- published: 17 Jun 2009
- views: 352966
- author: killingmylobster
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- 16th Street Station
- 1972 World Series
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- Late-2000s recession
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- Willows, California
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Agadir
Agadir (Berber: Agadir, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, Moroccan Arabic: أڭادير) is a major city in southwest Morocco, capital of the Agadir province (MA-AGD) and the Sous-Massa-Draa economic region. A majority of its inhabitants speak Berber as a mother tongue.
The word Agadir means in Berber "wall, masoned wall enclosing a town, fortress, town".
Agadir has a population of 678,596 (2004; census figures for the agglomeration include the nearby cities of Inezgane and Aït Melloul). The population of the city proper is estimated at 200,000. The mild winter climate (January average midday temperature 20.5°C/69°F) and good beaches have made it a major "winter sun" destination for Northern Europeans. The mayor is Tariq Kabbaj.
The city is located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean.
Agadir is an important fishing and commercial port, the first sardine port in the world, (exporting cobalt, manganese, zinc and citrus).It is also a seaside resort with a long sandy beach. Because of its large buildings, wide roads, modern hotels, and European-style cafés, Agadir is not a typical city of traditional Morocco, but it is a modern, busy and dynamic town.
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Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Alta California
Alta California (English: Upper California) was a province and territory in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and later a territory and department in independent Mexico. The territory was created in 1769 out of the northern part of the former province of Las Californias, and consisted of the modern American states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. The territory passed to American control after the Mexican–American War and ceased to exist with the creation of the State of California in 1850.
wn.com/Alta_California -
Antelope Valley
Antelope Valley is located in northern Los Angeles County, California and the southeast portion of Kern County, California, and constitutes the western tip of the Mojave Desert. It is situated between the Tehachapi and the San Gabriel Mountains.
The valley was named for the pronghorns that are said to have roamed there until being eliminated by hunters and bad weather in the 1880s. The principal cities in the Antelope Valley are Palmdale and Lancaster.
Shaped like a sideways letter "V", the Antelope Valley comprises the western tip of the Mojave Desert, opening up to the Victor Valley and the Great Basin to the east. Lying north of the San Gabriel Mountains and southeast of the Tehachapis, this desert ecosystem spans approximately 2,200 square miles (5,698 km2). Precipitation in the surrounding mountain ranges contributes to groundwater recharge.
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Area code 510
North American area code 510 is a California telephone area code which covers most eastern Bay Area cities in Alameda County (including the cities of Oakland, Dublin, Livermore, Pleasanton, and Sunol), and western Contra Costa County. The area code was created from a split of area code 415 on September 2, 1991.
Area code 925 was created on March 14, 1998 from the eastern portion of the then 510 area code. The East Bay Hills serve as the rough dividing line.
The 510 area code (along with area codes 610, 710, 810, and 910) was used prior to 1981 by AT&T for their TWX, or TeletypeWriter eXchange network. The area code was decomissioned for TWX usage in 1981 when Western Union, who had acquired the TWX network in 1969 from AT&T and renamed it Telex II, upgraded the network to "4-row" ASCII operation (it previously used both "3-row" Baudot and ASCII transmission).
37°42′N 122°06′W / 37.7°N 122.1°W / 37.7; -122.1
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Arizona
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
wn.com/Arizona -
Atlanta
Atlanta (
/ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
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Baltimore
Baltimore ( /ˈbɒltɨmɔr/, colloquially /ˈbɔl.mɔr/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is located in the central area of the state along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The independent city is often referred to as Baltimore City to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County.
Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic United States and is situated closer to Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy.
At 620,961 residents in 2010, Baltimore's population has decreased by one-third since its peak in 1950. The Baltimore Metropolitan Area has grown steadily to approximately 2.7 million residents in 2010; the 20th largest in the country. Baltimore is also a principal city in the larger Baltimore–Washington combined statistical area of approximately 8.4 million residents.
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Bentley School
Coordinates: 37°51′10.36″N 122°14′1.12″W / 37.8528778°N 122.2336444°W / 37.8528778; -122.2336444
Bentley School is a private co-educational college preparatory day school. The Bentley school's lower and middle school campus (K-8) is located in the Oakland Hills and the high school (9-12) campus is located in Lafayette, California.
History and Governance Bentley School was established in Berkeley in 1920. In 1969 the School was incorporated as a non-profit corporation. The School moved to the existing campus in Oakland in the fall of 1970, and purchased the campus in Lafayette in 1997. The Hiller Campus includes our Lower School grades K-5 and our Middle School grades 6-8. Our Hiller Campus is located in Oakland, while our Lafayette Campus in Lafayette, off of Highway 24 between Walnut Creek and Berkeley/Oakland, houses our Upper School grades 9-12.
Bentley School is operated as an independent, non-profit institution with no religious affiliation and is governed by a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees is responsible for setting the goals and policies of Bentley and monitoring performance. The Board of Trustees appoints a Head of School to devise and implement day-to-day operational policies and practices to meet these goals, and to provide educational leadership for the School community. Bentley School is fully accredited by the California Association of Independent Schools. This accreditation was renewed in 2005 for a term of six years. The Head of Bentley School is Arlene Hogan.
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Big Sur
Big Sur is a sparsely populated region of the Central Coast of California where the Santa Lucia Mountains rise abruptly from the Pacific Ocean. The name "Big Sur" is derived from the original Spanish-language "el sur grande", meaning "the big south", or from "el país grande del sur", "the big country of the south". The terrain offers stunning views, making Big Sur a popular tourist destination. Big Sur's Cone Peak is the highest coastal mountain in the contiguous 48 states, ascending nearly a mile (5,155 feet/1571 m) above sea level, only three miles (4.8 km) from the ocean.
Although Big Sur has no specific boundaries, many definitions of the area include the 90 miles (140 km) of coastline from the Carmel River south to the San Carpoforo Creek, and extend about 20 miles (32 km) inland to the eastern foothills of the Santa Lucias. Other sources limit the eastern border to the coastal flanks of these mountains, only three to 12 miles (19 km) inland. Another practical definition of the region is the segment of California State Route 1 between San Simeon and Carmel.
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Bodega Bay
Bodega Bay is a shallow, rocky inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the coast of northern California in the United States. It is approximately 5 mi (8 km) across and is located approximately 40 mi (60 km) northwest of San Francisco and 20 mi (32 km) west of Santa Rosa. The bay straddles the boundary between Sonoma County to the north and Marin County to the south.
Bodega Bay is protected on its north end from the Pacific Ocean by Bodega Head, which shelters the small Bodega Harbor and is separated from the main bay by a jetty. The San Andreas Fault runs parallel to the coastline and bisects Bodega Head, which lies on the Pacific Plate; the town is on the North American Plate. The village of Bodega Bay sits on the east side of Bodega Harbor. The bay connects on its south end to the mouth of Tomales Bay.
Streams flowing into Bodega Bay include the Estero de San Antonio and the Estero Americano. Accessible beaches on Bodega Bay include Doran Regional Park (on the jetty) and Pinnacle Gulch. Apart from the harbor, all of Bodega Bay lies within the boundaries of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ (
listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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Caldecott Tunnel
The Caldecott Tunnel is a three bore highway tunnel between Oakland, California and Contra Costa County, California. The east-west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24, which is also known as the William Byron Rumford Freeway from Interstate 580 to Walnut Creek, and connects Oakland to bedroom communities in Contra Costa County, through the Berkeley Hills. (The name of the freeway was the Grove-Shafter Freeway until 1980, when it was named after Rumford.) The tunnel is named after Thomas E. Caldecott (1878–1951), mayor of Berkeley from 1930–1932, member of the Alameda County Board of Supervisors 1933-1945, and president of Joint Highway District 13, which built the first two bores.
Bore 1 (the southernmost bore) and Bore 2 were completed in 1937 and are each 3,610 feet (1,100 m) long and carry two lanes of traffic. Bore 3 (the northernmost bore), built in 1964, is 3,771 feet (1,149 m) in length, and also carries two traffic lanes.
The middle bore (Bore 2) can be shifted to accommodate heavy traffic. Generally, it carries westbound traffic from about midnight to noon and eastbound traffic from about noon to midnight.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Carquinez Strait
The Carquinez Strait is a narrow tidal strait in northern California. It is part of the tidal estuary of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin rivers as they drain into the San Francisco Bay. The strait connects Suisun Bay, which receives the waters of the combined rivers, with San Pablo Bay, a northern extension of the San Francisco Bay.
In 1985, an errant humpback whale swam up the Carquinez Strait as far as Rio Vista. Named Humphrey the whale by the media, he was successfully turned around and rescued by The Marine Mammal Center and other volunteers.
The USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193) was moored for many years at the eastern end of the strait.
Carquinez Strait Powerline Crossing was the world's first powerline crossing of a large river.
The strait forms part of the border between Solano (to the north) and Contra Costa (to the south) counties, and is approximately 15 mi (25 km) north of Oakland. The cities of Benicia and Vallejo lie on the north side of the strait, while Martinez, Port Costa, and Crockett sit on the southern coast. The Napa River joins the strait, via the short Mare Island Strait, near its entrance into San Pablo Bay.
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Central California
Central California, sometimes referenced as Mid-State, is an area of California south of the San Francisco Bay Area and north of Southern California. It includes the southern portion of the San Joaquin Valley south of the San Joaquin River Delta, the Central Coast and central hills of the California Coast Ranges, and the foothills and mountain areas of the central Sierra Nevada.
Central California is generally considered a sub-region within Northern California. Both have their southern boundary where they meet Southern California at either the Tehachapi Mountains or the county lines which cross the state west to east below Monterey, Kings and Tulare Counties. Central California is considered to be west of the crest of the Sierra Nevada. (East of the Sierras is Eastern California.)
The largest cities (over 50,000 population) in the region are Fresno, Modesto, Visalia, Salinas, Merced, Turlock, Madera, Hanford, and Porterville.
Central California can have widely varying definitions depending on the context. Some divide the state by lines of latitude making northern, central and southern sections. Others divide by county lines or watershed boundaries. Some definitions include more of the San Joaquin Valley and even larger portions of the Central Valley. Some have less or none of Central Coast.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cisco Field
Cisco Field is a proposed ballpark in San Jose, California. It is the proposed new home of the Oakland Athletics; however, the opening date has yet to be determined. It will be replacing their current home at O.co Coliseum, where the team has resided since their move to California in 1968. This stadium will mark the first time that the A's franchise has received a brand new stadium in which to play since the completion of Shibe Park in 1909.
Cisco Field is proposed to be constructed in downtown San Jose immediately adjacent to the HP Pavilion and the Diridon Station at the corner of Montgomery Street and Park Avenue. The ballpark, if built, would open in time for the 2016 season. For the A's to move to San Jose, either the San Francisco Giants would have to rescind their territorial rights on the area, or at least 23 of the 30 MLB owners would have to vote in the A's favor and force San Francisco to give up their territorial claim to Santa Clara County. Lew Wolff has stated, "My goal and desire for the organization is to determine a way to keep the team in Northern California." The Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Jose has been acquiring the properties needed at the Diridon South site. The available land, only 12-14 acres, would give rise to a very intimate stadium. As a result of its small size, it is speculated to be very hitter-friendly.
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Cleveland
Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
As of the 2010 Census, the city proper had a total population of 396,815 and was the 45th largest city in the United States, and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2011 ranked as the 28th largest in the United States with 2,068,283 people. Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2011 had a population of 2,871,084, and ranked as the country's 15th largest.
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Coachella Valley
Coachella Valley ( /koʊˈtʃɛlə/, /koʊ.əˈtʃɛlə/) is a large valley landform in Southern California. The valley extends for approximately 45 miles (72 km) in Riverside County southeast from the San Bernardino Mountains to the saltwater Salton Sea, the largest lake in California. It is approximately 15 miles (24 km) wide along most of its length, bounded on the west by the San Jacinto Mountains and the Santa Rosa Mountains and on the north and east by the Little San Bernardino Mountains. The San Andreas Fault crosses the valley from the Chocolate Mountains in the southeast corner and along the centerline of the Little San Bernardinos. The fault is easily visible along its northern length as a strip of greenery against an otherwise bare mountain.
The Chocolate Mountains are home to a United States Navy live gunnery range and are mostly off-limits to the public. In comparison to the "Inland Empire" (Riverside-San Bernardino area and the California desert), some people refer to the IE 's sub-region Coachella Valley as the "Desert Empire" to differentiate it from the neighboring Imperial Valley. Geographers and geologists sometimes call the area, along with the Imperial Valley to the south, the "Cahuilla Basin" or the "Salton Trough".
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Conejo Valley
The Conejo Valley is a region spanning both southeastern Ventura County and northwestern Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States. It was discovered in 1542 by Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, and eventually became part of the Rancho El Conejo land grant by the Spanish government (in Spanish conejo means "rabbit", and refers to the rabbits common to the region, specifically the Desert Cottontail and Brush Rabbit species). It is located in the northwestern part of the Greater Los Angeles Area.
The area is bordered by the San Fernando Valley and the city of Los Angeles to the east, Simi Hills to the north, Las Posas Hills and the Santa Rosa Valley to the northwest, Conejo Mountain (also known as Conejo Hills) and Oxnard Plain to the west, and the Santa Monica Mountains and Malibu to the south, the Westside, and Pacific Ocean beyond it. The valley is located in the Santa Monica Mountains on an elevated area.
Many high-tech companies, particularly those in biotechnology, including Amgen, Baxter, General Dynamics Corporation, and Rockwell International are prevalent in the area. It also includes many other tech corporations, especially dot com companies and telecommunications like Verizon and Verizon Wireless. It also is home to many healthcare and other various companies like WellPoint, J.D. Power and Associates, Volkswagen, Audi, THQ, and cosmetics leader Jafra Cosmetics. Although the region is predominantly white with a large Hispanic minority, there is a small, but growing, Asian minority in the region.
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
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Cucamonga Valley
The Cucamonga Valley is a region between the Los Angeles and San Bernardino areas, in San Bernardino County and Riverside County, of California, United States. It is located east of the Pomona Valley and it is a major site of wine production and is the location of the Cucamonga Valley AVA, a designated American Viticultural Area. The valley is in the Inland Empire.
The demographics of the Cucamonga Valley have been shifting in recent years. The population of European Americans, who once constituted a large majority, is on the decline while the population of Latinos and African Americans is growing . Unlike most of Southern California, there is not a particularly strong representation of Asian Americans in the Cucamonga Valley, although it is steadily increasing. Rancho Cucamonga has the highest population of Asian Americans in the Cucamonga Valley, at 9.0% of the population.
Two Metrolink commuter rail lines, the San Bernardino Line and the Riverside Line, serve the Cucamonga Valley. The lines are named for their eastern terminal stations, with their shared western terminal being Los Angeles Union Station.
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Dalian
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Dallas
Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/) is the third-largest city in the state of Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex is the largest metropolitan area in the South and fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Divided between Collin, Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties, the city had a population of 1,197,816 in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau.
The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area (the DFW MSA) that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of 6,371,773. The metroplex economy is the sixth largest in the United States, with a 2010 gross metropolitan product of $374 billion.
Dallas was founded in 1841 and was formally incorporated as a city in February 1856. The city's economy is primarily based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, computer technology, energy, healthcare and medical research, transportation and logistics. The city is home to the third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas and a major city in the American South, Dallas is the main core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States that lacks any navigable link to the sea.
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Denver
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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Detroit
Detroit ( /diˈtrɔɪt/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan, and the seat of Wayne County. It is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people, and serves as a major port on the Detroit River connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the French explorer, adventurer, and nobleman Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac.
In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and ranked as the 18th most populous city in the United States. The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area with a population of 4,296,250 for the six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area, the United States' eleventh-largest, and a population of 5,218,852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census. The Detroit–Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.
Known as the world's traditional automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport,The D, D-Town, Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings), Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"), and The 313 (its telephone area code) Detroit became known as the "great arsenal of democracy" for its support of the U.S. role among the Allied powers during World War II.
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Don Perata
Don Richard Perata (born April 30, 1945) is a California Democratic politician, who was President pro tempore of the California State Senate from 2004 to 2008. He came in second place in the November 2010 ballot for Mayor of Oakland. Perata now runs a political consultancy company
Perata worked with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to gain passage of five infrastructure related bond measures in 2006. Prior to serving in the State Senate, Perata served in the California State Assembly, as a member of the Board of Supervisors of Alameda County, and as a high school teacher.
Born in Alameda, California, Perata is the son of Italian immigrants. During his childhood, he helped his father, Dick to deliver milk door-to-door for the Lakehurst Creamery in Alameda. Perata graduated from Saint Joseph High School and earned his degree from Saint Mary's College of California. He taught English, History, and Civics from 1966 to 1981 in Alameda County schools. Perata has a daughter and a son.[citation needed]
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Downtown Oakland
Downtown Oakland is the central business district of Oakland, California; roughly bounded by 6th Street or the Oakland Estuary on the southwest, Interstate 980 on the northwest, Grand Avenue on the northeast, and Lake Merritt on the east.
The Downtown area is sometimes expanded to refer to the industrial and residential Jack London Square and Jack London warehouse district areas, the Lakeside Apartments District a largely residential neighborhood on the west side of Lake Merritt, the Civic Center district, Oakland's Chinatown, and the south end of Oakland's Broadway Auto Row an area along Broadway which has historically been used by car dealers and other automotive service businesses. While many consider these areas outside of downtown proper, they are generally considered more geographically proximate to Downtown Oakland than to East Oakland, North Oakland or to West Oakland and are thus sometimes associated with Downtown Oakland.
In January 2009, urban rioting occurred downtown and in the Lakeside Apartments District following BART Police officer Johannes Mehserle's shooting of Oscar Grant III on January 1, 2009.
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Dunsmuir House
The Dunsmuir House and Gardens is located in Oakland, California on a 50-acre (200,000 m2) site. The Dunsmuir House has a neoclassical-revival architectural style and is listed in the US National Register of Historic Places. It is now used primarily for weddings, receptions, business gatherings and historical reenactment events.
The house was built in 1899 by Alexander Dunsmuir, son of Robert Dunsmuir, a wealthy coal magnate from Victoria, BC. Dunsmuir, who came to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1878 to manage the family business, intended the house to be a wedding gift for his new bride, but didn't get to live in it with her as he fell ill and died while on his honeymoon in New York. His new bride returned to live in the home, but soon died herself in 1901.
I.W. Hellman Jr. purchased the estate in 1906 as a summer home for his family and by 1913 the mansion was remodeled for the larger family's needs as well as to hold their growing acquisitions from European travel.
Mrs. Hellman kept the estate well into the 1950s after her husband's death in 1920. During this time additions included the swimming pool and Dinkelspiel House and a good deal of landscape development on the northern end of the estate.
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Eastmont Town Center
Coordinates: 37°46′4.38″N 122°10′37.67″W / 37.7678833°N 122.1771306°W / 37.7678833; -122.1771306
Eastmont Town Center is a shopping mall and social services hub located on 33 acres (130,000 m2) bounded by Foothill Boulevard, Bancroft and 73rd Avenues, and Church Street, in the Eastmont neighborhood of East Oakland. The mall opened in 1970 on the site of a 1920's-era Chevrolet truck factory. Architect William Pereira designed the building. It is physically almost next to, and by entry access a few blocks away from, the similarly sized Evergreen Cemetery.
Originally known as Eastmont Mall, the mall was a popular and heavily-used shopping destination during most of the 1970s and 1980s; but declined by the 1990s due to a huge drop in the average income level, and a concurrent increase in the crime rate in the mall and the surrounding neighborhoods.
Eastmont's primary anchor tenants were JCPenney, Mervyns, Woolworth's, Safeway, and Kinney Shoes, one of the nation's leading shoe retailers at the time. The mall also housed a movie theater with four screens.
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Fukuoka
Fukuoka (福岡市, Fukuoka-shi?) is the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture and is situated on the northern shore of the island of Kyushu in Japan.
Ranked as the 14th of the world's most livable cities in the magazine Monocle in 2010, Fukuoka was praised for its green spaces in a metropolitan setting. It is the most populous city in Kyushu, followed by Kitakyushu. It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin. The city was designated on April 1, 1972 by government ordinance. Greater Fukuoka (福岡都市圏), with 2.5 million people (2005 census), is part of the heavily industrialized Fukuoka-Kitakyushu zone, as well as Northern Kyushu.
As of June 2011, Fukuoka is Japan's 7th largest city, having passed the population of Kyoto, and the first time a city west of the Kinki region has a larger population since Kyoto was established in the 7th century. However, in ancient times, the area near Fukuoka was thought to be perhaps even more influential than the Yamato region.
Fukuoka (the area of Kashii, Hakata, Sawara and Imazu) is said to be the oldest city in Japan, because it is the nearest city to China and Korea[citation needed]. The area around Fukuoka is among the oldest non-Jōmon settlements in Japan[citation needed]. Dazaifu was an administrative capital in 663 A.D., but a historian proposed that a prehistoric capital was in the area. Ancient texts, such as the Kojiki, and archaeology confirm this was a very critical place in the founding of Japan. Some scholars even go as far as to claim it was the first place outsiders and the Imperial Family set foot, but like many early Japan origin theories, it remains contested. See History of Japan. Fukuoka is sometimes still referred to as Hakata, the central ward of the city.
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Ghana
Ghanai/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Gold Country
Gold Country (also Mother Lode Country) is a region in the central and northeastern part of California. It is famed for the mineral deposits and gold mines that attracted waves of immigrants, known as the 49ers, during the 1849 California Gold Rush.
State Route 49 was built through the Gold Country, stretching from Mariposa County in the south, to Sierra County in the north.
It includes parts of twelve California counties: Amador, Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Mariposa, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, Sierra, Tuolumne, Plumas and Yuba.
The Gold Country lies on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, reaching down to the Sacramento Valley. The oldest geology can be found along the easternmost portions of this region, closer to the Sierra Nevada summits. It consists of ancient sea floor and portions of islands which were added onto the western edge of North America during the late Paleozoic, about 275 million years ago. The western sections of the Mother Lode are significantly younger, from the mid Mesozoic about 150 million years ago, and also consist of material that was solidified on the ocean floor to the continental edge. Massive intrusions of granite forced their way into these formations. After ten miles of overlying material was eroded over the last 70 million years, these intrusions became visible throughout the Sierra Nevada. Over the last 50 million years, rivers and volcanoes deposited materials; these built up in thick layers found atop many of the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada foothills.
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Golden Gate
The Golden Gate is the North American strait connecting San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Since 1937 it has been spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge. Technically, the 'gate' is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, while the 'strait' is the water flowing in between.
During the last Ice Age, when sea level was several hundred feet lower, the waters of the glacier-fed Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River scoured a deep channel through the bedrock on their way to the ocean. The strait is well known today for its depth and powerful tidal currents from the Pacific Ocean. Many small whirlpools and eddies can form in its waters. During the centuries Golden Gate strait with its strong currents, rocky reefs and low fog conditions has became a place of more than a hundred shipwrecks.
Before the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century, the area around the strait and the bay was inhabited by the Ohlone to the south and Coast Miwok people to the north. Descendants of both tribes remain in the area.
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Grand Lake Theater
The Grand Lake Theater is a historical movie palace located at 3200 Grand Avenue and Lake Park Avenue in the Grand Lake neighborhood of Oakland, California in the United States of America.
The Grand Lake was designed as a single auditorium theater by the Reid Brothers for West Coast Theaters, Inc. After it opened on March 6, 1926, it held vaudeville and silent movie showings, but with the arrival of "talkies" it began to exclusively show sound films. In 1928, the Grand Lake became part of the Fox Theaters chain, and in total, changed ownership five times until 1980. In 1980, the theater was purchased by Allen Michaan of Renaissance Rialto, Inc.
The theater's exterior is surmounted by a giant illuminated rooftop sign. Neoclassical faux columns and urns line the main interior space and the ceiling is adorned with a crystal chandelier in the lobby and classical frescos in the auditorium. The theater's interior artwork is considered to be Art Deco.
After purchasing it, Renaissance Rialto, Inc. spent $3.5 million on renovation and expansion. In 1981, the balcony of the auditorium was split into a second auditorium. In 1985, neighboring storefronts were purchased and attached to the theater. These were transformed into a small Egyptian Revival styled auditorium and a small Moorish styled auditorium. After the expansions of the 1980s, the Grand Lake Theater had a total of four screens and 1619 seats. The main auditorium is also equipped with a Mighty Wurlitzer organ hidden beneath the floor. On Friday and Saturday evenings, the historical organ rises for a brief concert before the movie.
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Grizzly Bay
Grizzly Bay is a baylet of the San Francisco Bay which dips into Solano County, California and borders Suisun Bay. Grizzly Bay is home to many sloughs and wildlife areas in addition to the Fifth Reserve Fleet which is docked off the coast of Benicia.
Suisun Slough and Cordelia Slough empty into Grizzly Bay.
Coordinates: 38°07′N 122°00′W / 38.117°N 122°W / 38.117; -122
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Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
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Honolulu
Honolulu /hoʊnoʊˈluːluː/ is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. Honolulu is the southernmost major U.S. city. Although the name "Honolulu" refers to the urban area on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu, the city and county government are consolidated as Honolulu County which covers the entire island. For statistical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the urban part of Honolulu as a census-designated place. Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the census-designated place was 337,256 at the 2010 census, while the population of the city and county was 953,207. Honolulu is the most populous state capital relative to state population.
In the Hawaiian language, Honolulu means "sheltered bay" or "place of shelter". The old name is said to be Kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor near the city on December 7, 1941, and as the birthplace of Barack Obama, the 44th and current President of the United States.
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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Idora Park
Coordinates: 37°50′32.62″N 122°15′47.36″W / 37.8423944°N 122.2631556°W / 37.8423944; -122.2631556
Idora Park was a 17.5-acre (71,000 m2) Victorian era trolley park in north Oakland, California constructed in 1904 on the site of an informal park setting called Ayala Park on the north banks of Temescal Creek. Idora Park was leased by the Ingersoll Pleasure and Amusement Park Company that ran several eastern pleasure parks. What began as a pleasure ground in a rural setting for Sunday picnics evolved over time into the finest[citation needed]amusement park in the part of the San Francisco Bay Area known as the East Bay. Popularity of the park declined after the advent of the automobile and in 1929, Idora Park was razed.
The Realty Syndicate constructed the park in 1903 on a site of Ayala Park that included an opera house, ranchlands and greenhouses on the north banks of Temescal Creek. Rodney Ingersoll erected the first figure eight "sky railway" on the site in 1903. Idora Park was leased by the Ingersoll Pleasure and Amusement Park Company that ran several eastern pleasure parks and originally the name was to be Kennywood Park (the name of an amusement park in Pennsylvania). It was reported that Mr. Ingersoll named the park after his daughter, Idora, but there is some question about the name because of the park with the same name, Idora Park, located in Youngstown, Ohio. That park was said to have been named either by a contest winner claiming, "I adore it!" or after a local Indian tribe.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ (abbreviated Indy /ˈɪndi/) is the capital of the US state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 829,718. It is Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, is the 12th largest city in the U.S., the second largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
For much of its history, Indianapolis has oriented itself around government and industry, particularly manufacturing. Today, Indianapolis has a much more diversified economy, contributing to the fields of education, health care, and finance. Tourism is also a vital part of the economy of Indianapolis, and the city plays host to numerous conventions and sporting events. Of these, perhaps the most well known is the annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA U.S. Nationals. Other major sporting events include the Brickyard 400 and the Men's and Women's NCAA Basketball Tournaments. 2012 marked the first time Indianapolis hosted the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XLVI was played at Lucas Oil Stadium, on February 5, 2012 in Downtown Indianapolis. Also held in Lucas Oil Stadium is the Drum Corps International World Championships, and the Music for All Bands of America Grand National Championships.
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Jack London Square
Jack London Square is a popular entertainment and business destination on the waterfront of Oakland, California. Named after the author Jack London and owned by the Port of Oakland, it is the home of stores, restaurants, hotels, an Amtrak station, a ferry dock, the historic Heinold’s First and Last Chance Saloon, the (re-located) cabin Jack London lived in the Klondike, and a movie theater. A farmer's market is hosted among the retail shops on Sunday mornings. The former presidential yacht USS Potomac is moored at an adjacent slip.
Jack London Square is located at the south end of Broadway, across the Oakland Estuary from Alameda.
The name has also come to refer to the formerly industrial neighborhood surrounding Jack London Square proper now known as the Jack London District, which has undergone significant rehabilitation in the last decade, including loft conversions and new construction. Current California Governor (and former Oakland mayor) Jerry Brown made his home here before moving north to the Uptown neighborhood.
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Jamaica
Coordinates: 18°10′57″N 77°19′18″W / 18.1823878°N 77.3217773°W / 18.1823878; -77.3217773
Jamaica (i/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name "Jamaica". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica.Kingston is the country's largest city and the capital.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Joaquin Miller Park
Coordinates: 37°48′40.21″N 122°11′21.64″W / 37.8111694°N 122.1893444°W / 37.8111694; -122.1893444
Joaquin Miller Park is a large open space park in the Oakland Hills owned and operated by the city of Oakland, California. It was named after early California writer and poet Joaquin Miller, who lived here in his house "The Hights", now preserved as the Joaquin Miller House.
The park's 500 acres (2.0 km2) are heavily wooded with coast redwoods, coast live oaks, and pines. Its location in the Oakland Hills provides panoramic views of the San Francisco Bay area. The park features include miles of hiking, biking, and horseback riding trails, an off-leash dog area, an amphitheater, and picnicking.
Joaquin Miller Park contains the 2,000-seat Woodminster Amphitheater and Cascade, an outdoor amphitheater regularly used to stage both amateur and professional musicals and plays. For many years the Oakland Recreation Department put on popular productions of musical comedies there, three per summer, using mostly amateur performers. Starting in 1967, production of the summer musicals was taken over by the current management.
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Kaiser Center
Kaiser Center, also called the Kaiser Building, is a 28 story office building located at 300 Lakeside Drive, adjacent to Lake Merritt, in downtown Oakland, California, designed by the architectural firm of Welton Becket & Associates of Los Angeles. The property is bounded by Lakeside Drive, which terminates and joins Harrison Street at the site, 20th-, 21st-, and Webster-streets. When completed in 1960, it was Oakland's tallest building, as well as the largest office tower west of the Rocky Mountains. A three-story office/retail building adjacent to the main tower was completed in 1963.
The building's roof garden was designed by San Francisco-based landscape architecture firm, Theodore Osmundson & Associates, and was the first built in the United States after World War II. After the main building’s completion, Kaiser occupied a penthouse apartment on the 28th floor as his personal residence for several years, and reportedly commissioned the roof garden so as not to look down on a bare concrete roof.[citation needed]
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Laney College
Laney College is a community college located in Oakland, California, next to the Lake Merritt BART station and the Kaiser Convention Center. Laney is the largest of the four colleges of the Peralta Community College District which serves northern Alameda County.
Laney College originally opened in 1953 as Oakland City College, at the former University High School campus (which operated from 1923 to 1948). It offers both certificates and credits for Associate of Arts degree, as well as prerequisites to transfer to four year universities.
The college, in addition to the other three campuses of the Peralta College District, is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
Laney is divided into five divisions and sixty-one departments.
Laney also has a variety of [student support services] to provide assistance for academic instruction.
Most of the college's academic and administrative buildings are clustered together in a complex in the northern corner of the campus. The buildings are arranged on a rigid grid, with two levels of concrete pathways providing circulation. The square in the center of the complex has been reserved for the quad. Facing the quad are the student center, theater, library, and gymnasium. On one corner is the triangular "Laney Tower", the main administration building; on the opposite is another triangular building housing a lecture hall and dance studio. Academic buildings form the outer ring of the complex. Each has a similar design, with courtyards in the centers of each square on the second level, ringed by classrooms and offices; and more classrooms and vocational facilities on the first level, accessed from the perimeter of the building. Most of the outer buildings occupy two or three squares on the grid. The entire complex shares a red brick and concrete theme, with sharp corners, square and triangular shapes, and little vegetation.
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Leimert Bridge
Coordinates: 37°48′44.22″N 122°12′47.97″W / 37.8122833°N 122.213325°W / 37.8122833; -122.213325
Leimert Bridge is located in the Oakmore neighborhood of Oakland, California. It spans 357 feet and is 117 feet high above Sausal Creek. It is a cement and steel arch bridge. When it was built in 1926, it was the largest single span bridge on the West Coast.
The bridge was designed by George Posey who also designed the Posey Tube tunnel between Oakland and Alameda.
Realtor Walter H. Leimert built the bridge in order to develop the Oakmore Heights area. The Park Boulevard #18 street car line spurred off the Key System and crossed the bridge connecting Oakmore to central Oakland until the late 1940s; the streetcar power lines were then converted to street lighting.
It became a City of Oakland landmark in 1980.
Mailman. Erika. Oakland Hills (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-7385-2926-5
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Loni Hancock
Loni Hancock is currently serving in her first term as the representative of California State Senate District 9. The 9th Senate District currently includes Alameda, Albany, Berkeley, Castro Valley, Dublin, El Sobrante, Emeryville, Livermore, Oakland, Piedmont, Richmond, and San Pablo. She previously served as a member of the California State Assembly, representing the 14th Assembly District from 2002 to 2008, and as the mayor of Berkeley, California from 1986 to 1994. Hancock is a member of the Democratic Party. She has a B.A. from Ithaca College. Hancock has lived in Berkeley since 1964 and is married to Berkeley Mayor and former District 14 California State Assemblymember Tom Bates. She has two children, two stepchildren from Bates' previous marriage, and seven grandchildren.
Hancock served Berkeley as a member of the city council from 1971 to 1979. One of Hancock's achievements as a member of the council was the preservation of the Berkeley marina from development. She helped conduct a study by a group of students from the University of California at Berkeley that showed that major development in the marina area would threaten the wildlife in the area.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Lost Coast
The Lost Coast is a mostly undeveloped section of the California North Coast in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, which includes the King Range. It was named the "Lost Coast" after the area experienced depopulation in the 1930s. In addition, the steepness and related geo-technical challenges of the coastal mountains made this stretch of coastline too costly for state highway or county road builders to establish routes through the area, leaving it the most undeveloped portion of the California coast.
The region roughly spans from Rockport to Ferndale. At the south end, State Route 1, which runs very close along the coast for most of its length, instead turns inland at Rockport before merging with U.S. Route 101 at Leggett. At the north end, State Route 211 begins its journey at Ferndale, heading towards Highway 101 in Fernbridge. Section 511 of the California Streets and Highways Code still says that "Route 211 is from Route 1 near Rockport to Route 101 near Fernbridge", but it is very unlikely that the portion south of Ferndale will ever get built.
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MacArthur Maze
The MacArthur Maze (or simply the Maze, also called the Distribution Structure) refers to the large freeway interchange located near the eastern end of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge in Oakland, California, and the largest freeway interchange in the world.[citation needed] Principally it can be seen as splitting Bay Bridge traffic into three freeways, the Eastshore, MacArthur and Nimitz, although other movements are important.
Because of its central location in the San Francisco Bay Area and the funneling of traffic across the few bridges spanning the bay, the Maze is a major hub for both east–west and north–south traffic in the Bay Area.
The Maze is a major corridor for commuters living in the East Bay and working in San Francisco. The Maze is next to both the Port of Oakland, which is the fourth busiest container port in the United States, and to downtown Oakland. Two major interstate freeways from beyond the Bay Area, I-80 and I-5 (via either I-80 or I-580) connect to the Maze.
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Mary Hayashi
Mary Hayashi ("Hayashi" is married surname, born August 13, 1966) was elected to the California State Assembly in 2006. She was re-elected in 2008 and 2010. She is a Democrat. She represents the 18th Assembly District which includes San Leandro, Hayward, Dublin and the unincorporated areas of Ashland, Cherryland, and San Lorenzo. She also represents most of Castro Valley, Pleasanton and a portion of Oakland. She is also a convincted thief.
Hayashi, who was born in Kwangju, South Korea, is the first Korean-American woman elected to the California state legislature.
Her primary legislative interest is health care, and she has been named Legislator of the Year by the California Medical Association. In 2011, she authored AB 25, which requires a school district to immediately remove an athlete from a school-sponsored athletic activity if he or she is suspected of sustaining a concussion or head injury. The bill was signed into law by Governor Brown. AB 25 prohibits the return of the student until he or she is evaluated by, and receives written clearance from, a licensed health care provider. In addition, the bill requires a concussion and head injury information sheet to be signed and returned by that athlete and their parent or guardian before the first practice or competition.
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Merritt College
Coordinates: 37°47′19.72″N 122°9′59.01″W / 37.7888111°N 122.1663917°W / 37.7888111; -122.1663917
Merritt College is a two-year community college located in the Oakland Hills in Alameda County, California. The school's enrollment is approximately 6,000 students. The college is named after physician Dr. Samuel Merritt.
The college, in addition to the other three campuses of the Peralta College District, is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
The college is part of the Peralta Community College District and was opened as a general campus in 1954 (it had been known as the Merritt School of Business, and along with what is now Laney College, operated by the Oakland Unified School District as Oakland Junior College, which became the nucleus of the Peralta Colleges). In 1966, two Merritt College students, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther Party.
The college originally opened in the former Grove Street campus of University High School (1923–1943), located at what is now 5714 Martin Luther King Jr. Way. This site, now rehabilitated and serving as the north campus of the Children's Hospital and Research Center Oakland, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
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Metropolitan Fresno
Metropolitan Fresno or officially Fresno-Madera, CA CSA is a metropolitan area in California's Central Valley consisting of Fresno and Madera counties in the southern area of Northern California. It is the second largest metropolitan region in the Central Valley, the first being Greater Sacramento, and 42nd largest in the United States as of 2010 census.
Metropolitan Fresno is anchored by Fresno, the fifth largest city in California and the 35th largest in the United States. The metropolitan area's Central Valley location, which is one of the world's most productive agricultural regions, allows a large agricultural economy despite being increasingly urbanized.
Metropolitan Fresno, unlike the other metropolitan regions of California, is still largely agricultural and contains a large rural land area and is centered in the San Joaquin Valley. The metropolitan area is located between the larger metropolitan areas of California, bordering the southernmost boundaries of the San Francisco Bay Area in the west and separated from the Greater Sacramento and Greater Los Angeles Areas to the north and south respectively by long distances of rural and farmland. Additionally, the lifestyle and culture of Metropolitan Fresno does not reflect the San Francisco or Sacramento influence as other areas have in Northern California due to distance from the state capital and bordering an unpopulated area of the outskirts of the Bay Area. Instead, Metropolitan Fresno is more influenced by the interior valley region of California although as the area becomes more urbanized, it has become slightly more influenced by the other metropolitan areas of Northern California, particularly the Bay Area.
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Miami
Miami ( /maɪˈæmi/ or /maɪˈæmə/) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city proper in the United States, with a population of 408,568, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. According to the US Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the seventh most populous and fifth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2010, Miami was classified as a Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the 2nd largest U.S. city (after El Paso) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
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Mills College
Mills College is an independent liberal arts and sciences college in the San Francisco Bay Area. Originally founded in 1852 as a young ladies' seminary in Benicia, California, Mills became the first women's college west of the Rockies. Currently, Mills is an undergraduate women's college in Oakland, California, with graduate programs for women and men. The college offers more than 40 undergraduate majors and 23 graduate degrees and certificates.
In 2011, U.S. News & World Report ranked Mills fifth overall among colleges and universities in the Western U.S. and seventh in the Western U.S. in "Great Schools, Great Prices," which evaluated the quality of institutions' academics against the cost of attendance.The Princeton Review ranks Mills as one of the Best 376 Colleges and one of the top "green" colleges in the U.S.
Mills College was initially founded as the Young Ladies Seminary at Benicia in 1852. It was under the leadership of Mary Atkins, a graduate of Oberlin College. In 1865, Susan Tolman Mills, a graduate of Mount Holyoke College (then Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), and her husband Cyrus Mills bought the Young Ladies Seminary renaming it Mills Seminary. In 1871, the school was moved to Oakland, California and the school was incorporated in 1877. The school became Mills College in 1885. In 1890, after serving for decades as principal (under two presidents as well), Susan Mills became the president of the college and held the position for 19 years. Beginning in 1906 the seminary classes were progressively eliminated. In 1921, Mills granted its first master's degrees.
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Milwaukee
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
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Minneapolis
Minneapolis (pronunciation:i/ˌmɪniːˈæpəlɪs/), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City", is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
As of the 2010 Census, the population of the city of Minneapolis is 382,578. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with approximately 3.3 million residents. The city is abundantly rich in water, with over twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi river, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Among cities of similar densities, Minneapolis has the most dedicated parkland. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing the fifth highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. It has cultural organizations that draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing, and music. The community's diverse population has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and VOLAGs, as well as private and corporate philanthropy.
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Mongolia
Mongoliai/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (Mongolian: Монгол улс (help·info), literally Mongol country/state) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Gökturks and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to their earlier pattern of constant internal conflict and occasional raids on the Chinese borderlands. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Mongolia came under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. At the end of the 17th century, all of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence from the Republic of China, and until 1945 to gain international recognition.
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Morcom Rose Garden
The Morcom Rose Garden (formerly the Morcom Amphitheater of Roses) is located in a residential neighborhood in Oakland, California, near the Piedmont border. The exact address is 700 Jean St., Oakland, CA 94610.
The Rose Garden was constructed in 1932 as a project of the Works Progress Administration. It was named in honor of former Oakland mayor Fred N. Morcom. As well as thousands of roses, the garden features winding walkways, a reflecting pool, and a cascading fountain. The garden is available for weddings and can hold up to 200 people.
Coordinates: 37°49′11.0424″N 122°14′49.1892″W / 37.819734°N 122.246997°W / 37.819734; -122.246997
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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Mosswood Park
Mosswood Park is an 11-acre (45,000 m2) public park in Oakland, California, located on W MacArthur Boulevard between Webster Street and Broadway. The address is 3612 Webster St. It is managed by the city's Department of Parks and Recreation. It contains a community recreation center as well as extensive grassy lawns, picnic areas, children's play equipment, dog runs, tennis and basketball courts, and baseball fields.
Programs at the park include after-school tutoring for grades K-7, along with numerous other after-school classes.
Mosswood Park is situated on the former estate of J. Mora Moss, who built a Carpenter Gothic style mansion there in 1864. After he married Julia Wood, he combined their two surnames to name it Mosswood. The mansion, an Oakland Heritage Landmark, still stands but is in poor repair and is used for office and storage space by the Park and Recreation Department.
The city purchased a portion of the estate, including the house, in 1907 for use as a park. Over the years the park was augmented with two amphitheaters and a decorative pergola. During the 1950s there were children's plays in one of the amphitheaters every week, put on by the Mosswood Children's Theatre Teen Troupe. However, that amphitheater was demolished in the 1960s when Interstate 580 was built and an on-ramp was constructed through that part of the park.
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Nakhodka
Nakhodka (Russian: Нахо́дка; IPA: [nɐˈxotkə]) is a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated on the Trudny Peninsula jutting into the Nakhodka Bay of the Sea of Japan, about 85 kilometers (53 mi) east of Vladivostok. Population: 159,695 (2010 Census preliminary results); 148,826 (2002 Census); 160,056 (1989 Census).
In 1950–1991, when the nearby large port of Vladivostok was closed to foreigners and foreign shipping, Nakhodka became the primary deep water port in the Russian Far East.
Nakhodka Bay, around which the city is organized, was discovered in 1859 by the Russian corvette Amerika, which sought shelter in the bay during a storm. In honor of this occasion, the ice-free and relatively calm bay was named Nakhodka, which in Russian means "discovery" or "lucky find".
Until the 20th century the area around the bay remained uninhabited, with the first settlement a small fishing village founded in 1907.[citation needed] When the Soviet government decided to build a harbor in the area in the 1930s, a number of small settlements were founded, which were merged as a work settlement in the 1940s. On May 18, 1950, the settlement, by then with a population of about 28,000 residents, was granted town status.[citation needed]
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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
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Northern California
Northern California is the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. The San Francisco Bay Area (which includes the cities of San Francisco, Oakland, and the largest city of the region, San Jose), and Sacramento (the state capital) as well as its metropolitan area are the main population centers. It also contains redwood forests, along with the Sierra Nevada including Yosemite Valley and Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta (the second-highest peak in the Cascade Range after Mount Rainier in Washington), and the northern half of the Central Valley, one of the world's most productive agricultural regions.
The area also contains one of the 11 megaregions of the United States, spanning from the San Francisco Bay Area east to the Lake Tahoe-Reno area, and from Metropolitan Fresno north to Greater Sacramento.
Native Americans arrived in Northern California at least as early as 8,000 to 5,000 BC and perhaps even much before, and successive waves of arrivals led to one of the most densely populated areas of pre-Columbian North America. The arrival of European explorers from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries, did not establish European settlements in Northern California. In 1770, the Spanish mission at Monterey was the first European settlement in the area, followed by other missions along the coast—eventually extending as far north as Sonoma County.
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Oakland Army Base
The Oakland Army Base, also known as the Oakland Army Terminal, was a former United States Army base in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. The base was located on the Oakland waterfront just south of the eastern entrance to the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge.
Construction of the base commenced in 1941, as an expansion of the San Francisco Port of Embarkation based at Fort Mason on the San Francisco waterfront. Initially named the Oakland Sub-Port of the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, the base was renamed the Oakland Army Base in 1944. The installation moved in excess of 8.5 million tons of cargo during World War II, and 7.2 million tons of cargo passed through the terminal during the Korean War.
In 1946, the Oakland Army Base expanded to incorporate the administrative and cantonment area of the Port formerly known as Camp John T. Knight in honor of World War I Brigadier General John Thornton Knight.
In 1955 the San Francisco Port of Embarkation became the U.S. Army Transportation Terminal Command Pacific, and the Oakland Army Base became the Oakland Army Terminal. In 1964 the headquarters of the command moved from Fort Mason to the Oakland Army Terminal, and in 1966 the terminal was renamed back to the Oakland Army Base. During the Vietnam War, Oakland Army Base served as a major transit station for U.S. soldiers enroute to and returning from all deployment locations in East Asia--such as Vietnam and Korea. The base closed on September 30, 1999.
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Oakland City Center
Oakland City Center is an office and shopping and hotel complex in Downtown Oakland, California. The complex is the product of a redevelopment project begun in the late 1950s. It covers twelve city blocks between Broadway on the east, Martin Luther King Jr. Way. on the west, 14th Street on the north side of the complex and the Oakland Convention Center and Marriott Hotel extend south to 10th Street. An hourly parking garage is located beneath the complex's shopping mall. The mall features an upscale fitness and racquet club, in addition to numerous take-out restaurants and other stores.
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Oakland City Hall
Oakland City Hall is the seat of government for the city of Oakland, California. The current building was completed in 1914, after its predecessor was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Standing at the height of 320 feet (98 m), it was the first high-rise government building in the United States. At the time it was built, it was also the tallest building west of the Mississippi River.
The building was designed by New York-based architecture firm Palmer & Hornbostel in 1910, after winning a nation-wide design competition. The building, constructed in the Beaux-Arts style, resembles a "rectangular wedding cake". It consists of three tiers. The bottom tier serves the foundation. It is three-story tall and houses the mayor's office, the city council chamber, hearing rooms, and a police station with a firing range below in the basement. The thinner second tier follows; it is a ten-story tall office tower. The top floor of this section (the 12th floor) houses a 36-cell jail with an outdoor yard that has gone unused since the 1960s. Above the second tier is the two-story tall podium with a clock tower on top. The exterior is built using white granite and terra cotta, while the inside is built using white and black marble. The building was nicknamed "Mayor Mott's wedding cake" after former Oakland Mayor Frank Kanning Mott, a key player in passing the bond to pay for the new City Hall, married the same year construction began.
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Oakland Estuary
Coordinates: 37°47′41.02″N 122°18′54.92″W / 37.7947278°N 122.3152556°W / 37.7947278; -122.3152556
The Oakland Estuary is the body of water separating the cities of Oakland and Alameda, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. On its western end it connects to San Francisco Bay, while its eastern end connects to San Leandro Bay.
The Estuary is spanned by two underwater tubes and three bridges. They are, from west to east:
Although the estuary was used by Native American tribes inhabiting the local area since about 4000 BC, the earliest recorded history of the Oakland Estuary dates primarily from events extending back to the 19th century, as detailed in a research study conducted by Earth Metrics for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.(Earth Metrics, 1990)(Shreffler, 1994) The Oakland Estuary and tributary stream channels were used for shipping transport regularly by the 1850s; early maritime commerce featured movement of lumber and cattle hides. At this time land west of Lake Merritt Slough consisted of undeveloped marshlands. In 1853 the first dredging project of this estuary was initiated to enable ferry service to San Francisco. By the late 19th century further landside development occurred featuring wharf expansions, railroad service and shipbuilding. By the early 20th century the industrial pace accelerated and brought numerous industries to the Oakland Estuary, including a number of uses which contributed to sediment contamination of the estuary, such as paint manufacturing, pesticide storage, coal distillation, foundry uses and petroleum refineries. It is also home to local rowing team The Oakland Strokes.
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Oakland Long Wharf
The Oakland Long Wharf, later known as the Oakland Pier or the SP Mole was a massive railroad wharf and ferry pier in Oakland, California. It was located at the foot of Seventh Street.
The pier began as a smaller landing called Gibbon's Wharf extending from Gibbons Point, later renamed Oakland Point, westward into San Francisco Bay. In 1868 the Central Pacific Railroad acquired this pier which it renamed the Oakland Long Wharf and immediately began extending and improving. The CPRR floated freight to San Francisco starting in 1871. Part of the wharf was filled in between 1879 and 1882, creating a mole. Local commuter trains also used the pier, while trains of the Pacific Railroad (aka the "First Transcontinental Railroad") used another wharf in nearby Alameda for about two months in 1869 (September 6 - November 7) after which the Oakland Long Wharf became the western terminus of the Pacific Railroad as well. From there ferries carried both commuters and long distance passengers between the Long Wharf and San Francisco.
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Ocho Rios
Ocho Rios (Spanish for "Eight Rivers") is a town in the parish of Saint Ann on the north coast of Jamaica. Although he landed in many spots along the Jamaican coast, many believe[who?] that Christopher Columbus first set foot on land in Ocho Rios. Just outside the city, travelers and residents can visit Columbus Park, where Columbus supposedly first came on land, and see maritime artifacts and Spanish colonial buildings.
It was once a fishing village but now caters to tourists. It is a port of call for cruise ships as well as for cargo ships loading sugar, limestone, and in the past, bauxite.[citation needed]Scuba diving and other water sports are offered in the town's vicinity.
The name "Ocho Rios" is a misnomer because there are not eight rivers in the area. It is most likely a British corruption of the original Spanish name "Las Chorreras" ("the waterfalls"), a name given to the village because of the nearby Dunn's River Falls.
The north coast highway from the international airport at Montego Bay to Ocho Rios has been improved since 2000 and the journey is now an hour and forty five minutes drive. On 26 August, 2011, the Jamaican government announced a $21 million revitalization plan for the resort area.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City (Pawnee: Uukuhuuwasiri ) is the capital and the largest city in the US state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's population, from the 2010 census, was 579,999, with a metro-area population of 1,252,987 . In 2010, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,322,249 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county).
Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center. (These two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively.)
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Old Oakland
Coordinates: 37°48′3.85″N 122°16′25.98″W / 37.8010694°N 122.2738833°W / 37.8010694; -122.2738833
Old Oakland, formally known as the Old Oakland Historic District, is a historic district in downtown Oakland, California. The area is located on the northwest side of Broadway, between the City Center complex and the Jack London Square district, and across Broadway from Chinatown.
The Old Oakland district was the "original" downtown Oakland during the 1860s after Central Pacific Railroad constructed a terminus on 7th Street. By the 1870s, elegant brick Victorian hotels were being built in the blocks surrounding the railroad station to accommodate travelers. The ground floor of the hotels were designed as series of narrow shops so that pedestrians would pass by many of them just walking down the block. The architectural styles of the time featured tall, cast-iron columns and large plate-glass windows.
The downtown began its decline after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when the shopping district began moving to the blocks north of 14th.
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Oxnard Plain
The Oxnard Plain is a large coastal plain in southwest Ventura County, California bounded by the Santa Monica Mountains, the Santa Susana Mountains, and Oak Ridge (beyond which lies the Conejo Valley) to the east, the Topatopa Mountains to the north, the Santa Clara River Valley to the northeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south and west. The Oxnard Plain is also home to the western half of the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura Metro Area which includes the cities of Oxnard, Ventura, Camarillo, Port Hueneme and Santa Paula, as well as the unincorporated towns of Channel Islands, El Rio, Montalvo, Saticoy and Somis.
The alluvial plain is home to some of the most fertile soil in the world, and as such, agriculture is one of the region's most vital and important industries. The Oxnard Plain is known for its strawberries, leading to the moniker "Strawberry Capital of the World" and the annual California Strawberry Festival, the nation's largest. (Likewise, Santa Paula is called "The Citrus Capital of the World".) Oxnard Plain is also a major producer of celery, lima beans, lettuce, tomatoes, broccoli, onions and citrus fruits, namely lemons. The Plain also produces a major proportion of the transplanted Asian vegetable crop for the US including produce such as Bok Choi.
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Park Street Bridge
Coordinates: 37°46′18.08″N 122°14′11.65″W / 37.7716889°N 122.2365694°W / 37.7716889; -122.2365694
The Park Street Bridge is a small drawbridge that crosses the Oakland Estuary in the San Francisco Bay Area. It links the cities of Oakland and Alameda. Because the Port of Oakland no longer uses its facilities south of Jack London Square, the drawbridge is rarely opened. The bridge was built when the Oakland Estuary was trenched, converting Alameda from a peninsula to an island.
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Patten University
Coordinates: 37°47′10.81″N 122°13′10.46″W / 37.7863361°N 122.2195722°W / 37.7863361; -122.2195722
Patten University is a private institution of higher education in Oakland, California.
The school was founded in 1944 by evangelical preacher Dr. Bebe Patten as the Oakland Bible Institute, and was affiliated with the Christian Evangelical Churches of America, a denomination established by Dr. Bebe Patten. In 1997 it became an affiliate university of the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee).[citation needed]
Patten University is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) and authorized by the California State Board of Education. It offers Associate and Bachelor’s degrees in religious fields, business, and liberal arts and sciences. Master’s degree programs are available in education and business management. A special Associate of Science in General Studies is available only to active duty military personnel.
The school participates in two NAIA sports: Men's baseball and women's softball.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Port of Oakland
The Port of Oakland is the first major port on the Pacific Coast of the United States to build terminals for container ships. It is now the fifth busiest container port in the United States, behind Long Beach, Los Angeles, Newark, and Savannah. Development of an intermodal container handling system in 2002 culminated over a decade of planning and construction to produce a high volume cargo facility that positions the Port of Oakland for further expansion of the West Coast freight market share.
Originally, the estuary, 500 feet (150 m) wide, had a depth of two feet at mean low tide. In 1852, the year of Oakland's incorporation as a town by the California State Legislature, large shipping wharves were constructed along the Oakland Estuary, which was dredged to create a viable shipping channel. 22 years later, in 1874, the previously dredged shipping channel was deepened to make Oakland a deep water port.
In the late 19th century, the Southern Pacific was granted exclusive rights to the port, a decision the city soon came to regret. In January 1906, a small work party in the employ of the Western Pacific Railroad, which had just begun construction, hastily threw a crossing over the SP line to connect the WP mainline with trackage built on an area of landfill. This act, protested by the SP and later held up in court, broke the railroad's grip on the port area. The courts ruled that all landfill since the date of the agreement did not belong to the SP. This ruling ended SP control and made the modern Port of Oakland possible.
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Radio Beach
The Radio Beach Shoreline, on the San Francisco Bay, is the only beach in Oakland, California. It borders the onramp to the Bay Bridge, leading into San Francisco. Its name refers to the radio towers on the beach.
Coordinates: 37°49′30″N 122°19′03″W / 37.824894°N 122.317502°W / 37.824894; -122.317502
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Sacramento Valley
The Sacramento Valley is the portion of the California Central Valley that lies to the north of the San Joaquin-Sacramento Delta in the U.S. state of California. It encompasses all or parts of ten counties.
The Sacramento River and its tributaries dominate the geography of the Sacramento Valley. Rising in the various mountain ranges (the various Northern Coast Ranges to the west, the southern Siskiyou Mountains to the north, and the northern Sierra Nevada to the east) that define the shape of the valley, they provide water for agricultural, industrial, residential, and recreation uses. Most of the rivers are heavily dammed and diverted.
The terrain of the Sacramento Valley is primarily flat grasslands that become lusher as one moves east from the rain shadow of the Coast Ranges toward the Sierras. Unlike the San Joaquin Valley, which in its pre-irrigation state was a vegetation-hostile desert, the somewhat less arid Sacramento Valley had significant tracts of forest prior to the arrival of settlers of European ancestry. Most of it was cut down during the California Gold Rush and the ensuing wave of white American settlement. Although there are still some heavily tree-populated areas such as the greater Sacramento area.
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San Antonio
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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San Diego
San Diego /ˌsæn diːˈeɪɡoʊ/ is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the U.S. Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology enclave. The population was 1,301,617 at the 2010 census.
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission of San Diego, founded in 1769, were the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of newly independent Mexico, and in 1850, became part of the United States following the Mexican-American War and the admission of California to the union.
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San Fernando Valley
The San Fernando Valley (locally known as "The Valley") is an urbanized valley located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of southern California, United States, defined by the dramatic mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it. Home to 1.76 million people, it lies north of the larger and more populous Los Angeles Basin.
Nearly two thirds of the Valley's land area is part of the city of Los Angeles. The other incorporated cities in the valley are Burbank, Glendale, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas.
The San Fernando Valley is about 260 square miles (670 km2) bounded by the Santa Susana Mountains to the northwest, the Simi Hills to the west, the Santa Monica Mountains and Chalk Hills to the south, the Verdugo Mountains to the east, and the San Gabriel Mountains to the northeast. The northern Sierra Pelona Mountains, northwestern Topatopa Mountains, southern Santa Ana Mountains, and Downtown Los Angeles skyscrapers can be seen from higher neighborhoods, passes, and parks in the San Fernando Valley.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
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San Joaquin Valley
The San Joaquin Valley /ˌsæn hwɑːˈkiːn/ is the area of the Central Valley of California that lies south of the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta in Stockton. Although most of the valley is rural, it does contain MSAs (urban cities and suburbs) such as Delano, Fresno, Bakersfield, Stockton, Modesto, Visalia, Porterville, Merced, Madera, and Hanford.
The San Joaquin Valley extends from the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta in the north to the Tehachapi Mountains in the south, and from the various California coastal ranges (from the Diablo Range in the north to the Temblor Range in the south) in the west to the Sierra Nevada in the east. Unlike the Sacramento Valley, the river system for which the San Joaquin Valley is named does not extend very far along the valley. Most of the valley south of Fresno instead drains into Tulare Lake, which no longer exists continuously due to diversion of its sources. The valley's primary river is the San Joaquin, which drains north through about half of the valley into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The Kings, and Kern rivers are in the southern endorheic basin of the valley, all of which have been largely diverted for agricultural uses and are mostly dry in their lower reaches.
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San Leandro Bay
San Leandro Bay is a body of water in the San Francisco Bay. It is connected to the Oakland Estuary today, but was originally separated by land which formerly connected Alameda with Oakland. It is located along the east of the Oakland International Airport and Bay Farm Island. The principal stream which flows into San Leandro Bay is San Leandro Creek. Damon Marsh is located there.
Coordinates: 37°45′07″N 122°13′16″W / 37.752°N 122.221°W / 37.752; -122.221
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San Pablo Bay
San Pablo Bay is a tidal estuary that forms the northern extension of San Francisco Bay in northern California in the United States. Most of the Bay is shallow; however, there is a deep water channel approximately in mid bay, which allows access to Sacramento, Stockton, Benicia, Martinez, and other smaller Delta ports.
It receives the waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, via Suisun Bay and the Carquinez Strait on its northeast end, and it connects to the Pacific Ocean via the San Francisco Bay on its southern end. The bay is heavily silted from the contributions of the two rivers, which themselves drain most of the Central Valley of California. San Pablo Bay also receives the waters of Sonoma Creek through the Napa Sonoma Marsh, San Rafael Creek, and the Petaluma River directly, and the Napa River which flows into the Carquinez Strait via the Mare Island Strait near its entrance into the bay. All tributaries except for Sonoma Creek are commercially navigable and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
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Sandré Swanson
Sandré Swanson (born November 28, 1948) was elected to the California State Assembly in November 2006. Mr. Swanson represents the 16th Assembly District. The district includes the cities of Alameda, Oakland, and Piedmont. Swanson previously served as Chief of Staff to Congresswoman Barbara Lee, he was also district director and a Senior Policy Advisor to then Congressman Ron Dellums. Swanson is a Democrat. Swanson endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 presidential election.
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Santa Clara Valley
The Santa Clara Valley (also known as Silicon Valley) is a valley just south of the San Francisco Bay in Northern California in the United States. Much of Santa Clara County and its county seat, San José, are in the Santa Clara Valley. The valley was originally known as the Valley of Heart’s Delight for its high concentration of orchards, flowering trees, and plants. Until the 1960s it was the largest fruit production and packing region in the world, with 39 canneries. Once primarily agricultural because of its highly fertile soil, it is now largely urbanized, although its far southern reaches south of Gilroy remain rural. Silicon Valley is roughly coterminous with the Santa Clara Valley, although since the former is as much a state of mind as an actual location, people often refer to parts of the San Francisco Peninsula as being part of Silicon Valley as well. Locally, the Santa Clara Valley is also referred to as the "South Bay." Few traces of its agricultural past can still be found, but the Santa Clara Valley American Viticultural Area remains a large wine-making region. It is the first commercial wine-producing region in California (and possibly the United States), utilizing high-quality French varietal vines imported from France.
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Santa Clarita Valley
The Santa Clarita Valley is the valley of the Santa Clara River in Southern California. It stretches through Los Angeles County and Ventura County. Its main population center is the city of Santa Clarita. The valley was part of the 48,612-acre (19,673 ha) Rancho San Francisco Mexican land grant. Some of the communities within the SCV include the city of Santa Clarita, which is made up of Canyon Country, Newhall, Saugus, and Valencia. Adjacent unincorporated communities include Castaic, Stevenson Ranch, Sunset Pointe, Tesoro, Val Verde, Westridge and the new master planned community of Newhall Ranch.
Downstream of Santa Clarita, the valley is called Heritage Valley, consisting of Piru, Fillmore, and Santa Paula. The upstream portion is called Soledad Canyon which contains the communities of Vincent, Acton, Ravenna, and Agua Dulce.
The internationally renowned California Institute of the Arts, commonly referred to as CalArts, is located in Santa Clarita Valley in Valencia.
College of the Canyons is a public two-year community college that operates within the Santa Clarita Community College District. The college is located on 153.4 acres (62.1 ha) of rolling, tree-dotted hills in the incorporated city of Santa Clarita in northern Los Angeles County, California. The college’s address is: 26455 Rockwell Canyon Road, Santa Clarita, CA 91355. Dr. Dianne G. Van Hook is president of the college and chancellor of the Santa Clarita Community College District. She has headed the college and district since 1988.
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Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city of Cuba and capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island, some 540 miles (870 km) south-east of the Cuban capital of Havana.
The municipality extends over 1,023.8 square kilometers (395.3 sq mi), and contains the communities of El Caney, Guilera, Antonio Maceo, Bravo, Castillo Duany, Leyte Vidal and Moncada.
Historically Santiago de Cuba has long been the second most important city on the island after Havana, and still remains the second largest. It is on a bay connected to the Caribbean Sea and is an important sea port. In 2004 the city of Santiago de Cuba had a population of about 494,337 people.
Santiago de Cuba was founded by Spanish conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar on June 28, 1514. In 1516 the settlement was destroyed by fire, and was immediately rebuilt. This was the starting point of the expeditions led by Juan de Grijalba and Hernán Cortés to the coasts of Mexico in 1518, and in 1538 by Hernando de Soto's expedition to Florida. The first cathedral was built in the city in 1528. From 1522 until 1589 Santiago was the capital of the Spanish colony of Cuba.
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Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Sekondi Takoradi
Sekondi-Takoradi, population 445,205 (2012), comprising the twin cities of Sekondi and Takoradi, is the capital of the Western Region of Ghana. It is Ghana's fourth largest city and an industrial and commercial center. The chief industries are timber, plywood, shipbuilding and railroad repair and recently, oil. It lies on the main railway lines to Accra and Kumasi.
Sekondi, older and larger, was the site of Dutch Fort Orange (1642) and English Fort Sekondi (1682). It prospered from a railroad built in 1903 to hinterland mineral and timber resources. Takoradi was the site of Dutch Fort Witsen (1665) and has an important deepwater seaport, Ghana's first, built in 1928. During World War II, Takoradi Air Base was an important staging point for British aircraft destined for Egypt.26 Squadron SAAF was also based in Takoradi during WWII flying anti-submarine and convoy protection patrols over the Atlantic. A number of South African airmen are buried in the Takoradi European Public cemetery.
The cities combined in 1946.On November 20, 1969, the city became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sekondi–Takoradi.
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Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley refers to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology corporations. The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for one-third (1/3) of all of the venture capital investment in the United States. Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula Valley, and the southern East Bay.
The term Silicon Valley was coined by Ralph Vaerst, a successful Central California entrepreneur. Its first published use is credited to Don Hoefler, a friend of Vaerst's, who used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. The series, entitled "Silicon Valley in the USA," began in the paper's issue dated January 11, 1971. Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the semiconductor (silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially) and computer industries that were concentrated in the area. These firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight.
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Southern California
Southern California (SoCal) is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of California. Large urban areas include Greater Los Angeles and Greater San Diego. The urban area stretches along the coast from Ventura through the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego. The United States - Mexico border makes up the southern border. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the nation.
Southern California's population encompasses five metropolitan, or MSA, areas: Los Angeles County and Orange County together make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; the Inland Empire consists of such cities as Riverside, Ontario, and San Bernardino; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metro area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas; the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over 4 million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; with San Diego as Southern California's other CSA metropolitan area. With over 22 million people, roughly 60% of California's population resides in Southern California.
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Tomales Bay
Tomales Bay is a long narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean in Marin County in northern California in the United States. It is approximately 15 miles (25 km) long and averages nearly 1.0 miles (1.6 km) wide, effectively separating the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland of Marin County. It is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) northwest of San Francisco. The bay forms the eastern boundary of Point Reyes National Seashore. Tomales Bay is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy. On its northern end it opens out onto Bodega Bay, which shelters it from the direct current of the Pacific. The bay is formed along a submerged portion of the San Andreas Fault.
Oyster farming is a major industry on the bay. The two largest producers are Tomales Bay Oyster Co and Hog Island Oyster Co, both of which retail oysters to the public and have picnic grounds on the east shore. Hillsides east of Tomales Bay are grazed by cows belonging to local dairies. There is also grazing land west of the bay, on farms and ranches leased from Point Reyes National Seashore.
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Uptown Oakland
Coordinates: 37°48′33.76″N 122°16′14.55″W / 37.8093778°N 122.2707083°W / 37.8093778; -122.2707083
Uptown is a neighborhood in Downtown Oakland, California, located just north of the center of downtown. Its boundaries are ill-defined, but most definitions include the area bounded by 27th Street at the north, San Pablo Avenue and I980 on the west, City Center plaza on the south, and Broadway on the east.
Uptown was Oakland's main shopping district in the early to mid 20th century. Many buildings from that era remain, including the Capwell's department store (now a Sears), and the Art Deco I. Magnin. The Paramount Theater is located here on Broadway, as is the Fox Oakland Theatre, on Telegraph.
West of Telegraph Avenue, the neighborhood was for many years been largely made up of parking lots and garages. Most of these due to the cut and cover method the BART line employed in construction, destroying many of the older residential and commercial buildings. The area has gone through several failed urban renewal projects and proposals, including proposals for a shopping mall, an entertainment district, high-rise housing, and a professional baseball stadium.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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Amelia Earhart
Amelia Mary Earhart (/ˈɛərhɑrt/ AIR-hart; July 24, 1897 – disappeared 1937) was a noted American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first woman to receive the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross, awarded for becoming the first aviatrix to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She set many other records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Earhart joined the faculty of the Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.
During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra, Earhart disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. Fascination with her life, career and disappearance continues to this day.
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Anthony Batts
Anthony W. Batts is the former chief of police for Oakland, California, United States and previously was the chief of police for Long Beach, California. He announced his resignation on October 11, 2011, without specifying an effective date, and Mayor Jean Quan appointed Howard Jordan as a interim Chief as of October 13, 2011. Batts worked in the Long Beach Police Department for 27 years, rising to Chief of Police in 2002. Under Batts homicides decreased 45% and overall crime decreased 13% in Long Beach. Batts has said that he was motivated to seek the Oakland Chief of Police job by the aftermath of the killing of four Oakland police officers in March, 2009.
In June, 2010, amid budget cuts and layoffs, Batts announced there would be 44 crimes to which 9-1-1 dispatchers would not send Oakland's police, mainly crimes where no immediate danger and no criminals appeared to be present at the scene.[citation needed]
In January 2011, Batts was revealed as a top candidate for San Jose, California Chief of Police. The following month, Batts announced he would remain with the Oakland Police Department, a few days after mayor Jean Quan announced a plan which included rehiring ten of the 80 officers who were laid off the previous summer.
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Antonio Villaraigosa
Antonio Ramón Villaraigosa ( /ˌviː.əraɪˈɡoʊsə/; born January 23, 1953), born Antonio Ramón Villar, Jr., is the 41st and current Mayor of Los Angeles, California, the third Mexican American to have ever held office in the city of Los Angeles and the first in over 130 years. He is also the current president of the United States Conference of Mayors. He was elected mayor on May 17, 2005, defeating incumbent mayor James Hahn, and then re-elected for a second term in 2009. Prior to his election as mayor, Villaraigosa was the California State Assemblyman for the 45th District, the Speaker of the California State Assembly, and the Los Angeles City Councilman representing the 14th District. Due to term limits, he is ineligible to run for a third term in 2013.
Before being elected to public office, Villaraigosa was a labor organizer. He served as a national co-chairman of Hillary Rodham Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign and as a member of President Barack Obama's Transition Economic Advisory Board. He will serve as chair of the 2012 Democratic National Convention in September 2012.
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Ashley Swearengin
Ashley Swearengin (born 1972) is the Mayor of Fresno, California and is Fresno's second female mayor. She was elected in a runoff election on November 4, 2008. Born in Texas and raised in Arkansas, she moved to Fresno with her family in 1987. Swearengin is an alumna of Fresno Christian High School and California State University, Fresno.
Swearengin campaigned on the four "priority issues" of Jobs and Education; Safe, Quality Neighborhoods; Effective and Responsive Government; and Regional Leadership.
Swearengin's husband, Paul Swearengin, is a popular radio personality in the Central Valley. He is the host of the Paul Swearengin sports show on KFIG 1430, Fresno's local ESPN Radio station. On the day his wife took office, he joked, "They're gonna be swearin' in Swearengin!"
In March 2012, Ashley Swearengin announced that the City was likely to go bankrupt because of decisions made under her watch, as the Central Valley has seen recent fast paced recovery while Fresno lags behind other major cities. Ashley Swearengin has also been heavily criticized for giving three pay raises to Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer, including one in which he retired and then was immediately hired back with a pay raise of $10,000 per year.
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Barbara Lee
Barbara Jean Lee (born July 16, 1946) is the U.S. Representative for California's 9th congressional district, serving since 1998. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She is the first woman to represent that district. Lee was the Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus and was the Co-Chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus. Lee is notable as the only member of either house of Congress to vote against the authorization of use of force following the September 11, 2001 attacks. This made her a hero among many in the anti-war movement. Lee has been a vocal critic of the war in Iraq and supports legislation creating a Department of Peace.
Congresswoman Lee was born in El Paso, Texas. She moved from Texas to California in 1960 with her military family parents, and attended San Fernando High School in San Fernando, California. She was a young single mother of two receiving public assistance when she began attending college. Lee was educated at Mills College and received an M.S.W. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1975.
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Benny Goodman
Benjamin David “Benny” Goodman (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader; widely known as the "King of Swing".
In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in America. His January 16, 1938 concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz's 'coming out' party to the world of 'respectable' music."
Goodman's bands launched the careers of many major names in jazz, and during an era of segregation, he also led one of the first well-known racially-integrated jazz groups. Goodman continued to perform to nearly the end of his life, including exploring his interest in classical music.
Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire, who lived in the Maxwell Street neighborhood. His father was David Goodman, a tailor from Warsaw; his mother was Dora Grisinsky (from Kaunas, Lithuania). His parents met in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Chicago before Benny was born.
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Bill Bogaard
William Joseph "Bill" Bogaard (born 1938 in Sioux City, Iowa) is an American Democratic politician, and the current mayor of Pasadena, California, elected in 1999, and re-elected with an overwhelming majority of the vote (over 85%) in 2003. Bogaard is the first elected mayor of Pasadena since the 1940s, the longest serving mayor in Pasadena's history, and the only mayor to serve non-consecutive terms (Bogaard served a two-year term as mayor in the 1980s).
Prior to being elected mayor, Bogaard was a lawyer, and taught at the University of Michigan and the University of Southern California. He graduated from Loyola Marymount University and was a captain in the U.S. Air Force. He obtained his juris doctorate degree from the University of Michigan. His wife is Claire Bogaard, who moved with Bill to Pasadena in 1971, and they have four children.
In the 2006 election, Bogaard sought re-election for a third term as Mayor. His opponent was Aaron Proctor. The election was held on March 6, 2007.
Bogaard easily won the March 6, 2007 election against Proctor, getting 11,558 votes (88.7% of the vote).
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Billie Joe Armstrong
Billie Joe Armstrong (born February 17, 1972) is an American rock musician and occasional actor, best known as the lead vocalist, main songwriter and lead guitarist for the American punk rock band Green Day. He is also a guitarist and vocalist for the punk rock band Pinhead Gunpowder and provides lead vocals for Green Day's side project Foxboro Hot Tubs.
Raised in Rodeo, California, Armstrong developed an interest in music at a young age, and recorded his first song at the age of five. He met Mike Dirnt while attending elementary school, and the two instantly bonded over their mutual interest in music, forming the band Sweet Children when the two were 15 years old. The band changed its name to Green Day, and would later achieve massive commercial success. Armstrong has also pursued musical projects outside of Green Day's work, including numerous collaborations with other musicians as well as serving as the primary vocalist for the bands Pinhead Gunpowder and Foxboro Hot Tubs.
Billie Joe Armstrong was born in Piedmont, California, a small town surrounded by the city of Oakland, and was raised in Rodeo, California, as the youngest of six children to Andrew "Andy" Armstrong and Ollie Jackson. His father worked as a jazz musician and truck driver for Safeway Inc. to support his family. He died of esophageal cancer on September 10, 1982. The song "Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a memorial to his father. He has five older siblings: David, Alan, Marci, Hollie, and Anna. His mother worked at Rod's Hickory Pit restaurant in El Cerrito. Armstrong and Mike Dirnt's first live performance was at Rod's Hickory Pit in 1987; their first performance under the name Green Day was in Davis, a college town approximately an hour's drive northeast of San Francisco Bay.
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Bobby Seale
Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 22, 1936), is an activist. He is known for co-founding the Black Panther Party with Huey Newton.
Seale was one of the three children born to his mother, a homemaker, and his father, a carpenter, in Dallas, Texas. After moving around in Texas, his family relocated to Oakland, California during World War II. Seale attended Berkeley High School, and joined the U.S. Air Force in 1955. He spent three years in the Air Force before he received a bad conduct discharge for fighting with a commanding officer. Upon his arrival back in Oakland, Seale began working at different aerospace plants as a sheet metal mechanic, and attending night school to earn his high school diploma.
In 1962, at the age of 25, Seale began attending Merritt College, a community college located on what was then Grove Street, now Martin Luther King Jr Way, near the Berkeley city-limits. There he would join the Afro-American Association, (AAA) and met Huey Newton, with whom he later co-founded the Black Panther Party. Seale and co-founder Newton became increasingly skeptical about the direction of the AAA, particularly the AAA's tendency to analyze rather than act on the problems facing black Americans.
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Cambodian American
A Cambodian American is an American who is born, raised, or from Cambodia usually of Khmer descent but also including Chinese Cambodians, Vietnamese Cambodians, Cham people and other ethnicities of Cambodia. The term may also refer to Americans who have ancestors that are born, raised or from Cambodia.
Prior to 1975, most of the few Cambodians in the United States were children of upper income families or having government funded scholarships sent abroad to attend school. After the fall of Phnom Penh to the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975, a few Cambodians managed to escape, but not until the Khmer Rouge was overthrown in 1979 did large waves of Cambodians began immigrating to the United States as refugees. In order to encourage rapid assimilation into American culture and to spread the economic impact, the U.S. government settled the 150,000 refugees in various towns and cities throughout the country. However, once established enough to be able to communicate and travel, many Cambodians began migrating within the U.S. to certain localities where the climate was more like home, where they knew friends and relatives had been sent, or where there were rumored to be familiar jobs or higher government benefits. Consequently, large communities of Cambodians took root in cities such as Long Beach, Fresno and Stockton in California, Providence, Rhode Island, as well as Lynn and Lowell in Massachusetts, and in the Pacific Northwest, Seattle and Portland.
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Charles Lindbergh
Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) (nicknamed "Slim", "Lucky Lindy", and "The Lone Eagle") was an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist.
As a 25-year-old U.S. Air Mail pilot Lindbergh emerged suddenly from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20–21, 1927, made from Roosevelt Field located in Garden City on New York's Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France, a distance of nearly 3,600 statute miles (5,800 km), in the single-seat, single-engine purpose built Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis. Lindbergh, a U.S. Army reserve officer, was also awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his historic exploit.
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Lindbergh used his fame to promote the development of both commercial aviation and Air Mail services in the United States and the Americas. In March 1932, however, his infant son, Charles, Jr., was kidnapped and murdered in what was soon dubbed the "Crime of the Century". This eventually led to the Lindbergh family being "driven into voluntary exile" in Europe to which they sailed in secrecy from New York under assumed names in late December 1935 to "seek a safe, secluded residence away from the tremendous public hysteria" in America. The Lindberghs did not return to the United States until April, 1939.
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Cheryl Cox
Cheryl Cox (born 1949) is the mayor of Chula Vista, California.
Cox, daughter of retired United States Navy Officer, John Willett. Cox, and her husband of 30 years, San Diego County Supervisor and former Chula Vista Mayor Greg Cox, have two daughters, Elizabeth and Emmie. Both Cheryl and her two daughters have graduated from Chula Vista's Hilltop High School.
Cox received Master's degree in Political Science from San Diego State University and a Doctorate in Education from the University of Southern California. She worked for 30 years as a teacher, principal, and administrator in the Chula Vista Elementary School District; she was also an assistant professor at National University before being elected to the Chula Vista Elementary School District Board of Trustees in 2000. Dr. Cox was elected the 39th Mayor of Chula Vista, the second largest city in the County of San Diego, in 2006. Currently she is a member of the City of Chula Vista Charter Review Commission, Nature Center Board of Trustees and the President of the Sharp Chula Vista Medical Center Board of Directors. She is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino.
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Chinese American
Chinese Americans (Chinese: trad. 華裔美國人, simp. 华裔美国人, pin. Huáyì Měiguórén; t 美籍華人, s 美籍华人, p Měijí Huárén) are Americans of Chinese – particularly Han Chinese – descent. Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, as well as Malaysia, Singapore, and other countries in Southeast Asia and South America that include large populations of Chinese diaspora. Overall demographic research tends to include immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese who have immigrated from South East Asia into the broadly defined Chinese American category as both the governments of the Republic of China and the United States refer Taiwanese Americans as a separate subgroup of Chinese Americans.
The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community in North America, closely followed by the Chinese communities in Canada and Mexico. It is also the fourth largest in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The Chinese American community is the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising 25.9% of the Asian American population as of 2010. They constitute 1.2% of the United States, including those with partial Chinese ancestry. According to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million.
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Chuck Reed
Charles Rufus "Chuck" Reed (born August 15, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. Reed has served as the 64th Mayor of San Jose, California since 2007.
Reed was born in Garden City, Kansas. Reed's high school basketball team became Kansas State Champions. He joined the United States Air Force in 1970 after attending the United States Air Force Academy. At the Academy, he graduated number one in his class and served as cadet wing commander, the highest position a USAFA cadet can achieve. Reed was only the 9th person in the history of the United States Air Force Academy to max out (top score) on the Physical Fitness Test.[citation needed]
While in the Air Force, Reed attended Princeton University and received a Master's Degree in Public Affairs. Later, during the Vietnam War, he served in Thailand. He left the Air Force in 1975, having reached the rank of Captain, and attended Stanford Law School where he earned a Law degree in 1978.
After passing the bar, Reed moved to San Jose and began work as a private attorney. He specialized in environmental, employment, land use and real estate law, and commercial litigation.[citation needed]
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Don Kurth
Donald J. Kurth, Jr. (born April 26, 1949) is a physician, businessowner, educator, and mayor of the City of Rancho Cucamonga, California. He was elected President of the Rancho Cucamonga Chamber of Commerce in 1994, Director of the Cucamonga County Water District in 1996, appointed to the Rancho Cucamonga City Council in 2002, and elected mayor of Rancho Cucamonga on November 7, 2006.
Donald James Kurth, Jr. was born in Newport, Rhode Island where his father, also named Donald James Kurth, was stationed in the United States Navy. Don’s father and mother, Isabelle, both served in the hospital corps in the Navy throughout World War II. His mother taught Navy carrier pilots how to use oxygen masks for high altitude missions. His father served on the famous and highly decorated heavy cruiser, the USS New Orleans, in many battles including Pearl Harbor, Coral Sea, Midway, Eastern Solomons and Tassafaronga. During the night Battle of Tassafaronga in November 1942, the New Orleans engaged the famous “Tokyo Express” troop convoy which was supplying troops and supplies to block the United States Marine invasion of Gaudalcanal.
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Don Perata
Don Richard Perata (born April 30, 1945) is a California Democratic politician, who was President pro tempore of the California State Senate from 2004 to 2008. He came in second place in the November 2010 ballot for Mayor of Oakland. Perata now runs a political consultancy company
Perata worked with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to gain passage of five infrastructure related bond measures in 2006. Prior to serving in the State Senate, Perata served in the California State Assembly, as a member of the Board of Supervisors of Alameda County, and as a high school teacher.
Born in Alameda, California, Perata is the son of Italian immigrants. During his childhood, he helped his father, Dick to deliver milk door-to-door for the Lakehurst Creamery in Alameda. Perata graduated from Saint Joseph High School and earned his degree from Saint Mary's College of California. He taught English, History, and Civics from 1966 to 1981 in Alameda County schools. Perata has a daughter and a son.[citation needed]
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Eddie Rickenbacker
Edward Vernon Rickenbacker (October 8, 1890 – July 27, 1973) was an American fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. He was also a race car driver and automotive designer, a government consultant in military matters and a pioneer in air transportation, particularly as the longtime head of Eastern Air Lines.
He was born Edward Rickenbacher (without a middle name) in Columbus, Ohio to German-speaking Swiss immigrants. From childhood, he loved machines and experimented with them, encouraged by his father's words: "A machine has to have a purpose".
In what was to become one of the defining characteristics of Rickenbacker's life, he nearly died many times in events ranging from an early run-in with a horse-drawn carriage, to a botched tonsillectomy, to airplane crashes. His first near death experience occurred when he was in the "Horsehead Gang". He lived near a mine, and they decided to ride a cart down the slope. It tipped over and almost crushed them.
According to Rickenbacker's autobiography, at age thirteen, his schooling ended in grade seven after the accidental death of his father on August 26, 1904. However, according to Eddie Rickenbacker: An American Hero in the Twentieth Century, by W. David Lewis, his father died after an altercation with another man in Columbus. Rickenbacker found jobs to help support the family, but driven by an intense admiration for machines, Rickenbacker taught himself as much as he could, including enrolling in a correspondence course in engineering. He aggressively pursued any chance of involvement with automobiles. Rickenbacker went to work at the Columbus Buggy Company, eventually becoming a salesman.
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Elihu Harris
Elihu Mason Harris (born Aug. 15, 1947) is a former U.S. Democratic Party politician and college administrator. He served as the 46th mayor of Oakland, California from 1991 to until 1999. He served for 12 years (1978 through 1991) as a member of the California State Assembly before his election as Oakland mayor. He was the Chancellor of Peralta Community College District.
He earned an undergraduate degree in political science from California State University, East Bay. Harris received a Master of Public Policy from University of California, Berkeley in 1969 and law degree from University of California, Davis School of Law in 1972.
He was the Mayor of Oakland from 1991 until 1999. He has also served as a California Uniform Law Commissioner since 1981.
Harris co-owns Vallejo, California radio station KDIA along with former California Assembly Speaker Willie Brown.
Harris was the first major party politician to lose a state legislative race to a Green Party candidate, when he lost a race for California State Assembly to Audie Bock in 1999. In the 1999 election, Harris, an African-American, sent targeted mailers to households in selected precincts, mostly African American, urging voters to vote for him and receive a fried chicken meal if they presented a voting stub at selected supermarkets. There was voter backlash because of the perception of vote buying and had a subtext of racism. In his losing effort Harris outspent Bock better than 16 to 1 ($550,000 to $33,000).
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En Vogue
En Vogue is an American female R&B vocal group from Oakland, California assembled by music producers Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy.
The group has won more MTV Video Music Awards than any other female group in MTV history, a total of seven, along with four Soul Train Awards, six American Music Awards, and seven Grammy nominations. According to Billboard Magazine they were the 18th most successful act of the 1990s, and one of the most popular and successful female groups of all time. En Vogue have accumulated over 2,800 weeks on various Billboard charts.
Assembled in Oakland, California in July 1989, En Vogue launched with original members Cindy Herron, Maxine Jones, Dawn Robinson and Terry Ellis. The inspiration for the group came when production duo of Foster and Mc Elroy envisioned a modern-day girl group in the tradition of the 1950s/1960s female trios. The blueprint was based on the plan of recruiting singers who possessed strong voices, noticeably good looks, and intelligence. Auditions were held in 1988, with Herron, Jones and Robinson making the final cut. Like previous girl groups, En Vogue was originally conceived as a trio, but after hearing Ellis audition, Foster and McElroy decided to create a quartet. At first, they selected the name "For You." They shifted to "Vogue", but ultimately settled on En Vogue, upon learning that another group had already claimed the Vogue moniker.
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Ernest Gutierrez
Ernest Gutierrez is the former mayor of El Monte, California.
Gutierrez was elected to the El Monte City Council in 2001 and was elected mayor two years later in 2003. He has been re-elected two times.
Gutierrez has been the subject of a large amount of negative publicity over the last year, as he was accused of being intoxicated at a city-sponsored event, implementing improvements on the street that his girlfriend, Graciela Solano, lives on, and being arrested for domestic violence.
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Felix Mitchell
Felix Wayne Mitchell Jr. (August 23, 1954 - August 21, 1986) was a convicted drug lord from Oakland, California and leader of the "69 Mob" criminal organization, which operated throughout California and into the midwest. Known as "Felix the Cat" after the cartoon character, he is credited with creating the country's first large-scale, gang-controlled drug operation.[citation needed]
Mitchell was born in Oakland, and lived in the 69th Avenue San Antonio Village housing projects. After dropping out of high school, Mitchell created a criminal organization called "My Other Brother, or 6-9 Mob" a.k.a. "MOB". Connected with L.A. kingpin Tootie Reese, he made business contacts in the Bay Area, Los Angeles and Detroit.
For more than a decade, Mitchell battled competition from Mickey Moore’s crime family and the Funktown USA gang to gain total control of the heroin market. Before 1984-1985 and the widespread practice of free-basing cocaine (the smoking of crack cocaine), heroin use was more common. It is estimated that Mitchell brought in around $800,000 in weekly business.[citation needed]
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Filipino American
Filipino Americans are Americans of Filipino ancestry, including those who migrated from the Philippines. There are over 3.4 million people of Filipino descent residing in the United States, according to the 2010 United States Census. Filipino Americans make up about 1.1% of the country's population and making them the second largest Asian American subgroup. The Philippines is also one of the major sources of immigration into the United States.
The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to "Fil-Ams", or "Pinoy". Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by the early Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines.
Filipinos in what is now the United States were first documented in the 16th century, with small settlements beginning in the 18th century. Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th Century when the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. The Philippines' independence recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, and increased following immigration reform in the 1960s.
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Fred Noonan
Frederick Joseph "Fred" Noonan (April 4, 1893 – missing July 2, 1937, declared dead June 20, 1938) was an American flight navigator, sea captain and aviation pioneer who first charted many commercial airline routes across the Pacific Ocean during the 1930s. He was last seen in Lae, New Guinea, on July 2, 1937, and disappeared with Amelia Earhart somewhere over the Central Pacific Ocean during their attempted round-the-world flight.
Noonan was born in Cook County, Illinois (the Chicago area). His parents were Joseph T. Noonan (born in Lincolnville, Maine, in 1861) and Catherine Egan (born in London, England). Noonan's father died when he was four, and three years later a census report lists him as living alone in a Chicago boarding house, although relatives or family friends were likely looking after him. In his own words, Noonan "left school in summer of 1905 and went to Seattle, Washington," where he found work as a seaman.
At the age of 17, Noonan shipped out of Seattle as an ordinary seaman on a British sailing bark, the Crompton. Between 1910 and 1915, Noonan worked on over a dozen ships, rising to the ratings of quartermaster and bosun's mate. He continued working on merchant ships throughout World War I. Serving as an officer on ammunition ships, his harrowing wartime service included being on three vessels that were sunk from under him by U-boats. After the war, Noonan continued in the Merchant Marine and achieved a measure of prominence as a ship's officer. Throughout the 1920s, his maritime career was characterized by steadily increasing ratings and "good" (typically the highest) work performance reviews. Noonan married Josephine Sullivan in 1927 at Jackson, Mississippi. After a honeymoon in Cuba, they settled in New Orleans.
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Gayle McLaughlin
Gayle McLaughlin ( /məˈklɔːflɨn/; born 1952 in Chicago, Illinois) is a California politician. She is a member of the Green Party and, since 2006, the mayor of Richmond, California. McLaughlin was elected on November 7, 2006 by a 242-vote margin over incumbent mayor Irma A. Anderson. Richmond is, as of 2009, the largest city in the country with a Green Party mayor.
McLaughlin is a social activist who has participated in the peace, social justice, civil rights, and environmental movements. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology, with graduate study in psychology and education.
She was First elected to the City Council in 2004, winning one of five open seats, with 11,191 votes or 10% in 2004. She has lived in Richmond since 2001..
McLaughlin was born into a working class union family. She is the middle child of five daughters born to a unionized carpenter and a housewife.
During the 1980s, McLaughlin was an activist with the Central American solidarity movement and a steering committee member of CISPES (Committee In Solidarity with the People of El Salvador). She also played an active role in the North Star Network, a national networking effort to unite progressives, and in coalition-building efforts with Rainbow/PUSH.
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Gertrude Stein
Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France.
Gertrude Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3, 1874, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (merged with Pittsburgh in 1907) to upper-class German Jewish parents, Daniel and Amelia Stein. Her father was a railroad executive whose investments in streetcar lines and real estate made the family wealthy.
When Gertrude was three years old she and her family moved to Vienna and then Paris. They returned to America in 1878, settling in Oakland, California, where Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland's Sabbath school.
Her mother died in 1888, and her father in 1891. Michael, her eldest brother, took over the family business holdings. He arranged for Gertrude, and another sister, Bertha, to live with their mother's family in Baltimore after the deaths of their parents. In 1892, she lived with her uncle David Bachrach. Bachrach had married Fanny Keyser, sister of Gertrude's mother Amelia, in 1877.
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Guatemalan American
A Guatemalan American is an American of Guatemalan descent.
The Guatemalan American population in the USA in 2009 was estimated by the US Census Bureau at 1,081,858 (+/-36,453). Guatemalans are the 2nd largest national subgroup of Central Americans in the USA (after Salvadorans).
Guatemalan-Americans tend to concentrate mainly in Greater Los Angeles, followed by the New York metropolitan area, Baltimore-Washington area, Greater Boston, and San Francisco Bay Area. Also Texas and Pennsylvania have very rapidly growing Guatemalan populations.
As of 2009, the largest Guatemalan communities were in the following metropolitan areas:
The states with the highest number of Guatemalans are as follows:
Guatemalans have emigrated to the USA since the 1930s and 1940s.[citation needed] Along with other Central Americans such as Costa Ricans, they first arrived by way of Mexico and settled in urban areas like Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Houston, New York City and San Francisco.
The intensification of the Guatemalan Civil War during the 1970s and 1980s led to an influx of tens of thousands of Guatemalan refugees into the United States via Mexico, via both legal and illegal means. Guatemalan refugees became an important political and economic influence on seeking an end to the civil war, which finally came about in 1996. They also organized to change policies of the Mexican government in dealing with Guatemalan immigrants' legal status, their experience in Mexico, and difficulties of Guatemalans in Mexico immigrating to the US.
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Gus Morrison
Gus Morrison (born ?) is an American politician and engineer. Morrison has served as the Mayor of Fremont, California, for three different tenures: 1985 to 1989, 1994 to 2004, and 2012. On January 30, 2012, Morrison was appointed Mayor by the Fremont City Council following the death of his predecessor, the late Bob Wasserman, effective immediately. He was inaugurated into office to complete the remainder of Wasserman's unexpired term (ending in December 2012) on January 31, 2012.
In 1994, Morrison defeated incumbent Mayor Bill Ball in a rematch of the 1989 mayoral election. Morrison narrowly won with 20,811 votes to Ball's 20,376 votes.
Between 2004 and 2012, Morrison worked as a political consultant.
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Harvey Hall
Harvey L. Hall is the current mayor of Bakersfield, California, serving his third term, having last been re-elected in June 2008. Hall was first elected in 2000, and first re-elected in 2004. One of his focuses as mayor has been beautification, through "Keep Bakersfield Beautiful" and the creation of, and participation in, monthly "Mayor’s Freeway Cleanups", trash pickups on local freeways. Hall has donated his mayor’s salary to the Kern Community Foundation, which provides scholarships to local colleges, and to California State University, Bakersfield, for local students. He is the 25th mayor of the city.
Hall is the founder and current president of Hall Ambulance Service.
Halls employees qualify for food stamps
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Heather Mac Donald
Heather Lynn Mac Donald (born 1956) is an American political commentator and thinker known for her advocacy of secular conservatism. She has advocated her positions on numerous subjects including crime prevention, immigration reform, academia, the art world, and politics. She is a prolific essayist addressing significant attention to urban problems, which caused columnist George F. Will to write that "no journalist now writing about urban problems has produced a body of work matching that of Heather Mac Donald". She is a John M. Olin Fellow of the Manhattan Institute. Critic Robin Finn of the New York Times described Mac Donald as an "influential institute thinker". In addition, she is a contributing editor to New York's City Journal, and a lawyer by training. She has written numerous editorials in newspapers such as USA Today and she is the author of several books. She believes in the power of ideas, and that bad ideas must be "fought at their origins".
Mac Donald was born in California. She attended Phillips Academy in Andover and graduated in 1974 as a member of the school's first co–educational class. She graduated from Berkeley College, Yale in 1978summa cum laude, studying literary deconstructionism, which she later repudiated. She won a Mellon Fellowship to attend Clare College, University of Cambridge, receiving an M.A. in English literature. She returned to Yale in 1980 to work on a doctorate in comparative literature but became dissatisfied with literary theory and withdrew after a semester. She graduated from Stanford's law school in 1985, worked for liberal Judge Stephen Reinhardt in the Court of Appeals, and for the Environmental Protection Agency. At present, she no longer practices law but is a full-time political commentator.
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Herb Caen
Herbert Eugene Caen (April 3, 1916 – February 1, 1997) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning San Francisco journalist whose daily column of local goings-on, social and political happenings, local anecdotes, and insider gossip—often poking fun, but rarely if ever hostile or ill-willed -- appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle for almost sixty years, except during a relatively short stint at the San Francisco Examiner. His name was a household word throughout the San Francisco Bay Area for decades; his funeral was one of the best-attended in San Francisco history,[citation needed] and republications of his old columns remain a prominent Chronicle feature many years after his death.[citation needed]
Born in Sacramento, Caen came to prominence with his It's News to Me column, which first appeared July 5, 1938 in the San Francisco Chronicle. Except for 1950 to 1958 (when he wrote for the San Francisco Examiner) he remained with the Chronicle his entire life. Caen called his work "three-dot journalism" in reference to the ellipses which separated his column's short items. (His son Christopher's publishing company is Ellipsis Media.) He had a considerable influence on pop culture, particularly its language. He coined the term beatnik in a 1958 column and popularized hippie during San Francisco's 1967 Summer of Love. He was interviewed in Jack O'Connell's 1968 film Revolution. He also playfully popularized many other (if more obscure) concepts and terms, such as Frisbeetarianism.
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Howard Hughes
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American business magnate, investor, aviator, engineer, film producer, director, and philanthropist. He was one of the wealthiest people in the world. He gained prominence from the late 1920s as a maverick film producer, making big-budget and often controversial films like The Racket (1928), Hell's Angels (1930), Scarface (1932), and The Outlaw (1943). Hughes was one of the most influential aviators in history; he set multiple world air-speed records, built the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 "Hercules" (better known to history as the "Spruce Goose" aircraft), and acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines which would later on merge with American Airlines. Hughes is also remembered for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle in later life, caused in part by a worsening obsessive–compulsive disorder and chronic pain. His legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Hughes' birthplace is recorded as either Humble or Houston, Texas. The date is also uncertain, though Hughes claimed his birthday was Christmas Eve. A 1941 affidavit birth certificate of Hughes signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and Estelle Boughton Sharp states he was born on December 24, 1905, in Harris County, Texas. However, his baptismal record of October 7, 1906, in the parish register of St. John's Episcopal Church, in Keokuk, Iowa, has his birth listed as September 24, 1905, without reference to the place of birth.
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Indian American
Indian Americans are Americans whose ancestral roots lie in India. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.
In North America, the term Indian has an ambiguous meaning. In the western hemisphere, historically and currently, Indian has been commonly used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Qualifying terms such as American Indian and East Indian were and are commonly used to avoid ambiguity.
While East Indian remains in use, South Asian is often chosen instead. The U.S. government coined Native American to refer to the indigenous peoples of the United States, but American Indian remains popular among the indigenous and general populations.
People of Indian origin often prefer the term Desi to refer to the diasporic subculture of South Asians. Indian Americans are categorized as Asian Indian (and more broadly, Asian American) by the United States Census Bureau.
It was after the Luce–Celler Act of 1946, that Indian Americans were restored naturalization rights in the United States. A number of Indian Americans came to the U.S. via Indian communities in other countries such as the United Kingdom and Canada, in both of which 2% of the population is currently of Indian origin,Mauritius, nations of Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Singapore, South Africa, Suriname, Guyana, Fiji, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Trinidad & Tobago, and Jamaica.
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James T Butts Jr
James T. Butts Jr.
James T. Butts, Jr. (born August 1, 1953) is the 12th and current Mayor of the City of Inglewood, California. He is the 4th African-American Mayor of the City of Inglewood. Previously he served the City of Inglewood for 19 years where he received several promotions until he was sworn in as Deputy Chief of Police for the City of Inglewood. In September 1991 he was sworn in as Chief of Police for the City of Santa Monica, California serving from 1991 to 2006. In August 2006 he was appointed to the position of Deputy Executive Director for Public Safety for the Los Angeles World Airports.
Mr. James T. Butts, Jr. is a graduate of Cal Poly Univ-Pomona where he received an MBA in June 1994. He was a California State University-Los Angeles (CSULA) graduate with a Bachelor's Degree before earning his MBA. He also holds a number of command and management certificates from the California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST). He is a graduate of the POST Command College and a past president of the Peace Officers Association of Los Angeles County. He has received several certifications and training from the National Incident Management System - Federal Emergency Management Agency.
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Japanese American
Japanese Americans (日系米国人, Nikkei Beikokujin?) are American people of Japanese heritage. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades, it have become the sixth largest group at roughly 1,304,286, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity. In the 2000 census, the largest Japanese American communities were found in California with 394,896, Hawaii with 296,674, Washington with 56,210, New York with 45,237, and Illinois with 27,702.
People from Japan began migrating to the U.S. in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the 1868 Meiji Restoration. Particularly after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Japanese immigrants were sought by industrialists to replace the Chinese immigrants. In 1907, the "Gentlemen's Agreement" between the governments of Japan and the U.S. ended immigration of Japanese workers (i.e., men), but permitted the immigration of spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the U.S. The Immigration Act of 1924 banned the immigration of all but a token few Japanese.
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Jean Quan
Jean Quan (Chinese: 關麗珍; pinyin: Guān Lìzhēn; born October 21, 1949) is the Democratic mayor of Oakland, California. She previously served as City Council member for Oakland's 4th District. Upon inauguration on January 3, 2011, she became Oakland's first female mayor.
Mayor Quan received national criticism for her handling of the Occupy Oakland protests in late October 2011.
Quan's husband, Dr. Floyd Huen, is a doctor of internal medicine for Alameda County. They met at UC Berkeley as activists on Asian-American issues.
Quan was on the Oakland School Board for 12 years, starting in 1990 after organizing a citywide parent organization, Save Our Schools. As a parent leader she helped save the music program in the Oakland Schools. She served as chair of the California Urban Schools Association, the Asian Pacific Islanders School Board Members Association (APISBMA), and the Council of Urban Boards Association (the urban caucus of the National School Board Association representing the nation's 100 largest districts). She was appointed by the Clinton Administration to represent School Boards on the Title I Rules Making Committee.[citation needed] In these roles she advocated for more funding for urban and immigrant students, more inclusion of minority community history in textbooks, comprehensive school services and after school programs, and expansion of pre-school and adult education programs.
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Jerry Brown
Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown, Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American politician. Brown served as the 34th Governor of California (1975–83), and is currently serving as the 39th California Governor (2011–present). He is the son of Pat Brown, the 32nd Governor of California (1959–67).
Both before and after his first two terms as governor, Brown was elected to a number of state, local and party offices. Brown previously served as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees (1969–1971), Secretary of State of California (1971–1975), chairman of the California Democratic Party (1989–1991), Mayor of Oakland (1999–2007) and Attorney General of California (2007–2011).
At the time of his election to a third, non-consecutive term as governor, on November 2, 2010, Brown was serving as the 31st Attorney General of California, an elected position. Brown was formally inaugurated as governor on January 3, 2011, the 28th anniversary of the end of his last term. During his first term (as California's 34th Governor), he was the sixth-youngest Governor of that state. Upon his inauguration as California's 39th Governor, he became its oldest serving governor. At the age of 74, Brown is also the oldest currently serving governor in the United States.
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John Coffee Hays
Col. John Coffee "Jack" Hays (January 28, 1817 – April 21, 1883) was a captain in the Texas Rangers and a military officer of the Republic of Texas. Hays served in several armed conflicts from 1836–1848, including against the Comanche people in Texas and during the Mexican-American War.
Hays was born at Little Cedar Lick, Wilson County, Tennessee. Rachel Jackson and Andrew Jackson were his Aunt and Uncle, Jack spent much time with them growing up at the Hermitage prior to the Jackson presidency. His father Harmon Hays named his son after longtime family friend and Jackson protégé Colonel John Coffee. His brother was Confederate General Harry T. Hays of New Orleans. His sister, Sarah Hays Lea, was the mother of John Hays Hammond.
In 1836, at the age of 19, Hays migrated to Texas. Sam Houston appointed him as a member of a company of Texas Rangers because he knew the Hays family from Tennessee.
In the following years, Hays led the Rangers on a campaign against the Comanche and other tribes in Texas, and succeeded in weakening their power. In 1840 Tonkawa Chief Placido and 13 scouts joined with the Rangers to track down a large Comanche war party, culminating at the Battle of Plum Creek. Later, Hays commanded the force against the invasion from Mexico of 1842.
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Judi Bari
Judi Bari (November 7, 1949 – March 2, 1997) was an American environmentalist and labor leader, a feminist, and the principal organizer of Earth First! campaigns against logging in the ancient redwood forests of Northern California in the 1980s and '90. She also organized efforts through Earth First! - Industrial Workers of the World Local 1 to bring timber workers and environmentalists together in common cause.
Bari was raised in Silver Spring, Maryland, the daughter of mathematician Ruth Aaronson Bari and Arthur Bari. One of her sisters was New York Times science journalist Gina Kolata; the other is a housewife. Her father was of Italian descent and her mother was Jewish. She had two children, Lisa and Jessica.[citation needed]
On May 24, 1990, Bari was severely injured by a pipe bomb which exploded in her car as she and fellow Earth First! member Darryl Cherney traveled through Oakland, California, on their way to Santa Cruz. Bari and Cherney were on an organizing tour for "Redwood Summer", a campaign of nonviolent protests focused on saving redwood forests in Northern California and building connections with loggers through the IWW.
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Kevin Johnson
Kevin Maurice Johnson (born March 4, 1966) is the current mayor of Sacramento, the capital city of the U.S. state of California. He is Sacramento's first African American mayor. Prior to entering politics, Johnson was a professional basketball player in the NBA, playing point guard for the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Phoenix Suns. As a player, he was a three-time NBA All-Star and five-time All-NBA selection who holds many records for the Phoenix Suns franchise. At University of California, Berkeley, Johnson had been a two-time All-Pac-10 Conference player who was also an honorable-mention All-American by the Associated Press sportswriters. Johnson was a 2000 graduate of the Harvard Divinity School Summer Leadership Institute, a program that prepares students for work in faith-based urban economic revitalization. He also has a B.A. in Political Science from UC Berkeley that he completed after his initial retirement from the NBA.
Johnson, the son of Georgia West and Lawrence Johnson, was born March 4, 1966 in Sacramento. After Johnson's father drowned in an accident in the Sacramento River, he was raised by his grandparents, the Peat family. He attended Sacramento High School, where he starred in both baseball and basketball and led the state of California in scoring (32.5 ppg) during his senior year.
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Korean American
Korean Americans (Korean: 한국계 미국인, Hanja: 韓國系美國人, Hangukgye Migukin) are Americans of Korean descent, mostly from South Korea, with a small minority from North Korea. The Korean American community comprises about 0.6% of the United States population, or about 1.7 million people, and is the fifth largest Asian American subgroup, after the Chinese American, Filipino American, Indian American, and Vietnamese American communities. The U.S. is home to the second largest Korean diaspora community in the world after the People's Republic of China.
While people living in North Korea cannot leave or emigrate from their country with rare exceptions, there are numbers of people of North Korean origin living in the U.S., primarily those who fled to the south during the Korean War and then later migrated to the United States. Also, since the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 allowed North Korean defectors to be admitted as refugees, about 130 have settled in the U.S. under that status.
According to the 2010 Census, there were approximately 1.7 million people of Korean descent residing in the United States, making it the country with the second largest Korean population living outside Korea (after the People's Republic of China). The ten states with the largest estimated Korean American populations were California (452,000; 1.2%), New York (141,000, 0.7%), New Jersey (94,000, 1.1%), Virginia (71,000, 0.9%), Texas (68,000, 0.3%), Washington (62,400, 0.9%), Illinois (61,500, 0.5%), Georgia (52,500, 0.5%), Maryland (49,000, 0.8%), and Pennsylvania (41,000, 0.3%). Hawaii was the state with the highest concentration of Korean Americans, at 1.8%, or 23,200 people.
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Laotian American
A Laotian American is a resident of the United States who was originally from Laos, a person of Laotian descent residing in America, or a citizen born in the United States whose parents were originally from Laos. Laotian Americans are included in the larger category of Asian Americans. The major immigrant generation were generally refugees who escaped Laos during the warfare and disruption of the 1970s, and entered refugee camps in Thailand across the Mekong River. They emigrated to the United States during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s.
Although many Hmong people are from Laos, they have a distinct culture, language and ethnicity, and identify as a different ethnic group. They generally identify as Hmong Americans, rather than Lao American.
The "national origin" category of Laotian American, which is different than ethnic groups, includes all ethnic groups who lived within the borders of Laos, such as the Hmong, ethnic Chinese, ethnic Vietnamese, and ethnic French or other Europeans.
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Larry Graham
Larry Graham, Jr. (born August 14, 1946, Beaumont, Texas) is an American bass guitar player, both with the popular and influential psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "Thumpin' and Pluckin'."
Graham played bass in the highly successful and influential funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1966 to 1972. It is said that he pioneered the art of slap-pop playing on the electric bass, in part to provide percussive and rhythmic elements in addition to the notes of the bass line when his mother's band lacked a drummer; the slap of the thumb being used to emulate a bass drum and the pop of the index or middle finger as a snare drum. This style has become archetypal of modern funk. Slap-pop playing couples a percussive thumb-slapping technique of the lower strings with an aggressive finger-snap of the higher strings, often in rhythmic alternation. The slap and pop technique incorporates a large ratio of muted or "dead" notes to normal notes, which adds to the rhythmic effect.
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Lawrence Lessig
Lawrence "Larry" Lessig (born June 3, 1961) is an American academic and political activist. He is best known as a proponent of reduced legal restrictions on copyright, trademark, and radio frequency spectrum, particularly in technology applications, and he has called for state-based activism to promote substantive reform of government with a Second Constitutional Convention.
He is a director of the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics at Harvard University and a professor of law at Harvard Law School. Prior to rejoining Harvard, he was a professor of law at Stanford Law School and founder of its Center for Internet and Society. Lessig is a founding board member of Creative Commons, and also is on the board of MapLight. He is on the advisory boards of the Sunlight Foundation and Americans Elect. He is a former board member of the Free Software Foundation, Software Freedom Law Center and the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Born in Rapid City, South Dakota, Lessig grew up in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and earned a B.A. in Economics and a B.S. in Management (Wharton School) from the University of Pennsylvania, an M.A. in philosophy from the University of Cambridge (Trinity) in England, and a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1989. After graduating from law school, he clerked for a year for Judge Richard Posner, at the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, Illinois and another year for Justice Antonin Scalia at the Supreme Court.
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Loni Hancock
Loni Hancock is currently serving in her first term as the representative of California State Senate District 9. The 9th Senate District currently includes Alameda, Albany, Berkeley, Castro Valley, Dublin, El Sobrante, Emeryville, Livermore, Oakland, Piedmont, Richmond, and San Pablo. She previously served as a member of the California State Assembly, representing the 14th Assembly District from 2002 to 2008, and as the mayor of Berkeley, California from 1986 to 1994. Hancock is a member of the Democratic Party. She has a B.A. from Ithaca College. Hancock has lived in Berkeley since 1964 and is married to Berkeley Mayor and former District 14 California State Assemblymember Tom Bates. She has two children, two stepchildren from Bates' previous marriage, and seven grandchildren.
Hancock served Berkeley as a member of the city council from 1971 to 1979. One of Hancock's achievements as a member of the council was the preservation of the Berkeley marina from development. She helped conduct a study by a group of students from the University of California at Berkeley that showed that major development in the marina area would threaten the wildlife in the area.
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Louise Thaden
Iris Louise McPhetridge Thaden (November 12, 1905 – November 9, 1979) was an aviation pioneer, holder of numerous aviation records, and the first woman to win the Bendix Trophy.
Louise McPhetridge was born in Bentonville, Arkansas and attended Bentonville public schools. McPhetridge attended the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas from 1921 to 1925 as a journalism and physical education major among other majors.
In 1926 McPhetridge was working for the J.H.J. Turner Coal Co. where one of her main customers was the Travel Air Corporation in Wichita, Kansas owned by Walter Beech. Beech liked McPhetridge and offered her a job as a sales representative in San Francisco, California which she accepted. Part of her salary included free pilot's lessons and she earned her pilot's certificate in 1927. She was the first female pilot to be licensed by the state of Ohio.
McPhetridge met Herbert von Thaden who was a former United States Army Signal Corps pilot and engineer who worked on developing the first American all-metal aircraft. McPhetridge and Herbert von Thaden were married in San Francisco in the summer of 1928. By 1929 Louise Thaden had become only the fourth woman to hold a transport pilot rating.
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Marcus Foster
Marcus Albert Foster (March 31, 1923 – November 6, 1973) was a respected African-American educator who gained a national reputation for educational excellence while serving as principal of Simon Gratz High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as Associate Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia, and as the first black Superintendent of the Oakland Unified School District in Oakland, California. Foster was murdered in 1973 by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army.
He was born in Athens, Georgia, later attending public schools in Philadelphia. He graduated from Cheyney State College and earned a doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania. He was also a member of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc.
From 1957 to 1970 he taught, was a school principal and associate superintendent for community relations. He moved to Oakland in 1970.
Foster was murdered in 1973 by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army. The SLA claimed they killed Foster because of his alleged support of a plan to create a student identification card system in Oakland that proponents claimed would help keep non-student drug-dealers off campus. In reality, Foster had opposed the identification cards and had worked to water down the plan. The SLA also objected to police officers in the schools, but again they were mistaken as to Foster's position; Foster had stated that he would not allow police officers in the schools. Foster was shot eight times with bullets that had been dipped in cyanide. His deputy, Robert Blackburn, was also shot, but survived. Joseph Remiro and Russ Little were sentenced to life in prison for their role in the attack. Little was later released on appeal. SLA leader Donald DeFreeze is suspected of being the other person present who shot Blackburn.
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Mary Hayashi
Mary Hayashi ("Hayashi" is married surname, born August 13, 1966) was elected to the California State Assembly in 2006. She was re-elected in 2008 and 2010. She is a Democrat. She represents the 18th Assembly District which includes San Leandro, Hayward, Dublin and the unincorporated areas of Ashland, Cherryland, and San Lorenzo. She also represents most of Castro Valley, Pleasanton and a portion of Oakland. She is also a convincted thief.
Hayashi, who was born in Kwangju, South Korea, is the first Korean-American woman elected to the California state legislature.
Her primary legislative interest is health care, and she has been named Legislator of the Year by the California Medical Association. In 2011, she authored AB 25, which requires a school district to immediately remove an athlete from a school-sponsored athletic activity if he or she is suspected of sustaining a concussion or head injury. The bill was signed into law by Governor Brown. AB 25 prohibits the return of the student until he or she is evaluated by, and receives written clearance from, a licensed health care provider. In addition, the bill requires a concussion and head injury information sheet to be signed and returned by that athlete and their parent or guardian before the first practice or competition.
wn.com/Mary_Hayashi -
MC Hammer
Stanley Kirk Burrell (born March 30, 1962), better known by his stage name MC Hammer (or simply Hammer), is an American rapper, entrepreneur, and actor. He had his greatest commercial success and popularity from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s. Remembered for a rapid rise to fame before filing bankruptcy, Hammer is also known for his hit records (such as "U Can't Touch This"), flamboyant dance movements and trademark Hammer pants. Hammer's superstar-status made him a household name and pop icon. He has sold more than 50 million records worldwide.
Burrell also became a preacher during the late 1990s, was a television show host and dance judge, is a record label CEO, and as of 2008 works as a co-creator of a dance website called DanceJam, while still performing concerts at music venues and assisting with other social media, ministry and outreach functions. In addition, he was executive producer of his own reality show called Hammertime which aired on the A&E Network during the summer of 2009. Prior to becoming ordained, Hammer signed with Suge Knight's Death Row Records by 1995.
wn.com/MC_Hammer -
Mexican American
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent. As of July 2009, Mexican Americans make up 10.3% of the United States' population with over 31,689,000 Americans listed as of Mexican ancestry. Mexican Americans comprise 66% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world second only to Mexico itself comprising nearly 22% of the entire Mexican origin population of the world. Canada is a distant third with a Mexican origin population of 37,000 as of 2001 although increasing to 61,505 as of 2006. In addition, as of 2008 there were approximately 7,000,000 undocumented Mexicans living in the United States which if included in the count would increase the US share to over 28% of the world's Mexican origin population (Note that some of the undocumented would be captured in the US Census count depending on their willingness to provide information). Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California and Texas. Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans, especially Spaniards.
wn.com/Mexican_American -
Paul Mantz
Albert Paul Mantz (August 2, 1903 – July 8, 1965) was a noted air racing pilot, movie stunt pilot and consultant from the late 1930s until his death in the mid-1960s. He gained fame on two stages: Hollywood and in air races.
Paul Mantz (the name he used throughout his life) was the son of a school principal, and was raised in Redwood City, California. He developed his interest in flying at an early age; as a young boy, his first flight on fabricated canvas wings was aborted when his mother stopped him as he tried to launch off the branch of a tree in his yard. In 1915, at age 12, he attended the Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco and witnessed the world famous Lincoln Beachey make his first ever flight in his new monoplane, the Lincoln Beachey Special.
Mantz took his first flying lesson at age 16 using money that he made from driving a hearse during the influenza epidemic of 1919. Although he had accumulated hours towards his private pilot certificate, Mantz quit flying altogether when he witnessed the death of his instructor.
wn.com/Paul_Mantz -
Puerto Rican people
A Puerto Rican (Spanish: puertorriqueño) (Taíno term: boricua) is a person who was born in Puerto Rico.
People born and raised in other parts of the world, most notably in the continental United States, of Puerto Rican parents are also sometimes referred to as Puerto Ricans, even though they were not born in Puerto Rico themselves. Since 2007, the government of Puerto Rico has been granting Certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to any person born on the island as well as to those born outside of the island that have at least one parent who was born on the island.
Puerto Ricans, who also commonly refer to themselves as "boricuas", are largely the descendants of Europeans, Taíno, Africans or a blend of these groups which has produced a very diversified population. The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 to 10 million worldwide, with most living within the islands of Puerto Rico, Central Florida, Chicago Metropolitan Area and in New York City, where there is a large Nuyorican community.
wn.com/Puerto_Rican_people -
Rebecca Kaplan
Rebecca Kaplan (born September 17, 1970)[citation needed] is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party. She currently serves as City Councilmember At-Large for Oakland, California. She ran for Oakland mayor in 2010 and placed third. She is openly lesbian.
Kaplan's contributions to Oakland policy making have included a focus on budget balancing measures, legislation which eased the permit process for new restaurants, creating a new public transit line downtown, and re-working and passing a law which mandates registration of abandoned and vacant buildings.
In 2009, Oakland's budget shortfall ran into the tens of millions, and as a solution, Kaplan proposed Measure F, which raised taxes on medical cannabis businesses. The measure, which dramatically increased taxes on these businesses, was strongly supported by the businesses themselves. Kaplan received national media attention from this initiative, appearing on PBS's NewsHour and Fox Business Network to discuss it. The measure passed overwhelmingly in a special election. Three other ballot measures, also campaigned for by Kaplan, were passed in a successful effort to balance the year's budget.
wn.com/Rebecca_Kaplan -
Salvadoran American
Salvadoran Americans are citizens or residents of the United States of Salvadoran descent. As of 2010 there are 1.6 million Salvadoran Americans in the United States, the fourth-largest Hispanic community by nation of ancestry.
One of the largest populations of Salvadoran Americans resides in the Greater Los Angeles area, including Orange County, California, the Inland Empire, as well as in San Diego. Other metropolitan areas with a major Salvadoran American presence include other California regions outside of Los Angeles such as the San Francisco Bay Area; the Washington Metropolitan Area, with most concentrated in the suburbs in Northern Virginia and Maryland; Central Florida and South Florida; Texas, especially in Houston, Austin, Dallas and Fort Worth; the New York City area such as Northern New Jersey, Flushing, Queens and Long Island; Atlanta; northern Georgia; New Orleans; and the Chicago metro area.
Salvadoran immigration to the United States is a fairly recent phenomenon historically, with the movement small in comparison to some of the great immigration waves of the past, but it has had a profound significance for both El Salvador and the United States.
wn.com/Salvadoran_American -
Sandré Swanson
Sandré Swanson (born November 28, 1948) was elected to the California State Assembly in November 2006. Mr. Swanson represents the 16th Assembly District. The district includes the cities of Alameda, Oakland, and Piedmont. Swanson previously served as Chief of Staff to Congresswoman Barbara Lee, he was also district director and a Senior Policy Advisor to then Congressman Ron Dellums. Swanson is a Democrat. Swanson endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 presidential election.
wn.com/Sandré_Swanson -
Sukhee Kang
Sukhee Kang (Korean: 강석희; born September 15, 1952) is the current mayor of Irvine, California. Kang is a Korean American Democrat. On July 6, 2011, he announced his candidacy for the United States Congress. If elected, he would be the only Korean-American in Congress, and only the second ever to serve after Republican representative Jay Kim.
Sukhee Kang (강석희) was born at Yeji-dong near Jongno 5-ga in Seoul, South Korea to merchant parents from the city of Kaesong. He served military draft duty in the Republic of Korea Army from 1973-75 and immigrated to the United States in June 1977 from South Korea after receiving his Bachelor’s degree in agricultural economics from Korea University in Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. When he was in a college, he joined the English debating club named Seoul PTC (Pine Tree Club) and served as the president from 1971-72. He received an honorary doctoral degree in Business Administration from Dongseo University in Busan, South Korea in March 2011.
He began his professional career at Circuit City as a sales and customer service representative for 15 years (1977-92) , then since 1992, volunteered at KASF(Korean American Scholarship Foundation), KACF(Korean American Community Foundation) and the Orange County Branch of Korean American Corporation, serving as the president in KADC(Korean American Democratic Committee) .
wn.com/Sukhee_Kang -
Tom Bates
Thomas H. Bates (born February 9, 1938) is an American politician and is currently serving as the Mayor of Berkeley, California. He previously served 20 years as a member of the California State Assembly before being termed out in 1996. Bates is married to Loni Hancock, a former mayor of Berkeley and State Assembly member who currently serves in the California State Senate. Bates is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley and was a member of the Golden Bears' 1959 Rose Bowl team. Bates was a Captain in the United States Army Reserves after graduating from college and served in Germany. He worked in real estate prior to his service in the state legislature. Bates also served as a member of the Alameda County Board of Supervisors.
Bates served in the California State Assembly representing the 14th District (the East Bay Area) from 1976 to 1996. During those 20 years, Bates was known as one of the legislature's most liberal members. Under Republican governors, Bates authored over 220 bills that became law, including the creation of the East Bay Shoreline State Park, a number of progressive social policy laws, and the founding of the first Community Bank in the Bay Area. Bates authored the first legislation in the country allowing "brew pubs" - establishments that brew their own beer for sales on and off the premises and are typically combined with a restaurant.
wn.com/Tom_Bates -
Tongan American
Tongan Americans are citizens of the United States who can trace their ancestry to Tonga, either through descent or emigration. There are approximately 57,000 Tongans and Tongan Americans living in the United States, as of 2012.
San Mateo County, California, which is located south of San Francisco, has one of the largest Tongan populations outside of the country, encompassing a community of an estimated 13,000 people. Other American cities with significant Tongan American populations include Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Anchorage, Alaska; Inland Empire, California; East Palo Alto, California; San Bruno, California; Oakland, California; San Jose, California; Inglewood, California; Los Angeles, California; Salt Lake City, Utah; Kona, Hawaii; Lahaina, Hawaii; Reno, Nevada; St. Petersburg, Florida; and Euless, Texas
wn.com/Tongan_American -
Too Short
Todd Anthony Shaw (born April 28, 1966), better known by the stage name Too Short (stylized as Too $hort), is an American rapper, producer, and actor who started his career at the age of fourteen in Oakland, California.
In the early 1980s, Shaw produced custom songs (called "special requests") for people with his high school friend, Freddy B. In 1985, Too Short had his first release, Don't Stop Rappin' which, along with the following three releases, featured raw, simple drum beats from a LinnDrum drum machine. In the early 1990s his beats came from mostly a TR-808 and from mid-to-late 2000s, a TR-909 was used. In 2005, Too Short and Freddie B. formed the label Dangerous Music to regionally distribute his music. Dangerous Music became Short Records, and then Up All Nite Records. With his 1989 release, Life Is...Too Short, he began used replayed established funk riffs (rather than samples) with his beats.
wn.com/Too_Short -
Tupac Shakur
Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), known by his stage names 2Pac, Pac, and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide as of 2010, making him one of the best-selling music artists in the world. Rolling Stone Magazine named him the 86th Greatest Artist of All Time. The themes of most of Tupac's songs are the violence and hardship in inner cities, racism, social problems, and conflicts with other rappers during the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground.
Both of his parents and several other family members were members of the Black Panthers, and Tupac made reference to the organization in the song "Changes". Shakur was involved in a West-coast East-coast rivalry after a major feud with East-coast rappers, producers and record-label members of staff.
On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was taken to the University Medical Center, where he died six days later.
wn.com/Tupac_Shakur -
Vietnamese American
A Vietnamese American (Vietnamese: Người Mỹ gốc Việt) is an American of Vietnamese descent. They make up about half of all overseas Vietnamese (Người Việt Hải Ngoại) and are the fourth-largest Asian American group.
Mass Vietnamese immigration to the United States started after 1975, after the end of the Vietnam War. Early immigrants were refugee boat people fleeing persecution or poverty. Forced to flee from their homeland and often thrust into poor urban neighborhoods, these newcomers have nevertheless managed to establish strong communities in a short amount of time. More than sixty percent of Vietnamese Americans reside in the states of California, Texas, Washington, Florida, and Virginia.
As a relatively recent immigrant group, most Vietnamese Americans are either first- or second-generation Americans. They have the lowest distribution of people with more than one race among the major Asian American groups. As many as one million people who are five years and older speak Vietnamese at home—making it the seventh-most spoken language in the United States. As refugees, Vietnamese Americans have some of the highest rates of naturalization. In the 2006 American Community Survey, 72% of foreign-born Vietnamese are naturalized US citizens; this combined with the 36% who are born in the United States makes 82% of them United States citizen in total. Of those born outside the United States, 46.5% entered before 1990, 38.8% between 1990 and 2000, and 14.6% entered after 2000.
wn.com/Vietnamese_American
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Ustavil bi čas
- Ledena ptica
- (Še) 1000 kilometrov
- Reci, da si nora name
- Stara barka
- Srečna družina (Happy family)
- Moje hrepenenje
- Kraljica poročnega potovanja
- Travica
- 1000 kilometrov
- Vodnjak ljubezni
- Ne pozabi me (unplugged)
- Lopovi
- Moj dan
- Brezdomci
- Nisem avtomat
- Doktor
- Ni več razloga
- Moje sonce
- Svetniki
- Pot domov
- Zgodaj prepozno
- Veliki ideali
- Goloba
- Kdo smrdi
- Kid From California
- Rollin
- Higher Than This
- Is Everybody Happy
- Lost Highway
- Helpless
- Which Side of the Sun
- Back Then
- Harmony
- Precious
- Drifting
- Rocker Arm Reel
- A Walk in the Irish Rain
- Scissors, Paper & Stone
- My Sweet Blue-Eyed Darlin'
- Spurs
- A Farmer's Son
- California Traveler
- I'll Dry Every Tear That Falls
- Whiplash
- Sasquatch
- Uncle Pen
- Band of Angels
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Oakland!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
A fabulous vacation wonderland awaits you on the other side of the Bay Bridge! Subscribe to our channel for even more awesomeness... www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Oakland!
A fabulous vacation wonderland awaits you on the other side of the Bay Bridge! Subscribe to our channel for even more awesomeness... www.youtube.com
OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA - SIDESHOW - SYDEWAYZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
SYDEWAYZ Music Title: California Artist: Noize Produced & Edited By: Yakpasua Zazaboi © SYDEWAYZ www.SYDEWAYZ.com
http://wn.com/OAKLAND,_CALIFORNIA_SIDESHOW_SYDEWAYZ
SYDEWAYZ Music Title: California Artist: Noize Produced & Edited By: Yakpasua Zazaboi © SYDEWAYZ www.SYDEWAYZ.com
- published: 18 Sep 2007
- views: 101303
- author: sydewayz
Raffle Ticket Draw - Fox Theater, Oakland, California - December 19, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Raffle ticket drawing for Rufus and Martha Wainwright's Christmas 101 show at the Fox Theater, Oakland, California - December 19, 2012. (Tickets were drawn on January 2, 2013)
http://wn.com/Raffle_Ticket_Draw_Fox_Theater,_Oakland,_California_December_19,_2012
Raffle ticket drawing for Rufus and Martha Wainwright's Christmas 101 show at the Fox Theater, Oakland, California - December 19, 2012. (Tickets were drawn on January 2, 2013)
- published: 13 Jan 2013
- views: 113
- author: Martha Wainwright
2 Chainz best performance ever @ Karibbean City Oakland CA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
2 Chainz is a beast. He rocked Oakland like it was his home town. The New Karibbean City continues to be the best night club in the Bay Area. Every weekend it's open from 10pm - 4am. 1408 Webster St. Uptown Oakland CA
http://wn.com/2_Chainz_best_performance_ever_@_Karibbean_City_Oakland_CA
2 Chainz is a beast. He rocked Oakland like it was his home town. The New Karibbean City continues to be the best night club in the Bay Area. Every weekend it's open from 10pm - 4am. 1408 Webster St. Uptown Oakland CA
- published: 14 Jan 2013
- views: 198
- author: Marcus Hughes
Take You - Justin Bieber BELIEVE TOUR Oakland, CA 100612.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Take_You_Justin_Bieber_BELIEVE_TOUR_Oakland,_CA_100612
Red Hot Chili Peppers - Oakland, California, 14.08.2012 FULL SHOW
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 114:34
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
The full show from Oakland, California, USA, 14.08.2012. Setlist 1. Monarchy of Roses 0:00 2. Around the World 06:05 3. Snow 12:21 4. Jam 1 17:47 5. Otherside 19:05 6. Look Around 24:06 7. Parallel Universe 28:44 8. Can't Stop 33:33 9. Wet Sand 41:17 10. Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie 46:46 11. I Like Dirt 54:29 12. Jam 2 57:09 13. Higher Ground 58:29 14. Under The Bridge 01:02:44 15. Goodbye Hooray 01:07:38 16. Californication 01:11:51 17. Jam 3 01:20:21 18. By The Way 01:21:24 -----------ENCORE------------- 19. Encore Jam 01:26:15 20. Suck My Kiss 01:31:23 21. Jam 4 01:35:09 22. Meet Me At The Corner 01:36:48 23. Give It Away 01:41:18 24. Outro Jam 01:46:10
http://wn.com/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_Oakland,_California,_14082012_FULL_SHOW
The full show from Oakland, California, USA, 14.08.2012. Setlist 1. Monarchy of Roses 0:00 2. Around the World 06:05 3. Snow 12:21 4. Jam 1 17:47 5. Otherside 19:05 6. Look Around 24:06 7. Parallel Universe 28:44 8. Can't Stop 33:33 9. Wet Sand 41:17 10. Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie 46:46 11. I Like Dirt 54:29 12. Jam 2 57:09 13. Higher Ground 58:29 14. Under The Bridge 01:02:44 15. Goodbye Hooray 01:07:38 16. Californication 01:11:51 17. Jam 3 01:20:21 18. By The Way 01:21:24 -----------ENCORE------------- 19. Encore Jam 01:26:15 20. Suck My Kiss 01:31:23 21. Jam 4 01:35:09 22. Meet Me At The Corner 01:36:48 23. Give It Away 01:41:18 24. Outro Jam 01:46:10
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 7234
- author: Pasarel100
Justin Bieber The Believe Tour Oakland Ca All Around The World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:23
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 bieberfeverradio.blogspot.com www.facebook.com pinterest.com bieberfeverradioshow.tumblr.com twitter.com
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_The_Believe_Tour_Oakland_Ca_All_Around_The_World
Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 Justin Bieber - Opening Countdown At BELIEVE TOUR California 2012 bieberfeverradio.blogspot.com www.facebook.com pinterest.com bieberfeverradioshow.tumblr.com twitter.com
- published: 01 Oct 2012
- views: 16127
- author: BieberFeverRadio
Occupy Oakland video: Riot police fire tear gas, flashbang grenades
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Video courtesy: Ali Winston www.youtube.com Police have clashed with hundreds of demonstrators in the US city of Oakland. It happened when hundreds marched to show their anger at police clearing an "Occupy Wall Street" camp. Officers shot several rounds of tear gas into the crowd, who were trying to reclaim their position within the city centre. Earlier on Tuesday, 85 people were arrested, after they refused to take down their tents as part of the nationwide movement against corporate greed. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Occupy_Oakland_video_Riot_police_fire_tear_gas,_flashbang_grenades
Video courtesy: Ali Winston www.youtube.com Police have clashed with hundreds of demonstrators in the US city of Oakland. It happened when hundreds marched to show their anger at police clearing an "Occupy Wall Street" camp. Officers shot several rounds of tear gas into the crowd, who were trying to reclaim their position within the city centre. Earlier on Tuesday, 85 people were arrested, after they refused to take down their tents as part of the nationwide movement against corporate greed. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
- published: 26 Oct 2011
- views: 384463
- author: RussiaToday
Justin Bieber- Believe Oakland 10/6/12 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
ugh the end when you can still see his hands holding on killed me my camera is a canon powershot sx40 hs @bieberYES
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_Believe_Oakland_10_6_12_HD
ugh the end when you can still see his hands holding on killed me my camera is a canon powershot sx40 hs @bieberYES
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 52884
- author: luvvvmusic
Grateful Dead 12-31-87 Oakland Coliseum Oakland CA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 147:28
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Setlist: Set 1 Bertha Cold Rain And Snow Little Red Rooster When Push Comes To Shove When I Paint My Masterpiece Bird Song The Music Never Stopped Set 2 Hell In A Bucket Uncle John's Band Terrapin Station Drums Space The Other One Wharf Rat Throwing Stones Not Fade Away E: Knockin' on Heaven's Door
http://wn.com/Grateful_Dead_12-31-87_Oakland_Coliseum_Oakland_CA
Setlist: Set 1 Bertha Cold Rain And Snow Little Red Rooster When Push Comes To Shove When I Paint My Masterpiece Bird Song The Music Never Stopped Set 2 Hell In A Bucket Uncle John's Band Terrapin Station Drums Space The Other One Wharf Rat Throwing Stones Not Fade Away E: Knockin' on Heaven's Door
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 24725
- author: voodoonola
Justin Bieber - (Intro) Around The World - Believe Tour (Oakland, Ca)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
This video was taken from Justin Bieber's Believe Tour on October 06, 2012 at the Oracle Arena in Oakland, Ca. Watch in 1080 HD!!
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_Intro_Around_The_World_Believe_Tour_Oakland,_Ca
This video was taken from Justin Bieber's Believe Tour on October 06, 2012 at the Oracle Arena in Oakland, Ca. Watch in 1080 HD!!
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 16402
- author: Cizzelle
AC/DC July 21st 1979 Oakland, California {Full Concert}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:09
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
AC/DC July 21st 1979 Oakland, California {Full Concert} 1) Live Wire 2) Problem Child 5:50 3) Sin City 10:33 4) Highway To Hell 16:02 5) Bad Boy Boogie 20:16 6) The Jack 27:42 7) Rocker 33:31 8) Dog Eat Dog 45:02
http://wn.com/AC_DC_July_21st_1979_Oakland,_California_Full_Concert_
AC/DC July 21st 1979 Oakland, California {Full Concert} 1) Live Wire 2) Problem Child 5:50 3) Sin City 10:33 4) Highway To Hell 16:02 5) Bad Boy Boogie 20:16 6) The Jack 27:42 7) Rocker 33:31 8) Dog Eat Dog 45:02
- published: 13 Apr 2012
- views: 70422
- author: wesaluteyouacdc
Out Of Town Girl - Justin Bieber BELIEVE TOUR Oakland, CA 100612.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Sorry its a little shakey. Cause some gurl is trying to hang her poster up. dat niggie
http://wn.com/Out_Of_Town_Girl_Justin_Bieber_BELIEVE_TOUR_Oakland,_CA_100612
Sorry its a little shakey. Cause some gurl is trying to hang her poster up. dat niggie
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 30755
- author: Allyza Buenaventura
JOEL ROBINOW live at THE SPEAKEASY in OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
JOEL ROBINOW live at THE SPEAKEASY in OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA
http://wn.com/JOEL_ROBINOW_live_at_THE_SPEAKEASY_in_OAKLAND,_CALIFORNIA
JOEL ROBINOW live at THE SPEAKEASY in OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA
- published: 17 Jan 2013
- author: bhamiltonvideothings
Oakland Thanksgiving
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
the homies went up to oakland to ride with the hella grip dudes for thanksgiving. just filmed this for fun nothing serious. Riders: Tyler Wheeland Stefan Hefner Ralph aka Monky Efrain Arriaga Conor D. Josh Young Addison McNaughton
http://wn.com/Oakland_Thanksgiving
the homies went up to oakland to ride with the hella grip dudes for thanksgiving. just filmed this for fun nothing serious. Riders: Tyler Wheeland Stefan Hefner Ralph aka Monky Efrain Arriaga Conor D. Josh Young Addison McNaughton
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 7301
- author: joshyoung
East Oakland Sideshow & SwangFest 2012 All-STAR Weekend
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:22
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
A whole Weekend of Burn Rubber in the Bay Area. Hyphy Muscle & Bayarea Stunnaz & other Bayarea car clubs Brought the Sideshow "BACK" to the streets of Oakland, California. BBQ for SLEEPY from F-Body Mob "FREE SLEEPY". And the Hyphiest event of the Year!!! SWANGFEST !!organized by "BAYAREA STUNNAZ" We had Chevyboyfresh ACTIVE from Compton Ca. out here fukn with the Bay!! Yee!!!
http://wn.com/East_Oakland_Sideshow_SwangFest_2012_All-STAR_Weekend
A whole Weekend of Burn Rubber in the Bay Area. Hyphy Muscle & Bayarea Stunnaz & other Bayarea car clubs Brought the Sideshow "BACK" to the streets of Oakland, California. BBQ for SLEEPY from F-Body Mob "FREE SLEEPY". And the Hyphiest event of the Year!!! SWANGFEST !!organized by "BAYAREA STUNNAZ" We had Chevyboyfresh ACTIVE from Compton Ca. out here fukn with the Bay!! Yee!!!
- published: 10 Nov 2012
- views: 4429
- author: BaYSHoW650
Grateful Dead - Oakland Auditorium Arena Oakland CA - 12-31-80
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 244:16
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Setlist: Acoustic Set: Dire Wolf Thank You Uncle Bobo! On The Road Again To Lay Me Down Monkey & The Engineer Jack-A-Roe Cassidy I've Been All Around This World The Race Is On Bird Song Ripple Electric Set 1: Alabama Getaway Greatest Story Ever Told They Love Each Other Little Red Rooster * China Cat Sunflower I Know You Rider Looks Like Rain Althea Lost Sailor Saint Of Circumstance Deal Electric Set 2: New Years Countdown Sugar Magnolia Scarlet Begonias Fire On The Mountain # Estimated Prophet Drums Space The Other One Wharf Rat # Around & Around # Sunshine Daydream # E: Satisfaction Brokedown Palace * with Matt Kelly on Harmonica # with John Cippolina on Guitar Video editing and audio synchronization by Voodoonola ***For noncommercial, educational, and archival purposes under Law of Fair Use as provided for in section 107 of the US copyright law. No copyrights infringements intended***
http://wn.com/Grateful_Dead_Oakland_Auditorium_Arena_Oakland_CA_12-31-80
Setlist: Acoustic Set: Dire Wolf Thank You Uncle Bobo! On The Road Again To Lay Me Down Monkey & The Engineer Jack-A-Roe Cassidy I've Been All Around This World The Race Is On Bird Song Ripple Electric Set 1: Alabama Getaway Greatest Story Ever Told They Love Each Other Little Red Rooster * China Cat Sunflower I Know You Rider Looks Like Rain Althea Lost Sailor Saint Of Circumstance Deal Electric Set 2: New Years Countdown Sugar Magnolia Scarlet Begonias Fire On The Mountain # Estimated Prophet Drums Space The Other One Wharf Rat # Around & Around # Sunshine Daydream # E: Satisfaction Brokedown Palace * with Matt Kelly on Harmonica # with John Cippolina on Guitar Video editing and audio synchronization by Voodoonola ***For noncommercial, educational, and archival purposes under Law of Fair Use as provided for in section 107 of the US copyright law. No copyrights infringements intended***
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 13642
- author: happycalif
Justin Bieber- Love Me Like You Do/ She Don't Like The Lights- Believe Tour- Oakland, Ca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:55
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
10/6/12
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_Love_Me_Like_You_Do_She_Don't_Like_The_Lights_Believe_Tour_Oakland,_Ca
Justin Bieber- Catching Feelings Oakland 10/6/12 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
CATCHIN FEELINGSSSS do you like my friend's screaming i do @bieberYES My camera is a canon powershot sx40 hs
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_Catching_Feelings_Oakland_10_6_12_HD
CATCHIN FEELINGSSSS do you like my friend's screaming i do @bieberYES My camera is a canon powershot sx40 hs
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 42227
- author: luvvvmusic
Justin Bieber- Die In Your Arms Oakland 10/6/12 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
diiiIiIIiiiIIiIe in my arms my camera is a canon powershot sx40 hs @bieberYES
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber_Die_In_Your_Arms_Oakland_10_6_12_HD
diiiIiIIiiiIIiIe in my arms my camera is a canon powershot sx40 hs @bieberYES
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 40774
- author: luvvvmusic
JURNE | 'In It' - Oakland, California.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
JURNE gets amongst it in Oakland, California. Shot: Lea Bruno Cut: Lea Bruno and Dorian Young. See the full post here: ironlak.com science-ism.com leabruno.com 1000panthers.com
http://wn.com/JURNE_|_'In_It'_Oakland,_California
JURNE gets amongst it in Oakland, California. Shot: Lea Bruno Cut: Lea Bruno and Dorian Young. See the full post here: ironlak.com science-ism.com leabruno.com 1000panthers.com
- published: 30 Nov 2011
- views: 52896
- author: ironlakfilms
Mindless Behavior is Good News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:40
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Mindless Behavior stops in Oakland California on their #1 Girl Tour and talks to Sean Kennedy of Good News in Oakland
http://wn.com/Mindless_Behavior_is_Good_News
Mindless Behavior stops in Oakland California on their #1 Girl Tour and talks to Sean Kennedy of Good News in Oakland
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 67059
- author: GoodNewsInOakland
Live105 NSSN Imaginane Dragons "Radioactive" @Oracle Arena Oakland California 12/08/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Live105 NSSN Imagine Dragons Oracle Arena 12/08/12
http://wn.com/Live105_NSSN_Imaginane_Dragons_Radioactive_@Oracle_Arena_Oakland_California_12_08_12
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: AP / BP
16 Jan 2013
IN what could be the first spillover from France's intervention in Mali, Islamist militants attacked and occupied a natural gas complex partly operated by energy company BP in southern Algeria. Two foreigners were killed and dozens of others, including Americans, were taken hostage ... It said it was holding 41 foreigners, including seven Americans ... Recommended Coverage. Al-Qaeda seize hostages in Algeria. End of sidebar ... . ....(size: 7.4Kb)
Sacramento Bee
18 Jan 2013
-- Police have released a photo of a gold-encrusted jewel box valued at more than $800,000 that was recently stolen from the Oakland Museum of California....(size: 0.8Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
18 Jan 2013
(AP) — Police have released a photo of a gold-encrusted jewel box valued at more than $800,000 that was recently stolen from the Oakland Museum of California....(size: 0.7Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
18 Jan 2013
Oakland's bad math ("On crime statistics. Oakland's math," Editorial, Jan ... There is a general perception that she frequently shows a disconnect between her words and actions compared to the reality that Oaklanders experience ... I urge California's representatives to support legislation for fees on carbon-based fuels in which revenues would be distributed equally to all Americans....(size: 4.5Kb)
Ohio
18 Jan 2013
University of Southern California, wide receivers coach ... University of Southern California, defensive backs coach ... University of Southern California, quarterbacks coach....(size: 0.9Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
18 Jan 2013
It took two extra sessions, but Avella finally outlasted Courtnee McMasters and California ... Avella trailed by five points entering the fourth quarter, but outscored California, 15-7, before McMasters' 3-pointer at the buzzer ... • Madison Caufield scored all 12 of her points on four 3-pointers to lead Oakland Catholic (6-8, 5-1) to a 31-29 victory against visiting Butler (8-8, 4-2) in Class AAAA Section 3....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
18 Jan 2013
(Source. City of Oakland, CA). Media Contact.. Karen Boyd ... Facebook ... Upcoming Holiday Closure at the City of Oakland ... Oakland, CA -The City of Oakland administrative offices will be closed on Monday, January 21, in observance of the Martin Luther King, Jr ... metered spaces throughout Oakland ... Oakland Public Library ... Oakland Animal Shelter ... Oakland Parks and Recreation ... This noodl was issued by City of Oakland, CA and was initially posted at ....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
18 Jan 2013
City of Oakland, CA) ... Oakland Police Department ... Oakland Police Make Arrest In Connection With A Homicide ... The investigation is on-going and anyone with information is asked to contact the Oakland Police Department's Major Crimes Section 1-Homicide at (510) 238-3821 or the TIP LINE at 777-2805 ... This noodl was issued by City of Oakland, CA and was initially posted at ....(size: 2.6Kb)
MSNBC
18 Jan 2013
A California assemblywoman has introduced a bill that would regulate ammunition sales in the state ......(size: 0.8Kb)
LA Daily News
18 Jan 2013
San Francisco Chronicle
18 Jan 2013
If progressive politics is all about innovation and applying nontraditional solutions to long-standing social problems and political issues, and Oakland is all about progressive politics, why are its elected officials so hesitant to try a wide range of ideas to address the city's most intractable problems? ... That test is so unforgiving that Bishop Bob Jackson, pastor of Acts Full Gospel Church in Oakland, ran up against it this week....(size: 3.5Kb)
noodls
18 Jan 2013
(Source. Oakland Athletics). OAKLAND, Calif. - The Oakland A's agreed to terms with catcher John Jaso and outfielder Seth Smith on one-year contracts for the 2013 season, the club announced today ... The complete 2012 and career statistics for Jaso and Smith follow.. JASO. AVG. G. AB. R. H. 2B. 3B. HR. RBI. BB. SO. SB. CS. SLG. OBP. SEATTLE. .276. 108. 294 ... OAKLAND ... This noodl was issued by Oakland Athletics and was initially posted at oakland.athletics.mlb.com....(size: 11.1Kb)
The Tribune San Luis Obispo
18 Jan 2013
Photo of stolen Oakland museum jewel box released ... A look at some new California laws ... Brown's personal involvement is significant because California is home to an estimated 2.9 million undocumented immigrants, about one of every four nationwide ... "It seems that in both Washington and certainly here in California, people recognize the importance of addressing comprehensive immigration reform," Duran said....(size: 13.9Kb)
LA Daily News
18 Jan 2013
By City News Servicedailynews.com. Posted. 01/17/2013 07.54.18 PM PST. January 18, 2013 4.5 AM GMTUpdated. 01/17/2013 08.05.48 PM PST ... 6, 2012 ... 2, 2012 ... On Dec ... • Readers ... California Gov ... Southern California schools to benefit from Gov ... Southern California hammered by wintry weather ... Teeth' dies at Oakland Zoo; owner charged with animal abuse ... ... For more local Southern California News.Copyright ©2010 Select a newspaper... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
"Oakland" redirects here. For other uses, see Oakland (disambiguation).
| Oakland | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| City of Oakland | |||
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|
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| Nickname(s): Oaktown, The O, The Town | |||
 |
|||
 Oakland
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| Coordinates: 37°48′16″N 122°16′15″W / 37.80444°N 122.27083°W / 37.80444; -122.27083Coordinates: 37°48′16″N 122°16′15″W / 37.80444°N 122.27083°W / 37.80444; -122.27083 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | California | ||
| County | Alameda | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-Council | ||
| • Mayor | Jean Quan (D) | ||
| • Senate | Loni Hancock (D) | ||
| • Assembly | Nancy Skinner (D) Sandré Swanson (D) Mary Hayashi (D) |
||
| • U.S. Congress | Barbara Lee (D) (CA-09) | ||
| Area[1] | |||
| • Total | 78.002 sq mi (202.024 km2) | ||
| • Land | 55.786 sq mi (144.485 km2) | ||
| • Water | 22.216 sq mi (57.54 km2) 28.48% | ||
| Elevation | 42 ft (12.8 m) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • Total | 390,724 | ||
| • Rank | 1st in Alameda County 8th in California 47th in the United States |
||
| • Density | 7,004/sq mi (2,704.2/km2) | ||
| Demonym | Oaklander | ||
| Time zone | PST (UTC−8) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC−7) | ||
| ZIP code | 94601, 94602, 94603, 94605, 94606, 94607, 94610, 94611, 94612, 94618, 94619, 94615, 94621 | ||
| Area code(s) | 510 | ||
| FIPS code | 06-53000 | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0277566 | ||
| Website | http://www.oaklandnet.com | ||
Oakland ( /ˈoʊklənd/) is a major West Coast port city on San Francisco Bay in the U.S. state of California. It is the eighth-largest city in the state and the 47th-largest in the U.S. with a population of 390,724 according to the 2010 census. Incorporated in 1852, Oakland is the county seat of Alameda County and is a central hub city for a region of the San Francisco Bay Area known as the East Bay. The city lies directly across the bay from San Francisco.
Oakland's territory covers what was once a mosaic of coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Oakland served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco, and Oakland's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region. During the California Gold Rush, Oakland became the main staging post for passengers and cargo journeying between the Bay Area and the Sierra foothills. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. It continued to grow into the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile industry. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Franciscans left that city's destruction, and a great number of Oakland's homes were built during the 1910s and 1920s. An extensive streetcar network connected most of Oakland's neighbourhoods to inter-city rail lines, most of whose routes continue as bus lines today. Ferry lines connected Oakland to San Francisco and other cities.
The 20th century saw a steady influx of immigrants to Oakland from around the world who, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s, have made Oakland one of the most ethnically diverse major cities in the country.[2] Oakland is known for its history of political activism, as well as its professional sports franchises and major corporations, which include health care, dot-com companies and manufacturers of household products. The city is a transportation hub for the greater Bay Area, and its shipping port is the fifth busiest in the United States.
Oakland has a Mediterranean climate with an average of 260 sunny days per year. Lake Merritt, a large estuary centrally located east of Downtown, was designated the United States' first official wildlife refuge. Jack London Square, named for the author and former resident, is a tourist destination on the Oakland waterfront. Progress has been made in reducing the city's high crime rate; violent crime is primarily concentrated in certain neighborhoods, although property crime remains problematic throughout the city. Oakland is continually listed among the top cities in the United States for sustainability practices, including a No. 1 ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources.
Contents |
History[link]
The Ohlone[link]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun tribe, who lived there for thousands of years. The Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone (a Miwok word meaning "western people").[3] In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, a stream that enters the San Francisco Bay at Emeryville.
The area was inhabited by the Ohlone people before Spanish settlers displaced them in the 18th and 19th centuries. Spain expanded the Viceroyalty of New Spain and colonized Alta California to stop the advancement of Russia from Alaska. Much of the land that was to become Oakland was held by the Peralta family under the Rancho San Antonio (Peralta) land grant. New Spain became independent in 1821 under the name "Mexico." In 1846, the Territory of Alta California was conquered by American forces, becoming simply "California." Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, American squatters laid legal claim to the land held by the Peralta family.
Early history[link]
Conquistadors from New Spain claimed Oakland and other Ohlone lands of the East Bay, along with the rest of California, for the king of Spain in 1772. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown deeded the East Bay area to Luís María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio. The grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain.[4] The ranch included a stand of oak trees that stretched from the land that is today Oakland's downtown area to the adjacent part of Alameda, then a peninsula. The Peraltas called the area encinal, a Spanish word that means "oak grove." Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente, who opened the land to American settlers, loggers, European whalers, and fur-traders[5]
Continued development occurred after 1848 when, as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War, the Mexican government ceded 525,000 square miles (1,360,000 km2); 55%[6] of its pre-war territory (excluding Texas) to the US in exchange for $15 million. The original settlement in what is now the downtown was initially called "Contra Costa" ("opposite shore", the Spanish name for the lands on the east side of the Bay) and was included in Contra Costa County before Alameda County was established on March 25, 1853. The California state legislature incorporated the town of Oakland on May 4, 1852. In 1853, John Coffee "Jack" Hays, a famous Texas Ranger, was one of the first to establish residence in Oakland while performing his duties as Sheriff of San Francisco.[7][8]
The town and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, the site of today's Port of Oakland. The Long Wharf served as the terminus both for the Transcontinental Railroad and for local commuter trains of the Central (later, Southern) Pacific. The Central Pacific also established one of its largest rail yards and servicing facilities in West Oakland, which continued to be a major local employer under the Southern Pacific well into the 20th century. The principal depot of the Southern Pacific in Oakland was the 16th Street Station located at 16th and Wood, which is currently being restored as part of a redevelopment project.[9] In 1871, Cyrus and Susan Mills paid $5,000 for the Young Ladies' Seminary in Benicia, renamed it Mills College, and moved it to its current location in Oakland, adjacent to what is now Seminary Boulevard. In 1872, the town of Brooklyn was incorporated into Oakland. Brooklyn, a large municipality southeast of Lake Merritt, was part of what was then called the Brooklyn Township.
A number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, and other lines were converted and added over the course of the 1890s. The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired by Francis "Borax" Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as the Key System, the predecessor of today's publicly owned AC Transit. In addition to its system of streetcars in the East Bay, the Key System also operated commuter trains to its own pier and ferry boats to San Francisco, in competition with the Southern Pacific. Upon completion of the Bay Bridge, both companies ran their commuter trains on the south side of the lower deck, directly to San Francisco. The Key System in its earliest years was actually in part a real estate venture, with the transit part serving to help open up new tracts for buyers. The Key System's investors (incorporated as the "Realty Syndicate") also established two large hotels in Oakland, one of which survives as the Claremont Resort. The other, which burned down in the early 1930s, was the Key Route Inn, at what is now West Grand and Broadway. From 1904 to 1929, the Realty Syndicate also operated a major amusement park in north Oakland called Idora Park.
Early 1900s[link]
The original extent of Oakland, upon its incorporation, lay south of today's major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north. Oakland's rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902, which created an "island" of nearby town Alameda. In 1906, its population doubled with refugees made homeless after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Concurrently, a strong City Beautiful movement, promoted by Mayor Frank Kanning Mott, was responsible for creating and preserving parks and monuments in Oakland, including major improvements to Lake Merritt and the construction of Oakland Civic Auditorium, which cost $1M in 1914. The Auditorium briefly served as an emergency ward and quarantine for some of Oakland's Spanish flu victims in 1918 and 1919. The three waves of the pandemic killed more than 1,400, out of 216,000, Oakland residents.
By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, including metals, canneries, bakeries, internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding.[10]
1920s[link]
The 1920s were economic boom years in the United States as a whole, and in California in particular. Economic growth was fueled by the general post–World War I recovery, as well as oil discoveries in Los Angeles and, most notably, the widespread introduction of the automobile. In 1916, General Motors opened a major Chevrolet automobile factory in East Oakland, making cars and then trucks until 1963, when it was moved to Fremont in southern Alameda County.[11] Also in 1916,[12] the Fageol Motor Company chose East Oakland for their first factory, manufacturing farming tractors from 1918 to 1923.[13] In 1921, they introduced an influential low-slung "Safety Bus", followed quickly by the 22-seat "Safety Coach."[14] Durant Motors operated a plant in Oakland from 1921 to 1930,[15] manufacturing sedans, coupes, convertibles, and roadsters.[16] By 1929, when Chrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the "Detroit of the West."[17]
Oakland expanded during the 1920s, flexing enough to meet the influx of factory workers. Approximately 13,000 homes were built between 1921 and 1924,[18] more than between 1907 and 1920.[19] Many of the large downtown office buildings, apartment buildings, and single-family houses still standing in Oakland were built during the 1920s; and they reflect the architectural styles of the time.
In 1926 Dr. William M. Watts (pictured left) opened a 22-bed hospital facility to provide in-patient care to Oakland's citizens of African descent who were not welcome at other health care institutions. The facility also offered training for African-American nurses.[20]
The Rocky Road ice cream was created in Oakland in 1929, though accounts differ about its first promoter. William Dreyer of Dreyer's is said to have carried the idea of marshmallow and walnut pieces in a chocolate base over from his partner Joseph Edy's similar candy creation.[21]
Aviation firsts[link]
Russell Clifford Durant (called "Cliff" by his friends) was a race car driver, speedboat enthusiast, amateur flier, President of Durant Motors in Oakland, and son of General Motors founder William "Billy" Crapo Durant. In 1916, he established Durant Field at 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street.[22] The first experimental transcontinental airmail through-flight finished its journey at Durant Field on August 9, 1920, with Army Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker and Navy Lt. Bert Acosta (pictured right) at the controls of the Junkers F 13 re-badged as the model J.L.6.[23] The airfield served only secondary duties after 1927, as its runway was not long enough for heavily loaded aircraft. In April 1930, test pilot Herbert "Hub" Fahy and his wife Claire hit a stump upon landing, flipping their plane and mortally wounding Hub without injuring Claire.[24] Durant Field was often called Oakland Airport, though the current Oakland International Airport was soon established four miles (6 km) southwest.[25]
On September 17, 1927, Charles Lindbergh attended the official dedication of the new Oakland Airport. A month earlier, on August 16, participants in the disastrous Dole Air Race had taken off from Oakland's new 7,020-foot (2,140 m) runway headed for Honolulu, Hawaii 2,400 miles (3,900 km) away—three fliers died before getting to the starting line in Oakland; five were lost at sea, attempting to reach Honolulu; and two more died searching for the lost five.[26]
On May 31, 1928, Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew departed Oakland in Southern Cross on their successful bid to cross the Pacific by air, finishing in Australia. In October 1928, Oakland was used as a base for the World War I aircraft involved in the final filming of Howard Hughes' Hell's Angels.[27] In 1928, aviator Louise Thaden took off from Oakland in a Travel Air to set a women's altitude record, as well as endurance and speed records.[28]
On January 11, 1935, Amelia Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California.
On St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1937, Earhart and her crew, Paul Mantz, Harry Manning and Fred Noonan, flew the first leg of her attempt to circumnavigate the globe, from Oakland to Honolulu, Hawaii. That attempt ended in Hawaii when her Lockheed Electra 10E was severely damaged. Later in the year, Earhart began her second, ill-fated attempt with the unpublicized first leg of her proposed transcontinental flight mapped from Oakland to Miami, Florida.
World War II[link]
During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. Among these were the Kaiser Shipyards in nearby Richmond. The medical system devised for shipyard workers became the basis for the giant Kaiser Permanente HMO, which has a large medical center at MacArthur and Broadway, the first to be established by Kaiser. Oakland's Moore Dry Dock Company expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships.
Valued at $100 million in 1943, Oakland's canning industry was its second-most-valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. Sited at both a major rail terminus and an important sea port, Oakland was a natural location for food processing plants, whose preserved products fed domestic, foreign, and military consumers. The largest canneries were in the Fruitvale District and included the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company.[29]
Prior to World War II, blacks constituted about 3% of Oakland's population. Aside from restrictive covenants pertaining to some Oakland Hills properties, Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation did not exist in California, and relations between the races were mostly harmonious. What segregation did exist was voluntary; blacks could, and did, live in all parts of the city.[30]
The war attracted tens of thousands of laborers from around the country, though most were poor whites and blacks from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas—sharecroppers and tenant farmers who had been recruited by Henry J. Kaiser to work in his shipyards. These immigrants from the Jim Crow South brought their racial attitudes with them, and the racial harmony that Oakland blacks had been accustomed to prior to the war evaporated.[30] Southern whites expected deference from their black co-workers, and initially Southern blacks were conditioned to grant it.[31] As Southern blacks became aware of their more equal standing under California law, they began to reject subservient roles; the new immigrants prospered, though they were affected by rising racial discrimination and informal post-war neighborhood redlining.[31]
The Mai Tai cocktail was first concocted in Oakland in 1944, and it became very popular at Trader Vic's restaurant.[32] Established in 1932, just four years later, Trader Vic's was so successful San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen was inspired to write, "the best restaurant in San Francisco is in Oakland."[33] Trader Vic's was chosen by the State Department as the official entertainment center for foreign dignitaries attending United Nations meetings in San Francisco.[34] The restaurant continued to grow in popularity and was running out of room when, in 1951, founder Victor Bergeron opened a larger one in San Francisco. In 1972, the flagship Oakland restaurant moved to the nearby Emeryville Marina.[35]
Post-WWII (1940s and 1950s)[link]
File:Merrittview.jpg
View of Lake Merritt looking southwest from the northeastern tip of the lake
In 1946 National City Lines (NCL), a General Motors holding company, acquired 64% of Key System stock; during the next several years NCL engaged in the conspiratorial dissolution of Oakland's electric streetcar system. NCL converted the Key System's electric streetcar fleet to diesel buses, tracks were removed from Oakland's streets, and the lower deck of the Bay Bridge was converted to automobile traffic, which reduced the passenger carrying capacity of the bridge. Freeways were constructed, which partitioned the social and retail fabric of neighborhoods. In the 1948 federal case "United States v. National City Lines Inc.," the defendants were found guilty on a count of conspiring to monopolize the provision of parts and supplies to their subsidiary companies. The companies were each fined $5,000, and the directors were each fined one dollar. The verdicts were upheld on appeal in 1951.[36] The state Legislature created the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District in 1955, which still exists today as AC Transit, the third-largest bus-only transit system in the nation.[37]
Soon after the war, with the disappearance of Oakland's shipbuilding industry and the decline of its automobile industry, jobs became scarce. Many of the poor blacks who had come to the city from the South decided to stay in Oakland, and longstanding black residents complained that the new Southern arrivals "tended towards public disorder."[38] The segregationist attitudes that some Southern migrants brought with them disrupted the racial harmony that Oaklanders had been accustomed to before the war.[30] Many of the city's more affluent residents, both black and white, left the city after the war, moving to neighboring Alameda, Berkeley, Albany and El Cerrito to the north; to San Leandro, Hayward, Castro Valley and Fremont in Southern Alameda County; and to the newly developing East Bay suburbs, Orinda, Lafayette, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek and Concord. Between 1950 and 1960, about 100,000 white property owners moved out of Oakland—part of a nationwide phenomenon called white flight.[39]
By the end of World War II, blacks constituted about 12% of Oakland's population, and the years following the war saw this percentage rise. There was also an increase in racial tension.[38] Starting in the late 1940s, the Oakland Police Department began recruiting officers from the South to deal with the expanding black population and changing racial attitudes; many were openly racist, and their repressive police tactics exacerbated racial tensions.[40]
Oakland was the center of a general strike during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that experienced such a strike after World War II.[41] It was one of the largest strike movements in American history, as workers were determined not to let management repeat the union busting that followed the first World War.[42] Oakland, which had been racially harmonious and prosperous before the war, by the late 1950s found itself with a population that was becoming progressively more poor and racially divided.[43][44]
1960s and 1970s[link]
In 1960, Kaiser Corporation erected its headquarters at the former site of Holy Names University, at the corner of 20th and Harrison Streets. It was the largest skyscraper in Oakland, as well as "the largest office tower west of Chicago" up to that time.[45] During this era, the oldest section of Oakland at the foot of Broadway, Jack London Square, was redeveloped into a hotel and outdoor retail district.[citation needed] During the 1960s, the city was home to an innovative funk music scene that produced well-known bands like Sly & the Family Stone, Graham Central Station, Tower of Power, Cold Blood, and The Headhunters. Larry Graham, the bass player for both Sly & the Family Stone and Graham Central Station, is credited with the creation of the influential slap and pop sound still widely used by bassists in many musical idioms today.[citation needed]
By 1966, only 16 of the city's 661 police officers were black. Tensions between the black community and the largely white police force were high, and police malfeasance against blacks was common.[39][46] The Black Panther Party was founded by Oakland City College (later Merritt College) students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale .[47]
It was also during the 1960s that the Oakland chapter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club began to grow into a formidable motorcycle gang and organized crime syndicate.[48][49] Its Oakland clubhouse is still on Foothill Boulevard in the city.
During the 1970s, Oakland began to experience serious problems with gang-controlled dealing of heroin and cocaine when drug kingpin Felix Mitchell created the nation's first large-scale operation of this kind.[38] Both violent crime and property crime increased during this period, and Oakland's murder rate was higher than many cities that were more than twice of large.[38]
In late 1973, the Symbionese Liberation Army assassinated Oakland's superintendent of schools, Dr. Marcus Foster, and badly wounded his deputy, Robert Blackburn. Two months later, two men were arrested and charged with the murder. Both received life sentences, though one was acquitted after an appeal and a retrial seven years later.[citation needed]
Today, Oakland's murder and crime rate is high for a city of its size. The city continues to try and make progress to get the crime rate under control.
Sports[link]
In sports, the Oakland Athletics MLB club won three consecutive World Series championships in 1972, 1973, and 1974, in addition to three consecutive World Series appearances from 1988 to 1990; the A's won the 1989 contest. The Golden State Warriors won the 1974–1975 NBA championship. The Oakland Raiders of the NFL won Super Bowl XI in 1977 and Super Bowl XV in 1981, while also appearing in Super Bowl II in 1968 and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003.
1980s and 1990s[link]
Starting in the early 1980s, the number of Latinos, mostly of Mexican origin, began to increase in Oakland, especially in the Fruitvale district. This district is one of the oldest in Oakland, growing up around the old Peralta estate (now a city park). It always had a concentration of Latino residents, businesses and institutions, and increased immigration, continuing into the 21st century, has added greater numbers.
During the 1980s, crack cocaine became a serious problem in Oakland and it continued to lead the city into a very high violent crime rate.
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Oakland's black plurality reached its peak at approximately 47% of the overall population. Oakland was the birthpalce or home at one time of several rap acts, including MC Hammer, Digital Underground, Hieroglyphics (including Souls of Mischief and Del tha Funkee Homosapien), The Luniz, Tupac Shakur, and Too Short. Outside of the rap genre, artists such as thePointer Sisters, En Vogue, Tony! Toni! Tone!, and Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day also emerged from Oakland.
On May 24, 1990, a pipe bomb placed underneath traveling eco-activist Judi Bari's car seat exploded, tearing through her backside and nearly killing her. The bomb was placed directly under the driver's seat, not in the back seat or luggage area as it presumably would have been if Bari had been transporting it knowingly. Immediately after the 1990 car bombing, while Bari was in Oakland's Highland Hospital, she and a friend were arrested on suspicion of knowingly transporting the bomb. The Alameda County district attorney later dropped the case for lack of evidence, and in 2004 the FBI and the City of Oakland agreed to a $4 million settlement of a lawsuit brought by Bari's estate, and her friend, over their false arrest.[50]
On October 20, 1991, a massive firestorm (see 1991 Oakland firestorm) swept down from the Berkeley Hills above the Caldecott Tunnel. Twenty-five people were killed, and 150 people were injured, with nearly 4,000 homes destroyed. The economic loss has been estimated at $1.5 billion, and it was the worst such firestorm in American history.[51] Many of the original homes were rebuilt.
In late 1996, Oakland was the center of a controversy surrounding Ebonics (African American Vernacular English), an ethnolect the outgoing Oakland Unified School District board voted to recognize on December 18.[52][53] This was later dropped.
During the mid 1990s, Oakland experienced an improved economy compared to previous decades[54], with new downtown land development such as a $140 million state government center project, a $101 million city office building, and a 12-story office building for the University of California, Office of the President. The City Center redevelopment project was bought by Shorenstein Co., a San Francisco real estate firm. Office vacancies dropped to 11 percent from 16 percent in 1996. Officials at the Port of Oakland and Oakland International Airport, began multimillion-dollar expansion plans to keep pace with rival shipping ports and airports on the West Coast.
Loma Prieta earthquake[link]
The Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on October 17, 1989, a rupture of the San Andreas fault that affected the entire San Francisco Bay Area. The quake's surface wave measured 7.1 on the Richter magnitude scale, and many structures in Oakland were badly damaged. The double-decker portion of the freeway (Interstate 880) structure collapsed. The eastern span of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge also sustained damage and was closed to traffic for one month.
2000s[link]
After his 1999 inauguration, Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown continued his predecessor Elihu Harris' public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan.[55] Since Brown's stated goal was to add 10,000 residents to downtown Oakland, it became known as the "10K" plan. It resulted in redevelopment projects in the Jack London District, where Brown purchased and later sold an industrial warehouse, which he used as a personal residence, and in the Lakeside Apartments District near Lake Merritt, where two infill projects were approved. The 10K plan touched the historic Old Oakland district, the Chinatown district, the Uptown district, and downtown.
The 10K plan and other redevelopment projects were controversial due to potential rent increases and gentrification, which would displace lower-income residents from downtown Oakland into outlying neighborhoods and cities.[56] Additional controversy over development proposals arose from the weakening of the Bay Area and national economy in 2000, 2001, 2007, and the credit crunch and the recession of 2008. These downturns resulted in lowered sales, rentals and occupancy of the new housing and slower growth and economic recovery than expected.
The Oakland Athletics have long sought a site to build a new baseball stadium. A deal announced in 2006 to build a new park in Fremont, to be called Cisco Field was halted three years later as a result of opposition from businesses and local residents.[57] Local efforts have been put forth by both fans and city politicians to retain the A's, including three potential locations near downtown and the Oakland waterfront.[58] The South Bay city of San Jose has shown continuing, strong interest to be the team's new home, and is the preferred destination for current team owner Lew Wolff.[59]
The Oakland Ballet, performing in the city since 1965, folded temporarily in 2006 due financial problems and the closure of their performance facility, the Calvin Simmons Theater at the Kaiser Convention Center.[60] The following year, founder Ronn Guidi announced the revival of the Ballet under new director Graham Lustig, and the program continues to perform at the Laney College Theater.[61]
In the early morning hours of January 1, 2009, unarmed civilian Oscar Grant was shot and killed by BART police officer Johannes Mehserle on a crowded platform at the Fruitvale BART Station in East Oakland.[62] Officers had subdued Grant in a prone position for allegedly resisting arrest, before Mehserle shot Grant in the back with his gun, which he claimed to have mistaken for his stun gun.[63] In the ensuing week, demonstrations and riots took place in downtown Oakland, with demonstrators citing police brutality and racial injustice as their motivation.[64] Mehserle was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in July 2010, and sentenced to two years in prison. Both the verdict and sentencing set off further demonstrations in downtown Oakland, which included looting and destruction of property.[65][66]
In February 2009, the Fox Oakland Theatre reopened. The theatre had been closed for most of the previous 42 years, with few events held there. After a thorough restoration, seismic retrofit, and many other improvements following years of severe neglect (including a fire as recently as 2004),[67] the historic landmark theater started drawing patrons from all over the Bay Area.[68]
On March 21, 2009, Oakland parolee Lovelle Mixon, 26, fatally shot four Oakland police officers, and wounded a fifth officer. At approximately 1 pm, Mixon shot and killed two officers during a routine traffic stop. Mixon fled the scene, hiding in his sister's nearby apartment, and shortly after 3 pm he killed two more officers. During the ensuing shootout, the police killed Mixon in self-defense and a fifth officer was wounded. Three of the officers killed were ranking sergeants, the first time the Oakland Police Department had lost a sergeant in the line of duty. It was the single deadliest day for sworn personnel in the department's history.[69]
2010s[link]
On October 10, 2011, protesters and civic activists began "Occupy Oakland" demonstrations directed against national social and economic inequality at Frank Ogawa Plaza in Downtown Oakland.[70][71] The demonstrators set up an encampment which at one point consisted of "a miniature city" with as many as 150 tents.[72][73] At one point, a second encampment was established at Snow Park on Lake Merritt.[74] Oakland Police raided and dismantled the two protest sites at Frank Ogawa Plaza and Snow Park early in the morning on October 25. Later the same day, in efforts to reestablish the encampments, protesters clashed with police. Two officers and three protesters were injured and more than a hundred people were arrested.[75] On November 2, thousands marched upon and shut down the Port of Oakland.[76] At least two Iraqi war veterans were injured in the demonstrations, by police action.[77] By November 14, the encampment at the plaza in front of City Hall had been cleared, and it was announced by city officials the continued protests had cost the city $2.4 million.[78] A January 28, 2012 attempt by Occupy Oakland protesters to overtake the vacant Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center resulted in hundreds of arrests by police, and that evening a break-in by vandals to Oakland City Hall resulted in damage to artwork and the building itself.[79]
Throughout the 2010s the city's Oakland Medical Center, the first HMO and first Kaiser Permanente hospital, underwent a $2 billion retrofit including numerous new buildings.
On April 2, 2012, 7 people were killed in a shooting at Oikos University, in East Oakland near the airport and Coliseum Complex. Suspect One L. Goh surrendered an hour later to police in Alameda.[80]
Geography[link]
Oakland is on the east side of San Francisco Bay; in 1991 the City Hall tower was at 37°48′19″N 122°16′21″W / 37.805302°N 122.272539°W / 37.805302; -122.272539 (NAD83). (The building still exists, but like the rest of the Bay Area it has shifted northwest perhaps 0.6 meter in the last twenty years.)
The United States Census Bureau says the city's total area is 78.0 square miles (202 km2), including 55.8 square miles (145 km2) of land and 22.2 square miles (57 km2) (28.48 percent) of water.
Oakland's highest point is near Grizzly Peak Blvd, east of Berkeley, just over 1,760 feet (540 m) above sea level at about 37°52′43″N 122°13′27″W / 37.8786°N 122.2241°W / 37.8786; -122.2241. Oakland has 19 miles (31 km) of shoreline,[81] but Radio Beach is the only beach in Oakland.
Oaklanders refer to their city's terrain as "the flatlands" and "the hills", which until recent waves of gentrification have also been a reference to Oakland's deep economic divide, with "the hills" being more affluent communities. About two-thirds of Oakland lies in the flat plain of the East Bay, with one-third rising into the foothills and hills of the East Bay range.
Neighborhoods[link]
Main article: List of neighborhoods in Oakland, California
Oakland has more than 50 distinct neighborhoods, many of which are not "official" enough to be named on a map.[82] The common large neighborhood divisions in the city are downtown Oakland and its greater Central Business District, Lake Merritt, East Oakland, North Oakland, West Oakland, and the Oakland Hills. East Oakland actually encompasses more than half of Oakland's area, stretching from Lakeshore Avenue on the east shore of Lake Merritt southeast to the San Leandro border. North Oakland encompasses the neighborhoods between downtown and Berkeley and Emeryville. West Oakland is the area between downtown and the Bay, partially surrounded by the Oakland Point, and encompassing the Port of Oakland. In 2011, Oakland was ranked the 10th most walkable city in the United States.[83]
Lake Merritt, an urban estuary near downtown, is a mix of fresh and salt water draining in and out from the Oakland Harbor at the San Francisco Bay and one of Oakland's most notable features.[84] It was designated the United States' first official wildlife refuge in 1870.[85] Originally a marsh-lined wildlife haven, Lake Merritt was dredged and bordered with parks from the 1890s to the 1910s. Despite this reduction in habitat, Oakland is home to a number of rare and endangered species, many of which are localized to serpentine soils and bedrock. Lake Merritt is surrounded by notable residential and business districts, including downtown and Grand Lake.
Other neighborhoods include an historic Chinatown, the heavily Latino Fruitvale district, and the upscale shopping districts of Rockridge and Piedmont Avenue.
The relatively affluent city of Piedmont, incorporated in Oakland's central foothills after the 1906 earthquake, is a small independent city surrounded by the city of Oakland.
Climate[link]
Based on data gathered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oakland is ranked No. 1 in climate among U.S. cities.[86] Oakland's climate is typified by the temperate and seasonal Mediterranean climate. Summers are usually dry and warm and winters are mild and wet. More specifically, it has features found in both nearby coastal cities such as San Francisco and inland cities such as San Jose, making it warmer than San Francisco and cooler than San Jose. Its position on San Francisco Bay across from the Golden Gate means that the Northern part of the city can experience cooling maritime fog. It is far enough inland, though, that the fog often burns off by midday, allowing it to have typically sunny California days. The hills tend to have more fog than the flatlands, as the fog drifts down from Berkeley.
The U.S. Weather Bureau kept weather records in downtown Oakland from October 4, 1894, to July 31, 1958. During that time, the record high temperature was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 24, 1957, and the record low temperature was 24 °F (−4 °C) on January 23, 1949. The wettest year was 1940 with 38.65 inches (982 mm) and the driest year was 1910 with 12.02 inches (305 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 15.35 inches (390 mm) in January 1911. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 4.27 inches (108 mm) on February 12, 1904.[87]
The National Weather Service today has two official weather stations in Oakland: Oakland International Airport and the Oakland Museum (established 1970).
| Climate data for Oakland Museum | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 74 (23) |
81 (27) |
87 (31) |
97 (36) |
105 (41) |
107 (42) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
109 (43) |
103 (39) |
84 (29) |
75 (24) |
109 (43) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 57.1 (13.9) |
61.2 (16.2) |
63.2 (17.3) |
66.4 (19.1) |
68.9 (20.5) |
71.6 (22.0) |
72.7 (22.6) |
73.5 (23.1) |
74.6 (23.7) |
72.1 (22.3) |
63.9 (17.7) |
57.6 (14.2) |
66.9 (19.4) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 44.7 (7.1) |
47.6 (8.7) |
49.0 (9.4) |
50.6 (10.3) |
53.3 (11.8) |
55.7 (13.2) |
57.0 (13.9) |
58.3 (14.6) |
58.2 (14.6) |
55.2 (12.9) |
49.4 (9.7) |
44.8 (7.1) |
52.0 (11.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 24 (−4) |
28 (−2) |
30 (−1) |
35 (2) |
38 (3) |
41 (5) |
47 (8) |
40 (4) |
42 (6) |
36 (2) |
30 (−1) |
25 (−4) |
24 (−4) |
| Rainfall inches (mm) | 4.85 (123.2) |
4.27 (108.5) |
3.56 (90.4) |
1.38 (35.1) |
0.57 (14.5) |
0.11 (2.8) |
0.07 (1.8) |
0.10 (2.5) |
0.33 (8.4) |
1.33 (33.8) |
3.14 (79.8) |
3.23 (82) |
22.94 (582.7) |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 5.9 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 64.8 |
| Source: NOAA[88] | |||||||||||||
Ruptures along the nearby San Andreas fault caused severe earth movement in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1906 and 1989. San Andreas quakes induces creep (movement occurring on earthquake faults) in the Hayward fault, which runs directly through Oakland, Berkeley, San Jose and other Bay Area cities.[89] In 1991, an urban firestorm destroyed nearly 4,000 homes and killed 25 people in the Oakland hills; it was the worst urban firestorm in American history.[51]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1860 | 1,543 |
|
|
| 1870 | 10,500 | 580.5% | |
| 1880 | 34,555 | 229.1% | |
| 1890 | 48,682 | 40.9% | |
| 1900 | 66,960 | 37.5% | |
| 1910 | 150,174 | 124.3% | |
| 1920 | 216,261 | 44.0% | |
| 1930 | 284,063 | 31.4% | |
| 1940 | 302,163 | 6.4% | |
| 1950 | 384,575 | 27.3% | |
| 1960 | 367,548 | −4.4% | |
| 1970 | 361,561 | −1.6% | |
| 1980 | 339,337 | −6.1% | |
| 1990 | 372,242 | 9.7% | |
| 2000 | 399,484 | 7.3% | |
| 2010 | 390,724 | −2.2% | |
2010[link]
The 2010 United States Census[90] reported that Oakland had a population of 390,724. The population density was 5,009.2 people per square mile (1,934.0/km²). The racial makeup of Oakland was 134,925 (34.5%) White, 109,471 (28.0%) African American, 3,040 (0.8%) Native American, 65,811 (16.8%) Asian (8.7% Chinese, 2.2% Vietnamese, 1.6% Filipino, 0.7% Cambodian, 0.7% Laotian, 0.6% Korean, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Indian), 2,222 (0.6%) Pacific Islander (0.3% Tongan), 53,378 (13.7%) from other races, and 21,877 (5.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99,068 persons (25.4%). Among the Hispanic population, 18.1% are Mexican, 1.9% Salvadoran, 1.3% Guatemalan, and 0.7% Puerto Rican.
|
The Census reported that 382,586 people (97.9% of the population) lived in households, 5,675 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,463 (0.6%) were institutionalized.
There were 153,791 households, out of which 44,762 (29.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 50,797 (33.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 24,122 (15.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8,799 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 11,289 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3,442 (2.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 52,103 households (33.9%) were made up of individuals and 13,778 (9.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 83,718 families (54.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.27.
The population was spread out with 83,120 people (21.3%) under the age of 18, 36,272 people (9.3%) aged 18 to 24, 129,139 people (33.1%) aged 25 to 44, 98,634 people (25.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 43,559 people (11.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.2 years. For every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.
There were 169,710 housing units at an average density of 2,175.7 per square mile (840.0/km²), of which 63,142 (41.1%) were owner-occupied, and 90,649 (58.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.5%. 166,662 people (42.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 215,924 people (55.3%) lived in rental housing units.
Income[link]
In 2008 the median income for a household in the city was $48,596 and the median income for a family was $55,949. Males had a median income of $46,383 versus $44,690 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,094. In 2007 approximately 15.3 percent of families and 17.0 percent of the general population were below the poverty line, including 27.9 percent of those under age 18 and 13.1 percent of those age 65 or over. 0.7% of the population is homeless.[92] Home ownership is 41%[92] and 14% of rental units are subsidized.[92] The unemployment rate as of August 2009 is 15.2%.[93]
As of the census[94] of 2000, the median income for a household in the city is $40,055, and the median income for a family is $44,384. Males have a median income of $37,433 versus $35,088 for females. The per capita income for the city is $21,936. 19.4% of the population and 16.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.9% of those under the age of 18 and 13.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Shifting of cultures[link]
The city's formerly most populous ethnic group, white, declined from 95.3% in 1940 to 32.5% by 1990.[95] Since the 1960s, Oakland has been known as a center of Northern California's African-American community. However, between 2000 and 2010 Oakland lost nearly 25% of its black population.[96] The city demographics have changed due to a combination of gentrification along with many blacks relocating to Bay Area suburbs, or moving to the Southern United States.[97][98][99] Blacks formed a strong plurality for many years, peaking in 1980 at about 47% of the population of Oakland. Despite the decline, black residents maintain their status as Oakland's single largest ethnic group as of 2010, at 27% of the population, followed by non-Hispanic whites at 26%, and Latinos of any race at 25%.[100]
Recent trends have resulted in cultural shifts, leading to a decline among some of the city's longstanding black institutions, such as churches, businesses, and nightclubs,[101] which has been a point of contention for some long-time black residents.[96]
In recent years, immigrants and others have marched by the thousands down Oakland's International Boulevard in support of legal reforms benefiting illegal immigrants.[102] In 2009, Oakland's city council passed a resolution to create municipally-issued "Oakland identification cards" to help residents get easier access to city and business services, improve their civic participation and encourage them to report crimes to police.[103] The following year, Oakland's city council resolved to divert new municipal economic investment from firms headquartered in Arizona in the wake of that state's attempt to control its illegal immigration.[104]
An analysis by the Urban Institute of U.S. Census 2000 numbers showed that Oakland had the third-highest concentration of gays and lesbians among the 50 largest U.S. cities, behind San Francisco and Seattle. Census data showed that, among incorporated places that have at least 500 female couples, Oakland had the nation's largest proportion. In 2000, Oakland counted 2,650 lesbian couples; one in every 41 Oakland couples listed themselves as a same-sex female partnership.[105][106]
Crime[link]
Main article: Crime in Oakland, California
In 2010, violent crime in general was down 27% and the homicide drop was the city's fourth in a row. Both violent crime in general, and homicides in particular, increased during 2011.[107] The Oakland police department is committed to improved public safety by increasing police presence during peak crime hours, improving intelligence gathering, and prioritizing the arrest of violent crime suspects.[108][109]
Oakland's crime rate began to escalate during the late 1960s, and by the end of the 1970s Oakland's per capita murder rate had risen to twice that of San Francisco or New York.[110] During the first decade of the 21st century Oakland has consistently been listed as one of the most dangerous large cities in the United States.[111] Among Oakland's 35 police patrol beats, violent crime remains a serious problem in specific East and West Oakland neighborhoods. In 2008, homicides were disproportionately concentrated: 72% occurred in three City Council districts, District 3 in West Oakland and Districts 6 and 7 in East Oakland, even though these districts represent only 44% of Oakland's residents.[112] In June, 2010, amid upcoming budget cuts and layoffs, Oakland's police chief Anthony Batts announced a list of 44 crimes that 9-1-1 dispatchers will no longer send Oakland police officers to, e.g. if no one is in immediate danger and if criminal(s) are not on the premises. On October 11, 2011, Batts resigned after approximately two years as police chief.
Economy[link]
Oakland is a major West Coast port, and there are nearly 200,000 jobs related to marine cargo transport.[113] These jobs range from minimum wage hourly positions to Transportation Storage and Distribution Managers who earn an annual average salary of $91,520.[114] The city is also home to several major corporations including Matson, Kaiser Permanente and Clorox, as well as corporate headquarters for national retailers like Dreyer's and Cost Plus World Markets.[115] The first Longs Drugs store opened in Oakland. Tech companies such as Ask.com and Pandora Radio are located in Oakland,[116] and in recent years many start-up high tech and green energy companies have found a home in the downtown neighborhoods of Uptown, City Center, Jack London Square and Lake Merritt Financial District.[117]
Oakland experienced an increase of both its population and of land values in the early-to-mid first decade of the 21st century. The 10k Plan, which began during former mayor Elihu Harris' administration, and intensified during former mayor Jerry Brown's administration resulted in several thousand units of new multi-family housing and development.
Top employers[link]
According to the City's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[118] the top employers in the city are:
| # | Employer | # of Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alameda County | 10,374 |
| 2 | Wells Fargo | 5,862 |
| 3 | Oakland Unified School District | 5,704 |
| 4 | City of Oakland | 4,478 |
| 5 | Cost Plus World Market | 4,125 |
| 6 | Kaiser Foundation Hospitals | 3,105 |
| 7 | Peralta Community College District | 2,759 |
| 8 | Safeway | 2,692 |
| 9 | Internal Revenue Service | 2,500 |
| 10 | Albertson's | 2,209 |
Arts and culture[link]
Oakland has a significant art scene and claims the highest concentration of artists per capita in the United States.[119] Galleries exist in various parts of Oakland, with the newest additions centered mostly in the Uptown area. The city offers a wide variety of cuisine in both restaurants and markets, often featuring locally grown produce and international foods which reflect the city’s ethnically diverse population. Historically a focal point of the West Coast blues scene, Oakland is also home to musicians representing such genres as rhythm and blues, funk, punk, heavy metal, and hip hop.
Annual cultural events[link]
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Events which celebrate the diverse cultures of Oakland include:
|
|
Attractions[link]
|
|
Nightlife[link]
Downtown Oakland has an assortment of bars and nightclubs. They include dive bars, dance clubs, modern lounges and jazz bars. The Paramount Theater features headlining musical tours and productions, while Fox Oakland Theatre draws various musical genres including jam bands, rock, punk, blues, jazz, and reggae. The Paramount and Fox theaters often book simultaneous events creating busy nights uptown.[120]
Oakland is home to wetbacks and niggers, who love to suck big cock
Yoshi's, near Jack London Square. Jack London Square is a nighttime destination with its movie theaters, restaurants, and clubs. Recent years have seen the growth of the "Oakland Art Murmur" event, occurring in the Uptown neighborhood the first Friday evening of every month.[121]
"There is no there there"[link]
Oakland was written about by Gertrude Stein in her 1937 book Everybody's Autobiography: "There is no there there." Originally declared upon learning as an adult her childhood home in Oakland had been torn down, over time the quote has become misconstrued to represent the city of Oakland itself.[122][123]
Modern-day Oakland has turned the quote on its head, with a statue downtown simply titled "There." Additionally, in 2005 a sculpture called HERETHERE was installed by the City of Berkeley on the Berkeley-Oakland border at Martin Luther King Jr. Way. The sculpture consists of eight-foot-tall letters spelling "HERE" and "THERE" in front of the BART tracks as they descend from their elevated section in Oakland to the subway through Berkeley.[124]
Professional sports[link]
Oakland has teams in three professional sports: Basketball, baseball, and football.
| Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oakland Athletics | Baseball | 1901 (in Oakland since 1968) | Major League Baseball: American League. AL West | Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum |
| Oakland Raiders | American Football | 1960 (in Los Angeles from 1982–1994) | National Football League: American Conference. AFC West | Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum |
| Golden State Warriors | Basketball | 1946 (In Oakland since 1971) | National Basketball Association: Western Conference. Pacific Division | Oracle Arena |
Oakland's former sports teams include:
- Oakland Oaks, Pacific Coast League of Baseball, 1903–1955. (The Oaks played at Oaks Park in Emeryville after 1912.)
- Oakland Hornets, member of American Football League (1944)
- Oakland Oaks, American Basketball League, 1962.
- Oakland Oaks, American Basketball Association, 1967–1969.
- Oakland Seals, National Hockey League, 1967–1976.
- Oakland Clippers, North American Soccer League, 1968.
- Oakland Stompers, North American Soccer League, 1978.
- Oakland Invaders, United States Football League, 1983–1985.
- Oakland Skates, Roller Hockey International, 1993–1996.
- Oakland Slammers, International Basketball League, 2005–2006.
Parks and recreation[link]
Parks[link]
Oakland has many parks including:
- Joaquin Miller Park
- Joseph Knowland State Arboretum and Park, home of the Oakland Zoo
- Lake Merritt
- Morcom Rose Garden best from July through October
- Mosswood Park
- Peralta Hacienda Historical Park,[125] headquarters of the Peralta rancho, Rancho San Antonio
- William Joseph McInnes Botanic Garden and Campus Arboretum, located on the Mills College campus
Additionally, the following seven East Bay Regional Parks are located entirely or partially in the city of Oakland:
- Anthony Chabot Regional Park
- Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve
- Leona Canyon Regional Open Space Preserve
- Redwood Regional Park
- Robert Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
- Roberts Regional Recreation Area
- Temescal Regional Park
Places of worship[link]
Some of the most prominent places of worship in Oakland include: First Congregational Church of Oakland, Evangelistic Outreach Center, Green Pastures, the Presbyterian, First Presbyterian Church of Oakland; Greek Orthodox Ascension Cathedral; the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Christ the Light; the United Methodist Chinese Community Church; the Unitarian First Unitarian Church; the Mormon Oakland California Temple; the Muslim, 31st Street Islamic Center, Light-House Mosque; the Reform Jewish Temple Sinai; the Conservative Jewish, Temple Beth Abraham; and the Orthodox Jewish, Beth Jacob Congregation, American Baptist; Faith Baptist Church of Oakland and the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses.
Government[link]
Oakland has a mayor-council government. The mayor is elected for a four-year term. The Oakland City Council has eight council members representing seven districts in Oakland with one member elected at-large; council members serve staggered four-year terms. The mayor appoints a city administrator, subject to the confirmation by the City Council, who is the chief administrative officer of the city. Other city officers include: city attorney (elected), city auditor (elected), and city clerk (appointed by city administrator).[126] Oakland's Mayor is subject to a tenure limited to two terms. There are no term limits for the city council. Three council members are currently on their fourth term, and Councilman De La Fuente is serving for his fifth term, approaching two decades in office.
Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake until $80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was complete in 1995.[127]
Jean Quan was elected mayor in November 2010, beating Don Perata and Rebecca Kaplan in the city's first ranked choice balloting.[128]
In the state legislature Oakland is located in the 9th Senate District, represented by Democrat Loni Hancock, and in the 14th, 16th, and 18th Assembly Districts, represented by Democrats Nancy Skinner, Sandré Swanson, and Mary Hayashi respectively. Oakland is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Barbara Lee and is located in California's 9th Congressional District, which has a Cook PVI of D +38.[129]
Education[link]
Primary and secondary education[link]
Most public schools in Oakland are operated by the Oakland Unified School District (OUSD), which covers the entire city of Oakland; due to financial troubles and administrative failures, it has been in receivership by the state of California since 2002. The Oakland Unified School District (2006–2007) includes 59 elementary schools, 23 middle schools, 19 high schools, with 9 alternative education schools and programs, 4 adult education schools and early childhood education centers at most of the elementary schools[130] There are 46,000 K–12 students, 32,000 adult students, and 6,000 plus employees.[131] Overall, OUSD schools have performed poorly for years. In the 2005 results of the STAR testing, over 50 percent of students taking the test performed "below basic," while only 20 percent performed at least "proficient" on the English section of the test.[132] Some individual schools have much better performance than the city-wide average, for instance, in 2005 over half the students at Hillcrest Elementary School in the Montclair upper hills neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the English portion of the test, and students at Lincoln Elementary School in the Chinatown neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the math portion.
Oakland's three largest public high schools are Oakland High School, Oakland Technical High School, and Skyline High School. Oakland Tech has various academies, including its much renowned Engineering Academy, which sent more girls to MIT in 2007 than any other public school west of the Mississippi.[citation needed] There are also numerous small public high schools within Castlemont Community of Small Schools, Fremont Federation of High Schools, and McClymonds Educational Complex, all of which were once single, larger public high schools that were reorganized due to poor performance (Castlemont High School, Fremont High School, and McClymonds High School, respectively).
25 public charter schools with 5,887 students[133] operate outside the domain of OUSD. One, North Oakland Community Charter School (NOCCS), an elementary and middle school, is one of the few public progressive schools in the country. Lionel Wilson College Prep Academy and Oakland Unity High School have been certified by the California Charter Schools Association.[134][135] Other charter schools include the Oakland Military Institute, Oakland School for the Arts, Bay Area Technology School, and Oakland Charter Academy.[136]
There are several private high schools. Notables include the secular The College Preparatory School and Head-Royce School, and the Catholic Bishop O'Dowd High School, Holy Names High School and St. Elizabeth High School. Catholic schools in Oakland are operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland also include 8 K–8 schools (plus 1 in Piedmont on the Oakland city border). Northern Light School is a private nonprofit elementary and middle school. Bentley School is an Independent Co-educational K–12, college preparatory school, located on two campuses in Oakland and Lafayette, California.
Colleges and universities[link]
Accredited colleges and universities include:
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|
- Oakland is also the home of the headquarters of the University of California system, the University of California Office of the President.
In 2001, the SFSU Oakland Multimedia Center was opened, allowing San Francisco State University to conduct classes near downtown Oakland.[137] The Oakland Higher Education Consortium and the City of Oakland's Community and Economic Development Agency (CEDA) opened the Oakland Higher Education Center downtown in 2002 to provide "access to multiple higher education service providers within a shared urban facility." Member schools include primary user California State University, East Bay as well as Lincoln University, New College of California, Saint Mary's College of California, SFSU Multimedia Studies Program, UC Berkeley Extension, University of Phoenix and Peralta Community College District.[138][139]
Media[link]
Oakland is served by major television stations broadcasting primarily out of San Francisco and San Jose. The region's Fox affiliate, KTVU, is based in (and licensed to) Oakland at Jack London Square along with co-owned independent station KICU-TV (licensed to San Jose). In addition, the city is served by various AM and FM radio stations as well; AM stations KKSF, KMKY, KNEW and KQKE are licensed to Oakland.
Oakland is served by the Oakland Tribune which published its first newspaper on February 21, 1874. The Tribune Tower, which sports a clock, is one of Oakland's landmarks. At key times throughout the day (8:00 am, noon and 5:00 pm), the clock tower carillon plays a variety of classic melodies, which change on a daily basis. In 2007, the Oakland Tribune moved its offices from the tower to an East Oakland location, before folding in 2011.[140]
The East Bay Express, a locally-owned free weekly paper, is based in Jack London Square and distributed throughout the East Bay.
Infrastructure[link]
Transportation[link]
Air and rail[link]
Oakland residents have access to the three major airports of the San Francisco Bay Area: Oakland International Airport, San Francisco International Airport, and San Jose International Airport. Oakland International Airport, located within the city limits of Oakland, is 4 miles (6 km) south of downtown Oakland and serves domestic and international destinations. AC Transit provides 24-hour service to the airport, and the AirBART shuttle provides frequent service between the airport and BART's Oakland Coliseum Station.
The city has regional and long distance passenger train service provided by Amtrak, with stations located near Jack London Square and the Oakland Coliseum. Amtrak's California Zephyr has its western terminus at the nearby Emeryville, CA station.
Mass transit[link]
The most recent census data compiled in 2007 before gasoline price spikes in 2008, show 24.3 percent of Oaklanders used public transportation, walked or used "other means" to commute to work, not including telecommuting,[141] with 17 percent of Oakland households being "car free" and or statistically categorized as having "no vehicles available."[142]
Bus transit service in Oakland and the inner East Bay is provided by the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District, AC Transit. The district originated in 1958 after the conspiratorial dissolution of the Key System of streetcars. Many AC Transit lines follow old routes of the Key System.[37]
The metropolitan area is served by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) from eight stations in Oakland. The system has headquarters in Oakland, with major transfer hubs at MacArthur and 19th Street stations. BART's headquarters was located in a building above the Lake Merritt BART station until 2006, when it relocated to the Kaiser Center due to seismic safety concerns.
The Alameda / Oakland Ferry operates ferry service from Jack London Square to Alameda, San Francisco, and Angel Island. Oakland licenses taxi cabs, and has zoned cab stands in its downtown, including a bicycle pedi-cab service.
The Oakland City Council adopted a Bicycle Master Plan in 1999 as a part of the Land Use and Transportation (LUTE) element of Oakland's 1998 General Plan. In addition, the Oakland City Council reaffirmed the bike plan in 2005 and 2007. Several miles of bike lanes were created as a result of the plan, with more awaiting funding.[citation needed] Facilities for parking thousands of bicycles have been installed downtown and in other commercial districts throughout Oakland.[citation needed]
Bridges, freeways, and tunnels[link]
Oakland is served by several major highways: Eastbound Bay Bridge traffic entering Oakland then splits into three freeways at the MacArthur Maze freeway interchange: Interstate 580 (MacArthur Freeway) heads southeast toward Hayward and eventually to the California Central Valley; Interstate 880 (Nimitz Freeway) runs south to San Jose; and the Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80/I-580) runs north, providing connections to Sacramento and San Rafael, respectively. Interstate 980 (Williams Freeway) begins its eastbound journey at I-880 in Downtown Oakland before turning into State Route 24 (Grove Shafter Freeway) at I-580. State Route 13 begins as the Warren Freeway at I-580, and runs through a scenic valley in the Oakland Hills before entering Berkeley. A stub of a planned freeway was constructed at the High Street exit from the Nimitz Freeway, but that freeway extension plan was abandoned.
In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake caused the Cypress Street Viaduct double-deck segment of the Nimitz Freeway to collapse, killing 42 people. The old freeway segment had passed through the middle of West Oakland, forming a barrier between West Oakland neighborhoods. Following the earthquake, this section was rerouted around the perimeter of West Oakland and rebuilt in 1999. The east span of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge also suffered damage from the quake when a 50-foot (15 m) section of the upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck; the damaged section was repaired within a month of the earthquake. As a result of Loma Prieta, a significant seismic retrofit was performed on the western span of the Bay Bridge. The eastern span is currently being replaced, with a projected completion date of 2014.
Two underwater tunnels, the Webster and Posey Tubes, connect the main island of Alameda to downtown Oakland, coming above ground in Chinatown. In addition, the Park Street, Fruitvale, and High Street bridges connect Alameda to East Oakland over the Oakland Estuary.
In the hills, the Leimert Bridge crosses Dimond Canyon, connecting the Oakmore neighborhood to Park Boulevard. The Caldecott Tunnel carries Highway 24 through the Berkeley Hills, connecting central Contra Costa County to Oakland. The Caldecott has three bores, with a fourth under construction.
Freight rail[link]
Freight service, which consists primarily of moving shipping containers to and from the Port of Oakland, is provided today by Union Pacific Railroad (UP), and to a lesser extent by BNSF Railway (which now shares the tracks of the UP between Richmond and Oakland).
Historically, Oakland was served by several railroads. Besides the transcontinental line of the Southern Pacific, there was also the Santa Fe (whose Oakland terminal was actually in Emeryville), the Western Pacific Railroad (who built a pier adjacent to the SP's), and the Sacramento Northern Railroad (eventually absorbed by the Western Pacific, which in turn was absorbed by UP in 1983).
Shipping[link]
As one of the three major ports on the West Coast of the United States, the Port of Oakland is the largest seaport on San Francisco Bay and the fifth busiest container port in the United States. It was one of the earliest seaports to switch to containerization and to intermodal container transfer,[143] thereby displacing the Port of San Francisco, which never modernized its waterfront. One of the earlier limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. In the 1980s the Port of Oakland began the evaluation of development of an intermodal container transfer capability, i.e. facilities that now allow trans-loading of containers from vessels to either trucks or rail modes.[citation needed]
Utilities[link]
Water and sewage treatment are provided by East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). Pacific Gas and Electric Company provides natural gas and electricity service. Municipal garbage collection is franchised to Waste Management, Inc. Telecommunications and subscriber television services are provided by multiple private corporations and other service providers in accordance with the competitive objectives of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Oakland tops the list of the 50 largest US cities using electricity from renewable sources.[144]
Healthcare[link]
Originating in Oakland, Kaiser Permanente, is an HMO started in 1942, during World War II, by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser to provide medical care for Kaiser Shipyards workers. It is the largest managed care organization in the United States and the largest non-governmental health care provider in the world.[145] It is headquartered at 1950 Franklin Street in Downtown Oakland and maintains a large medical center in the Piedmont Avenue neighborhood.
Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, an East Bay hospital system, maintains its Summit Campus in the neighborhood known as "Pill Hill" north of downtown. Until 2000, it was the Summit Medical Center before merging with Berkeley-based Alta Bates. All campuses now operate under the Sutter Health network.
Alameda County Medical Center is operated by the county and provides medical services to county residents, including the medically indigent who do not have health insurance. The main campus, Highland Hospital in East Oakland, is the trauma center for the northern area of the East Bay.
Children's Hospital Oakland is the primary medical center specializing in pediatrics in the East Bay. It is a designated Level I pediatric trauma center, and the only independent children's hospital in Northern California.
Sister cities[link]
Oakland has Nine sister cities:[146]
| Country | City | Year of Partnership |
|---|---|---|
 Japan |
Fukuoka | 1962 |
 Russia |
Nakhodka | 1975 |
 Ghana |
Sekondi Takoradi | 1975 |
 People's Republic of China |
Dalian | 1982 |
 Jamaica |
Ocho Rios | 1986 |
 Cuba |
Santiago de Cuba | 2000 |
 Morocco |
Agadir | 2004 |
 Vietnam |
Danang | 2005 |
 Mongolia |
Ulaanbaatar | 2006 |
See also[link]
- Books about Oakland, California
- Ebonics Issue in Oakland
- Key System of electric streetcars
- List of mayors of Oakland, California
- List of people from Oakland, California
- List of tallest buildings in Oakland, California
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- ^ Bulwa, Demian (October 25, 2011). "Police clear Occupy Oakland camps, arrest dozens". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/10/25/BAUB1LLTC9.DTL. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ Bulwa, Demian; Kuruvila, Matthai; Fagan, Kevin (November 2, 2011). "Occupy Oakland throng closes down port". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/11/03/MN8Q1LPI1J.DTL. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ "Kayvan Sabeghi Injured: Second Iraq war vet hurt during Oakland clash with police". Huffington Post. November 5, 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/05/kayvan-sabeghi-injured_n_1077806.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
- ^ Kuruvila, Matthai (November 15, 2011). "Occupy Oakland's cost to city soars to $2.4M". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/11/14/BAD91LV10T.DTL. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- ^ Romney, Lee (Jan 29, 2012). "Oakland officials assess damage to City Hall by Occupy protesters". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/01/oakland-damage-occupy-protesters-city-hall.html. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
- ^ "7 dead in shooting at Oakland religious school". CBS News. April 2, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57408214/fatal-shooting-at-oakland-religious-school. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ "Oakland and Alameda Waterfront Parks". Waterfront Action, Inc.. April 19, 2011. http://www.waterfrontaction.org/map/legend_parks.htm. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ Troutman, Keri Hayes. Great Oakland Neighborhoods Oakland Magazine, May 2006. Accessed September 16, 2007
- ^ Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). "S.F., Oakland in top 10 most walkable U.S. cities". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/19/BUUK1KCC67.DTL#ixzz1SfOLM9sW. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- ^ Lake Merritt Institute. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
- ^ "A Brief History". Lake Merritt Institute. http://lakemerrittinstitute.org/abt_lake_history.htm. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ^ "Relocation information: Oakland Facts". Chamber of Commerce. http://www.oaklandchamber.com/relocation/facts.asp. Retrieved July 13, 2011. As published in 1993 by Rand McNally.
- ^ "Oakland, California – Climate Summary". Wrcc.dri.edu. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca6332. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ "Climatography of the United States: No. 20 (1971–2000) at Oakland Museum station". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 2011. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/046336.pdf. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ Schmidt, David; Bürgmann, Roland (1999). "Modeling surface creep on the Hayward fault using rate-and-state friction". The Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. The Regents of the University of California. http://seismo.berkeley.edu/annual_report/ar98_99/node22.html. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- ^ All data are derived from the United States Census Bureau reports from the 2010 United States Census, and are accessible on-line here. The data on unmarried partnerships and same-sex married couples are from the Census report DEC_10_SF1_PCT15. All other housing and population data are from Census report DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Both reports are viewable online or downloadable in a zip file containing a comma-delimited data file. The area data, from which densities are calculated, are available on-line here. Percentage totals may not add to 100% due to rounding. The Census Bureau defines families as a household containing one or more people related to the householder by birth, opposite-sex marriage, or adoption. People living in group quarters are tabulated by the Census Bureau as neither owners nor renters. For further details, see the text files accompanying the data files containing the Census reports mentioned above.
- ^ http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov "Demographic Profile Bay Area Census". Archived from the original on March 30, 2006. http://www.census.gov http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov.
- ^ a b c Designing a Socially Just Downtown, NHI, by Alex Salazar, Spring 2006, retrieved August 12, 2007
- ^ Monthly Labor Force Data for Cities and Census Designated Places (CDP), August 2009—Preliminary, State of California, Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, September 8, 2009, retrieved October 14, 2009
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ a b Kuruvila, Matthai (March 11, 2011). "Oakland's black experience still inherent to city". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-03-11/news/28678581_1_population-black-congressional-leaders-black-panther-party.
- ^ "Census: Blacks are moving to the South : News-Record.com : Greensboro & the Triad's most trusted source for local news and analysis". News-Record.com. March 22, 2009. http://www.news-record.com/content/2009/03/21/article/census_blacks_are_moving_to_the_south. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ "Oakland city, California—Fact Sheet—American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0653000&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Johnson, Jason B. (June 5, 2006). "News Analysis / In Oakland, Jerry Brown Finds All Politics Is Local / Mayoral front-runner hits the streets". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-06-05/bay-area/17298995_1_black-panthers-latino-population-black-leaders.
- ^ Frey, William H. (May 4, 2011). "Melting Pot Cities and Suburbs: Racial and Ethnic Change in Metro America in the 2000s". Metropolitan Policy Program. Brookings Institute. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2011/0504_census_ethnicity_frey/0504_census_ethnicity_frey.pdf. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
- ^ "Oaklandnet.com" (PDF). http://www.oaklandnet.com/BlueRibbonCommission/PDFs/SF%20Chron%20ArticleonAfricanAmericanDeparturefromSF.pdf. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ "Nation Sees Effects of 'Day Without Immigrants'". http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5373661.
- ^ Gorman, Anna (June 5, 2009). "Oakland to offer identification cards for illegal immigrants". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/05/local/me-idcard5.
- ^ Kuruvila, Matthai (May 6, 2010). "California politicians fume over Arizona law". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-05-06/bay-area/20887785_1_arizona-boycott-arizona-businesses-arizona-law.
- ^ Lesbians Step Out With Pride: DeFao, Janine—San Francisco Chronicle, August 27, 2006
- ^ Gay Demographics via Census 2000 sorted by incorporated area[dead link]
- ^ "Homicides in Oakland rise for the first time in four years « Oakland Police Officer's Association". Opoa.org. December 30, 2011. http://www.opoa.org/uncategorized/homicides-in-oakland-rise-for-the-first-time-in-four-years/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Harry HarrisOakland Tribune. "Gradually, Oakland a less deadly place". Inside Bay Area. http://www.insidebayarea.com/oakland-homicides/ci_14786462. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Kerr, Dara (January 3, 2011). "Oakland memorializes the 94 homicides of 2010 – Oakland North : North Oakland News, Food, Art and Events". Oaklandnorth.net. http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/01/03/oakland-memorializes-the-94-homicide-of-2010/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Mac Donald, Heather (August 1999). "Jerry Brown’s No-Nonsense New Age for Oakland". New York: City Journal. http://www.city-journal.org/html/9_4_a2.html. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Oakland Moves From 3rd To 5th In Most Dangerous City Survey". Bay City News. CBS San Francisco. November 22, 2010. http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2010/11/22/oakland-moves-from-3rd-to-5th-in-most-dangerous-city-survey/. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ Spiker, Steve; Garvey, John; Arnold, Kenyatta; Williams, Junious (March 9, 2009). "Homicides in Oakland" (PDF). Urban Strategies Council. http://www.urbanstrategies.org/programs/infotech/documents/2008_Homicide_Report.pdf. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Oakland: Economy". City-Data.com. 2009. http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Oakland-Economy.html. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
- ^ "Transportation Storage and Distribution Managers Data for Oakland, Fremont, Hayward, California". http://www.collegedegreereport.com/city-data/transportation-storage-and-distribution-managers/oakland-fremont-hayward. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ "Oakland CEDA—Major Employers". Business2oakland.com. http://www.business2oakland.com/main/majoremployers.htm. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Avalos, George (June 17, 2011). "Shining Internet star Pandora could be a boost for downtown Oakland". Oakland Tribune. http://www.insidebayarea.com/ci_18292424?IADID. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
- ^ Avalos, George (July 24, 2011). "New economy companies bolster Oakland's workforce". Contra Costa Times. http://www.contracostatimes.com/business/ci_18538378. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ City of Oakland, California Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, for the Year ended June 30, 2010 Retrieved October 27, 2011
- ^ "The Official Travel and Tourism Website of the United States". http://www.discoveramerica.com/ca/california/oakland-index.html. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
- ^ "From the dept. of nightlife | Oakland Tribune Outtakes". Ibabuzz.com. November 5, 2008. http://www.ibabuzz.com/outtakes/2008/11/05/from-the-dept-of-nightlife/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Robert Taylor, Staff Writer (August 14, 2007). "Oakland art galleries creating loud 'Murmur' on first Fridays". InsideBayArea.com. http://www.insidebayarea.com/bayarealiving/ci_6619041. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
- ^ LeBeau, Eleanor (2006). "Sampling Oakland". Art Papers (getthisgallery.com) (Nov/Dec): 68. http://getthisgallery.com/reviews/de_jesus.pdf. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ Ward, Jennifer Inez (April 2, 2010). "Here is where the Gertrude Stein quote ends". Oakland Local. http://oaklandlocal.com/article/here-where-gertrude-stein-quote-ends. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ "HERETHERE" (Press release). City of Berkeley, Office of Economic Development. May 19, 2005. http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=19660. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ Peralta Hacienda. "Peraltahacienda.org". Peraltahacienda.org. http://www.peraltahacienda.org/pages/main.php?pageid=1&pagecategory=1. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Oakland Municipal Code. Accessed August 31, 2007.
- ^ "Peer Review of Base-Isolation Retrofit". Oakland City Hall. Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.. 2007. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080204015607/http://www.wje.com/projects/project_details.php?ProjectID=1991.0019.0. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ Gammon, Robert (November 10, 2011). "Breaking news: Jean Quan wins mayor's race". East Bay Express. http://www.eastbayexpress.com/92510/archives/2010/11/10/breaking-news-jean-quan-wins-mayors-race. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Will Gerrymandered Districts Stem the Wave of Voter Unrest?". Campaign Legal Center Blog. http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-85.html. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
- ^ OUSD Schools & Principals 2006–2007). Accessed August 31, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ OUSD Board of Education Overview. Accessed August 31, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ STAR 2005 Test Results (must fill in County, District)
- ^ Enrollment by School and Grade (2006–2007) Select Charter School, Enrollment by School and Grade, and click on Get Info.
- ^ "Myschool.org". Myschool.org. http://www.myschool.org/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Dang. Shirley. 2 Oakland charter schools get association's approval. Oakland Tribune September 22, 2007. Accessed September 22, 2007.
- ^ "Oaklandcharter.net". Oaklandcharter.net. http://www.oaklandcharter.net/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ The Business Journals by David Goll. "East Bay Business Times. November 16, 2001. David Goll. ''Cal State launches centers in Oakland.''". Bizjournals.com. http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2001/11/19/story7.html. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Oaklandnet.com Oakland Higher Education Consortium.[dead link]
- ^ "CSU East Bay. Locations". Ce.csueastbay.edu. http://www.ce.csueastbay.edu/about/locations/oakland.shtml. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Liedtke, Michael (Aug 23, 2011). "MediaNews combining most SF Bay area newspapers into 2 new brands, eliminating 120 jobs". Associated Press. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_MEDIANEWS_NEWSPAPER_CUTBACKS?SITE=WSAW&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
- ^ "Oakland city, California – Selected Economic Characteristics: 2005–2007". 2005–2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates (data set). U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0653000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Oakland city, California – Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005–2007". 2005–2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates (data set). U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0653000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR4&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ Initial Study: Intermodal Interface Demonstration Project, Port of Oakland, Oakland, California, Earth Metrics and Korve Engineerning, December 20, 1989
- ^ *Top Ten US Cities for Renewable Energy
- ^ Zendle, Les; Regina E. Herzlinger (2004). Consumer-driven health care: implications for providers, payers, and policymakers. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. p. 661. ISBN 0-7879-5258-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=xtqchcsFYV8C&pg=PA661&dq=kaiser+permanente+largest&hl=en&ei=jMxUTrv_NMvE0AG19JDQAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kaiser%20permanente%20largest&f=false. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ^ "Oakland Sister Cities Program". http://www.oaklandnet.com/SisterCity.htm.
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For other uses, see California (disambiguation).
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California (pronounced i/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state,[10] and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland).[11] The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.[12]
The name California once referred to a large area of North America claimed by Spain that included much of modern-day Southwestern United States and the Baja California peninsula. Beginning in the late 18th century, the area known as Alta California, comprising the California territory north of the Baja Peninsula, was colonized by the Spanish Empire as part of New Spain. In 1821, Alta California became a part of Mexico following its successful war for independence. Shortly after the beginning of the Mexican-American War in 1846, a group of American settlers in Sonoma declared an independent California Republic in Alta California. Though its existence was short-lived, its flag became the precursor for California's current state flag. American victory in the war led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in which Mexico ceded Alta California to the United States. Western areas of Alta California became the state of California, which was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850.
The California Gold Rush beginning in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic change, with large scale immigration from the U.S. and abroad and an accompanying economic boom. Key developments in the early 20th century included the emergence of Los Angeles as the center of the American entertainment industry, and the growth of a large, state-wide tourism sector. The late 20th century saw the development of the technology and information sectors, punctuated by the growth of Silicon Valley. California's prosperous agricultural industry also emerged; at least half of the fresh fruit produced in the United States are now cultivated in California, and the state also leads in the production of vegetables.[13] Other important contributors to its economy include aerospace, education, and manufacturing. If California were a country, it would be the eighth-largest economy in the world[14] and the 34th most populous nation.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Origin of the name California
The word California originally referred to the entire region composed of the Baja California peninsula of Mexico, the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming.
The name California is most commonly believed to have derived from a fictional paradise peopled by Black Amazons and ruled by Queen Calafia.[15][16] The story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.[17][18][19] The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a remote land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts, and rich in gold.
Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them, and they lived in the manner of Amazons. They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks.
— Chapter CLVII of The Adventures of Esplandián[20]
The name California is the fifth oldest surviving European place-name in the US and was applied to what is now the southern tip of Baja California peninsula as the Island of California by a Spanish expedition led by Diego de Becerra and Fortún Ximénez, who landed there in 1533 at the behest of Hernán Cortés.[note 1]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of California
California adjoins the Pacific Ocean to the west, Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south. With an area of 160,000 square miles (414,000 km2), it is the third-largest state in the United States in size, after Alaska and Texas.[22] If it were a country, California would be the 59th-largest in the world in area.
In the middle of the state lies the California Central Valley, bounded by the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the Sierra Nevada to the east, the Cascade Range in the north and the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California's agricultural heartland and grows approximately one-third of the nation's food.[23][24]
Divided in two by the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the northern portion, the Sacramento Valley serves as the watershed of the Sacramento River, while the southern portion, the San Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San Joaquin River; both areas derive their names from the rivers that transit them. With dredging, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained sufficiently deep that several inland cities are seaports.
The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta serves as a critical water supply hub for the state. Water is routed through an extensive network of canals and pumps out of the delta, that traverse nearly the length of the state, including the Central Valley Project and the State Water Project. Water from the Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people, almost two-thirds of the state's population, and provides water to farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. The Channel Islands are located off the southern coast.
The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range") includes the highest peak in the contiguous forty-eight states, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 ft (4421 m).[4][5][6] The range embraces Yosemite Valley, famous for its glacially carved domes, and Sequoia National Park, home to the giant sequoia trees, the largest living organisms on Earth, and the deep freshwater lake, Lake Tahoe, the largest lake in the state by volume.
To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential migratory bird habitat. In the western part of the state is Clear Lake, the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in California. Though Lake Tahoe is larger, it is divided by the California/Nevada border. The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers, including Palisade Glacier, the southernmost glacier in the United States.
About 45 percent of the state's total surface area is covered by forests,[25] and California's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state. California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska. Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world; one Bristlecone pine has an age of 4,700 years.
In the south is a large inland salt lake, the Salton Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America, the Badwater Basin at −282 feet (−86.0 m).[8] The horizontal distance from the nadir of Death Valley to the summit of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles (140 km). Indeed, almost all of southeastern California is arid, hot desert, with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer. The southeastern border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River, from which the southern part of the state gets about half of its water.
Along the California coast are several major metropolitan areas, including Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and the San Diego metropolitan area.
As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It sees numerous earthquakes due to several faults, in particular the San Andreas Fault.
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of California
California's climate varies from Mediterranean to subarctic.
Much of the state has a Mediterranean climate, with cool, rainy winters and dry summers. The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast. Farther inland, one encounters colder winters and hotter summers.
Northern parts of the state average higher annual rainfall than the south. California's mountain ranges influence the climate as well: some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Northwestern California has a temperate climate, and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast. The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have a mountain climate with snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer.
The east side of California's mountains produce a rain shadow, creating expansive deserts. The higher elevation deserts of eastern California see hot summers and cold winters, while the low deserts east of the southern California mountains experience hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. Death Valley, a desert with large expanses below sea level, is considered the hottest location in North America; the highest temperature in the Western Hemisphere, 134 °F (57 °C), was recorded there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in California was −45 °F in 1937 in Boca.
Ecology[link]
Main article: Ecology of California
California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions.[26]
California's large number of endemic species includes relict species, which have died out elsewhere, such as the Catalina Ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus). Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac (Ceanothus). Many California endemics have become endangered, as urbanization, logging, overgrazing, and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat.
Flora and fauna[link]
California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora: the largest trees, the tallest trees, and the oldest trees. California's native grasses are perennial plants.[27] After European contact, these were generally replaced by invasive species of European annual grasses; and, in modern times, California's hills turn a characteristic golden-brown in summer.[28]
Because California has the greatest diversity of climate and terrain, the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran (desert); upper Sonoran (foothill regions and some coastal lands), transition (coastal areas and moist northeastern counties); and the Canadian, Hudsonian, and Arctic Zones, comprising the state's highest elevations.[29]
Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters. Fremont cottonwood and valley oak thrive in the Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt, characterized by forests of small shrubs, stunted trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila, mint, phacelia, viola, and the California poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) – the state flower – also flourish in this zone, along with the lupine, more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world.[29]
The transition zone includes most of California's forests with the redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the "big tree" or giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea), among the oldest living things on earth (some are said to have lived at least 4,000 years). Tanbark oak, California laurel, Sugar Pine, madrona, broad-leaved maple, and Douglas-fir also grow here. Forest floors are covered with swordfern, alumnroot, barrenwort, and trillium, and there are tickets of huckleberry, azalea, elder, and wild currant. Characteristic wild flowers include varieties of mariposa, tulip, and tiger and leopard lilies.[30]
The high elevations of the Canadian zone allow the Jeffrey Pine, red fir, and Lodgepole Pine to thrive. Brushy areas are abundant with dwarf manzanita and ceanothus; the unique Sierra puffball is also found here. Right below the timeberline, in the Hudsonian zone, the whitebark, foxtail, and silver pines grow. At about 10,500 ft (3,200 m), begins the Arctic zone, a treeless region whose flora include a number of wildflowers, including Sierra primrose, yellow columbine, alpine buttercup, and alpine shooting star.[29][31]
Common plants that have been introduced to the state include the eucalyptus, acacia, pepper tree, geranium, and Scotch broom. The species that are federally classified as endangered are the Contra Costa wallflower, Antioch Dunes evening primrose, Solano Grass, San Clemente Island larkspur, salt marsh bird's beak, McDonald's rock-cress, and Santa Barbara Island Liveforever. As of December 1997[update], 85 plant species were listed as threatened or endangered.[29]
In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone, the mammals include the jackrabbit, kangaroo rat, squirrel, and opossum. Common birds include the owl, roadrunner, Cactus Wren, and various species of hawk. The area's reptilian life include the sidewinder viper, desert tortoise, and horned toad. The upper Sonoran zone boasts mammals such as the antelope, brown-footed woodrat, and Ring-tailed Cat. Birds unique to this zone are the California thrasher, bushtit, and California Condor.[29][32][33][34]
In the transition zone, there are Colombian Black-tailed Deer, black bears, gray foxes, cougars, bobcats, and Roosevelt elk. Reptiles such as the garter snakes and rattlesnakes inhabit the zone. In addition, amphibians such as the water puppy and redwood salamander are common too. Birds such as the kingfisher, chickadee, towhee, and hummingbird thrive here as well.[29][35]
The Canadian zone mammals include the Mountain Weasel, Snowshoe Hare, and several species of chipmunks. Conspicuous birds include the blue-fronted jay, Sierra chickadee. Sierra hermit thrush, water ouzel, and Townsend's solitaire. As one ascends into the Hudsonian zone, birds become scarcer. While the Sierra rosy finch is the only bird native to the high Arctic region, other bird species such as the hummingbird and Clark's Nutcracker. Principal mammals found in this region include the Sierra coney, White-tailed Jackrabbit, and the Bighorn Sheep. As of April 2003[update], the Bighorn Sheep was listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The fauna found throughout several zones are the mule deer, coyote, mountain lion, Northern Flicker, and several species of hawk and sparrow.[29]
Aquatic life in California thrives, from the state's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline. Numerous trout species are found, among them rainbow, golden, and Tahoe. Migratory species of salmon are common as well. Deep-sea life forms include sea bass, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and several types of whale. Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals, sea lions, and many types of shorebirds, including migratory species.[29]
As of April 2003, 118 California animals were on the federal endangered list; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened. Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox, Point Arena mountain beaver, Pacific pocket mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, Morro Bay kangaroo rat (and five other species of kangaroo rat), Amargosa vole, California Least Tern, California Condor, Loggerhead Shrike, San Clemente sage sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. Eleven butterflies are also endangered and two that are threatened are on the federal list. Among threatened animals are the coastal California Gnatcatcher, Paiute cutthroat trout, southern sea otter, and Northern Spotted Owl. California has a total of 290,821 acres (1,176.91 km2) of National Wildlife Refuges.[29] As of September 2010[update], 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list provided by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.[36] Also, as of the same year[update], 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list.[36]
Rivers[link]
Main article: List of rivers of California
The state's coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water are looked after by the California Coastal Commission.
The two most prominent rivers within California are the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River, which drain the Central Valley and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and flow to the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. Several major tributaries feed into the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, including the Pit River, the Tuolumne River, and the Feather River.
The Owens River takes runoff from the southeastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and flows into Owens Lake. The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast, north and south of San Francisco Bay, respectively. The Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California.
Some other important rivers are the Klamath River and the Trinity River in the far north coast, and the Colorado River on the southeast border with Arizona.
Regions[link]
for more, see List of regions of California and List of places in California.
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Mount Whitney (l), the highest point in the Contiguous U.S., is less than 90 miles (140 km) away from Badwater Basin in Death Valley (r), the lowest point in North America
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History[link]
| History of California | |
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 This article is part of a series |
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| Timeline | |
| To 1899 | |
| Gold Rush (1848) | |
| US Civil War (1861-1865) | |
| Since 1900 | |
| Topics | |
| Maritime · Railroad · | |
| Highways · Slavery | |
| Cities | |
| Los Angeles · San Franicsco · | |
| San Diego · San Jose · | |
| Sacramento | |
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California Portal |
Main article: History of California
Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America; The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups.
The first European to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was the Portuguese Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila Galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565.[37] Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain.
Beginning in the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the U.S. and Canada began to arrive in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts surrounding California. In this period, Imperial Russia explored the California coast and established a trading post at Fort Ross.
Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions along the coast of what became known as Alta California (Upper California), together with small towns and presidios. In 1821 the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico (including California) independence from Spain; for the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote northern province of the nation of Mexico. Cattle ranches, or ranchos, emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. After Mexican independence from Spain, the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government and were secularized by 1832. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians) who had received land grants, and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants.
In 1846 settlers rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterwards, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's first and only president was William B. Ide,[38] who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt.
The California Republic was short lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the U.S. forces. After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American control in California. Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war, the region was divided between Mexico and the U.S.; the western territory of Alta California, was to become the U.S. state of California, and Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah became U.S. Territories, while the lower region of California, the Baja Peninsula, remained in the possession of Mexico.
In 1848 the non-native population of California was estimated to be no more than 15,000. After gold was discovered, the population burgeoned with U.S. citizens, Europeans and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By 1854 over 300,000 settlers had come.[39] On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted to the United States undivided as a free state, denying the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast.
However, California's native population precipitously declined due to murder, starvation, and infections. Like in other states, the native inhabitants were forcefully removed from their lands by incoming miners, ranchers, and farmers. And despite the fact that California entered the union as a free state, the Native population was enslaved under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians.[40] There were several massacres, including the Yontoket Massacre, the Bloody Island Massacre at Clear Lake, and the Old Shasta Massacre, in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed. Between 1850 and 1860, California paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government)[41] to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In subsequent decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often very small and isolated and lacked adequate natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them.[40] As a result, the rise of California brought great hardship for the native inhabitants. Several scholars, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide.[42]
The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule was located at Monterey from 1777 until 1835, when Mexican authorities abandoned[dubious – discuss] California, leaving their missions and military forts behind.[43] In 1849 the Constitutional Convention was first held there. Among the duties was the task of determining the location for the new state capital. The first legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854[44] with only a short break in 1861 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento.
Initially, travel between California and the rest of the continental U.S. was time consuming and dangerous. A more direct connection came in 1869 with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad through Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Once completed, hundreds of thousands of U.S. citizens came west, where new Californians were discovering that land in the state, if irrigated during the dry summer months, was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.
Migration to California accelerated during the early-20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union. In order to meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.
Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. A couple of decades later, Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley.[45] As a result of these efforts, California is currently regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology and engineering businesses, and as the U.S. center of agricultural production.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of California
Population[link]
| Historical populations | |||
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| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1850 | 92,597 |
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| 1860 | 379,994 | 310.4% | |
| 1870 | 560,247 | 47.4% | |
| 1880 | 864,694 | 54.3% | |
| 1890 | 1,213,398 | 40.3% | |
| 1900 | 1,485,053 | 22.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,377,549 | 60.1% | |
| 1920 | 3,426,861 | 44.1% | |
| 1930 | 5,677,251 | 65.7% | |
| 1940 | 6,907,387 | 21.7% | |
| 1950 | 10,586,223 | 53.3% | |
| 1960 | 15,717,204 | 48.5% | |
| 1970 | 19,953,134 | 27.0% | |
| 1980 | 23,667,902 | 18.6% | |
| 1990 | 29,760,021 | 25.7% | |
| 2000 | 33,871,648 | 13.8% | |
| 2010 | 37,253,956 | 10.0% | |
| Sources: 1790–1990, 2000, 2010[46][47] Chart does not include Indigenous population figures. Studies indicate that the Native American population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000 before declining to 15,000 by 1900.[40][48] |
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The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 37,691,912 on July 1, 2011, a 1.2% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3] Between 2000 and 2009, there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 (5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths).[49] During this time period, international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708, resulting in a net in-migration of 306,925 people.[49] The State of California's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009.[11]
California is the second-most-populous sub-national entity in the Western Hemisphere and the Americas, with a population second to that of State of São Paulo, Brazil.[50] California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world.[51][52] Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous U.S. county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 U.S. states.[53][54] In addition, California is home to eight of the 50 most populous cities in the United States: Los Angeles (2nd), San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), San Francisco (13th), Fresno (34th), Sacramento (35th), Long Beach (36th), and Oakland (47th). The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow, Kern County.[note 2]
In 2010, illegal aliens constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the population, the third highest percentage of any state in the country,[56][57] totaling nearly 2.6 million.[58] More than half originate from Mexico.[58]
Starting in the year 2010, for the first time since the California Gold Rush, California-born residents make up the majority of the state's population.[59]
Racial and ancestral makeup[link]
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This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the talk page. (October 2011) |
According to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau:
- 57.6% White (40.1% Non-Hispanic White)
- 13.0% Asian (3.2% Chinese, 3.2% Filipino, 1.6% Vietnamese, 1.4% Indian, 1.2% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.2% Hmong, 0.2% Cambodian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% Pakistani)
- 6.2% Black or African American
- 1.0% Native American
- 4.9% Multiracial (1.3% White and "Some Other Race", 1.2% White and Asian, 0.6% White and Native American, 0.5% White and Black, 1.3% Other)
- 0.4% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Guamanian or Chamorro, 0.1% Native Hawaiian, 0.2% "Other Pacific Islander")
- 37.6% are Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (30.7% Mexican, 1.5% Salvadoran, 0.9% Guatemalan, 0.5% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Nicaraguan, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Cuban, 0.2% Colombian, 0.2% Peruvian)
The principal ancestries of California's residents in 2009 has been surveyed to be:[60]
With regard to demographics, California has the largest population of White Americans in the U.S., an estimated 22,189,514 residents, although most demographic surveys do not measure actual genetic ancestry. The state has the fifth-largest population of African Americans in the U.S., an estimated 2,250,630 residents. California's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million, approximately one-third of the nation's 13.1 million Asian Americans. California's Native American population of 285,162 is the most of any state.[61]
According to estimates from 2008, California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers, making up 57% of the state population.[47] In 2000, Hispanics comprised 32% of the population; that number grew to 37% in 2008.[62] Non-Hispanic whites decreased from 80% of the state's population in 1970 to 42% in 2008.[47][63]
Approximately 26% of California's public school students in the 2011–12 school year identified themselves as white (non-Hispanic), and 52.1% of the state's students identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino. The following ethnic groups that made up the statewide public school student body were Asians (11.1%), African Americans (6.5%), Native Americans (0.7%), and Pacific Islanders (0.6%). Students of mixed race made up 2.1% of the public schools. Hispanics made up the majority of the state's public schools since 2010. Los Angeles Unified School District, the largest school district in California and second largest in the nation, is 73.4% Hispanic, 9.5% African American, 9.0% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 6.2% Asian, 0.5% Native American, and 0.4% Pacific Islander.[64][65] While the population of minorities accounts for 102 million of 301 million U.S. residents, 20% of the national total live in California.[61][66]
Languages[link]
As of 2005, 57.6% of California residents age five and older spoke English as a first language at home, while 28.2% spoke Spanish. In addition to English and Spanish, 2.0% spoke Filipino, 1.6% spoke Chinese (which included Cantonese [0.6%] and Mandarin [0.4%]), 1.4% spoke Vietnamese, and 1.1% spoke Korean as their mother tongue. In total, 42.4% of the population spoke languages other than English.[67][68] California was historically one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, and is home to more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families.[69][70] About half of the indigenous languages are no longer spoken, and all of California's living indigenous languages are endangered. There are some efforts toward language revitalization, such as for the Karuk language.
The official language of California has been English since the passage of Proposition 63 in 1986.[71] However, many state, city, and local government agencies still continue to print official public documents in numerous languages.[72] For example, the California Department of Motor Vehicles offers the written exam for the standard C Class driver's license in 31 languages along with English, and the audio exam in 11 languages.[73]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of California
The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States, but also, historically, many Hispanic influences. As a border and coastal state, Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America.[74]
California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the early 20th century, fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters, many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination, sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers.
In terms of socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans, especially those who live in the inland states. In some ways, California is the quintessential Blue State – accepting of alternative lifestyles, not uniformly religious, and preoccupied with environmental issues.
The gold rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to generate technology, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and related busts.
LGBT[link]
Main articles: LGBT rights in California and LGBT history in California
California is considered generally liberal in its policies regarding the LGBT community, and the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people have received greater recognition since 1960 at both the state and municipal level. California is home to a number of gay villages such as the Castro District in San Francisco, Hillcrest in San Diego, and West Hollywood.
Through the Domestic Partnership Act of 1999, California became the first state in the United States to recognize same-sex relationships in any legal capacity. However, the status of same-sex marriage in California is unique among the other U.S. states, in that California formerly granted marriage licenses to same-sex couples, but has discontinued doing so. In 2000, voters passed Proposition 22, which restricted state recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples. However, in May 2008, the California Supreme Court struck down the initiative in In re Marriage Cases, leading to the marriage of over 85500 same-sex couples between May and November of that year. In November of the same year, the Supreme Court ruling was overruled when voters passed Proposition 8, an amendment to the California Constitution that limited marriages to those between one man and one woman, resulting in protests and further judicial cases.
In 2011, the State Legislature passed the FAIR Education Act, making California the first state to enforce the teaching of LGBT history and social sciences in the public school curriculum, while also prohibiting educational discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in California
The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California's population in 2008 were the Catholic Church with 31 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population.[75] The American Jewish Yearbook placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006.[76]
The first priests to come to California were Roman Catholic missionaries from Spain. Roman Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast, as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States.
A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the US: 62 percent of Californians say they are "absolutely certain" of the belief in God, while in the nation 71 percent say so. The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is "very important," compared to 56 percent nationally.[77]
Armed forces[link]
In California, as of 2002[update], the US Department of Defense had[78][unreliable source?]
- 123,948 active-duty military personnel
- 7,932 US Army personnel
- 96,047 US Navy (including 20,000+US Marines)
- 19,969 Air Force
- 58,076 DOD civilian personnel
In California, as of 2000[update] there were 2,569,340 veterans of US military service: 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 (including the Persian Gulf War).[78]
California's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard, the naval and state military reserve (militia), and the California Cadet Corps.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of California
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As of 2010, the gross state product (GSP) is about $1.9 trillion, the largest in the United States.[81] California is responsible for 13 percent of the United States' gross domestic product (GDP). As of 2006, California's GDP is larger than all but eight countries in the world (all but eleven countries by Purchasing Power Parity). In terms of taxation and regulations, workforce quality, and living environment, Chief Executive Group has ranked the state as the worst place to do business in the United States.[82]
In terms of jobs, the five largest sectors in California are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and leisure and hospitality. In terms of output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing.[83]
California currently has the 5th highest unemployment rate in the nation at 12.5% as of January 2010[update] and had continued to rise, up significantly from 5.9% in 2007.[84][85]
California's economy is very dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for approximately one-quarter of the state’s economy. In 2008, California exported $144 billion worth of goods, up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006.[86] Computers and electronic products are California's top export, accounting for 42 percent of all the state's exports in 2008.[86]
Agriculture is an important sector in California's economy. Farming-related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades, from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004.[87] This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period, and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production.[87] In 2008, California's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue.[88]
Per capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956, ranking eleventh in the nation.[89] Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. The Central Valley is the most impoverished, with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage. Recently, the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the U.S., on par with the region of Appalachia.[90] Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S. The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specifically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot-com bust.
In 2010, there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state, more than any other state in the nation.[91]
State finances[link]
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This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (May 2012) |
Main article: California state finances
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California levies a 9.3 percent maximum variable rate income tax, with six tax brackets, collecting about $40 billion per year (representing approximately 51% of General Fund revenue and 40% of tax revenue overall in FY2007).[92] California has a state sales tax of 8.25%, which can total up to 10.75% with local sales tax included.[93] All real property is taxable annually, the tax based on the property's fair market value at the time of purchase or completion of new construction. Property tax increases are capped at 2% per year (see Proposition 13).
However, California is facing a $26.3 billion budget deficit for the 2009–2010 budget year.[94] While the legislative bodies appeared to address the problem in 2008 with the three-month delayed passage of a budget they in fact only postponed the deficit to 2009 and due to the late 2008 decline in the economy and the credit crisis the problem became urgent in November 2008.
One potential problem is that a substantial portion of the state's income comes from income taxes on a small proportion of wealthy citizens. For example, it is estimated that in 2004 the richest 3% of state taxpayers (those with tax returns showing over $200,000 in yearly income) paid approximately 60% of state income taxes.[95] The taxable income of this population is highly dependent upon capital gains, which has been severely impacted by the stock market declines of this period. The governor has proposed a combination of extensive program cuts and tax increases to address this problem, but owing to longstanding problems in the legislature these proposals are likely to be difficult to pass as legislation.
State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $131 billion in 2008, and the state was facing a budget deficit of $40 billion in 2008.[96] California is facing another budget gap for 2010,[97] with $72 billion in debt.[98] California faces a massive and still-growing debt.[99]
In 2009 the California economic crisis became severe as the state faced insolvency.[100][dated info] In June 2009 Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger said "Our wallet is empty, our bank is closed and our credit is dried up."[101] He called for massive budget cuts of $24 billion, about 1⁄4 of the state's budget.[101] California, with 12% of the U.S. population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients.[102]
Infrastructure[link]
Energy[link]
Main article: Energy use in California
Because it is the most populous U.S. state, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. However because of its mild weather and strong environmental movement, its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any U.S. state.[103] Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.[104]
As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has the some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.[105] Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert. California's wind farms include Altamont Pass, San Gorgonio Pass, and Tehachapi Pass. And a number of dams across the state also provide hydro-electric power.
The state’s crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of State electricity generation.
California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre. However, voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal.[106][note 3] In addition, several cities such as Oakland, Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear-free zones.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation of California
California's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled-access highways ('freeways'), limited-access roads ('expressways'), and highways. California is known for its car culture, giving California's cities a reputation for severe traffic congestion. Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation, nicknamed "Caltrans". The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States.[108][109] The Reason Foundation's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California's highways the third-worst of any state, with Alaska second, and Rhode Island first.[110]
The state has been a pioneer in road construction. One of the state's more visible landmarks, the Golden Gate Bridge, was once the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet (1,300 m) when it opened in 1937. With its orange paint and panoramic views of the bay, this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists. The San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge (often abbreviated the "Bay Bridge"), completed in 1936, transports approximately 280,000 vehicles per day on two-decks. Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel, at 76 feet (23 m) wide by 58 feet (18 m) high.[111] The Arroyo Seco Parkway, connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena, opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United States.[112] It was later extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, regarded as the first stack interchange ever built.[113]
Los Angeles International Airport and San Francisco International Airport are major hubs for trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state.
California also has several important seaports. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation, handles trade from the Pacific Rim and delivers most of the ocean containers passing through Northern California to the entire USA.
The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in terms of employment with over 10,000 employees. They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service to anyone on California's state maintained highways and on state property.
The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver's licenses and ID cards on file.[114] In 2010, there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force.[115]
Intercity rail travel is provided by Amtrak California, which manages the three busiest intercity rail lines in the U.S. outside the Northeast Corridor, all of which are funded by Caltrans. This service is becoming increasingly popular over flying and ridership is continuing to set records, especially on the LAX-SFO route.[116] Integrated subway and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles (Metro Rail) and San Francisco (MUNI Metro). Light rail systems are also found in San Jose (VTA), San Diego (San Diego Trolley), Sacramento (RT Light Rail), and Northern San Diego County (Sprinter). Furthermore, commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area (ACE, BART, Caltrain), Greater Los Angeles (Metrolink), and San Diego County (Coaster).
The California High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 700 mile (1127 km) rail system. Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election, a $9.95 billion state bond will go toward its construction.[117] Nearly all counties operate bus lines, and many cities operate their own bus lines as well. Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound and Amtrak Thruway Coach.
In March 2011, California ranked as a top BEST state in the American State Litter Scorecard for overall effectiveness and quality of its public space cleanliness – primarily roadway litter–from state and related debris removal efforts.[118]
Government and politics[link]
State government[link]
Main article: Government of California
California is governed as a republic, with three branches of government – the executive branch consisting of the Governor and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts of California. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification. California allows each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote. The state's capital is Sacramento.
The Governor of California and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The California State Legislature consists of a 40-member Senate and 80-member Assembly. Senators serve four-year terms and Assembly members two. Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of three terms, and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms.
California's legal system is explicitly based upon English common law[119] (as is the case with all other states except Louisiana) but carries a few features from Spanish civil law, such as community property. Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest "Death Row" population in the country (though Texas is far more active in carrying out executions). California's "Death Row" is in San Quentin State Prison situated north of San Francisco in Marin County. Executions in California are currently on hold indefinitely as human rights issues are addressed.[120] California's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007.[121]
California's judiciary is the largest in the United States (with a total of 1,600 judges, while the federal system has only about 840). It is supervised by the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California. Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the Governor, but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years.
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of California
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 36.91% 5,011,781 | 60.94% 8,274,473 |
| 2004 | 44.36% 5,509,826 | 54.40% 6,745,485 |
| 2000 | 41.65% 4,567,429 | 53.45% 5,861,203 |
| 1996 | 38.21% 3,828,380 | 51.10% 5,119,835 |
| 1992 | 32.61% 3,630,574 | 46.01% 5,121,325 |
| 1988 | 51.13% 5,054,917 | 47.56% 4,702,233 |
| 1984 | 57.51% 5,467,009 | 41.27% 3,922,519 |
| 1980 | 52.69% 4,524,858 | 35.91% 3,083,661 |
| 1976 | 49.35% 3,882,244 | 47.57% 3,742,284 |
| 1972 | 55.01% 4,602,096 | 41.54% 3,475,847 |
| 1968 | 47.82% 3,467,664 | 44.74% 3,244,318 |
| 1964 | 40.79% 2,879,108 | 59.11% 4,171,877 |
| 1960 | 50.10% 3,259,722 | 49.55% 3,224,099 |
California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter.[122] It was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by voters (including Proposition 8 in 2008). Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research, and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state's primary election process. California has also experienced disputes over water rights; and a tax revolt, culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, limiting state property taxes.
What has been consistent in the last few decades is that California politics has trended towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party. From 1899 to 1939, California had Republican governors. Once very conservative, having elected Republicans until 1958, California is now a reliable liberal, Democratic state. Since 1990, California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal, state and local offices, including current Governor Jerry Brown; however, the state has elected Republican Governors, though many of its Republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered "Moderate Republicans" and more centrist than the national party.
The Democrats also hold a majority in both houses of the state legislature. There are currently 52 Democrats and 27 Republicans in the Assembly; and 25 Democrats and 15 Republicans in the Senate.
The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections; the Democratic Party candidate has won California's electoral votes in the last five elections. Additionally, both the state's current Democratic U.S. Senators, Dianne Feinstein, a native and former mayor of San Francisco, and Barbara Boxer, a former congresswoman from Marin County, have held onto their seats since they were first elected in 1992.
In the U.S. House, the Democrats have held a 34–19 edge since the seating of the 110th United States Congress in 2007. As the result of gerrymandering, the districts in California are usually dominated by one or the other party with very few districts that could be considered competitive.
In general, Democratic strength is centered in coastal regions of Los Angeles County and the San Francisco Bay Area. Republican strength is still greatest in eastern parts of the state. Orange County also remains mostly Republican. One study ranked Berkeley, Oakland, Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 10 most liberal American cities; and Bakersfield and Orange in the top 10 most conservative cities.[123]
Cities, towns and counties[link]
For lists of cities, towns, and counties in California, see List of California counties, List of largest California cities by population, List of incorporated cities and towns in California, List of California urban areas, and California locations by per capita income.
The state's local government is divided into 58 counties and 482 incorporated cities and towns; of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms "city" and "town" are explicitly interchangeable; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be "City of (Name)" or "Town of (Name)".[124]
Sacramento became California's first incorporated city on February 27, 1850.[125] San Jose, San Diego and Benicia tied for California's second incorporated city, each receiving incorporation on March 27, 1850.[126][127][128] Jurupa Valley became the state's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality on July 1, 2011.[129][130]
The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas. Sixty-eight percent of California's population lives in its three largest metropolitan areas, Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and the Riverside-San Bernardino Area.[citation needed] Although smaller, the other two large population centers are the San Diego and Greater Sacramento metro areas.
The state recognizes two kinds of cities: charter and general law.[124] General law cities owe their existence to state law and are consequentially governed by it; charter cities are governed by their own city charters. Cities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter cities. All ten of the state's most populous cities are charter cities.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in California
Public secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages, and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. California's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K-12 and community colleges that grows with the economy and student enrollment figures.[131]
California had over 6.2 million school students in the 2005–06 school year. Funding and staffing levels in California schools lag behind other states. In expenditure per pupil, California ranked 29th (of the 50 states and the District of Columbia) in 2005–06. In teaching staff expenditure per pupil, California ranked 49th of 51. In overall teacher-pupil ratio, California was also 49th, with 21 students per teacher. Only Arizona and Utah were lower.[132]
A 2007 study concluded that California's public school system was "broken".[133]
California's public postsecondary education offers a unique three tiered system:
- The research university system in the state is the University of California (UC), a public university system. There are ten general UC campuses, and a number of specialized campuses in the UC system.
- The California State University (CSU) system has almost 450,000 students, making it the largest university system in the United States. It is intended to accept the top one-third of high school students. The 23 CSU schools are primarily intended for undergraduate education.[134]
- The California Community Colleges System provides lower division coursework as well as basic skills and workforce training. It is the largest network of higher education in the US, composed of 110 colleges serving a student population of over 2.9 million.[135]
California is also home to such notable private universities as Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, and the Claremont Colleges. California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions.
Sports[link]
Main articles: Sports in California and List of professional sports teams in California
The State of California is the only US state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles. Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose Bowl in Pasadena hosting eight matches including the final, while Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto hosted six matches.
California has nineteen major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other state. The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises, it is also the largest metropolitan area not to have a team from the National Football League. San Diego has two major league teams, and Sacramento has one. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium.
Home to some of the most prominent universities in the United States, California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others.
California has also long been a hub for motorsports and auto racing. The city of Long Beach holds an event every year in the month of April, which is host to IndyCar Series racing through the streets of downtown. Long Beach has hosted Formula One events there in the past, and also currently hosts an event on the American Le Mans Series schedule. Auto Club Speedway is a speedway in Fontana, and currently hosts one to two NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races a year, and used to host CART Indycar races. Infineon Raceway in Sonoma is a multi-purpose facility, featuring a road course and a drag strip. The road course is home to a NASCAR event, an IndyCar event, and used to host an International Motor Sports Association sports car event. The drag strip hosts a yearly NHRA event. Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca is a roadcourse that currently hosts an ALMS event, and formerly hosted CART events. The Auto Club Raceway at Pomona has hosted NHRA drag racing for over 50 years.
Below is a list of major sports teams in California:
| Club | Sport | League |
|---|---|---|
| Oakland Raiders | American football | National Football League |
| San Diego Chargers | American football | National Football League |
| San Francisco 49ers | American football | National Football League |
| Sacramento Mountain Lions | American football | United Football League |
| San Jose SaberCats | Arena football | Arena Football League |
| Los Angeles Dodgers | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| Oakland Athletics | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| San Diego Padres | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| San Francisco Giants | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| Golden State Warriors | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Los Angeles Clippers | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Los Angeles Lakers | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Sacramento Kings | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Los Angeles Sparks | Basketball | Women's National Basketball Association |
| Anaheim Ducks | Ice hockey | National Hockey League |
| Los Angeles Kings | Ice hockey | National Hockey League |
| San Jose Sharks | Ice hockey | National Hockey League |
| Chivas USA | Soccer | Major League Soccer |
| Los Angeles Galaxy | Soccer | Major League Soccer |
| San Jose Earthquakes | Soccer | Major League Soccer |
| FC Gold Pride | Soccer | Women's Professional Soccer |
| San Diego Sockers | Soccer | Professional Arena Soccer League |
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of people from California
- List of places in California
- National Register of Historic Places listings in California
 |
See more Wikipedia articles related to California. |
Notes[link]
- ^ Florida, Dry Tortugas, Cape Canaveral, and Appalachia appeared earlier,....From Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas's accounts, published in 1601.[21][verification needed]
- ^ The coordinates of the center of population are at 35°27′31″N 119°21′19″W / 35.458606°N 119.355165°W / 35.458606; -119.355165.[55]
- ^ Minnesota also has a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants, which has been in place since 1994.[107]
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- ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point in the Contiguous United States.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". Reston, Virginia: USGS. April 29, 2005. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011. Originally published in 1995.
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- ^ behind Nevada and Arizona
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- ^ Watanabe, Teresa and Hector Becerra (April 1, 2010) "Native-born Californians regain majority status." Los Angeles Times.
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- ^ a b "California – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". American Fact Finder. US Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US06&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
- ^ "Whites in state 'below the replacement' level". San Francisco Chronicle. June 5, 2010.
- ^ "Whites Now A Minority In California". CBC News. March 30, 2001.
- ^ "Enrollment by Ethnicity for 2011-12: Statewide Enrollment by Ethnicity (with county data)". California Department of Education. http://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/Enrollment/EthnicEnr.aspx?cYear=2011-12&cGender=B&cType=ALL&cChoice=StEnrEth2. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
- ^ "Latino kids now majority in state's public schools". San Francisco Chronicle. November 13, 2010
- ^ "United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". American Fact Finder. US Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
- ^ "Most spoken languages in California in 2005". Modern Language Association. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=6&county_id=&mode=state_tops&zip=&place_id=&cty_id=&ll=&a=&ea=&order=r. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ "Table 5. Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000" (PDF). Census 2000. US Census Bureau. February 27, 2003. http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t20/tab05.pdf. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ Coyote Press. Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (Map) (1966 ed.). http://www.californiaprehistory.com/tribmap.html. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ California State Parks. California Indians Root Languages and Tribal Groups (Map) (1994 ed.). http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23545. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ Wesson, Herb (July 17, 2001). "AB 800 Assembly Bill – Bill Analysis". California State Assembly. p. 3. http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/asm/ab_0751-0800/ab_800_cfa_20020116_162757_sen_comm.html. Retrieved December 27, 2009. "In 1986, California voters amended the state constitution to provide that the: The [sic] Legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced. The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California.""
- ^ Hull, Dana (May 20, 2006). "English already is "official" in California". San Jose Mercury News (San Jose, California: MediaNews Group). "English has been the "official" language of California since 1986, when voters passed Proposition 63. You'd barely know it. The Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters prints ballots in English, Spanish, Vietnamese, Chinese and Tagalog. California drivers can take the written license exam in 31 languages, from Amharic, which is spoken in Ethiopia, to Thai. You can view the state's online Megan's Law database of registered sex offenders in Portuguese or Punjabi. [..] Proposition 63, which received 73 percent of the vote in 1986, was largely symbolic, sending a message to immigrants that they should learn to speak English if they expected to live in California. The measure directed the state to "preserve, protect and strengthen the English language," but did not call for any specific action or enforcement. Twenty-six other states have official- English laws on the books."
- ^ "What other languages is the written or audio test available in?//Driver License and Identification (ID) Card Information". California Department of Motor Vehicles. http://www.dmv.ca.gov/dl/dl_info.htm#languages.
- ^ Park, Bborie (December 2003). "A World of Opportunity – Which New Languages Davis Students Would Like to Study and Why" (PDF). UC Davis Student Affairs Research and Information. http://www.sariweb.ucdavis.edu/downloads/311AWorldOfOpportunity.pdf. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ "Religious Affi liation by State in the U.S." (PDF). U.S Religious Landscape Study. Pew Research Center. p. 103. http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
- ^ Source: Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, “Jewish Population of the United States, 2006,” in the American Jewish Year Book 2006, Volume 106 [1]
- ^ Helfand, Duke (June 24, 2008). "State has a relaxed view on religion – Survey finds Californians are less certain about the existence of God than others in the U.S.". The Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/24/local/me-faith24. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ a b "California – Armed forces". city-data.com. Advameg, Inc.. http://www.city-data.com/states/California-Armed-forces.html. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
- ^ "Regional Economic Accounts (interactive tables)". Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/gsp/. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "Country Comparison :: GDP (purchasing power parity)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "GDP by State". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- ^ Donlon, JP (May 2, 2012). "Another Triumph for Texas: Best/Worst States for Business 2012". Chief Executive Group. accessed May 3, 2012
- ^ "2011 CalFacts". Lao.ca.gov. http://www.lao.ca.gov/reports/2011/calfacts/calfacts_010511.aspx. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- ^ Welch, William (February 20, 2009). "In California's meltdown, misery has long reach". USA Today (Gannett Co). http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-02-19-california-hurting_N.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ a b "Trade Statistics". California Chamber of Commerce. http://www.calchamber.com/international/trade/pages/tradestatistics.aspx. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ a b "Cal Facts 2006 State Economy". Legislative Analyst's Office of California. August 6, 2007. http://www.lao.ca.gov/2006/cal_facts/2006_calfacts_econ.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "California Agricultural Production Statistics 2009–2010". cdfa.ca.gov (California Department of Food and Agriculture. 2010. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
- ^ "State Personal Income 2006" (Press release). Bureau of Economic Analysis. March 27, 2007. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2007/spi0307.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Cowan, Tadlock (December 12, 2005). "California’s San Joaquin Valley: A Region in Transition" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. p. 2. http://www.centralvalleybusinesstimes.com/links/CRS%20San%20Joaquin%20Valley%20Report.pdf. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Scott, Walter (May 2, 2010). "Personality Parade". Parade Magazine. p. 2.
- ^ "California's Tax System: A Primer". http://www.lao.ca.gov/2007/tax_primer/tax_primer_040907.aspx. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
- ^ Equalization California Board of (July 2009). "Publication 71, California City and County Sales and Use Tax Rates, April 1, 2009 Edition" (PDF). http://www.boe.ca.gov/pdf/pub71.pdf. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
- ^ Yi, Matthew (July 2, 2009). "State's budget gap deepens $2 billion overnight". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications): p. A-1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/01/MNV118HCO8.DTL. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Pender, Kathleen (May 9, 2006). "Google's April surprise for state". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications): p. A-1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/05/09/MNGSVIO7NG1.DTL. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Nunes, Devin (January 10, 2009). "California's Gold Rush Has Been Reversed". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company): p. A9. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123154816733469917.html. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "California Makes Plea for U.S. Aid". The New York Times. Associated Press (The New York Times Company): p. A21. February 6, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/07/us/07calif.html. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Christie, Jim; Linnane, Ciara; Parry, John (June 19, 2009). "Moody's warning on California debt stuns state". Reuters. San Francisco: Thomson Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE55I52L20090619. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "State of California Debt Clock"
- ^ "California at Budget Impasse as State Nears Insolvency". Fox News Channel (News Corp.). February 15, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/02/15/california-budget-impasse-state-nears-insolvency. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ a b "California's time is running out". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications): p. A-12. June 4, 2009. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/06/03/ED3T180828.DTL. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "California's Greek Tragedy". The Wall Street Journal. March 13, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304537904577277242682364690.html.
- ^ Mufson, Steven (February 17, 2007). "In Energy Conservation, Calif. Sees Light". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/16/AR2007021602274.html. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
- ^ "California – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". Tonto.eia.doe.gov. October 20, 2011. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=CA. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ California OKs new transmission for renewables Reuters, December 17, 2009.
- ^ Doyle, Jim (March 9, 2009). "Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Communications): p. A-1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Brunswick, Mark (April 30, 2009). "Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants". Star Tribune (Minnesota: Chris Harte). http://www.startribune.com/politics/44101672.html?source=error. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Mieszkowski, Katharine (September 2, 2010). "California Is Tops in Worst Roads – Pulse of the Bay". The Bay Citizen. http://www.baycitizen.org/blogs/pulse-of-the-bay/read-while-you-are-waiting-traffic-clear. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- ^ "A bridge too far gone". The Economist. August 9, 2007. http://www.economist.com/node/9621456.
- ^ http://reason.org/files/19th_annual_highway_report.pdf
- ^ "The San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge Facts at a glance". California Department of Transportation. http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/tollbridge/SFOBB/Sfobbfacts.html. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
- ^ Pool, Bob (June 25, 2010). "Pasadena Freeway getting a new look and a new name". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/25/local/la-me-parkway-20100625. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
- ^ "L.A.'s Famous Four-Level Freeway Interchange, 'The Stack,' Turns 58". KCET. September 22, 2011. http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/navigating-the-stack-the-four-level-turns-58.html. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
- ^ http://dmv.ca.gov/about/profile/official.pdf
- ^ "California new-car sales up 13.1 percent in 2010". San Jose Mercury News. http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_17197542. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (January 8, 2011). "Calif. Amtrak ridership rising on state trains". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/01/05/BAMU1GU16Q.DTL.
- ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (August 17, 2010). "Plan for high-speed rail system released". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/11/08/BAV6140IK5.DTL.
- ^ S. Spacek, 2011 American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for An Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Populous.
- ^ "California Codes, Civil Code Section 22-22.2". California Civil Codes. Legislative Counsel of the State of California. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=81815814163+15+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Sarhaddi Nelson, Soraya (February 21, 2006). "Morales execution on hold indefinitely". Orange County Register (Freedom Communications). http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/news/homepage/article_1008434.php. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Thompson, Don (December 8, 2007). "Calif. Struggles with sentencing reform". USA Today (Gannett Company). http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-08-2244622424_x.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "California Is A Political Trendsetter". CBS News. October 30, 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/30/eveningnews/main2138297.shtml. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ "Study Ranks America's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities". Bay Area Center for Voting Research. August 16, 2005. http://govpro.com/content/gov_imp_31439/index.html. Retrieved February 20. 2011.
- ^ a b "CA Codes (gov:34500-34504)". California State Senate. http://info.sen.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=34001-35000&file=34500-34504. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "Instant City: Sacramento". California State Library. http://www.library.ca.gov/goldrush/sec08.html. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "San Jose at a Glance". City of San Jose. http://www.sanjoseca.gov/about.asp. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "A History of San Diego Government". City of San Diego. http://www.sandiego.gov/city-clerk/geninfo/history.shtml. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "California State Parks: 1846 to 1854". California State Parks. May 23, 2007. http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1096. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "Jurupa Valley Becomes California’s 482nd City". League of California Cities. March 11, 2011. http://newsletter.cacities.org/e_article002045084.cfm. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
- ^ Stokley, Sandra (June 14, 2011). "JURUPA VALLEY: Rushing to meet a July 1 incorporation". The Press-Enterprise. http://www.pe.com/localnews/riverside/stories/PE_News_Local_D_wcode15.40e71cc.html. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
- ^ "Proposition 98 Primer". Legislative Analyst's Office of California. February 2005. http://www.lao.ca.gov/2005/prop_98_primer/prop_98_primer_020805.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "California Comparison". Education Data Partnership. http://www.ed-data.k12.ca.us/Articles/article.asp?title=California%20comparison. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ Marshall, Carolyn (March 16, 2007). "Report Says Public Schools in California Are ‘Broken’ – New York Times". The New York Times (California). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/16/education/16schools.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1313692806-wLcsPvmsQ7+YfX++w1H+lQ. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- ^ "CSU Facts 2008". California State University Office of Public Affairs. January 21, 2009. http://www.calstate.edu/PA/2008Facts/. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "Community Colleges". California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office. 2009. http://www.cccco.edu/CommunityColleges/tabid/830/Default.aspx. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Chartkoff, Joseph L.; Chartkoff, Kerry Kona (1984). The archaeology of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1157-7. OCLC 11351549.
- Fagan, Brian (2003). Before California: An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-2794-8. OCLC 226025645.
- Hart, James D. (1978). A Companion to California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502400-1.
- Moratto, Michael J.; Fredrickson, David A. (1984). California archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-506182-X. OCLC 228668979.
External links[link]
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- State of California
- California State Guide, from the Library of Congress
Geographic data related to California at OpenStreetMap- California travel guide from Wikitravel
- California at the Open Directory Project
- 1973 documentary featuring aerial views of the California coastline from Mt. Shasta to Los Angeles
- Time-Lapse Tilt-Shift Portrait of California by Ryan and Sheri Killackey
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Justin Bieber | |
|---|---|
 Justin Bieber at the NRJ Music Awards in Cannes, France in 2012 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Justin Drew Bieber[1] |
| Born | (1994-03-01) March 1, 1994 (age 18)[2] London, Ontario, Canada |
| Origin | Stratford, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, teen pop[3][4][5] |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, percussion,[6] trumpet[7] |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | Island, RBMG |
| Associated acts | Usher, Ludacris |
| Website | justinbiebermusic.com |
Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ BEE-bər, born March 1, 1994)[2] is a Canadian Pop/R&B singer-songwriter, musician, and actor.[3][5] Bieber was discovered in 2008 by Scooter Braun,[8] who came across Bieber's videos on YouTube and later became his manager. Braun arranged for him to meet with Usher in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher,[9] and then to a recording contract with Island Records offered by L.A. Reid.[6][10] Bieber's debut single, "One Time", was released in 2009 and peaked in the top twenty in Canada and charted in the top thirty in several international markets. His debut album, the seven-track EP My World, followed in November 2009, and was soon certified platinum in the United States. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut album chart on the Billboard Hot 100.[11]
Bieber's first full-length studio album, My World 2.0, was released in March 2010. It debuted at number one or within the top ten in several countries and was certified platinum in the United States. It was preceded by the worldwide top-ten single, "Baby". The music video of "Baby" is currently ranked as the most viewed and most discussed YouTube video.[12] Bieber followed up the release of his debut album with his first headlining tour, the My World Tour, the remix albums My Worlds Acoustic and Never Say Never – The Remixes, and the 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, that nearly matched the record for the biggest opening weekend gross for a concert-film. Bieber released his second studio album, Under the Mistletoe, in November 2011, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Bieber has received numerous awards, including Artist of the Year at the 2010 American Music Awards, and has been nominated for such awards as Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 53rd Grammy Awards. In 2012, Bieber was named Forbes 3rd most powerful celebrity in the world, earning $55 million. As of May 2012, Bieber has sold 15 million albums.[13]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario in St Joseph's Hospital,[14][15] and was raised in Stratford, Ontario.[16] Bieber's mother, Patricia Lynn "Pattie" Mallette, was 18 years old when she became pregnant. Mallette, originally from Stratford, raised her son with the help of her parents, Bruce and Diane.[17] Mallette worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father, Jeremy Jack Bieber, who married another woman and had two children.[18][19][20] Bieber's great-grandfather was from Germany.[21] Bieber's mother's ancestry is French Canadian.[22] Bieber attended a French immersion elementary school in Stratford called Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School.[17]
During his childhood, Bieber was interested in hockey, soccer, and chess; he often kept his musical aspirations to himself.[18] As he grew up, Bieber taught himself to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet.[16][23] In early 2007, when he was twelve, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's "So Sick" for a local singing competition in Stratford and was placed second.[6][23] Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew.[10] Chris Hicks, Bieber's A&R at Island/Def Jam, explained the young artist's huge online following to HitQuarters by saying:
"He was doing something different. He was an attractive white kid singing very soulful R&B hits. That set him apart immediately from anyone in his range because no one was covering or singing these kind of records. But equally important was that you believed in these songs – it was real. And you wanted to hear more."[24]
Career[link]
[edit] 2008–09: Discovery and My World
While searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun, a former marketing executive of So So Def, clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 videos by accident.[18] Impressed, Braun tracked down the theater Bieber was performing in, located Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette. Mallette was reluctant because of Braun's Jewish religion; she remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label! ... you don’t want this Jewish kid to be Justin’s man, do you?"[18] However, after praying with her church elders and receiving their encouragement, she permitted Braun to fly Bieber, then 13,[10] to Atlanta, Georgia, to record demo tapes.[18] A week after arriving, Bieber sang for R&B singer/songwriter Usher.[25] Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher.[9] Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber, but lost the bidding war to Usher.[9][26] Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks, who helped engineer an audition with his contact Antonio L.A. Reid of Island Def Jam Music Group.[24] Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam where he would be able manage Bieber's career at the label.[6][9][10][24] At that point, Bieber and his mother moved to Atlanta temporarily, also the home of Usher and Braun, to record and get counseling from Braun.[9] Braun became Bieber's manager.[10]
Bieber's first single, "One Time", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album.[27] The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009,[10] and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. During fall 2009 it had success in international markets.[28] The song was certified Platinum in Canada and the US and Gold in Australia and New Zealand.[29][30][31] Bieber's first release, an extended play entitled My World, was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, "One Less Lonely Girl", and two promo singles, "Love Me", and "Favorite Girl", were released exclusively on the iTunes store and charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100.[28] "One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top fifteen in Canada and the US, being certified Gold in the latter.[28] My World was eventually certified Platinum in the US and Double Platinum in both Canada and the UK.[31][32][33] To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program The Dome, YTV's The Next Star, The Today Show,[34][35] The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, It's On with Alexa Chung, Good Morning America, Chelsea Lately, and BET's 106 & Park with Rihanna. Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP in late 2009.[36]
Bieber performed Stevie Wonder's "Someday at Christmas" for U.S. President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for Christmas in Washington, which was broadcast on December 20, 2009, on U.S. television broadcaster TNT.[37] Bieber was also one of the performers at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on December 31, 2009.[38] Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of We Are The World (a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake. Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version.[39] On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan's "Wavin' Flag" recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines.
[edit] 2010–11: My World 2.0 and Never Say Never film
"Baby", the lead single from his debut album, My World 2.0, which features Ludacris, was released in January 2010 and became his biggest hit thus far, charting at number five in the U.S. and reaching the top ten in seven other countries.[28] Two promo singles "Never Let You Go", and "U Smile" were top thirty hits on the U.S. Hot 100, and top twenty hits in Canada.[28] According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received "generally favorable reviews".[40] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963.[41] My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, Australian Albums Chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart[28] and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries.[42][43] To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View, the 2010 Kids Choice Awards, Nightline, The Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome and 106 and Park.[44] Bieber collaborated with Sean Kingston on his single "Eenie Meenie" which also appeared on Bieber's debut album. The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top-twenty of most other markets.
On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live.[45] On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City.[46] The second single from My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher. The single reached number ten in Canada, number fifteen in the United States, and the top twenty in multiple international countries.
On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour, starting in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote My World and My World 2.0.[47] In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet.[48] That same month his music video, "Baby", surpassed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" to become the most viewed, and most disliked YouTube video ever.[49] In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three percent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social-networking site.[50]
Bieber began recording his second album in July 2010 in New York City.[51] At this point, because of puberty, his voice was deeper than it was when he recorded his first album. In April 2010, the singer discussing his vocals remarked, "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world. [...] Some of the notes I hit on "Baby" I can't hit anymore. We have to lower the key when I sing live."[52]
Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother", who is also a serial bomber. Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed.[53] Bieber performed a medley of "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love" and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.[54] Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would release an acoustic album, called My Worlds Acoustic.[55] It was released on Black Friday in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a completely new song titled "Pray".[56]
A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, was released on February 11, 2011, directed by Step Up 3D director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theaters.[57] It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go With It, which grossed $31 million.[58] Never Say Never is said to have exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary.[59][60] Never Say Never grossed a total of $98,441,954 worldwide.[61] The film is accompanied by his second remix album, Never Say Never – The Remixes, released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West, among others.[62]
[edit] 2011–present: Under The Mistletoe and Believe
On February 27, 2011, Bieber attended the 2011 Vanity Fair Oscar Party with American actress and singer Selena Gomez,[63] confirming several months of media speculation about a romantic relationship between the pair.[64][65][66][67][68][69]
In June 2011, Bieber was ranked number 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star and 1 of 7 musicians on the list raking in with $53 million earned in a 12 month period.[70] On November 1, 2011, Bieber released Under the Mistletoe, his second studio album.[71] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release.[72]
In late 2011, Bieber began recording his third studio album, entitled Believe. Kanye West and Drake are confirmed to be featured on the album.[73] On February 22, 2012, Bieber announced via Twitter that the first single off Believe will be released in March 2012.[74] The following week, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to announce that the first single will be called "Boyfriend" and was released on March 26, 2012.[75] The song was co-written by Mike Posner.[76] The second single, Die In Your Arms, was released on May 29th, 2012. [77]
Image[link]
Justin Bieber has a higher score on the Klout online "influence" scale than Barack Obama or The Dalai Lama.[78] According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times, part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. Long before he released his EP, My World, in mid-November, the YouTube videos attracted millions of views.[18] Braun recognized the appeal. Prior to flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there’s no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun.[18] Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly;[10] his account was reported in November 2010 to have over 6 million followers.[79] Since then he has been consistently gaining followers at an average of 24,000 per day.[80] The accounts also serve marketing purposes; for example, Bieber's music video for "One Time" only began selling quickly after it was uploaded to YouTube.[81]
Usher comments that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly." As a result, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard Kenny, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image.[18] After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist. Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario, Bieber's manner of dress and speech ("Wassup man, how you doin'?" or "It's like, you know, whateva' ") suggest he's mimicking his favorite rappers."[82]
Bieber is often featured in teen magazines such as Tiger Beat,[18] and has been labeled as a "teen heartthrob".[83] Bieber has released a collection of nail varnishes to raise awareness for charity.[84] Wax statues of Bieber are on display at Madame Tussauds wax museums in New York, Amsterdam and London.[85] His change of hairstyle in 2010, and the consequent alterations to Bieber products, led to it being called 'the most expensive musical haircut of all time;[86] one company spent $100,000 to fix its dolls for the 2011 Christmas season.[87]
Bieber has been criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age, his teen-pop music, image, and frequent media attention.[88] He has been a frequent target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, notably by users of Internet message board 4chan and users of YouTube.[89] Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph speculated that "Bieber's character also appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics, with many remarks commenting on his youthful appearance, his teen-pop songs, his image as a heart-throb to young teenage girls and his manner of speech".[90]
Personal views and life[link]
Bieber is a Christian,[91] and said he has a relationship with Jesus, talks to him and that "he's the reason I'm here".[92]
Bieber's comments in a February 2011 profile in Rolling Stone sparked controversy.[93] Asked about abstinence, Bieber responded, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." He said he does not "believe in abortion" and that it is "like killing a baby".[94] He described sexual orientation as "everyone's own decision."[95] Bieber has contributed to the It Gets Better Project,[96] which aims to prevent suicide among LGBT youth.[97]
Bieber has said he is not interested in obtaining United States citizenship and has criticized America's health care system. Praising Canada as being "the best country in the world", he cited its health care system as a model example.[94]
In May 2012, Bieber purchased a 10,000 square-foot mansion on 1.3 acres of land, located in the community of Calabasas, California, a suburb of Los Angeles.[98]
Twitter[link]
Main article: Justin Bieber on Twitter
As of April 2012[update], Bieber's Twitter account (@justinbieber) is the second most popular celebrity account behind that of Lady Gaga.[99] By mid-April 2012, he had over 20 million followers.[100][101] His follower acquisition is one new follower every other second.[102][103] His popularity on Twitter at one point accounted for three percent of all Twitter related traffic, with a Twitter employee commenting that "racks of servers are dedicated" to Bieber.[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] This resulted in over 180 million page views for the service each month.[105] Bieber was frequently a trending topic on Twitter when the feature first launched[105] because his fans frequently discussed him on the network. [113] and was named the top trending star on Twitter in 2010;[114] Klout gave his account a score of 100.[115][116]
The size of Bieber's and Gaga's follower bases are cited as a reason why marketers should pay attention to Twitter:[117] with an ability to reach millions of people with a single tweet.[117] 8.3% of tweets mentioning "bieber" were semi-automated and probably Twitter related spam.[118] Research done about Twitter and the 2011 Egyptian revolution includes Bieber as he made tweets about the topic at a time when he had roughly 8 million followers. His multiple tweets resulted in 32,000 responses each, which made Bieber's Twitter account one of the single largest nodes for discussion about the uprising one of the largest on Twitter.[119][120]
In March 2012, Bieber fans launched an unsuccessful attempt to unseat Lady Gaga as the most popular celebrity on Twitter. Neither Bieber nor Lady Gaga discussed their mutual fanbase's campaigns on Twitter.[121]
Discography[link]
Main article: Justin Bieber discography
- My World 2.0 (2010)
- Under the Mistletoe (2011)
- Believe (2012)
Tours[link]
- 2009: Urban Behavior Tour
- 2010–2011: My World Tour
- 2012-2013: Believe Tour
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | True Jackson, VP | Himself | Guest star |
| My Date With... | |||
| 2010 | Silent Library | ||
| School Gyrls | Cameo | ||
| Saturday Night Live | Guest star/performer | Ep 35.18 | |
| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | Jason McCann | Shock Waves (Season 11, Episode 1) | |
| Hubworld | Guest star | Season 1, Episode 1 | |
| The X Factor (UK) | Performer | Series 7, Week 8 | |
| 2011 | Extreme Makeover: Home Edition | Guest star[122] | |
| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | Jason McCann | Targets of Obsession (Season 11, Episode 15). | |
| Khloé & Lamar | Himself | Episode:The Father In Law (uncredited) Himself playing the NBA Celebrity All Star Game | |
| Saturday Night Live | Guest star | Ep. 36.14 | |
| Justin Bieber: Never Say Never[123] | Himself | Film produced by MTV Films and distributed by Paramount Pictures released February 2011 in United States; and March to April worldwide[124] The official movie trailer was released on October 26[125] | |
| Dancing With The Stars | Guest star | Week 7 Result Show | |
| So Random! | Himself | He performed in December 2011. | |
| Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade | Guest star | Performed at Walt Disney World Resort | |
| The X Factor (UK) | Performer | Series 8, Week 9 | |
| 2012 | Men in Black 3 | Baby Alien |
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Justin Bieber
References[link]
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- ^ [1][dead link]
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- ^ Chandler, D.L. (October 26, 2011). "Justin Bieber Taps Drake, Kanye West For 'Believe' Album". MTV RapFix. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/10/26/justin-bieber-taps-drake-kanye-west-believe-album/. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ https://twitter.com/#!/justinbieber/status/172478593983709184
- ^ "Justin Bieber's Big Announcement". YouTube. 2012-02-29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P493k1YRp8w&feature=branded. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2012-03-01). "Justin Bieber Announces New Single, 'Boyfriend' – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1680212/justin-bieber-boyfriend-single.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ Justin Bieber Dies In Your Arms
- ^ Rushe, Dominic (January 2, 2011). "Justin Bieber is more influential online than the Dalai Lama or US president". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/jan/02/klout-social-media-networking. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (November 9, 2010). "Justin Bieber Hits 6 Million Twitter Followers – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651843/20101109/bieber_justin.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Twitter Statistics". Twitter Counter. March 15, 2011. http://twittercounter.com/justinbieber. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
- ^ "Justin Bieber: A phenom on the verge of superstardom". Billboard. Azcentral.com. March 19, 2010. http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/music/articles/2010/03/19/20100319justin-bieber-billboard.html. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
- ^ Kaufman, Amy (April 13, 2010). "Adults work hard to manage Justin Bieber's image". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/music/articles/2010/04/13/20100413justin-bieber-tour.html. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
- ^ Rizzo, Monica (February 24, 2010). "Hot Ticket: Justin Bieber & Rihanna to Perform at Kids' Choice Awards – TV News, Justin Bieber, Rihanna". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20346575,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ "Justin Bieber releases more colours into his nail varnish collection"[dead link] Vogue (UK)
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (March 15, 2011). "Justin Bieber Wax Figures Unveiled". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1659922/justin-bieber-wax-figure.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ October 11, 2011 (October 11, 2011). "Most expensive musical haircut of all time". Artsjournal.com. http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/10/most-expensive-musical-haircut-of-all-time.html. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ Tyler, Lewis (October 13, 2011). "Bieber haircut costs US toy-maker $100,000". ToyNews Online. http://www.toynews-online.biz/news/34607/Bieber-haircut-costs-US-toy-maker-100000. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
- ^ Collins, Nick (July 6, 2010). "Why is Justin Bieber so loved and hated?". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/7873834/Why-is-Justin-Bieber-so-loved-and-hated.html. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
- ^ "Justin Bieber's Youtube Fight". http://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/justin-biebers-youtube-fight.
- ^ Collins, Nick (July 6, 2010). "Why is Justin Bieber so loved and hated?". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/7873834/Why-is-Justin-Bieber-so-loved-and-hated.html. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ Ronson, Jon (November 13, 2010). "Justin Bieber: One day with the most Googled name on the planet". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/nov/13/justin-bieber-interview. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
- ^ Kaufman, Donna (November 2, 2010). "Justin Bieber Talks Jesus & Marriage". Ivillage Entertainment. http://www.ivillage.com/justin-bieber-talks-jesus-and-marriage/1-a-294985. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
- ^ Saxberg, Lynn (February 17, 2011). "Baby Baby -better be born in Canada; Bieber disses American health care -and says no to abortion". The Ottawa Citizen.: p. A.4.
- ^ a b By Rolling Stone (February 16, 2011). "Justin Bieber Talks Sex, Politics, Music and Puberty In New 'Rolling Stone' Cover Story". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/justin-bieber-talks-sex-politics-music-and-puberty-in-new-rolling-stone-cover-story-20110216. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ Justin Bieber interview Rolling Stone Retrieved 2011-03-15
- ^ "Justin Bieber Posts 'It Gets Better' Video" Retrieved 2011-03-15
- ^ It Gets Better Project website Retrieved 2011-03-15
- ^ McQueeney, Kerry; Watkins, Jane (May 27, 2012). "He's all grown up! Justin Bieber, 18, seals the $6.5m deal on his very first home - a sprawling Calabasas mansion". Dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2150919/Justin-Bieber-18-seals-6-5m-deal-home--sprawling-Calabasas-mansion.html?ito=feeds-newsxml. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
- ^ Shiv Singh; Stephanie Diamond (April 3, 2012). Social Media Marketing For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 143–. ISBN 978-1-118-06514-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Dnv9AZ8Tj4C&pg=PA143. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ "'The Voice:' Justin Bieber updates fans on Twitter , singer to make announcement?". Entertainment Examiner (USA). April 16, 2012. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:EAEN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=13DC80FB672ABFA8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ "Soccer's Kaka tops 10 million followers on Twitter". Associated Press News Service. April 25, 2012. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:APNS&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=13E6168D001C4648&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Adam Sherwin. "Justin Bieber reveals new 'mature' direction as Biebermania hits London – News – Music". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/justin-bieber-reveals-new-mature-direction-as-biebermania-hits-london-7675857.html. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ a b Richard Godwin. "One night with Justin Bieber and I'm a Belieber – Celebrity News – Showbiz – Evening Standard". Evening Standard. London. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/one-night-with-justin-bieber-and-im-a-belieber-7674843.html. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ Curtis, Dustin (September 7, 2010). "At any moment, Justin Bieber uses 3% of our infrastructure. Racks of servers are dedicated to him. – A guy who works at Twitter". https://twitter.com/#!/dcurtis/status/23192425566. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Justin Bieber Accounts for 3 Percent of All Twitter Traffic". TV Guide. September 8, 2010. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Justin-Bieber-Twitter-1022684.aspx. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (September 8, 2010). "Justin Bieber Activity Drives 3 Percent Of Twitter Traffic". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1647321/justin-bieber-activity-drives-3-percent-twitter-traffic.jhtml. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ "Twitter Has 'Racks of Servers' Dedicated to Justin Bieber | NewsFeed | TIME.com". Newsfeed.time.com. September 8, 2010. http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/09/08/twitter-has-racks-of-servers-dedicated-to-justin-bieber/. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ Fabio Kon; Anne-Marie Kermarrec (December 26, 2011). Middleware 2011: Acm/Ifip/usenix 12th International Middleware Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, December 12–16, 2011, Proceedings. Springer. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-3-642-25820-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=ESrm5lcx7L8C&pg=PA21. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Aaron Barlow; Robert Leston (December 31, 2011). Beyond the Blogosphere: Information and Its Children. ABC-CLIO. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-0-313-39287-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=YM4JiWFLCQ8C&pg=PA233. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Stephen Marche (May 10, 2011). How Shakespeare Changed Everything. HarperCollins. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-0-06-196553-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=jBibgie2VEEC&pg=PT51. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Has "Racks" of Twitter Servers, Uses 3 Percent of Site's Resources". GearLog (Ziff Davis, Inc). 2010-09-08. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/123820191. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ "Justin Bieber a ocupat 3% din serverul Twitter" (in Spanish). Agentia.org. 2010-11-24. http://www.agentia.org/monden/justin-bieber-a-ocupat-3-din-serverul-twitter-6123.html. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Vintage Video: 'I Love Twitter' | News". VH1. http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1657695/20110210/index.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ "Bieber Tops Twitter Trend List". World Entertainment News Network (COMTEX News Network, Inc). 2010-12-16. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/122734894. Retrieved April 26, 2012
- ^ Poeter, Damon (1970-01-01). "Tweet or Die: Employers Hiring Based on Applicants' Klout Scores? | News & Opinion". PCMag.com. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2403567,00.asp. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ Marco Massarotto (2010-10-18T00:00:00+02:00) (in Italian). Social Network. Apogeo Editore. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-88-503-1233-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=IZowqKn7G40C&pg=PT201. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ a b Brandon Vogt (August 5, 2011). The Church and New Media: Blogging Converts, Internet Activists, and Bishops Who Tweet. Our Sunday Visitor. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-1-59276-033-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=c4zwxSzKstYC&pg=PA19. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Neil Spring; George F. Riley (April 25, 2011). Passive and Active Measurement: 12th International Conference, PAM 2011, Atlanta, GA, USA, March 20–22, 2011, Proceedings. Springer. pp. 108–12. ISBN 978-3-642-19259-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=weLp1ECX4XIC&pg=PA110. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Maksim Tsvetovat; Alexander Kouznetsov (October 6, 2011). Social Network Analysis for Startups: Finding Connections on the Social Web. O'Reilly Media, Inc.. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4493-0646-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tn-L5WoCeygC. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Maksim Tsvetovat; Alexander Kouznetsov (October 6, 2011). Social Network Analysis for Startups: Finding Connections on the Social Web. O'Reilly Media, Inc.. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4493-0646-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tn-L5WoCeygC. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Tim Kenneally Reuters 7:18 pm CDT, March 28, 2012 (March 28, 2012). "Justin Bieber Vs. Lady Gaga: Fans wage epic war for Twitter dominance". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/sns-rt-justin-bieber-lady-gagamt1thewrap36616-20120328,0,7289032.story. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ Jocleyn, Vena (January 25, 2011). "Justin Bieber Addresses Dangers Of Texting And Driving On 'Extreme Makeover'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1656584/justin-bieber-addresses-dangers-texting-driving-on-extreme-makeover.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Never Say Never – Official website". http://www.justinbieberneversaynever.com/. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Global Sites & Release Dates". Justin Bieber Never Say Never – Official website.. http://www.justinbieberneversaynever.com/intl/releasedates/release-dates.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Justin Bieber: Never Say Never – Official movie trailer". http://www.trailerdownload.net/movie/justin-bieber-3d/trailers/trailer-4629.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Further reading[link]
- Justin Bieber (October 12, 2010). Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-203974-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=a2iAh-KFdIgC&pg=PP1.
- Ronny Bloom (April 15, 2010). Justin Bieber. Penguin Group USA. ISBN 978-0-8431-9903-1.
- Chas Newkey-Burden (September 1, 2010). Justin Bieber: The Unauthorized Biography. Michael O'Mara. ISBN 978-1-84317-523-0.
- Sarah Oliver (October 1, 2011). Justin Bieber A-Z. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84358-379-0.
- Sarah Parvis; Gail Herman (February 8, 2011). Superstars! Justin Bieber: In the Spotlight and Behind the Scenes. Time Home Entertainment. ISBN 978-1-60320-902-1.
- Marc Shapiro (August 17, 2010). Justin Bieber: The Fever!. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-67878-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=LyrqE1c66mwC&pg=PP1.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Justin Bieber |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Justin Bieber |
- Official website
- Justin Bieber at the Internet Movie Database
- Justin Bieber at the Open Directory Project
- Justin Bieber on Twitter
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bieber, Justin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian singer |
| Date of birth | March 1, 1994 |
| Place of birth | Stratford, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
