A
return receipt is a
postal service document confirming the arrival of a
message or
parcel at its intended destination. Internationally, the service is known as avis de réception (AR), but in some English-speaking countries,
acknowledgement of receipt or
advice of receipt is used.
E-mail
As applied to
E-mail, the term
return receipt is somewhat ambiguous or misleading. In particular, when delivering a message to a recipient's computer system, which is controlled by that recipient or someone acting on his behalf, there is no way to prevent that computer system from making the message available to the recipient without issuing an acknowledgment to the sender. This is in contrast with a physical delivery medium in which a courier acting on behalf of the sender can honor the
sender's requirements for delivery - up to and including hand-delivery of the message to the recipient and requiring that recipient to authenticate himself to the courier before receiving the message. This difference in capability between physical delivery systems and electronic mail causes confusion and misunderstanding. For this reason, many experts eschew the term
return receipt in connection with e-mail, in favor of less ambiguous terms.
Two notification services exist in Internet mail that are similar to return receipts in the physical world. One is called Delivery Status Notifications or DSNs, and the other is termed Message Disposition Notifications or MDNs.
Delivery Status Notifications
DSN refers to both a service that may optionally be provided by Message Transfer Agents (MTAs) using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and a message format to be used to return indications of message delivery to the sender of that message. Specifically, the DSN SMTP service is used to request that indications of successful delivery or delivery failure (in the DSN format) be returned. Issuance of a DSN upon delivery failure is the default behavior, whereas issuance of a DSN upon successful delivery requires a specific request from the sender. Note that for various reasons, it is possible for a message to be delivered, and a DSN being returned to the sender indicating successful delivery, but the message subsequently fail to be seen by the recipient or even made available to him. The DSN SMTP extension, message format, and associated delivery status codes are specified in RFCs 3461-3464.
Message Disposition Notifications
MDNs provide a notification of the "disposition" of a message - indicating, for example, whether it is read by a recipient, discarded before being read, etc. However for
privacy reasons, and also for backward compatibility, requests for MDNs are entirely advisory in nature - i.e. recipients are free to ignore such requests. The format and usage MDNs are specified in RFC 3798.
A description of how multiple Mail User Agents (MUAs) should handle the generation of MDNs in an Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4) environment is provided in RFC 3503.
A non-standard but widely used way to request return receipts is with the "Return-Receipt-To:" (RRT) email header. An email address is specified as the content of the header. The first time a user opens an email message containing this header, the client will typically prompt the user whether or not to send a return receipt.
See also
Acknowledge character
Document automation in supply chain management & logistics
E-mail tracking#Return-receipts
Proof of delivery
References
K. Moore. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Service Extension for Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs). RFC 3461, January 2003.
G. Vaudreuil. The Multipart/Report Content Type for the Reporting of Mail System Administrative Messages. RFC 3462, January 2003.
G. Vaudreuil. Enhanced Mail System Status Codes. RFC 3463, January 2003.
K. Moore & G. Vaudreuil. An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications. RFC 3464, January 2003.
A. Melnikov. Message Disposition Notification (MDN) profile for Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). RFC 3503, March 2003.
T. Hansen & G. Vaudreuil (editors). Message Disposition Notification. RFC 3798, May 2004.
Category:Postal system
Category:Email
