Malé މާލެ
—  City  —
Malé harbour
Coordinates: 4°10′31″N 73°30′32″E / 4.17528°N 73.50889°E / 4.17528; 73.50889Coordinates: 4°10′31″N 73°30′32″E / 4.17528°N 73.50889°E / 4.17528; 73.50889
Country	Maldives
Geographic atoll	North Malé Atoll
Government
• Mayor	Maizan Ali Maniku
Area
• Total	5.789 km2 (2.235 sq mi)
Population (2006)
• Total	103,693
• Density	18,000/km2 (46,000/sq mi)

Malé (/ˈmɑːl.eɪ/; /məːle/; Dhivehi: މާލެ), is the capital and most populous city in the Republic of Maldives. It is located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll (Kaafu Atoll). It is also one of the Administrative divisions of the Maldives. Traditionally it was the King's Island, from where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties ruled and where the palace was located. The city was also called Mahal. Formerly it was a walled city surrounded by fortifications and gates (doroshi). The Royal Palace (Gan'duvaru) was destroyed along with the picturesque forts (kotte) and bastions (buruzu) when the city was remodelled under President Ibrahim Nasir's rule after the abolition of the monarchy. However, the beautifully decorated Malé Hukuru Miskiy remains. In recent years, the island has been considerably expanded through landfilling operations. Over the years there have been many coup attempts and protests centered in Male as a result of demand for greater democracy in the Maldives.^{[citation needed]}

Overview[link]

The Malé skyline, taken in 2005

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Although Malé is geographically located in Male, Kaafu Atoll, administratively it is not considered part of it. The central part of the city is formed by Malé Island. Three more islands are part of the city. A commercial harbour is located on Malé Island. It is the heart of all commercial activities in the country.

The central island is heavily urbanized, with the built-up area taking up essentially its entire landmass. Slightly less than one third of the nation's population lives in the capital city, and the population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to 100,000 people in 2006. Many, if not most, Maldivians and foreign workers in Maldives find themselves in occasional short term residence on the island since it is the only entry point to the nation and the centre of all administration and bureaucracy.

Culture[link]

Male is a conservative Muslim city. Although tourists visiting the outer island resorts may feel the country is very westernized, the City of Male itself is very different.^{[citation needed]}

Economy[link]

Maldivian, the airline of the Maldives, has its head office in Malé.^[1] In addition, the airline FlyMe has its headquarters on the fifth floor of the Villa House in Malé.^[2]

Climate[link]

Malé has a tropical wet and dry climate under the Koppen climate classification. The city features wet and dry seasons, with the wet season lasting from May through December and the dry season covering the remaining four months. Unlike a number of cities with this climate, Malé experiences relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius and average low temperatures of 27 degrees Celsius. The city averages slightly more than 1600 mm of precipitation annually.

Subdivisions[link]

The city is divided into six divisions, four of which are on Malé Island: Henveiru, Galolhu, Maafannu and Macchangolhi. The nearby island of Vilingili, formerly a tourist resort and prior to that a prison, is the fifth division (Vilimalé). The sixth division is Hulhumalé, an artificial island settled since 2004. In addition, the airport Island Hulhule is part of the city. There are plans for creating a port island on Gulhi Falu reef.^[5]

The Island of Malé is the equal fourth most densely populated island in the world, and it is the 168th most populous island in the world. Since there is no surrounding countryside, all infrastructure has to be located in the city itself. Water is provided from desalinated ground water; the water works pumps brackish water from 50-60m deep wells in the city and desalinates that using reverse osmosis.^[6] Electric power is generated in the city using diesel generators.^[7] Sewage is pumped unprocessed into the sea.^[8] Solid waste is transported to nearby islands, where it is used to fill in lagoons. The airport was built in this way, and currently the Thilafushi lagoon is being filled in.^[9][10]

Many government buildings and agencies are located on the waterfront. Malé International Airport is on adjacent Hulhule Island which includes a seaplane base for internal transportation. Several land reclamation projects have expanded the harbour.

The Islamic Centre, housing the main mosque Masjid-al-Sultan Mohammed Thakurufaanu-al-A'z'am of Malé

Sultans Gardens Park

Etymology[link]

The name Malé is taken from the word महालय "Mahaalay" which has come from the Sanskrit language.^{[citation needed]} The name is derived from मह maha, meaning "big" or "great" and आलय aalay meaning house.^{[citation needed]} Generally the word Mahaalay is used for the palace of a king or capital (king's island) in Sanskrit, e.g. Mahaalay of King Asok.^[11] However, the folktale below suggests a different origin of the name.

The whole island group, the Maldives, is named after its capital. The word "Maldives" means "The islands (dives) of Malé'".^[12]

Origins of Malé[link]

The first settlers in the Maldive islands were Dravidian people^[13] from the nearest shores, which are in the modern Indian Subcontinent and coastal Ceylon. Comparative studies of Maldivian linguistic, oral and other cultural traditions, in addition to folklore, point to a strong Dravidian influence on Maldivian society, centered in Malé, from ancient times. The people of Giraavaru, an island located in Malé Atoll (now a tourist resort, after the forced diaspora of its inhabitants) claim to descend from the first settlers of the Maldives, ancient Tamils.^[14]

It is said that Giraavaru fishermen used to go regularly to a certain large sandbank (finolhu) at the southern end of their atoll to clean tuna fish after a good catch. Owing to the large amount of tuna fish offal and blood, the waters around that sandbank looked like a big pool of blood (maa ley gandeh). "Maa" (from the Sanskrit मह "Maha"), meaning big, and "Lē" meaning blood. Traditionally the first inhabitants of the Maldives, which include the Giravaru people, didn't have kings. They lived in a simple society and were ruled by local headmen. But one day a prince from the Subcontinent called Koimala arrived to Malé Atoll sailing from the North on a big ship. The people of Giraavaru spotted his vessel from afar and welcomed him. They allowed Prince Koimala to settle on that large sandbank in the midst of the waters tainted with fish blood. Trees were planted on the sandbank and it is said that the first tree that grew on it was the papaya tree. However this could refer to any tree that bears edible fruit as the archaic Dhivehi word (and Mahal word even today) for fruit was the same as that for the papaya (falhoa).^[15] As time went by the local islanders accepted the rule of this Northern Prince. A palace was built and the island was formally named Maa-le (Malé), while the nearest island was named Hulhu-le.

The names of the main four wards or divisions of Malé Island are said to have been given by the aboriginal Giraavaru fishermen: Maafannu from "maa" (big) and "fannu" (a place where a village path meets the sea), Henveiru from "en-beyru" (out where fishermen got their bait), Galolhu from "galu-olhu" (stone groove) and, Macchangolhi from "mathi-angolhi" (windward path-fork).

The modern-day city was founded as a trading post by the Portuguese in the 16th century.

Sister cities[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

• Djibouti City, Djibouti

See also[link]

Maldives portal

• Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on the Maldives
• Hulhumalé

Footnotes[link]

• Gulhifalhu.com

References[link]

• H. C. P. Bell, The Maldive Islands, An account of the physical features, History, Inhabitants, Productions and Trade. Colombo 1883, ISBN 81-206-1222-1
• H.C.P. Bell, The Maldive Islands; Monograph on the History, Archaeology and Epigraphy. Reprint Colombo 1940. Council for Linguistic and Historical Research. Male’ 1989
• H.C.P. Bell, Excerpta Maldiviana. Reprint Asian Educational Services. New Delhi 2002
• Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5

External links[link]

Media related to Malé at Wikimedia Commons

Links to related articles v t e Capitals of Asia West and Southwest Asia Central Asia East Asia Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) Amman, Jordan Ankara, Turkey 8 Baghdad, Iraq Baku, Azerbaijan 8 Beirut, Lebanon Damascus, Syria Doha, Qatar Episkopi, Akrotiri and Dhekelia 7 Jerusalem, proclaimed for both Israel and Palestine 6 7 Kabul, Afghanistan 1 Kuwait City, Kuwait Manama, Bahrain Muscat, Oman Nicosia, Cyprus 7 Ramallah, Palestine Temporary Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Sana'a, Yemen Tbilisi, Georgia 8 Tehran, Iran Jerusalem, Israel Yerevan, Armenia 7 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Astana, Kazakhstan 8 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan  South Asia Dhaka, Bangladesh Islamabad, Pakistan Kathmandu, Nepal Kotte, Colombo, Sri Lanka 3 Malé, Maldives New Delhi, India Thimphu, Bhutan Beijing, People's Republic of China (PRC) Pyongyang, North Korea Seoul, South Korea Tokyo, Japan Taipei, Taiwan 2 Ulan Bator, Mongolia 1  Southeast Asia Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Bangkok, Thailand Dili, East Timor 10 Hanoi, Vietnam Jakarta, Indonesia Kuala Lumpur 4 and Putrajaya,5 Malaysia Manila, Philippines Naypyidaw, Burma Phnom Penh, Cambodia Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 9 Singapore, Singapore Vientiane, Laos 1 Often considered part of Central Asia.  2 Officially the Republic of China (ROC).  3 Full name is Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte.  4 Formal.   5 Administrative.  6 See Positions on Jerusalem for details on Jerusalem's status.  7 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  8 Transcontinental country.  9 Entirely in Melanesia but having socio-political connections with Southeast Asia. 10 Classified as Melanesia according to some definitions.   v t e Administrative Divisions of the Maldives Capital Malé Mathi-Uthuru (Upper North) Haa Alif Haa Dhaalu Shaviyani Uthuru (North) Noonu Raa Baa Lhaviyani Medhu-Uthuru (North Central) Kaafu Alif Alif Alif Dhaal Vaavu Medhu (Central) Meemu Faafu Dhaalu Mathi-Dhekunu (Upper South) Thaa Laamu Medhu-Dhekunu (South Central) Gaafu Alif Gaafu Dhaalu Dhekunu (South) Gnaviyani Addu v t e Inhabited islands of the Maldives Northern Thiladhunmathi/Haa Alif Atoll Baarah · Berinmadhoo[1]  · Dhiddhoo · Filladhoo · Hathifushi[1]  · Hoarafushi · Ihavandhoo · Kelaa · Maarandhoo · Mulhadhoo · Muraidhoo · Thakandhoo · Thuraakunu · Uligamu  · Utheemu  · Vashafaru Haa Dhaalu Atoll Faridhoo[1] · Finey · Hanimaadhoo · Hirimaradhoo · Kunburudhoo[1] · Kulhudhuffushi · Kumundhoo  · Kurinbi · Maavaidhoo[1] · Makunudhoo · Naivaadhoo · Nellaidhoo · Neykurendhoo · Nolhivaram · Nolhivaranfaru · Vaikaradhoo Shaviyani Atoll Bileffahi  · Feevah · Feydhoo · Firinbaidhoo[1]  · Foakaidhoo · Funadhoo · Goidhoo · Kanditheemu · Komandoo · Lhaimagu · Maakandoodhoo[1] · Maaungoodhoo · Maroshi · Milandhoo · Narudhoo · Noomaraa Noonu Atoll Foddhoo · Henbandhoo · Holhudhoo · Kendhikolhudhoo · Kudafaree · Landhoo · Lhohi · Maafaru · Maalhendhoo · Magoodhoo · Manadhoo · Miladhoo · Velidhoo Raa Atoll Alifushi · Angolhitheemu · Dhuvaafaru  · Fainu · Hulhudhuffaaru · Inguraidhoo · Innamaadhoo · Kandholhudhoo[1] · Kinolhas · Maakurathu · Maduvvaree · Meedhoo · Rashgetheemu · Rasmaadhoo · Ungoofaaru Vaadhoo Baa Atoll Dharavandhoo · Dhonfanu · Eydhafushi · Fehendhoo · Fulhadhoo Goidhoo · Hithaadhoo · Kamadhoo · Kendhoo · Kihaadhoo · Kudarikilu  · Maalhos · Thulhaadhoo Lhaviyani Atoll Felivaru[2]  · Hinnavaru · Kurendhoo · Maafilaafushi[2] · Naifaru · Olhuvelifushi Kaafu Atoll Dhiffushi · Gaafaru · Gulhi Guraidhoo · Himmafushi · Huraa · Kaashidhoo · Maafushi · Thulusdhoo Alif Alif Atoll Bodufulhadhoo · Feridhoo · Himandhoo · Maalhos · Mathiveri · Rasdhoo · Thoddoo · Ukulhas Alif Dhaal Atoll Dhangethi · Dhiddhoo · Dhigurah · Fenfushi · Haggnaameedhoo · Kunburudhoo · Maamingili · Mahibadhoo · Mandhoo Omadhoo Vaavu Atoll Felidhoo · Fulidhoo · Keyodhoo · Rakeedhoo · Thinadhoo Meemu Atoll Dhiggaru · Kolhufushi  · Maduvvaree · Mulah  · Muli · Naalaafushi · Raimmandhoo · Veyvah Faafu Atoll Bileddhoo · Dharanboodhoo · Feeali · Magoodhoo · Nilandhoo Dhaalu Atoll Bandidhoo · Gemendhoo[1] · Hulhudheli · Kudahuvadhoo · Maaenboodhoo · Meedhoo · Rinbudhoo Vaanee Thaa Atoll Burunee · Dhiyamingili · Gaadhiffushi · Guraidhoo · Hirilandhoo · Kandoodhoo · Kinbidhoo · Madifushi · Omadhoo · Thimarafushi · Vandhoo · Veymandoo · Vilufushi Laamu Atoll Dhanbidhoo · Fonadhoo · Gaadhoo · Gan · Hithadhoo · Isdhoo[3] · Kalhaidhoo [3] Kunahandhoo · Maabaidhoo · Maamendhoo · Maavah · Mundoo Gaafu Alif Atoll Dhaandhoo · Dhevvadhoo · Dhiyadhoo[1] · Gemanafushi · Kanduhulhudhoo · Kolamaafushi · Kondey · Maamendhoo · Nilandhoo · Vilingili Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Fares-Maathodaa · Fiyoaree · Gaddhoo · Hoandeddhoo · Madaveli · Nadellaa · Rathafandhoo · Thinadhoo · Vaadhoo Gnaviyani Atoll Fuvammulah Addu/Seenu Atoll Feydhoo  · Hithadhoo · Hulhudhoo  · Hulhudhoo-Meedhoo  · Maradhoo · Maradhoo-Feydhoo  · Meedhoo ^ a b c d e f g h i j Underwent population relocation. Currently uninhabited. ^ a b Although inhabited, no residents registered to the island. (No local government elected.) ^ a b Administratively known as Isdhoo-Kalaidhoo. The capitals of each atoll are in bold. This list excludes the capital, Malé along with Hulhumalé and Vilimalé.

Jordi Savall
Background information
Birth name	Jordi Savall i Bernadet
Born	January 14, 1942 Igualada, Catalonia
Genres	Classical
Occupations	Gambist
Instruments	Viola da gamba, viola da braccio
Website	http://www.alia-vox.com/

Jordi Savall i Bernadet (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈʒɔrði səˈβaʎ]; born January 14, 1942, in Igualada, Catalonia) is a Catalan viol player, conductor and composer. He has been one of the major figures in the field of Western early music since the 1970s, largely responsible for bringing the viol (viola da gamba) back to life on the stage. His characteristic repertory ranges from Medieval to Renaissance and Baroque music, though he has occasionally ventured into the classical or even the romantic period.

Musical education[link]

Savall's musical training started at the age of six in the school choir of his native town (1947–55). After completion of training at the Barcelona Conservatory of Music (1959–65), he specialised in early music, collaborating with Ars Musicae Barcelona of Enric Gispert and studying under August Wenzinger at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in Basel, Switzerland (1968–70). In 1974 he succeeded Wenzinger as professor of viola da gamba at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis.

Ensembles[link]

In 1974 he formed the ensemble Hespèrion XX (known since 2000 as Hespèrion XXI), together with the soprano Montserrat Figueras (his wife, who died in 2011), Lorenzo Alpert and Hopkinson Smith. Hespèrion XX favoured a style of interpretation characterised by great musical vitality and, at the same time, ultimate historical accuracy.

Jordi Savall with viol

In 1987 he returned to Barcelona to found La Capella Reial de Catalunya, a vocal ensemble devoted to music from before the 18th century.

In 1989 Savall created Le Concert des Nations, an orchestra which is generally dedicated to music from the baroque period, but sometimes also performs music from the classical or romantic repertoire (e.g. Sinfonía Grande Orquesta by Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga).

More recently, Savall has performed with his family. The Savall family ensemble has included Jordi Savall's late wife, Montserrat Figueras, and their two children, Arianna and Ferran. Arianna Savall plays the harp and sings, like her mother. Ferran Savall plays the theorbo (bass lute) and sings (not only with his family but also in jazz clubs in Barcelona).^[1]

Recordings[link]

Savall's discography includes more than 100 recordings. Originally recording with EMI Classics, and then from 1975 with the Astrée label of Michel Bernstein, since 1998 he has released his records under his own label, Alia Vox.^[2]

Honours and awards[link]

In 2000 Savall was awarded the Premi d'Honor Lluís Carulla, given for service to Catalan culture or for scientific, cultural or civic works in the Catalan language.

He was awarded the Doctor Honoris Causa degree by the University of Barcelona on 27 November 2006.

He was twice nominated for a Grammy, and won the 2011 Grammy Award for 'Best Small Ensemble Performance' for Dinastia Borja. Església i poder al Renaixement.

In 2008 Savall was appointed a European Union ambassador for intercultural dialogue. In June 2008 he and his wife, Montserrat Figueras, were named "Artists for Peace" by UNESCO.^[3]

In February, 2009 he received the Handel Music Prize from the city of Halle, Germany, and the National Music Prize from the National Council of Music and Arts of Catalonia. In 2010, he was given the Praetorius Musikpreis Niedersachsen and a MIDEM Classical Award, for his album "Jerusalem –La ville des deux Paix: La paix céleste et la paix terrestre."^[4]

In 2012 Savall was awarded the Léonie Sonning Music Prize.^[5]

Filmography[link]

Savall adapted and performed music for the 1991 Alain Corneau film, Tous les matins du monde. His work on this film earned him a César award from the French film industry in 1992. The soundtrack has sold more than a million copies worldwide.

As a composer, Jordi Savall has written music for the following films:

• (1991) Tous les matins du monde (All the Mornings of the World) by Alain Corneau
• (1993) El Pajaro de la felicidad (The Bird of Happiness) by Pilar Miró
• (1993) Joan the Maiden, Part 1: The Battles by Jacques Rivette
• (1994) Joan the Maiden, Part 2: The Prisons by Jacques Rivette
• (1997) Hosszú alkony (i.e. Long Dusk) by Attila Janisch
• (1997) Marquise by Vera Belmont
• (1998) Top Secret by Jacques Rivette

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jordi Savall

• Alia-vox.com, Jordi Savall's official website.
• Complete discography at Medieval.org
• The private website Classic @ la carte is devoted primarily to Jordi Savall's works.
• Misteria Paschalia Festival
• [2]

Jiří Suchý
Jiří Suchý (2009)
Born	(1931-10-01) 1 October 1931 (age 80) Plzeň
Occupation	actor, writer, stage actor, poet, lyricist, composer, artist

Jiří Suchý (born 1 October 1931)^[1] is a Czech film actor, writer and stage actor. He also writes music. Currently he is the owner of the theatre Semafor in Prague where he has performed for many years and helped establish in 1959.^[2]

See also[link]

• Tante Cose da Veder with Petr Hapka, Michal Horáček & Ondřej Brzobohatý

References[link]

This Czech biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (May 2010) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Coumba Gawlo Seck}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Coumba Gawlo Seck is a Senegalese singer-songwriter and composer who was born in February 1972 in Tivaouane. She is the second best selling Senegalese singer in Senegal after Youssou N'Dour.^{[citation needed]} Her greatest success was a version of Pata Pata, a platinum single which was number one for two weeks in Belgium and sold 50,000 copies one day in France in 1998.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

• Coumba Gawlo at Allmusic

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