Detroit River
Rivière du Détroit
Windsor police passing by the Renaissance Center
Countries	United States, Canada
State	Michigan
Province	Ontario
Tributaries
- left	Ecorse River, River Rouge
- right	Little River, River Canard
Cities	United States: Detroit, Grosse Pointe Park, River Rouge, Ecorse, Wyandotte, Riverview, Trenton, Grosse Ile, Gibraltar, Canada: Tecumseh, Windsor, La Salle, Amherstburg
Source	Lake St. Clair
- elevation	574 ft (175 m)
- coordinates	42°21′07″N 82°55′03″W / 42.35194°N 82.9175°W / 42.35194; -82.9175
Mouth	Lake Erie
- elevation	571 ft (174 m)
- coordinates	42°03′06″N 83°09′05″W / 42.05167°N 83.15139°W / 42.05167; -83.15139
Length	28 mi (45 km)
Basin	700 sq mi (1,813 km2)
Discharge
- average	188,000 cu ft/s (5,324 m3/s)
Location of the Detroit River in the United States
Landsat satellite photo showing the St. Clair River (top), Lake St. Clair (center), and the Detroit River connecting it to Lake Erie (bottom)

The Detroit River is a 28.0-mile-long (45.1 km)^[1] strait in the Great Lakes system.^[2] The name comes from the French Rivière du Détroit, which translates literally as "River of the Strait". The Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world.^[3] The river travels south from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, and the whole river carries the international border between Canada and the United States. The river divides the major metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario — an area referred to as Detroit–Windsor. The two are connected by the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel.

The river serves as an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Huron, and Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, the Detroit River became notoriously polluted and toxic. In recent years, however, the ecological importance of the river has warranted a vast restoration effort, and the river today has a wide variety of economical and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the lower portion of the river is incorporated into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront and the William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor. The Detroit River is designated an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River — the only river to have this dual designation.^[4][5]

Geography[link]

The Detroit River flows for 28 miles (45 km) from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie.^[1] By definition, this classifies it as both a river and a strait — a strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water.^[6] That is why the river was originally called the River of the Strait by early French settlers.^[7] However, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider. The Detroit River is only 0.5 to 2.5 miles (0.80 to 4.0 km) wide. The Detroit River starts on an east to west flow but then bends and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is 253 feet (77 m) deep in the northern portion of the river. At its source, the river is at an elevation of 574 feet (175 m) above sea level. The river drops only three feet before entering into Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m). The river contains no dams and is easily navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately 700 square miles (1,800 km²).^[2] Since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries. Its largest tributary is the River Rouge in Michigan, which is actually four times longer than the Detroit River and contains most of the basin. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much-smaller Ecorse River. Tributaries on the Canadian side include Little Creek and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size. The river's average discharge is approximately 188,000 cubic feet per second (5,324 m³/s), and the river's flow is always constant.^[8]

Location of the Detroit River in the Great Lakes system

The Detroit River forms a major element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, and the Canadian side is under the administration of Essex County, Ontario. The largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan. The Detroit River has only two automobile traffic crossings connecting the United States and Canada: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel. Both of these are heavily protected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Canada Border Services Agency.

The upper portion of the river is one of the few places where a Canadian city lies directly south of an American city. In this case, the city of Detroit is directly north of the city of Windsor, Ontario. The only other location where this occurs is Fort Erie, Ontario, lying south of several cities in Niagara County, New York. The cities and communities southwest of Detroit along the American side of the river are popularly referred to as the Downriver area, because those areas are said to be "down the river" from Detroit. Several of these communities do not actually border the Detroit River, so the term "Downriver" is actually used to refer to the entire cluster of suburban communities that lie to the southwest of the City of Detroit and to the west of the Detroit River.

Islands[link]

The Detroit River contains numerous islands. Ownership and control of the islands varies by their geographic location along the river. The majority of islands are on the American side of the river. There are no islands in the Detroit River that are divided by the international border. Many of the islands are very small and uninhabited. Most of the islands in the Detroit River are in the southern portion of the waterway near Grosse Ile and close to where the river empties into Lake Erie. Belle Isle, in the northern section of the river, is entirely used as a Detroit city park, and is open to the public via a bridge connection with the city.

History[link]

The Detroit River was first navigated by non-natives in the 17th century. The Iroquois Native Americans traded furs with the Dutch colonists at New Amsterdam by traveling through the Detroit River.^[3] The French later claimed the area for New France. The famed sailing ship Le Griffon reached the mouth of the Detroit River in mid-August 1679 on its maiden voyage through the Great Lakes.^[9] Later, when the French began settling in the area, they navigated the river using canoes made of birch or elm bark. Handcrafted vessels were a common mode of travel across the river, and the pirogue and bateaux were also used. As the North American fur trade intensified, European settlers began expanding their trade westward into the uncharted territories. French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac sailed up the Detroit River on July 23, 1701. The next day, he settled Fort Ponchartrain du Détroit (now known as Detroit).^[10] The river itself became known as the Rivière du Détroit, in which détroit is French for "strait". The river was known literally as the "River of the Strait".

The Detroit River — and the larger area surrounding it — was taken from the French by the British Empire during the French and Indian War and eventually claimed by the newly formed United States during the American Revolution. During the War of 1812, the Detroit River served as a major barrier between the American Michigan Territory and British Upper Canada, especially during the Battle of Fort Detroit in August 1812, when Detroit briefly fell to the British.^[11] Following the completion of the Erie Canal in 1817, which opened up easier travel to Lake Erie from the East Coast of the United States, the Detroit River became a heavily traversed route for settlers traveling to northern Michigan, and Detroit, as well, experienced a sudden increase in population. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union feared that the seceded Confederate States of America (CSA) would plan a northerly attack from Canada, which was still owned by the British Empire and remained neutral in the war. The Union feared that the CSA would cross the Detroit River to launch this attack. For that reason, the Detroit River was heavily patrolled, even though it was far removed from any real combat. Such an attack by the CSA never happened.^[3] At the beginning of the 20th century, Detroit's industrialization took off on an unprecedented scale. The Detroit River became the busiest commercial river in the world and was dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by The Detroit News in 1908. In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons (61 billion kg) of shipping commerce through Detroit to locations all over the world. For comparison, London shipped 18,727,230 tons (16 billion kg), and New York shipped 20,390,953 tons (18 billion kg).^[3]

As one of the most important waterways in the world, large freighters are a common sight on the Detroit River.

Prohibition[link]

On January 16, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified, ushering in Prohibition in the United States, which lasted from 1920 to 1933. To go into effect one year after its ratification, the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption were nationally banned. Detroit was (and still is) the largest city bordering Canada, where alcohol remained legal during Prohibition. Detroit became the center of a new industry known as rum-running, which was the illegal smuggling or transporting of alcoholic beverages or any other illegal drinks during Prohibition. There were no bridges connecting Canada and the United States until the Ambassador Bridge was finished in 1929 and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel in 1930. Since ferry services were inoperable during the winter months, "rum-runners" traveled across the frozen Detroit River by car to Canada and back with trunk loads of alcohol. Rum-running in Windsor became a very common practice. This led to the rise of mobsters such as the Purple Gang, who regularly traveled across the frozen river and used violence as a means to control the route known as the "Detroit-Windsor Funnel" — parodying the newly built tunnel.^[12] The river typically freezes over during much of the winter. Detroit became the leader in the illegal importation of alcohol, which found its way all over the country. The Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and the St. Clair River carried 75% of all liquor smuggled into the United States during Prohibition. During warmer months, specialized boats were used to haul alcohol across the river. There was no limit on the methods used by rum-runners to import alcohol across the river. Government officials were unable or unwilling to deter the flow of alcohol coming across the Detroit River. In some cases, overloaded cars fell through the ice, and today, car parts from this illegal era can still be seen on the bottom of the river. When Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the Twenty-first Amendment, the rum-running industry ended.^[3][13][14]

Conservation efforts[link]

Much of the land surrounding the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, heavily industrialized. This has resulted in excessive water pollution from the unregulated dumping of chemicals and industrial waste for many decades. Much of the garbage and sewage from Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were heavily polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Large quantities of this pollution collected around the mouth of the Detroit River at Lake Erie. The pollutants were so high after the spring thaw that thousands of migrating birds were killed by oil slicks and contaminated water every year. Oxygen levels in the river were depleted to the point where fish were unable to inhabit its waters. Because much of this pollution drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake itself was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.^[15][16]

Much of the lower portion of the river (Mud Island pictured) is now part of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge.

In 1961, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was founded by congressional order. That paved the way for tighter restrictions on industries and allocated substantial amounts of government funding to clean up the river. However, there was little support toward cleaning up the river, because it would negatively affect Detroit's industrialism and economy. In 1970, the entire fishing industry in the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie had to be closed due to toxic levels of mercury found in the water. This, in turn, spurred a massive conservation effort aimed at cleaning up the Detroit River.^[15] For years before, conservation efforts were halted by the enormous multi-million dollar cost of removing pollutants from the river. In addition to that, industries, which had significant political influence, detested the regulations necessary to lessen the amount of pollutants in the river.^[16] In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was absorbed into the much larger Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, which is a cooperative effort between the United States and Canada to preserve the area as an ecological refuge. Millions of dollars so far have been used to dredge pollutants out of the river, and the recent cleaning up and restoration of the Detroit River is remarkable, although other problems are still at hand.^[15] Today, many species of native animals are returning to the area after being driven out by human development. The Detroit River is home to a growing number of bird species, such as eagles (including reintroduced bald eagles), ospreys, and peregrine falcons. Fish species in abundance in the area include lake whitefish, sturgeon, salmon, perch, and walleye.^[16] The Detroit River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1998^[4] and a Canadian Heritage River in 2001^[5] — the only river to have dual designations.

Economy[link]

According to a 2004 study, 150,000 jobs and $13 billion in annual production depend on the river crossings connecting Detroit to Windsor. In 2004, the total American trade with Ontario alone was $407 billion, in which 28% ($113.3 billion) crossed the Detroit River. Because this puts a large strain on the flow for the only two traffic crossings over the Detroit River, proposals have been made to create a third crossing to connect Detroit and Windsor. The exact location for this crossing is the most debated element, as it could negatively affect a large number of environmental features and communities along the river.^[17]

The Detroit River is used for shipping and trading. The earliest use of the river for such economic activities was the shipping of furs for trade as early as the 17th century.^[3] When the fur trade decreased, Michigan had already began to exploit the lumber-rich areas of the Upper Peninsula. Detroit turned into a major industrial region, largely in part because of the Detroit River. The only way a ship could travel out of the Great Lakes system was to travel down the Detroit River. From there, ships could travel anywhere in the world out of the St. Lawrence Seaway or the Erie Canal to New York City. At the beginning of the 20th century, the automotive industry boomed, and the many manufacturers shipped in abundant supplies of iron ore.

The Renaissance Center, located in downtown Detroit, is one of the most recognizable features along the shores of the Detroit River.

First hand, the Detroit River provides a substantial amount of revenue for the local economies. A study in 1991 showed that $20.1 million came from sales related to waterfowl hunting along the Detroit River. During the same year, bird watching, photography, and other non-consumptive uses of waterfowl contributed an additional $192.8 million to Michigan’s economy. Local economies benefit through boating registrations and fishing licenses. There are over 800,000 recreation boats in the state of Michigan, and more than half of those are regularly used on or near the Detroit River. It is estimated that walleye fishing alone brings in $1 million to the economy of communities along the lower Detroit River each spring.^[18] A percentage of the tourist revenue depends on the Detroit River, which is the most noticeable environmental feature in Detroit. Popular river destinations in the city of Detroit include the Detroit International Riverfront and Belle Isle Park — both of which host a number of events throughout the year. Cruise ships support tourism on the Great Lakes and dock at the Port Detroit passenger terminal downtown. The iconic Renaissance Center is located on the banks of the Detroit River.^[19]

Bridges and crossings[link]

This is a list of bridges and other crossings of the Detroit River from Lake Erie upstream to Lake St. Clair. The only two automobile traffic routes that completely cross the river are the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, both of which connect Detroit, Michigan to Windsor, Ontario. A railway tunnel and a commercial truck ferry service also travel between Detroit and Windsor. In Michigan, there are two bridges connecting the mainland to Grosse Ile and the MacArthur Bridge, popularly known as the "Belle Isle Bridge," that connects the City of Detroit to Belle Isle Park. All crossings (ports of entry) on the American side are secured by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Office of Field Operations and on the Canadian side by the Canada Border Services Agency; all areas between the American ports of entry and on the American side of the river are secured by the United States Border Patrol.

The Detroit River International Crossing is a new bridge project expected to be completed in approximately 2013; it will directly connect Highway 401 in Canada to Interstate 75 in the U.S.

28% of all merchandise trade between the United States and Ontario crosses the Detroit River at the Ambassador Bridge.

Crossing	Carries	Locations connecting	Coordinates
Wayne County Bridge	Grosse Ile Parkway	Trenton – Grosse Ile	42°07′39.2″N 83°10′31.2″W / 42.127556°N 83.175333°W / 42.127556; -83.175333
Grosse Ile Toll Bridge	Bridge Road	Riverview – Grosse Ile	42°10′20.9″N 83°09′34.3″W / 42.172472°N 83.159528°W / 42.172472; -83.159528
Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry	(Ferry services)	Detroit – Windsor	42°16′40.9″N 83°06′03.2″W / 42.278028°N 83.100889°W / 42.278028; -83.100889
Ambassador Bridge	Ambassador Bridge Street I-96 / I-75 / H-3		42°18′43.0″N 83°04′26.8″W / 42.31194°N 83.074111°W / 42.31194; -83.074111
Michigan Central Railway Tunnel	Canadian Pacific Railway		42°19′06.6″N 83°03′37.8″W / 42.3185°N 83.0605°W / 42.3185; -83.0605
Detroit-Windsor Tunnel	I-375 / M-10 / H-3B		42°19′28.2″N 83°02′24.2″W / 42.3245°N 83.040056°W / 42.3245; -83.040056
MacArthur Bridge	E. Grand Boulevard / Casino Way	Detroit – Belle Isle Park	42°20′30.1″N 82°59′52.3″W / 42.341694°N 82.997861°W / 42.341694; -82.997861

See also[link]

Metro Detroit portal

References[link]

Specialized further reading[link]

• Nolan, Jenny, How the Detroit River shaped lives and history (February 11, 1997), Detroit News.

External links[link]

• Detroit Riverfront Conservancy
• Sea Grant Michigan
• Friends of the Detroit River
• U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Detroit River
• The Detriot River Looking Up to the Entrance to Lake St. Clair, Windsor, Canada, September 24,1864 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Articles relating to the Detroit River v t e Windsor, Ontario General topics Demographics • Economy • Transportation • Windsor Suburban Roads • Media • Sister Cities • Windsor, Ontario Category • Essex Terminal Railway Politics History • Windsor City Council • Mayors of Windsor • Flag of Windsor • Coat of Arms of Windsor • Sister Cities Attractions Education • St. Clair College • U of W • Hiram Walker • Caesars Windsor • Canadian Club • Devonshire Mall • Roundhouse Centre • Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival • Windsor salt mine Culture and Parks Neighbourhoods • Skyscrapers and buildings • Ojibway Prairie Complex • Odette Sculpture Park • Bike Trails • Riverfront Bike Trail • Ganatchio Trail • Little River Extension • Grand Marais Trail • Trans-Canada Trail • Chrysler Canada Greenway • Russell Street Neighbourhood Trail Weather and Climate Windsor, Ontario's Climate • 1946 Windsor-Tecumseh Tornado • 1974 Windsor Tornado • 1997 Windsor Tornadoes • Weather Records in Windsor Infrastructure and Transportation Ambassador Bridge • Detroit–Windsor Tunnel • List of Windsor Roads • Windsor Roads Template • Windsor Suburban Roads Related topics Detroit • Detroit River • Detroit–Windsor • Essex County • Ontario • Peche Island • Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Essex County LaSalle • Tecumseh • Lakeshore • Amherstburg • Essex • Kingsville • Leamington • Pelee List of municipalities in Ontario v t e City of Detroit Architecture · Culture · Detroit River · Economy · Freeways · Government · History · Historic places · International Riverfront · Media · Music · Neighborhoods · Parks and beaches · People · Skyscrapers · Sports · Theatre · Tourism · Transportation Metro Detroit · Michigan · United States v t e Metro Detroit Topics Architecture Culture Detroit River Economy Freeways History Historic places International Riverfront Lake St. Clair Media Music Parks and beaches People Skyscrapers Sports Theatre Tourism Transportation Major city Detroit Municipalities over 80,000 Canton Township Clinton Township Dearborn Livonia Sterling Heights Troy Warren Westland Municipalities 45,000 to 80,000 Dearborn Heights Farmington Hills Grosse Pointe Macomb Township Novi Pontiac Redford Township Rochester Hills Royal Oak St. Clair Shores Shelby Township Southfield Taylor Waterford Township West Bloomfield Township Satellite cities Ann Arbor Brighton Flint Howell Lapeer Monroe Port Huron Toledo Windsor Ypsilanti Counties in MSA Lapeer Livingston Macomb Oakland St. Clair Wayne Counties in CSA Genesee Monroe Washtenaw Regions Southeast Michigan Great Lakes Outlying regions Central Michigan Flint/Tri-Cities Northwest Ohio Southwestern Ontario The Thumb  Michigan  United States v t e Parks in metropolitan Detroit Detroit city Belle Isle • Campau Park • Campus Martius • Chandler Park • Clark Park • Central Park • Dequindre Cut • International Riverfront • Engel Memorial Park • Ford Park • Fort Wayne • Gabriel Richard Park • Grand Circus • Layfayette Park • New Center Park • Owen Park • Palmer Park • Patton Park • Reid Memorial Park • State Fairgrounds • Three Mile Drive Park • Roosevelt Park Metro 600 to 1,500 acres (243 to 607 ha) Addison Oaks • Algonac State Park • Belle Isle • Camp Dearborn • Crosswinds Marsh • Hayes State Park (Irish Hills) • Independence Oaks • Lower Huron • Metamora-Hadley Recreation Area • Metro Beach Metropark • River Rouge Park • Sterling State Park 1,500 to 5,000 acres (607 to 2,023 ha) Bald Mountain • Brighton Recreation Area • Hines Drive • Hudson Mills • Huron Meadows • Indian Springs • Kensington • Lake Erie Metropark • Pontiac Lake Recreation Area • Oakwoods • Pointe Mouillee State Game Area • Stony Creek Metropark • Wolcott Mill • Willow over 5,000 acres (2,023 ha) Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge • Highland Recreation Area • Ortonville Recreation Area • Pinckney State Recreation Area Waterways Clinton River • Detroit River (Islands) • Huron River • Lake St. Clair • River Rouge • St. Clair River Major beaches Belle Isle • Kensington • Lakeside Beach and Park • Lighthouse Beach and Park • Metro Beach • Stony Creek Trails 5 to 36 miles (8 to 58 km) Bald Mountain • Detroit River Walk / Dequindre Cut • Highland Recreation Lakes • Kensington • Lakelands Trail State Park • Maybury State Park • Novi North Park • Paint Creek Trail • Poly Ann Trail • Pontiac Lake Recreation Area • Stony Creek Inwood Trails • Waterloo-Pinckney Trail Zoological and botanical Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory • Cranbrook • Detroit Zoo • Matthaei Botanical Gardens See also Tourism in metropolitan Detroit and Huron-Clinton Metroparks v t e Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Lake Champlain Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Great Lakes Waterway Niagara River Nipigon River St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent–Severn Waterway Welland Canal Lists of islands Detroit River Great Lakes Michigan (Huron, Isle Royale National Park) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Lake Michigan–Huron Lakeshores Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Calumet Shoreline Glenwood Shoreline Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Georgian Bay Great Lake ships Isle Royale Lake-effect snow Manitoulin Island Megalopolis Quebec City – Windsor Corridor Settlements Shipwrecks Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties v t e American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette v t e Canadian Heritage Rivers System Rivers Alsek • Arctic Red • Athabasca • Bay du Nord • Bloodvein • Bonnet Plume • Boundary Waters • Clearwater • Cowichan • Detroit • Fraser • French • Grand • Hayes • Hillsborough • Humber • Kazan • Kicking Horse • Main • Margaree • Mattawa • Missinaibi • North Saskatchewan • Red • Rideau • Seal • Shelburne • Soper • South Nahanni • St. Croix • St. Marys • Tatshenshini • Thames • Thelon • The Three Rivers • Upper Restigouche • Yukon Nominated Churchill • Coppermine • Ottawa • St. John See also: American Heritage Rivers • Category:American Heritage Rivers • Category:Canadian Heritage Rivers • Category:Rivers of Canada

Detroit
—  City  —
Images from top to bottom, left to right: Downtown Detroit skyline, Spirit of Detroit, Greektown, Ambassador Bridge, Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Fox Theatre, and Comerica Park.
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Motor City, Motown, Renaissance City, The D, Hockeytown, The Automotive Capital of the World, Rock City, The 313
Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (Latin: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes)
Location within Wayne County, Michigan and the state of Michigan
Detroit Location within the contiguous United States of America
Coordinates: 42°19′53″N 83°02′45″W / 42.33139°N 83.04583°W / 42.33139; -83.04583Coordinates: 42°19′53″N 83°02′45″W / 42.33139°N 83.04583°W / 42.33139; -83.04583[1]
Country	United States of America
State	Michigan
County	Wayne
Founded	1701
Incorporated	1806
Government
• Type	Mayor-Council
• Mayor	Dave Bing (D)
• City Council	Members Charles Pugh – Council President Gary Brown – Council President Pro-Tem JoAnn Watson Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. Saunteel Jenkins Andre Spivey James Tate Brenda Jones Kwame Kenyatta
Area
• City	143.0 sq mi (370 km2)
• Land	138.8 sq mi (359 km2)
• Water	4.2 sq mi (11 km2)
• Urban	1,295 sq mi (3,350 km2)
• Metro	3,913 sq mi (10,130 km2)
Elevation[1]	600 ft (200 m)
Population (2010)[2][3]
• City	713,777
• Rank	18th in U.S.
• Density	5,142/sq mi (1,985/km2)
• Urban	3,863,924
• Metro	4,296,250
• CSA	5,218,852
Demonym	Detroiter
Time zone	EST (UTC−5)
• Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC−4)
Area code(s)	313
FIPS code	26-22000[4]
GNIS feature ID	1617959[1]
Major airport	Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW)
Website	DetroitMI.gov

Detroit ( /diˈtrɔɪt/)^[5] is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan, and the seat of Wayne County. It is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people, and serves as a major port on the Detroit River connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the French explorer, adventurer, and nobleman Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac.

In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and ranked as the 18th most populous city in the United States.^[2] The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area with a population of 4,296,250 for the six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area,^[6] the United States' eleventh-largest, and a population of 5,218,852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census.^[3] The Detroit–Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.^[7]

Known as the world's traditional automotive center,^[8] "Detroit" is a metonym for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown.^[9][10] Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport,^[11] The D, D-Town, Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings), Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"), and The 313 (its telephone area code)^[12][13] Detroit became known as the "great arsenal of democracy" for its support of the U.S. role among the Allied powers during World War II.^[14]

Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a major center of commerce and global trade. The Detroit area emerged as a metropolitan region with construction of an extensive freeway system in the 1950s and 1960s which has expanded in ensuing decades. Freeways and transit systems have facilitated movement throughout the region with millions of people taking up residence in the suburbs. Between 2000 and 2010, the city's population fell by 25%, from the nation's 10th largest city to 18th.^[15] Commensurate with the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs, the city has had to adjust its role within the larger metropolitan area. Downtown Detroit has seen an increased role as an entertainment hub in the 21st century with the opening of three casino resort hotels, new stadiums, and a revitalized riverfront. The metropolitan region currently holds roughly one-half of the state's population.^[2][6]

History[link]

The city's name originates from the Detroit River (French: le détroit du Lac Érié, meaning the strait of Lake Erie), linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie; in the historical context, the strait included Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River.^[16][17] Traveling up the Detroit River in 1679 on the ship Le Griffon with Cavelier de La Salle, Father Louis Hennepin noted the north bank of the river as an ideal location for a settlement.

There, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Ponchartrain du Détroit, naming it after the comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. France offered free land in order to attract families to Detroit, which grew to 800 people in 1765, the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans.^[18]

Ste. Anne de Détroit, founded in 1701, is the second oldest continuously operating Roman Catholic parish in the United States. The present church was completed in 1887.^[19]

François Marie Picoté, sieur de Belestre (Montreal 1719–1793) was the last French military commander at Fort Detroit (1758–1760), surrendering the fort on November 29, 1760 to the British. The region's fur trade was an important economic activity. Detroit's city flag reflects this French heritage. (See Flag of Detroit, Michigan).^[19]

During the French and Indian War (1760), British troops gained control and shortened the name to Detroit. Several tribes led by Chief Pontiac, an Ottawa leader, launched Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), including a siege of Fort Detroit. Partially in response to this, the British Royal Proclamation of 1763 included restrictions on white settlement in unceded Indian territories. Detroit passed to the United States under the Jay Treaty (1796). In 1805, fire destroyed most of the settlement. A river warehouse and brick chimneys of the wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.^[20]

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan. As the city expanded, the street layout plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward, Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory was followed. Detroit fell to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit, was recaptured by the United States in 1813 and incorporated as a city in 1815.^[19]

Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canadian border made it a key stop along the underground railroad.^[19] Then a Lieutenant, the future president Ulysses S. Grant was stationed in the city. His dwelling is still at the Michigan State Fairgrounds. Because of this local sentiment, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade) which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at Gettysburg in 1863. Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying "Thank God for Michigan!" Following the death of President Abraham Lincoln, George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy to the thousands gathered near Campus Martius Park. Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the American Civil War and called them the Wolverines.^[21]

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many of the city's Gilded Age mansions and buildings arose. Detroit was referred to as the Paris of the West for its architecture, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison.^[19] Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a transportation hub. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue. During this period, Detroit expanded its borders annexing all or part of several surrounding villages and townships.

Ford Piquette Avenue Plant (1904), a National Historic Landmark.

In 1903 Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant, the Dodge brothers, Packard, and Walter Chrysler—reinforced Detroit's status as the world's automotive capital; it also served to encourage truck manufacturers such as Rapid and Grabowsky.^[19]

With the introduction of Prohibition, smugglers used the river as a major conduit for Canadian spirits, organized in large part by the notorious Purple Gang.^[22] Strained racial relations were evident in the 1920s trial of Dr. Ossian Sweet, a black Detroit physician acquitted of murder. A man died when shots were fired from Ossian's house into a threatening mob who gathered to try to force him out of a predominantly white neighborhood.^[23]

Chauncey Hurlbut Memorial Gate (1894) – restored in 2007. East Jefferson at Cadillac Blvd.

With the factories came high-profile labor unions in the 1930s such as the United Auto Workers which initiated disputes with manufacturers. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the autoworkers. The 1940s saw the construction of the world's first urban freeway system below ground level, the Davison^[24] and the American automobile industry's productive capacity summoned to support the Allied powers during World War II which led to Detroit's nickname as the Arsenal of Democracy.^[25] There have been six ships of the United States Navy named after the city, including USS Detroit (LCS-7).

Industry spurred growth during the first half of the 20th century as the city drew tens of thousands of new residents, particularly workers from the Southern United States, to become the United States' fourth largest. At the same time, tens of thousands of European immigrants located in the city. Social tensions rose with the rapid pace of growth. The color blind promotion policies of the auto plants resulted in racial tension that erupted into a full-scale riot in 1943.^[26]

Consolidation during the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, streamlined the supply chain. An extensive freeway system constructed in the 1950s and 1960s had facilitated commuting. In 1940, the city held about one-third of the state's population, while the metropolitan region currently holds roughly one-half.^[19] Commensurate with the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs, the city's tax base eroded.

Broadway Avenue Historic District built in the 1890s adjoins the Randolph Street Commercial Buildings Historic District which dates from the 1840s.

During the African-American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Detroit witnessed social unrest, culminating in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 impacted the U.S. auto industry as small cars from foreign makers made inroads.

Renaissance has been a common theme among city leaders, reinforced by the construction of the Renaissance Center in the late 1970s. This complex of skyscrapers, designed as a city within a city, together with other developments, slowed and eventually began to reverse the trend of businesses leaving Downtown Detroit by the late 1990s.^[19][27][28]

The Renaissance Center along the International Riverfront

In 1980, Detroit hosted the Republican National Convention which nominated Ronald Reagan to a successful bid for President of the United States. During the 1980s, vacant structures were demolished to make way for new development and revitalization.^[19]

In the 1990s, the city began to receive a revival with much of it centered in the Downtown, Midtown, and New Center areas. One Detroit Center (1993) arose on the city skyline. In the ensuing years, three casinos opened: MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino which debuted as resort hotels in 2007–08. New downtown stadiums were constructed for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions in 2000 and 2002, respectively; this put the Lions' home stadium in the city proper for the first time since 1974. The city also saw the historic Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel reopen for the first time in over 20 years.^[27] The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game, 2006 Super Bowl XL, 2006 World Series, WrestleMania 23 in 2007, and the NCAA Final Four in April 2009 all of which prompted many improvements to the downtown area. In 2011, Detroit Medical Center and Henry Ford Health System substantially increased investments in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's Midtown and New Center.^[29][30]

The city's riverfront is the focus of much development following the example of Windsor, Ontario which began its waterfront parkland conversion in the 1990s. In 2001, the first portion (stretching from Joe Louis Arena through Hart Plaza) of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration. In succeeding years, the waterfront gained miles of parks and fountains. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center. This development is a mainstay in the city's plan to enhance its economy through tourism.^[28] Along the river, developers are constructing upscale condominiums such as Watermark Detroit. Some city limit signs, particularly on the Dearborn border say "Welcome to Detroit, The Renaissance City Founded 1701."^[13][27]

Geography[link]

Topography[link]

A simulated-color satellite image of the Detroit metro area, including Windsor across the river, taken on NASA's Landsat 7 satellite

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 143.0 square miles (370 km²); of this, 138.8 square miles (359 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11 km²) is water. Detroit is the principal city in Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region.

The highest elevation in the city is in the University District neighborhood in northwestern Detroit, west of Palmer Park, sitting at a height of 670 feet (200 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along its riverfront, sitting at a height of 579 feet (176 m). On its northeast border are the communities of Grosse Pointe.

A view of the city from Belle Isle Park

The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline. Grosse Ile is the largest island in the Detroit River and the most populated island in Michigan. Belle Isle Park is a 982-acre (1.534 sq mi; 397 ha) island park in the Detroit River, between the Detroit and Windsor, Ontario. It is connected to the mainland by the MacArthur Bridge in Detroit. Belle Isle Park contains many sites of interest including the James Scott Memorial Fountain, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory, the Detroit Yacht Club on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. The city skyline may be viewed from the island.

Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, radial avenues from a Washington, D.C.-inspired system, and true north–south roads from the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the U.S.–Canadian border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada.

Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city sits atop a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.^[31][32]

Climate[link]

Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes. Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night dropping below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) around six times per year, while summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32.2 °C) on 12.1 days.^[33] Snowfall, which typically peaks from December through February, averages 43.7 inches (111 cm) per season. Monthly averages range from 25.3 °F (−3.7 °C) in January to 73.4 °F (23.0 °C) in July. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (40.6 °C) on July 24, 1934, while the lowest recorded temperature was −21 °F (−29.4 °C) on January 21, 1984.^[34]