A lemon orchard in the Upper Galilee in Israel.

A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England)

Streuobstwiese, a rural community orchard, traditionally for productive use. Today endorsed for its quality of habitat and biodiversity

An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production. Orchards comprise fruit or nut-producing trees which are grown for commercial production. Orchards are also sometimes a feature of large gardens, where they serve an aesthetic as well as a productive purpose.^[1] A fruit garden is generally synonymous with an orchard, although it is set on a smaller non-commercial scale and may emphasize berry shrubs in preference to fruit trees.

Most temperate-zone orchards are laid out in a regular grid, with a grazed or mown grass or bare soil base that makes maintenance and fruit gathering easy.

Many Orchards where originally planted alongside Public Houses so that the fruit could be harvested to make alcohol, such as cider and wine. Many traditional pubs still maintain their orchards as to keep with tradition but alcohol is rarely made from its fruit. The Old Orchard in Devon still produces cider from its orchard.

Orchards are often concentrated near bodies of water, where climatic extremes are moderated and blossom time is retarded until frost danger is past.

The forest garden is a food production system that is closely related to the orchard. A move towards more ecologically-friendly coffee production has led to forest-garden production of coffee. Brazil nuts and rubber are produced in such a method in some areas.

Often, mixed orchards are planted. In Europe, quince is sometimes planted along with apples.

Meadow orchard (Streuobstwiese)[link]

Streuobstwiese (pl. Streuobstwiesen) is a German word that means a meadow with scattered fruit trees or fruit trees that are planted in a field.^[2] Streuobstwiese, or a meadow orchard,^[3] is a traditional landscape in the temperate, maritime climate of continental Western Europe. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Streuobstwiesen were a kind of a rural community orchard that were intended for productive cultivation of stone fruit. In recent years, ecologists have successfully lobbied for state subsidies to valuable habitats, biodiversity and natural landscapes, which are also used to preserve old meadow orchards. Both conventional and meadow orchards provide a suitable habitat for many animal species that live in a cultured landscape. A notable example is the hoopoe that nests in tree hollows of old fruit trees and, in the absence of alternative nesting sites, is threatened in many parts of Europe, because of the destruction of old orchards.^[4]

Crops[link]

Layout[link]

At the Orchard painting by Canadian Artist

An orchard's layout is the technique of planting the crops in a proper system. There are different methods of planting and thus different layouts. Some of these layout types include:

1. Square method
2. Rectangular method
3. Quincunx method
4. Triangular method
5. Hexagonal (or Equilateral triangle) method
6. Contour (or Terracing) method

For different varieties, these systems may vary by some extent.

Orchards by region[link]

Apple orchards in Azwell, Washington surrounding a community of pickers' cabins

Sour cherry orchard on Lake Erie shoreline (Leamington, Ontario)

The most extensive orchards in the United States are apple and orange orchards, although citrus orchards are more commonly called groves. The most extensive apple orchard area is in eastern Washington state, with a lesser but significant apple orchard area in most of Upstate New York. Extensive orange orchards are found in Florida and southern California. In eastern North America, many orchards are along the shores of Lake Michigan (such as the Fruit Ridge Region), Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.

In Canada, apple and other fruit orchards are widespread on the Niagara Peninsula, south of Lake Ontario. This region is known as Canada Fruitbelt and, in addition to large-scale commercial fruit marketing, it is a favorite playground for "pick-your-own" activities in the summer.

Murcia is a major orchard area (or la huerta) in Europe, with citrus crops. New Zealand, China, Argentina and Chile also have extensive apple orchards.

Towns associated with orchards[link]

Tenbury Wells in Worcestershire has been called The Town in the Orchard, since the 19th century, because it was surrounded by extensive orchards. Today, this heritage is celebrated through an annual Applefest.^[5]

Airports associated with orchards[link]

• ORD
• Orchard Field

Historical orchards[link]

Old growth apple orchard in Ottawa, Canada

• Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts was the residence of American celebrated writer Louisa May Alcott.
• Fruita, Utah part of Capitol Reef National Park has Mormon pioneer orchards maintained by the United States National Park Service.

Orchard conservation and promotion organisations and schemes within England[link]

• Natural England, through its Countryside Stewardship Scheme, Environmental Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme, gives grant aid and advice for the maintenance, enhancement or re-creation of historical orchards.^[6]

• The 'Orchard Link' organisation provides advice on how to manage and restore the county of Devon's orchards, as well as enabling the local community to use the local orchard produce.^[7] An organisation called 'Orchards Live' carries out similar work in North Devon.^[8]

• The 'People's Trust for Endangered Species' aims to locate, assess and map every traditional orchard within England.^[9]

• The UK Biodiversity Partnership lists traditional orchards and a priority UK Biodiversity Action Plan habitat.^[10]

• The Wiltshire Traditional Orchards Project maps, conserves and restores traditional orchards within Wiltshire, England.

See also[link]

Trees portal

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Orchard

• Home Orchard Society
• North American Fruit Explorers
• Orchards pathway on England In Particular
• Pennsylvania tree fruit production guide; a guide on how to set up an orchard in practice
• Traditional Orchards A Summary by Natural England. Other free publications are also available in the same series on this website.
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orchard". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Tiger Army
Tiger Army performing at Warped Tour 2007
Background information
Genres	Psychobilly, punk rock, alternative rock, horror punk, rock n' roll, cowpunk
Years active	1996–present
Labels	Chapter Eleven, Hellcat
Website	www.tigerarmy.com
Members
Nick 13 Geoff Kresge James Meza
Past members
Jeff Roffredo Mike Fasano Fred Hell London May Adam Carson Joel Day

Tiger Army is an American psychobilly band that was formed in 1995 in Berkeley, California.^[1][2] Its constant member and lead song writer is Nick 13. The band have released a total of four studio albums.

History[link]

Tiger Army played their first show at the famous 924 Gilman Street venue in Berkeley, California, on March 29, 1996.

The band's first official release was a self-titled vinyl record EP, now referred to as the Temptation EP. The record was released by Chapter 11 Records. This EP caught the attention of Tim Armstrong, co-owner of Hellcat Records, who signed the band.

Tiger Army recorded their first full-length, the self-titled Tiger Army, in January 1999. It was released that October. Stand-up bassist Joel Day left Tiger Army before the band was signed, so the Quakes stand-up bassist Rob Peltier was hired to play on the album.

During the ensuing California mini-tour promoting the album, Nick 13 asked Geoff Kresge, one of his former bandmates from Influence 13, to join Tiger Army. Kresge accepted and joined as a permanent member a few months later.^[2] The band was asked to play on the Danzig and Samhain tour in 2000, where they befriended Samhain drummer London May. He joined the band when Adam Carson left.

The band recorded a second album, Tiger Army II: Power of Moonlite in 2001. London May left shortly after the recording. He was replaced by Fred Hell. In March, 2003, Fred Hell was shot four times, including once in the head, by armed robbers who broke into his friend's apartment in Chino, California. A bullet became lodged in his brain, making it necessary for him to go through physical therapy before he could play drums again. At the time, the band was in the process of recording the album Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise. At first, the record was repeatedly delayed to make time for him to recover enough to perform, but his injuries proved serious enough for the band to hire a studio drummer, Mike Fasano, to play on the album. Hell attempted to play on the tour supporting the album's release, but he was again forced to stay and recover while Fasano joined the band on the road. The band joined the Vans Warped Tour in the summer of 2004.

Later in 2004, Nick 13 announced a new line-up for Tiger Army, featuring drummer 'Wasted' James Meza (formerly of the Rezurex) and stand-up bassist Jeff Roffredo (formerly of Cosmic Voodoo, Calavera, and the Rezurex). This lineup of the band supported Social Distortion on an extensive US tour. They also hit the road with AFI and Morrissey and performed several headlining tours around the world. In spring, 2005, the band headlined a string of five sold out shows at the Hollywood House Of Blues. The following year, the band sold out four nights at the Anaheim House Of Blues. Tiger Army made major festival appearances across the US and Europe and recorded their fourth album, titled Music from Regions Beyond. The album was released on June 5, 2007^[3] and was produced by Jerry Finn.^[4]

Geoff Kresge returned to Tiger Army in early 2008 and joined Nick 13 and James Meza on tours of the U.S., Canada, Australia, Japan and Europe. The band launched a multi-night event, Octoberflame, in Southern California in 2008, concluding two years of touring behind Music From Regions Beyond.

Around that time, Nick announced that he would devote time to a solo project (though Tiger Army did not break up), debuting some solo material at Tiger Army's Octoberflame II in 2009. The group did not appear live again until Octoberflame III in 2010, selling out two nights at the Grove of Anaheim.

Band members[link]

Current

• Nick 13 – lead vocals and guitars (since 1996)
• Geoff Kresge – upright bass, backing vocals (1999–2004, since 2008)
• James Meza – drums, percussion (since 2004)

Former

• Joel Day – upright bass (1996–1997)
• Adam Carson – drums, percussion (1996–2000, one show in 2008)
• London May – drums, percussion (2000–2002)
• Fred Hell – drums, percussion (2002–2004)
• Jeff Roffredo – upright bass (2004–2008)

Session

• Rob Peltier – upright bass (1999, Tiger Army)
• Mike Fasano – drums, percussion (2004, live and Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise)

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 1999: Tiger Army
• 2001: Tiger Army II: Power of Moonlite
• 2004: Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise - #146 US
• 2007: Music from Regions Beyond - #49 US

EPs[link]

• 1997: Temptation EP
• 2002: Early Years EP
• 2004: Ghost Tigers EP

Compilations[link]

• 1997: Punk Fiction Wedge Records "F.T.W"
• 1999: Give 'Em the Boot II HellCat "Nocturnal"
• 2002: Give 'Em the Boot III HellCat "Power of Moonlite"
• 2003: Punk-O-Rama Vol. 8 Epitaph Records "Incorporeal"
• 2004: Give 'Em the Boot IV HellCat "Atomic"
• 2004: Punk-O-Rama Vol. 9 Epitaph Records "Temptation"
• 2005: Punk-O-Rama Vol. 10 Epitaph Records "Ghostfire/Rose of the Devil's Garden video"
• 2005: Give 'Em the Boot DVD HellCat "Never Die"
• 2006: Give 'Em the Boot V HellCat "Swift Silent Deadly"
• 2007: 2007 Warped Tour Compilation Side One Dummy "Afterworld"
• 2007: Give 'Em the Boot VI HellCat "Afterworld"
• 2008: Nightmare Revisited "Oogie Boogie's Song (Bonus Track)"

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Tiger Army on Myspace
• Ghost Tigers fansite
• Dutch Tiger Army website
• Tiger Army website
• Tiger Army live photos
• Interview with Tiger Army
• Tiger Army on issue #36 Cover of Rockabilly Magazine w/Interview
• SHOUT! Music Webzine (Interview and photos)
• PunkRockers.com
• Tiger Army setlists
• Inked Magazine interview
• http://www.tigerarmy.nl/ Tiger Army.nl

Masanobu Fukuoka
Fukuoka throwing a seedball at a 2002 workshop at Navdanya
Born	(1913-02-02)2 February 1913 Iyo, Japan
Died	16 August 2008(2008-08-16) (aged 95)
Nationality	Japanese
Occupation	Agricultural scientist, farmer, philosopher
Known for	Philosophy, Natural farming
Notable work(s)	The One-Straw Revolution
Awards	Ramon Magsaysay Award, Desikottam Award, Earth Council Award

Masanobu Fukuoka (福岡 正信, Fukuoka Masanobu^?, 2 February 1913 – 16 August 2008) was a Japanese farmer and philosopher celebrated for his natural farming and re-vegetation of desertified lands. He was a proponent of no-till, no-herbicide grain cultivation farming methods traditional to many indigenous cultures,^[1] from which he created a particular method of farming, commonly referred to as "Natural Farming" or "Do-Nothing Farming".^[2][3][4]

He was the author of several Japanese books, scientific papers and other publications, and was featured in television documentaries and interviews from the 1970s onwards.^[5] His influences went beyond farming to inspire individuals within the natural food and lifestyle movements. He was an outspoken advocate of the value of observing nature's principles.^[6]

Life[link]

Fukuoka was born on 2 February 1913 in Iyo, Ehime, Japan, the second son of Kameichi Fukuoka, an educated and wealthy land owner and local leader. He attended Gifu Prefecture Agricultural College and trained as a microbiologist and agricultural scientist, beginning a career as a research scientist specialising in plant pathology. He worked at the Plant Inspection Division of the Yokohama Customs Bureau in 1934 as an agricultural customs inspector. In 1937 he was hospitalised with pneumonia, and while recovering he stated that he had a profound spiritual experience that transformed his world view^[7][8][9] and led him to doubt the practices of modern "Western" agricultural science. He immediately resigned from his post as a research scientist, returning to his family's farm on the island of Shikoku in southern Japan.

From 1938, Fukuoka began to practise and experiment with new techniques on organic citrus orchards and used the observations gained to develop the idea of "Natural Farming". Among other practices, he abandoned pruning an area of the citrus trees, which caused the trees to become affected by insects and tangled branches. He stated that the experience taught him the difference between nature and non-intervention.^[10][11] His efforts were interrupted by World War II, during which he worked at the Kōchi Prefecture agricultural experiment station on subjects including farming research and food production.

Iyo, Ehime. Place of Fukuoka's family home seen middle right.

In 1940, Fukuoka married his wife Ayako, and over his life they had five children together. After the war, his father lost most of the family lands due to forced redistribution by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers and was left with only three-eighths of an acre of rice land and the hillside citrus orchards his son had taken over before the war. Despite these setbacks, in 1947 he took up natural farming again with success, using no-till farming methods to raise rice and barley. He wrote his first book Mu: The God Revolution, or Mu: Kami no Kakumei (無　神の革命) in Japanese, during the same year, and worked to spread word of the benefits of his methods and philosophy. His later book, The One-Straw Revolution was published in 1975 and translated into English in 1978.

From 1979, Fukuoka travelled the world extensively, giving lectures, working directly to plant seeds and re-vegetate areas, and receiving a number of awards in various countries in recognition of his work and achievements. By the 1980s, Fukuoka recorded that he and his family shipped some 6,000 crates of citrus to Tokyo each year totalling about 90 tonnes.^[9]

During his first journey overseas, Fukuoka was accompanied by his wife Ayako, met macrobiotic diet leaders Michio Kushi and Herman Aihara,^[12]:63 and was guided by his leading supporter and translation editor Larry Korn. They sowed seeds in desertified land, visited the University of California in Berkley and Los Angeles, the Green Gulch Farm Zen Center, the Lundberg Family Farms, and met with United Nations UNCCD representatives including Maurice Strong, who encouraged Fukuoka's practical involvement in the "Plan of Action to Combat Desertification". He also travelled to New York and surrounding areas such as Boston and Amherst College in Massachusetts.

In 1983, he travelled to Europe for 50 days holding workshops, educating farmers and sowing seeds. In 1985, he spent 40 days in Somalia and Ethiopia, sowing seeds to re-vegetate desert areas, including working in remote villages and a refugee camp. The following year he returned to the United States, speaking at three international conferences on natural farming^[12]:343 in Washington state, San Francisco and at the Agriculture Department of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Fukuoka also took the opportunity to visit farms, forests and cities giving lectures and meeting people. In 1988, he lectured at the Indian Science Congress, state agricultural universities and other venues.

Fukuoka went to Thailand in 1990 and 1991, visiting farms and collecting seeds for re-vegetating deserts in India which he returned to during November and December that year to sow seeds in the deserts^[where?] for two months in an attempt to re-vegetate them. The next year saw him participate in official meetings in Japan associated with the Earth Summit in Rio, Brazil, and in 1996 he returned to Africa, sowing seeds in desert areas of Tanzania, observing Baobab trees and jungle country. He taught the making and sowing of clay seed balls in Vietnam during 1995 and attended the World Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.^[13]

He travelled to the Philippines in 1998, carrying out Natural Farming research, and visited Greece later that year to assist plans to re-vegetate 10,000 hectares around the Lake Vegoritis area in the Pella Prefecture and to produce a film of the major seed ball effort. The next year he returned to Europe, visiting Mallorca.

He visited China in 2001, and in 2002 he returned again to India to speak at the "Nature as Teacher" workshop at Navdanya Farm and at Bija Vidyapeeth Earth University in Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand in northern India. On Gandhi's Day, he gave the third annual Albert Howard Memorial Lecture to attendees from all six continents. That autumn he was to visit Afghanistan with Yuko Honma but was unable to attend, shipping eight tons of seed in his stead. In 2006, he appeared in an hour long interview on Japanese television network NHK.^[14]

Masanobu Fukuoka died on 16 August 2008, at the age of 95, after a period of confinement in bed and in a wheelchair.

Natural Farming[link]

Fukuoka called his agricultural philosophy shizen nōhō (自然農法^?), most commonly translated into English as "natural farming".^[15] It is also referred to as "the Fukuoka Method", "the natural way of farming" or "Do-Nothing Farming", despite being labor intensive.

The system is based on the recognition of the complexity of living organisms that shape an ecosystem and deliberately exploiting it. Fukuoka saw farming not just as a means of producing food but as an aesthetic and spiritual approach to life,^[16] the ultimate goal of which was "the cultivation and perfection of human beings".^[17]

The five principles of Natural Farming^[18] are that:

• human cultivation of soil, plowing or tilling are unnecessary, as is the use of powered machines
• prepared fertilizers are unnecessary, as is the process of preparing compost
• weeding, either by cultivation or by herbicides, is unnecessary. Instead only minimal weed suppression with minimal disturbance
• applications of pesticides or herbicides are unnecessary
• pruning of fruit trees is unnecessary^[19]

Clay seed balls[link]

Fukuoka re-invented and advanced the use of clay seed balls. Clay seeds balls were originally an ancient practice in which seeds for the next season's crops are mixed together, sometimes with humus or compost for microbial inoculants, and then are rolled within clay to form into small balls. This method is now commonly used in guerilla gardening to rapidly seed restricted or private areas.^[20]

Awards[link]

In 1988, Fukuoka received India's most prestigious award, the Desikottam Award^[21] as well as the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in the Philippines',^[22] often considered "Asia's Nobel Prize".^[23]

In March 1997, the Earth Summit+5 forum in Rio de Janeiro elected to award him with the Earth Council Award,^{[citation needed]} which he received in person at a ceremony in Tokyo on May 26 that year,^[24] honoring him for his contributions to sustainable development.^[21]

In 1998, Fukuoka received a grant of US$10,000 from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund but the grant was returned because his advanced age prevented him from completing the project.^[25]

Influence[link]

In the preface to The One Straw Revolution, Wendell Berry wrote that the Natural Farming system would not be directly applicable to most American farms. In fact, Fukuoka’s techniques have proved difficult to apply, even on most Japanese farms, and is too technically demanding for most people to follow.^[26] Despite this, in the international development of the organic farming movement, Fukuoka is considered to be amongst the "five giant personalities who inspired the movement"^[27] along with Austrian Rudolf Steiner, German-Swiss Hans Müller, Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom and J.I. Rodale in the United States.

One Straw Revolution has been translated into over 20 languages and sold more than one million copies^[28] and Fukuoka has been widely influential, inspiring an international movement of individuals investigating and applying his principles to varying degrees,^[4] such as Akinori Kimura,^[26][29] David Mas Masumoto,^[30] Yoshikazu Kawaguchi, and has significantly influenced alternative movements in the West, such as permaculture.^[31][32]

His books are considered both farming compendiums and guides to a way of life.^[33] His influence likened to that of a "strict and authoritarian grandfather figure" having a tendency to "theorize in a grand way" but not always be practical.^[26] Fukuoka theorized that any ecological system forms an extremely complex "network of relationality" and is a "holistic system", and this included farms themselves. His ideology disregarded causal associations in farming systems, believing that attention should not be on the crops but on the system as a whole. For example, he did not focus on the idea of "harmful insects" requiring to be dealt with, in his system the crops in the farm had to become strong enough to resist insects.^[34]

In Northern Thailand, his visit organized by a former student was influential in the rapid and widespread adoption of organic and chemical-free rice agriculture.^[35]

Criticisms[link]

In some applications, Fukuoka’s famous ‘do-nothing’ techniques have been criticized as “grow-nothing” techniques, leading to crop failures and requiring many years of adaption to make them work.^{[citation needed]} Despite its simple appearance, his technique has been described as sophisticated^[26] and in the initial years of transition from conventional, there is some loss in crop yield, estimated by Fukuoka himself to be about 10%.^{[citation needed]}

Critics argue that he was too focused on the "inner world" and its connection with nature, and did not give attention to the realm of interpersonal relationships or society which are also an essential part of living, and his rejection of mechanization was not justifiable for modern agricultural production.^[36] Fukuoka had few followers or associates in his own native country of Japan.^[6]

Family farm recent developments[link]

Family farm hill, Iyo, Ehime

His farm in Shikoku changed hands to his son and daughter-in-law gradually during the late 1980s, as Fukuoka reached an advanced age^[37] and his grandson now also farms. The family orchards of iyo-kan, amanatsu mikan and related varieties of citrus, and many more fruit and other trees remain.^[28] Many of his iyo-kan and amanatsu mikan trees are still growing, although some old iyo-kan were replaced by new varieties of fruit due to old age. Woodlands remain along with orchards, including some areas of wild vegetables still growing amongst them. Some areas of straw-mulched cropping continue to produce grains and vegetables.

The farm now also features an orchard area of ginko trees, shiitake mushroom crops grow on tree logs in shady woodland, and recent new plantings of limes, grapefruits, feijoas, avocados and mangos exist.^[38][39][40]

Some new experimentation is taking place but, for the most part, the family does not adhere strictly to Fukuoka's method.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography[link]

• 1947 (Japanese) Mu: Kami no Kakumei (無　神の革命^?); First edition self-published in 1947 and re-published in 1973 as Mu I: Kami no Kakumei (無 I　神の革命^?), 280pp., 21 cm; New publishing by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1985 July ISBN 978-4-393-74111-5 and 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74143-6; (Religion (volume) (宗教編, Shūkyō Hen^?)).
  • 1994^[when?] "Mu 1: The God Revolution" Translator Alfred Birnbaum. Japan.^[41]
• 1958 (Japanese) Hyakushō Yawa・「fu*」Shizen Nōhō (百姓夜話・「付」自然農法^?); Self-published in 1958.
• 1969 (Japanese) Mu: Mu no Tetsugaku (無　無の哲学^?); First edition self-published in 1969; re-published in 1985 July as Mu II: Mu no Tetsugaku (無 II　無の哲学^?) by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) ISBN 978-4-393-74112-2; again in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74144-3; (Philosophy (volume) (哲学編, Tetsugaku Hen^?)).
• 1972 (Japanese) Mu: Shizen Nōhō (無　自然農法^?) - first edition self-published in 1972. Publication issued by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1985 Oct as Mu III: Shizen Nōhō (無 III　自然農法^?) ISBN 978-4-393-74113-9 and again in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74145-0; (Doing-practise (volume) (実践編, Jissen Hen^?)).
• 1975 (Japanese) Shizen Nōhō - Wara Ippon no Kakumei (自然農法　わら一本の革命^?); Published by Hakujusha (柏樹社^?) Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan ISBN?; New publishing by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1983 May ISBN 978-4-393-74103-0 and again in 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74141-2.
  • 1978 "The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming" translators Chris Pearce, Tsune Kurosawa & Larry Korn. Preface Wendell Berry. Rodale Press. 1984– Indian Eng. edns. 30 yr anniv. 2009 republishing NYRB.
• 1975 (Japanese) Shizen Nōhō - Midori no Tetsugaku no Riron to Jissen (自然農法　緑の哲学の理論と実践^?); Published by Jiji Tsūshinsha (時事通信社^?, Jiji Press Co.), Tōkyō, in 1975 Dec, 310pp. ISBN 978-4-7887-7626-5.13-3.
  • 1985 "The Natural Way Of Farming - The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy" translator Frederic P. Metreaud. Japan Publications. Out of print. ISBN 978-0-87040-613-3.
• 1984 (Japanese) Shizen ni Kaeru (自然に還る^?); Published by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?), 362 pp., in 1984 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74104-7. An enlarged and revised edition, 458 pp., in 1993 April ISBN 978-4-393-74114-6. Re-published in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74146-7.
  • 1987 "The Road Back to Nature - Regaining the Paradise Lost" translator Frederic P. Metreaud. Japan Publications. Out of print. ISBN 978-0-87040-673-7.
• 1992 (Japanese) Wara Ippon no Kakumei・Sōkatsuhen「Kami to Shizen to Hito no Kakumei」 (わら一本の革命・総括編「神と自然と人の革命」^?); Self-published by Shizenjuen (Shou Shin Sha) (自然樹園 (小心舎)^?, One of Fukuoka Masanobu's own self-publishing publisher names) in 1992 Dec, 230 pp., 26×26 cm ISBN 978-4-938743-01-7; ISBN 4-938743-01-9.
  • 1996 "The Ultimatium [sic] of God Nature The One-Straw Revolution A Recapitulation" - English retranslation, less than 100 copies, no ISBN. Publisher: "Shou Shin Sha (小心舎)".
• 1997 (Japanese) "shizen" o ikiru (「自然」を生きる^?), includes an interview with Kanamitsu Toshio (金光寿郎^?); Published by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1997 Feb ISBN 978-4-393-74115-3 and again in 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74147-4.
• 2001 (Japanese) Wara Ippon no Kakumei Sōkatsuhen -Nendo Dango no Tabi- (わら一本の革命　総括編　—粘土団子の旅—^?); Self-published by Shizenjuen (Shou Shin Sha) (自然樹園 (小心舎)^?, Self-published), 2001 May. ISBN 978-4-938743-02-4; ISBN 4-938743-02-7; Re-published in 2010 April by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) ISBN 978-4-393-74151-1.
• 2009 (bilingual) Iroha Revolutionary Verses (いろは革命歌, Iroha Kakumei Uta^?), Fukuoka, Masanobu's hand-written classical song-verses and drawings. Bilingual Japanese and English. ISBN 978-4-938743-03-1; ISBN 4-938743-03-5.

Journals and papers[link]

(Japanese)

•     (1937 Aug). "柑橘樹脂病特にその完全時代に就て [(A study) On Citrus gummosis (fungus): specifically in its Perfect State (sexually-reproductive state)]" (in Japanese) (PDF). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 日本植物病理學會報 (The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ) http://www.ppsj.org/ 日本植物病理学会) 7 (1): 32–33. ISSN 00319473. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/lognavi?name=nels&lang=en&type=pdf&id=ART0003055436. Retrieved 9 April 2011.  - prepared while working at the Plant Inspection Division of the Yokohama Customs Bureau (横濱税關植物檢査課^?).

•     (1971 July). "私の農法(講演〔「近代農法の反省と今後の農業」セミナーより〕) [My farming ways (A lecture at the "Reflecting on modern-day farming ways and considering the future of farming" seminar)]" (in Japanese). Cooperative Research Institute Monthly Report 協同組合経営研究月報 (Cooperative Research Institute 協同組合経営研究所, Japan.) (214): 19–36. ISSN 09141758. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40000735157/en/. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

•     (1989 May). "生と死　―私の死生観― [Life and Death: My View of Life and Death]" (in Japanese). 智慧とは何か - 仏教の知　現代の知 [What is Wisdom?: Buddhist way-of-knowing Present-day way-of-knowing]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教. No.7. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 159-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0207-1. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0207.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

•     (1991 Nov). "砂漠に種を蒔く [Sow seeds in the desert]" (in Japanese). いのちの環境 [Life's environment]. Quarterly Buddhism・Supplementary Issue 季刊仏教・別冊6. No.6. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 52-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0256-9. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0256.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

•     (1993 Oct). "自然教に生きる [Nature/Natural/Spontaneous teaching for living]". 「日本仏教」批判 ["Japanese Buddhism" A Criticism]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教. No. 25. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 130-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0225-5. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0225.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. ^[38]

•     (1994 July). "自然農法のよる社会革命　—自然の心に到る道— [Nature Farmings' continuation's social revolution —The Path Leading to Natural Mind]" (in Japanese). 森の哲学 -　新たな宗教哲学をめざして [Forest's Philosophy - Toward a new philosophy of religion]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教. No. 28. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 176-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0228-6. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0228.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. ^[38]

Filmography[link]

• 'To Live on Earth - Fukuoka Masanobu visits India'. Director: Imaizumi, Koji. SALBONG発行, Japan 1997.

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Masanobu Fukuoka

• Natural Farming Centre, Greece (Retrieved 8 December 2011).
• Natural Farming Italy (Agricoltura naturale) (Retrieved 8 December 2011).
• Fukuoka, Masanobu; Peek Through The Pines (1979). "A conversation between The Pines and Masanobu Fukuoka". Peek Through The Pines. Massachusetts, USA: Blog. http://thepines.blogspot.com/2009/07/pines-i-notice-that-youre-drawing.html. Retrieved 8 December 2011. 
• Aggarwal, Partap C. (2 February 2008). "Introduction to Masanobu Fukuoka’s famous book One straw revolution". Indian Stories For All. Whitefield/Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2008 Oct. http://partapstoriesforall.blogspot.com/2008/10/introduction-to-masanobu-fukuokas.html. Retrieved 8 December 2011.  —He organised the first Indian publishing of One–Straw Revolution, with Mr. Fukuoka's permission, by The Friends Rural Centre, Rasulia, Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh, in 1983–4, on to many more imprints & translations.
• Fukuoka, Masanobu; Shibata, Katsuyuki (translator); Aoyama, Hizuru (translator); Gilman, Robert (interviewer); Gilman, Diane (interviewer) (Autumn 1986). "Greening The Desert: Applying natural farming techniques in Africa". In Context: A Quarterly Of Humane Sustainable Culture (Port Townsend, Washington: Copyright (c) 1986, 1997 by Context Institute) Sustainable Habitat 14: 37-. http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC14/Fukuoka.htm. Retrieved 30 November 2010. "an interview with Masanobu Fukuoka, by Robert and Diane Gilman" 
• "ON A GREEN MOUNTAIN - With Masanobu Fukuoka Sensei of Natural Farming -Copyright (c) 1995 Jim Bones". Oct 1994 (2006 archive; Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "The Natural Way of Farming" and previously "The One Straw Revolution". (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• Gandhi Foundation on the life of "Masanobu Fukuoka and Natural Farming – by M R Rajagopalan Posted on December 27, 2009" (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "Seed Balls by Masanobu Fukuoka 1997" YouTube 18:43 long video, caption: "Natural Farmer Masanobu Fukuoka conducts a workshop for making seed balls at his natural farm and forest in Japan." uploaded by Jim Bones (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• Masanobu Fukuoka's influence in principles in humid tropical agriculture, titled: "The Five Principles of Agriculture " - farmingsolutions.org website; Retrieved 22 November 2010).
• The Plowboy Interview Masanobu Fukuoka July 1982 Mother Earth News magazine, US with Larry Korn. (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "An article on the pioneer of organic farming, Masanobu Fukuoka: Nature - Nature knows best" Life Positive, India. (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "The Fukuoka Farming Website", US. (Internet Archive search) "Dedicated to exploring Masanobu Fukuoka's revolutionary method of sustainable agriculture" (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• (Japanese) Society for the study of Fukuoka Masanobu Nature Farming, Kyoto University, Japan –reference page by Shōjaku Mutsumi (Shift-JIS Japanese text character encoding). Collected details about Fukuoka, Masanobu's life work, nature farming and writings (no translation to English yet; nearly all Japanese; Archive of 2011.3.24 page; Retrieved 30 November 2010).
• Toyoda, Natsuko (Sept.–Oct., Nov.–Dec., 2008, Jan.–Feb 2009 (Jan.–Feb. 2010)). "Farmer Philosopher Masanobu Fukuoka (1) Humans must Strive to Know the Unknown (2) What Does Natural Farming Mean? (3) Greening Deserts by Clay-Ball Seeding (brief update)" (PDF). Japan Spotlight (Promenade section) (Tokyo, Japan: Japan Economic Foundation) (161, 162 & 163 (169)). ISSN 1348-9216. http://www.jef.or.jp/backnumber/161th_promenade.pdf. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

Damien Rice
Damien Rice performing in Villa Arconati, Milan.
Background information
Birth name	Damien Rice
Born	(1973-12-07) 7 December 1973 (age 38)
Origin	Kildare, Ireland
Genres	Folk, indie pop, folk rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, record producer
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, clarinet, percussion
Years active	1991–present
Labels	Vector Recordings, Republic, Heffa, Warner Bros., DRM/14th Floor
Associated acts	Juniper, Bell X1, Lisa Hannigan
Website	www.damienrice.com

Damien Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer who plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion.

Rice was raised in Celbridge, County Kildare, Ireland and began his musical career as a member of the 1990s rock group Juniper. After leaving the band he worked as a farmer in Tuscany and busked throughout Europe before returning to Ireland in 2001 and beginning a solo musical career.

In 2002 his debut album O reached #8 on the UK albums chart, won the Shortlist music prize and generated three top-30 singles in the UK. Rice released his second album 9 in 2006 and his songs have appeared in numerous films and television episodes.

Rice's personal activities include musical contributions to charitable projects such as the Songs for Tibet, Freedom Campaign and the Enough Project.

Early life[link]