did not want to tell his wife. "I chickened out but she knew something was up. She was upset and extremely pissed off. When I was underwater, all I could think of was Tana and my kids. It wasn't until I was on the plane home I realised what a close call I'd had."[100]
In January 2011, while in Costa Rica, Ramsay was doused in petrol and held at gunpoint as he tried to uncover the dark world of illegal shark fin trading for a new TV show.[101] Ramsay stated:
They told me they’d shoot me. At one, I managed to shake off the people keeping us away, ran up some stairs to a rooftop and looked down to see thousands of fins, drying on rooftops for as far as the eye could see. When I got back downstairs, they tipped a barrel of petrol over me. Back at the wharf, there were people pointing rifles at us to stop us filming. A van pulled up and these seedy characters made us stand against a wall. The police came and advised us to leave the country.[102]
Accusations of infidelity[link]
In late November 2008, the former British tabloid News of the World published a news story wherein Sarah Symonds, author of the book Having An Affair? A Handbook For The Other Woman, claimed to have been involved in a secret affair with Ramsay for a period of seven years.[103][104] Symonds further alleged that Ramsay had been involved with at least two other women.[103] Amidst the allegations, the family put off a holiday in Mauritius[105] and Ramsay, initially ignoring the allegations, denied them during a live BBC show cooking demonstration, Good Food Show.[106][107] An Australian woman has also made similar claims, while Ramsay denies even knowing the woman.[108][109][110][111]
Richard Harden, co-publisher of the Harden's Restaurant Guide, speaking to the Evening Standard, concurs "It must damage the package",[112] though publicist Max Clifford disagrees, noting that while the allegations might cause "a lot of aggravation" at home, it wouldn't impact his image and popularity "at all."[113]
Pre-prepared meal controversy[link]
On 17 April 2009 it was revealed that Ramsay's restaurant, Foxtrot Oscar in Chelsea, West London, used pre-prepared food that was heated up and sold with mark-ups of up to 586%. It was also revealed that three of his gastropubs in London did the same thing. A spokeswoman for Gordon Ramsay explained, "Gordon Ramsay chefs prepare components of dishes devised and produced to the highest Gordon Ramsay standards. These are supplied to those kitchens with limited cooking space such as Foxtrot Oscar and Gordon Ramsay's highly-acclaimed pubs, including the Narrow. These are sealed and transported daily in refrigerated vans and all menu dishes are then cooked in the individual kitchens. This is only for the supply of Foxtrot Oscar and the three pubs and allows each establishment to control the consistency and the quality of the food served."[114][115] Reflecting on the controversy in 2010, Ramsay was unapologetic, stating:
"When I was working at the Gavroche all those years ago, the duck terrine wasn’t made there. It was made outside, then brought to the restaurant wrapped in plastic. This is standard practice. What on earth was the fuss about?"[116]
Cosmetic procedures[link]
Seeking the advice of Simon Cowell, in 2009, Ramsay admitted having Botox injections to smooth his wrinkles, at a cost of £1,000 a time. He has also spent up to £10,000 on procedures to improve his teeth.[117]
After being photographed with a puffy face and wearing a “medical-looking” cap on his head (a common side effect of a hair transplant) rumours started that Ramsay had undergone a procedure. Initially, he explained away the rumours, putting his swollen face and scalp down to an infection and an allergic reaction.[118] It was discovered afterwards, however, that he had undergone a procedure known as follicular unit extraction (FUE) for £30,000.[119] The procedure, which lasted 12 hours, was done in a Los Angeles clinic and entailed Ramsay’s hair follicles being removed from lush patches of his scalp and reinserted where his hairline was thinning.[120]
Restaurants owned or run by Ramsay[link]
United Kingdom[link]
- Restaurant Gordon Ramsay at Royal Hospital Road (three Michelin stars), Mark Askew (executive chef), Clare Smyth (head chef)
- Pétrus" (two Michelin stars), Marcus Wareing (executive chef) (until 2008)[121]
- Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's, Steve Allen (head chef)
- The Boxwood Café at the Berkeley Hotel, Stuart Gillies (executive chef)
- Savoy Grill
- La Noisette (one Michelin star) Sloane Street (closed)
- Maze, (one Michelin star) Jason Atherton (executive chef)
- Foxtrot Oscar
- Maze Grill, Marriott Hotel in Grosvenor Square
- Gordon Ramsay's Plane Food at London Heathrow Airport Terminal 5
- York and Albany located in Ramsay's first hotel (only 10 rooms), Regents Park, Angela Hartnett (executive chef), opened in July 2008[122]
- Murano (one Michelin star), Mayfair, Angela Hartnett (executive chef), opened 2008[122]
- Bread Street Kitchen, the newest restaurant at One New Change, London opened September 2011
International[link]
 |
This section of a biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2009) |
- Gordon Ramsay at The London (two Michelin stars), New York, Josh Emett (chef de cuisine)[123]
- Maze by Gordon Ramsay at The London, New York City
- Verre at the Hilton Dubai Creek, Dubai - (Closed[when?])
- Gordon Ramsay at Conrad Tokyo, Tokyo (one Michelin star)
- Cerise by Gordon Ramsay, Tokyo
- Cielo by Angela Hartnett, Boca Raton, Florida, Nader Jaouhar (head chef)
- Gordon Ramsay at The London, West Hollywood (one Michelin Star)
- Gordon Ramsay at The Trianon Palace (two Michelin stars), Versailles near Paris, Simone Zanoni (head chef)
- Boxwood Café, across from Gordon Ramsay restaurant in Los Angeles[124]
- Laurier Gordon Ramsay, Montreal, Quebec, opened August 2011, Danny Levy (owner), Guillermo Russo (head chef);[125] became the Laurier 1936 in February 2012 after Ramsay was relieved of his consultant status,[126] which later was the subject of Ramsay's lawsuit against his partners[64]
- Maze by Gordon Ramsay at One and Only Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa, opened in April 2009 with first guests being Nelson Mandela and Sol Kerzner. (Closed[when?])
- Maze by Gordon Ramsay at The Pearl-Qatar, Doha, Qatar. Opened in 2010.[127]
- Maze and Maze Grill by Gordon Ramsay at Crown Metropol, Melbourne, Australia. Opened in March 2010. Josh Emett (head chef)[128] (Closed)[129]
- Grill from Hell by Gordon Ramsay in Flinders Street, Townsville, QLD and Gold Coast QLD. Opened mid 2011.
- Restaurant Gordon Ramsay - Steak in Las Vegas. (Opening May 7th)
Filmography[link]
- Boiling Point (5 part documentary) (Channel 4, 1998)
- Beyond Boiling Point (6 part documentary) (Channel 4, 2000)
- Ramsay – Trouble at the Top
- Love's Kitchen (2011)
Notable television appearances[link]
- Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares (Channel 4, 2004–present)
- Hell's Kitchen (UK) (ITV, 2004–2009)
- Hell's Kitchen (U.S.) (Fox, 2005–present)
- The F Word (Channel 4, 2005–present)
- Kitchen Nightmares (Fox, 2007–present)
- Extras Christmas Special (BBC Two 2007)
- Gordon Ramsay: Cookalong Live (Channel 4, 18 January 2008–present)
- Gordon Ramsay: Cookalong Live U.S. (Fox, 15 December 2009, a one-off episode)
- Gordon's Great Escape (Channel 4, January 2010)
- Soccer Aid (ITV, May 2006, September 2008, June 2010, May 2012)
- MasterChef (U.S.) (Fox, since 27 July 2010)
- Ramsay's Best Restaurant (Channel 4, 2010)
- Christmas with Gordon (Channel 4, 2010)
- The Simpsons - "The Food Wife" (Fox, 2011)
- Top Gear (BBC Two, Star in a Reasonably Priced Car)
Bibliography[link]
File:Gordon Ramsay Healthy Appetite.JPG
Ramsay signing a copy of Gordon Ramsay's Healthy Appetite at the Toronto Eaton Centre, February 2009
Since 1996, Ramsay has written 21 books. Ramsay also contributes a food-and-drink column to The Times' Saturday magazine.
- Gordon Ramsay’s Passion For Flavour (1996)
- Gordon Ramsay’s Passion For Seafood (1999)
- Gordon Ramsay A Chef For All Seasons (2000)
- Gordon Ramsay’s Just Desserts (2001)
- Gordon Ramsay’s Secrets (2003)
- Gordon Ramsay’s Kitchen Heaven (2004)
- Gordon Ramsay Makes It Easy (2005)
- Gordon Ramsay Easy All Year Round (2006)
- Gordon Ramsay's Sunday Lunch and other recipes from the F word (2006)
- Humble Pie (2006) (Autobiography)
- Roasting in Hell's Kitchen (2006) (US title for Humble Pie)
- Gordon Ramsay's Fast Food Recipes from the F Word (2007)
- Playing With Fire (2007) (Follow up to Autobiography)
- Recipes From a 3 Star Chef (2007)
- Gordon Ramsay's Three Star Chef (2008)
- Gordon Ramsay's Fast Food (2008)
- Gordon Ramsay's Healthy Appetite (2008)
- Cooking for Friends: Food from My Table (2008)
- Gordon Ramsay's On Top of The World (2009)
- Gordon Ramsay's World Kitchen: Recipes from "The F Word" (2009)
- Ramsay's Best Menus (2010)
- Master Chefs Series
- Pasta Sauces (1996)
- Fish And Shellfish (1997)
- Cook Cards
- Hot Dinners (2006)
- Cool Sweets (2006)
References[link]
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- ^ "Gordon Ramsay – The man – Biography". Gordonramsay.com. http://www.gordonramsay.com/corporate/theman/biography/. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Bremner, Charles (2 March 2009). "Gordon Ramsay wins Michelin stars for first restaurant in France". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/article5833031.ece. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ Richard Vines (16 March 2009). "Ramsay Wins 13th Michelin Star as Chef Counts Cost of Expansion". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=anbboIwuwx7E. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1243577/Gordon-Ramsays-Claridges-restaurant-Michelin-star-withdrawn.html
- ^ "Overview of Gordon Ramsay". Geo.ed.ac.uk. http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1048.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ Gordon Ramsay – The man – Biography. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
- ^ a b c Pierce, Andrew (5 October 2008). "The F Factor". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3345890/Gordon-Ramsay-the-F-Factor.html. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Gordon Ramsay's homeless brother Ronnie
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ramsay, Gordon (2006). Humble Pie. UK: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-722967-4.
- ^ Barber, Lynn (13 May 2001). "Mad for it". The Guardian (UK). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,488328,00.html. Retrieved 1 August 2006.
- ^ "Chef from a humble background". The Oxford Times. 9 November 2006. http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2006/11/09/Books+%28ot_books%29/1012761.Chef_from_a_humble_background/. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ^ Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares episode "Bonapartes"
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay on Rangers". The Guardian (London). 5 May 2002. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,708139,00.html. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ Irvine, Chris; Edwards, Richard (2 March 2009). "Gordon Ramsay admits claims about his Rangers career may be inaccurate". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/4903118/Gordon-Ramsay-admits-claims-about-his-Rangers-career-may-be-inaccurate.html. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
- ^ "The man – Timeline". Gordon Ramsay. 19 January 2001. http://www.gordonramsay.com/corporate/theman/history/. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ^ http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/563231-ramsay-football-career-inaccurate
- ^ Dan Newling (3 February 2009). "How Gordon Ramsay 'lied about his football career to raise his celebrity profile". The Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1158283/How-Gordon-Ramsay-lied-football-career-raise-celebrity-profile.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1158283/How-Gordon-Ramsay-lied-football-career-raise-celebrity-profile.html
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/4903118/Gordon-Ramsay-admits-claims-about-his-Rangers-career-may-be-inaccurate.html
- ^ IMDb.com
- ^ "Season 4 Episode 12 – Gordon Ramsay's F Word". BBC America. 6 April 2009. http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/159/f-word-season-4-episode-12.jsp. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ "The Chef from Hell". ninemsn.com.au. http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/stories/benfordham/449154/the-chef-from-hell. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Gordon Ramsay: Chef terrible". BBC News World Edition. 20 July 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1448742.stm. Retrieved 1 August 2006.
- ^ "Bankers 'sacked' over £44,000 meal". BBC News Online. 25 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1839963.stm. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ^ a b Bone, James (5 November 2006). "Ramsay: I will devour my New York rivals". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,2769-2437506,00.html. Retrieved 17 November 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay's New York restaurant named top newcomer". Caterersearch.com. 11 October 2007. http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2007/10/11/316625/gordon-ramsays-new-york-restaurant-named-top-newcomer.html. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay Other Restaurants – Dublin". GordonRamsay.com. http://www.gordonramsay.com/dublin/. Retrieved 16 November 2007.
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay opens first Canadian venture, Laurier Gordon Ramsay, in Montreal"
- ^ Laurier BBQ cuts ties with star chef Gordon Ramsay, Montreal Gazette, 2012-02-15
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay – The Man: History.". Gordon Ramsay. http://www.gordonramsay.com/corporate/theman/history/. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ Abraham, Tamara (19 January 2011). "Gordon Ramsay retains his three-star status as Michelin rates record number of British and Irish restaurants". MailOnline (London: Daily Mail). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/food/article-1348305/Gordon-Ramsay-retains-star-status-Michelin-rates-record-number-British-Irish-restaurants.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay – Ramsay Late For Obe Date With The Queen". Contact Music. 6 July 2006. http://www.contactmusic.com/news/ramsay-late-for-obe-date-with-the-queen_1001728. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay is the most powerful figure in British hospitality". Caterersearch.com. http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2006/09/21/308958/Gordon+Ramsay+is+the+most+powerful+figure+in+British.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "New university rector is welcomed". BBC News. 10 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4794294.stm. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay dispute sparks foodie bun-fight". www.meeja.com.au. 12 September 2008. http://www.meeja.com.au/index.php?display_article_id=201. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
- ^ Rosie Millard (30 September 2007). "Rosie Millard meets Gordon Ramsay". The Sunday Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/gordon_ramsay/article2557632.ece. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
- ^ "Gordon Ramsay Sells The Warrington to Faucet Inn". BigHospitality.co.uk. http://www.bighospitality.co.uk/Venues/Gordon-Ramsay-sells-The-Warrington-to-Faucet-Inn. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "International Culinary Panel – Singapore Airlines". Singapore Airlines Official Website. http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/exp/dining/icp/index.jsp?. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Marcus Wareing leaves Ramsay to work directly with Berkeley Hotel". Amanda Afiya. Caterersearch.com. 27 May 2008. http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2008/05/27/321025/marcus-wareing-leaves-ramsay-to-work-directly-with-berkeley-hotel.html. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
- ^ "Ramsay to transfer Pétrus name following split with Wareing". Amanda Afiya. Caterersearch.com. 27 May 2008. http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2008/05/27/321028/ramsay-to-transfer-ptrus-name-following-split-with-wareing.html. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
- ^ Allen, Vanessa (1 June 2009). "Ramsay's kitchen nightmare: Gordon admits his ego nearly destroyed his restaurant empire". Mail online (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1189843/Ramsays-kitchen-nightmare-Gordon-admits-ego-nearly-destroyed-restaurant-empire.html. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ Vines, Richard (1 April 2010). "Ramsay Chef Jason Atherton Quits Maze to Open Own Restaurant". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-04-01/gordon-ramsay-chef-jason-atherton-quitting-maze-to-open-his-own-restaurant.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ Gilligan, Andrew (11 November 2010). "Can Gordon Ramsay still cut it?". Telegraph. (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/8125119/Can-Gordon-Ramsay-still-cut-it.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ "Faking It: Burger Flipper To Chef Episode Summary on". Tv.com. http://www.tv.com/faking-it/burger-flipper-to-chef/episode/205024/summary.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ "Classic TV & Movie Hits – Faking It". Classictvhits.com. 18 September 2000. http://www.classictvhits.com/show.php?id=586. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ "The Kumars at No 42 returns to BBC One". BBC Press Office. Retrieved on 14 February 2007.
- ^ "Laid Bare". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
- ^ "Channel 4 re-signs Gordon Ramsay in exclusive 4 year deal". channel4sales.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928072126/http://www.channel4sales.com/news/home?year=2006&month=6&id=343. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
- ^ "[Weekly Viewing Summary (scroll to w.e 13/05/07 – 08/07/07)]". BARB. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
- ^ "Tasty offer from TV chef to convict". WACS2000. http://www.wacs2000.org/e_newsletter/newsletter2_06full.html. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ "Masterchef USA Teaser". TV Tonight.com. 21 June 2010. http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2010/06/masterchef-usa-teaser.html. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ The Hollywood Reporter: "Fox Schedules Gordon Ramsay's 'Hotel Hell,' More Midseason Dates", 10 February 2012.
- ^ Entertainment Weekly, via CNN: "Gordon Ramsay scores new Fox reality show: 'Hotel Hell'", 21 September 2011.
- ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/02/the-finder-moves-to-fridays-on-april-6/122807/
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Further reading[link]
- Millard, Rosie (30 September 2007). "Rosie Millard meets Gordon Ramsay". The Sunday Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/gordon_ramsay/article2557632.ece. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gordon Ramsay |
- Official website
- Gordon Ramsay at the Internet Movie Database
- Homepage for the Gordon Ramsay group
- Times Online – Food & Drink column
- Gordon Ramsay has donated recipes to a cook book to raise funds for cancer charities
- Gordon Ramsay at the Chef and Restaurant Database
- Gordon Ramsay on Twitter
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ramsay, Gordon |
| Alternative names | Ramsay, Gordon James |
| Short description | British chef, television personality, and restaurateur |
| Date of birth | 8 November 1966 |
| Place of birth | Johnstone, Scotland, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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