This article is about the student fraternity of the United States. For the unrelated student fraternity of the Philippines, see Alpha Tau Omega (Philippines).

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Alpha Tau Omega (its members colloquially known as ATO's, Taus, or Alpha Taus) is a secret American leadership and social fraternity.

The Fraternity has more than 250 active and inactive chapters, more than 204,000 initiates, and over 7,000 active undergraduate members. The 200,000th member was initiated in early 2009. While the oldest active chapter is the Delta Chapter located at the University of Virginia, they temporarily lost their charter in 1984, making the Beta Beta chapter at Birmingham-Southern College the oldest continuously operating chapter. Alpha Tau Omega is also one-third of the Lexington Triad, along with Kappa Alpha Order and Sigma Nu. The Fraternity does not have chapters or affiliated organizations in any other location outside of the United States.

The ATO Foundation provides more than US$150,000 in annual scholarships to members including scholarships to attend the LeaderShape Institute, Inc.

History[link]

During and after the Civil War, families were torn apart, due to brothers fighting on opposite sides. A Virginia Military Institute student, Otis Allan Glazebrook, had a vision to reunite the North and the South in brotherhood. His ideals started Alpha Tau Omega as the first fraternity that would be considered a national fraternity, and it was with Erskine Mayo Ross and Alfred Marshall that he sought to bring together the two factions that had been torn apart.

The LeaderShape Institute, Inc. was created in 1986 by Alpha Tau Omega, and today is considered one of the nation's finest leadership skills training programs in the USA.^{[citation needed]} ATO was honored by the Smithsonian Institution for innovative use of technology with an award for Information Technology in the field of Government and Non-Profit Organizations in June 1995. The award was given for ATO's innovative use of CompuServe as a communications tool.

Founders[link]

Otis Allan Glazebrook, Alfred Marshall, and Erskine Mayo Ross are recognized as the three founders of ATO. Following these, the next leader of ATO was Thomas Arkle Clark; Clark was the first Dean of education at the University of Illinois and the President of the Gamma Zeta chapter at the University. Thomas A. Clark served the national fraternity as "Worthy Grand Chief" for several terms. To this day, the highest honor a graduating senior can achieve is the Thomas Arkle Clark Award.

Another man, Joseph R. Anderson, is known as the second founder of ATO. Because of a lack of organization and many chapters ignoring their responsibilities to the national fraternity—including financial ones, ATO was on a devastating decline. In 1876, of the 22 chapters in existence at the time, only 2 attended the annual Congress. Joseph R. Anderson was appointed and accepted the position of Senior Grand Chief, or the National President, in 1870. Under Anderson, ATO was able to get back on track and become the well established fraternity it is today.

See also[link]

• List of Alpha Tau Omega brothers
• List of Alpha Tau Omega chapters

References[link]

External links[link]

• ATO National Fraternity

Alpha Sigma Tau (ΑΣΤ) is a national Panhellenic sorority founded on November 4, 1899, at Michigan State Normal College (now Eastern Michigan University). The Sorority has over 80 chapters and colonies active nationwide.

History[link]

Founding[link]

As told by founding member, "There were present at this first meeting, Helene Rice, her sister Adriance, Eva O'Keefe, Harriet Marx, May Gephart, Mayene Tracy, Mable Chase and Ruth Dutcher. There were then in existence on campus three other sororities: Pi Kappa Sigma, Sigma Nu Phi and Zeta Phi (now inactive). The name Alpha Sigma Tau was chosen and purple and gold were chosen for the colors. Thus it was Alpha Sigma Tau, the third oldest educational sorority, was organized. A dozen or more very enthusiastic girls were present at this meeting.

The next meeting was a little party at the home of Mrs. Depew on Forest Avenue where Helene and Adriance Rice, Eva O'Keefe and Harriet Marx roomed. The party was indeed gay and festive with decorations of gold and purple. Even the cake was golden with purple icing. Here it was decided that the next day should witness the introduction of a newly born sorority to the world at large and to the student body in particular. Accordingly the members attended chapel en masse, everyone wearing the chosen colors. Imagine their surprise and chagrin when the members of the Zeta Phi informed them that the Alpha Sigma Tau had appropriated their colors. The group then chose emerald green and gold.

Mrs. E.A. Lyman was chosen patroness. During the first year of its existence the sorority did not display any marked activity. The charter was not received until the second year when Edith Silk, Myrtle Oram, Zoe Waldron, Grace Townley, Marie Gedding, Louise Agrell and Mable Pitts had joined the organization and with the organizers were the charter members. On the suggestion of Mrs. Lyman, Miss Pearce and Miss Norton were asked to be patronesses. The charter members were very, very close friends and have ever remained so ..." [1]

National Presidents[link]

The late Lenore Seibel King and Carrie Washburne Staehle have been recognized as Presidents Emerita.

Values[link]

Purpose[link]

The Purpose of the Sorority is to promote
the ethical, cultural, and social development
of its members, specifically:

to develop the character of each member through a study
of ethics so that she will show in all her relationships
sincerity, honesty, love and understanding;

to help each member enjoy the cultural advantages
in life so that she will know how to select those
things which are most worthwhile; and

to develop in each member the social graces to the extent
that she will be able to take her place in life with true dignity and poise.

Symbols[link]

Although Alpha Sigma Tau encourages each chapter to choose a local mascot, there are several symbols that represent all sisters.

National symbols[link]

• Colors: emerald green and gold
• Flower: yellow rose
• Jewel: white pearl
• Symbol: anchor

Sorority jewelry[link]

Badge, worn by initiated members

• Gold sorority letters on black bordered with gold. The badge may be surrounded by pearls.
• Variations for national officers:
  • National staff members may have rubies in the pin points
  • National council members may have emeralds in the pin points
  • Past and present national presidents have diamonds in the pin points

Jewelry that can be attached to Badge

• Charm displaying chapter letters
• Charm symbolizing office held in chapter
• Anchor charm symbolizing alumna status

New Member Pin, worn by new members

• Gold sorority letters intertwined vertically

Mother's Pin, worn by mothers of initiated members

• Gold sorority letters touching diagonally

Education[link]

Association of Education Sororities[link]

Alpha Sigma Tau was founded as an educational sorority and soon gained membership into the Association of Education Sororities. In 1947, AES merged with the National Panhellenic Conference, and the Sorority became a Panhellenic group.^[1]

Pine Mountain Settlement School[link]

In part due to the Sorority's educational background, Alpha Sigma Tau adopted Pine Mountain Settlement School as its national philanthropy in 1945. Each collegiate chapter supports the school annually, contributing to the success of environmental and cultural education programs.^[2]

Order of the Open Book[link]

Established in 1995, the Order of the Open Book is a national honor society recognizing academic excellence among Alpha Sigma Tau sisters. Members may join as undergraduate or graduate students.^[3]

Grade point average[link]

At the 2008 National Convention, the Sorority raised the minimum collegiate GPA from 2.3 to 2.5. All sisters joining after the fall 2008 semester are required to meet this national standard.^[4]

Philanthropy and Service[link]

Alpha Sigma Tau has a long history of philanthropy and community service. The Sorority's official philanthropy is Pine Mountain Settlement School, and its official service project is Habitat for Humanity. Additionally, individual collegiate and alumnae chapters coordinate local philanthropic fundraisers and service projects.^[5]

Pine Mountain Settlement School[link]

Alpha Sigma Tau adopted Pine Mountain Settlement School as its national philanthropy in 1945.

At its founding, Pine Mountain Settlement School was a leader in rural educational standards, creating a forerunner of what is now famously known as the Head Start curriculum.^[6] Today, Pine Mountain Settlement School serves as an environmental education center and provides educational outreach services, such as summer reading camps and after-school tutoring, to the poverty-stricken Appalachian community in located in Harlan County, Kentucky.^[2]

On December 4, 1991, Pine Mountain Settlement School became a National Historic Landmark, noted for "[launching] one of the most important efforts to adopt the urban settlement house to a rural community."^[7]

Charitable contributions[link]

The first pledge classes of Alpha Sigma Tau sent much-needed school supplies. Today, the growing sorority is able to contribute much more, including a tractor, a fifteen-passenger van, a walk-in refrigerator, a heavy-duty washer and dryer, a commercial cooking range, furnaces, furnishings, renovations, and thousands of dollars per year.^[2]

Habitat for Humanity[link]

Alpha Sigma Tau adopted Habitat for Humanity as its national service project in June 2004.

Alpha Sigma Tau members contribute to Habitat for Humanity in various ways, including partnering to build houses with and for families in need, thus expanding upon the Sorority's creed "to contribute to the progress of mankind."^[9]

Habitat campaigns[link]

In 2005, all Alpha Sigma Tau chapters participated in Hope Through Change, which raised money for Habitat for Humanity International to help rebuild following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. After Hurricane Katrina, Alpha Sigma Tau chapters rallied to Operation Home Delivery. In April 2007, Alpha Sigma Tau chapters across the nation supported Habitat for Humanity's Act! Speak! Build! Week.

Alpha Sigma Tau National Foundation, Inc.[link]

According to the foundation's mission statement, "The Alpha Sigma Tau National Foundation, Inc. was established to promote the acquisition, development and disbursement of charitable contributions from donors to promote and fulfill the educational and philanthropic programs of the Sorority."^[10]

Philanthropic goals[link]

Incorporated in 1982, the foundation provides a variety of resources, including:

• Over 30 scholarships^[11] and 1 grant per year
• Opportunity to support a charitable project
• Permanent headquarters for the Sorority
• Place for the storage and display of Alpha Sigma Tau's historical records
• Educational programming at the chapter, Regional Leadership Workshop, and National Convention levels

Publications[link]

THE ANCHOR is the Sorority magazine, published twice annually. Its articles pertain to Alpha Sigma Tau, Greek life, and other issues affecting women today.^[12]

Alpha Sig-Nal is a monthly newsletter distributed to National Staff and to chapters, both collegiate and alumnae. This bulletin relays messages from National Council and Staff and discusses upcoming events and other items of importance to the Sorority.^[12]

Focusing on alumnae news, THE CREST is published at least biannually^[13] and is viewable online.

National Headquarters[link]

National Headquarters is the home of the Sorority's archives and publications. Photographs, awards, and other historical documents are on display. Additionally, Headquarters can connect people with collegiate and alumnae chapters, National Council and Staff, and the Alpha Sigma Tau National Foundation, Inc.^[14]

The original location of the National Headquarters was St. Louis, Missouri. This was adopted in 1949 by National President Dorothy Robinson. National Headquarters was relocated to Birmingham, Alabama, in 1994.^[14]

As of Spring 2010, Alpha Sigma Tau moved its National Headquarters to Indianapolis, Indiana, the home of over 30 other Greek organizations.

Active chapters and colonies[link]

Alumnae[link]

Notable alumnae[link]

• Colleen Coffey (Delta Eta) - Co-Author of I Heart Recruitment: The Eight Steps to Limitless Possibility for Sororities^[15][16]
• Gwen Frostic (Alpha) - Nature artist and environmentalist; Inducted into Michigan Women's Hall of Fame^[17]
• Jessica Furrer (Upsilon) - Miss Arkansas USA 2005; Semi-finalist in Miss USA 2005^[18]
• Jessica Gendron (Beta Pi) - Co-Author of I Heart Recruitment: The Eight Steps to Limitless Possibility for Sororities^[15]
• Katie Heil (Alpha Xi)- Member of Pittsburgh Passion American football team^[19]
• Terri Utley (Upsilon) - Miss Arkansas USA 1982; Winner of Miss USA 1982^{[20][dubious – discuss]}

Alumnae associations[link]

Alpha Sigma Taus all over the United States participate in alumnae associations. These associations include alumnae chapters, clubs, social teams, support teams, and hope groups.^[21]

Anchor Chapter[link]

Alumnae sisters who live more than fifty miles from an active alumnae association are invited to join the Anchor Chapter or to form their own association with local alumnae.^[21][22]

Emerald Chapter[link]

In addition to joining a local association or the Anchor Chapter, alumnae may be invited to join the Emerald Chapter. The requirements for becoming a member of the Emerald Chapter include serving a minimum of four years as National Council or Staff or attending a minimum of three National Conventions.^[23]

Networking[link]

According to The New York Times, an increasing number of women are gaining professional networks through their sorority ties. To explain the growing connection, the newspaper cites a United States Department of Labor statistic of 21.4 million women in management and hiring positions in 2002 as compared with 14.7 million a decade before.^[24]

In keeping with this trend, the Sorority launched an online network in 2007. The network, called inCircle, aims to connect alumnae and collegiate members both socially and professionally.^[25]

Footnotes[link]

External links[link]

• Alpha Sigma Tau
• Alpha Sigma Tau National Foundation, Inc.
• Pine Mountain Settlement School
• Habitat for Humanity

Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station, China

Chunyun (traditional Chinese: 春運; simplified Chinese: 春运; pinyin: Chūnyùn), also referred to as the Spring Festival travel season or the Chunyun period, is a period of travel in China with extremely high traffic load around the time of the Chinese New Year. The period usually begins 15 days before the Lunar New Year's Day and lasts for around 40 days. The number of passenger journeys during the Chunyun period has exceeded the population of China, hitting over 2 billion in 2008.^[1] It has been called the largest annual human migration in the world.^[2] Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period, and myriad social problems have emerged.

Origin[link]

Temporary ticket offices in the square outside of Hefei Railway Station, open for the Year 2011 chunyun period

Three main factors are responsible for the heightened traffic load during the Chunyun period.

First, it is a long-held tradition for most Chinese people to reunite with their families during Chinese New Year. People return home from work or study to have Reunion dinner with their families on New Year's Eve. Since the Chinese economic reforms of the late 1970s, new economic opportunities have emerged, often at a considerable distance from people's hometowns. Places such as the Special Economic Zones and the wealthy coastal regions offer employment and often, a more sought-after lifestyle. Consequently, there has been a massive migration from rural to urban areas over the course of the last few decades, reminiscent of other industrial revolutions around the world. The number of these migrant workers was estimated at 50 million at 1990 and unofficially estimated at 150 million to 200 million in 2000.^[3] During the Chunyun period, many of these laborers return to their home towns.

Second, Chinese education reforms have increased the number of university students, who often study outside of their hometown. The Spring Festival holiday period falls around the same time frame as their winter break.^[4] Among the 194 million railway passengers of the 2006 Chunyun period were 6.95 million university students.^[5]

Finally, because the Spring Festival Period is among the two week-long holiday periods in the People's Republic of China (the other being National Day, Oct 1), many people choose to travel for pleasure around this time. Tourism in mainland China is reaching record levels, further adding to the pressure on the transportation system.

These factors exacerbate current problems with China's current inter-city transportation systems. The railway network is insufficient to handle the number of passengers, and does not reach enough places. The locations not serviced by rail must rely on bus transport, which faces problems such as inadequate equipment and road network.

Impact on transportation systems and related problems[link]

The most affected modes of transportation are inter-city surface passenger transportation systems, namely railway and road networks. Most Chinese middle-class citizens cannot readily afford air transport. International, urban and waterway transportation are slightly affected.^[6] Until 2007, due to the high demand, the prices of tickets are increased during the period.^[7] In 2007's Chunyun period (Feb 4-March 14), however, the government imposed strict regulations against inflated prices on railway tickets.

Railway and buses[link]

The Ministry of Railways estimated that 340 million passengers would take trains during the 2009 Chunyun period. However, the average daily capacity of the Chinese railway system is 3.4 million. The shortage of railway resources led many passengers to pay double or even triple-priced tickets from scalpers or to wait in queues for upwards of a day's time at railway stations.

A Chinese railway ticket from 2006

Because of the extremely long waiting period, many customers become frustrated and search for solutions to jump the line, often resulting in conflict. Fighting over places in line is often seen, and as people get closer to the ticket booth, much pushing and shoving ensues. The overworked ticket booth workers are generally frustrated with the repetitive and dull nature of their work, which, in most places in the country, come in long shifts every time, and therefore reflect a largely negative and frustrated image to the customers. Inquiries by customers are not always answered correctly or at all; customers are not offered many options to begin with, if time is allotted for indecision the customer is usually pushed aside by the next person in the line. The same problem is found with phone lines, which saves the anxiety of waiting in line, but are severely overloaded and the reception is often rude when a ticket agent finally picks up after several hours of waiting. In Shenzhen it is estimated that 23 days worth of tickets can be gone in a matter of 14 minutes if telephone was the only method employed. An internet system is present, but at times inadequate.

To fit demand, hundreds of "temporary trains" (Linke) and hundreds of thousands of temporary buses are operated during this period, the number of ticket offices is increased and selling periods are extended to cope with the demand, with temporary booths springing up. Batch orders from schools and factories are organized to distribute tickets ahead of time. These measures, however, are generally inadequate and often tampered with. For example, during the 2005 Chunyun period, the ticket offices in Shenzhen had tens of telephone lines, and at times got millions of calls per hour. In the Guangzhou area, the number of calls reached 19.91 million per hour. Guangzhou Railway Group increased the number of telephone lines at their ticket offices to 8,000 in the 2006 Chunyun period.

Due to the basic nature of Chinese railway tickets and the loosely set limitations on the number of "standing tickets" (which is basically a pass to get on a crowded railway car), Scalpers (piaofanzi 票贩子 or huangniu 黄牛, lit. yellow cow in Chinese) profit greatly during the Chunyun period. Organizations of scalpers have emerged, and the scalpers inside the sometimes intricate network work collectively to make the most gain out of the tickets. They pick up tickets in great numbers minutes after they go on sale, and then deal them out in and around the railway station at highly inflated prices. A significant problem has also emerged with the illegal dealing of tickets through obsolete ticket modification or even printing outright fake tickets using computer technology. Although measures have been put in place to prevent fake tickets, passengers who purchase the tickets become extremely frustrated when the authenticity of their tickets is questioned only upon arrival at the ticket validation officer, what would be minutes before boarding the train. Because of the worsening nature of the problem, the government has issued many warnings and began various campaigns to crack down on the scalpers. Unfortunately, because of the complicated nature of the problem and the social networks which surround the scalper organizations, police and other authorities who are supposed to be in charge of the crackdown often become involved in the illicit activity themselves, and take many bribes from the scalpers.

There has also developed a significant safety risk during the Chunyun season. Theft, robbery, fraud and other crimes are the most flagrant during the time period. Passenger supervision and checks on luggage become stricter. The common belief in the safety of railway travel is undermined by the fact that many railway cars are severely overcrowded. Bus companies, in order to gain a bigger profit, overwork the bus drivers on irregular schedules, overloading people every round, causing a higher accident rate. Trains also face a problem with scheduling, as an overcrowded network cannot ensure the overall accuracy of train schedules, and some trains are habitually late hours at a time, cause unease and frustration with passengers. The government has taken to passing legislation to regulate late trains, and make a public notice and apology for late trains mandatory.

The passenger flow during the Chunyun period is usually imbalanced. Before the Spring Festival, passengers usually gather in developed coastal cities, railway interchange cities such as Beijing and Guangzhou, and basically flow from urban to rural areas. The passenger flow direction is reversed after the Spring Festival. In addition, passenger flow is very sensitive to disruption, such as bad weather.^[8] In 2007, round-trip train tickets will be available for college students.^[9]

Severe snow storms in late January 2008 stranded many thousands of migrant workers as they attempted to get home. At one time over 100,000 people were at the main railway station in the southern city of Guangzhou.^[10] Around 1.3 million troops and reservists were drafted in around the country to clear blocked roads and rail lines to enable people to travel.

"Real name and ID" requirement for train tickets[link]

Despite initial opposition from the Chinese Ministry of Railways, train tickets were upgraded in late 2009 to accommodate QR codes on a ticket, thus enabling personal information to be stored. This would link the ticket with its legal purchaser, paving the way for a "real name and ID" requirement to be implemented. Such a policy went into effect on a trial basis beginning early 2010 (for the duration of the Chunyun period on all non-high speed trains). In 2011, the "real name and ID" requirement expanded to more cities in China, and was made permanent for the Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway even after the Chunyun period. The requirement became mandatory for all CRH high speed trains with effect from June 1, 2011 and was expanded to nearly all passenger trains on January 1, 2012.^[11] It is now policy for station staff and rail police to check all riders against their document of identity and to deny boarding to those without a ticket or with no linked ID.

As a result, stations that see large passenger flow, such as the Beijing West Railway Station, are obliged to set up extra ticket inspection counters to allow only legal holders of train tickets to enter the waiting area or the station area at all, especially during the Spring Festival travel peak. The result has been a requirement for more passengers to arrive earlier at stations. It did not completely eradicate scalpers, but did reduce their activity significantly.

Air[link]

Air transportation is less affected as most travelers are workers who cannot afford air transport, but nevertheless the Chunyun impact is increasing. In 2008 roughly 28 million passengers used air transportation as their method of travel inside China. Xiamen Airlines, for example, added nearly 210 flights to its roster during the Chunyun period, with thirty flights especially placed to Hong Kong and Macau and another ten flights to international destinations in Southeast Asia and Korea. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China were also permitted during this period before regular year-round flights were established.^[12] To prevent accidents in the air, the Chinese government has brought in very strict regulations on not overloading planes. The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) estimates at least 36 million passengers will fly during the 2009 Chunyun period.^[13]

Taiwan[link]

In Taiwan, spring travel is also a major event. The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is north-south direction long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in rural south. Transportations in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and islands are less convenient. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China begin in 2003 as part of Three Links, mostly for "Taiwanese businessmen" to return to Taiwan for new year.

The majority of transportation before the Eve in western Taiwan is southbound long distance travel, in which people travel from urbanized north to the hometowns in rural south. After the Eve there are a lot of family local tours throughout the holidays. On the second and the third day, there is a second wave of medium-long distance travels when the families go to the hometowns of the wives. Near the end of holidays there is a wave of northbound returning travels which is less concentrated than the southbound travels. In 2012 on the second day of the lunar new year there are estimated 3 million cars on the island's freeways, and on the 8th day (the Friday of the holiday week) there are "2.7 million vehicles, about 1.7 times the average daily traffic volume of about 1.6 million." ^[14]

See also[link]

China portal

• Golden Week (China)

References[link]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• M.W.H., Railroad in the clouds, Trains March 2002
• Chinese internet film director Hu Ge has made a parody film about the phenomenon.

External links[link]

• Peak passenger flow challenges transport capacity
• A China-Size Travel Delay
• Chunyun tests gov't ability to administer
• China's "Chunyun" begins today
• Spring Festival travel season starts
• 2007 Chunyun: SINA Special News Coverage

Alexander Rich, MD (American; born 15 November 1924 in Hartford, Connecticut^[1]) is a biologist and biophysicist. He is the William Thompson Sedgwick Professor of Biophysics at MIT (since 1958) and Harvard Medical School. Dr. Rich earned both an A.B. (magna cum laude) and an M.D. (cum laude) from Harvard University. He was a post-doc of Linus Pauling along with James Watson. He has over 600 publications to his name.

Rich is married to Jane Erving Rich and they have four chilren: Benjamin E., Josiah D., Rebecca B., Jessica J.^[1]

Rich is the founder of Alkermes and has been its director since 1987. Dr. Rich is Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors of Repligen Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company. He is also a member of the Board of Directors for Profectus BioSciences, Inc. He also serves on the editorial board of Genomics and the Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.

In 1963, Rich discovered polysomes: clusters of ribosomes which read one strand of mRNA simultaneously.^[2]

In 1979, Rich and co-workers at MIT grew a crystal of Z-DNA.^[3] This was the first crystal structure of any form of DNA. After 26 years of attempts, Rich et al. finally crystallised the junction box of B- and Z-DNA. Their results were published in an October 2005 Nature journal.^[4] Whenever Z-DNA forms, there must be two junction boxes that allow the flip back to the canonical B-form of DNA.

List of awards and prizes received[link]

• a member of the National Academy of Sciences (appointed 17 April 1978)^[1]
• a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• a member of the Philosophical Society
• a member of the French Academy of Sciences
• a member of the Institute of Medicine
• a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of U.S. Genomics, Inc.
• President Bill Clinton recognized his outstanding scientific achievements with the National Medal of Science in 1995.
• The Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2000)
• 2001 William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
• 2008 Welch Award in Chemistry: "For outstanding contributions to the understanding of the chemical and biochemical mechanisms in maintaining a living cell".^[5]

Awards and prizes[link]

• Sigma Xi Proctor Prize, Raleigh, NC (2001)
• Bower Award and Prize, the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA (2000)
• National Medal of Science, Washington, DC (1995)
• Linus Pauling Medal, American Chemical Society, Northwest Sections (1995)
• Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award in Basic Biomedical Research, Brandeis Univ., Waltham, MA (1983)
• James R. Killian Faculty Achievement Award, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1980) *Presidential Award, New York Academy of Science, New York, NY (1977)
• Theodore van Karmen Award for Viking Mars Mission, Washington, DC (1976)
• Skylab Achievement Award, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (1974)

Academies[link]

• Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (1994)
• Honorary Member, Japanese Biochemical Society, Tokyo, Japan (1986)
• Foreign Member, French Academy of Sciences, Paris, France (1984)
• Honorary Doctorate, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1981)
• American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA (1980)
• Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1978)
• National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (1970)
• Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC (1965)
• Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation (1963)
• Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, MA (1959)
• Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1949-51).

References[link]

Selected publications[link]

• Brown BA II, Lowenhaupt K, Wilbert CM, Hanlon EB, Rich A (2000). "The Za domain of the editing enzyme dsRNA adenosine deaminase binds left-handed Z-RNA as well as Z-DNA". Proc Nat'l Acad Sci USA 97 (25): 13531–13586. JSTOR 2666404. 
• Kim Y-G, Lowenhaupt K, Maas S, Herbert A, Schwartz T, Rich A (2000). "The Zab domain of the human RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 recognizes Z-DNA when surrounded by B-DNA". J Biol Chem 275 (35): 26828–26833. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M003477200. PMID 10843996. 
• Schwartz T, Rould MA, Lowenhaupt K, Herbert A, Rich A (1999). "Crystal structure of the Za domain of the human editing enzyme ADAR1 bound to left-handed Z-DNA". Science 284 (5421): 1841–1845. DOI:10.1126/science.284.5421.1841. PMID 10364558. 

External links[link]

• Rich Laboratory website
• Letter from Francis Crick to Alexander Rich (5 December 1974)