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![Wanna know what happens when a senator endorses Romney at the Alaska State Convention? [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121226170703im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LNcDCaFFlw8/default.jpg "April 27, 2012. Alaskan Delegates show it's time for US senator Barrasso to get with the program after he says")
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Alabama
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
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Alaska
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Alaska Interior
The Alaska Interior covers most of the U.S. state's territory. It is largely wilderness. Mountains include Mount McKinley in the Alaska Range, the Wrangell Mountains, and the Ray Mountains.
The largest city in the interior is Fairbanks, Alaska's second-largest city, in the Tanana Valley. Other towns include North Pole, just southeast of Fairbanks, Eagle, Tok, Glennallen, Delta Junction, Nenana, Anderson, Healy and Cantwell.
Interior Alaska experiences extreme seasonal temperature variability. Winter temperatures in Fairbanks average −12 °F (−24 °C) and summer temperatures average +62 °F (+17 °C). Temperatures there have been recorded as low as −65 °F (−54 °C) in mid-winter, and as high as +99 °F (+37 °C) in summer. Both the highest and lowest temperature records for the state were set in the Interior, with 100 °F (38 °C) in Fort Yukon and −80 °F (−64 °C) in Prospect Creek. Temperatures within a given winter are highly variable as well; extended cold snaps of forty below zero can be followed by unseasonable warmth with temperatures above freezing due to chinook wind effects.
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Alaska North Slope
The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow, and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern.
The region contains the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, with the bulk of Alaska's known petroleum until the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered in 1968, as well as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, which itself has been the subject of controversy surrounding the possibility of petroleum drilling within its boundaries. The petroleum extracted from the region is transferred south by means of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System to Valdez on the Pacific Ocean.
Within the North Slope, only a surface "active layer" of the tundra thaws each season; most of the soil is permanently frozen year-round. On top of this permafrost, water flows to sea via shallow, braided streams or settles into pools and ponds. Along the bottom of the Landsat 7 image on the right the rugged terrain of the Brooks Range mountains is snow-covered in places (blue areas) and exposed (pink areas) in others.
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Alaska Peninsula
The Alaska Peninsula is a peninsula extending about 800 km (497 mi) to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea.
In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the northwest part of North America, or all of what is now the state of Alaska with the exception of the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Panhandle.
The Aleutian Range is a highly active volcanic mountain range which runs along the entire length of the Peninsula. Within the and Wildlife Refuges, including the Katmai National Park and Preserve, the Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve and the Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, the Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge, and the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge.
The southern side of the Alaska Peninsula is rugged and mountainous, created by the uplifting tectonic activity of the North Pacific Plate subsiding under a western section of the North American Plate; the northern side is generally flat and marshy, a result of millennia of erosion and general seismic stability. The northern and southern shores are likewise quite different. The northern Bristol Bay coastal side is generally turbid and muddy, experiences tidal extremes, and is relatively shallow; the Pacific side has relatively small tidal activity and is deep and clear.
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Alaska Senate
The Alaska Senate is the upper house in the Alaska Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Alaska. The Senate consists of twenty members, each of whom represents an equal amount of districts with populations of about 31,347 people (2000 figures). Senators serve four-year terms, without term limits. Half of the Alaska Senate is up for re-election every two years. With just twenty senators, the Alaska Senate is the smallest upper house legislative chamber in the United States.
Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal Senate, the Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions and boards.
The Senate convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau.
The President of the Senate presides over the body, appointing members to all of the Senate's committees and joint committees, and may create other committees and subcommittees if desired. Unlike many other states, the Lieutenant Governor of Alaska does not preside over the Senate. Instead, the Lieutenant Governor oversees the Alaska Division of Elections, fulfilling the role of Secretary of State. Only two other states, Hawaii and Utah, have similar constitutional arrangements for their lieutenant governors.[citation needed] The other partisan Senate leadership positions, such as the Majority and Minority leaders, are (usually) elected by their respective party caucuses to head their parties in the chamber.[citation needed]
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Alaska State Fair
The Alaska State Fair is an annual state fair held in Palmer, Alaska. USA The 2011 Alaska State Fair, which marked the event’s 75th birthday, was held August 25 to September 5 with the theme “75 Years and Growin’.”
The first Alaska State Fair was held September 4–7, 1936. It was organized by the families who moved to Alaska’s Matanuska-Susitna Valley in 1935, when the U.S. government established a farming colony there with the intent of opening up Alaska, providing food to the military in case of war, and giving families on relief a new start.
That first year’s Fair included the crowning of the Fair queen, a baby show, boxing matches, horse races, dances, a rodeo and baseball games. There were also agricultural entries, including giant cabbages, grain, carrots, onions, celery, peas and other vegetables.
During World War II, the Fair took a five-year hiatus from 1942 to 1946. But the Fair was back in operation in 1947. 1950 saw the first carnival rides at the Fair. In 1956, the Fair Board petitioned the Alaska Legislature for official designation as the Alaska State Fair. In 1960, the Fair celebrated its 25th anniversary and was paid a visit by President John F. Kennedy.
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Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands (English pronunciation: /əˈl(j)uːʃən/; possibly from Chukchi aliat, "island") are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones , forming part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900 km) westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula, thus marking a line between the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Crossing longitude 180°, they are the westernmost part of the United States (and by one definition the easternmost; see Extreme points of the United States). Nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", but at the extreme western end the small, geologically related, and remote Commander Islands are in Russia. The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Alaska Marine Highway passes through the islands.
Physiographically, they are a distinct section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division.
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Alyeska
Alyeska is an archaic spelling of the Aleut word Alaska meaning "mainland", "great country", or "great land". The American state of Alaska derives its name from this word. Alyeska is related to the word Unalaska (or Ounalashka) from the same root. Alyeska, in loose translation, also means "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed," or "that which the seas breaks against." An alpine ski area developed in the early 1960s near Girdwood took the name "Alyeska" and, in following years, the developing neighborhood of ski cabins, condominiums, and supporting facilities built an unincorporated community using the name. Located about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Anchorage (in the Municipality of Anchorage), Alyeska Resort at Mount Alyeska is a few miles northeast of Girdwood, a town alongside the Seward Highway that was largely abandoned after the 1964 Alaska earthquake lowered its elevation below the high tide levels of Cook Inlet, causing the town to move to a new site 3 miles (4.8 km) inland, absorbing the Alyeska community into Girdwood.
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American Samoa
American Samoa (/əˈmɛrɨkən səˈmoʊ.ə/ (
listen); Samoan: Amerika Sāmoa, IPA: [aˈmɛɾika ˌsaːˈmoa]; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Independent State of Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa). The main (largest and most populous) island is Tutuila, with the Manuʻa Islands, Rose Atoll, and Swains Island also included in the territory.
American Samoa is part of the Samoan Islands chain, located west of the Cook Islands, north of Tonga, and some 300 miles (500 km) south of Tokelau. To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group.
The 2010 census showed a total population of 55,519 people. The total land area is 76.1 square miles (197.1 km2), slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States.
Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century. Jacob Roggeveen (1659–1729), a Dutchman, was the first known European to sight the Samoan islands in 1722. This visit was followed by the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768. Contact was limited before the 1830s which is when English missionaries and traders began arriving.
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Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America, the Arctic Ocean is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year (and almost completely in winter). The Arctic Ocean's temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy freshwater inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years.
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Arizona
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
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Arkansas
Arkansas (i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
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Battle of Attu
The Battle of Attu, which took place from 11–30 May 1943, was fought entirely between forces of the United States and the Empire of Japan on Attu Island off the coast of Alaska. The action, which was part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign during the Pacific War, was the only land battle of World War II fought on territory that was part of the incorporated territory of the U.S. It is also the only battle in which Japanese and American forces fought in Arctic conditions.
The battle, which lasted for more than two weeks, ended when most of the Japanese defenders were killed in brutal hand-to-hand combat after a final banzai charge broke through American lines.
The strategic position of the islands of Attu and Kiska meant their location could control the sea lanes across the Northern Pacific Ocean. Japanese planners believed control of the Aleutians would therefore prevent any possible U.S. attacks from Alaska. This assessment had already been inferred by U.S. General Billy Mitchell who told the U.S. Congress in 1935, "I believe that in the future, whoever holds Alaska will hold the world. I think it is the most important strategic place in the world."
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Beaufort Sea
The Beaufort Sea (French: mer de Beaufort) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort. The major Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea, west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores.
The sea, characterized by severe climate, is frozen over most of the year; only a narrow pass up to 100 km (62 mi) opens in August–September near its shores. The seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago, but the population density is very low. The sea contains significant resources of petroleum and natural gas under its shelf, such as the Amauligak field. They were discovered in the period between 1950s and 1980s, and their exploration became the major human activity in the area since the 1980s. The traditional occupations of fishery and whale and seal hunting are practiced only locally, and have no commercial significance. As a result, the sea hosts one of the largest colonies of beluga whales, and there is no sign of overfishing. There is a long-standing dispute between the United States and Canada over the sea border area, but significant steps have been taken in 2010 toward its resolution.
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Bering Glacier
Coordinates: 60°18′08″N 143°25′11″W / 60.30222°N 143.41972°W / 60.30222; -143.41972
Bering Glacier is a glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska. It currently terminates in Vitus Lake south of Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, about 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Gulf of Alaska. Combined with the Bagley Icefield, where the snow that feeds the glacier accumulates, the Bering is the largest glacier in North America. Warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation over the past century have thinned the Bering Glacier by several hundred meters. Since 1900 the terminus has retreated as much as 12 km (7.5 mi). The Bering Glacier exhibits "surges", acceleration events of the flow rate of the glacier, every 20 years or so. During these periods the glacier terminus advances. The surges are generally followed by periods of retreat, so despite the periodic advances the glacier has been shrinking overall. Most glaciers along the Alaskan coast have been retreating along with the Bering Glacier.
The glacial retreat has an interesting side effect, an increase in the frequency of earthquakes in the region. The Wrangell and St. Elias mountain ranges that spawn the Bering Glacier were created by the collision of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates [the Pacific Plate is sliding underneath (being subducted by) the North American Plate]. The weight of the vast amount of ice in the Bering Glacier is enough to depress the Earth's crust, stabilizing the boundary between the two plates. As the glaciers lose mass, the pressure of the ice is diminished. This reduced compression allows the rocks along faults to move more freely, resulting in more earthquakes.
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Bering Sea
Coordinates: 58°0′N 178°0′W / 58°N 178°W / 58; -178
The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves.
The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula. It covers over two million square kilometers, bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska, on the west by Russia's Siberia and Kamchatka Peninsula, on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait, which connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. Bristol Bay is the portion of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska. The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean.[citation needed]
The Bering Sea ecosystem includes resources within the jurisdiction of the United States and Russia, as well as international waters in the middle of the sea (known as the "Donut Hole"). The interaction between currents, sea ice, and weather make for a vigorous and productive ecosystem.
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Bering Strait
Coordinates: 66°0′N 169°0′W / 66°N 169°W / 66; -169
The Bering Strait (Russian: Берингов пролив, Beringov proliv, Yupik: Imakpik) is a 53 mile long sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43'W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, USA, the westernmost point (168°05'W) of the North American continent. It lies slightly south of the polar circle at approximately 65°40'N latitude, with the present US-Russia east-west boundary, agreed to only by the USA, at 168°58'37"W.
The Strait has been the subject of scientific speculation that humans migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge known as Beringia when lower ocean levels–perhaps a result of glaciers locking up vast amounts of water–exposed a ridge beneath the ocean.
The name of the sea containing the strait is sometimes spelled Behring in older books.
The Bering Strait is approximately 53 miles (85 km) wide, with depth varying between 98 feet (30 m) and 160 feet (49 m). It connects the Chukchi Sea (part of the Arctic Ocean) to the north with the Bering Sea (part of the Pacific Ocean) to the south.
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British Columbia
British Columbiai/ˌbrɪtɪʃ kəˈlʌmbiə/ (B.C. or BC) (French: la Colombie-Britannique, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
As well as being the westernmost province of Western Canada, British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest, along with the US states of Oregon and Washington. The province has strong cultural and personal ties to the Prairie Provinces and Ontario as well as to the West Coast of the United States and to Alaska and the Yukon.
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest. In 2009, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,419,974 (about two and a half million of whom were in Greater Vancouver). The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chilkoot Trail
The Chilkoot Trail is a 33-miles (53 km) trail through the Coast Mountains that leads from Dyea, Alaska, in the United States, to Bennett, British Columbia, in Canada.
It was a major access route from the coast to Yukon goldfields in the late 1890s. The trail became obsolete in 1899 when a railway was build from Dyea's neighbor port Skagway along the parallel White Pass trail. The Chilkoot Trail and Dyea Site was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1978. In 1987, the trail was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. In 1998, the centennial of the gold rush, Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site in British Columbia merged with the U.S. park to create the Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park.
Tlingit Indians used the trail as a vital trade route to trade for resources available in the interior. As pressures from American settlers and the Hudson's Bay Company weakened the traditional Tlingit trading system, the Chilkoot Trail slowly became utilized by explorers and prospectors.
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Chukchi Sea
Chukchi Sea (Russian: Чуко́тское мо́ре; IPA: [tɕʊˈkotskəjə ˈmorʲə]) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the De Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which lies the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The principal port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea from NW to SE. It is displaced eastwards to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.
The sea has an approximate area of 595,000 km² (230,000 mi²) and is only navigable about four months of the year. The main geological feature of the Chukchi Sea bottom is the 700 km (435 mi)-long Hope Basin, which is bound to the northeast by the Herald Arch. Depths less than 50 m (164 ft) occupy 56% of the total area.
The Chukchi Sea has very few islands compared to other seas of the Arctic. Wrangel Island lies at the northwestern limit of the sea, Herald Island is located near its northern limit, and a few small islands lie along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts.
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Colorado
Colorado (i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
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Connecticut
Connecticut (i/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.
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Delaware
Delaware (i/ˈdɛləwɛər/ DEL-ə-wair) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named.
Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second least extensive, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.
The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founders and scions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies.
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District of Alaska
The District of Alaska was the governmental designation for Alaska from May 17, 1884 to August 24, 1912, when it became Alaska Territory. Previously it had been known as the Department of Alaska. At the time, legislators in Washington, D.C., were occupied with post-Civil War reconstruction issues, and had little time to dedicate to Alaska. General Jefferson C. Davis, a U.S. Army officer, was put in charge as the first commander of the Department of Alaska, which between 1884 and 1912 was renamed the District of Alaska and was appointed a civil government by President Chester A. Arthur. During the Department era, Alaska was variously under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army (until 1877), the United States Department of the Treasury (from 1877 until 1879) and the U.S. Navy (from 1879 until 1884), but now the area had its own government.
It was the discovery of gold in the Yukon in 1896 that brought attention to the United States' northern possession. A wave of fortune hunters clamored for passage to the Klondike, but the Klondike was in Yukon Territory, Canada, not Alaska as many a would-be miner believed. Still, the easiest route was by ship to Skagway, or Dyea, in Southeast Alaska. Miners had their choice of two passes across the mountains to the Yukon fields: The Chilkoot Trail, an old Native route, started in Dyea, and the White Pass, also called Dead Horse Trail, was in Skagway. The Chilkoot Trail was a shorter trip but had a considerably steeper climb. The White Pass took a little longer, but was at a lower elevation. Skagway and the White Pass trail also had a severe crime problem, organized and led by the infamous badman, Soapy Smith. Smith was killed in Skagway at the Shootout on Juneau Wharf.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Fort Greely
Fort Greely is a United States Army launch site for anti-ballistic missiles located approximately 100 miles southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. It is also the home of the Cold Regions Test Center (CRTC), as Fort Greely is one of the coldest areas in Alaska, and can accommodate cold, extreme cold, or temperate weather tests depending on the season. It is named in honor of Major General Adolphus Greely.
The camp was established in 1942 as Big Delta Army Air Field. During World War II, The Alaska Highway was built to connect an existing road in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada with the Richardson Highway in Alaska, a distance of 1,423 miles (2290 km). The Alaska Highway met the Richardson Highway at Delta Junction, five miles (8 km) north on the Richardson Highway from what is now Fort Greely. The United States used the base to aid Russia against Germany and Japan by sending airplanes and supplies authorized by the Lend-lease act through Alaska and into the Russian Far East. The name was later changed to Allen Army Airfield. After World War II, Fort Greely was built south of the air field.
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Fort San Miguel
For Angola fort, see Fortaleza de São Miguel
Fort San Miguel was a Spanish fortification at Friendly Cove in Nootka Sound (now Yuquot), Vancouver Island.
It was first built by Esteban José Martínez in 1789 but dismantled in October of that year. It was then rebuilt and enlarged in 1790 then Nootka Sound was reoccupied by Francisco de Eliza. The fort was essentially an artillery land battery for the defence of the harbour and buildings. The Spanish settlement, called Santa Cruz de Nuca, was the first colony in British Columbia.
The fort lay near the home of Maquinna, chief of the Mowachaht/Muchalaht First Nations.
On May 15, 1789 Martínez chose the location of his fortification at the entrance of Friendly Cove on Hog Island. Work progressed so that on May 26 they were able to place their artillery followed by the construction of barracks and a powder storeroom. On June 24, 1789 a salvo was fired from the new fort and the Spanish ships in what Martínez considered an official act of possession of Nootka Harbour. On July 4, the American vessels and their captains Gray and Kendrick (who had arrived in the harbour 7 months earlier than Martínez) fired salvos and fireworks in recognition of their recent independence from Britain accompanied by a further salvo from the Spanish fort.
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Guam
Guam (i/ˈɡwɑːm/; Chamorro: Guåhån) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the western Pacific Ocean. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. Guam is listed as one of sixteen Non-Self-Governing Territories by the Special Committee on Decolonization of the United Nations. The island's capital is Hagåtña (formerly Agaña). Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands.
The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, first populated the island approximately 4,000 years ago. The island has a long history of European colonialism. Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan during a Spanish expedition on March 6, 1521, the first colony was established in 1668 by Spain with the arrival of settlers including Padre San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. For more than two centuries Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons that crossed the Pacific annually. The island was controlled by Spain until 1898, when it was surrendered to the United States during the Spanish-American War and later formally ceded as part of the Treaty of Paris.
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Gulf of Alaska
The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean defined by the curve of the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, where Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.
The entire shoreline of the Gulf is a rugged combination of forest, mountain, and a number of tidewater glaciers. Alaska's largest glaciers, the Malaspina Glacier and Bering Glacier spill out onto the coastal plain along the Gulf of Alaska. The coast is also heavily indented, with Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound the two largest connected bodies of water, but also including Yakutat Bay and Cross Sound. Lituya Bay is the site of the largest recorded tsunami in history and is a popular sheltered anchorage for fishing boats.
The Gulf of Alaska is considered a Class I, highly productive ecosystem (more than 300 grams of carbon per square meter per year).
Meteorologically, the Gulf is a great generator of storms. In addition to dumping vast quantities of snow and ice on southern Alaska, resulting in some of the largest concentrations south of the Arctic Circle, many of the storms move south along the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and as far south as Southern California (primarily during El Nino events). Much of the seasonal rainfall and snowfall in the Pacific Northwest and Southwestern United States comes from the Gulf of Alaska.
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Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
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Homer Spit
The Homer Spit is a geographical landmark located in Homer, Alaska on the southern tip of the Kenai Peninsula. The spit is a 4.5-mile (7.2 km) long piece of land jutting out into Kachemak Bay. The spit is also home to the Homer Boat Harbor. The harbor contains both deep and shallow water docks and serves up to 1500 commercial and pleasure boats at its summer peak. Additional features and attractions include The Nick Dudiak Fishing Lagoon, which is an artificial "fishing hole", campgrounds, hotels, and restaurants and the Salty Dawg Saloon, which is constructed out of several historic buildings from Homer. Hundreds of eagles have gathered there in winter to be fed by Jean Keene, the "Eagle Lady". The Spit features the longest road into ocean waters in the entire world, taking up 10–15 minutes to cover by car.
Two different theories postulate that the spit originates either from the tidal swells and currents of Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay over a millennia of sand buildup, or that it was pushed into place by now-retreated glaciers. In 1899, the Cook Inlet Coal Fields Company laid a railroad track along the spit, connecting the docks to the coal fields along Kachemak Bay. The resulting business led to the development of what eventually became Homer, Alaska. In the 1960s, several hippies, known as "spit rats", traveled from all around to camp on the Homer Spit, many of them becoming successful commercial fishermen over time. The 1964 Alaska earthquake shrank it to 508 acres (2.06 km2), and killed most of the vegetation, making it today mostly gravel and sand.
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Idaho
Idaho (i/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. Idaho is the 14th most expansive, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.
Idaho is a mountainous state with an area larger than that of all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. However, the network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States.
Idaho's nickname is the Gem State, because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found (the other is the Himalaya Mountains, in India)[citation needed], and is the only place six-pointed star garnets have been found[citation needed]. Additionally Idaho is sometimes called the Potato State owing to its popular crop. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for "Let it be forever").
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Indiana
Indiana (i/ɪndiˈænə/) is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 15th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the continental US west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis, the second largest of any state capital and largest state capital east of the Mississippi River.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best preserved ancient earthwork mound sites in the United States, can be found in Southwestern Indiana near Evansville. Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.
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Insular area
An insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the 50 U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the U.S. They are called "insular" from the Latin word insula ("island") because they were once administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs, now the Office of Insular Affairs at the Department of the Interior. The term insular possession is also sometimes used.
Because those insular areas that are inhabited are unincorporated territories, their native-born inhabitants are not constitutionally entitled to United States citizenship, under the Citizenship Clause.[citation needed] However, Congress has extended citizenship rights to all inhabited territories except American Samoa, and these citizens may vote and run for office in any U.S. jurisdiction in which they are residents. The people of American Samoa are U.S. nationals, but not U.S. citizens; they are free to move around and seek employment within the whole United States without immigration restrictions, but cannot vote or hold office outside of American Samoa.[citation needed]
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Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Kachemak Bay
Kachemak Bay is a 64-km-long (40 mi) arm of Cook Inlet in the U.S. state of Alaska, located on the southwest side of the Kenai Peninsula. The communities of Homer, Halibut Cove, Seldovia, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Kachemak City are on the bay as well as three Old Believer settlements in the Fox River area, Voznesenka, Kachemak Selo, and Razdolna.
Kachemak Bay is home to Alaska's only state wilderness park, Kachemak Bay State Park. Kachemak Bay State park was the first state park in Alaska. There is no road access to most of the park; visitors must arrive by airplane or boat.
Kachemak Bay is also home to the Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, the largest reserve in the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. It is a very active site of research and education. The bay hosts a remarkably high level of biological activity, due in part to water circulation patterns which keep shellfish larve and nutrients in the bay. While surface waters push nutrients out into the bay, ocean currents push them back into the bay, creating a very fertile environment. Both fish and shellfish are abundant in the bay, year-round. Waterfowl and shorebirds occupy the bay during all but the winter season, while waterbirds and marine mammals including otters, seals, porpoise, and whales remain in the bay all year. The bay provides winter homes for 90% of the seabird and waterfowl populations of Lower Cook Inlet. Land mammals are frequently seen during the warmer seasons. Moose, coyote, and bears are frequently seen.
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Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
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Kenai Peninsula
The Kenai Peninsula is a large peninsula jutting from the southern coast of Alaska in the United States. The name Kenai is probably derived from Kenayskaya, the Russian name for Cook Inlet, which borders the peninsula to the west.
The peninsula extends approximately 150 miles (240 km) southwest from the Chugach Mountains, south of Anchorage. It is separated from the mainland on the west by Cook Inlet and on the east by Prince William Sound. Most of the peninsula is part of the Kenai Peninsula Borough. Gerasim Izmailov was the first to explore and map the peninsula in 1789.
The glacier-covered Kenai Mountains (7,000 ft/2,130 m) run along the southeast spine of the peninsula along the coast of the Gulf of Alaska. Much of the range is within Kenai Fjords National Park. The northwest coast along the Cook Inlet is flatter and marshy, dotted with numerous small lakes. Several larger lakes extend through the interior of the peninsula, including Skilak Lake and Tustumena Lake. Rivers include the Kenai River, famous for its salmon population, as well as the Russian River, the Kasilof River, and the Anchor River. Kachemak Bay, a small inlet off the larger Cook Inlet, extends into the peninsula's southwest end, much of which is part of Kachemak Bay State Park
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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Klondike Gold Rush
Coordinates: 64°3′25″N 139°26′10″W / 64.05694°N 139.43611°W / 64.05694; -139.43611
The Klondike Gold Rush, also called the Yukon Gold Rush, the Alaska Gold Rush and the Last Great Gold Rush, was an attempt by an estimated 100,000 people to travel to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1897 and 1899 in the hope of successfully prospecting for gold. Gold was discovered in large quantities in the Klondike on August 16, 1896 and, when news of the finds reached Seattle and San Francisco in July 1897, it triggered a "stampede" of would-be prospectors to the gold creeks. The journey to the Klondike was arduous and involved travelling long distances and crossing difficult mountain passes, frequently while carrying heavy loads. Some miners discovered very rich deposits of gold and became immensely wealthy. However, the majority arrived after the best of the gold fields had been claimed and only around 4,000 miners ultimately struck gold. The Klondike Gold Rush ended in 1899, after gold was discovered in Nome, prompting an exodus from the Klondike. The Klondike Gold Rush was immortalized by the photographs of the prospectors ascending the Chilkoot Pass, by books like The Call of the Wild, and films such as The Gold Rush.
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Kobuk River
The Kobuk River (also Kooak, Kowak, Kubuk, Kuvuk, or Putnam) is a river located in the Arctic region of northwestern Alaska in the United States. It is approximately 280 miles (451 km) long. Draining a basin with an area of 12,300 square miles (32,000 km2), the Kobuk River is among the largest rivers in northwest Alaska with widths of up to 1500 feet (460 m) and flow at a speed of 3–5 miles per hour (5–8 km per hour) in its lower and middle reaches. The average elevation for the Kobuk River Basin is 1,300 feet (400 m) above sea level, ranging from near sea level to 11,400 feet (3,475 m). Topography includes low, rolling mountains, plains and lowlands, moderately high rugged mountainous land, and some gently sloped plateaus and highlands. The river contains an exceptional population of sheefish (Stenodus leucicthys), a large predatory whitefish within the salmon family, found throughout the Arctic that spawns in the river's upper reaches during the autumn. A portion of the vast Western Arctic Caribou Herd utilize the Kobuk river valley as winter range.
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Koyuk River
The Koyuk River is a river on the Seward Peninsula of western Alaska. The river originates in the interior of the peninsula, at the Lost Jim Lava Flow of the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, where it flows southeast towards the mouth of Norton Bay. The native village of Koyuk is located at its mouth. The two major tributaries are the Peace and Salmon Rivers.
Its Inuit name was reported by Captain Tebenkov (1852, map 2), IRN, as "Kvyguk." The present spelling comes from A. H. Brooks, USGS, in 1900. The Western Union Telegraph Expedition spelled the name "Koikpak," which means "big river."
Coordinates: 64°55′45″N 161°08′03″W / 64.92917°N 161.13417°W / 64.92917; -161.13417
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Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] ( listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
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Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Minnesota
Minnesota (i/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Missouri
Missouri (i/mɨˈzʊəri/) (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri generally mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of America and has long been considered a political bellwether state. With the exceptions of the Presidential elections of 1956 and 2008, Missouri's results have accurately predicted the next President of the United States in every election since 1904. It has both Midwestern and Southern cultural influences, reflecting its history as a border state. It is also a transition between the Eastern and Western United States, as St. Louis is often called the "western-most Eastern city" and Kansas City the "eastern-most Western city". Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express Trail and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County, Missouri.
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Montana
Montana (i/mɒnˈtænə/) is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges that are part of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, none official, including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place". Montana is the 4th-most extensive, but the 7th-least populous and the 3rd-least densely populated of the 50 United States. The economy is primarily based on services, with ranching, wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and lumber, tourism, and hard rock mining in the west. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
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Nebraska
Nebraska (i/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.
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Nevada
Nevada (i/nəˈvædə/ or /nəˈvɒdə/) is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 35th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Over two-thirds of Nevada's people live in one single county, Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area, where the state's three largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City.
Nevada is largely desert and semiarid, with much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada mountains lie on the western edge. Approximately 86% of the state's land is owned by the US government under various jurisdictions, both civilian and military.
The name Nevada is derived from the nearby Sierra Nevada mountains, which means "snow-capped mountain range" in Spanish. The land comprising the modern state was inhabited by Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe tribes prior to European contact. It was subsequently claimed by Spain as a part of Alta California until the Mexican War of Independence brought it under Mexican control. The United States gained the territory in 1848 following its victory in the Mexican-American War and the area was eventually incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a population boom that was an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31, 1864.
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New England
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. New England is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada (the Canadian Maritimes and Quebec) and the state of New York.
In one of the earliest English settlements in North America, Pilgrims from England first settled in New England in 1620, to form Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, the Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 130 years, New England fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The Boston Tea Party was a protest that angered Great Britain, which responded with the "Intolerable Acts", stripping the colonies of self-government. The confrontation led to open warfare in 1775, the expulsion of the British from New England in spring 1776, and the Declaration of Independence in July 1776.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Nootka Sound
Nootka Sound is a complex inlet or sound of the Pacific Ocean on the rugged west coast of Vancouver Island, in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Historically also known as King George's Sound, as a strait it separates Vancouver Island and Nootka Island.
The inlet is part of the traditional territory of the indigenous Nuu-chah-nulth people. They called it Mowichat.John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of chief Maquinna in 1802–1805, describes the area in some detail.
On August 8, 1774, the Spanish Navy ship Santiago, under Juan Pérez, entered and anchored in the inlet. Although the Spanish did not land, natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California. Pérez named the entrance to Nootka Sound Surgidero de San Lorenzo. The word surgidero means "anchorage". When Esteban José Martinez arrived in 1789 he gave Nootka Sound the name Puerto de San Lorenzo de Nuca. The Spanish establishment established at Friendly Cove he gave the name Santa Cruz de Nuca.
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North Carolina
North Carolina (i/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 10th most populous of the 50 United States.
North Carolina is comprised of 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. In the past five decades, North Carolina's economy has undergone a transition from heavy reliance upon tobacco and furniture making to a more diversified economy with engineering, biotechnology, and finance sectors.
North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet (2,037 m) at Mount Mitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US. The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate.
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North Dakota
North Dakota (i/ˌnɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States, along the Canadian border. The state is bordered by Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south and Montana to the west. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive, but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. North Dakota was created from the northern portion of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
The state capital is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo. The primary public universities are located in Grand Forks and Fargo. The U.S. Air Force operates air bases at Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB.
For more than a decade, the state has had a strong economy, with unemployment lower than the national average, job and population growth, and low housing vacancies. Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil shale fields in the western part of the state, but it has also had growth in the technology and service sectors. Flooding in June 2011 has caused extensive damage to Minot and threatened Bismarck, the capital city.
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Northwest Angle
The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coextensive with Angle Township, is a part of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, and is the only place in the United States outside Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel. That parallel is the northern boundary of the 48 contiguous states extending from the west coast along the northern boundaries of Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and part of Minnesota to the Northwest Angle. The Angle is one of only four non-island locations in the 48 contiguous states not directly connected to them by land within the country, the others being nearby Elm Point, Minnesota; Point Roberts, Washington; and the town of Alburgh, Vermont. All four are located along the US-Canada border.
Farther east, U.S. territory does not extend as far north as the 49th parallel. Map projections sometimes create a superficial appearance that Maine extends farther north than that; that appearance does not occur in maps in which parallels of latitude are straight lines.
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Nunavut
Nunavut /ˈnuːnəˌvʊt/ (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ [ˈnunavut]) is the largest and newest federal territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the actual boundaries had been established in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland in 1949.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, making it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world. The capital Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay") on Baffin Island, in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west and Akimiski Island in James Bay to the far south.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Oregon
Oregon (i/ˈɔrɨɡən/ ORR-ə-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843. The Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859.
Oregon is the 9th most extensive and the 27th most populous of the 50 United States. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 29th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 583,776 (2010 US Census) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area. The valley of the Willamette River in western Oregon is the state's most densely populated area and is home to eight of the ten most populous cities.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound is a sound of the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its largest port is Valdez, at the southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other settlements on the sound, which contains numerous small islands, include Cordova and Whittier plus the Alaska native villages of Chenega and Tatitlek.
It was named by George Vancouver in 1778 to honour George III's son William IV of the United Kingdom.
Most of the land surrounding Prince William Sound is part of the Chugach National Forest, the second largest national forest in the U.S. Prince William Sound is ringed by the steep and glaciated Chugach Mountains. The coastline is convoluted, with many islands and fjords, several of which contain tidewater glaciers. The principal barrier islands forming the sound are Montague Island, Hinchinbrook Island, and Hawkins Island.
James Cook entered Prince William Sound in 1778 and named it Sandwich Sound, after his patron the Earl of Sandwich. The editors of Cook's maps changed the name to Prince William Sound, in honor of Prince William, who would later become King William IV.
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian America
Russian America (Russian: Русская Америка, Russkaya Amerika) was the name of Russian colonial possessions in the Americas from 1733 to 1867 that today is the U.S. state of Alaska and settlements farther south in California. Formal incorporation of the possessions did not take place until a ukase (a proclamation or decree of the tsar) in 1799, which established a monopoly for the Russian-American Company and also granted the Russian Orthodox Church certain rights in the new possessions.
The earliest written accounts indicate that the first Europeans to reach Alaska came from Russia. In 1648 Semyon Dezhnev sailed from the mouth of the Kolyma River through the Arctic Ocean and around the eastern tip of Asia to the Anadyr River. One legend holds that some of his boats were carried off course and reached Alaska. However, no evidence of settlement survives. Dezhnev's discovery was never forwarded to the central government, leaving open the question of whether or not Siberia was connected to North America. In 1725, Tsar Peter I of Russia called for another expedition.
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Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Seward Peninsula
The Seward Peninsula is a large peninsula on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It projects about 320 kilometers (200 mi) into the Bering Sea between Norton Sound, the Bering Strait, the Chukchi Sea, and Kotzebue Sound, just below the Arctic Circle. The entire peninsula is about 330 kilometers (210 mi) long and 145 km (90 mi)-225 km (140 mi) wide.
The Seward Peninsula was once part of the Bering land bridge, a roughly thousand mile wide swath of land connecting Siberia with mainland Alaska during the Pleistocene Ice Age. This land bridge aided in the migration of humans, as well as plant and animal species from Asia to North America. Archeological discoveries throughout the Seward Peninsula show proof that Inupiat Eskimos have been living in the region for thousands of years.[dubious – discuss] Excavations at sites such as the Trail Creek Caves and Cape Espenberg in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve as well as Cape Denbigh to the south have provided insight into the timeline of prehistorical migrations from Asia to the Seward Peninsula.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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South Dakota
South Dakota (i/ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. South Dakota is the 17th most extensive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River". Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending.
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Southeast Alaska
Southeast Alaska, sometimes referred to as the Alaska Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, which lies west of the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its mild rainy climate and beautiful scenery.
Southeast Alaska is the northern terminus of the Inside Passage, a protected waterway of convoluted passages between islands and fjords, beginning in Puget Sound in Washington state. This was an important travel corridor for native canoeists, as well as gold-rush steam ships, and in modern times is an important route for ferries and cruise ships. Southeast Alaska has a land area of 35,138 miles (56,549 km), comprising six entire boroughs and three census areas, in addition to the part of Yakutat Borough lying east of 141° West longitude. Although it has only 6.14 percent of Alaska's land area, it is larger than the state of Maine, and almost as large as the state of Indiana. The Southeast Alaskan coast is roughly as long as the west coast of Canada. The 2000 census population of Southeast was 72,954 inhabitants, about 42 percent of whom were concentrated in the city of Juneau.
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Stikine River
The Stikine River ( /stɪˈkiːn/) is a river, historically also the Stickeen River, approximately 610 km (379 mi) long, in northwestern British Columbia in Canada and southeastern Alaska in the United States. Considered one of the last truly wild major rivers in British Columbia, it drains a rugged, largely pristine, area east of the Coast Mountains, cutting a fast-flowing course through the mountains in deep glacier-lined gorges to empty into Eastern Passage, just north of the city of Wrangell, which is situated at the north end of Wrangell Island in the Alexander Archipelago.
The name of the river comes from its Tlingit name Shtax' Héen, meaning "cloudy river (with the milt of spawning salmon)", or alternately "bitter waters (from the tidal estuaries at its mouth)".
The Stikine watershed encompasses approximately (52,000 km²) 20,000 mi². The river's Grand Canyon was compared by naturalist John Muir to Yosemite.
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Tanana Valley
The Tanana Valley is a lowland region in central Alaska in the United States, on the north side of the Alaska Range where the Tanana River emerges from the mountains.
The region experiences great extremes of temperature during the year. During the winter months, the air is prone to stratification due to temperature inversions, leading to thick fogs. During the summer, the surrounding plains are generally boglike, and include much permafrost and many pingoes.
The Tanana Valley is the most populated area of Alaska north of the Alaska Range. Its largest city is Fairbanks. Other communities include:
Coordinates: 64°24′N 147°00′W / 64.4°N 147.0°W / 64.4; -147.0
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were the colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia). They revolted in the American Revolution, starting in 1775, and in 1776 declared their independence from the British Empire and formed a new nation, the United States of America. The colonies were: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Each colony developed its own system of self government. Americans were mostly independent farmers, who owned their own land and voted for their local and provincial government. Benjamin Franklin, in 1772, after examining the wretched hovels in Scotland surrounding the opulent mansions of the land owners, said that in New England "every man" is a property owner, "has a Vote in public Affairs, lives in a tidy, warm House, has plenty of good Food and Fuel, with whole clothes from Head to Foot, the Manufacture perhaps of his own family."
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Unimak Island
Unimak Island (Aleut: Unimax) is the largest island in the Aleutian Islands chain of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the easternmost island in the Aleutians and, with an area of 1,571.41 mi² (4,069.9 km²), the ninth largest island in the United States and the 134th largest island in the world. It is home to Mount Shishaldin, one of the ten most active volcanoes in the world. According to the United States Census Bureau, there were 64 people living on Unimak as of the 2000 census, all of them in the city of False Pass at the eastern end of the island. Cape Lutke is a headland on the island.
An interesting physical feature is Fisher Caldera, a volcanic crater in the west-central part of Unimak. Some characteristics include many volcanic cones and undrained lakes. It is named for Bernard Fisher, a U.S. Geological Survey geologist who was killed in Umnak Pass.
As a faunal extension of the Alaska Peninsula, Unimak has a relatively diverse assemblage of terrestrial mammals, including brown bears and caribou. West of Unimak, the largest native mammal in the Aleutians is the red fox.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Utah
Utah (/ˈjuːtɔː/ ori/ˈjuːtɑː/) (Arapaho: Wo'tééneihí' ) is a state in the Western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-most extensive, the 34th-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,817,222 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
Utah is the most religiously homogeneous state in the Union. It is home to the Salt Lake Temple, and approximately 60% of Utahns are reported to be members of LDS Church which greatly influences Utah culture and daily life.
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Vermont
Vermonti/vɜrˈmɒnt/ is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Vermont is the 6th least extensive and the 2nd least populous of the 50 United States. It is the only New England state not bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont's western border, which it shares with the state of New York. The Green Mountains are within the state. Vermont is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.
Originally inhabited by two major Native American tribes (the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and the Iroquois), much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France during its early colonial period. France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War). For many years, the nearby colonies, especially New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area (then called the New Hampshire Grants). Settlers who held land titles granted by these colonies were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, which eventually prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for fourteen years. Vermont is one of seventeen U.S. states (along with Texas, Hawaii, the brief California Republic, and each of the original Thirteen Colonies) to have had a sovereign government in the past. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the 14th state, the first outside the original 13 Colonies. It abolished slavery while still independent, and upon joining the Union became the first state to have done so.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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Wall Street
Wall Street refers to the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, or signifying New York-based financial interests. It is the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including NASDAQ, the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City is one of the world's principal financial centers.
There are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named "de Waal Straat" got its name. A generally accepted version is that the name of the street name was derived from an earthen wall on the northern boundary of the New Amsterdam settlement, perhaps to protect against English colonial encroachment or incursions by native Americans. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons -- possibly a Dutch abbreviation for Walloon being Waal. Among the first settlers that embarked on the ship "Nieu Nederlandt" in 1624 were 30 Walloon families.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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White Pass
White Pass (el. 873 m or 2,864 ft) is a mountain pass through the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains on the border of the U.S. state of Alaska and the province of British Columbia, Canada. It leads from Skagway, Alaska to the chain of lakes at the headwaters of the Yukon River, Crater Lake, Lake Lindeman and Bennett Lake.
The White Pass was closely controlled by the Chilkoot Indians and was unknown to non-natives until 1887. William Ogilvie had heard reports of a low pass from the head of Chilkoot Inlet to the headwaters of the Lewes River (Yukon River), while in Juneau. In June 1887 Ogilvie was at the head of Taiya Inlet doing a survey from Pyramid Island up through the Chilkoot Pass. William Moore, who was accompanying him, had experience building roads in mountainous areas and wanted to try this route since the Chilkoot Pass was reported to be too steep for a wagon road. Ogilvie made inquiries and learned there was such a pass; but could not induce any Chilkoots to guide Moore. Skookum Jim Mason had been through this low altitude pass before, and with much talk and encouragement he was induced to reveal it. Ogilvie sent Moore and Skookum Jim Mason over this low altitude pass while he continued with his surveying work on the Chilkoot Pass. Moore did a rough survey of the new pass and returned with the satisfaction that he had found the route for his wagon road. The White Pass was named for the Canadian Minister of the Interior Thomas White by William Ogilvie.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Worthington Glacier
The Worthington Glacier is a glacier located adjacent to Thompson Pass in the southeastern mainland section of the U.S. state of Alaska. Located on the Richardson Highway at milepost 28.7 mi (46 km) east of Valdez, it was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1968. The Worthington Glacier State Recreation Site, a 113-acre (0.46 km2) roadside park operated by the state of Alaska, offers a view of the glacier, and it is acclaimed as one of the remaining U.S. glaciers that is accessible by paved highway. Like most of Alaska’s glaciers, this valley glacier has been steadily retreating for the last 150 years, but not as dramatically as many others.
Coordinates: 61°10′13″N 145°45′48″W / 61.17028°N 145.76333°W / 61.17028; -145.76333
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Wrangell Mountains
The Wrangell Mountains are a high mountain range of eastern Alaska in the United States. Much of the range is included in Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve. The Wrangell Mountains are almost entirely volcanic in origin, and they include the second and third highest volcanoes in the United States, Mount Blackburn and Mount Sanford. The range takes its name from Mount Wrangell, which is one of the largest andesite shield volcanoes in the world, and also the only presently active volcano in the range. The Wrangell Mountains comprise most of the Wrangell Volcanic Field, which also extends into the neighboring Saint Elias Mountains and the Yukon Territory in Canada.
The Wrangell Mountains are just to the northwest of the Saint Elias Mountains and northeast of the Chugach Mountains, which are along the coast of the Gulf of Alaska. These ranges have the combined effect of blocking the inland areas from warmer moist air over the Pacific Ocean. The inland areas to the north of the Wrangell Mountains are therefore among the coldest areas of North America during the winter.
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Wyoming
Wyoming (i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the 2nd least densely populated of the 50 States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly 60,000 people within its city proper.
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the ninth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,818 square miles (253,350 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km); and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.
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Yukon
Coordinates: 63°38′N 135°46′W / 63.633°N 135.767°W / 63.633; -135.767
Yukon/ˈjuːkɒn/ is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories.
The territory was created from the rump of the Hudson's Bay Company's North-Western Territory in 1898 as "the Yukon". Receiving royal assent on March 27, 2002, the federal government moderized the Yukon Act to confirm "Yukon", rather than "Yukon Territory", as the current usage standard. Though officially bilingual (English and French) the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages.
At 5,959 m (19,551 ft), Yukon's Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest of North America (after Mount McKinley in the U.S. state of Alaska). The territory's climate is Arctic and subarctic, resulting in long cold winters, short summers, and little precipitation.
It was named after the Yukon River. The word Yukon means "Great River" in Gwich’in.
The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle, bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west for 1,210 km (752 mi) mostly along longitude 141° W, the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains. Whitehorse is the territorial capital.
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Al Pacino
Alfredo James "Al" Pacino (/pəˈtʃiːnɵ/; born April 25, 1940) is an American film and stage actor and director. He is famous for playing mobsters, including Michael Corleone in The Godfather trilogy and Tony Montana in Scarface, though he has also appeared several times on the other side of the law — as a police officer, a detective and a lawyer. His role as Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman won him the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1993 after receiving seven previous Oscar nominations, one of them being in the same year.
He made his feature film debut in the 1969 film Me, Natalie in a minor supporting role, before playing the leading role in the 1971 drama The Panic in Needle Park. Pacino made his major breakthrough when he was given the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather in 1972, which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Other Oscar nominations for Best Supporting Actor were for Dick Tracy and Glengarry Glen Ross. Oscar nominations for Best Actor include The Godfather Part II, Serpico, Dog Day Afternoon, ...And Justice for All and Scent of a Woman.
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Aleut people
Aleut people (i/ˈæli.uːt/) are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, United States and Kamchatka Krai, Russia.
The name "Aleut" comes from the Aleut word allíthuh, meaning "community." A regional self-denomination is Unangax̂, Unangan or Unanga, meaning "original people." The name Aleut was given to the Unangan by Russian fur traders in the mid-18th century.
Тhe Aleut people were distributed throughout the Aleutian Islands, the Shumagin Islands, and the far western part of the Alaska Peninsula, with an estimated population of around 25,000 before contact with Europeans. In the 1820s, the Russian-American Company, which administered a large portion of the North Pacific during a Russian led expansion of the fur trade, resettled many families to the Commander Islands (currently, within the Aleutsky District of the Kamchatka Krai in Russia) and to the Pribilof Islands (currently in Alaska), where there are currently established majority Aleut communities. Their numbers have dwindled to about 2,000 as a consequence of disease and disruption of traditional lifestyles, though people with partial Aleut descent may number around 15,000.
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Americans
Americans, or American people, are the citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship. Aside from the Native American population, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.
Despite its multi-ethnic composition, the culture held in common by most Americans is referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Western European immigrants. It also includes influences of African American culture. Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.
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Balto
Balto (1919 – March 14, 1933) was a Siberian Husky sled dog who led his team on the final leg of the 1925 serum run to Nome, in which diphtheria antitoxin was transported from Anchorage, Alaska, to Nenana, Alaska, by train and then to Nome by dog sled to combat an outbreak of the disease. The run is commemorated by the annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Balto was named after the Sami explorer Samuel Balto. Balto died at the age of 14.
In January 1925, doctors realized that a potentially deadly diphtheria epidemic was poised to sweep through Nome's young people. The only serum that could stop the outbreak was in Anchorage, nearly a thousand miles (1,600 km) away. The engine of the only aircraft that could quickly deliver the medicine was frozen and would not start. After considering all of the alternatives, officials decided to move the medicine by sled dog. The serum was transported by train from Anchorage to Nenana, where the first musher embarked as part of a relay aimed at delivering the needed serum to Nome. More than 20 mushers took part, facing a blizzard with −23 °F (-31° C) temperatures and strong winds. Katie Pryor interviewed the musher after he had finished. News coverage of the event was worldwide.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Chukchi people
The Chukchi, or Chukchee (Russian: чукчи (plural), чукча (singular)) are an indigenous people inhabiting the Chukchi Peninsula and the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea region of the Arctic Ocean within the Russian Federation. They speak the Chukchi language. The Chukchi originated from the people living around the Okhotsk Sea.
The majority of Chukchi reside within Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, but some also reside in the neighboring Sakha Republic to the west, Magadan Oblast to the southwest, and Koryak Autonomous Okrug to the south. Some Chukchi also reside in other parts of Russia, as well as in Europe and North America. The total number of Chukchi in the world slightly exceeds 15,000.
The Chukchi are traditionally divided into the Maritime Chukchi, who had settled homes on the coast and lived primarily from sea mammal hunting, and the Reindeer Chukchi, who nomadised in the inland tundra region with their herds of reindeer. The Russian name "Chukchi" is derived from the Chukchi word Chauchu ("rich in reindeer"), which was used by the 'Reindeer Chukchi' to distinguish themselves from the 'Maritime Chukchi,' called Anqallyt ("the sea people"). The indigenous name for a member of the Chukchi ethnic group as a whole is Luoravetlan (literally 'true person').
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Don Young
Donald Edwin "Don" Young (born June 9, 1933) is the U.S. Representative for Alaska's At-large congressional district, serving since 1973. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Young is the 6th most senior U.S. Representative and the 2nd most senior Republican Representative, as well as the 2nd most senior Republican in Congress as a whole. Upon the defeat of Senator Ted Stevens, Young became the senior member of the Alaska congressional delegation.
Young was born in Meridian, Sutter County, California. He earned an associate's degree in education from Yuba College in 1952 and a bachelor's degree from Chico State College in 1958. He served in the Army from 1955 to 1957.
Young moved to Alaska in 1959, not long after it became a state. He eventually settled in Fort Yukon, a 700-person city on the Yukon River, seven miles (11 km) above the Arctic Circle in Alaska’s central interior region. He made a living in construction, fishing, trapping and gold mining. He captained a tugboat and ran a barge operation to deliver products and supplies to villages along the Yukon River. He still holds his mariner's license today. During the winter, he taught fifth grade at the local Bureau of Indian Affairs elementary school.
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Ethan Hawke
Ethan Green Hawke (born November 6, 1970) is an American actor, writer and director. He made his feature film debut in 1985 with the science fiction movie Explorers, before making a supporting appearance in the 1989 drama Dead Poets Society which is considered his breakthrough role. He then appeared in such films as White Fang (1991), A Midnight Clear (1992), and Alive (1993) before taking a role in the 1994 Generation X drama Reality Bites, for which he gained critical acclaim. In 1995, he starred in the romantic drama Before Sunrise, and later in the 2004 sequel Before Sunset.
In 2001, Hawke was cast as a rookie police officer in Training Day, for which he received a Screen Actors Guild and Academy Award nomination in the Best Supporting Actor category. Other films have included the science fiction feature Gattaca (1997), the title role in Michael Almereyda's Hamlet (2000), the action thriller Assault on Precinct 13 (2005), and the crime drama Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007).
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Frank Murkowski
Frank Hughes Murkowski (/mərˈkaʊski/; born March 28, 1933) is an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was a United States Senator from Alaska from 1981 until 2002 and the eighth Governor of Alaska from 2002 until 2006.
Born in Seattle, Washington, the son of Frank and Helen (née Hughes), Murkowski attended Ketchikan High School in Alaska, graduating in 1951. Studying at Santa Clara University from 1951 to 1953, he gained a BS in economics from Seattle University in 1955. Thereafter, he served in the United States Coast Guard until 1957 - the same year his daughter Lisa was born. After a stint at Pacific National Bank and further study at Pacific Coast Banking School, Murkowski became Alaska's youngest commissioner at the time when he was appointed Commissioner of Economic Development, aged 33, and was elevated to the presidency of the Alaska National Bank of the North in 1971. He has also headed the Alaska Bankers Association and - in 1977 - the Alaska State Chamber of Commerce.
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Inuit
The Inuit (Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, the United States, and Russia. Inuit is a collective noun; the singular is "Inuk". The Inuit language is grouped under the Eskimo-Aleut family.
In the United States, the term Eskimo is commonly used in reference to these groups, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Inupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Inupiat. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo". However, natives in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative and "Inuit" has become more common. In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.
The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "Nunatukavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat". In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. In Russia, they live on Big Diomede Island. The Kalaallit and other natives of Greenland are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
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Inupiat people
The Iñupiat (plural) or Iñupiaq (singular) and Iñupiak (dual) (from iñuk 'person' - and -piaq 'real', i.e., 'real people') or formerly Inupik are the people of Alaska's Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits region. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is in the Inupiat region. Their language is known as Iñupiaq. There is one Inupiat culture-oriented institute of higher education, Iḷisaġvik College.
Inupiat people continue to rely heavily on subsistence hunting and fishing, including whaling. The capture of a whale benefits each member of a community, as the animal is butchered and its meat and blubber allocated according to a traditional formula. Even city-dwelling relatives thousands of miles away are entitled to a share of each whale killed by the hunters of their ancestral village. Maktak, which is the skin and blubber of Bowhead and other whales, is rich in vitamins A and C and contributes to good health in a population with limited access to fruits and vegetables.
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James Wickersham
James Wickersham (August 24, 1857 – October 24, 1939) was a district judge for Alaska, appointed by U.S. President William McKinley to the Third Judicial District in 1900. He resigned his post in 1908 and was subsequently elected as Alaska's delegate to Congress, serving until 1917 and then being re-elected in 1930. He was instrumental in the passage of the Organic Act of 1912, which granted Alaska territorial status, introduced the Alaska Railroad Bill, legislation to establish McKinley Park, and the first Alaska Statehood Bill in 1916. He was among those responsible for the creation of the Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines, which later became the University of Alaska. A residence hall on the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus is named in his honor.
Wickersham was born near Patoka, Illinois and moved in 1883 with his wife, Deborah, to Tacoma, Washington Territory.
The new Third District covered some 300,000 square miles (780,000 km2); it had no roads, no public buildings, and almost no U.S. currency. The district court and its officials were the only civilian government, besides town functionaries, in the whole of the interior. In addition to traveling his own circuit, the district judge was expected to procure land and materials to construct his own courthouse and jails. It was fortunate that his duties also included the collection of mercantile and saloon license fees, for Congress had provided no other funds for the construction and operation of the court.
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Jay Hammond
Jay Sterner Hammond (July 21, 1922 – August 2, 2005) was an American politician of the Republican Party, who served as the fourth Governor of Alaska from 1974 to 1982.
Jay Sterner Hammond was born in Troy, New York in 1922. Hammond studied petroleum engineering at Penn State University, where he was a member of Triangle Fraternity. He later served as a Marine Corps fighter pilot in World War II with the Black Sheep Squadron, and in China, until 1946. That year, Hammond moved to Alaska where he worked as a bush pilot and earned a degree in biological sciences at the University of Alaska.
Hammond served as a state representative from 1959 to 1965 and as a state senator from 1967 to 1973. Hammond served in the 1st Alaska State Legislature as an independent, joining thirty-four Democrats and five Republicans in the forty-member House. At the time, Hammond believed that a Republican could not be elected in that particular time and place, but that he could not envision running as a Democrat on account of his upbringing and background. He did serve as a Republican in subsequent legislatures, however. He was Senate President in his final two years in the legislature.
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John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
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Keith Harvey Miller
Keith Harvey Miller (born March 1, 1925) is an American Republican politician from Alaska. Miller was the second Lieutenant Governor of Alaska under Walter Hickel from 1966 until Hickel's resignation to become U.S. Secretary of Interior in the Cabinet of President Richard M. Nixon, on January 29, 1969, after which he succeeded to the office as the third Governor, serving until December 5, 1970.
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Korean War
The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁 or 조선전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭 or 朝鮮戰爭; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Korean War was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.
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Libby Roderick
Libby Roderick is an American singer/songwriter, recording artist, poet, activist, and teacher. The global impact of her song "How Could Anyone" has been featured on CNN, in Readers Digest, and in the Associated Press. She was born and raised in Anchorage, Alaska where she still lives part of the time. She graduated summa cum laude from Yale University in American Studies, and has worked as a TV and print news reporter, radio consultant, nuclear weapons educator and writer on Alaska Native issues.
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Lincoln Brewster
Lincoln Brewster (born July 30, 1971 in Fairbanks, Alaska) is a contemporary Christian musician and pastor. As a guitarist, singer, and songwriter, Brewster became a sought-after session guitarist in the early 90s. Brewster is the senior worship pastor at Bayside Church in Roseville, California.
Brewster has been musically inclined since his early childhood in Homer, Alaska. At the age of one, his mother, Cheryl, noticed how well he could keep rhythm on a drum set his grandfather had given him. At the age of five, his mother introduced him to the mandolin. Quickly mastering the instrument, he began playing for cruise ship tourists alongside his mother in Homer.
By the age of 12, Brewster had a band called Lincoln and the Missing Links, which included his mother on bass and vocals. In his late teens, he moved with his family to Modesto, California, where he attended Grace M. Davis High School and joined the high school jazz band (playing guitar and drums) and marching band (playing snare drum).
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Lisa Murkowski
Lisa Ann Murkowski (born May 22, 1957) is the senior United States Senator from the State of Alaska and a member of the Republican Party. She was appointed to the Senate in 2002 by her father, Governor Frank Murkowski. After losing a Republican primary in 2010, she became the second person ever to win a U.S. Senate election through write-in votes.
Born in Ketchikan, Alaska, she is the daughter of former U.S. Senator and Alaska Governor Frank Murkowski. She graduated from Georgetown University and received her law degree from Willamette University College of Law. After working as an attorney in the 1980s and 1990s, she was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1998. Shortly after being elected House Majority Leader in 2002, she was appointed to the United States Senate by her father.
Murkowski was elected to a full term in 2004. Her 2010 re-election grew turbulent when former magistrate judge Joe Miller defeated her in the Republican primary. Murkowski mounted a write-in campaign, winning the general election. The long-shot campaign made national headlines: the only other Senate candidate to win a write-in vote was Strom Thurmond in 1954. Murkowski is the only current Republican Senator from any West Coast state. Since winning re-election, her voting record has become more moderate when compared to her previous years in the Senate.
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Maniilaq
Maniiḷaq (also spelled Maniilaq) is a figure of Inupiat legend and history. He is said to have lived in the 19th Century before European colonialists arrived in his area of Northwest Alaska. He lived as a hunter and a healer in Northwest Alaska . Various stories about him include that he heard voices predicting that white people would come to Alaska, that he had prophetic visions of boats that were propelled by fire or that flew in the air, and that he heard voices from a higher power whom he described with an Inupiat word meaning both "father" and "son." Some also say that Maniiḷaq rested every seventh day. Other prophecies attributed to Maniiḷaq include the prophecy that the village of Ambler, Alaska would one day become a large metropolis, and that a whale would swim up river and appear at Ambler. It is said that Maniiḷaq practiced traditional healing, and also that he resisted the dominant cultural order of shamanism. He is an important figure in Northwest Alaska Christian communities.
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Mark Begich
Mark Peter Begich ( /ˈbɛɡɪtʃ/; born March 30, 1962) is the junior United States Senator from Alaska and a member of the Democratic Party. A former mayor of Anchorage, he served on the Anchorage Assembly for almost ten years prior to being elected mayor in 2003. In the highly competitive 2008 Alaska Senate election, Begich defeated incumbent Ted Stevens, the longest serving Republican member of the Senate of all time.
Born in Anchorage, he is the son of U.S. Representative Nick Begich, who disappeared and was presumed dead following a 1972 plane crash. He graduated from high school and has taken continuing education classes at University of Alaska Anchorage, but does not have a college degree. At age 26 he was elected to the Anchorage Assembly. After serving as chairman for three years, he left the Assembly in 1998. Begich ran two unsuccessful campaigns for mayor in 1994 and 2000. He was finally elected in 2003, winning a narrow three-way race by 11 votes.
Begich handily won the Democratic nomination in the state's 2008 U.S. Senate election. He faced longtime incumbent Republican Ted Stevens, who was facing ethics and corruption charges during his re-election campaign. Stevens was convicted of felony violations a week before the election, (all charges were later dismissed, and conviction was set aside by U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, due to prosecutorial misconduct). The controversy before the election was enough to cause doubt and Begich won by a narrow margin.
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Mary Youngblood
Mary Youngblood (raised as Mary Edwards) is a Northern California Native American flutist. She is half Aleut, and half Seminole. Youngblood was born in Sacramento, California. She has been awarded three Native American Music Awards, being the first woman to win "Flutist of the Year," which she won in both 1999 and 2000, as well as winning "Best Female Artist" in 2000. She is also the first Native American woman to have received a Grammy Award for "Best Native American Music Album", and the first Native American person to have won two Grammy's, the first for Beneath the Raven Moon in 2002 and Dance with the Wind in 2006.
Youngblood has released the following solo albums:
Her work has been included in the following compilations and soundtracks:
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Mead Treadwell
Mead Treadwell is the 13th and current Lieutenant Governor of Alaska and former Chair of the U.S. Arctic Research Commission.
Treadwell was appointed to the Commission in 2001, and was appointed by President George W. Bush to Chair in 2006.
Treadwell has been called to testify before the United States Congress on several occasions.
On August 20, 2009, he was called before the Homeland Security Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, when it made a field trip to Alaska. During his testimony Treadwell warned that the recently announced moratorium on commercial fishing of the Beaufort Sea would fail if it were not matched by similar moratoriums by Canada and Russia.
In May 2010, Treadwell announced his intent to run for Lt. Governor of Alaska. He gave his primary reasons for running as frustration with an overbearing federal government, concern for the flagging Trans-Alaska Pipeline, and a need to diversify Alaska's economy through international trade. Treadwell won the August 24, 2010 Republican primary election with approximately 53% of the vote, a margin of more than 22% over his closest opponent. Following his primary campaign victory, Treadwell's campaign joined with that of incumbent Republican Governor Sean Parnell.
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Michael Caine
Sir Michael Caine, CBE (born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite; 14 March 1933) is an English actor.
Caine is one of two actors nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to 2000s, the other one being Jack Nicholson. In 2000, Caine was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in recognition of his contribution to cinema.
Caine was born in St Olave's Hospital, Rotherhithe, Southwark in South East London, the son of Ellen Frances Marie (née Burchell; 1900-1989), a cook and charwoman, and Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, a fish market porter. His father was of English, Irish, and, reportedly, Irish Traveller ancestry. Caine was brought up in his mother's Protestant religion (his father was Catholic).
Caine grew up in Southwark, South London, and during the Second World War he was evacuated to North Runcton near King's Lynn in Norfolk. After the war, when his father was demobilised, the family was rehoused by the council in Marshall Gardens at the Elephant and Castle in a pre-fabricated house made in Canada, as much of London's housing stock had been damaged during the Blitz in 1940-41.
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Mikhail Gvozdev
Mikhail Spiridonovich Gvozdev (Russian: Михаил Спиридонович Гвоздев) (1700-04 — after 1759) was a Russian military geodesist and a commander of the expedition to northern Alaska in 1732, when Alaskan shore was for the first time sighted by Russians.
In 1732, together with the participants of the first Kamchatka expedition navigators Ivan Fedorov and K. Moshkov, Gvozdev in Sviatoi Gavriil (St. Gabriel) sailed to Dezhnev Cape, the easternmost point of Asia. From there, after having replenished the water supply on 5 August, 'Sviatoi Gavriil' sailed east and soon came near mainland at the Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. They charted the north-western coast of Alaska and mapped their route. By doing this, Fyodorov and Gvozdev completed the discovery of the Bering Strait, once started by Dezhnyov and Fedot Popov and continued by Bering.
Subsequently in 1741-42 Gvozdev participated in expedition led by Alexey Shelting and mapped most of the western and southern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the eastern shore of Sakhalin island.
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Mount McKinley
Mount McKinley or Denali (Koyukon Athabaskan for "The High One", Dghelaayce’e in Ahtna) in Alaska, is the highest mountain peak in the United States and in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. Measured base-to-peak, it is the tallest mountain on land. Measured by topographic prominence, it is the third most prominent peak in the world after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. It is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve.
Mount McKinley is a granitic pluton. It has been uplifted by tectonic pressure while at the same time, erosion has stripped away the (somewhat softer) sedimentary rock above and around the mountain.
The forces that lifted Mount McKinley—the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate—also raised great ranges across southern Alaska. As that huge sheet of ocean-floor rock plunges downward into the mantle, it shoves and crumples the continent into soaring mountains which include some of the most active volcanoes on the continent. Mount McKinley in particular is uplifted relative to the rocks around it because it is at the intersection of major active strike-slip faults (faults that move rocks laterally across the Earth's surface) which allow the deep buried rocks to be unroofed more rapidly compared to those around them.
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Ray Mala
Ray Mala (December 27, 1906 – September 23, 1952) was the first Native American movie star and the most prolific film star Alaska has thus far produced. Mala was recently named a "Top Ten Alaskan" by TIME Magazine. He starred in MGM's Academy Award-winning Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, directed by Woody Van Dyke.
Ray Mala was born Ray Wise in the small village of Candle, Alaska to a Russian Jewish immigrant father and a Native Alaskan mother. He was born during a unique period in Alaskan history. At that time Alaska was still a territory of the United States and still a mystery to many Americans. In 1921 an explorer named Captain Frank Kleinschmidt went to Alaska on an expedition to film a picture called Primitive Love in which Mala makes his film debut at age 14. Not only does Mala act in front of the camera but he serves as a cameraman as well for the picture. From here young Mala accompanied Knud Rasmussen, the Danish Arctic explorer and writer on his trip called The Great Sled Journey from 1921 to 1924 to collect and describe Inuit songs and legends as the official cameraman.
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Robin Williams
Robin McLaurin Williams (born July 21, 1951) is an American actor and comedian. Rising to fame with his role as the alien Mork in the TV series Mork & Mindy, and later stand-up comedy work, Williams has performed in many feature films since 1980. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the 1997 film Good Will Hunting. He has also won two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globes, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and five Grammy Awards.
Williams was born in Chicago, Illinois. His mother, Laura McLaurin (née Smith, 1922–2001), was a former model from New Orleans, Louisiana. His father, Robert Fitzgerald Williams (September 10, 1906 – October 18, 1987), was a senior executive at Ford Motor Company in charge of the Midwest region. His maternal great-great-grandfather was senator and Mississippi governor Anselm J. McLaurin. Williams is of English, Welsh, Irish, and French ancestry. He was raised in the Episcopal Church (his mother practiced Christian Science). He grew up in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where he was a student at the Detroit Country Day School, and later moved to Woodacre, Marin County, California, where he attended the public Redwood High School. Williams studied at Claremont McKenna College (then called Claremont Men's College) for four years. He has two half-brothers: Todd (who died August 14, 2007) and McLaurin.
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Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Palini/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
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Sean Parnell
Sean R. Parnell (born November 19, 1962) is the tenth and current Governor of Alaska. He was elected to a full term as Governor in November 2010. A Republican, he was first sworn in on July 26, 2009 to succeed Sarah Palin after her resignation. He is the first unelected Alaska Governor to be elected in his own right.
Sean Parnell was born in Hanford, California, to Kevin Patrick "Pat" (born September 16, 1937) and Thelma Carol (née Liebherr) Parnell. Pat Parnell was stationed at Fort Richardson, near Anchorage, Alaska, while in the U.S. Army in the late 1950s, and returned to Alaska with his family in 1973, establishing residence in Anchorage. Pat Parnell established a photocopy and office supply business alongside the busy Seward Highway in midtown Anchorage, while Thelma Parnell worked at Bartlett High School and East Anchorage High School, the latter being a short distance from their home. Sean Parnell attended East Anchorage High, graduating in 1980. He has a younger brother named Schöen.
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Semyon Dezhnyov
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnyov (Russian: Семён Ива́нович Дежнёв; IPA: [sʲɪˈmʲɵn ɪˈvanəvʲɪt͡ɕ dʲɪˈʐnʲɵf]; commonly spelled Dezhnev in English-language sources; c. 1605 – 1673) was a Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the Bering Strait, 80 years before Bering did. In 1648 he sailed from the Kolyma River on the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyr River on the Pacific. His exploit was forgotten for almost a hundred years and Vitus Bering is usually given credit for discovering the strait that bears his name.
He was Pomor, born about 1605, possibly at Veliky Ustyug or the village of Pinega. According to Lydia Black (2004: 17), Dezhnyov was recruited for Siberian service, possibly as a service-man or government agent, in 1630. He served for eight years in Tobolsk and Yeniseisk, and then went to Yakutia in 1639, or possibly earlier. He ”is said to have been a member of the Cossack detachment under Beketov, who is credited with founding Yakutsk (on the Lena River) in 1632. In any case, no later than 1639 he was sent to Yakutia, where he married a Yakut captive and spent the next three years collecting tribute from the natives.
wn.com/Semyon_Dezhnyov -
Steven Seagal
Steven Frederic Seagal (born April 10, 1952) is an American action film star, producer, writer, martial artist, guitarist and reserve deputy sheriff. A 7th-dan black belt in Aikido, Seagal began his adult life as an Aikido instructor in Japan. He became the first foreigner to operate an Aikido dojo in Japan.
He later moved to the Los Angeles, California, area where he made his film debut in 1988 in Above the Law. By 1991, he had starred in three successful films, and would go on to achieve greater fame in Under Siege (1992), where he played Navy SEALs counter-terrorist expert Casey Ryback. However both On Deadly Ground (1994, which he directed) and Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995) did poorly in theaters. During the later half of the 90s, he starred in three more theatrical films and a direct-to-video The Patriot. Aside from Exit Wounds (2001) and Half Past Dead (2002), his career shifted almost entirely to direct-to-video films (often low budget productions and shot in Europe or Asia). Between 1998 to 2009, he appeared in a total of 22 of these. At the age of 59, he returned to the big screen as Torrez in the 2010 film Machete. As of 2011, he's currently busy with the third season of his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman.
wn.com/Steven_Seagal -
Ted Stevens
Theodore Fulton "Ted" Stevens, Sr. (November 18, 1923 – August 9, 2010) was a United States Senator from Alaska, serving from December 24, 1968, until January 3, 2009, and thus the longest-serving Republican senator in history. He was President pro tempore in the 108th and 109th Congresses from January 3, 2003, to January 3, 2007, and the third senator to hold the title of President pro tempore emeritus.
Stevens served for six decades in the American public sector, beginning with his service in World War II. In the 1950s, he held senior positions in the Eisenhower Interior Department. He played key roles in legislation that shaped Alaska's economic and social development, including the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. He was also known for his sponsorship of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, which resulted in the establishment of the United States Olympic Committee.
wn.com/Ted_Stevens -
Vitus Bering
Vitus Jonassen Bering (baptised 5 August 1681 in Horsens, Denmark – 8 December 1741 on Bering Island, Russia) was a Danish-born navigator in the service of the Russian Navy as (eventually Captain-Komandor) Витус Ионассен Беринг, known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich Bering. He is known for his two explorations of the north-eastern coast of the Asian continent and from there the western coast on the North American continent. The Bering Strait, the Bering Sea, Bering Island, Bering Glacier and the Bering Land Bridge have since all been (posthumously) named in honour of the explorer.
wn.com/Vitus_Bering
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Farewell Remarks for Senator Akaka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Nevada Senator Harry Reid (D) pays tribute to Senator Daniel Akaka (D-Hawaii), who plans to retire. Reid noted that as a senator, Akaka "worked to make important improvements to the 21st Century GI Bill of Rights."
http://wn.com/Farewell_Remarks_for_Senator_Akaka
Nevada Senator Harry Reid (D) pays tribute to Senator Daniel Akaka (D-Hawaii), who plans to retire. Reid noted that as a senator, Akaka "worked to make important improvements to the 21st Century GI Bill of Rights."
DHS Secretary, USCG Commandant, Senators land aboard Cutter Bertholf off Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:36
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Coast Guard Commandant Adm. Bob Papp, DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano, Senators Lisa Murkowski, Mark Begich and Mary Landrieu land aboard the Coast Guard Cutter Bertholf as the ships sails near Cold Bay, Alaska, Aug. 7, 2012.
http://wn.com/DHS_Secretary,_USCG_Commandant,_Senators_land_aboard_Cutter_Bertholf_off_Alaska
Coast Guard Commandant Adm. Bob Papp, DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano, Senators Lisa Murkowski, Mark Begich and Mary Landrieu land aboard the Coast Guard Cutter Bertholf as the ships sails near Cold Bay, Alaska, Aug. 7, 2012.
- published: 09 Aug 2012
- views: 109
- author: pkelley7777
Sen. Cathy Giessel on Privatizing Alaska School System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:20
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Senator Cathy Giessel (R), and Senator Kevin Meyer (R), both of South Anchorage state clearly that they want to completely privatize education in Alaska. "Do you support complete privatization of Alaska's school system? I guess, if you support privatization of the education system, you can raise a green paddle, if you oppose it - red. It says 'complete'..."
http://wn.com/Sen_Cathy_Giessel_on_Privatizing_Alaska_School_System
Senator Cathy Giessel (R), and Senator Kevin Meyer (R), both of South Anchorage state clearly that they want to completely privatize education in Alaska. "Do you support complete privatization of Alaska's school system? I guess, if you support privatization of the education system, you can raise a green paddle, if you oppose it - red. It says 'complete'..."
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 1005
- author: Jeanne Devon
Hello Voters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
joemiller.us - Hello Voters. Did you know that Joe Miller beat Lisa Murkowski? Did you know that Joe Miller's name appears on the Alaska ballot? Did you know that HER name does not appear on the ballot. Well, now you do. Sadly, Lisa's has forgotten this fact and she really has no reason to go back to Washington except to spend more of your money. On November 2nd, be sure to cast your ballot for Joe Miller.
http://wn.com/Hello_Voters
joemiller.us - Hello Voters. Did you know that Joe Miller beat Lisa Murkowski? Did you know that Joe Miller's name appears on the Alaska ballot? Did you know that HER name does not appear on the ballot. Well, now you do. Sadly, Lisa's has forgotten this fact and she really has no reason to go back to Washington except to spend more of your money. On November 2nd, be sure to cast your ballot for Joe Miller.
- published: 14 Oct 2010
- views: 68227
- author: JoeMillerUS
Alaska state convention: Ron Paul supporters boo senators off stage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
On April 26th, 2012 at the Alaskan Republican convention Alaskan US Senator Lisa Murkowski and US Senator John Barasso of Wyoming did not receive a warm welcome from the republicans. These two tools were reminded that the Americans do not appreciate their rights being stripped away. These two have voted for MANY unconstitutional laws; one recently being the National Defense Authorization Act.
http://wn.com/Alaska_state_convention_Ron_Paul_supporters_boo_senators_off_stage
On April 26th, 2012 at the Alaskan Republican convention Alaskan US Senator Lisa Murkowski and US Senator John Barasso of Wyoming did not receive a warm welcome from the republicans. These two tools were reminded that the Americans do not appreciate their rights being stripped away. These two have voted for MANY unconstitutional laws; one recently being the National Defense Authorization Act.
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 1106
- author: In cognito
Wanna know what happens when a senator endorses Romney at the Alaska State Convention? [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:23
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
April 27, 2012. Alaskan Delegates show it's time for US senator Barrasso to get with the program after he says ".....I have endorsed and will continue to work for the election of Mitt Romney for President of the United States."
http://wn.com/Wanna_know_what_happens_when_a_senator_endorses_Romney_at_the_Alaska_State_Convention?_HD_
April 27, 2012. Alaskan Delegates show it's time for US senator Barrasso to get with the program after he says ".....I have endorsed and will continue to work for the election of Mitt Romney for President of the United States."
- published: 28 Apr 2012
- views: 61401
- author: HeathieANCAP
Senator Murkowski at the UAF Sustainable Village site
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Lisa Murkowski, US Senator for Alaska, visited the UAF Sustainable Village site on August 16th, 2012, where innovative student homes are being built this summer. She toured the houses and discussed with Jack Hebert the importance of affordable, energy efficient homes for Alaska.
http://wn.com/Senator_Murkowski_at_the_UAF_Sustainable_Village_site
Lisa Murkowski, US Senator for Alaska, visited the UAF Sustainable Village site on August 16th, 2012, where innovative student homes are being built this summer. She toured the houses and discussed with Jack Hebert the importance of affordable, energy efficient homes for Alaska.
- published: 17 Aug 2012
- views: 183
- author: ColdClimateHousing
Sen. Murkowski Expresses Frustration with New ECA Regulations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:09
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
US Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, today spoke on the Senate floor about the Environment Protection Agency's lack of understanding of Alaska with their new Emission Control Area (ECA) requirements. The EPA was a major proponent of including waters off southern and southeastern Alaska in an international ECA, which requires ships to use fuel that meets 1-percent sulfur limits starting Aug. 1. The new requirements tighten to 0.1 percent sulfur content beginning in 2015.
http://wn.com/Sen_Murkowski_Expresses_Frustration_with_New_ECA_Regulations
US Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, today spoke on the Senate floor about the Environment Protection Agency's lack of understanding of Alaska with their new Emission Control Area (ECA) requirements. The EPA was a major proponent of including waters off southern and southeastern Alaska in an international ECA, which requires ships to use fuel that meets 1-percent sulfur limits starting Aug. 1. The new requirements tighten to 0.1 percent sulfur content beginning in 2015.
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 21
- author: ENRGOP
Joe Miller TV Ad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
To change Washington, you've got to change the people who are there.
http://wn.com/Joe_Miller_TV_Ad
To change Washington, you've got to change the people who are there.
- published: 04 Oct 2010
- views: 10003
- author: JoeMillerUS
Senator Murkowski Floor Speech on Eielson Air Force Base Proposal 11/30/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:50
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Senator_Murkowski_Floor_Speech_on_Eielson_Air_Force_Base_Proposal_11_30_12
Sen. Lisa Murkowski Community Meeting on Interior Alaska Military Issues, Feb. 18, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:30
- Updated: 20 Feb 2012
Senator Lisa Murkowski, Senator Mark Begich and Mayor Luke Hopkins meet with the Fairbanks community to discuss the future of Eielson Air Force Base.
http://wn.com/Sen_Lisa_Murkowski_Community_Meeting_on_Interior_Alaska_Military_Issues,_Feb_18,_2012
Senator Lisa Murkowski, Senator Mark Begich and Mayor Luke Hopkins meet with the Fairbanks community to discuss the future of Eielson Air Force Base.
- published: 19 Feb 2012
- views: 421
- author: senatormurkowski
Begich to Senate: "This is About Food and Surivval"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
US Senator Mark Begich spoke on the Senate floor on the immediate importance of funding the Alaska salmon fisheries disaster in the supplemental appropriations bill.
http://wn.com/Begich_to_Senate_This_is_About_Food_and_Surivval
US Senator Mark Begich spoke on the Senate floor on the immediate importance of funding the Alaska salmon fisheries disaster in the supplemental appropriations bill.
- published: 20 Dec 2012
- views: 149
- author: USSenatorMarkBegich
WTTW Channel 11 - The Captioned ABC News (1978)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:28
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Here's the first ten minutes of The Captioned ABC News on WTTW Channel 11, which was a replay of the evening's edition of World News Tonight that had aired earlier (at 5:30pm) on WLS Channel 7. The anchors were Max Robinson in Chicago, Peter Jennings in London (on assignment) and Frank Reynolds in Washington, with commentary by Howard K. Smith, and Barbara Walters with a special report (alas, of these five, only Reynolds and Robinson are the ones with significant airtime; the others are only seen in the opening). Also featuring reports by Greg Dobbs, Charles Gibson, and Dave Davis of KTRK Channel 13 (today a sister station to WLS) in Houston, TX. The preparation of these newscasts for the hearing-impaired emanated from WGBH Channel 2 in Boston. It should be noted that the text shown on the screen often varied wildly from what the anchors and reporters actually said, but the gist of what was being reported was shown. Includes: '11' station ID slide with person using snowblower outside on a street covered with snow (voiceover by Marty Robinson) Opening titles for The Captioned ABC News - "A rebroadcast specially prepared for the hearing-impaired." Opening of World News Tonight with preview of headlines (voiceover by Frank Reynolds) World News Tonight opening title sequence with introduction of anchors and commentators (voiceover by Bill Rice) Frank Reynolds leads with the situation in Iran, with riots in Tehran and other cities, and a strike by thousands of oil workers ...
http://wn.com/WTTW_Channel_11_The_Captioned_ABC_News_1978
Here's the first ten minutes of The Captioned ABC News on WTTW Channel 11, which was a replay of the evening's edition of World News Tonight that had aired earlier (at 5:30pm) on WLS Channel 7. The anchors were Max Robinson in Chicago, Peter Jennings in London (on assignment) and Frank Reynolds in Washington, with commentary by Howard K. Smith, and Barbara Walters with a special report (alas, of these five, only Reynolds and Robinson are the ones with significant airtime; the others are only seen in the opening). Also featuring reports by Greg Dobbs, Charles Gibson, and Dave Davis of KTRK Channel 13 (today a sister station to WLS) in Houston, TX. The preparation of these newscasts for the hearing-impaired emanated from WGBH Channel 2 in Boston. It should be noted that the text shown on the screen often varied wildly from what the anchors and reporters actually said, but the gist of what was being reported was shown. Includes: '11' station ID slide with person using snowblower outside on a street covered with snow (voiceover by Marty Robinson) Opening titles for The Captioned ABC News - "A rebroadcast specially prepared for the hearing-impaired." Opening of World News Tonight with preview of headlines (voiceover by Frank Reynolds) World News Tonight opening title sequence with introduction of anchors and commentators (voiceover by Bill Rice) Frank Reynolds leads with the situation in Iran, with riots in Tehran and other cities, and a strike by thousands of oil workers ...
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 852
- author: FuzzyMemoriesTV
Senator Lisa Murkowski Celebrates US Constitution Day 9/17/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Senator_Lisa_Murkowski_Celebrates_US_Constitution_Day_9_17_2012
Geography Matters: Begich Presses USAF Chief of Staff Nominee on Alaska Military Importance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:18
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
July 19, 2012 - US Sen. Mark Begich again pressed top brass in the US Air Force on the important role Alaska plays in the nation's defense, and received affirmative comments from the incoming Air Force Chief of Staff. Begich, a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC), took part in the nomination hearing at SASC of General. Mark Welsh to be Chief of Staff, and Lt. Gen. Frank Grass to be general and Chief, National Guard Bureau. "Alaska is a very valuable platform for the US Air Force," Gen. Welsh said at the hearing in response to questioning from Begich. "There's a reason we have our newest fighter based in Alaska. There's a reason we have a tanker airlift stationed in Alaska—a tremendous tanker unit by the way. There's a reason we have tactical airlift rescue forces, command and control aircraft, geography matters."
http://wn.com/Geography_Matters_Begich_Presses_USAF_Chief_of_Staff_Nominee_on_Alaska_Military_Importance
July 19, 2012 - US Sen. Mark Begich again pressed top brass in the US Air Force on the important role Alaska plays in the nation's defense, and received affirmative comments from the incoming Air Force Chief of Staff. Begich, a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC), took part in the nomination hearing at SASC of General. Mark Welsh to be Chief of Staff, and Lt. Gen. Frank Grass to be general and Chief, National Guard Bureau. "Alaska is a very valuable platform for the US Air Force," Gen. Welsh said at the hearing in response to questioning from Begich. "There's a reason we have our newest fighter based in Alaska. There's a reason we have a tanker airlift stationed in Alaska—a tremendous tanker unit by the way. There's a reason we have tactical airlift rescue forces, command and control aircraft, geography matters."
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 960
- author: USSenatorMarkBegich
Senator Lisa Murkowski Floor Speech on Energy Leadership: 9/20/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Senator_Lisa_Murkowski_Floor_Speech_on_Energy_Leadership_9_20_12
The Alaska Report January 2012: The Alaska SeaLife Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:49
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
January 2012 - Senator Mark Begich hosts the January 2012 edition of the Alaska Report, a show highlighting people, issues and programs impacting Alaska. In this episode, Sen. Begich interviews the CEO of the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Dr. Tara Jones. Dr. Jones talks about what makes the SeaLife Center a premier Alaska destination and a leading research facility and aquarium. The Alaska Report is a public broadcast program hosted by the Alaska Congressional Delegation. In the 112th Congress, Senator Begich and Senator Lisa Murkowski rotate hosting duties and interview guests of their choice.
http://wn.com/The_Alaska_Report_January_2012_The_Alaska_SeaLife_Center
January 2012 - Senator Mark Begich hosts the January 2012 edition of the Alaska Report, a show highlighting people, issues and programs impacting Alaska. In this episode, Sen. Begich interviews the CEO of the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Dr. Tara Jones. Dr. Jones talks about what makes the SeaLife Center a premier Alaska destination and a leading research facility and aquarium. The Alaska Report is a public broadcast program hosted by the Alaska Congressional Delegation. In the 112th Congress, Senator Begich and Senator Lisa Murkowski rotate hosting duties and interview guests of their choice.
- published: 09 Jan 2012
- views: 439
- author: USSenatorMarkBegich
PBS Hawaii - INSIGHTS - Election 2012: US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:50
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Host Dan Boylan moderates this candidates' forum for the US Senate race. With both Mazie Hirono (D) and Linda Lingle (R) scheduled to appear, INSIGHTS provides an unscripted, unfiltered look at the candidates and an opportunity for viewers to ask them questions. Original Air Date: October 18, 2012
http://wn.com/PBS_Hawaii_INSIGHTS_Election_2012_US_Senate
Host Dan Boylan moderates this candidates' forum for the US Senate race. With both Mazie Hirono (D) and Linda Lingle (R) scheduled to appear, INSIGHTS provides an unscripted, unfiltered look at the candidates and an opportunity for viewers to ask them questions. Original Air Date: October 18, 2012
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 608
- author: PBSHawaiiorg
Senate Session 2012-09-20 (09:29:50-10:39:31)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 69:42
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-09-20_092950-103931
Sen. Murkowski's Statement on Renewable Energy Competitiveness with China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
Opening Stetement from US Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, during a Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on competitiveness and collaboration between the US and China on clean energy.
http://wn.com/Sen_Murkowski's_Statement_on_Renewable_Energy_Competitiveness_with_China
Opening Stetement from US Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, during a Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on competitiveness and collaboration between the US and China on clean energy.
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 50
- author: ENRGOP
Senator Lisa Murkowski Talks to Fox News Business about ANWR 4/18/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Updated: 18 Apr 2012
US Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, today spoke on Fox News Business about the 10 year anniversary of the Senate vote that blocked the opening of ANWR. The excuse cited by most was that it would take 10 years to get the oil to market.
http://wn.com/Senator_Lisa_Murkowski_Talks_to_Fox_News_Business_about_ANWR_4_18_12
US Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, today spoke on Fox News Business about the 10 year anniversary of the Senate vote that blocked the opening of ANWR. The excuse cited by most was that it would take 10 years to get the oil to market.
- published: 18 Apr 2012
- views: 252
- author: senatormurkowski
Begich on Transportation Bill: "Let's quit the politics and move forward"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
US Sen. Mark Begich spoke on the Senate floor today about his frustration with the House of Representatives for not moving forward on the reauthorization of the nation's surface transportation programs. A comprehensive reauthorization bill passed the Senate in mid-March with a bi-partisan vote of 74 to 22 . The bill means over a billion for Alaska transportation projects over the next two years, but is stalled in negotiations with the House in conference committee.
http://wn.com/Begich_on_Transportation_Bill_Let's_quit_the_politics_and_move_forward
US Sen. Mark Begich spoke on the Senate floor today about his frustration with the House of Representatives for not moving forward on the reauthorization of the nation's surface transportation programs. A comprehensive reauthorization bill passed the Senate in mid-March with a bi-partisan vote of 74 to 22 . The bill means over a billion for Alaska transportation projects over the next two years, but is stalled in negotiations with the House in conference committee.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 230
- author: USSenatorMarkBegich
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Between the Buried And Me - Alaska (Live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
From the The Silent Circus bonus DVD. Live in Carrboro, NC. July 19th, 2005.
http://wn.com/Between_the_Buried_And_Me_Alaska_Live
From the The Silent Circus bonus DVD. Live in Carrboro, NC. July 19th, 2005.
- published: 03 Mar 2008
- views: 91066
- author: neppah
Rural Alaska: Why do I live here?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Filmed in Shungnak, Alaska (north of the Arctic Circle) and set to music, villagers are asked why they enjoy living there. At the end of the 4-minute film, you'll start to understand why they choose to live there, too. Filmed by Krista Galyen. UPDATE: Warner Brothers has complained and so the audio is no longer available on this particular YouTube video...unfortunately that also gets rid of all the interview audio as well. :(
http://wn.com/Rural_Alaska_Why_do_I_live_here?
Filmed in Shungnak, Alaska (north of the Arctic Circle) and set to music, villagers are asked why they enjoy living there. At the end of the 4-minute film, you'll start to understand why they choose to live there, too. Filmed by Krista Galyen. UPDATE: Warner Brothers has complained and so the audio is no longer available on this particular YouTube video...unfortunately that also gets rid of all the interview audio as well. :(
- published: 17 May 2006
- views: 25086
- author: kgalyen
Chiodos - There's No Penguins In Alaska live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
So I finally decided to tell the story about these videos. This is a video of Chiodos playing in my livingroom about four years ago when they had just put out their All's Well That Ends Well cd. They were on tour and suppose to play at the backbooth and the promoter canceled the show last minute and I messaged them asking what's going on and Craig asked me if they could play at my house because they were desperate. I was like 16 or something at the time so I asked my parents if they could come play a really loud show in our living room and they said sure. So I invited a ton of my friends and when the day came, them and Still Life Projector came over. Chiodos only drove a van then and their air conditioning was broken, so being as though it was September and in central Florida, they were covered in sweat. So since I had a pool, we all jumped in and had a fun time. After that I told a few of them that I had some good pot and so Craig, Derek, Jason, and a few of the guys from Still Life Projector followed me to this awesome place in the woods near my house and we got pretty decently blazed. We all then tried to go fishing and I was the only one who caught anything. After that Still Life Projector set up and played a really good show, I had never heard them before but they're good. After they played, Chiodos set up played this show that I have uploaded. They played 7 songs, very energetic for a living room as you can see. After the show they sold a bunch of merch to my ...
http://wn.com/Chiodos_There's_No_Penguins_In_Alaska_live
So I finally decided to tell the story about these videos. This is a video of Chiodos playing in my livingroom about four years ago when they had just put out their All's Well That Ends Well cd. They were on tour and suppose to play at the backbooth and the promoter canceled the show last minute and I messaged them asking what's going on and Craig asked me if they could play at my house because they were desperate. I was like 16 or something at the time so I asked my parents if they could come play a really loud show in our living room and they said sure. So I invited a ton of my friends and when the day came, them and Still Life Projector came over. Chiodos only drove a van then and their air conditioning was broken, so being as though it was September and in central Florida, they were covered in sweat. So since I had a pool, we all jumped in and had a fun time. After that I told a few of them that I had some good pot and so Craig, Derek, Jason, and a few of the guys from Still Life Projector followed me to this awesome place in the woods near my house and we got pretty decently blazed. We all then tried to go fishing and I was the only one who caught anything. After that Still Life Projector set up and played a really good show, I had never heard them before but they're good. After they played, Chiodos set up played this show that I have uploaded. They played 7 songs, very energetic for a living room as you can see. After the show they sold a bunch of merch to my ...
- published: 19 Mar 2006
- views: 72885
- author: guitarrocker4182
Atomic Bombs in Alaska - Live From Amchitka!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
October 2, 1969. Live From Amchitka! Milrow was one of three nuclear bomb tests conducted in Alaska. At 1 MT, it was the second largest. The largest was Cannikin at 5 Megatons. You can see more about Atomic Tests in Alaska in "Atomic Journeys - Welcome To Ground Zero."
http://wn.com/Atomic_Bombs_in_Alaska_Live_From_Amchitka!
October 2, 1969. Live From Amchitka! Milrow was one of three nuclear bomb tests conducted in Alaska. At 1 MT, it was the second largest. The largest was Cannikin at 5 Megatons. You can see more about Atomic Tests in Alaska in "Atomic Journeys - Welcome To Ground Zero."
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 19890
- author: atomcentral
Goo Goo Dolls - Black Balloon (Live in Alaska)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
From Music In High Places: Live in Alaska. A great acoustic version of Black Balloon.
http://wn.com/Goo_Goo_Dolls_Black_Balloon_Live_in_Alaska
From Music In High Places: Live in Alaska. A great acoustic version of Black Balloon.
- published: 13 Dec 2008
- views: 229206
- author: bulatao2
National Geographic Live! - Andrew Skurka: Trekking the Wild North
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:30
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
From the Best of NG Live Collection: Get the inside story of the gear — and the grit — needed by National Geographic grantee Andrew Skurka for his six-month, 4700-mile expedition through Alaska and the Yukon. Upcoming Events at National Geographic Live! events.nationalgeographic.com Get Andrew's NEW book, The Ultimate Hiker's Gear Guide shop.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/National_Geographic_Live!_Andrew_Skurka_Trekking_the_Wild_North
From the Best of NG Live Collection: Get the inside story of the gear — and the grit — needed by National Geographic grantee Andrew Skurka for his six-month, 4700-mile expedition through Alaska and the Yukon. Upcoming Events at National Geographic Live! events.nationalgeographic.com Get Andrew's NEW book, The Ultimate Hiker's Gear Guide shop.nationalgeographic.com
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 50402
- author: NationalGeographic
UK Alaska/Night After Night Live Montreal 2012 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:10
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
UK Live May 11th 2012 Montreal Alaska/Night After Night Eddie Jobson JohnWetton The Incredible Terry Bozzio
http://wn.com/UK_Alaska_Night_After_Night_Live_Montreal_2012_HD
UK Live May 11th 2012 Montreal Alaska/Night After Night Eddie Jobson JohnWetton The Incredible Terry Bozzio
- published: 13 May 2012
- views: 14038
- author: 9194rage
John Prine - Hello in There (Live) - Juneau, AK '08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
John plays the classic at the JHDS auditorium on August 16, 2008 in Juneau, Alaska.
http://wn.com/John_Prine_Hello_in_There_Live_Juneau,_AK_'08
John plays the classic at the JHDS auditorium on August 16, 2008 in Juneau, Alaska.
- published: 17 Aug 2008
- views: 50328
- author: spenserrr
Chiodos part4 "There's No Penguins in Alaska"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
DeepRockDrive.com - Chiodos performs "There's No Penguins in Alaska" live at deeprockdrive.com Watch the entire show - www.deeprockdrive.com
http://wn.com/Chiodos_part4_There's_No_Penguins_in_Alaska
DeepRockDrive.com - Chiodos performs "There's No Penguins in Alaska" live at deeprockdrive.com Watch the entire show - www.deeprockdrive.com
- published: 24 Jun 2008
- views: 78894
- author: DeepRockDriveVault
H2O Guides 2011 - Valdez, Alaska - Helicopter Skiing and Snowboarding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:09
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Come join H2O Guides in the infamous Chugach Range of Alaska. Live the dream whether you're into moderate or extreme, casual or pro. We access the best big mountain terrain in the world, and we want to share it with you!
http://wn.com/H2O_Guides_2011_Valdez,_Alaska_Helicopter_Skiing_and_Snowboarding
Come join H2O Guides in the infamous Chugach Range of Alaska. Live the dream whether you're into moderate or extreme, casual or pro. We access the best big mountain terrain in the world, and we want to share it with you!
- published: 28 Jun 2011
- views: 12312
- author: H2OGuides
beau dommage-la complainte du phoque en alaska(live).mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/beau_dommage-la_complainte_du_phoque_en_alaskalivempg
Between the Buried and Me - "Selkies"(solo live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
BTBAM - "Selkies: The Endless Obsession" entire solo section!! Oh boy, oh boy!
http://wn.com/Between_the_Buried_and_Me_Selkiessolo_live
BTBAM - "Selkies: The Endless Obsession" entire solo section!! Oh boy, oh boy!
- published: 12 Aug 2008
- views: 185154
- author: FilthySICness13
Hidden Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:21
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Veteran photographer Michael Melford travels to one of the most pristine places in Alaska, where residents must choose between two incompatible futures.
http://wn.com/Hidden_Alaska
Veteran photographer Michael Melford travels to one of the most pristine places in Alaska, where residents must choose between two incompatible futures.
- published: 21 Jun 2011
- views: 103700
- author: NationalGeographic
North To Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING! mmitchelldaviss.net http that song in the background is great... just saying
http://wn.com/North_To_Alaska
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING! mmitchelldaviss.net http that song in the background is great... just saying
- published: 26 Nov 2008
- views: 1571412
- author: livelavalive
Vrak - If I could (Live Truckstop alaska)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Vrak's only official concert to date 5/5 Gothenburg opening for Jex Thoth at Trackstoppallahska
http://wn.com/Vrak_If_I_could_Live_Truckstop_alaska
Vrak's only official concert to date 5/5 Gothenburg opening for Jex Thoth at Trackstoppallahska
- published: 17 May 2012
- views: 901
- author: KANGPUNK
Roy English - As We Grow Older (Unplugged Live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Roy English performs a live unplugged version of his unreleased song 'As We Grow Older'. Download free mp3 of this performance here: soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/Roy_English_As_We_Grow_Older_Unplugged_Live
Roy English performs a live unplugged version of his unreleased song 'As We Grow Older'. Download free mp3 of this performance here: soundcloud.com
- published: 21 Feb 2012
- views: 54327
- author: CanaryDynasty
Living off the Land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:11
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
In this segment of Shades of Green, discover how the people who live among the Tongass NF in southeastern Alaska live with and off of the land, the natural resources and each other in this compelling video.
http://wn.com/Living_off_the_Land
In this segment of Shades of Green, discover how the people who live among the Tongass NF in southeastern Alaska live with and off of the land, the natural resources and each other in this compelling video.
- published: 10 Mar 2011
- views: 111894
- author: usdaForestService
Roy English - Ever After (Unplugged Live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Roy English performs an unplugged version of his song 'Ever After' live off his debut EP "FearLove". Available now on iTunes. itunes.apple.com Download Mp3 of this performance here: soundcloud.com More from Roy English at www.theroyenglish.com More from Canary Dynasty at http
http://wn.com/Roy_English_Ever_After_Unplugged_Live
Roy English performs an unplugged version of his song 'Ever After' live off his debut EP "FearLove". Available now on iTunes. itunes.apple.com Download Mp3 of this performance here: soundcloud.com More from Roy English at www.theroyenglish.com More from Canary Dynasty at http
- published: 13 Oct 2011
- views: 37604
- author: CanaryDynasty
Martha and Andy Samberg Make Baked Alaska | Andy Samberg | Martha Stewart
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Martha shows Andy Samberg of "Saturday Night Live" -- dressed in a pink snowsuit -- how to make baked Alaska. Go to MarthaStewart.com/andy-samberg for more information about this episode. Brought to you by Martha Stewart: www.marthastewart.com Subscribe for more Martha now! full.sc More Meal Ideas & Dessert Videos: full.sc More Martha Stewart's Cooking School: full.sc More Cooking Tricks and Shortcuts: full.sc More Celebrity Chef Videos: full.sc More Celebrity Clips: full.sc Want more Martha? Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Pinterest: pinterest.com Google Plus: plus.google.com Martha's Official Blog: www.themarthablog.com The Martha Stewart channel offers inspiration and ideas for creative living. Use our trusted recipes and how-tos, and crafts, entertaining, and holiday projects to enrich your life. Martha and Andy Samberg Make Baked Alaska | Andy Samberg | Martha Stewart www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Martha_and_Andy_Samberg_Make_Baked_Alaska_|_Andy_Samberg_|_Martha_Stewart
Martha shows Andy Samberg of "Saturday Night Live" -- dressed in a pink snowsuit -- how to make baked Alaska. Go to MarthaStewart.com/andy-samberg for more information about this episode. Brought to you by Martha Stewart: www.marthastewart.com Subscribe for more Martha now! full.sc More Meal Ideas & Dessert Videos: full.sc More Martha Stewart's Cooking School: full.sc More Cooking Tricks and Shortcuts: full.sc More Celebrity Chef Videos: full.sc More Celebrity Clips: full.sc Want more Martha? Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Pinterest: pinterest.com Google Plus: plus.google.com Martha's Official Blog: www.themarthablog.com The Martha Stewart channel offers inspiration and ideas for creative living. Use our trusted recipes and how-tos, and crafts, entertaining, and holiday projects to enrich your life. Martha and Andy Samberg Make Baked Alaska | Andy Samberg | Martha Stewart www.youtube.com
- published: 06 Dec 2010
- views: 80465
- author: MarthaStewart
Goo Goo Dolls - Big Machine (Live in Alaska)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Music in High Places
http://wn.com/Goo_Goo_Dolls_Big_Machine_Live_in_Alaska
My Own Private Alaska - Die for me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Clip live officiel du groupe MY OWN PRIVATE ALASKA, réalisé par Terence Chevrin (Tesh).
http://wn.com/My_Own_Private_Alaska_Die_for_me
Clip live officiel du groupe MY OWN PRIVATE ALASKA, réalisé par Terence Chevrin (Tesh).
- published: 08 Jun 2008
- views: 70850
- author: Thornydreams
Life in the Alaska bush #5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
3 new full lenght videos @ Amazon instant videos - Type in Paul Hemann for all..Watch Instantly ! www.amazon.com Remote life in the Alaska bush.
http://wn.com/Life_in_the_Alaska_bush_5
3 new full lenght videos @ Amazon instant videos - Type in Paul Hemann for all..Watch Instantly ! www.amazon.com Remote life in the Alaska bush.
- published: 16 Nov 2010
- views: 16297
- author: paulhemann
Life in the Alaska Bush #10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
3 new full lenght videos @ Amazon instant videos - Type in Paul Hemann for all..Watch Instantly ! Enjoy the day ! Even at -30 !!! www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/Life_in_the_Alaska_Bush_10
3 new full lenght videos @ Amazon instant videos - Type in Paul Hemann for all..Watch Instantly ! Enjoy the day ! Even at -30 !!! www.amazon.com
- published: 19 Jan 2011
- views: 21911
- author: paulhemann
4:08
Between the Buried And Me - Alaska (Live)
From the The Silent Circus bonus DVD. Live in Carrboro, NC. July 19th, 2005....
published: 03 Mar 2008
author: neppah
Between the Buried And Me - Alaska (Live)
From the The Silent Circus bonus DVD. Live in Carrboro, NC. July 19th, 2005.
- published: 03 Mar 2008
- views: 91066
- author: neppah
5:19
Rural Alaska: Why do I live here?
Filmed in Shungnak, Alaska (north of the Arctic Circle) and set to music, villagers are as...
published: 17 May 2006
author: kgalyen
Rural Alaska: Why do I live here?
Filmed in Shungnak, Alaska (north of the Arctic Circle) and set to music, villagers are asked why they enjoy living there. At the end of the 4-minute film, you'll start to understand why they choose to live there, too. Filmed by Krista Galyen. UPDATE: Warner Brothers has complained and so the audio is no longer available on this particular YouTube video...unfortunately that also gets rid of all the interview audio as well. :(
- published: 17 May 2006
- views: 25086
- author: kgalyen
4:29
Chiodos - There's No Penguins In Alaska live
So I finally decided to tell the story about these videos. This is a video of Chiodos play...
published: 19 Mar 2006
author: guitarrocker4182
Chiodos - There's No Penguins In Alaska live
So I finally decided to tell the story about these videos. This is a video of Chiodos playing in my livingroom about four years ago when they had just put out their All's Well That Ends Well cd. They were on tour and suppose to play at the backbooth and the promoter canceled the show last minute and I messaged them asking what's going on and Craig asked me if they could play at my house because they were desperate. I was like 16 or something at the time so I asked my parents if they could come play a really loud show in our living room and they said sure. So I invited a ton of my friends and when the day came, them and Still Life Projector came over. Chiodos only drove a van then and their air conditioning was broken, so being as though it was September and in central Florida, they were covered in sweat. So since I had a pool, we all jumped in and had a fun time. After that I told a few of them that I had some good pot and so Craig, Derek, Jason, and a few of the guys from Still Life Projector followed me to this awesome place in the woods near my house and we got pretty decently blazed. We all then tried to go fishing and I was the only one who caught anything. After that Still Life Projector set up and played a really good show, I had never heard them before but they're good. After they played, Chiodos set up played this show that I have uploaded. They played 7 songs, very energetic for a living room as you can see. After the show they sold a bunch of merch to my ...
- published: 19 Mar 2006
- views: 72885
- author: guitarrocker4182
1:01
Atomic Bombs in Alaska - Live From Amchitka!
October 2, 1969. Live From Amchitka! Milrow was one of three nuclear bomb tests conducted ...
published: 26 Jul 2012
author: atomcentral
Atomic Bombs in Alaska - Live From Amchitka!
October 2, 1969. Live From Amchitka! Milrow was one of three nuclear bomb tests conducted in Alaska. At 1 MT, it was the second largest. The largest was Cannikin at 5 Megatons. You can see more about Atomic Tests in Alaska in "Atomic Journeys - Welcome To Ground Zero."
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 19890
- author: atomcentral
4:27
Goo Goo Dolls - Black Balloon (Live in Alaska)
From Music In High Places: Live in Alaska. A great acoustic version of Black Balloon....
published: 13 Dec 2008
author: bulatao2
Goo Goo Dolls - Black Balloon (Live in Alaska)
From Music In High Places: Live in Alaska. A great acoustic version of Black Balloon.
- published: 13 Dec 2008
- views: 229206
- author: bulatao2
33:30
National Geographic Live! - Andrew Skurka: Trekking the Wild North
From the Best of NG Live Collection: Get the inside story of the gear — and the grit — nee...
published: 31 May 2011
author: NationalGeographic
National Geographic Live! - Andrew Skurka: Trekking the Wild North
From the Best of NG Live Collection: Get the inside story of the gear — and the grit — needed by National Geographic grantee Andrew Skurka for his six-month, 4700-mile expedition through Alaska and the Yukon. Upcoming Events at National Geographic Live! events.nationalgeographic.com Get Andrew's NEW book, The Ultimate Hiker's Gear Guide shop.nationalgeographic.com
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 50402
- author: NationalGeographic
11:10
UK Alaska/Night After Night Live Montreal 2012 HD
UK Live May 11th 2012 Montreal Alaska/Night After Night Eddie Jobson JohnWetton The Incred...
published: 13 May 2012
author: 9194rage
UK Alaska/Night After Night Live Montreal 2012 HD
UK Live May 11th 2012 Montreal Alaska/Night After Night Eddie Jobson JohnWetton The Incredible Terry Bozzio
- published: 13 May 2012
- views: 14038
- author: 9194rage
5:40
John Prine - Hello in There (Live) - Juneau, AK '08
John plays the classic at the JHDS auditorium on August 16, 2008 in Juneau, Alaska....
published: 17 Aug 2008
author: spenserrr
John Prine - Hello in There (Live) - Juneau, AK '08
John plays the classic at the JHDS auditorium on August 16, 2008 in Juneau, Alaska.
- published: 17 Aug 2008
- views: 50328
- author: spenserrr
6:33
Chiodos part4 "There's No Penguins in Alaska"
DeepRockDrive.com - Chiodos performs "There's No Penguins in Alaska" live at deeprockdrive...
published: 24 Jun 2008
author: DeepRockDriveVault
Chiodos part4 "There's No Penguins in Alaska"
DeepRockDrive.com - Chiodos performs "There's No Penguins in Alaska" live at deeprockdrive.com Watch the entire show - www.deeprockdrive.com
- published: 24 Jun 2008
- views: 78894
- author: DeepRockDriveVault
14:09
H2O Guides 2011 - Valdez, Alaska - Helicopter Skiing and Snowboarding
Come join H2O Guides in the infamous Chugach Range of Alaska. Live the dream whether you'r...
published: 28 Jun 2011
author: H2OGuides
H2O Guides 2011 - Valdez, Alaska - Helicopter Skiing and Snowboarding
Come join H2O Guides in the infamous Chugach Range of Alaska. Live the dream whether you're into moderate or extreme, casual or pro. We access the best big mountain terrain in the world, and we want to share it with you!
- published: 28 Jun 2011
- views: 12312
- author: H2OGuides
2:12
Between the Buried and Me - "Selkies"(solo live)
BTBAM - "Selkies: The Endless Obsession" entire solo section!! Oh boy, oh boy!...
published: 12 Aug 2008
author: FilthySICness13
Between the Buried and Me - "Selkies"(solo live)
BTBAM - "Selkies: The Endless Obsession" entire solo section!! Oh boy, oh boy!
- published: 12 Aug 2008
- views: 185154
- author: FilthySICness13
32:21
Hidden Alaska
Veteran photographer Michael Melford travels to one of the most pristine places in Alaska,...
published: 21 Jun 2011
author: NationalGeographic
Hidden Alaska
Veteran photographer Michael Melford travels to one of the most pristine places in Alaska, where residents must choose between two incompatible futures.
- published: 21 Jun 2011
- views: 103700
- author: NationalGeographic
0:43
North To Alaska
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING! mmitchelldaviss.net http that song in the background is great... j...
published: 26 Nov 2008
author: livelavalive
North To Alaska
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING! mmitchelldaviss.net http that song in the background is great... just saying
- published: 26 Nov 2008
- views: 1571412
- author: livelavalive
Vimeo results:
1:35
ALASKAS - Senator's Psalm
I recorded 100 songs in the month of April, this is the 82nd track.
Starring Teague Smith...
published: 15 May 2011
author: DILLON JAMES REGO
ALASKAS - Senator's Psalm
I recorded 100 songs in the month of April, this is the 82nd track.
Starring Teague Smith
Written, performed, produced, directed, filmed and edited by Dillon James Rego.
dillonjamesregoisalaskas.com
0:40
Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski on the Limbaugh/Steele controversy
Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski at the ceremonial start of the Iditarod in downtown Anchorag...
published: 07 Mar 2009
author: Dennis Zaki
Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski on the Limbaugh/Steele controversy
Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski at the ceremonial start of the Iditarod in downtown Anchorage on March 7th, 2009. I asked Senator Murkowski who the leader of the Republican Party is.
2:11
Alaska Senator Mark Begich on the Bureau of Indian Affairs visiting Alaska
Alaska Senator Mark Begich on the Bureau of Indian Affairs visiting Alaska. Shot during a ...
published: 21 Feb 2009
author: Dennis Zaki
Alaska Senator Mark Begich on the Bureau of Indian Affairs visiting Alaska
Alaska Senator Mark Begich on the Bureau of Indian Affairs visiting Alaska. Shot during a presser in Anchorage, Alaska on February 20th, 2009 by Dennis Zaki.
2:13
Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski says she doesn't want Obama to fail
Unlike Rush Limbaugh, Senator Lisa Murkowski says she doesn't want President Obama to fail...
published: 21 Feb 2009
author: Dennis Zaki
Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski says she doesn't want Obama to fail
Unlike Rush Limbaugh, Senator Lisa Murkowski says she doesn't want President Obama to fail. Filmed in Anchorage, Alaska on February 20th, 2009 at Murkowski's office during a press conference. .
Youtube results:
4:18
Vrak - If I could (Live Truckstop alaska)
Vrak's only official concert to date 5/5 Gothenburg opening for Jex Thoth at Trackstoppall...
published: 17 May 2012
author: KANGPUNK
Vrak - If I could (Live Truckstop alaska)
Vrak's only official concert to date 5/5 Gothenburg opening for Jex Thoth at Trackstoppallahska
- published: 17 May 2012
- views: 901
- author: KANGPUNK
4:34
Roy English - As We Grow Older (Unplugged Live)
Roy English performs a live unplugged version of his unreleased song 'As We Grow Older'. D...
published: 21 Feb 2012
author: CanaryDynasty
Roy English - As We Grow Older (Unplugged Live)
Roy English performs a live unplugged version of his unreleased song 'As We Grow Older'. Download free mp3 of this performance here: soundcloud.com
- published: 21 Feb 2012
- views: 54327
- author: CanaryDynasty
11:11
Living off the Land
In this segment of Shades of Green, discover how the people who live among the Tongass NF ...
published: 10 Mar 2011
author: usdaForestService
Living off the Land
In this segment of Shades of Green, discover how the people who live among the Tongass NF in southeastern Alaska live with and off of the land, the natural resources and each other in this compelling video.
- published: 10 Mar 2011
- views: 111894
- author: usdaForestService
2:24
Roy English - Ever After (Unplugged Live)
Roy English performs an unplugged version of his song 'Ever After' live off his debut EP "...
published: 13 Oct 2011
author: CanaryDynasty
Roy English - Ever After (Unplugged Live)
Roy English performs an unplugged version of his song 'Ever After' live off his debut EP "FearLove". Available now on iTunes. itunes.apple.com Download Mp3 of this performance here: soundcloud.com More from Roy English at www.theroyenglish.com More from Canary Dynasty at http
- published: 13 Oct 2011
- views: 37604
- author: CanaryDynasty
photo: Creative Commons / Axou
24 Dec 2012
Steve Jobs was controversial in life, and now his high-tech mega-yacht is associated with a controversy long after his death. The former Apple CEO's ship was impounded in Amsterdam in the middle of a financial battle over a disputed bill. Phillippe Starck, a French product designer and architect, has alleged that Jobs' heirs owe him 3 million euros for his work on Venus, the 256-foot yacht Jobs commissioned before his death ... ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Giorgione
24 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A deadly silence immediately followed after a bullet penetrated the calf's skull. Against my wishes, Vic had decided against either amputating its leg or contacting a veterinarian-something he reasoned would have been too expensive. The unfortunate calf had slid down into a ravine where its hind leg, which was mangled and torn, became wrapped in barbed wire ... But it was more than a bellow ... 9....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Musadeq Sadeq
24 Dec 2012
KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — An Afghan policewoman shot and killed an American adviser outside the police headquarters in Kabul on Monday, the latest in a rising tide of insider attacks by Afghans against their foreign allies, senior Afghan officials said. The woman, identified as Afghan police Sgt ... The woman was taken into Afghan custody shortly after the attack ... As many Afghans, the policewoman uses only one name ... Air Force Lt. Col ... Gen ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Hasan Jamali
26 Dec 2012
The six Gulf states have sharpened their tone against their neighbour Iran, demanding an immediate halt to its "interference" in their internal affairs while urging action to halt mass killings and violations of international law in Syria ... The council said they "reject and denounce" Iran's "continued interference" in their internal affairs that increase regional tension and threaten security and stability ... 419 Source.. Agencies. Share ... ....(size: 18.7Kb)
Kansas City Star
24 Dec 2012
Over his final six years in the Senate, DeMint rocked national politics like an earthquake, gaining fame and notoriety that few lawmakers can claim ... DeMint, who earlier this month said he will leave the Senate in January to head a conservative think tank, helped make “earmarks” a household word ... Then, he thanked his “many friends” in the Senate ... Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, of her Senate seniority....(size: 10.0Kb)
Business Insider
23 Dec 2012
You must watch this clip from 1990, where Senators debate a "balanced" budget package designed to reduce the deficit ... There's Alaska Senator Ted Stevens warning about the danger if Washington hit the "sequester.". You have Senator Pete Domenici talking about how it was a "balanced" approach because only 30% of the deficit reduction came ......(size: 1.9Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
23 Dec 2012
Over his final six years in the Senate, DeMint rocked national politics like an earthquake, gaining fame and notoriety that few lawmakers can claim ... DeMint, who earlier this month said he will leave the Senate in January to head a conservative think tank, helped make “earmarks” a household word ... Then, he thanked his “many friends” in the Senate ... Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, of her Senate seniority....(size: 10.4Kb)
my SA
23 Dec 2012
Washington, D.C. Sexual assaults. at academies up ... The military academies reported 80 cases of sexual assault, a 23 percent increase in a year. Alaska. Senators oppose altered salmon. Alaska's congressional delegation is opposing a federal report that says a genetically modified salmon that grows twice as fast as normal is unlikely to harm the environment ... Sen ... Sen ... Alabama. 2 slain at club; man arrested ... Hoover police Capt ... Pakistan ... India....(size: 3.9Kb)
CNBC
20 Dec 2012
"The Department of the Interior should ensure these companies pay royalties on the full value," said Oregon Senator Ron Wyden, whose staff has met with federal officials in recent weeks to discuss the issues raised by Reuters reporting ... Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski, the ranking Republican on that committee, believes the government should allow coal exports but officials must protect taxpayers' stake in such sales....(size: 5.6Kb)
Reuters
20 Dec 2012
"The Department of the Interior should ensure these companies pay royalties on the full value," said Oregon Senator Ron Wyden, whose staff has met with federal officials in recent weeks to discuss the issues raised by Reuters reporting ... Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski, the ranking Republican on that committee, believes the government should allow coal exports but officials must protect taxpayers' stake in such sales....(size: 5.6Kb)
Taipei Times
09 Dec 2012
... — yet not at the expense of Taiwan’s identity, former US senator Frank Murkowski said on Saturday ... Murkowski, who is a former governor of Alaska and senator, said the US should adopt a “one Taiwan” policy stipulating that Taiwanese have a right to make their own decision about the future of their island, without outside interference from Beijing....(size: 3.2Kb)
The News Tribune
08 Dec 2012
HONOLULU — An Alaska senator wants $15 million for tsunami debris cleanup on the West Coast included in a federal disaster relief package for states affected by Superstorm Sandy ... Begich said he considers a 3-to-1 match of the Japanese funding “the very least” the federal government can do to help clean up in Alaska, Hawaii, California, Oregon and Washington....(size: 3.6Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
08 Dec 2012
HONOLULU (AP) — An Alaska senator wants $15 million for tsunami debris cleanup on the West Coast included in a federal disaster relief package for states affected by Superstorm Sandy ... Begich said he considers a three-to-one match of the Japanese funding "the very least" the federal government can do to help cleanup efforts in Alaska, Hawaii, California, Oregon and Washington....(size: 4.8Kb)
MSNBC
08 Dec 2012
An Alaska senator wants $15 million for tsunami debris clean-up included in a federal disaster relief package for West Coast states affected by Superstorm Sandy. Sen ... government has ... Advertise ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
Seattle Post
07 Dec 2012
HONOLULU (AP) — An Alaska senator wants $15 million for tsunami debris cleanup on the West Coast included in a federal disaster relief package for states affected by Superstorm Sandy ... Begich said he considers a three-to-one match of the Japanese funding "the very least" the federal government can do to help cleanup efforts in Alaska, Hawaii, California, Oregon and Washington....(size: 4.8Kb)
Sacramento Bee
07 Dec 2012
HONOLULU -- An Alaska senator wants $15 million for tsunami debris clean-up included in a federal disaster relief package for West Coast states affected by Superstorm Sandy. Sen....(size: 0.9Kb)
MSNBC
07 Dec 2012
An Alaska senator wants $15 million for tsunami debris clean-up included in a federal disaster relief package for West Coast states affected by Superstorm Sandy. Sen ... government has ... Advertise ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
| Alaska State Senate | |
|---|---|
| Alaska State Legislature | |
 |
|
| Type | |
| Type | Upper house |
| Term limits | None |
| New session started | January 18, 2011 |
| Leadership | |
| President of the Senate | Gary Stevens, (R-Coalition) since January 20, 2009 |
| Majority Leader | Kevin Meyer, (R-Coalition) since November 11, 2010 |
| Minority Leader | Charlie Huggins, (R) since November 8, 2010 |
| Structure | |
| Members | 20 |
| Political groups | Democrat-Republican Coalition (16) Republican (4) |
| Length of term | 4 years |
| Authority | Article 2, Alaska Constitution |
| Salary | $50,400/year + per diem |
| Elections | |
| Last election | November 2, 2010 (10 seats) |
| Next election | November 6, 2012 (19 seats, per redistricting proclamation)[1] |
| Redistricting | Alaska Redistricting Board |
| Meeting place | |
 |
|
| State Senate Chamber Alaska State Capitol Juneau, Alaska |
|
| Website | |
| Alaska State Senate | |
The Alaska Senate is the upper house in the Alaska Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Alaska. The Senate consists of twenty members, each of whom represents an equal amount of districts with populations of about 31,347 people (2000 figures). Senators serve four-year terms, without term limits. Half of the Alaska Senate is up for re-election every two years. With just twenty senators, the Alaska Senate is the smallest upper house legislative chamber in the United States.
Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal Senate, the Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions and boards.
The Senate convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau.
Contents |
Current composition[link]
| Affiliation | Party
(Shading indicates majority caucus)
|
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coalition | Non-coalition | ||||
| Democratic | Republican | Vacant | |||
| End of previous legislature | 10 | 6 | 4 | 20 | 0 |
| Begin | 10 | 6 | 4 | 20 | 0 |
| Latest voting share | 80.0% | 20.0% | |||
Leadership[link]
The President of the Senate presides over the body, appointing members to all of the Senate's committees and joint committees, and may create other committees and subcommittees if desired. Unlike many other states, the Lieutenant Governor of Alaska does not preside over the Senate. Instead, the Lieutenant Governor oversees the Alaska Division of Elections, fulfilling the role of Secretary of State. Only two other states, Hawaii and Utah, have similar constitutional arrangements for their lieutenant governors.[citation needed] The other partisan Senate leadership positions, such as the Majority and Minority leaders, are (usually) elected by their respective party caucuses to head their parties in the chamber.[citation needed]
Current leadership[link]
| Position | Name | Party | Residence | District |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| President | Gary Stevens | Republican-Coalition | Kodiak | R |
| Majority Leader | Kevin Meyer | Republican-Coalition | Anchorage | O |
| Minority Leader | Charlie Huggins | Republican[2] | Wasilla | H |
Republican split[link]
Shortly after the 2006 November election, a bi-partisan coalition was announced between all nine senate Democrats and six senate Republicans.[3]
Democrats chaired the Judiciary, Health, Education, & Social Services, Labor and Commerce, Community and Regional Affairs, and Transportation Committees, and co-chaired the powerful Finance Committee. The senate Republicans in the coalition also had a co-chair for the Finance Committee (the minority Republicans were given only one seat on the committee), and chair the State Affairs, Resources, and Rules Committees.[4]
Because of the Republican split, the Democrats controlled a majority of committee chairmanships while Republicans in the governing coalition chaired the others. In the beginning, the majority leader was a Republican who had joined the bi-partisan coalition, and the minority leader was head of the five-member Republican organization. Hence, all three listed officers of the body were Republicans, as different aspects are in the majority (with the chamber-wide minority Democrats) while others are in the official minority. Later on in the session a Democrat in the coalition took over as majority leader.
The split was largely viewed as over the senate presidency. The minority leader was the Republicans' suspected initial choice for Senate President.[4] The coalition commanded three quarters of the body.
A similar move to create a coalition was made in the 24th Legislature, on the House side, without success.[citation needed]
After 2008 elections[link]
After the 2008 elections, Senate Democrats picked up a seat, holding half of the districts. They joined with 6 Senate Republicans to form a new coalition with Republican Gary Stevens as Senate President and Democrat Johnny Ellis as majority leader.[5] Therriault remained the leader of the four member Republican minority.
In March 2009 Democratic Juneau Senator Kim Elton resigned to take a job in the Obama administration.[6] Juneau Democrats recommended House Minority Leader Beth Kerttula to replace him, but Governor Sarah Palin instead attempted to appoint three other people to the seat, all of whom were rejected by Senate Democrats. Eventually former Juneau mayor Dennis Egan emerged as a compromise choice, and Palin appointed him and he was confirmed on the last day of the 2009 legislative session.[7]
After Palin's resignation, new Governor Sean Parnell appointed Republican Minority Leader Gene Therriault to his administration as an energy advisor.[8] South Anchorage Republican Con Bunde replaced Therriault as minority leader and Parnell appointed North Pole representative John Coghill to fill Therriault's seat and he was confirmed by the Senate Republicans and joined the minority caucus.[9]
Members of the 27th Senate[link]
| District | Name | Party | Residence | Assumed office |
Next election |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Stedman, BertBert Stedman | Rep-Coalition | Sitka | 2003[10] | 2012 |
| B | Egan, DennisDennis Egan | Dem-Coalition | Juneau | 2009[10] | 2014 |
| C | Kookesh, AlbertAlbert Kookesh | Dem-Coalition | Angoon | 2005[11] | 2012 |
| D | Thomas, JoeJoe Thomas | Dem-Coalition | Fairbanks | 2007 | 2012[1] |
| E | Paskvan, JoeJoe Paskvan | Dem-Coalition | Fairbanks | 2009 | 2012 |
| F | Coghill, Jr., JohnJohn Coghill, Jr. | Republican | North Pole | 2009[10][11] | 2012[1] |
| G | Menard, LindaLinda Menard | Rep-Coalition | Wasilla | 2009 | 2012 |
| H | Huggins, CharlieCharlie Huggins | Republican | Wasilla | 2004[10] | 2012[1] |
| I | Dyson, FredFred Dyson | Republican | Eagle River | 2003[11] | 2012 |
| J | Wielechowski, BillBill Wielechowski | Dem-Coalition | Anchorage | 2007 | 2012[1] |
| K | Davis, BettyeBettye Davis | Dem-Coalition | Anchorage | 2001[11] | 2012 |
| L | Ellis, JohnnyJohnny Ellis | Dem-Coalition | Anchorage | 1993[11] | 2012[1] |
| M | French, HollisHollis French | Dem-Coalition | Anchorage | 2003 | 2012 |
| N | McGuire, LesilLesil McGuire | Rep-Coalition | Anchorage | 2007[11] | 2012[1] |
| O | Meyer, KevinKevin Meyer | Rep-Coalition | Anchorage | 2009[11] | 2012 |
| P | Giessel, CathyCathy Giessel | Republican | Anchorage | 2011 | 2012[1] |
| Q | Wagoner, ThomasThomas Wagoner | Rep-Coalition | Kenai | 2003 | 2012 |
| R | Stevens, GaryGary Stevens | Rep-Coalition | Kodiak | 2003[10][11] | 2012[1] |
| S | Hoffman, LymanLyman Hoffman | Dem-Coalition | Bethel | 1995[11][12] | 2012[1] |
| T | Olson, DonaldDonald Olson | Dem-Coalition | Nome | 2001 | 2012 |
See also[link]
- Alaska State Capitol
- List of Alaska State Legislatures
- 26th Alaska State Legislature (2009–2011), the preceding legislature
- Alaska political corruption probe
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The terms of nine senators were truncated by the Proclamation of Redistricting issued by the Alaska Redistricting Board on June 13, 2011. These members were last elected or reelected in 2010 and were to face their next election in 2014. See "PROCLAMATION OF REDISTRICTING" (pdf). Alaska Redistricting Board. June 13, 2011. http://www.akredistricting.org/Files/PROCLAMATION/PROCLAMATION%20OF%20REDISTRICTING.pdf. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
- ^ Alaska State Legislature. (2008-22-08). [1] Retrieved on 2008-22-08.
- ^ http://www.adn.com/news/politics/story/8506646p-8399832c.html[dead link]
- ^ a b http://www.adn.com/front/story/8451289p-8345508c.html[dead link]
- ^ Stevens, Chenault to lead Senate, House Don Hunter. November 7, 2008. Anchorage Daily News.
- ^ http://www.adn.com/2009/03/02/708481/legislator-takes-job-on-obamas.html
- ^ http://www.ktuu.com/global/story.asp?S=10210462[dead link]
- ^ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner – Gov candidate wants Parnell to dismiss energy adviser Therriault
- ^ play.adn.com | Alaska Politics Blog : Coghill confirmed, Bunde new minority leader
- ^ a b c d e Was originally appointed to the seat.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Served in the Alaska House of Representatives prior to this.
- ^ Also served in the Senate from 1991 to 1993. Returned to the House for a single term following redistricting before beginning his current Senate tenure.
External links[link]
- Alaska State Senate official government website
- Project Vote Smart – State Senate of Alaska
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Coordinates: 58°18′08″N 134°24′38″W / 58.302198°N 134.410467°W / 58.302198; -134.410467
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Alaska. For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation).
"Alaskan" redirects here. For other uses, see Alaskan (disambiguation).
| State of Alaska | |||||
|
|||||
| Nickname(s): The Last Frontier | |||||
| Motto(s): North to the Future | |||||
 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | None[1][2] | ||||
| Spoken language(s) | English 89.7%, Native North American 5.2%, Spanish 2.9% |
||||
| Demonym | Alaskan | ||||
| Capital | Juneau | ||||
| Largest city | Anchorage | ||||
| Area | Ranked 1st in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 663,268 sq mi (1,717,854 km2) |
||||
| - Width | 2,261 miles (3,639 km) | ||||
| - Length | 1,420 miles (2,285 km) | ||||
| - % water | 13.77 | ||||
| - Latitude | 51°20'N to 71°50'N | ||||
| - Longitude | 130°W to 172°E | ||||
| Population | Ranked 47th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 722,718 (2011 est)[3] | ||||
| - Density | 1.26/sq mi (0.49/km2) Ranked 50th in the U.S. |
||||
| - Median household income | US$64,333 (4th) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount McKinley (Denali)[4] 20,320 ft (6194 m) |
||||
| - Mean | 1900 ft (580 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Ocean[4] sea level |
||||
| Before statehood | Alaska Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | January 3, 1959 (49th) | ||||
| Governor | Sean Parnell (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Mead Treadwell (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Alaska Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Lisa Murkowski (R) Mark Begich (D) |
||||
| U.S. House delegation | Don Young (R) (at-large) (list) | ||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - east of 169° 30' | Alaska: UTC-9/-8 | ||||
| - west of 169° 30' | Aleutian: UTC-10/-9 | ||||
| Abbreviations | AK US-AK | ||||
| Website | www.alaska.gov | ||||
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718[3] residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.[5]
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed".[6] It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
Contents |
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Alaska
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other U.S. states combined.[7] It is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington state. Alaska is thus an exclave of the United States. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is often not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48".[8] The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent, but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.
The state is bordered by the Yukon Territory and British Columbia in Canada, to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Alaska's territorial waters touch Russia's territorial waters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big Diomede Island and Alaskan Little Diomede Island are only 3 miles (4.8 km) apart. With the extension of the Aleutian Islands into the eastern hemisphere, it is technically both the westernmost and easternmost state in the United States, as well as also being the northernmost.
Alaska is the largest state in the United States in land area at 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state. Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries. Counting territorial waters, Alaska is larger than the combined area of the next three largest states: Texas, California, and Montana. It is also larger than the combined area of the 22 smallest U.S. states.
Regions[link]
There are no officially defined borders demarcating the various regions of Alaska, but there are six widely accepted regions:
South Central[link]
Main article: South Central Alaska
The most populous region of Alaska, containing Anchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the Kenai Peninsula. Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south of the Alaska Range and west of the Wrangell Mountains also fall within the definition of Southcentral, as well as the Prince William Sound area and the communities of Cordova and Valdez.
Southeast[link]
Main article: Southeast Alaska
Also known as the Panhandle, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States, and hence was where most initial non-Native settlement occurred following the Alaska Purchase. It contains the state capital, Juneau, the former capital, Sitka, and the large town of Ketchikan. The road systems leading from these cities are strictly local; no roads connect these communities to each other or any other communities apart from their own suburbs. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States.
Interior[link]
Main article: Alaska Interior
The largest region of Alaska, much of it uninhabited wilderness. Fairbanks is the only community of any significant size. Small towns and Native villages are scattered throughout, mostly along the highway and river systems. Denali National Park and Preserve is located here, home to Mount McKinley (also widely known by its local name of Denali), the highest point in North America.
Southwest[link]
Main article: Southwest Alaska
A sparsely inhabited region stretching some 500 miles (800 km) inland from the Bering Sea. Most of the population lives along the coast. Kodiak Island is also located in Southwest. The massive Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, one of the largest river deltas in the world, is here. Portions of the Alaska Peninsula are considered part of Southwest, with the remaining portions included with the Aleutian Islands (see below).
North Slope[link]
Main article: Alaska North Slope
The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field.[9] Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom think of themselves as one.
Aleutian Islands[link]
Main article: Aleutian Islands
More than 300 small, volcanic islands make up this chain, which stretches over 1,200 miles (1,900 km) into the Pacific Ocean. The International Date Line was drawn west of 180° to keep the whole state, and thus the entire North American continent, within the same legal day. However, because some of these islands fall in the Eastern Hemisphere, this makes Alaska the northernmost, easternmost and westernmost state in the union, with the southernmost state being Hawaii. Two of the islands, Attu and Kiska, were occupied by Japanese forces during World War II.
Natural features[link]
With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest which is actively undergoing continent building.
One of the world's largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm, just south of Anchorage – tidal differences can be more than 35 feet (10.7 m). (Many sources say Turnagain has the second-greatest tides in North America, but several areas in Canada have larger tides.)[10]
Main article: List of lakes in Alaska
Alaska has more than three million lakes.[11][12] Marshlands and wetland permafrost cover 188,320 square miles (487,747 km2) (mostly in northern, western and southwest flatlands). Glacier ice covers some 16,000 square miles (41,440 km2) of land and 1,200 square miles (3,110 km2) of tidal zone. The Bering Glacier complex near the southeastern border with Yukon covers 2,250 square miles (5,827 km2) alone. With over 100,000, Alaska has half of the world's glaciers.
Land ownership[link]
According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares).
Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres (41 million hectares); its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs. Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions and other homesteading-related opportunities, though these are infrequently popular due to the often remote and roadless locations. The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.
Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.
Various private interests own the remaining land, totaling about one percent of the state. Alaska is, by a large margin, the state with the smallest percentage of private land ownership when Native corporation holdings are excluded.
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Alaska
The climate in Juneau and the southeast panhandle is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, the panhandle is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation a year. This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.
The climate of Anchorage and south central Alaska is mild by Alaskan standards due to the region's proximity to the seacoast. While the area gets less rain than southeast Alaska, it gets more snow, and days tend to be clearer. On average, Anchorage receives 16 inches (406 mm) of precipitation a year, with around 75 inches (191 cm) of snow, although there are areas in the south central which receive far more snow. It is a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) due to its brief, cool summers.
The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 inches (254 mm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 inches (2,540 mm) of precipitation.[14]
The climate of the interior of Alaska is subarctic. Some of the highest and lowest temperatures in Alaska occur around the area near Fairbanks. The summers may have temperatures reaching into the 90s °F (the low to mid 30s °C), while in the winter, the temperature can fall below −60 °F (−51.1 °C). Precipitation is sparse in the Interior, often less than 10 inches (254 mm) a year, but what precipitation falls in the winter tends to stay the entire winter.
The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska are both in the Interior. The highest is 100 °F (37.8 °C) in Fort Yukon (which is just 8 miles or 13 kilometers inside the arctic circle) on June 27, 1915,[15][16] making Alaska tied with Hawaii as the state with the lowest high temperature in the United States.[17][18] The lowest official Alaska temperature is −80 °F (−62.2 °C) in Prospect Creek on January 23, 1971,[15][16] one degree above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America (in Snag, Yukon, Canada).[19]
The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is Arctic (Köppen ET) with long, very cold winters and short, cool summers. Even in July, the average low temperature in Barrow is 34 °F (1.1 °C).[20] Precipitation is light in this part of Alaska, with many places averaging less than 10 inches (254 mm) per year, mostly as snow which stays on the ground almost the entire year.
History[link]
Main article: History of Alaska
Alaska natives[link]
See also: Prehistory of Alaska
Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. The Tlingit people developed a matriarchal society in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts, and the Tsimshian people, whose population were decimated by a smallpox epidemic in the 1860s. The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were among the first native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich’in people of the northern Interior region are primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inuit people.
Colonization[link]
Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in 17th century.[21] According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition were thrown to Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the message of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and reported about a village on the Kheuveren river, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.[22]
It is usually assumed that the first European boat to reach Alaska was the St. Gabriel under the authority of the surveyor M. S. Gvozdev and assistant navigator I. Fyodorov on August 21, 1732 during expedition of Siberian cossak A. F. Shestakov adb Belorussian explorer D. I. Pavlutsky (1729—1735)[23]
Another European contact with Alaska occurred in 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russia with sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia towards the Aleutian islands. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1784. Between 1774 and 1800 Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. In 1789 a Spanish settlement and fort were built in Nootka Sound. These expeditions gave names to places such as Valdez, Bucareli Sound, and Cordova. Later, the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program during the early-to-mid-19th century.
Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, on Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what is now Southeast Alaska, became the capital of Russian America and remained the capital after the colony was transferred to the United States. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable.
William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaska Purchase (also known as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. Alaska was loosely governed by the military initially, and was administered as a district starting in 1884, with a governor appointed by the president of the United States, as well as a district court headquartered in Sitka.
For most of Alaska's first decade under the American flag, Sitka was the only community inhabited by American settlers. They organized a "provisional city government," which was Alaska's first city government, but not in a legal sense. Legislation allowing Alaskan communities to legally incorporate as cities did not come about until 1900, and home rule for cities was extremely limited or unavailable until statehood took effect.
U.S. Territory[link]
Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until the 1900 legislation mandated its transfer to Juneau (the actual move took place in 1906, after initial questions arose), began to take shape with the construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion that same year.
During World War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on the three outer Aleutian Islands – Attu, Agattu and Kiska[24] – that were invaded by Japanese troops and occupied between June 1942 and August 1943. Unalaska/Dutch Harbor became a significant base for the U.S. Army Air Corps and Navy submariners.
The U.S. Lend-Lease program involved the flying of American warplanes through Canada to Fairbanks and thence Nome; Soviet pilots took possession of these aircraft, ferrying them to fight the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities.
Statehood[link]
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.
On April 27, 1964, the massive "Good Friday Earthquake" killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the third most powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.
The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. Royalty revenues from oil have funded large state budgets from 1980 onward. That same year, not coincidentally, Alaska repealed its state income tax. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling over 11,000,000 US gallons (42,000 m3) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,600 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Alaska
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1880 | 33,426 |
|
|
| 1890 | 32,052 | −4.1% | |
| 1900 | 63,592 | 98.4% | |
| 1910 | 64,356 | 1.2% | |
| 1920 | 55,036 | −14.5% | |
| 1930 | 59,278 | 7.7% | |
| 1940 | 72,524 | 22.3% | |
| 1950 | 128,643 | 77.4% | |
| 1960 | 226,167 | 75.8% | |
| 1970 | 300,382 | 32.8% | |
| 1980 | 401,851 | 33.8% | |
| 1990 | 550,043 | 36.9% | |
| 2000 | 626,932 | 14.0% | |
| 2010 | 710,231 | 13.3% | |
| 1930 and 1940 censuses taken in preceding autumn Sources: 1910–2010[25] |
|||
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alaska was 722,718 on July 1, 2011, a 1.76% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]
The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alaska's population at 686,293, which represents an increase of 59,361, or 9.5%, since the last census in 2000.[26] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 60,994 people (that is 86,062 births minus 25,068 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 5,469 people out of the state.[26] Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 4,418 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 9,887 people.[26]
In 2000 Alaska ranked the 48th state by population, ahead of Vermont and Wyoming (and Washington D.C.).[27] Alaska is the least densely populated state, and one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world, at 1.0 person per square mile (0.42/km²), with the next state, Wyoming, at 5.1 per square mile (1.97/km²). Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, and the sixth wealthiest (per capita income). As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 8.5%.[28]
Race and ancestry[link]
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Alaska had a population of 710,231. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 66.7% White (64.7% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 14.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5.4% Asian, 3.3% Black or African American, 1.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 1.6% from Some Other Race, and 7.3% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.5% of the population.[29]
In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Alaska's population as 77.2% White, 3% Black, and 18.8% American Indian and Alaska Native.[30]
Languages[link]
According to the 2005–2007 American Community Survey, 84.7% of people over the age of five speak only English at home. About 3.5% speak Spanish at home. About 2.2% speak another Indo-European language at home and about 4.3% speak an Asian language at home. And about 5.3% speak other languages at home.[31]
A total of 5.2% of Alaskans speak one of the state's 22 indigenous languages, known locally as "native languages". These languages belong to two major language families: Eskimo–Aleut and Na-Dene. As the homeland of these two major language families of North America, Alaska has been described as the crossroads of the continent, providing evidence for the recent settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.
Religion[link]
Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious in the U.S.[32][33] According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives, about 39% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. Evangelical Protestants had 78,070 members, Roman Catholics had 54,359, and mainline Protestants had 37,156.[34] After Catholicism, the largest single denominations are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 30,169,[35] and Southern Baptists with 22,959. The large Eastern Orthodox (with 49 parishes and up to 50,000 followers)[36] population is a result of early Russian colonization and missionary work among Alaska Natives.[37]
In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches[38] gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state.[39] In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of the mitzvah may pose special problems).[40] Estimates for the number of Alaskan Muslims range from 2,000[41][42] to 5,000.[43] In 2010, the local Muslim community broke ground on the first mosque in the state.[44] Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other religious communities including Sikhs and Jains.[45][46][47]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Alaska
The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.
Agriculture represents only a fraction of the Alaskan economy. Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Manufacturing is limited, with most foodstuffs and general goods imported from elsewhere.
Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.
Largest employers[link]
According to the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, the following were the state's largest private sector employers in 2010:[48]
| Rank | Employer name | Average monthly employment in 2010 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Providence Health & Services | 4,000+ |
| 2 | Walmart/Sam's Club | 3,000–3,249 |
| 3 | Carrs Safeway Alaska Division | 2,750–2,999 |
| 4 | Fred Meyer | 2,500–2,749 |
| 5 | ASRC Energy Services | 2,500–2,749 |
| 6 | Trident Seafoods | 2,250–2,499 |
| 7 | BP Exploration Alaska | 2,000–2,249 |
| 8 | CH2M HILL | 1,750–1,999 |
| 9 | NANA Management Services | 1,750–1,999 |
| 10 | Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium | 1,500–1,749 |
| 11 | Alaska Airlines | 1,500–1,749 |
| 12 | GCI Communications | 1,250–1,499 |
| 13 | Banner Health (includes Fairbanks Memorial Hospital) |
1,250–1,499 |
| 14 | Southcentral Foundation | 1,250–1,499 |
| 15 | Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation | 1,000–1,249 |
| 16 | FedEx | 1,000–1,249 |
| 17 | ConocoPhillips Alaska | 1,000–1,249 |
| 18 | Alaska USA Federal Credit Union | 1,000–1,249 |
| 19 | United Parcel Service | 1,000–1,249 |
| 20 | McDonald's Restaurants of Alaska | 750–999 |
| 21 | Wells Fargo | 750–999 |
| 22 | Doyon Universal Services | 750–999 |
| 23 | Home Depot | 750–999 |
| 24 | Alaska Regional Hospital | 750–999 |
| 25 | The Alaska Club | 750–999 |
| 26 | Icicle Seafoods | 750–999 |
| 27 | Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium | 750–999 |
| 28 | Hope Community Resources | 750–999 |
| 29 | UniSea | 750–999 |
| 30 | Alaska Commercial Company | 750–999 |
| 31 | Costco | 750–999 |
| 32 | Spenard Builders Supply | 750–999 |
| 33 | Lowe's | 750–999 |
| 34 | Alyeska Pipeline Service Company | 750–999 |
| 35 | Alaska Communication Systems | 500–749 |
| 36 | First National Bank Alaska | 500–749 |
| 37 | Central Peninsula Hospital | 500–749 |
| 38 | First Student | 500–749 |
| 39 | Westward Seafood | 500–749 |
| 40 | Mat-Su Regional Medical Center | 500–749 |
| 41 | Alaska Consumer Direct Personal Care | 500–749 |
| 42 | Tanana Chiefs Conference | 500–749 |
| 43 | PeterPan Seafoods | 500–749 |
| 44 | Udelhoven Oilfield System Services | 500–749 |
| 45 | Job Ready/ReadyCare | 500–749 |
| 46 | Schlumberger Technologies | 500–749 |
| 47 | Maniilaq Association | 500–749 |
| 48 | Alaska Hotel Properties/Princess Hotels | 500–749 |
| 49 | Alyeska Resort (includes O'Malley's on the Green) |
500–749 |
| 50 | Ocean Beauty Seafoods | 250–499 |
Energy[link]
See also: Natural gas in Alaska and Energy law#Alaska law
Alaska has vast energy resources. Major oil and gas reserves are found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins. According to the Energy Information Administration, Alaska ranks second in the nation in crude oil production. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is the highest yielding oil field in the United States and on North America, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d).
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope.[49] Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.[50]
Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for state-wide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (<$0.50/Gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population.[51] The cost of a US gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually $0.30–$0.60 higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.
Alaska accounts for one-fifth (20 percent)[citation needed] of domestically produced United States oil production. Prudhoe Bay (North America's largest oil field) alone accounts for 8% of the U.S. domestic oil production.
Permanent Fund[link]
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of same from the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million (US)) at once, and was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.
The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $40 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs.[52] Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never really gained momentum.
Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000.00 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269.00 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200.00 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8 percent from the earnings, puts 3 percent back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5 percent is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences,[53] and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.
Cost of living[link]
The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. This has changed for the most part in Anchorage and to a lesser extent in Fairbanks, where the cost of living has dropped somewhat in the past five years. Federal government employees, particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living has gone down, it is still one of the highest in the country.
The introduction of big-box stores in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau also did much to lower prices. Wal-Mart opened their first Anchorage store in 1993, and debuted in Fairbanks in 2004. The company currently has locations covering most of the population centers of Alaska, including Juneau, Ketchikan and Kodiak. However, rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for food and consumer goods, compared to the rest of the country due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure. Many rural residents come into these cities and purchase food and goods in bulk from warehouse clubs like Costco and Sam's Club. Some have embraced the free shipping offers[54] of some online retailers to purchase items much more cheaply than they could in their own communities, if they are available at all.
Agriculture[link]
Due to the northern climate and short growing season, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Anchorage. The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the long sunny summer days make for productive growing seasons. The primary crops are potatoes, carrots, lettuce, and cabbage. The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community supported agriculture.
Alaskan agriculture has experienced a surge in growth of market gardeners, small farms and farmers' markets in recent years, with the highest percentage increase (46%) in the nation in growth in farmers' markets in 2011, compared to 17% nationwide.[55] The peony industry has also taken off, as the growing season allows farmers to harvest during a gap in supply elsewhere in the world, thereby filling a niche in the flower market.[56]
Alaska, with no counties, also lacks county fairs. However, a small assortment of state and local fairs (with the Alaska State Fair in Palmer the largest), are held mostly in the late summer. The fairs are mostly located in communities with historic or current agricultural activity, and feature local farmers exhibiting produce in addition to more high-profile commercial activities such as carnival rides, concerts and food. "Alaska Grown" is used as an agricultural slogan.
Alaska has an abundance of seafood, with the primary fisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific, and seafood is one of the few food items that is often cheaper within the state than outside it. Many Alaskans take advantage of salmon seasons to harvest portions of their household diet while fishing for subsistence, as well as sport. This includes fish taken by hook, net or wheel.[57]
Hunting for subsistence, primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still common in the state, particularly in remote Bush communities. An example of a traditional native food is Akutaq, the Eskimo ice cream, which can consist of reindeer fat, seal oil, dried fish meat and local berries.
Alaska's reindeer herding is concentrated on Seward Peninsula where wild caribou can be prevented from mingling and migrating with the domesticated reindeer.[58]
Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. The cost of importing food to villages begins at 7¢ per pound (15¢/kg) and rises rapidly to 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost can exceed $8.00 per gallon.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Alaska
Roads[link]
See also: List of Alaska Routes
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.
One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, an active Alaska Railroad tunnel recently upgraded to provide a paved roadway link with the isolated community of Whittier on Prince William Sound to the Seward Highway about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Anchorage at Portage. At 2.5 miles (4.0 km) the tunnel was the longest road tunnel in North America until 2007.[59] The tunnel is the longest combination road and rail tunnel in North America.
Rail[link]
Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as "The Railbelt". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.
The railroad, though famed for its summertime tour passenger service, played a vital role in Alaska's development, moving freight into Alaska while transporting natural resources southward (i.e., coal from the Usibelli coal mine near Healy to Seward and gravel from the Matanuska Valley to Anchorage).
The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area; until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.
In northern Southeast Alaska, the White Pass and Yukon Route also partly runs through the state from Skagway northwards into Canada (British Columbia and Yukon Territory), crossing the border at White Pass Summit. This line is now mainly used by tourists, often arriving by cruise liner at Skagway. It featured in the 1983 BBC television series Great Little Railways.
The Alaska Rail network is not connected to Outside. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized $6 million to study the feasibility of a rail link between Alaska, Canada, and the lower 48.[60][61][62]
Alaska Rail Marine provides car float service between Whittier and Seattle.
Marine transport[link]
Many cities, towns and villages in the state do not have road or highway access; the only modes of access involve travel by air, river, or the sea.
Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.
In recent years, cruise lines have created a summertime tourism market, mainly connecting the Pacific Northwest to Southeast Alaska and, to a lesser degree, towns along Alaska's gulf coast. The population of Ketchikan may rise by over 10,000 people on many days during the summer, as up to four large cruise ships at a time can dock, debarking thousands of passengers.
Air transport[link]
Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage itself, and to a lesser extent Fairbanks, are served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2000–2001, the latest year for which data is available, 2.4 million total arrivals to Alaska were counted, 1.7 million by air travel; 1.4 million were visitors).[63][64]
Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.
The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Era Aviation, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.
Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. Alaska has the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state: out of the estimated 663,661 residents, 8,550 are pilots, or about one in 78.[65]
Other transport[link]
Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1150-mile (1850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles (1,688 km)). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.[66]
In areas not served by road or rail, primary transportation in summer is by all-terrain vehicle and in winter by snowmobile or "snow machine," as it is commonly referred to in Alaska.
Data transport[link]
Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system[67] and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska.[68] In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.[69]
Law and government[link]
Main article: Government of Alaska
State government[link]
Like all other U.S. states, Alaska is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: an executive branch consisting of the Governor of Alaska and the other independently elected constitutional officers; a legislative branch consisting of the Alaska House of Representatives and Alaska Senate; and a judicial branch consisting of the Alaska Supreme Court and lower courts.
The state of Alaska employs approximately 15,000 employees statewide.[70]
The Alaska Legislature consists of a 40-member House of Representatives and a 20-member Senate. Senators serve four year terms and House members two. The Governor of Alaska serves four-year terms. The lieutenant governor runs separately from the governor in the primaries, but during the general election, the nominee for governor and nominee for lieutenant governor run together on the same ticket.
Alaska's court system has four levels: the Alaska Supreme Court, the court of appeals, the superior courts and the district courts.[71] The superior and district courts are trial courts. Superior courts are courts of general jurisdiction, while district courts only hear certain types of cases, including misdemeanor criminal cases and civil cases valued up to $100,000.[71] The Supreme Court and the Court Of Appeals are appellate courts. The Court Of Appeals is required to hear appeals from certain lower-court decisions, including those regarding criminal prosecutions, juvenile delinquency, and habeas corpus.[71] The Supreme Court hears civil appeals and may in its discretion hear criminal appeals.[71]
State politics[link]
Further information: Political party strength in Alaska, Alaska political corruption probe
Although Alaska entered the union as a Democratic state, since the early 1970s Alaska has been characterized as a Republican-leaning state.[72] Local political communities have often worked on issues related to land use development, fishing, tourism, and individual rights. Alaska Natives, while organized in and around their communities, have been active within the Native corporations. These have been given ownership over large tracts of land, which require stewardship.
Alaska is the only state in which possession of one ounce or less of marijuana in one's home is completely legal under state law, though the federal law remains in force.[73]
The state has an independence movement favoring a vote on secession from the United States, with the Alaskan Independence Party.[74]
Six Republicans and four Democrats have served as governor of Alaska. In addition, Republican Governor Wally Hickel was elected to the office for a second term in 1990 after leaving the Republican party and briefly joining the Alaskan Independence Party ticket just long enough to be reelected. He subsequently officially rejoined the Republican party in 1994.
Taxes[link]
To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States,[75] and be one of only five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division[76] reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.
While Alaska has no state sales tax, 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax, from 1–7.5%, typically 3–5%. Other local taxes levied include raw fish taxes, hotel, motel, and bed-and-breakfast 'bed' taxes, severance taxes, liquor and tobacco taxes, gaming (pull tabs) taxes, tire taxes and fuel transfer taxes. A part of the revenue collected from certain state taxes and license fees (such as petroleum, aviation motor fuel, telephone cooperative) is shared with municipalities in Alaska.
Fairbanks has one of the highest property taxes in the state as no sales or income taxes are assessed in the Fairbanks North Star Borough (FNSB). A sales tax for the FNSB has been voted on many times, but has yet to be approved, leading law makers to increase taxes dramatically on other goods such as liquor and tobacco.
In 2008 the Tax Foundation ranked Alaska as having the 4th most "business friendly" tax policy. More "friendly" states were Wyoming, Nevada, and South Dakota.[77]
Federal politics[link]
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 59.49% 192,631 | 37.83% 122,485 |
| 2004 | 61.07% 190,889 | 35.52% 111,025 |
| 2000 | 58.62% 167,398 | 27.67% 79,004 |
| 1996 | 50.80% 122,746 | 33.27% 80,380 |
| 1992 | 39.46% 102,000 | 30.29% 78,294 |
| 1988 | 59.59% 119,251 | 36.27% 72,584 |
| 1984 | 66.65% 138,377 | 29.87% 62,007 |
| 1980 | 54.35% 86,112 | 26.41% 41,842 |
| 1976 | 57.90% 71,555 | 35.65% 44,058 |
| 1972 | 58.13% 55,349 | 34.62% 32,967 |
| 1968 | 45.28% 37,600 | 42.65% 35,411 |
| 1964 | 34.09% 22,930 | 65.91% 44,329 |
| 1960 | 50.94% 30,953 | 49.06% 29,809 |
In presidential elections, the state's electoral college votes have been won by the Republican nominee in every election since statehood, except for 1964. No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska supported Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson in the landslide year of 1964, and the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket.
The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the area surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. Matanuska-Susitna Borough and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004, well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation,[78] despite recent attempts to close primaries.
Because of its population relative to other U.S. states, Alaska has only one member in the U.S. House of Representatives. This seat is currently being held by Republican Don Young, who was re-elected to his 19th consecutive term in 2008. Alaska's At-large congressional district is currently the world's second-largest legislative constituency by area, behind only the Canadian territory of Nunavut.
In 2008, Governor Sarah Palin became the first Republican woman to run on a national ticket when she became John McCain's Vice Presidential running mate. She continued to be a prominent national figure even after resigning from the governor's job in July 2009.
Alaska's United States Senators belong to Class 2 and Class 3. In 2008, Democrat Mark Begich, mayor of Anchorage, defeated long-time Republican senator Ted Stevens. Stevens had been convicted on seven felony counts of failing to report gifts on Senate financial discloser forms one week before the election. The conviction was set aside in April 2009 after evidence of prosecutorial misconduct emerged.
Republican Frank Murkowski held the state's other senatorial position. After being elected governor in 2002, he resigned from the Senate and appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski as his successor. She won a full six-year term in 2004 and 2010.
Cities, towns and boroughs[link]
Alaska is not divided into counties, as most of the other U.S. states, but it is divided into boroughs. Many of the more densely populated parts of the state are part of Alaska's 16 boroughs, which function somewhat similarly to counties in other states. However, unlike county-equivalents in the other 49 states, the boroughs do not cover the entire land area of the state. The area not part of any borough is referred to as the Unorganized Borough.
The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.
Whereas many U.S. states use a three-tiered system of decentralization—state/county/township—most of Alaska uses only two tiers—state/borough. Owing to the low population density, most of the land is located in the Unorganized Borough which, as the name implies, has no intermediate borough government of its own, but is administered directly by the state government. Currently (2000 census) 57.71% of Alaska's area has this status, with 13.05% of the population.
For statistical purposes the United States Census Bureau divides this territory into census areas. Anchorage merged the city government with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough in 1975 to form the Municipality of Anchorage, containing the city proper and the communities of Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek, Girdwood, Bird, and Indian. Fairbanks has a separate borough (the Fairbanks North Star Borough) and municipality (the City of Fairbanks).
The state's most populous city is Anchorage, home to 278,700 people in 2006, 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area. The richest location in Alaska by per capita income is Halibut Cove ($89,895). Yakutat City, Sitka, Juneau, and Anchorage are the four largest cities in the U.S. by area.
Cities and census-designated places (by population)[link]
Alaska has a total of 355 cities and census-designated places. The majority of these are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as "The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska are listed below, in population order:
- Anchorage @
- Fairbanks @
- Juneau @
- Badger #
- Knik-Fairview #
- College #
- Sitka @
- Lakes #
- Tanaina #
- Ketchikan @
- Kalifornsky #
- Wasilla @
- Meadow Lakes #
- Kenai @
- Steele Creek #
- Kodiak @
- Bethel @
- Palmer @
- Chena Ridge #
- Sterling #
- Gateway #
- Homer @
- Farmers Loop #
- Fishhook #
- Nikiski #
- Unalaska @
- Barrow @
- Soldotna @
- Valdez @
- Nome @
- Goldstream #
- Big Lake #
- Butte #
- Kotzebue @
- Petersburg @
- Seward @
- Eielson AFB #
- Ester #
- Wrangell @
- Dillingham @
- Deltana #
- Cordova @
- Prudhoe Bay #
- North Pole @
- Willow #
- Ridgeway #
- Bear Creek #
- Fritz Creek #
- Anchor Point #
- Houston @
- Haines #
- Lazy Mountain #
- Sutton-Alpine #
- Metlakatla #
- Cohoe #
- Kodiak Station #
- Susitna North #
- Tok #
- Craig @
- Diamond Ridge #
- Salcha #
- Hooper Bay @
- Farm Loop #
- Akutan @
- Healy #
- Salamatof #
- Sand Point @
- Delta Junction @
- Chevak @ and
King Cove @ - (tied)
- Skagway #
- Ninilchik #
- Funny River #
- Talkeetna #
- Buffalo Soapstone #
- Selawik @
- Togiak @
- Mountain Village @
- Emmonak @
- Hoonah @
- Klawock @
- Moose Creek #
- Knik River #
- Pleasant Valley #
- Kwethluk @
- Two Rivers # and
Womens Bay # - (tied)
- Unalakleet @
- Fox River #
- Gambell @
- Alakanuk @
- Point Hope @
- Savoonga @
- Quinhagak @
- Noorvik @
- Yakutat #
- Kipnuk #
- Akiachak #
- Happy Valley #
- Big Delta #
- Key
@ - city
# - census-designated place
Out of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, do not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately 3/4 of that figure are people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla, in areas where census-designated places have not been created by the Census Bureau. The remainder are scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough.
Education[link]
The Alaska Department of Education and Early Development administers many school districts in Alaska. In addition, the state operates a boarding school, Mt. Edgecumbe High School in Sitka; and provides partial funding for other boarding schools, including Nenana Student Living Center in Nenana and The Galena Interior Learning Academy in Galena.[79]
There are more than a dozen colleges and universities in Alaska. Accredited universities in Alaska include the University of Alaska Anchorage, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Alaska Southeast, and Alaska Pacific University.[80]Alaska is the only state that has no insitutions that are part of the NCAA Division I program.
The Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development operates AVTEC, Alaska's Institute of Technology. Campuses in Seward and Anchorage offer 1 week to 11 month training programs in areas as diverse as Information Technology, Welding, Nursing, and Mechanics.
Alaska has had a problem with a "brain drain". Many of its young people, including most of the highest academic achievers, leave the state after high school graduation and do not return. The University of Alaska has attempted to combat this by offering partial four-year scholarships to the top 10% of Alaska high school graduates, via the Alaska Scholars Program.[81]
Public health and public safety[link]
See also: Dentistry in rural Alaska
The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.
Many rural communities in Alaska are considered "dry," having outlawed the importation of alcoholic beverages .[82] Suicide rates for rural residents are higher than urban.[83]
Domestic abuse and other violent crimes are also at high levels in the state; this is in part linked to alcohol abuse.[84]
Alaska also has the highest rate of sexual assault in the nation. The average age of sexually assaulted victims is 16 years old. In four out of five cases, the suspects were relatives, friends or acquaintances.[85]
Culture[link]
See also: List of artists and writers from Alaska
Some of Alaska's popular annual events are the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race that starts in Anchorage and ends in Nome, World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks, the Alaska Hummingbird Festival in Ketchikan, the Sitka Whale Fest, and the Stikine River Garnet Fest in Wrangell. The Stikine River features the largest springtime concentration of American Bald Eagles in the world.
The Alaska Native Heritage Center celebrates the rich heritage of Alaska's 11 cultural groups. Their purpose is to enhance self-esteem among Native people and to encourage cross-cultural exchanges among all people. The Alaska Native Arts Foundation promotes and markets Native art from all regions and cultures in the State, both on the internet; at its gallery in Anchorage, 500 West Sixth Avenue, and at the Alaska House New York, 109 Mercer Street in SoHo.[86]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Alaska
Influences on music in Alaska include the traditional music of Alaska Natives as well as folk music brought by later immigrants from Russia and Europe. Prominent musicians from Alaska include singer Jewel, traditional Aleut flautist Mary Youngblood, folk singer-songwriter Libby Roderick, Christian music singer/songwriter Lincoln Brewster, metal/post hardcore band 36 Crazyfists and the groups Pamyua and Portugal. The Man.
There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.
The official state song of Alaska is "Alaska's Flag", which was adopted in 1955; it celebrates the flag of Alaska.
Movies filmed in Alaska[link]
See also: List of films set in Alaska
Alaska's first independent picture all made on place was in the silent years. The Chechahcos was produced by Alaskan businessman Austin E. Lathrop and filmed in and around Anchorage. It was released in 1924 by the Alaska Moving Picture Corporation and was the only film the company made.
One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals. When Eskimo premiered at the Astor Theatre in New York City, the studio received the largest amount of feedback in its history to that point. Eskimo was critically acclaimed and released worldwide; as a result, Mala became an international movie star. Eskimo won the first Oscar for Best Film Editing at the Academy Awards, and was also responsible for showcasing and preserving aspects of Inupiat culture on film.
The 1983 Disney movie Never Cry Wolf was at least partially shot in Alaska. The 1991 film White Fang, starring Ethan Hawke, was filmed in and around Haines, Alaska. Steven Seagal's 1994 On Deadly Ground, starring Michael Caine, was filmed in part at the Worthington Glacier near Valdez.[87] The 1999 John Sayles film Limbo, starring David Strathairn, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and Kris Kristofferson, was filmed in Juneau.
The psychological thriller Insomnia, starring Al Pacino and Robin Williams, was shot in Canada, but was set in Alaska. The 2007 horror feature 30 Days of Night is set in Barrow, Alaska, but was filmed in New Zealand. Most films and television shows set in Alaska are not filmed there; for example, Northern Exposure, set in the fictional town of Cicely, Alaska, was actually filmed in Roslyn, Washington.
The 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, Into The Wild, was partially filmed and set in Alaska. The film, which is based on the novel of the same name, follows the adventures of Christopher McCandless, who died in a remote abandoned bus along the Stampede Trail west of Healy in 1992.
State symbols[link]
Main article: State symbols of Alaska
- State Motto: North to the Future
- Nicknames: "The Last Frontier" or "Land of the Midnight Sun" or "Seward's Icebox"
- State bird: Willow Ptarmigan, adopted by the Territorial Legislature in 1955. It is a small (15–17 inches) Arctic grouse that lives among willows and on open tundra and muskeg. Plumage is brown in summer, changing to white in winter. The Willow Ptarmigan is common in much of Alaska.
- State fish: King Salmon, adopted 1962.
- State flower: wild/native Forget-Me-Not, adopted by the Territorial Legislature in 1917.[88] It is a perennial that is found throughout Alaska, from Hyder to the Arctic Coast, and west to the Aleutians.
File:2008-05-04 at 18-26-44-Forgetmenot-Flower.jpg
The Forget-me-not is the state's official flower and bears the same blue and gold as the state flag
- State fossil: Woolly Mammoth, adopted 1986.
- State gem: Jade, adopted 1968.
- State insect: Four-spot skimmer dragonfly, adopted 1995.
- State land mammal: Moose, adopted 1998.
- State marine mammal: Bowhead Whale, adopted 1983.
- State mineral: Gold, adopted 1968.
- State song: "Alaska's Flag"
- State sport: Dog Mushing, adopted 1972.
- State tree: Sitka Spruce, adopted 1962.
- State dog: Alaskan Malamute, adopted 2010.[89]
- State soil: Tanana,[90] adopted unknown.
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey[link]
The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) is a restricted inventory of all reported historic and prehistoric sites within the state of Alaska and is maintained by the Office of History and Archaeology. The survey's inventory of cultural resources includes objects, structures, buildings, sites, districts, and travel ways, with a general provision that they are over 50 years old. As of January 31, 2012 over 35,000 sites have been reported.[91]
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
 |
See more Wikipedia articles related to Alaska. |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
- List of people from Alaska
- List of places in Alaska
References[link]
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- ^ "IN THE SUPERIOR COURT FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA". RCN. http://users.rcn.com/crawj/kritz.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
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- ^ these three Aleutian outer islands are about 460 miles (740 km) away from continental USSR, 920 miles (1,480 km) from continental Alaska (U.S.), 950 miles (1,530 km) from Japan.
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- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
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- ^ "Alaska - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1880 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
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- ^ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_472.html. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
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- ^ "LDS Newsroom Statistical Information". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080730060850/http%3A//newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/statistical-information. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
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- ^ "Welcome to SLED: FAQ Alaska". Sled.alaska.edu. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100416045311/http://sled.alaska.edu/akfaq/akchron.html. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
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- ^ "First Muslim cemetery opens in Alaska". Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20090116035850/http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/ap_alaska/story/8656236p-8548061c.html.
- ^ "Engaging Muslim: Religion, Culture, Politics". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20090215202834/http://engagingmuslims.alaskapacific.edu/.
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- ^ Kalyan, Mala. "Shri Ganesha Mandir of Alaska". Cultural Association of India Anchorage. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201151519/http://caia.arctic.us/?Shri_Ganesha_Mandir_of_Alaska.
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- ^ Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
- ^ "State of Alaska Permanent Fund Division". Pfd.state.ak.us. http://www.pfd.state.ak.us/dividendamounts/index.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ FreeShipping.org for examples of companies offering free shipping to Alaska
- ^ http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamediafb?contentid=2011/08/0338.xml&printable=true&contentidonly=true
- ^ http://alaskapeonies.org/
- ^ "Alaska Department of Fish and Game". Adfg.alaska.gov. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=fishingPersonalUse.main. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "Reindeer Herding". Reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu. http://reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu/about_reindeer/seward_peninsula.php. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ completion of the 3.5 mile (5.6 km) Interstate 93 tunnel as part of the "Big Dig" project in Boston, Massachusetts.
- ^ Barbara Yaffe (2011-01-02). "Alaska Oil / BC Tar sands via rail". http://communities.canada.com/vancouversun/blogs/powerplay/archive/2010/12/13/transporting-oil-across-b-c.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ Allan Dowd (2007-06-27). "Economic study touts Alaska-Canada rail link". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2138860820070622. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
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- ^ Federal Aviation Administration. 2005 U.S. Civil Airman Statistics
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- ^ Alaska United Fiber Optic System homepage
- ^ Alaska Communications Coverage Map. Alaska Communications.
- ^ Arctic fiber-optic cable could benefit far-flung Alaskans. Anchorage Daily News.
- ^ "State of Alaska". Dop.state.ak.us. http://dop.state.ak.us/employeeOrientation/introduction. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ a b c d "About the Alaska Court System". State.ak.us. http://www.state.ak.us/courts/ctinfo.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "National Journal Alaska State Profile". Election.nationaljournal.com. http://election.nationaljournal.com/states/ak.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Volz, Matt (2006-07-11). "Judge rules against Alaska marijuana law". The Seattle Times (Frank A. Blethen). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003118645_webpot10.html. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ "Questions And Answers — About Alaskan Independence". Alaskan Independence Party. 2006. http://www.akip.org/faqs.html.
- ^ CNN Money (2005). "How tax friendly is your state?" Retrieved from CNN website.
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- ^ "Alaska ICE". Alaska ICE. http://www.alaskaice.org/material.php?matID=138. Retrieved 2010-06-02. [dead link]
- ^ These are the only three universities in the state ranked by US News and World Report. [1]
- ^ "UA Scholars Program – Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 2008-03-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080309023826/http://www.alaska.edu/scholars/faq.xml. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
- ^ "AK Dept. of Public Safety Alcoholic Beverage Control Board". Dps.state.ak.us. http://www.dps.state.ak.us/abc/restrictions.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "State of Alaska". Hss.state.ak.us. http://www.hss.state.ak.us/suicideprevention/statistics_pages_sspc/AKsuiciderate_rural_urban_90-00.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Alaska State Troopers FY 2008 Byrne Grant Application" (PDF). http://notes3.state.ak.us/pn/pubnotic.nsf/0/8dad412f35cf9ba1892574e30001c413/$FILE/JAG+supplemental+program+narrative.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ D'oro, Rachel (2008-01-30). "Rural Alaska steeped in sexual violence". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-01-29-alaska-sexualassaults_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- ^ www.alaskanativearts.org
- ^ "On Deadly Ground". Filminamerica.com. http://www.filminamerica.com/Movies/OnDeadlyGround/. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ "Alaska Conservation Foundation – State Symbols". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20090225094636/http://akcf.org/_pages/about_ACF/about_alaska/state_symbols.php.
- ^ "It's official: Malamute now Alaska's state dog – KTUU.com | Alaska's news and information source |". KTUU.com. 2010-05-12. http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=12473783. Retrieved 2010-06-02. [dead link]
- ^ TANANA – ALASKA STATE SOIL U.S. Department of Agriculture
- ^ Alaska Heritage Resources Survey – General Overview, Department of Natural Resources – Alaska.gov (retrieved February 22, 2012)
External links[link]
| Find more about Alaska on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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- Alaska Community Database System
- Alaska's Digital Archives
- Alaska, project area of the American Land Conservancy
- Alaska Inter-Tribal Council
- Alaska at the Open Directory Project
- Big, Beautiful Alaska[dead link] – slideshow by Life magazine
- The short film Alaska (1967) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
Geographic data related to Alaska at OpenStreetMap
- U.S. Government
- Energy & Environmental Data for Alaska
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alaska
- US Census Bureau
- Alaska State Facts
- Documents on Alaskan Statehood at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library[dead link]
- Guide to collections containing information on Alaskan statehood at the Eisenhower Presidential Library[dead link]
- State government
- State of Alaska website
- Alaska State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Alaska state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Recorder's Office
Coordinates: 64°N 153°W / 64°N 153°W / 64; -153
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Chuckchi Sea |  RussiaArctic Ocean |
Beaufort Sea | |
| Russia • Bering Strait Chukotka |
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 Canada Yukon |
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  Alaska East |
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| Bering Sea Pacific Ocean  Japan |
Pacific Ocean Hawaii |
Canada British Columbia |
| Preceded by Arizona |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 3, 1959 (49th) |
Succeeded by Hawaii |
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| Catherine A. Giessel | |
|---|---|
| Member of the Alaska Senate from the P district |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 18 January 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Con Bunde |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-11-09) November 9, 1951 (age 60) Fairbanks, Alaska |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Richard |
| Children | Three |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Profession | Nurse |
| Website | http://cathygiessel.com/index.php |
Catherine A. "Cathy" Giessel, (née Bohms; born November 9, 1951)[1] is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Alaska. Giessel currently serves as a member of the Alaska Senate representing District P, which covers portions of Anchorage and Eagle River near to Chugach State Park, eastern and southern reaches of the Anchorage Hillside, and the Turnagain Arm communities of Girdwood and Hope as well as Whittier. First elected in 2010 while self-identified with Tea Party values, she has also served as the vice-chair of the state Republican Party and held a career in nursing. Owing to redistricting, she is standing for reelection in 2012. She is a member of the 'Senate Minority' caucus.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Giessel's father, Jerry Bohms, moved to Alaska in the late 1940s and worked for Wien Alaska Airlines - a predecessor to Wien Air Alaska - while her mother Ruth holds a degree from Gonzaga University School of Law and admitted both before the bars of Alaska and the United States Supreme Court.[2] Ruth Bohms was herself a candidate for the Alaska Legislature in 1992, running as an Alaskan Independence Party candidate for a Fairbanks-based seat in the Alaska House of Representatives. Giessel graduated from Lathrop High School in Fairbanks and thereafter gained a Bachelor of Science in nursing from the University of Michigan before moving to Anchorage in 1974.[2]
She performed as an advanced nurse practitioner[3] across a variety of clinics in Anchorage and the North Slope Borough and continues to do healthcare consulting, and gained a master's degree in nursing from the University of Alaska Anchorage in 2000.[2] She has been on the Alaska Board of Nursing, serving five years as its chairperson, and also on the Alaska Healthcare Strategy Planning Council.[3] In 2010, she was named an 'exceptional leader' by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing.[3]
Politics[link]
Before gaining her Senate seat, Giessel became the focus in 2008 of a campaign by Joe Miller to elevate her to the chair of the Republican Party of Alaska.[4] At the time she was vice-chair of the party, but the campaign failed and she stepped down from her position that year.[5] She was also on Sean Parnell's campaign team during his attempt to oust Republican Don Young from his hold of Alaska's congressional seat in 2008.[6]
Giessel sought to win Senate District P in 2010 when incumbent Republican Con Bunde decided to retire, and she faced two moderates in her party primary: Anchorage assemblywoman Jennifer Johnston and cardiologist Mark Moronell. Taking advantage of the split in the moderate vote, and possibly capitalizing on increased turnout on a parental notification initiative that she had lent her activism to, she won her party's nomination for the general election - 46% over 28% for Moronell and 25% for Johnston.[6]
In response to a questionnaire sent by the Alaska Family Action group, Giessel conveyed pro-life viewpoints, constitutional limits on benefits for same-sex couples and legislative blocks on the expansion of gambling excepting a referendum.[7] The Alaska Dispatch, which also referred to the district election 'as [what seems to be] the most important legislative race this year', said she identifies with Tea Party ideals but does not consider herself a Tea Party candidate.[6] Come November, she beat Democrat Janet Reiser and independent conservative Phil Dziubinski 49% to 39% and 12% respectively.[8]
Giessel has gained membership on the Senate committees on labour & commerce, state affairs, the finance subcommittee on the legislature, and she is also on the Joint In-State Gas Caucus. She is also aligned with the 'Senate Minority' caucus: a grouping of Republican senators who have rejected the dominant bipartisan 'Senate Majority' caucus.[3] In the 2011 mid-term Alaska Business Report Card - a grading system run by several Alaska business coalitions judging state officials on how favourable they are to the business community - Giessel received an A+, the only senator to receive the highest grade, and only one of five state legislators in both houses.[9]
Despite being elected in 2010 to serve a four-year term, subsequent redistricting has meant Giessel will now be facing a fresh election in 2012, for which she is standing - her new seat being District N.[10]
Personal life[link]
Giessel is married to Richard and has three children and several grandchildren.[2] She is a member of both the National Rifle Association - which has endorsed her run for re-election -[11] and the Second Amendment Sisters.[3] She received the Anchorage Republican Woman of the Year award in 2007.[3]
References[link]
- ^ "Defendant - Summary (3AN-04-07749MO Municipality of Anchorage vs. Giessel, Catherine A)". CourtView. Alaska Court System. http://www.courtrecords.alaska.gov/pa/pa.urd/pamw2000.o_party_sum?172320. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "CG: Biography". Cathy Giessel. http://cathygiessel.com/biography.php. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Senator Cathy Giessel". The Republican Senate Caucus. http://www.aksenateminority.com/archives/271. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ Joling, Dan (14 March 2008). "Alaska GOP Beset by Turmoil, Competition". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Mar14/0,4670,AlaskaGOPRift,00.html. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "CG: Resume". Cathy Giessel. http://cathygiessel.com/resume.php. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Epler, Patti (13 September 2011). "A three-way battle for the Anchorage Hillside". Alaska Dispatch. http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/three-way-battle-anchorage-hillside. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "2010 Values Voter Guide". Alaska Family Action. http://www.alaskafamilyaction.org/pdfs/AK-VoterGuide-StateLegislature-081210-FINAL.pdf. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "Republicans gaining in Alaska House". The Artic Sounder. 3 November 2011. http://www.thearcticsounder.com/article/1044republicans_gaining_in_alaska_house. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "2011 midterm Alaska Business Report Card". Alaska Business Report Card. http://www.alaskabusinessreportcard.com/2011/midtermgrades.html. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ Dischner, Molly (15 June 2011). "New lines drawn". Peninsula Clarion. http://peninsulaclarion.com/news/2011-06-15/new-lines-drawn. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "CG: Endorsements". Cathy Giessel. http://cathygiessel.com/endorsements.php. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Giessel, Cathy |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | 9 November 1951 |
| Place of birth | Fairbanks, Alaska |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Cathy_Giessel
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Giessel
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ron Paul | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 14th district |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 1997 |
|
| Preceded by | Greg Laughlin |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd district |
|
| In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Gammage |
| Succeeded by | Tom DeLay |
| In office April 3, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Casey |
| Succeeded by | Robert Gammage |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ronald Ernest Paul (1935-08-20) August 20, 1935 (age 76) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican Party (1976–1988, 1988–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Libertarian Party (1988 election) |
| Spouse(s) | Carol Wells |
| Children | Ronnie Lori Rand Robert Joy |
| Alma mater | Gettysburg College (B.S.) Duke University (M.D.) |
| Religion | Southern Baptist |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Congressional website Campaign website |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force Texas Air National Guard |
| Years of service | 1963–1965 1965–1968 |
| Rank |  Captain[1] |
|
This article is part of a series about
Ron Paul |
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Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Texas's 14th congressional district, which includes Galveston, since 1997, and a three-time candidate for President of the United States, as a Libertarian in 1988 and as a Republican in 2008 and currently 2012. He is an outspoken critic of American foreign and monetary policies, including the Military–industrial complex and the Federal Reserve, and is known for his libertarian-leaning views, often differing from his own party on certain issues.
A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Paul is a graduate of Gettysburg College and Duke University School of Medicine, where he earned his medical degree. He served as a medical officer in the United States Air Force from 1963 until 1968. He worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist from the 1960s to the 1980s, delivering more than 4,000 babies. He became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with a child in the Senate when his son Rand Paul was elected to the United States Senate for Kentucky in 2010.[2]
Ron Paul has been an active writer and publisher since the late 1970s, when he created the first of several newsletters bearing his name. He has published many books, beginning with The Case for Gold (1982) and including Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom (2011), End The Fed (2009), The Revolution: A Manifesto (2008), Pillars of Prosperity (2008), and A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship (2007). Paul has been characterized as the "intellectual godfather" of the Tea Party movement.[3][4]
On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would forego seeking another term in Congress in order to focus on his presidential bid.[5] On May 14, 2012, Paul announced that he would not be competing in any other Presidential primaries, though he is still competing for delegates in states where the primary election have already been held.[6]
Contents
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Early life, education, and medical career[link]
Ronald Ernest Paul was born on August 20, 1935, in Pittsburgh,[7] the son of Howard Caspar Paul, who ran a small dairy company, and Margaret (née Dumont) Paul. His paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Germany, and his mother was of German and Irish ancestry.[8][9]
As a junior at suburban Dormont High School, he was the 220-yard dash state champion.[10] He graduated from Gettysburg College with a B.S. degree in Biology in 1957.[10]
Paul earned a Doctor of Medicine degree from Duke University's School of Medicine in 1961, and completed his medical internship at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and his residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh.[11] Paul served as a flight surgeon in the United States Air Force from 1963 to 1965 and then in the United States Air National Guard from 1965 to 1968.[12]
Paul and his wife then relocated to Texas, where he began a private practice in obstetrics and gynecology.[13] He refused to accept Medicaid or Medicare payments, but routinely lowered fees for patients who could not afford to pay.[14][15]
Early congressional career (1976–1985)[link]
While still a medical resident in the 1960s, Paul was influenced by Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom, which caused him to read many publications by Ludwig von Mises and Ayn Rand. He came to know economists Hans Sennholz and Murray Rothbard well, and credits to them his interest in the study of economics.[16]
When President Richard Nixon "closed the gold window" by ending American participation in the Bretton Woods System, thus ending U.S. dollar's loose association with gold[16] on August 15, 1971, Paul decided to enter politics[17] and became a Republican candidate for the United States Congress.[18]
Elections[link]
In 1974, incumbent Robert R. Casey defeated him for the 22nd district. President Gerald Ford later appointed Casey to direct the Federal Maritime Commission, and Paul won an April 1976 special election to the vacant office.[19] Paul lost the next regular election to Democrat Robert Gammage by fewer than 300 votes (0.2%), but defeated Gammage in a 1978 rematch, and was reelected in 1980 and 1982.[20] Gammage underestimated Paul's popularity among local mothers: "I had real difficulty down in Brazoria County, where he practiced, because he'd delivered half the babies in the county. There were only two obstetricians in the county, and the other one was his partner."[21]
Tenure[link]
Paul has served in Congress three different periods: first from 1976 to 1977, after he won a special election, then from 1979 to 1985, and finally since 1997.
In his early years, Paul served on the House Banking Committee, where he blamed the Federal Reserve for inflation and spoke against the banking mismanagement that resulted in the savings and loan crisis.[22][8] Paul argued for a return to the gold standard maintained by the US from 1873-1933, and with Senator Jesse Helms convinced the Congress to study the issue.[16] He spoke against the reinstatement of registration for the military draft in 1980, in opposition to President Jimmy Carter and the majority of his fellow Republican members of Congress.[23]
During his first term, Paul founded the Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (FREE), a non-profit "think tank" dedicated to promoting principles of limited government and free-market economics.[24]
Paul proposed term-limit legislation multiple times, while himself serving four terms in the House of Representatives.[23] In 1984, he decided to retire from the House in order to run for the U.S. Senate, complaining in his House farewell address that "Special interests have replaced the concern that the Founders had for general welfare.... It's difficult for one who loves true liberty and utterly detests the power of the state to come to Washington for a period of time and not leave a true cynic."[25][26] (On Paul's departure from the House, his congressional seat was assumed by former state representative Tom DeLay, who would eventually become Speaker of the House.)[27]
Committee assignments[link]
1984 U.S. Senate election[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Texas, 1984
In 1984, Paul campaigned for the U.S. Senate, but lost the Republican primary to Phil Gramm, who had switched parties the previous year from Democrat to Republican.[28] Another candidate of the senatorial primary was Henry Grover, a conservative former state legislator who had lost the 1972 gubernatorial general election to the Democrat Dolph Briscoe, Jr.
Inter-congressional years[link]
1985–1997[link]
Following the loss of the 1984 senate race, Paul returned to his obstetrics practice and took part in a number of other business ventures.[8][29] Along with his former congressional chief of staff, Lew Rockwell, Paul founded a for-profit enterprise, Ron Paul & Associates, Inc. (RP&A) in 1984, with Paul serving as president, Rockwell as vice president, Paul's wife Carol as secretary, and daughter Lori Pyeatt as treasurer.[30] The company published a variety of political and investment-oriented newsletters including Ron Paul Freedom Report and Ron Paul Survival Report, and by 1993 was generating revenues in excess of $900,000.[31][32]
Paul also co-owned a mail-order coin dealership, Ron Paul Coins, for twelve years with Burt Blumert, who continued to operate the dealership after Paul resumed office in 1996.[33][34] Paul spoke multiple times at the American Numismatic Association's 1988 convention.[33] He worked with his Foundation for Rational Economics and Education on such projects as establishing the National Endowment for Liberty, producing the At Issue public policy series that was broadcast on the Discovery Channel and CNBC,[24] and continuing publication of newsletters.
1988 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 1988
Paul resigned from the Republican Party in 1987 and launched a bid for the presidency running on the Libertarian Party ticket. At the 1987 Libertarian National Convention, the party was split between a Conservative and Liberal wing. Paul represented the conservative wing, which was successful in fundraising, while the liberal wing claimed to have received ten times more (and more favorable) press coverage.[citation needed] Paul argued, "Pro-life libertarians have a vital task to perform: to persuade the many abortion-supporting libertarians of the contradiction between abortion and individual liberty; and to sever the mistaken connection in many minds between individual freedom and the 'right' to extinguish individual life."[35][36]
In the 1988 presidential election, Paul was on the ballot in 46 States,[37] scoring third in the popular vote with 432,179 votes (0.5%).[38] Paul was kept off the ballot in Missouri, and received votes there only when written in, due to what the St. Louis Post-Dispatch termed a "technicality".[39]
According to Paul, his presidential campaign was about more than obtaining office; he sought to promote his libertarian ideas, often to school and university groups regardless of vote eligibility. He said, "We're just as interested in the future generation as this election. These kids will vote eventually, and maybe, just maybe, they'll go home and talk to their parents."[37]
Paul considered campaigning for President during 1992,[40] but instead chose to endorse Pat Buchanan that year, and served as an adviser to Buchanan's Republican presidential primary campaign against incumbent President George H. W. Bush.[41]
Later congressional career (1997–present)[link]
Elections[link]
For more details on this topic, see Texas's 14th congressional district.
- 1996 campaign
During 1996, Paul was re-elected to Congress after a difficult campaign. The Republican National Committee endorsed incumbent Greg Laughlin in the primary; Paul won with assistance from baseball pitcher, constituent, and friend Nolan Ryan, tax activist and publisher Steve Forbes[8] and conservative commentator Pat Buchanan (both of whom had had presidential campaigns that year). Paul narrowly defeated Democratic attorney Charles "Lefty" Morris in the fall election, despite Morris' criticism over controversial statements in several newsletters that Ron Paul published.
- 1998–present
In 1998 and 2000, Paul defeated Loy Sneary, a Democratic Bay City, Texas, rice farmer and former Matagorda County judge.[17] In the 2008 Republican primary,[42] he defeated Friendswood city councilman Chris Peden,[43] with over 70 percent of the vote[44] and ran unopposed in the general election.[45] In the 2010 Republican primary, Paul defeated three opponents with 80 percent of the vote.[46]
On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would not seek re-election to the House in order to pursue the 2012 presidential election.[47][48]
Tenure[link]
- Legislation
Main article: List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul
Of the 620 bills that Paul had sponsored through December 2011, over a period of more than 22 years in Congress, only one had been signed into law – a lifetime success rate of less than 0.3%.[49] The sole measure authored by Paul that was ultimately enacted allowed for a federal customhouse to be sold to a local historic preservation society (H.R. 2121 in 2009).[49]
By amending other legislation, he has helped prohibit funding for national identification numbers, funding for federal teacher certification,[17] International Criminal Court jurisdiction over the U.S. military, American participation with any U.N. global tax, and surveillance of peaceful First Amendment activities by citizens.[50]
- Affiliations
Paul was honorary chairman of, and is a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus, a political action committee that describes its goal as electing "liberty-minded, limited-government individuals".[51] He is an initiating member of the Congressional Rural Caucus, which deals with agricultural and rural issues, and the 140-member Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus.[52]
Committee assignments[link]
Rep. Paul serves on the following committee and subcommittees.[53]
With the election of the 112th Congress, and a resulting GOP majority in the House, Paul became the chairman of the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology starting in January 2011.[54]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 2008
2008 Republican primary campaign[link]
Paul formally declared his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination on March 12, 2007, on C-SPAN.[55] Few major politicians endorsed him, and his campaign was largely ignored by traditional media.[56] However, he attracted an intensely loyal grassroots following, in large part energized by "iconoclastic white men"[57] interacting through internet social media.[58][59][60] In May 2007, shortly after the first televised primary debates, the blogs search engine site Technorati.com listed Paul's name as the term most frequently searched for;[58] and Paul's campaign claimed that Paul had more YouTube channel subscribers than Barack Obama or any other candidate for president.[61] For a candidate who had had relatively low national name recognition prior to entering the race, Paul did surprisingly well in fundraising, taking in more money than any other Republican candidate in the fourth quarter of 2007, as the primary season headed into the Iowa caucuses.[62][63]
Despite benefiting from large numbers of campaign contributions from individual donors,[64] and the efforts of tech-savvy supporters determined to keep his name a frequent topic of discussion on the internet,[58] over the course of the campaign Paul was unable to translate the enthusiasm of his core supporters into large enough numbers of actual primary votes to unseat his rivals.
Paul came in 5th place in both the January 4 Iowa caucuses (10% of votes cast)[65] and the January 8 New Hampshire primary (8%).[66] With the exception of the Nevada caucuses January 19, where he came in 2nd (14%) behind Romney (51%), he did little better through the rest of January: Michigan 4th (6%), South Carolina 5th (4%), Florida 5th (3%). On SuperTuesday, February 5, he placed 4th in almost every state, generally taking in a mere 3–6% of the votes (although he did better in the mountain states of North Dakota (21%, 3rd place) and Montana (25%, 2nd place).[67][68]
By March, front-runner John McCain had secured enough pledged delegates to guarantee that he would win the nomination, and Romney and Huckabee had both formally withdrawn from the race. Paul, who had won no state primaries, knew that it was now mathematically impossible for him to win the nomination, as he had captured only 20[69] – 40 pledged delegates compared to more than 1,191 for McCain, yet he refused to concede the race and said that it was unlikely that he would ultimately endorse McCain.[70][71][72] Over the next few weeks, Paul's supporters clashed with establishment Republicans at several county and state party conventions over state party rules, the party platforms, and selection of delegates for the national convention.[73][74][75] In one of the more dramatic moments, Nevada's state party leaders, outmaneuvered by Paul supporters at the state nominating convention, resorted to the highly unusual measure of prematurely and abruptly shutting down the convention before selecting national delegates, with a plan to reconvene at a later date.[76][77]
On June 12, 2008, Paul finally withdrew his bid for the Republican nomination. He later said that one of the reasons he did not run in the general election as a third-party candidate, after losing the primary election, was that, as a concession to gain ballot access in certain states, he had signed legally-binding agreements to not run a third-party campaign if he lost the primary.[78] Some of the $4 million remaining campaign contributions was invested into the new political action and advocacy group called Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty.[79]
Refusal to endorse the Republican candidate[link]
At a September 10, 2008, press conference, Paul announced his general support of four third-party candidates: Cynthia McKinney (Green Party); Bob Barr (Libertarian Party); Chuck Baldwin (Constitution Party); and Ralph Nader (independent). He said that each of them had pledged to adhere to a policy of balancing budgets, bringing the troops home, defending privacy and personal liberties, and investigating the Federal Reserve. Paul also said that under no circumstances would he be endorsing either of the two dominant parties' candidates (McCain – Republican Party, or Obama – Democratic Party) because there were no real differences between them, and because neither of them, if elected, would seek to make the fundamental changes in governance that were necessary. He urged instead that, rather than contribute to the “charade” that the two-party election system had become, the voters support the third-party candidates as a protest vote, to force change in the election process.[80][81] Later that same day, Paul gave a televised interview with Nader saying much the same again.[82]
Two weeks later, "shocked and disappointed" that Bob Barr (the Libertarian candidate) had pulled out of attending the press conference at the last minute and had admonished Paul for remaining neutral and failing to say which specific candidate Paul would vote for in the general election, Paul released a statement saying that he had decided to endorse Chuck Baldwin, the Constitution Party candidate, for president.[83]
In the November 2008 general election, Paul received 41,905 votes despite not actively campaigning.[84][85]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 2012
See also: Draft Ron Paul movement
Paul is a candidate for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 election.
He won several early straw polls for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination [86] and in late April, 2011, he formed an official exploratory committee.[87][88] He participated in the first Republican presidential debate on May 5, 2011.[89] and on May 13, 2011, Paul formally announced his candidacy in an interview on ABC's Good Morning America.[90] He placed second in the 2011 Ames Straw Poll, missing first by 0.9%.[91]
In December 2011, with Ron Paul's increased support, the controversy over allegedly racist and homophobic statements in several Ron Paul newsletters in the 1980s and early 1990s once again gained media attention.[92] During this time Paul supporters asserted that he was continually ignored by the media despite his significant support, citing examples of where television news shows would fail to mention Paul in discussions of the Republican presidential hopefuls even when he was polling second.[93][94][95][96]
Paul came in third in the Iowa Republican Caucus held on January 3, 2012. Out of a turnout of 121,503 votes, Paul took 26,036 (21%) of the certified votes. Rick Santorum and Mitt Romney finished in a virtual tie for first place with 25% each.[97] In the New Hampshire Primary held on January 10, 2012, Paul received 23% of the votes and came in second after Romney's 39%.[98]
Ron Paul's results then declined, despite the withdrawal of candidates Michele Bachmann, Jon Huntsman and Rick Perry. He had fourth place finishes in the next two primaries, on January 21st in South Carolina (with 13% of the vote[99]) and on January 31st in Florida (where he received 7% of the vote.[100][101][102])
On February 4, Paul finished third in Nevada with 18.8% of the vote.[103] Three non-binding primaries were held on February 7th; Paul took 3rd place in Colorado[104] and Missouri[105] with 13% and 12% of the vote respectively. He fared better in Minnesota[106] with 27%, finishing second to Rick Santorum.
On May 14, Paul's campaign announced that due to lack of funds he would no longer actively campaign for votes in the 11 remaining primary states, including Texas and California, that had not yet voted.[6][107] He would, however, continue to seek to win delegates for the national party convention in the states that had already voted.
Political party identification[link]
Throughout his entire tenure in Congress, Paul has represented his district as a member of the Republican Party. However, he has frequently taken positions in direct opposition to the other members and the leadership of the party, and he has sometimes publicly questioned whether he really belonged in the party.
He had been a lifelong supporter of the Republican Party by the time he entered politics in the mid 1970s.[108] He was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign,[109] and he actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.[110] After Reagan's election in 1980, Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies. He later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981,[111][112] aghast that "in 1977, Jimmy Carter proposed a budget with a $38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $45 billion deficit – which turned out to be $113 billion – and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land."[109] He expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from the House of Representatives to prepare for a (failed) run for the Senate, and he eventually apologized to his Libertarian friends for having supported Reagan.[111]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
By 1987, Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party, as he explained in a blistering resignation letter: "Since [1981] Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party have given us skyrocketing deficits, and astoundingly a doubled national debt. How is it that the party of balanced budgets, with control of the White House and Senate, accumulated red ink greater than all previous administrations put together? ... There is no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of government. That is the message of the Reagan years."[110][108] A month later he announced he would seek the 1988 Libertarian Party nomination for president.
During the 1988 campaign, Paul called Reagan "a dramatic failure"[110] and complained that "Reagan's record is disgraceful. He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people."[113] Paul predicted that "the Republicans are on their way out as a major party,"[111] and he said that, although registered as a Republican, he had always been a Libertarian at heart.[112][111]
Paul returned to his private medical practice and managing several business ventures after losing the 1988 election; but by 1996, he was ready to return to politics, this time running on the Republican Party ticket again. He said that he had never read the entire Libertarian platform when he ran for president as a Libertarian in 1988, and that "I worked for the Libertarians on my terms, not theirs."[114] He added that in terms of a political label he preferred to call himself "a constitutionalist. In Congress I took an oath to uphold the Constitution, not the (Republican) platform."[114]
When he lost the Republican Party presidential primary election in 2008, Paul criticized the two major political parties, saying that there was no real difference between the parties and that neither of them truly intended to challenge the status quo. He refused to endorse the Republican Party's nominee for president, John McCain, and lent his support to third-party candidates instead.[115][116]
In 2012 presidential campaign, during which he acknowledged it was unlikely that he would win the Republican Party nomination,[117] Paul again asserted that he was participating in the Republican Party on his own terms, trying to persuade the rest of the party to move toward his positions rather than joining in with theirs.[118] He expressed doubt that he would support any of his rivals should they win the nomination, warning that, “If the policies of the Republican Party are the same as the Democrat Party and they don't want to change anything on foreign policy, they don't want to cut anything, they don't want to audit the Fed and find out about monetary policy, they don't want to have actual change in government, that is a problem for me."[119] On that same theme he said in another interview, "I would be reluctant to jump on board and tell all of the supporters that have given me trust and money that all of a sudden, I'd say, [all] we've done is for naught. So, let's support anybody at all ... even if they disagree with everything that we do."[120]
Political positions[link]
Main article: Political positions of Ron Paul
Paul has been described as conservative and libertarian.[8] According to University of Georgia political scientist Keith Poole, Paul had the most conservative voting record of any member of Congress from 1937 to 2002,[121] and is the most conservative of the candidates seeking the 2012 Republican nomination for president,[122] on a scale primarily measuring positions on the role of government in managing the economy – not positions on social issues or foreign policy matters.[123] Other analyses, in which key votes on domestic social issues and foreign policy factor more heavily, have judged Paul much more moderate. The National Journal, for instance, rated Paul only the 145th most conservative member of the House of Representatives based on votes cast in 2010.[124][125]
The foundation of Paul's political philosophy is the conviction that "the proper role for government in America is to provide national defense, a court system for civil disputes, a criminal justice system for acts of force and fraud, and little else."[126] He has been nicknamed "Dr. No,"[17] reflecting both his medical degree and his insistence that he will "never vote for legislation unless the proposed measure is expressly authorized by the Constitution."[22]
Paul is a proponent of Austrian School economics; he has authored six books on the subject, and displays pictures of Austrian School economists Friedrich Hayek, Murray Rothbard, and Ludwig von Mises (as well as of Grover Cleveland)[127] on his office wall. He regularly votes against almost all proposals for new government spending, initiatives, or taxes;[128] he cast two thirds of all the lone negative votes in the House during a 1995–1997 period.[17]
He has pledged never to raise taxes[129] and states he has never voted to approve a budget deficit. Paul believes that the country could abolish the individual income tax by scaling back federal spending to its fiscal year 2000 levels;[130][131] financing government operations would be primarily by excise taxes and non-protectionist tariffs. He endorses eliminating most federal government agencies, terming them unnecessary bureaucracies.
On April 15, 2011, Paul was one of four Republican members of Congress to vote against Rep. Paul Ryan's budget proposal, known as "The Path to Prosperity."[132]
Paul has a consistent record as an inflation hawk, having warned of hyperinflation as far back as 1981.[133] While Paul believes the longterm decrease of the U.S. dollar's purchasing power by inflation is attributable to its lack of any commodity backing, he does not endorse a "return" to a gold standard – as the U.S. government has established during the past – but instead prefers to eliminate legal tender laws and to remove the sales tax on gold and silver, so that the market may freely decide what type of monetary standard(s) there shall be.[134] Since 1999, he has introduced bills into each Congress seeking to eliminate the Federal Reserve System in a single year.[135][136][137]
Paul's foreign policy of nonintervention[138] made him the only 2008 Republican presidential candidate to have voted against the Iraq War Resolution in 2002. He advocates withdrawal from the United Nations, and from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, for reasons of maintaining strong national sovereignty.[139]
He endorses free trade, rejecting membership in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization as "managed trade". He endorses increased border security and opposes welfare for illegal aliens, birthright citizenship and amnesty;[140] he voted for the Secure Fence Act of 2006. He voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists in response to the September 11 attacks, but suggested war alternatives such as authorizing the president to grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal targeting specific terrorists. An opponent of the Iraq War and potential war with Iran, he has also criticized neoconservatism and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, arguing that both inadvertently cause terrorist reprisals against Americans. Paul has stated that "Israel is our close friend" and that it is not the place of the United States to "dictate how Israel runs her affairs".[141]
Paul endorses constitutional rights, such as the right to keep and bear arms, and habeas corpus for political detainees. He opposes the Patriot Act, federal use of torture, presidential autonomy, a national identification card, warrantless domestic surveillance, and the draft. Paul also believes that the notion of the separation of church and state is currently misused by the court system: "In case after case, the Supreme Court has used the infamous 'separation of church and state' metaphor to uphold court decisions that allow the federal government to intrude upon and deprive citizens of their religious liberty."[142]
Citing the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, Paul advocates states' rights to decide how to regulate social matters not cited directly by the Constitution. He opposes federal regulation of the death penalty[143] (although he opposes capital punishment),[144] of education,[145] and of marriage, and endorsed revising the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy to concern mainly disruptive sexual behavior (whether heterosexual or homosexual).[146]
Paul says his years as an obstetrician led him to believe life begins at conception.[147]
He terms himself "strongly pro-life",[148] "an unshakable foe of abortion",[149] and believes regulation or ban[150] on medical decisions about maternal or fetal health is "best handled at the state level".[143][151] His abortion-related legislation, like the Sanctity of Life Act, is intended to negate Roe v. Wade and to get "the federal government completely out of the business of regulating state matters."[152]
Paul has stated that "The government shouldn't be in the medical business." He pushes to eliminate federal involvement with and management of health care, which he argues would allow prices to decrease due to the fundamental dynamics of a free market.[153] Paul also opposes the federal War on Drugs,[154] and believes the states should decide whether to regulate or deregulate drugs such as medical marijuana.[155] He also opposes federal government influenza inoculation programs.[156]
As a free-market environmentalist, he asserts private property rights in relation to environmental protection and pollution prevention.[citation needed] He called global warming a hoax in a 2009 Fox Business interview, saying, "You know, the greatest hoax I think that has been around in many, many years if not hundreds of years has been this hoax on the environment and global warming."[157] He acknowledges there is clear evidence of rising temperatures in some parts of the globe, but says that temperatures are cooling in other parts.[158]
Paul was critical of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, arguing that it sanctioned federal interference in the labor market and did not improve race relations. He once remarked: "The Civil Rights Act of 1964 not only violated the Constitution and reduced individual liberty; it also failed to achieve its stated goals of promoting racial harmony and a color-blind society".[159] Paul opposes affirmative action.[160]
He is an outspoken proponent of increased ballot access for 3rd party candidates,[161] but has sought to repeal the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, also known as the Motor Voter law.[162]
Newsletters controversy[link]
Main article: Ron Paul newsletters
Beginning in 1978, for more than two decades Paul and his associates published a number of political and investment-oriented newsletters bearing his name (Dr. Ron Paul's Freedom Report, The Ron Paul Survival Report, the Ron Paul Investment Letter, and the Ron Paul Political Report).[163] By 1993, a business through which Paul was publishing the newsletters was earning in excess of $900,000 per year.[163]
A number of the newsletters, particularly in the period between 1988 and 1994 when Paul was no longer in Congress, contained material that later proved highly controversial, dwelling on conspiracy theories, praising anti-government militia movements, and warning of coming race wars.[163][164] During Paul's 1996 congressional election campaign, and his 2008 and 2012 presidential primary campaigns, critics charged that some of the passages reflected racist, anti-Semitic, and homophobic bigotry.[165][166][167][168][169][170][171]
The newsletters included statements such as:
- "... I think we can safely assume that 95 percent of the black males in [Washington, DC] are semi-criminal or entirely criminal."[166]
- "Boy, it sure burns me to have a national holiday for that pro-communist philanderer, Martin Luther King. I voted against this outrage time and time again as a Congressmen. What an infamy that Ronald Reagan approved it! We can thank him for our annual Hate Whitey Day!"[163][172]
- "An ex-cop I know advises that if you have to use a gun on a youth [to defend yourself against armed robbery], you should leave the scene immediately, disposing of the wiped off gun as soon as possible.... I frankly don't know what to make of such advice, but even in my little town of Lake Jackson, Texas, I've urged everyone in my family to know how to use a gun in self defense. For the animals are coming."[163][173]
- “I miss the closet. Homosexuals, not to speak of the rest of society, were far better off when social pressure forced them to hide their activities. They could also not be as promiscuous. Is it any coincidence that the AIDS epidemic developed after they came 'out of the closet,' and started hyper-promiscuous sodomy? I don't believe so, medically or morally.”[174][175]
- “[Magic] Johnson may be a sports star, but he is dying [of AIDS] because he violated moral laws.”[164][176]
- “[T]he criminal ‘Justice’ Department wants to force dentists to treat these Darth Vader types [people with AIDS] under the vicious Americans With Disabilities Act;" and “[W]e all have the right to discriminate, which is what freedom of association is all about, especially against killers [AIDS patients].”[164][177]
Other passages referred to former Secretary of Health & Human Services Donna Shalala as a “short lesbian” and Martin Luther King, Jr. as a pedophile and “lying socialist satyr" – while offering praise for former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard David Duke and other controversial figures.[163][164][174]
When criticism of the newsletters was leveled against Paul during his 1996 congressional election, he did not deny writing the newsletters, but instead defended them and said that the material had been taken out of context.[165][167][166] In later years, Paul said that the controversial material had been ghostwritten by members of a team that included 6 or 8 others and that, as publisher, not editor, he had not even been aware of the content of the controversial articles until years after they had been published.[167][178] He eventually disavowed those passages, and stated that in 1996 his campaign advisers had thought denying authorship would be too confusing and that he had to live with the material published under his name.[167][178] Some political commentators made note of the changing nature of the explanations he had provided over the years about his involvement with the newsletters.[179][180][181]
An estranged former long-term aide of Paul, Eric Dondero, alleged that Paul was lying about his role in the production of the controversial newsletters.[182][183] During the 2012 Republican presidential primary campaign, in January 2012, the Washington Post reported[184] that several of Paul's former associates said that Paul had been very involved in the production of the newsletters and had allowed the controversial material to be included as part of a deliberate strategy to boost profits. Paul's former secretary said, "it was his newsletter, and it was under his name, so he always got to see the final product.... He would proof it."[184] Paul continued to deny the accusations and to disavow the material.[185]
Personal life[link]
Paul has been married to Carol Wells since 1957.[186] They met in 1952 when Wells asked Paul to be her escort to her 16th birthday party.[187] They have five children, who were baptized Episcopalian:[8] Ronald, Lori, Randal, Robert, and Joy. Paul's son Randal is the junior United States senator from the state of Kentucky. Raised a Lutheran, Paul later became a Baptist.[188]
Bibliography[link]
Main article: Ron Paul bibliography
- Paul, Ron (1981) (PDF). Gold, Peace, and Prosperity: The Birth of a New Currency. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 7877384. http://www.mises.org/books/goldpeace.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron; Lehrman, Lewis; U.S. Gold Commission (September 1982) (PDF). The Case for Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission. Washington, DC: Cato Institute (2d ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007). ISBN 0-932790-31-3. OCLC 8763972. http://www.mises.org/books/caseforgold.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron (1983). Abortion and Liberty. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. ISBN 0-912453-02-8. OCLC 9682249.
- Paul, Ron (1983). Ten Myths About Paper Money: And One Myth About Paper Gold. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 11765863.
- Paul, Ron (1984) (PDF). Mises and Austrian Economics: A Personal View. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2d ed. 2004). OCLC 19968524. http://www.mises.org/books/paulmises.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron (1987). Freedom Under Siege: The U.S. Constitution After 200 Years. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (2d ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007). OCLC 19697005.
- Paul, Ron (1990). Challenge to Liberty: Coming to Grips with the Abortion Issue. Lake Jackson, Texas: Ron Paul Enterprises. OCLC 46960450.
- Paul, Ron (1991). The Ron Paul Money Book. Plantation Publishing. ISBN 0-521-44733-X.
- Paul, Ron (2000). A Republic, If You Can Keep It. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 45414993. http://paul.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=510&Itemid=60. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
- Paul, Ron (2002). The Case for Defending America. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 49744552.
- Paul, Ron (2002). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards–2001. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. ISBN 1-893958-84-1.
- Paul, Ron (2003). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 2–2002. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press.
- Paul, Ron (2004). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 3–2003. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. ISBN 1-893958-24-8.
- Upton, Fred; Paul, Ron (2005). Indecency in the Media: Rating and Restricting Entertainment Content: Should the House Pass H.R. 3717, the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act?. Washington, DC: Congressional Digest Corp. OCLC 81150568.
- Rangel, Charles B.; Paul, Ron (2006). Compulsory National Service: 2006–2007 Policy Debate Topic: Should the All-Volunteer Force be Replaced by Universal, Mandatory National Service?. Bethesda, Maryland: Congressional Digest Corp. OCLC 84912971.
- Paul, Ron (2007). A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. ISBN 0-912453-00-1. OCLC 145174995.
- Paul, Ron (2008). Pillars of Prosperity. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 1-933550-24-4.
- Paul, Ron; Haddad, Philip; Marsh, Roger (April 2008). Ron Paul Speaks. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59921-448-2. OCLC 199459258.
- Paul, Ron (2008). The Revolution: A Manifesto. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-53751-9. OCLC 191881970.
- Paul, Ron (2009). End the Fed. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-54919-6. OCLC 318878539.
- Paul, Ron (2011). Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-0145-8.
Other contributions[link]
- Belloc, Hilaire; Chesterton, Cecil (2007) [1911]. The Party System. Paul, Ron (foreword). Norfolk, Virginia: IHS Press. ISBN 1-932528-11-3. OCLC 173299105.
- Fortman, Erik; Lavello, Randy (2004). Webs of Power. Paul, Ron (interview). Austin, Texas: Van Cleave Publishing. ISBN 0-9759670-0-2. OCLC 61026033.
- Haugen, David M.; Musser, Susan, eds. (2007). Human Embryo Experimentation. Paul, Ron (Chapter 9: No form of stem cell research should be federally funded). Detroit, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0-7377-3243-1. OCLC 84152907.
- Haugen, David M., ed. (2007). National Security. Paul, Ron (Chapter 1–7: The federal debt is a threat to national security). Detroit, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0-7377-3761-1. OCLC 144227284.
- Jaeger, James; Baehr, Theodore; Griffin, G. Edward; Paul, Ron; Vieira, Edwin (2007). Fiat Empire: Why the Federal Reserve Violates the U.S. Constitution (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: Cornerstone-Matrixx Entertainment. OCLC 192133806.
- Minns, Michael Louis (2001). How to Survive the IRS. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-170-3. OCLC 44860846.
- Paul, Ron; Hayashi, Terry; Pardo, Victoriano; and Fisher, Edwin (August 1, 1969). "Evaluation of Renal Biopsy in Pregnancy Toxemia". Obstetrics and Gynecology (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) 34 (2): 235–241. PMID 5798269.
- Paul, Ron (1999). "Being Pro-Life is Necessary to Defend Liberty". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy (MCB University Press, Ltd) 19 (3–4): 11. DOI:10.1108/01443339910788712. ISSN 0144-333X. OCLC 89482648.
- Paul, Ron; Bartlett, Roscoe; et al. (2001) (Videotape). The United Nations & the New World Order. Brunswick, OH: American Portrait Films, Inc. ISBN 1-57341-132-9. OCLC 56793278.
- Pearl, Sandy; Beutel, Bill; Alis, Bob; Weingold, Dave; Paul, Ron; Bartsch, Ed (1980). Born Again (Videotape). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Instructional Resources Center. OCLC 7407395.
- Skousen, Mark; Weber, Chris; Ketcher, Michael, eds. (1987). The Closing Door. Paul, Ron (introduction). Bethel, Connecticut: Institute for the Preservation of Wealth (2d ed. 1988). ISBN 0-938689-03-7. OCLC 17209571.
- Vieira, Jr., Edwin (1983). Pieces of Eight. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Sound Dollar Committee. ISBN 978-0-8159-6226-7. OCLC 9919612.
- von NotHaus, Bernard, ed. (September 1, 2003). The Liberty Dollar Solution to the Federal Reserve. Paul, Ron (Chapter 21: Abolish the Fed). Evansville, Indiana: American Financial Press. ISBN 0-9671025-2-9.
References[link]
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- ^ a b "Ron Paul interview by Ali Velshi". CNN (American Morning). 2011-12-20.
- ^ Hicks, Josh (2011-12-27). "Ron Paul and the Racist Newsletters (Fact Checker Biography)". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/post/ron-paul-and-the-racist-newsletters-fact-checker-biography/2011/12/21/gIQAKNiwBP_blog.html. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Kucinich, Jackie (2011-12-21). "Paul's Story Changes on Racial Comments". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2011-12-21/ron-paul-racist-newsletters/52147878/1. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Legum, Judd (2011-12-27). "Fact Check: Ron Paul Personally Defended Racist Newsletters". Thinkprogress. http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2011/12/27/395391/fact-check-ron-paul-personally-defended-racist-newsletters/?mobile=nc. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Newby, Joe (2011-12-26). "Former Staffer Says Ron Paul Lying about Role in Controversial Newsletter". Spokane Conservative Examiner.
- ^ Lord, Jeffrey (2011-12-20). "Ex-Ron Paul Aide Disputes Paul on Newsletters". The American Spectator. http://spectator.org/blog/2011/12/20/ex-ron-paul-aide-disputes-paul. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b Markon, Jerry; Crites, Alice (2012-1-27). "Paul Pursued Strategy of Publishing Controversial Newsletters, Associates Say". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ron-paul-signed-off-on-racist-newsletters-sources-say/2012/01/20/gIQAvblFVQ_story.html.
- ^ "Ron Paul interview by John King". CNN (John King USA). 2012-01-27. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1201/27/jkusa.01.html. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Paul, Carol (2007-03-16). "The American Dream – Through the Eyes of Mrs. Ron Paul". Daily Paul. http://dailypaul.com/node/53. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Sheri & Bob Stritof. "Carol and Ron Paul Marriage Profile".
- ^ Husna Haq. "Election 101: Ron Paul sets sights on 2012. Ten things to know about him. – What is his family and religious background?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/2011/0513/Election-101-Ron-Paul-sets-sights-on-2012.-Ten-things-to-know-about-him/What-is-his-family-and-religious-background. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
External links[link]
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- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
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- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
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- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
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- Ron Paul TV. Ron Paul Presidential Candidate Media and Internet Video Campaign.
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Robert R. Casey |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd congressional district April 3, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
Succeeded by Robert Gammage |
| Preceded by Robert Gammage |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd congressional district January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985 |
Succeeded by Tom DeLay |
| Preceded by Greg Laughlin |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 14th congressional district January 3, 1997 – present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by David Bergland |
Libertarian Party presidential candidate 1988 |
Succeeded by Andre Marrou |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Rob Andrews |
United States Representatives by seniority 53rd |
Succeeded by David Price |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Paul, Ron |
| Alternative names | Paul, Ronald Ernest |
| Short description | U.S. libertarian, physician, politician, obstetrician |
| Date of birth | August 20, 1935 |
| Place of birth | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the United States senator. For the musician, see Ted Stevens (musician).
| Ted Stevens | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Alaska |
|
| In office December 24, 1968 – January 3, 2009 |
|
| Appointed by | Wally Hickel |
| Preceded by | Bob Bartlett |
| Succeeded by | Mark Begich |
| 3rd President pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate | |
| In office January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Byrd |
| Succeeded by | Office Vacant |
| President pro tempore of the United States Senate | |
| In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Byrd |
| Succeeded by | Robert Byrd |
| 19th Majority Whip of the United States Senate | |
| In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1985 |
|
| Leader | Howard Baker |
| Preceded by | Alan Cranston |
| Succeeded by | Alan K. Simpson |
| 15th Minority Whip of the United States Senate | |
| In office January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1981 |
|
| Leader | Howard Baker |
| Preceded by | Robert Griffin |
| Succeeded by | Alan Cranston |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Theodore Fulton Stevens (1923-11-18)November 18, 1923 Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Died | August 9, 2010(2010-08-09) (aged 86) near Dillingham, Alaska |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | 1. Ann Cherrington, predeceased him 2. Catherine Ann Chandler |
| Children | Ben Stevens Susan Stevens Beth Stevens Walter Stevens Ted Stevens, Jr. Lily Stevens |
| Residence | Girdwood, Alaska |
| Alma mater | UCLA (B.A.) Harvard Law School (LL.B.) |
| Occupation | Attorney |
| Religion | Episcopalianism |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Army Air Corps |
| Years of service | 1943–1946 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
Theodore Fulton "Ted" Stevens, Sr. (November 18, 1923 – August 9, 2010)[1][2][3] was a United States Senator from Alaska, serving from December 24, 1968, until January 3, 2009, and thus the longest-serving Republican senator in history.[4] He was President pro tempore in the 108th and 109th Congresses from January 3, 2003, to January 3, 2007, and the third senator to hold the title of President pro tempore emeritus.
Stevens served for six decades in the American public sector, beginning with his service in World War II. In the 1950s, he held senior positions in the Eisenhower Interior Department. He played key roles in legislation that shaped Alaska's economic and social development, including the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. He was also known for his sponsorship of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, which resulted in the establishment of the United States Olympic Committee.
In 2008, Stevens was embroiled in a federal corruption trial as he ran for re-election to the Senate. He was found guilty, and eight days later was narrowly defeated at the polls.[5] However, prior to sentencing, the indictment was dismissed—effectively vacating the conviction—when a Justice Department probe found evidence of gross prosecutorial misconduct.[6]
Stevens died on August 9, 2010, when a de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter he and several others were flying in crashed while en route to a private fishing lodge.[7]
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Childhood and youth[link]
Stevens was born November 18, 1923, in Indianapolis, Indiana, the third of four children,[8][9] in a small cottage built by his paternal grandfather after the marriage of his parents, Gertrude S. (née Chancellor) and George A. Stevens. The family later lived in Chicago, where George Stevens was an accountant before the stock market crash of 1929 instigated the Great Depression, ending his job.[9][10] Around this time, when Ted Stevens was six years old, his parents divorced, and Stevens and his three siblings went back to Indianapolis to reside with their paternal grandparents, followed shortly thereafter by their father, who developed problems with his eyes and went blind for several years. Stevens's mother moved to California and sent for Stevens's siblings as she could afford to, but Stevens stayed in Indianapolis helping to care for his father and a mentally disabled cousin, Patricia Acker, who also lived with the family. The only adult in the household with a job was Stevens's grandfather. Stevens helped to support the family by working as a newsboy, and would later remember selling many newspapers on March 1, 1932, when newspaper headlines blared the news of the Lindbergh kidnapping.[9]
In 1934, Stevens's grandfather punctured a lung in a fall down a tall flight of stairs, contracted pneumonia, and died.[9] Stevens's father, George, died in 1957 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, of lung cancer.[10] Stevens and his cousin Patricia moved to Manhattan Beach, California, to live with Patricia's mother, Gladys Swindells.[9] Stevens attended Redondo Union High School, participating in extracurricular activities including working on the school newspaper and becoming a member of a student theater group – a service society affiliated with the YMCA - and, during his senior year, the Lettermen's Society. Stevens also worked at jobs before and after school,[10] but still had time for surfing with his friend Russell Green, son of the president of Signal Gas and Oil Company, who remained a close friend throughout Stevens's life.[9]
Military service[link]
After graduating from high school in 1942, Stevens enrolled at Oregon State University to study engineering,[11] attending for a semester.[9] With World War II in progress, Stevens attempted to join the Navy and serve in Naval Aviation, but failed the vision exam. He corrected his vision through a course of prescribed eye exercises, and in 1943 he was accepted into an Army Air Force Air Cadet program at Montana State College.[9][11] After scoring near the top of an aptitude test for flight training, Stevens was transferred to preflight training in Santa Ana, California; and received his wings early in 1944.
Stevens served in the China-Burma-India theater with the Fourteenth Air Force Transport Section, which supported the "Flying Tigers", from 1944 to 1946. He and other pilots in the transport section flew C-46 and C-47 transport planes, often without escort, mostly in support of Chinese units fighting the Japanese.[9] Stevens received the Distinguished Flying Cross for flying behind enemy lines, the Air Medal, and the Yuan Hai Medal awarded by the Chinese Nationalist government.[9][12] He was discharged from the Army Air Forces in March 1946.[9]
Higher education and law school[link]
After the war, Stevens attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1947. While at UCLA, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Theta Rho chapter). He applied to law school at Stanford and the University of Michigan, but on the advice of his friend Russell Green's father to "look East," he applied to Harvard Law School, which he ended up attending. Stevens's education was partly financed by the G.I. Bill; he made up the difference by selling his blood, borrowing money from an uncle, and working several jobs – including one as a bartender in Boston.[9] During the summer of 1949, Stevens was a research assistant in the office of the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of California, now the Central District of California.[13][14]
While at Harvard, Stevens wrote a paper on maritime law which received honorable mention for the Addison Brown prize, a Harvard Law School award made for the best essay by a student on a subject related to private international law or maritime law.[13] The essay later became a Harvard Law Review article[15] whose scholarship Justice Jay Rabinowitz of the Alaska Supreme Court praised 45 years later, telling the Anchorage Daily News in 1994 that the high court had issued a recent opinion citing the article.[9] Stevens graduated from Harvard Law School in 1950.[9]
Early legal career[link]
After graduating, Stevens went to work in the Washington, D.C., law offices of Northcutt Ely.[13][16] Twenty years earlier Ely had been executive assistant to Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur during the Hoover administration,[17] and by 1950 headed a prominent law firm specializing in natural resources issues.[16] One of Ely's clients, Emil Usibelli, founder of the Usibelli Coal Mine in Healy, Alaska,[18] was trying to sell coal to the military, and Stevens was assigned to handle his legal affairs.[16]
Marriage and family[link]
Early in 1952, Stevens married Ann Mary Cherrington, a Democrat and the adopted daughter of University of Denver chancellor Ben Mark Cherrington. She had graduated from Reed College in Portland, Oregon, and during Truman's administration had worked for the State Department.[16]
On December 4, 1978, the crash of a Learjet 25C at Anchorage International Airport killed five people. Ted Stevens survived; his wife, Ann, did not.[19] The building which houses the Alaska chapter of the American Red Cross at 235 East Eighth Avenue in Anchorage is named the Ann Stevens Building in her honor. There is also a reading room at the Loussac Library in Anchorage which is named for her.
Stevens and his first wife, Ann, had three sons: Ben, Walter, and Ted; and two daughters: Susan and Beth. Democratic Governor Tony Knowles appointed Ben to the Alaska Senate in 2001, where he served as the president of the state senate until the fall of 2006.
Ted Stevens remarried in 1980; he and his second wife, Catherine, had a daughter, Lily.
Stevens spent many years living at the Knik Arms, a six-story residential building constructed in 1950 on the western edge of downtown Anchorage. In his earlier years in the Senate, he would often point to this residence when trying to drive home the point that he was not of means and had not achieved such through his Senate service.
Stevens's last home was in Girdwood, a ski resort community located near the southern edge of Anchorage's city limits and about 40 miles (64 km) by road from downtown Anchorage. The house was originally purchased as a vacation home before Stevens began living there full-time.
Prostate cancer[link]
Stevens was a survivor of prostate cancer and had publicly disclosed his cancer.[20] He was nominated for the first Golden Glove Awards for Prostate Cancer by the National Prostate Cancer Coalition (NPCC). He advocated the creation of the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program for Prostate Cancer at the Department of Defense which has funded nearly $750 million for prostate cancer research.[21] Stevens was a recipient of the Presidential Citation by the American Urological Association for significantly promoting urology causes.[22]
Early Alaska career[link]
In 1952, while still working for Northcutt Ely, Stevens volunteered for the presidential campaign of Dwight D. Eisenhower, writing position papers for the campaign on western water law and lands. By the time Eisenhower won the election that November, Stevens had acquired contacts who told him, "We want you to come over to Interior." Stevens left his job with Ely, but a job in the Eisenhower administration didn't come through[16] as a result of a temporary hiring freeze instituted by Eisenhower in an effort to reduce spending.[14]
Instead, Stevens was offered a job with the Fairbanks, Alaska, law firm of Emil Usibelli's Alaska attorney, Charles Clasby, whose firm – Collins and Clasby – had just lost one of its attorneys.[14][16] Stevens and his wife had met and liked both Usibelli and Clasby, and decided to make the move.[16] Loading up their 1947 Buick[23] and traveling on a $600 loan from Clasby, they drove across country from Washington, D.C., and up the Alaska Highway in the dead of winter, arriving in Fairbanks in February 1953. Stevens later recalled kidding Gov. Walter Hickel about the loan. "He likes to say that he came to Alaska with 37 cents in his pocket," he said of Hickel. "I came $600 in debt."[16] Ann Stevens recalled in 1968 that they made the move to Alaska "on a six-month trial basis."[23]
In Fairbanks, Stevens cultivated the city's Republican establishment. He befriended conservative newspaper publisher C.W. Snedden, who had purchased the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner in 1950. Snedden's wife Helen later recalled that her husband and Stevens were "like father and son." "The only problem Ted had was that he had a temper," she told a reporter in 1994, crediting her husband with helping to steady Stevens "like you would do with your children" and with teaching Stevens the art of diplomacy.[16]
U.S. Attorney[link]
Stevens had been with Charles Clasby's law firm for six months when Bob McNeally, a Democrat appointed as U.S. Attorney for Fairbanks during the Truman administration,[16] informed U.S. District Judge Harry Pratt that he would be resigning effective August 15, 1953,[24] having already delayed his resignation by several months at the request of Justice Department officials newly appointed by Eisenhower. The latter had asked McNeally to delay his resignation until Eisenhower could appoint a replacement.[23] Despite Stevens's short tenure as an Alaska resident and his relative lack of trial or criminal law experience, Pratt asked Stevens to serve in the position until Eisenhower acted.[24] Stevens agreed. "I said, 'Sure, I'd like to do that,' " Stevens recalled years later. "Clasby said, 'It's not going to pay you as much money, but, if you want to do it, that's your business.' He was very pissed that I decided to go."[16] Most members of the Fairbanks Bar Association were outraged at the appointment of a newcomer, and members in attendance at the association's meeting that December voted to support Carl Messenger for the permanent appointment, an endorsement seconded by the Alaska Republican Party Committee for the Fairbanks-area judicial division.[24] However, Stevens was favored by Attorney General Herbert Brownell, by Senator William F. Knowland of California, and by the Republican National Committee,[24] (Alaska itself had no Senators at this time, as it was still a territory). Eisenhower sent Stevens's nomination to the U.S. Senate,[25] which confirmed him on March 30, 1954.[16]
Stevens soon gained a reputation as an active prosecutor who vigorously prosecuted violations of federal and territorial liquor, drug, and prostitution laws,[16] characterized by Fairbanks area homesteader Niilo Koponen (who later served in the Alaska State House of Representatives from 1982–1991) as "this rough tough shorty of a district attorney who was going to crush crime."[25] Stevens sometimes accompanied U.S. Marshals on raids. As recounted years later by Justice Jay Rabinowitz, "U.S. marshals went in with Tommy guns and Ted led the charge, smoking a stogie and with six guns on his hips."[16] However, Stevens himself has said the colorful stories spread about him as a pistol-packing D.A. were greatly exaggerated, and recalled only one incident when he carried a gun: on a vice raid to the town of Big Delta about 75 miles (121 km) southeast of Fairbanks, he carried a holstered gun on a marshal's suggestion.[16]
Stevens also became known for his explosive temper, which was focused particularly on a criminal defense lawyer named Warren A. Taylor[16] who would later go on to become the Alaska Legislature's first Speaker of the House in the First Alaska State Legislature.[26] "Ted would get red in the face, blow up and stalk out of the courtroom," a former court clerk later recalled of Stevens's relationship with Taylor.[16]
In 1956, in a trial which received national headlines, Stevens prosecuted Jack Marler, a former Internal Revenue Service agent accused of failing to file tax returns. Marler's first trial, which was handled by a different prosecutor, had ended in a deadlocked jury and a mistrial. For the second trial, Stevens was up against Edgar Paul Boyko, a flamboyant Anchorage attorney who built his defense of Marler on the theory of no taxation without representation, citing the Territory of Alaska's lack of representation in the U.S. Congress. As recalled by Boyko, his closing argument to the jury was a rabble-rousing appeal for the jury to "strike a blow for Alaskan freedom," claiming that "this case was the jury's chance to move Alaska toward statehood." Boyko remembered that "Ted had done a hell of a job in the case," but Boyko's tactics paid off, and Marler was acquitted on April 3, 1956. Following the acquittal, Stevens issued a statement saying, "I don't believe the jury's verdict is an expression of resistance to taxes or law enforcement or the start of a Boston Tea Party. I do believe, however, that the decision will be a blow to the hopes for Alaska statehood."[16]
Department of the Interior[link]
Alaska statehood[link]
In March 1956, Stevens's friend Elmer Bennett, legislative counsel in the Department of the Interior, was promoted by Secretary of the Interior Douglas McKay to the Secretary's office. Bennett successfully lobbied McKay to replace him in his old job with Stevens, and Stevens returned to Washington, D.C., to take up the position.[27] By the time he arrived in June 1956, McKay had resigned in order to run for the U.S. Senate from his home state of Oregon[27] and Fred Andrew Seaton had been appointed to replace him.[27][28] Seaton, a newspaper publisher from Nebraska,[27] was a close friend of Fairbanks Daily News-Miner publisher C.W. Snedden, and in common with Snedden was an advocate of Alaska statehood,[28] unlike McKay, who had been lukewarm in his support.[27] Seaton asked Snedden if he knew any Alaskan who could come to Washington, D.C. to work for Alaska statehood; Snedden replied that the man he needed—Stevens—was already there working in the Department of the Interior.[28] The fight for Alaska statehood became Stevens's principal work at Interior. "He did all the work on statehood," Roger Ernst, Seaton's assistant secretary for public land management, later said of Stevens. "He wrote 90 percent of all the speeches. Statehood was his main project."[28] A sign on Stevens's door proclaimed his office "Alaskan Headquarters" and Stevens became known at the Department of the Interior as "Mr. Alaska."[27]
Efforts to make Alaska a state had been going on since 1943, and had nearly come to fruition during the Truman administration in 1950 when a statehood bill passed in the U.S. House of Representatives, only to die in the Senate.[28] The national Republican Party opposed statehood for Alaska, in part out of fear that Alaska would elect Democrats to Congress.[28] At the time Stevens arrived in the Washington, D.C., to take up his new job, a constitutional convention to write an Alaska constitution had just been concluded on the campus of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks.[29] The 55 delegates also elected three unofficial representatives – all Democrats – as unofficial delegates to Congress: Ernest Gruening and William Egan as U.S. Senators and Ralph Rivers as U.S. representative.[28]
President Eisenhower, a Republican, regarded Alaska as too large and sparsely populated to be economically self-sufficient as a state, and furthermore saw statehood as an obstacle to effective defense of Alaska should the Soviet Union seek to invade it.[28] Eisenhower was especially worried about the sparsely populated areas of northern and western Alaska. In March 1954, he had drawn a line on a map indicating his opinion of the portions of Alaska which he felt ought to remain in federal hands even if Alaska were granted statehood.[28]
Seaton and Stevens worked with Gen. Nathan Twining, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who had served in Alaska; and Jack L. Stempler, a top Defense Department attorney, to create a compromise that would address Eisenhower's concerns. Much of their work was conducted in a hospital room at Walter Reed Army Hospital, where Seaton was being treated for back problems.[28] Their work concentrated on refining the line on the map that Eisenhower had drawn in 1954, one which became known as the PYK Line after three rivers – the Porcupine, Yukon, and Kuskokwim – whose courses defined much of the line.[28] The PYK Line was the basis for Section 10 of the Alaska Statehood Act, which Stevens wrote.[28] Under Section 10, the land north and west of the PYK Line – which included the entirety of Alaska's North Slope, the Seward Peninsula, most of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, the western portions of the Alaska Peninsula, and the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands—would be part of the new state, but the President would be granted emergency powers to establish special national defense withdrawals in those areas if deemed necessary.[30] "It's still in the law but it's never been exercised," Stevens later recollected. "Now that the problem with Russia is gone, it's surplusage. But it is a special law that only applies to Alaska."[28]
Stevens also took part – illegally – in lobbying for the statehood bill,[28] working closely with the Alaska Statehood Committee from his office at Interior.[28] Stevens hired Margaret Atwood, daughter of Anchorage Times publisher Robert Atwood,[28] who was chairman of the Alaska Statehood Committee,[31] to work with him in the Interior Department. "We were violating the law," Stevens told a researcher in an October 1977 oral history interview for the Eisenhower Library. "[W]e were lobbying from the executive branch, and there's been a statute against that for a long time.... We more or less, I would say, masterminded the House and Senate attack from the executive branch."[28] Stevens and the younger Atwood created file cards on members of Congress based on "whether they were Rotarians or Kiwanians or Catholics or Baptists and veterans or loggers, the whole thing," Stevens said in the 1977 interview. "And we'd assigned these Alaskans to go talk to individual members of the Senate and split them down on the basis of people that had something in common with them."[28] The lobbying campaign extended to presidential press conferences. "We set Ike up quite often at press conferences by planting questions about Alaska statehood," Stevens said in the 1977 interview. "We never let a press conference go by without getting someone to try to ask him about statehood."[28] Newspapers were also targeted, according to Stevens. "We planted editorials in weeklies and dailies and newspapers in the district of people we thought were opposed to us or states where they were opposed to us so that suddenly they were thinking twice about opposing us."[28]
The Alaska Statehood Act became law with Eisenhower's signature on July 7, 1958,[30] and Alaska formally was admitted to statehood on January 3, 1959, when Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Proclamation.[32]
Alaska House of Representatives[link]
After returning to Alaska, Stevens practiced law in Anchorage and became a member of Operation Rampart, a group in favor of building the Rampart Dam, a hydroelectric project on the Yukon River.[33] Elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1964, he became House majority leader in his second term.
U.S. Senator[link]
Elections[link]
In 1968, Stevens ran for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate, but lost in the primary to Anchorage Mayor Elmer E. Rasmuson. Rasmuson lost the general election to Democrat Mike Gravel. In December 1968, after the death of Alaska's other senator, Democrat Bob Bartlett, Governor Wally Hickel appointed Stevens to the U.S. Senate.[34] Since Gravel took office 10 days after Stevens did, Stevens was Alaska's senior senator for all but 10 days of his forty-year tenure in the Senate – a unique distinction.
In a special election in 1970, Stevens won the right to finish the remainder of Bartlett's term. He won the seat in his own right in 1972, and was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996 and 2002 elections. His final term expired in January 2009. Since his first election to a full term in 1972, Stevens never received less than 66% of the vote before his 2008 defeat for re-election.[35]
Stevens lost his Senate re-election bid in 2008.[36] He won the Republican primary in August[37] and was defeated by Anchorage Mayor Mark Begich in the general election.[38]
Committees and leadership positions[link]
Stevens served as the Assistant Republican Leader (Whip) from 1977 to 1985. In 1994, after the Republicans took control of the Senate, Stevens was appointed Chairman of the Senate Rules Committee. Stevens became the Senate's President Pro Tempore when Republicans regained control of the chamber as a result of the 2002 mid-term elections, during which the previous most senior Republican senator and former President Pro Tempore Strom Thurmond retired.
After Howard Baker retired in 1984, Stevens sought the position of Republican (and then-Majority) leader, running against Bob Dole, Dick Lugar, Jim McClure and Pete Domenici. As Republican whip, Stevens was theoretically the favorite to succeed Baker, but lost to Dole in a fourth ballot.[39]
Stevens chaired the Senate Appropriations Committee from 1997 to 2005, except for the 18 months when Democrats controlled the chamber. The chairmanship gave Stevens considerable influence among fellow Senators, who relied on him for home-state project funds. Even before becoming chairman of the Appropriations Committee, Stevens secured large sums of federal money for the state of Alaska. Due to Republican Party rules that limited committee chairmanships to six years, Stevens gave up the Appropriations gavel at the start of the 109th Congress, in January 2005.
He chaired the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation during the 109th Congress, becoming the committee's ranking member after the Democrats regained control of the Senate for the 110th Congress. He resigned his ranking-member position on the committee due to his indictment.[40]
At various times, Stevens also served as Chairman of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, the Senate Ethics Committee, the Arms Control Observer Group, and the Joint Committee on the Library of Congress.
Due to Stevens's long tenure and that of the state's sole congressman, Don Young, Alaska was considered to have clout in national politics well beyond its small population (the state was long the smallest in population and is currently 47th, ahead of only Wyoming, North Dakota and Vermont).
Political positions[link]
Internet and network neutrality[link]
Main article: Series of tubes
On June 28, 2006, the Senate commerce committee was in the final day of three days of hearings,[41] during which the Committee members considered over 200 amendments to an omnibus telecommunications bill. Senator Stevens authored the bill, S. 2686,[42] the Communications, Consumer's Choice, and Broadband Deployment Act of 2006.
Senators Olympia Snowe (R-ME) and Byron Dorgan (D-ND) cosponsored and spoke on behalf of an amendment that would have inserted strong network neutrality mandates into the bill. In between speeches by Snowe and Dorgan, Stevens gave a vehement 11-minute speech using colorful language to explain his opposition to the amendment. Stevens referred to the Internet as "not a big truck," but a "series of tubes" that could be clogged with information. Stevens also confused the terms Internet and e-mail. Soon after, Stevens's interpretation of how the Internet works became a topic of amusement and ridicule in the blogosphere.[43] The phrases "the Internet is not a big truck" and "series of tubes" became internet memes and were prominently featured on U.S. television shows including Comedy Central's The Daily Show.
Cnet Journalist Declan McCullagh called "series of tubes" an "entirely reasonable" metaphor for the Internet, noting that some computer operating systems use the term 'pipes' to describe interprocess communication.[44]
Logging[link]
Stevens was a long-standing proponent of logging and championed a plan that would allow 2,400,000 acres (9,700 km2) of roadless old growth forest to be clear-cut. Stevens stated that this would revive Alaska's timber industry and bring jobs to unemployed loggers; however, the proposal would mean that thousands of miles of roads would be constructed at the expense of the United States Forest Service, judged to cost taxpayers $200,000 per job created.[citation needed]
Abortion[link]
Stevens considered himself pro-choice. According to On the Issues[45] and NARAL,[46] Ted Stevens had a mildly pro-life voting record, despite some notable pro-choice votes.[47]
However, as a former member of the moderate Republican Main Street Partnership, Stevens supported human embryonic stem cell research.[48]
Global warming[link]
Stevens, once an avowed critic of anthropogenic climate change, began actively supporting legislation to combat climate change in early 2007. "Global climate change is a very serious problem for us, becoming more so every day," he said at a Senate hearing, adding that he was "concerned about the human impacts on our climate."[49]
However, in September 2007, Stevens said:
We're at the end of a long, long term of warming. 700 to 900 years of increased temperature, a very slow increase. We think we're close to the end of that. If we're close to the end of that, that means that we'll starting getting cooler gradually, not very rapidly, but cooler once again and stability might come to this region for a period of another 900 years.[50]
Criticism of political positions and actions[link]
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This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (November 2010) |
As a Senator, Ted Stevens was subject to criticism:
- Citizens Against Government Waste has accused Stevens of pork barrel politics and keeps a list of his projects.[51]
- Additionally, he received criticism for introducing a bill[52] in January 2007 that would heavily restrict access to social networking sites from public schools and libraries. Sites falling under the language of this bill could include MySpace, Facebook, Digg, Wikipedia and Reddit.[53][54][55]
- In 2007, Stevens added $3.5 million into a Senate spending bill to help finance an airport to serve a remote Alaskan island.[56] The airstrip would connect the roughly 100 permanent residents of Akutan, but the biggest beneficiary is the Seattle-based Trident Seafoods Corp. that operates "one of the world's largest seafood processing plants on the volcanic island in the Aleutians."[56] In December 2006, a federal grand jury investigating political corruption in Alaska ordered Trident and other seafood companies to produce documents about ties to the senator's son, former Alaska Fisheries Marketing Board Chairman Ben Stevens.[56] Trident's chief executive, Charles Bundrant, was a longtime supporter of Sen. Stevens, and Bundrant with his family contributed $17,300 since 1995 to Ted Stevens's political campaigns and $10,800 to his leadership PAC while Bundrant also gave $55,000 to the National Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee.[56]
Controversies[link]
In December 2003, the Los Angeles Times reported that Stevens had taken advantage of lax Senate rules to use his political influence to obtain a large amount of his personal wealth.[57] According to the article, while Stevens was already a millionaire "thanks to investments with businessmen who received government contracts or other benefits with his help," the lawmaker who is in charge of $800 billion a year, writes "preferences he wrote into law," from which he then benefits.[57]
Home remodeling and VECO[link]
May 29, 2007, the Anchorage Daily News reported that the FBI and a federal grand jury were investigating an extensive remodeling project at Stevens's home in Girdwood. Stevens's Alaska home was raided by the FBI and IRS on July 30, 2007.[58] The remodeling work doubled the size of the modest home. Public records show that the house was 2,471 square feet (230 m2) after the remodeling and that the property was valued at $271,300 in 2003, including a $5,000 increase in land value.[59] The remodel in 2000 was organized by Bill Allen, a founder of the VECO Corporation – an oil-field service company – and was alleged by prosecutors to have cost VECO and the various contractors $250,000 or more.[60] However, the residential contractor who finished the renovation for VECO, Augie Paone, "believes the [Stevens's] remodeling could have cost – if all the work was done efficiently – around $130,000 to $150,000, close to the figure Stevens cited last year."[61] The Stevens paid $160,000 for the renovations "and assumed that covered everything."[62]
In June, the Anchorage Daily News reported that a federal grand jury in Washington, D.C., heard evidence in May about the expansion of Stevens's Girdwood home and other matters connecting Stevens to VECO.[63] In mid-June, FBI agents questioned several aides who work for Stevens as part of the investigation.[64] In July, Washingtonian magazine reported that Stevens had hired "Washington's most powerful and expensive lawyer", Brendan Sullivan Jr., in response to the investigation.[65] In 2006, during wiretapped conversations with Bill Allen, Stevens expressed worries over potential misunderstandings and legal complications arising from the sweeping federal investigations into Alaskan politics.[66][67] On the witness stand, "Allen testified that VECO staff who had worked on his own house had charged 'way too much,' leaving him uncertain how much to invoice Stevens for when he had his staff work on the senator's house ... that he would be embarrassed to bill Stevens for overpriced labor on the house, and said he concealed some of the expense."[68]
Former aide[link]
The Justice Department also examined whether federal funds that Stevens steered to the Alaska SeaLife Center may have enriched a former aide.[69] However no charges were ever filed.
Bob Penney[link]
In September 2007, The Hill reported that Stevens had "steered millions of federal dollars to a sportfishing industry group founded by Bob Penney, a longtime friend." In 1998, Stevens invested $15,000 in a Utah land deal managed by Penney; in 2004, Stevens sold his share of the property for $150,000.[70]
Trial, conviction, and reversal[link]
Indictment[link]
On July 29, 2008, Stevens was indicted by a federal grand jury on seven counts of failing to properly report gifts,[71][72] a felony,[73] and found guilty at trial three months later (October 27, 2008).[73] The charges relate to renovations to his home and alleged gifts from VECO Corporation, claimed to be worth more than $250,000.[74][75] The indictment followed a lengthy investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for possible corruption by Alaskan politicians and was based on Stevens's relationship with Bill Allen. Allen, then an oil service company executive, had earlier pleaded guilty – with sentencing suspended pending his cooperation in gathering evidence and giving testimony in other trials – to bribing several Alaskan state legislators, including a disputed claim about Stevens's son, former State Senator Ben Stevens. Stevens declared, "I'm innocent," and pleaded not guilty to the charges in a federal district court on July 31, 2008. Stevens asserted his right to a speedy trial so that he could have the opportunity to clear his name promptly and requested that the trial be held before the 2008 election.[76][77]
US District Court Judge in Washington DC Emmet G. Sullivan, on October 2, 2008, denied the mistrial petition of Stevens's chief counsel, Brendan Sullivan, due to allegations of withholding evidence by prosecutors. Thus, the latter were admonished, and would submit themselves for internal probe by the United States Department of Justice. Brady v. Maryland requires prosecutors to give a defendant any material exculpatory evidence. Judge Sulllivan had earlier admonished the prosecution for sending home to Alaska a witness who might have helped the defense.[78][79]
The case was prosecuted by Principal Deputy Chief Brenda K. Morris, Trial Attorneys Nicholas A. Marsh and Edward P. Sullivan of the Criminal Division's Public Integrity Section, headed by Chief William M. Welch II; and Assistant U.S. Attorneys Joseph W. Bottini and James A. Goeke from the District of Alaska.
Guilty verdict and repercussions[link]
 |
Wikinews has related news: US Senator Ted Stevens convicted on 7 counts |
On October 27, 2008, Stevens was found guilty of all seven counts of making false statements. Stevens was only the fifth sitting senator to be convicted by a jury in U.S. history,[80] and the first since Senator Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) in 1981[81] (although Senator David Durenberger (R-MN) pled guilty to a felony more recently, in 1995). Stevens faced a maximum penalty of five years per charge.[82] His sentencing hearing was originally arranged February 25, but his attorneys told Judge Emmet Sullivan they would file applications to dispute the verdict by early December.[83] However, it was thought unlikely that he would have seen significant time in prison.[84]
Within a few days of his conviction, Stevens faced bipartisan calls for his resignation. Both parties' presidential candidates, Barack Obama and John McCain, were quick to call for Stevens to stand down. Obama said that Stevens needed to resign to help "put an end to the corruption and influence-peddling in Washington."[85] McCain said that Stevens "has broken his trust with the people" and needed to step down—a call echoed by his running mate, Sarah Palin, governor of Stevens's home state.[86] Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, as well as fellow Republican Senators Norm Coleman, John Sununu and Gordon Smith also called for Stevens to resign. McConnell said there would be "zero tolerance" for a convicted felon serving in the Senate—strongly hinting that he would support Stevens's expulsion from the Senate unless Stevens resigned first.[87][88] Late on November 1, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid confirmed that he would schedule a vote on Stevens's expulsion, saying that "a convicted felon is not going to be able to serve in the United States Senate."[89] Had Stevens been expelled after winning election, a special election would have been held to fill the seat through the remainder of the term, until 2014.[90] Some speculated Palin would have tried to run for the Senate via this special election.[91][92] No sitting Senator has been expelled since the Civil War.
Nonetheless, during a debate with his opponent Mark Begich days after his conviction, Stevens continued to claim innocence. "I have not been convicted. I have a case pending against me, and probably the worst case of prosecutorial misconduct by the prosecutors that is known." Stevens also cited plans to appeal.[93] Begich went on to defeat Stevens by 3,724 votes.[94]
On November 13, Senator Jim DeMint of South Carolina announced he would move to have Stevens expelled from the Senate Republican Conference (caucus) regardless of the results of the election. Losing his caucus membership would cost Stevens his committee assignments.[95] However, DeMint later decided to postpone offering his motion, saying that while there were enough votes to throw Stevens out, it would be a moot point if Stevens lost his reelection bid.[96] Stevens ended up losing the Senate race, and on November 20, 2008, gave his last speech to the Senate, which was met with a rare Senate standing ovation.[97]
Government concealment of evidence[link]
In February 2009, FBI agent Chad Joy filed a whistleblower affidavit, alleging that prosecutors and FBI agents conspired to withhold and conceal evidence that could have resulted in a verdict of "not guilty."[98] In his affidavit, Joy alleged that prosecutors intentionally sent a key witness back to Alaska after the witness performed poorly during a mock cross examination. The witness, Rocky Williams, later notified the defense attorneys that his testimony would undercut the prosecution's claim that his company had spent its own money renovating Sen. Stevens's house. Joy further alleged that the prosecutors intentionally withheld Brady material including redacted prior statements of a witness, and a memo from Bill Allen stating that Sen. Stevens probably would have paid for the goods and services if asked. Joy further alleged that a female FBI agent had an inappropriate relationship with Allen, who also gave gifts to FBI agents and helped one agent's relative get a job.
As a result of Joy's affidavit and claims by the defense that prosecutorial misconduct caused an unfair trial, Judge Sullivan ordered a hearing to be held on February 13, 2009, to determine whether a new trial should be ordered. At the February 13 hearing the judge held the prosecutors in contempt for failing to deliver documents to Stevens's legal counsel.[99] Judge Sullivan called this conduct "outrageous."
Convictions voided and indictment dismissed[link]
On behalf of U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, Paul O'Brien submitted a "Motion of The United States To Set Aside The Verdict And Dismiss The Indictment With Prejudice" in connection with case No. 08-231 early on April 1, 2009. Federal judge Emmet G. Sullivan soon signed the order, and since it occurred prior to sentencing it had the effect of vacating Stevens's conviction. During the trial, Sullivan expressed concern and anger regarding prosecutorial conduct and related issues. Holder, who had taken office only three months earlier, was reportedly very angry at the prosecutors' apparent withholding of exculpatory evidence, and wanted to send a message that prosecutorial misconduct would not be tolerated under his watch. After Sullivan held the prosecutors in contempt, Holder replaced the entire trial team, including top officials in the public integrity section.
The final straw for Holder, according to numerous reports, was the discovery of a previously undocumented interview with Bill Allen, the prosecution's star witness, that raised the possibility prosecutors had knowingly allowed Allen to perjure himself on the stand. Allen stated that the fair market value of the repairs to Stevens's house was around $80,000 – far less than the $250,000 he said it cost at trial. More seriously, Allen said in the interview that he didn't recall talking to Bob Persons, a friend of Stevens, regarding the repair bill for Stevens's house. This directly contradicted Allen's testimony at trial, in which he claimed Stevens asked him to give Persons a note Stevens sent him asking for a bill on the repair work. At trial, Allen said Persons had told him the note shouldn't be taken seriously because "Ted's just covering his ass." Even without the notes, Stevens's attorneys claimed that they thought Allen was lying about the conversation.[100]
Later that day, Stevens's attorney, Brendan Sullivan, said that Holder's decision was forced by "extraordinary evidence of government corruption." He also claimed that prosecutors not only withheld evidence, but "created false testimony that they gave us and actually presented false testimony in the courtroom" - two incidents that would have made it very likely that the convictions would have been overturned on appeal.[101]
On April 7, 2009 federal judge Sullivan formally accepted Holder's motion to set aside the verdict and throw out the indictment, declaring "There was never a judgment of conviction in this case. The jury's verdict is being set aside and has no legal effect," and calling it the worst case of prosecutorial misconduct he'd ever seen.[102] He also initiated a criminal contempt investigation of six members of the prosecution. Although an internal probe by the Office of Professional Responsibility was already underway, Sullivan said he was not willing to trust it due to the "shocking and disturbing" nature of the misconduct.[103]
In 2012, the Special Counsel report on the case was released. It said,[104]
The investigation and prosecution of U.S. Senator Ted Stevens were permeated by the systematic concealment of significant exculpatory evidence which would have independently corroborated Senator Stevens’s defense and his testimony, and seriously damaged the testimony and credibility of the government’s key witness.
Upon the release of the Special Counsel report, the Stevens defense team released an analysis of its own which stated, "The meticulous detail paints a picture of the government’s shocking conduct in which prosecutors repeatedly ignored the law. The Report shows how prosecutors abandoned their oath of office and the ethical standards of their profession. They abandoned all decency and sound judgment when they indicted and prosecuted an 84-year old man who served his country in World War II combat, and who served with distinction for 40 years in the U.S. Senate."[105]
A statement issued by Stevens' widow Catherine said, "I can say that the Stevens family continues to be shocked by the depth and breadth of the government’s misconduct."[106]
Electoral history[link]
Main article: Electoral history of Ted Stevens
Personal life[link]
Stevens was voted Alaskan of the Century in 2000 by the Alaskan of the Year Committee. In the same year, the Alaska Legislature renamed the Anchorage airport, the largest in the state, to the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport.[107]
The Ted Stevens Foundation is a charity established to "assist in educating and informing the public about the career of Senator Ted Stevens". The chairman is Tim McKeever, a lobbyist who was treasurer of Stevens's 2004 campaign. In May 2006, McKeever said that the charity was "nonpartisan and nonpolitical," and that Stevens does not raise money for the foundation, although he has attended some fund-raisers.[108]
When discussing issues that were especially important to him (such as opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling), Stevens wore a necktie with The Incredible Hulk on it to show his seriousness.[109] Marvel Comics has sent him free Hulk paraphernalia and has thrown a Hulk party for him.[110]
November 18, 2003, the Senator's 80th birthday, was declared Senator Ted Stevens Appreciation Day by Governor of Alaska Frank H. Murkowski.[111]
On December 21, 2005, Senator Stevens said that the vote to block drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge "has been the saddest day of my life."[112]
Stevens delivered a eulogy of Gerald R. Ford at the 38th President's funeral ceremony on December 30, 2006.[113]
On April 13, 2007, Senator Stevens was recognized as being the longest serving Republican senator in history with a career spanning over 38 years. His colleague Sen. Daniel Inouye (D-HI) referred to Stevens as "The Strom Thurmond of the Arctic Circle."
Death and legacy[link]
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Wikinews has related news: Former US Senator Ted Stevens dies in plane crash |
Main article: 2010 Alaska Turbo Otter crash
On August 9, 2010, Stevens, along with seven other passengers including former NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe, were in a plane crash about 17 miles north of Dillingham, Alaska,[7][114] while en route to a private fishing lodge. Dave Dittman, a friend of Stevens, first reported that he had been told that Stevens had died in the incident, but later released a statement saying "that has not been confirmed."[115] Stevens was confirmed dead in the crash via a statement from his family.[116] He and others were aboard a single-engine Turbo Otter, a DeHavilland DH3T reportedly registered to Anchorage-based GCI Communication.[117] As Stevens's death was confirmed, Alaskan and national political figures from all sides of the political spectrum spoke highly of the man many Alaskans knew as "Uncle Ted."[118][119] Senator Lisa Murkowski said of Stevens: "His entire life was dedicated to public service—from his days as a pilot in World War II to his four decades of service in the United States Senate. He truly was the greatest of the ‘Greatest Generation."[120] The Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor honored Stevens with a plaque and a display of memorabilia of his wartime service in China-Burma-India. Senator Mark Begich stated, "Over his four decades of public service in the U.S. Senate, Senator Stevens was a forceful advocate for Alaska who helped transform our state in the challenging years after Statehood"[121] and former president George H. W. Bush released a statement that "Ted Stevens loved the Senate; he loved Alaska; and he loved his family – and he will be dearly missed."[122]
Memorial services[link]
Several hundred people attended a memorial mass for Stevens at Holy Family Cathedral in Anchorage on Monday, August 16, 2010. On Tuesday, mourners paid their respects as he lay in a closed casket at All Saints Episcopal Church, also in Anchorage. His funeral on Wednesday at Anchorage Baptist Temple was attended by some 3,000 people, including Vice-President Joe Biden, former Governor Sarah Palin, current Governor Sean Parnell and three other former governors, 11 senators, 9 former senators, and 2 congressman, and many other dignitaries from state and federal governments, the armed forces, and abroad.[123][124] Stevens was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on September 28.[125]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Former Sen. Stevens killed in plane crash". KTUU.com. 2010-08-10. http://www.ktuu.com/news/ktuu-stevens-killed-plane-crash-081010,0,1348820.story. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
- ^ "Former Sen. Ted Stevens dies in remote Alaska plane crash". MSNBC. August 10, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38637072/ns/us_news-life/. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ^ "Accident occurred Monday, August 09, 2010 in Aleknagik, AK". NTSB.gov. 2010-08-10. http://www3.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/brief.aspx?ev_id=20100810X62027. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
- ^ "Ted Stevens, Longest-Serving GOP Senator, Dead" cbsnews.com 11 August 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2011
- ^ "Stevens says, 'I am innocent' after corruption conviction". CNN. 2008-10-27. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/27/stevens.jurors/index.html.
- ^ "Sen. Ted Stevens's conviction set aside". CNN. 2009-04-07. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/07/ted.stevens/index.html.
- ^ a b "Stevens Family Offering Prayers ''APRN 8-10-10''". Aprn.org. http://aprn.org/2010/08/10/stevens-family-offering-prayers/. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ^ Theodore Fulton "Ted" Stevens genealogy. Rootsweb.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Whitney, David. (1994-08-08). "Formative years: Stevens's life wasn't easy growing up in the depression with a divided family." Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ a b c Mitchell, Donald Craig. (2001). Take My Land, Take My Life: The Story of Congress's Historic Settlement of Alaska Native Land Claims, 1960–1971. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press, p. 220.
- ^ a b Mitchell, 2001, p. 221.
- ^ "About the Committee: Vice Chairman" (biography of Ted Stevens).[dead link] United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
- ^ a b c "With the editors..." 64 Harvard Law Review vii (1950).
- ^ a b c Mitchell, 2001, p. 222.
- ^ Stevens, Theodore F. "Erie R.R. v. Tompkins and the Uniform General Maritime Law." 64 Harvard Law Review 88–112 (1950).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Whitney, David. (1994-08-09). "The road north: Needing work, Stevens borrows $600, answers call to Alaska." Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ Ely, Northcutt. (1994-12-16). "Doctor Ray Lyman Wilbur: Third President of Stanford & Secretary of the Interior." Paper presented at the Fortnightly Club of Redlands, California, meeting #1530. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
- ^ Alaska Mining Hall of Fame Foundation. (2006). "Emil Usibelli (1893–1964)." Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
- ^ by Mark HosenballAugust 11, 2010. "NTSB Warned About Alaska Pilots' Risky Ways—and Ted Stevens Argued". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/2010/08/11/ntsb-warned-about-alaska-pilots-risky-ways-and-ted-stevens-argued.html. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
- ^ "USRF - Colin Powell: Powell Has Surgery for Prostate Cancer". Usrf.org. http://www.usrf.org/news/colin_powell.html. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "ZERO - The Project to End Prostate Cancer: Voting for Inaugural Golden Glove Awards Begin". Fightprostatecancer.org. http://www.fightprostatecancer.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=7169&news_iv_ctrl=0. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "Presidential Citations". American Urological Association. http://www.auanet.org/content/about-us/awards.cfm?sub=citations. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
- ^ a b c Mitchell, 2001, p. 223.
- ^ a b c d Mitchell, 2001, p. 224.
- ^ a b Mitchell, 2001, p. 225.
- ^ Voice of the Times. (2004-12-31). "Test your legislative knowledge." Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
- ^ a b c d e f Mitchell, 2001, p. 226.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Whitney, David. (1994-08-10). "Seeking statehood: Stevens bent rules to bring Alaska into the union." Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ University of Alaska. (ca. 2004). "Constitutional Convention."[dead link] Creating Alaska: The Origins of the 49th State (website). Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
- ^ a b Alaska Statehood Act, Pub. L. 85-508, 72 Stat. 339. July 7, 1958. Codified at 48 U.S.C., Chapter 2.
- ^ University of Alaska. (ca. 2004). "Alaskans for Statehood: Robert B. Atwood."[dead link] Creating Alaska: The Origins of the 49th State (website). Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
- ^ University of Alaska. (ca. 2004). "Signing of the Alaska Statehood Proclamation, January 3, 1959."[dead link] Creating Alaska: The Origins of the 49th State (website). Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
- ^ Coates, Peter A. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy. University of Alaska Press, 1991. Page 143.
- ^ "About Senator Stevens" (official biography). United States Senator Ted Stevens (official website). Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
- ^ Aaron Blake, "Begich's entry tees up first tough reelection race in Stevens's career", TheHill.com, February 27, 2008.
- ^ "Ted Stevens -- and Senate GOP -- In Trouble". The Nation. 2007-07-30. http://news.yahoo.com/s/thenation/20070731/cm_thenation/45218868. Retrieved 2007-05-29. [dead link]
- ^ Kim Murphy, "Alaska: Sen. Stevens wins; Rep. Young in tight race", Los Angeles Times, August 27, 2008.
- ^ "Senator predicts Democrats will win Alaska Senate race". Associated Press. Juneau Empire. 2008-07-24. http://juneauempire.com/stories/072408/sta_309065755.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
- ^ "Political Races". CNN. http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/candidates/republican/dole/political.career/. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ Kathleen Hunter, CQ Staff. "CQ Politics | Stevens Surrenders Committee Posts". Cqpolitics.com. http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docid=news-000002929015. Retrieved 2008-10-28. [dead link]
- ^ "Full Committee Markup - Communications Reform Bill." U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science & Transportation, June 28, 2006. (The audio from the day's hearing is available at a streaming media file in RealMedia format. Stevens's speech begins at 1:13:11 and ends at 1:24:19.)
- ^ "S.2686. A bill to amend the Communications Act of 1934 and for other purposes.". Thomas.loc.gov. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:s.02686:. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ Singel, Ryan and Kevin Poulsen. (2006-06-30). "Your Own Personal Internet."[dead link] 27B Stroke 6, Wired.com. Retrieved on 2006-08-24.
- ^ McCullagh, Declan (October 27, 2008). "'Series of tubes' senator convicted of corruption". CNET Networks. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10076855-38.html. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ^ "Ted Stevens on Abortion." On the Issues: Every Political Leader on Every Issue. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
- ^ "Congressional Record on Choice by State" (Alaska).[dead link] NARAL. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 108th Congress - 1st Session: On the Amendment (Harkin Amdt. No. 260). Vote date March 12, 2003. United States Senate, Legislation & Records. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
- ^ "Congressional Members: 109th Congress". Republican Main Street Partnership. Archived from the original on 2005-11-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20051124163849/http://www.republicanmainstreet.org/members.htm.
- ^ Adair, Bill. (2007-02-24). "Senator's new views on climate surprise foes." St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
- ^ John Tracy, "Shishmaref feels heat of global warming"[dead link], KTUU.com, September 3, 2007.
- ^ "Senator Ted Stevens's Pork Tally."[dead link] Citizens Against Government Waste. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
- ^ ": Search Results - THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:s.00049. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "U.S. senator: It's time to ban Wikipedia in schools, libraries | Computerworld Blogs". Computerworld.com. http://www.computerworld.com/blogs/node/4598. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ Singel, Ryan (2007-02-15). "Fear And Loathing on The Anti-Anti-Predator Campaign | Threat Level from Wired.com". Blog.wired.com. http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2007/02/fear_and_loathi.html. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "DOPA Jr. Is Not A Wikipedia Ban | WebProNews". Webpronews.com. http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2007/02/15/dopa-jr-is-not-a-wikipedia-ban. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ a b c d Quarterly, Congressional (August 1, 2007). "Stevens's Earmark Funds Airport Project That Benefits One Company". CQ Politics. http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/08/01/cq_3199.html. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ a b "Senator's Way to Wealth Was Paved With Favors". Los Angeles Times. December 17, 2003. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/500938221.html?dids=500938221:500938221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+17%2C+2003&author=Chuck+Neubauer+and+Richard+T.+Cooper&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=THE+NATION. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (July 31, 2007). "Alaska Home of Senator Is Raided by U.S. Agents". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/washington/31stevens.html. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
- ^ "Stevens is under political attack". Fairbanks Daily News Miner. 2008-08-13. http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/13/stevens-under-political-attack/?opinion. Retrieved 2007-08-13. [dead link]
- ^ Richard Mauer (May 29, 2007). "Feds eye Stevens's home remodeling project". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070819164731/http://www.adn.com/news/politics/story/8928969p-8829178c.html. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure: The dark side to Alaska's political corruption scandal". Alaskadispatch.com. http://www.alaskadispatch.com/features/2-features/14-bill-a-teds-excellent-adventure-the-dark-side-to-alaskas-political-corruption-scandal.html?tmpl=component&print=1&page=. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ Hays T, Holland JJ, "Judge refuses to end Stevens trial", North County Times, October 8, 2008 accessed online 11/5/2008. originally quoted in Forbes' Associated Press feed, September 26, 2008.
- ^ Richard Mauer (June 17, 2007). "Grand jury examines Stevens's ties to Veco". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421224334/http://www.adn.com/front/story/9006601p-8922071c.html. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ Matt Apuzzo (June 19, 2007). "Sen. Stevens aides questioned in probe". Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070619/ap_on_go_co/stevens_investigation. Retrieved 2007-08-21. [dead link]
- ^ Kim The Stevenses paid $160,000 for the renovations. Eisler, "Sen. Ted Stevens Hires Super-Lawyer Brendan Sullivan", Washingtonian Magazine, July 1, 2007.
- ^ Posted by Alaska_Politics. "adn.com | Alaska Politics Blog : Stevens/Allen phone calls (Updated with transcripts)". Community.adn.com. http://community.adn.com/adn/node/132300. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ Mikkelsen, Randall (2008-10-06). "Sen. Stevens on tape: "might serve time in jail"". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE4957E420081007?sp=true. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "Jury hears Sen. Stevens curse on wiretapped call - CNN.com". Cnn.com. 2008-10-06. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/06/stevens.trial/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "Probe eyes money Stevens steered to research center". CNN. August 1, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/08/01/stevens.investigation.ap/. Retrieved 2007-08-21. [dead link]
- ^ Manu Raju, "Catching fish, netting earmarks up in Alaska", The Hill, September 6, 2007.
- ^ "Department of Justice Press Release, "U.S. Senator Indicted on False Statement Charges"". Usdoj.gov. 2008-07-29. http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2008/July/08-crm-668.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ "Findlaw: "Indictment of Alaska Senator Ted Stevens on False Statement Charges". News.findlaw.com. 2008-07-29. http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/ted.stevens/072908indictment.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ a b Alaska Senator Found Guilty of Lying About Gifts, New York Times, October 27, 2008.
- ^ "Grand jury indicts Alaska senator". CNN. 2008-07-29. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/29/stevens.indictment/index.html. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ "Justice Department indicts Sen. Ted Stevens". MSNBC. 2008-07-29. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25916299/. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ "Stevens pleads not guilty in corruption case". Associated Press. MSNBC. 2008-07-31. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25951568/. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ "Stevens pleads not guilty, seeks early trial". Anchorage Daily News. 2007-07-31. http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/stevens/story/480507.html. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
- ^ www.nytimes.com, Judge Berates Prosecutors in Trial of Senator
- ^ "abcnews.go.com, Judge Denies Mistrial Request in Stevens Case". Abcnews.go.com. 2008-10-02. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=5937338&page=1. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ "United States Senate History, "Expulsion and Censure"". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Expulsion_Censure.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ Carnevale, Mary Lu (2008-10-27). "Wall Street Journal, "Jury Finds Sen. Stevens Guilty of Failing to Report Gifts"". Blogs.wsj.com. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/10/27/jury-finds-sen-stevens-guilty-of-failing-to-report-gifts/?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ "TheHill.com". Thehill.com. http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/stevens-guilty-of-felony-charges-2008-10-27.html. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ Bresnahan, John (2008-10-27). "Jury: Stevens guilty on seven counts". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1008/14819.html. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ "US Senator Stevens found guilty". BBC. 27 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7694209.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Fireman, Ken. McCain, Obama Call on Stevens to Resign From Senate. Bloomberg News, 2008-10-28.
- ^ "McCain calls on Sen. Stevens to step down". Associated Press. October 28, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27418037/. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
- ^ Carroll, James R. McConnell pushes Alaska's Stevens to step down[dead link]. The Courier-Journal, 2008-10-30.
- ^ Bolstad, Erika. Sen. Reid says Stevens cannot stay in Senate. McClatchy Washington Bureau, 2008-11-02.
- ^ Stanton, John. Reid Says Stevens Cannot Serve. Roll Call, 2008-11-02.
- ^ House and Senate Vacancies: How Are They Filled?. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/uselection2008/3391084/Senator-Ted-Stevens-conviction-could-give-Sarah-Palin-a-way-to-Washington.html. [dead link][dead link]
- ^ "Sen. Is Sarah Palin Nipping at Ted Stevens's Heels?". Washington Post. 2008-11-05. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2008/11/we_have_a_fascinating_situatio.html. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
- ^ "Sen. Stevens: I'm innocent and not convicted". CNN. 2008-10-31. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/31/stevens.debate/?iref=mpstoryview. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "Unofficial Election Results". Alaska Division of Elections. November 4, 2008. http://www.elections.alaska.gov/08general/data/results.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-18. [dead link]
- ^ Kelley, Matt. Ted Stevens may face ouster from GOP Senate caucus. USA Today, 2008-11-13.
- ^ Hunter, Kathleen. Senate GOP Delays Action on Stevens Pending Election Outcome[dead link]. CQ Politics, 2008-10-18.
- ^ "Ted Stevens: Farewell and 'To Hell With Politics'". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2008/11/_history_of_alaska_fisheries.html?hpid=moreheadlines. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ The Criminal Lawyer "More Allegations of Prosecutorial Misconduct in Sen Ted Stevens Case"
- ^ Pickler, Nedra (2009-02-14). "Justice Dept. Lawyers in Contempt for Withholding Stevens Documents". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/13/AR2009021303092.html. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ "U.S. attorney general ends Stevens prosecution: Former Sen. Ted Stevens". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/stevens/story/743906.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ "Lawyer says prosecutors' request has 'cleared' Stevens". CNN. 1 April 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/01/stevens.case.dropped/index.html. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ United States of America v. Theodore F. Stevens No. 1:08-cr-00231-EGS Document 324 Filed 04/01/2009 @ https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/doc1/04512482916
- ^ Wilber, Del Quentin. "Judge Tosses Out Stevens Conviction". 'The Washington Post. April 7, 2009. Stevens's deliverance was cited by Times-Picayune (New Orleans) columnist James Gill as encouraging an organization called "Friends of Congressman William J. Jefferson" that the indicted U.S. Representative, who formerly represented Louisiana's 2nd congressional district before being ousted by Anh "Joseph" Cao in 2008, could likewise avert conviction. James Gill, Jefferson's friends an optimistic bunch, Times-Picayune, 2009 April 12, Saint Tammany Edition, p. B5.
- ^ Charlie Savage; Michael S Schmidt (March 15, 2012). "Report Details Inner Workings of Troubled Ethics Trial of Senator". New York Times.
- ^ "GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION CONFIRMED BY COURT-ORDERED INVESTIGATION". 15 March 2012. http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/williams-connolly-analysis.pdf. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Schuelke-Shields Report: Statement from Catherine Stevens". 15 March 2012. http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/whitecollarcrime_blog/2012/03/schuelke-shields-report-statement-from-catherine-stevens.html. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Stevens biographical timeline", Anchorage Daily News, July 29, 2008.
- ^ Michael Kranish, "Limits urged on political charities: Watchdogs target funds legislators helped create", Boston Globe, May 7, 2006.
- ^ "adn.com | alaska : Senate to vote today on ANWR". Adn.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070123182243/http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/v-printer/story/7303381p-7215164c.html. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "AKLegislature.com: Anger management: Stevens meets the Hulk". Alaskalegislature.com. http://alaskalegislature.com/stories/062203/stevens.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ Sinking in the West: Ted Stevens's last hurrah?[dead link]
- ^ Carl Hulse (Published: December 22, 2005). "Senate Rejects Bid for Drilling in Arctic Area - New York Times". Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/22/politics/22cong.html?ex=1188446400&en=6827cfdd479232b2&ei=5070. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "CNN transcripts". transcript (CNN). December 30, 2006. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0612/30/sitroom.03.html. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
- ^ "Bad weather hampers crash rescuers: Western Alaska". adn.com. http://www.adn.com/2010/08/09/1402798/plane-with-8-on-board-crashes.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ^ "Ex-Senator Stevens dies in Alaska plane crash". Reuters. 2010-08-10. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6792MJ20100810.
- ^ "Plane Crash in Alaska Kills Former Alaska Senator Ted Stevens". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. August 10, 2010. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-ap-us-alaska-plane-crash,0,4949924.story.
- ^ Bohrer, Becky. "Crews trying to reach downed plane near Dillingham: Alaska News". Associated Press. http://www.adn.com/2010/08/10/1403264/crews-trying-to-reach-downed-plane.html. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ^ "44 - Ted Stevens's death: Washington reacts". Voices.washingtonpost.com. 2010-04-13. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/08/ted-stevens-dead-washington-re.html. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
- ^ "Our View: Sen. Ted Stevens: ADN Editorial". adn.com. http://www.adn.com/2010/08/10/1404450/our-view-sen-ted-stevens.html. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
- ^ Murkowski: Alaska Loses Hero APRN 8-1-10
- ^ Begich: Stevens One of Alaska’s “Greatest Statesmen” APRN 8-10-10
- ^ President Bush: Stevens Loved Alaska APRN 8-10-10
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ The Mudflats | Ted Stevens Memorial Brings Dignitaries to Alaska
- ^ Stevens to be Buried in Arlington Associated Press/Alaska Public Radio Network
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ted Stevens |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ted Stevens |
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Ted Stevens News from The New York Times
- Obituary from BBC News
- Ted Stevens Paper Projects from Alaska & Polar Regions Collections of Elmer E. Rasmuson & BioSciences Libraries
- C-SPAN Q&A interview with Cliff Groh on the Stevens Trial, March 15, 2009
- C-SPAN Q&A interview with Rich Mauer on the Stevens Trial, March 22, 2009
| United States Senate | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Bob Bartlett |
United States Senator (Class 2) from Alaska 1968–2009 Served alongside: Ernest Gruening, Mike Gravel, Frank Murkowski, Lisa Murkowski |
Succeeded by Mark Begich |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Malcolm Wallop Wyoming |
Chairman of the Senate Ethics Committee 1983–1987 |
Succeeded by Howell Heflin Alabama |
| Preceded by Wendell H. Ford Kentucky |
Chairman of the Senate Rules Committee 1995 |
Succeeded by John Warner Virginia |
| Preceded by William V. Roth, Jr. Delaware |
Chairman of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee 1995–1997 |
Succeeded by Fred Thompson Tennessee |
| Preceded by Mark Hatfield Oregon |
Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee 1997–2001 |
Succeeded by Robert Byrd West Virginia |
| Preceded by Robert Byrd West Virginia |
President pro tempore of the United States Senate 2003–2007 |
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| Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee 2003–2005 |
Succeeded by Thad Cochran Mississippi |
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| Preceded by John McCain Arizona |
Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee 2005–2007 |
Succeeded by Daniel Inouye Hawaii |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Bill Brock Tennessee |
Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee 1975–1977 |
Succeeded by Bob Packwood Oregon |
| Preceded by Robert P. Griffin Michigan |
Senate Republican Whip 1977–1985 |
Succeeded by Alan K. Simpson Wyoming |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by Strom Thurmond South Carolina |
Most Senior Republican United States Senator 2003–2009 |
Succeeded by Dick Lugar Indiana |
| Preceded by Robert Byrd West Virginia |
President pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate 2007–2009 |
Succeeded by Vacant |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Stevens, Ted |
| Alternative names | Stevens, Theodore Fulton |
| Short description | senior United States Senator from Alaska |
| Date of birth | November 18, 1923 |
| Place of birth | Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Date of death | August 10, 2010 |
| Place of death | Alaska |
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Wiki Summary
The Alaska Senate is the upper house in the Alaska Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Alaska. The Senate consists of twenty members, each of whom represents an equal amount of districts with populations of about 31,347 people (2000 figures). Senators serve four-year terms, without term limits. Half of the Alaska Senate is up for re-election every two years. With just twenty senators, the Alaska Senate is the smallest upper house legislative chamber in the United States.
Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal Senate, the Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions and boards.
The Senate convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau.
The President of the Senate presides over the body, appointing members to all of the Senate's committees and joint committees, and may create other committees and subcommittees if desired. Unlike many other states, the Lieutenant Governor of Alaska does not preside over the Senate. Instead, the Lieutenant Governor oversees the Alaska Division of Elections, fulfilling the role of Secretary of State. Only two other states, Hawaii and Utah, have similar constitutional arrangements for their lieutenant governors.[citation needed] The other partisan Senate leadership positions, such as the Majority and Minority leaders, are (usually) elected by their respective party caucuses to head their parties in the chamber.[citation needed]
