Samsung Group
삼성그룹
三星그룹
 |
| Type |
Chaebol |
| Industry |
Conglomerate |
| Founded |
1938 |
| Founder(s) |
Lee Byung-chull |
| Headquarters |
Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea |
| Area served |
Worldwide |
| Key people |
Lee Kun-hee (Chairman and CEO)
Lee Soo-bin (President, CEO of Samsung Life Insurance)[1] |
| Products |
Consumer electronics, shipbuilding, telecom, engineering and construction, financial services, chemicals, retail, heavy industries, entertainment, apparel, medical services |
| Revenue |
US$ 220.1 billion (2010)[2] |
| Net income |
US$ 21.2 billion (2010)[2] |
| Total assets |
US$ 343.7 billion (2010)[2] |
| Total equity |
US$ 141.1 billion (2010)[2] |
| Employees |
344,000 (2010)[2] |
| Subsidiaries |
Samsung Electronics
Samsung Life Insurance
Samsung Heavy Industries
Samsung C&T etc. |
| Website |
Samsung.com |
Samsung Group (Hangul: 삼성그룹; Hanja: 三星그룹; Korean pronunciation: [sam.sʌŋ ɡɯ'ɾup̚], informally Samsung) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol.
Notable Samsung industrial subsidiaries include Samsung Electronics (the world's largest information technology company measured by 2011 revenues),[3][4] Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's second-largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues),[5] and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 35th- and 72nd-largest construction companies).[6] Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th-largest insurance company),[7] Samsung Everland (the oldest theme park in South Korea)[8] and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 19th-largest advertising agency measured by 2010 revenues).[9][10]
Samsung produces around a fifth of South Korea's total exports[11] and its revenues are larger than many countries' GDP; in 2006, it would have been the world's 35th-largest economy.[12] The company has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture, and has been a major driving force behind the "Miracle on the Han River".[13][14]
According to the founder of Samsung Group, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung (三星) is "tristar" or "three stars". The word "three" represents something "big, numerous and powerful"; the "stars" mean eternity.[15]
The headquarters of
Samsung Sanghoe in Daegu in the late-1930s
In 1938,[16] Lee Byung-chull (1910–1987) of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county came to the nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe (삼성상회), a small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong (now Ingyo-dong). It dealt in groceries produced in and around the city and produced its own noodles. The company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, however, he was forced to leave Seoul and started a sugar refinery in Busan as a name of Cheil Jedang. After the war, in 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong, Daegu. It was the largest woolen mill ever in the country and the company took on an aspect of a major company.
Samsung diversified into many areas and Lee sought to establish Samsung as an industry leader in a wide range of enterprises, moving into businesses such as insurance, securities, and retail. Lee placed great importance on industrialization, and focused his economic development strategy on a handful of large domestic conglomerates, protecting them from competition and assisting them financially.
In 1948, Cho Hong-jai (the Hyosung group’s founder) jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa (삼성물산공사), or the Samsung Trading Corporation, with the Samsung Group founder Lee Byung-chull. The trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation. But after some years Cho and Lee parted ways due to some differences in management between the two men. He wanted to get up to a 30% group share. After settlement, Samsung Group was separated into Samsung Group and Hyosung Group, Hankook Tire ...etc.[17][18]
In the late 1960s, Samsung Group entered into the electronics industry. It formed several electronics-related divisions, such as Samsung Electronics Devices Co., Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Samsung Corning Co., and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications Co., and made the facility in Suwon. Its first product was a black-and-white television set.
The SPC-1000, introduced in 1982, was Samsung's first personal computer (Korean market only) and uses an audio
cassette tape to load and save data - the
floppy drive was optional
[19]
In 1980, Samsung acquired the Gumi-based Hanguk Jeonja Tongsin and entered the telecommunications hardware industry. Its early products were switchboards. The facility were developed into the telephone and fax manufacturing systems and became the centre of Samsung's mobile phone manufacturing. They have produced over 800 million mobile phones to date.[20] The company grouped them together under Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. in the 1980s.
After the founder's death in 1987, Samsung Group was separated into four business groups - Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group and Hansol Group.[21] Shinsegae (discount store, department store) was originally part of Samsung Group, separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ Group (Food/Chemicals/Entertainment/logistics) and the Hansol Group (Paper/Telecom). Today these separated groups are independent and they are not part of or connected to the Samsung Group.[22] One Hansol Group representative said, "Only people ignorant of the laws governing the business world could believe something so absurd," adding, "When Hansol separated from the Samsung Group in 1991, it severed all payment guarantees and share-holding ties with Samsung affiliates." One Hansol Group source asserted, "Hansol, Shinsegae, and CJ have been under independent management since their respective separations from the Samsung Group." One Shinsegae Department Store executive director said, "Shinsegae has no payment guarantees associated with the Samsung Group."[22]
In the 1980s, Samsung Electronics began to invest heavily in research and development, investments that were pivotal in pushing the company to the forefront of the global electronics industry. In 1982, it built a television assembly plant in Portugal; in 1984, a plant in New York; in 1985, a plant in Tokyo; in 1987, a facility in England; and another facility in Austin in 1996. In total, Samsung has invested about $5.6 billion in the Austin location – by far the largest foreign investment in Texas and one of the largest single foreign investments in the United States. The new investment will bring the total Samsung investment in Austin to more than $9 billion.[23]
Samsung started to rise as an international corporation in the 1990s. Samsung's construction branch was awarded a contract to build one of the two Petronas Towers in Malaysia, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the Burj Khalifa in United Arab Emirates.[24] In 1993, Lee Kun-hee sold off ten of Samsung Group's subsidiaries, downsized the company, and merged other operations to concentrate on three industries: electronics, engineering, and chemicals. In 1996, the Samsung Group reacquired the Sungkyunkwan University foundation.
Samsung became the largest producer of memory chips in the world in 1992, and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after Intel (see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year).[25] In 1995, it created its first liquid-crystal display screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Sony, which had not invested in large-size TFT-LCDs, contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006, S-LCD was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers. S-LCD was owned by Samsung (50% plus 1 share) and Sony (50% minus 1 share) and operates its factories and facilities in Tangjung, South Korea. As on 26 December 2011 it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture.[26]
Compared to other major Korean companies, Samsung survived the 1997 Asian financial crisis relatively unharmed. However, Samsung Motor was sold to Renault at a significant loss. As of 2010[update], Renault Samsung is 80.1 percent owned by Renault and 19.9 percent owned by Samsung. Additionally, Samsung manufactured a range of aircraft from the 1980s to 1990s. The company was founded in 1999 as Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), the result of merger between then three domestic major aerospace divisions of Samsung Aerospace, Daewoo Heavy Industries, and Hyundai Space and Aircraft Company. However, Samsung still manufactures aircraft engines and gas turbines. [27]
Samsung Techwin has been the sole supplier of a combustor module of the Trent 900 engine of the Rolls-Royce Airbus A380-The largest passenger airliner in the world- since 2001.[28] Samsung Techwin of Korea is a revenue-sharing participant in the Boeing's 787 Dreamliner GEnx engine program.[29]
Samsung Electronics overtook Sony as one of the world's most popular consumer electronics brands in 2004 and 2005, and is now ranked #19 in the world overall.[30] In Q3 of 2011, Samsung has overtaken Apple to become the World's Largest Smartphone maker.[31]
In 2010, Samsung announced a 10-year growth strategy centered around five businesses.[32] One of these businesses was to be focused on biopharmaceuticals, to which the Company has committed ₩2.1 trillion.[33]
In December 2011, Samsung Electronics sold its hard disk drive (HDD) business to Seagate.[34]
In Q1 of 2012, Samsung overtook Nokia as the world's best selling cellphone brand[35], shipping over 93 million units[36]. Samsung are also the current sponsors of Chelsea Football Club.[37]
For a company of its size Samsung has made relatively few acquisitions.
- Rollei – Swiss watch battle
- Samsung Techwin acquired a German camera-maker Rollei on 1995. Samsung (Rollei) used its optic expertise on the crystals of a new line of 100% Swiss-made watches, designed by a team of watchmakers at Nouvelle Piquerez S.A. in Bassequort, Switzerland. Rolex's decision to fight Rollei on every front stemmed from the close resemblance between the two names and fears that its sales would suffer as a consequence. In the face of such a threat, the Geneva firm decided to confront. Rolex, this was also a demonstration of the Swiss watch industry's determination to defend itself when an established brand is threatened. Rolex sees this front-line battle as vital for the entire Swiss watch industry. Rolex has succeeded in keeping Rollei out of the German market. On 11 March 1995 the Cologne District court prohibited the advertising and sale of Rollei watches on German territory.[38][39]
- Fokker, a Dutch aircraft maker
- Samsung lost a chance to revive its failed bid to take over Dutch aircraft maker Fokker when other airplane makers rejected its offer to form a consortium. The three proposed partners – Hyundai, Hanjin and Daewoo – have notified the South Korean government that they will not join Samsung Aerospace Industries Ltd.[40]
- AST Research
- Samsung bought AST (1994) and tried to break into North America, but the effort foundered. Samsung was forced to close the California-based computer maker after a mass defection of research talent and a string of losses.[41]
- FUBU clothing and apparel
- In 1992, Daymond John had started the company with a hat collection that was made in his house in the Queens area of New York City. To fund the company, John had to mortgage his house for $100,000. With his friends, namely J. Alexander Martin, Carl Brown, and Keith Perrin, half of his house was turned into the first factory of FUBU, while the other half remained as the living quarters. Along with the expansion of FUBU, Samsung, a Korean company, invested in FUBU in 1995.[42]
- Lehman Brothers Holdings’ Asian operations
- Samsung Securities was one of a handful of brokerages looking into Lehman Brothers Holdings. But Nomura Holdings has reportedly waved the biggest check to win its bid for Lehman Brothers Holdings’ Asian operations, beating out Samsung Securities, Standard Chartered, and Barclays.[43] Ironically, after few months Samsung Securities Co., Ltd. and City of London-based N M Rothschild & Sons (more commonly known simply as Rothschild) have agreed to form a strategic alliance in investment banking business. Two parties will jointly work on cross border mergers and acquisition deals.[44]
- Grandis Inc. - memory developer
- In July 2011, Samsung announced that it had acquired spin-transfer torque random access memory (MRAM) vendor Grandis Inc.[45] Grandis will become a part of Samsung's R&D operations and will focus on development of next generation random-access memory.[46]
- Samsung and Sony joint venture - LCD display
- On December 26, 2011 the board of Samsung Electronics approved a plan to buy Sony's entire stake in their 2004 joint liquid crystal display (LCD) venture for 1.08 trillion won ($938.97 million).[47]
Samsung comprises around 80 companies.[48] It is highly diversified, with activities in areas including construction, electronics, financial services, shipbuilding and medical services.[48]
As of April 2011 the Samsung Group comprised 59 unlisted companies and 19 listed companies, all of which had their primary listing on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange.[49]
Samsung Electro-Mechanics, established in 1973 as a manufacturer of key electronic components, is headquartered in Suwon, Kyeonggi-Do, South Korea.[citation needed]
In 1973, Corning and Samsung, a rising industrial corporation in Korea at the time, formed their first partnership, Samsung Corning, to manufacture and market cathode ray tube (CRT) glass for black and white televisions. The company’s first LCD glass substrate manufacturing facility opened in Gumi, Korea in 1996.
Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation (abbreviated TSST) is an international joint venture company of Toshiba (Japan) and Samsung Electronics (Korea). Toshiba owns 51% of its stock, while Samsung owns the remaining 49%. The company specialises in optical disc drive manufacturing.
SB LiMotive is a 50:50 joint company of Robert Bosch GmbH(commonly known as Bosch) and Samsung SDI founded in June 2008. The joint venture develops and manufactures lithium-ion batteries for use in hybrid-, plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles.
Samsung Total Petrochemicals Co., Ltd., is a joint venture between Samsung Group and French oil group Total S.A. (more specifically Samsung General Chemicals and Total Petrochemicals). Both companies own a 50% partnership in the venture.
- Samsung BP Chemicals (1989 to present)
Samsung BP Chemicals is a 50:50 joint venture company of BP and Samsung. Samsung BP Chemicals Co., Ltd (SSBP) in 1989 with Samsung to produce high-value-added chemical products and supply them to related chemical industries.
SMP Ltd. is a joint venture between Samsung Fine Chemicals and MEMC (NYSE: WFR). MEMC Electronic Materials Inc. and an affiliate of Korean conglomerate Samsung are forming a joint venture to build a polysilicon plant.
Siltronic Samsung Wafer Pte. Ltd, the joint venture by Samsung and wholly owned Wacker Chemie subsidiary Siltronic, was officially opened in Singapore in June 2008.[50]
Samsung Thales Co., Ltd. was formerly known as Samsung Thomson-CSF Co., Ltd. and changed its name in 2001. The company was founded in 1978 and is based in Seoul, South Korea. Samsung Thales Co., Ltd. operates as a joint venture between Samsung Techwin Co. Ltd. and French aerospace and defence group Thales.[51]
SD Flex Co., Ltd. was founded on October 2004 as a joint venture corporation by Samsung and DuPont, one of the world's largest chemical company.[52]
Samsung set up a joint bio-similar venture with US Biogen Idec (NASDAQ:BIIB). The joint venture, named Samsung Bioepis, was set up by Samsung Biologics with an 85% stake and Biogen Idec with the remaining 15% stake.[53]
Samsung Electronics Co. and Samsung Everland Inc. will each own a 40 percent stake in the venture, with Samsung C&T Corp. and Durham, North Carolina-based Quintiles each holding 10 percent. It will contract-make medicines made from living cells, and Samsung Group plans to expand into producing copies of biologics including Rituxan, the leukemia and lymphoma treatment sold by Roche Holding AG and Biogen Idec Inc.[54]
- Siam Samsung Life Insurance
Samsung Life Insurance, holds a 37% stake while Saha Group also has a 37.5% stake in the joint venture, with the remaining 25% owned by Thanachart Bank.[55]
- Samsung Air China Life Insurance
Samsung Air China Life Insurance Co., Ltd. is a 50-50 joint venture between China National Aviation Corporation(Simplified Chinese:中国航空公司), and Samsung Life Insurance Co, was set up in Beijing, July, 2005.[56]
- Samsung Sumitomo LED Materials
Samsung Sumitomo LED Materials is a Korea-based joint venture between Samsung LED Co., Ltd., an LED maker based in Suwon, Korea-based and the Japan-based Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. The JV will carry out research and development, manufacturing, and sales of sapphire substrates for LEDs.[57]
State-run Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corp. set up the venture, aT Grain Co., in Chicago, with three other South Korean companies, Korea Agro-Fisheries owns 55 percent of aT Grain, while Samsung C&T Corp, Hanjin Transportation Co. and STX Corporation. each hold 15 percent.[58]
- Sermatech Korea (1999 to present)
Sermatech owns 51% of its stock, while Samsung owns the remaining 49%. The U.S. firm Sermatech International, for a business focusing on highly specialized aircraft construction processes such as special welding and brazing.[59]
A JV between Japan's Toray Industries and Korea's Samsung Electro-Mechanics.[60]
Steco Co., Ltd. is established as the joint - venture company with Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd and Japan TORAY in 1995.[61]
- Brooks Automation Asia (1999 to present)
Brooks Automation Asia Co., Ltd. is a joint venture between Brooks Automation (70%) and Samsung (30%). The business purpose of the Brooks-Samsung Joint Venture is to locally manufacture and configure vacuum wafer handling platforms and 300mm Front-Opening Unified Pod (FOUP) load port modules, and also design, manufacture and configure atmospheric loading systems for flat panel displays.[62]
- GE-Samsung Lighting (1998 to 2009)
GE Samsung Lighting, a joint venture with GE Lighting established in 1998. Four years ago, the tug-of-war between Connecticut-based General Electric Company and Samsung ended in a split that ceased a 10-year-old joint operation. [63]
S-LCD Corporation was a joint venture between the South Korean Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd (50% plus one share) and Japanese Sony Corporation (50% minus one share) established in April 2004. On December 26, 2011, Samsung Electronics announced that it will acquire all of Sony's shares.
- ChemCross.com (2000 to ?)
It formed Global Steel Exchange, a joint venture with Cargill of the U.S., Samsung, Switzerland's Duferco Group, and Luxembourg's Tradearbed(now part of the ArcelorMittal Group), to handle online buying and selling of steel.[64]
- Alpha Processor (1998 to ?)
In 1998, Samsung created a U.S. joint venture with Compaq--called Alpha Processor Inc. (API)--to help it enter the high-end processor market. The venture was also aimed at expanding Samsung's non-memory chip business. At the time, Samsung and Compaq invested $500 million in Alpha Processor.[65]
Samsung currently owns 9.6% of Seagate Technology, making it the second-largest shareholder. Under a shareholder agreement, Samsung has the right to nominate an executive to Seagate’s Board of Directors.[66]
Samsung currently owns 4.19% of Rambus Incorporated.[67]
Samsung Heavy Industries currently owns 10% of the Brazilian shipbuilder Atlantico Sul, which operates the largest shipyard in South America, including a 400 m × 73 m building dock and two 1,500-ton goliath cranes. Joao Candido, the largest ship built to date in Brazil, was built by Atlantico Sul with technology supplied by Samsung Heavy Industries.[68]
Samsung currently owns 19.9% of the automobile manufacturer Renault Samsung Motors.
KAI’s largest shareholder is state-owned Korea Finance Corporation, with a 26.75 percent stake while Samsung Techwin, Hyundai Motor and Doosan Group each holds a 10 percent stake.[69]
MEMC's joint venture with Samsung Electronics Company, Ltd. In 1990, MEMC entered into a joint venture agreement to construct a silicon plant in Korea.[70]
Samsung Heavy Industries Co. is the second-biggest shareholder with a 14.1 percent interest.[71]
Samsung Engineering recently acquired a 10 percent stake in Sungjin Geotec, an offshore oil drilling unit thatis a subsidiary of POSCO.[72]
Taylor Energy is an independent American oil company that drills in the Gulf of Mexico based in New Orleans, Louisiana.[73] Samsung Oil & Gas USA Corp., subsidiaries of Samsung, currently owns 20% of Taylor Energy.
DGB Financial Group is a South Korean banking holding company headquartered in Daegu, Korea. Samsung Life Insurance was the largest shareholder with a 7.4% stake.[74]
In FY 2009, Samsung Group reported consolidated revenues of 220 trillion KRW ($172.5 billion). In FY 2010, Samsung reported consolidated revenues of 280 trillion KRW ($258 billion), and profits of 30 trillion KRW ($27.6 billion) (based upon a KRW-USD exchange rate of 1,084.5 KRW per USD, the spot rate as of 19 August 2011 (2011 -08-19)[update]).[75] However it should be noted that these amounts do not include the revenues of all subsidiaries of the group which are based outside South Korea.[76]
File:Lunskoye.jpeg
The world's largest oil and gas project, Sakhalin II- Lunskoye platform under construction. The topside facilities of the LUN-A (Lunskoye) and PA-B (Piltun Astokhskoye) platforms are being built at the Samsung Heavy Industry shipyard in South Korea.
[77]
Major customers of Samsung include:
- Royal Dutch Shell
- Samsung Heavy Industries will be the sole provider of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage facilities worth up to US$50 billion to Royal Dutch Shell for the next 15 years.[78][79]
- Shell has unveiled plans to build the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) platform. At Samsung Heavy Industries' shipyard on Geoje Island in South Korea, work is about to start[when?] on a "ship" that, when finished and fully loaded, will weigh 600,000 tonnes – the world's biggest "ship". That is six times as much as the biggest US aircraft carrier.[80]
- United Arab Emirates government
- A consortium of South Korean firms - including Samsung, Korea Electric Power Corp and Hyundai - has won a deal worth 40 billion dollars to build nuclear power plants in the United Arab Emirates.[81]
- Ontario government
- The government of the Canadian province of Ontario signed off one of the world's largest renewable energy projects, signing a $6.6bn deal that will result in 2,500 MW of new wind and solar energy capacity being built. Under the agreement a consortium – led by Samsung and the Korea Electric Power Corporation – will manage the development of 2,000 MW-worth of new wind farms and 500 MW of solar capacity, while also building a manufacturing supply chain in the province.[82]
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The Samsung Byeolpyo noodles logo, used from late 1938 until replaced in 1958.
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The Samsung Group logo, used from late 1969 until replaced in 1979
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The Samsung Group logo (“three stars”), used from late 1980 until replaced in 1992
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The Samsung Electronics logo, used from late 1980 until replaced in 1992
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Samsung's current logo used since 1993. [83] |
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Samsung has an audio logo, which consists of the notes E♭, A♭, D♭, E♭. The audio logo was produced by Musikvergnuegen and written by Walter Werzowa.[84][85]
Samsung donates around US$100 million per annum to the Samsung Medical Center (Korean: 삼성의료원), a non-profit healthcare provider founded by the group in 1994.[86] Samsung Medical Center incorporates Samsung Seoul Hospital (Korean: 삼성서울병원), Kangbook Samsung Hospital (Korean: 강북삼성병원), Samsung Changwon Hospital (Korean: 삼성창원병원), Samsung Cancer Center (Korean:삼성암센터) and Samsung Life Sciences Research Center (Korean: 삼성생명과학연구소). Samsung Cancer Center, located in Seoul, is the largest cancer center in Asia.[87] Samsung Medical Center and the multinational pharmaceuticals company Pfizer have agreed to collaborate on research to identify the genomic mechanisms responsible for clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma.[88]
Samsung is hoping their role in the London 2012 Olympic Games will provide a "golden moment" for the company's UK reputation, according to Olympic news outlet Around the Rings.[89] Vice President Gyehyun Kwon told ATR that "double digit gains in U.K. consumer awareness are possible" through Samsung's partnership with London 2012.
Samsung was instrumental in bringing the 2018 Winter Olympics to Pyeongchang. In December 2009, the former chairman of Samsung, Lee Kun-hee, was pardoned in order that he could return to the International Olympics Committee and help South Korea bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. He had previously been convicted of tax evasion in 2008 and had been part of two failed bids to bring the Olympics to South Korea.[90]
During this bid, Lee Kun-hee and figure skating gold medalist Kim Yuna lobbied heavily for support; it was thought that Lee's influence would help to secure the bid. On July 6, 2011, it was announced that Pyeongchang would be the location of the 2018 Winter Games.[91] Samsung C&T Corporation will be among the top tier of firms competing for construction projects for the games.[92]
Samsung was fined EUR 145,728,000 for being part of a price cartel of ten companies for DRAMs which lasted from 1 July 1998 to 15 June 2002. The company received, like most of the other members of the cartel, a 10-% reduction for acknowledging the facts to investigators. Samsung had to pay 90% of their share of the settlement, but Micron avoided to payment as a result of having initially revealed the case to investigators.[93]
Samsung Corning Precision Materials participated in a price cartel of four companies for CRT glass which lasted from 23 February 1999 to 27 December 2004. Samsung Corning Precision Materials received full immunity and was therefore not fined as it revealed the existence of the cartel to the European Commission.[94]
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Chaebol (South Korean conglomerates)
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