• Aaron Harding
• Abner C. Harding
• Abraham Lincoln
• Addison H. Laflin
• Alexander G. Cattell
• Alexander H. Rice
• Alexander Ramsey
• Allen A. Bradford
• Amasa Cobb
• American Civil War
• Andrew H. Ward
• Andrew J. Kuykendall
• Andrew J. Rogers
• Andrew Johnson
• Arthur A. Denny
• Asahel W. Hubbard
• Augustus Brandegee
• B. Gratz Brown
• Baltimore, Maryland
• Baptist
• Benjamin Eggleston
• Benjamin F. Loan
• Benjamin F. Wade
• Benjamin G. Harris
• Benjamin Wade
• Burt Van Horn
• Burton C. Cook
• Burwell C. Ritter
• Calvin T. Hulburd
• Charles A. Eldredge
• Charles B. Boynton
• Charles Denison
• Charles E. Phelps
• Charles H. Winfield
• Charles R. Buckalew
• Charles Sitgreaves
• Charles Sumner
• Charles Upson
• Chester D. Hubbard
• Columbus Delano
• Daniel Morris
• Daniel S. Norton
• Daniel W. Gooch
• Daniel W. Voorhees
• David T. Patterson
• Delos R. Ashley
• Demas Hubbard, Jr.
• Donald C. McRuer
• Ebenezer Dumont
• Ebon C. Ingersoll
• Edgar Cowan
• Edgar H. Gray
• Edmund G. Ross
• Edward D. Holbrook
• Edward H. Rollins
• Edward McPherson
• Edwin D. Morgan
• Edwin Hanson Webster
• Edwin N. Hubbell
• Edwin R. V. Wright
• Elihu B. Washburne
• Elijah Hise
• Ephraim R. Eckley
• Fernando C. Beaman
• Francis Thomas
• Frederick A. Pike
• Garrett Davis
• George F. Edmunds
• George G. Fogg
• George R. Latham
• George R. Riddle
• George S. Boutwell
• George S. Shanklin
• George T. Brown
• Giles W. Hotchkiss
• Gilman Marston
• Godlove Stein Orth
• Green Clay Smith
• Halbert E. Paine
• Hamilton Ward, Sr.
• Henry B. Anthony
• Henry C. Deming
• Henry D. Washburn
• Henry Grider
• Henry H. Van Aernam
• Henry Jarvis Raymond
• Henry L. Dawes
• Henry P. H. Bromwell
• Henry Smith Lane
• Henry T. Blow
• Henry Wilson
• Hezekiah S. Bundy
• Hiram McCullough
• Hiram Price
• Horace Maynard
• Ignatius L. Donnelly
• Ira Goodnow
• Ira Harris
• Ithamar C. Sloan
• J. Francisco Chaves
• Jacob Collamer
• Jacob M. Howard
• James A. Garfield
• James A. McDougall
• James Brooks (Whig)
• James Dixon
• James G. Blaine
• James K. Moorhead
• James M. Humphrey
• James M. Marvin
• James Rood Doolittle
• James W. Grimes
• James W. Nesmith
• James W. Nye
• James W. Patterson
• Jehu Baker
• John A. Griswold
• John A. J. Creswell
• John A. Kasson
• John A. Nicholson
• John B. Alley
• John B. Henderson
• John Bidwell
• John Bingham
• John Conness
• John Creswell
• John D. Baldwin
• John F. Benjamin
• John F. Driggs
• John F. Farnsworth
• John F. Starr
• John H. Farquhar
• John H. Ketcham
• John H. Rice
• John Henry Hubbard
• John Martin Broomall
• John Milton Thayer
• John Noble Goodwin
• John P. Stockton
• John R. Kelso
• John W. Chanler
• John W. Forney
• John W. Hunter
• John W. Leftwich
• John W. Longyear
• Joseph H. Defrees
• Joseph S. Fowler
• Joseph W. McClurg
• Joshua Given
• Justin S. Morrill
• Justin Smith Morrill
• Kellian Whaley
• Lafayette S. Foster
• Lawrence S. Trimble
• Leonard Myers
• Lewis W. Ross
• Lot M. Morrill
• Lovell H. Rousseau
• Lovell Rousseau
• Luke P. Poland
• Lyman Trumbull
• Martin Welker
• Metric Act of 1866
• Michael C. Kerr
• Montana Territory
• Myer Strouse
• Nathaniel P. Banks
• Nebraska
• Nehemiah G. Ordway
• Nelson Taylor
• Oakes Ames
• Orlando Kellogg
• Peter G. Van Winkle
• Philetus Sawyer
• Phineas Hitchcock
• Portus Baxter
• Ralph P. Buckland
• Reader W. Clarke
• Reverdy Johnson
• Robert C. Schenck
• Robert S. Hale
• Robert T. Van Horn
• Roscoe Conkling
• Roswell Hart
• Rufus P. Spalding
• Rutherford B. Hayes
• Samuel C. Pomeroy
• Samuel Hooper
• Samuel J. Kirkwood
• Samuel J. Randall
• Samuel L. Warner
• Samuel Mayes Arnell
• Samuel McKee (1833)
• Samuel S. Marshall
• Samuel W. Moulton
• Schuyler Colfax
• Shelby Moore Cullom
• Sidney Clarke
• Sidney Perham
• Sidney T. Holmes
• Solomon Foot
• Stephen Taber
• Teunis G. Bergen
• Thaddeus Stevens
• Thomas A. Hendricks
• Thomas D. Eliot
• Thomas E. Noell
• Thomas Jenckes
• Thomas N. Stilwell
• Thomas Tipton
• Thomas U. Walter
• Thomas W. Ferry
• Timothy O. Howe
• Tobias A. Plants
• Turner M. Marquette
• Ulysses Mercur
• Ulysses S. Grant
• United States Senate
• Veto
• Waitman T. Willey
• Walter A. Burleigh
• Walter D. McIndoe
• Washington, D.C.
• William A. Darling
• William A. Newell
• William B. Allison
• William B. Campbell
• William B. Washburn
• William D. Kelley
• William D. Todd
• William E. Dodge
• William E. Finck
• William E. Niblack
• William H. Hooper
• William H. Randall
• William Henry Koontz
• William Higby
• William M. Stewart
• William P. Fessenden
• William Windom
• Zachariah Chandler
• 
  

• 
  Montana Territory
  The Territory of Montana was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 28, 1864, until November 8, 1889, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Montana.
  The Montana Territory was organized out of the existing Idaho Territory by Act of Congress and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 26, 1864. The areas east of the Continental Divide had been previously part of the Nebraska Territory and Dakota Territory and had been acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.
  The territory also included a portion of the Idaho Territory west of the continental divide and east of the Bitterroot Range, which had been acquired by the United States in the Oregon Treaty, and originally included in the Oregon Territory. The part of the Oregon Territory that became part of Montana had been split off as part of the Washington Territory.
  The boundary between the Washington Territory and Dakota Territory was the Continental Divide (as shown on the 1861 map), however the boundary between the Idaho Territory and the Montana Territory followed the Bitterroot Range north of 46°30'N (as shown on the 1864 map). Popular legend says a drunken survey party followed the wrong mountain ridge and mistakenly moved the boundary west into the Bitterroot Range.
  
  wn.com/Montana_Territory
• 
  Nebraska
  Nebraska (ⁱ/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
  The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
  There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
  Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.
  
  wn.com/Nebraska

• Aaron Harding
  Aaron Harding (January 2, 1786 - December 24, 1875) was a United States Representative from Kentucky. He was born near Campbellsville, the seat of Taylor County, where he attended rural schools. He became familiar with the classics, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1833, having commenced his practice in Greensburg, Kentucky. He was also known as Aaron Hardin.
  Harding was elected prosecuting attorney of Green County in 1833. He was member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1840 and was elected as a Unionist to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses and as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1861-March 3, 1867). He was a delegate to the Union National Convention in 1866. After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law in Danville, Kentucky. He died in Georgetown, Kentucky, in 1875 and was interred at Georgetown Cemetery there.
  
  wn.com/Aaron_Harding
• 
  Abraham Lincoln
  Abraham Lincoln ⁱ/ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator in the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1840s. After a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party nomination. With almost no support in the South he swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states to declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, but no formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. And the war came.
  
  wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln
• 
  Alexander Ramsey
  Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815 – April 22, 1903) was an American politician. He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
  Alexander Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843 to March 4, 1847. He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota from June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.
  Ramsey was of Scottish and German ancestry. In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860 to July 10, 1863. Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War (he happened to be in Washington, D.C. when fighting broke out). He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses.
  
  wn.com/Alexander_Ramsey
• Amasa Cobb
  Amasa Cobb (September 27, 1823 – July 5, 1905) was a Republican Wisconsin politician and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
  Born in Crawford County, Illinois, near Palestine, Illinois, Cobb moved to the Wisconsin Territory in 1842 and mined for lead. He served in the Mexican-American War as a private. After the war he studied law, passed the bar and set up practice in Mineral Point, Wisconsin. He was a district attorney from 1850 to 1854, then was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1855, serving until 1856. During his term, he was also the adjutant general of Wisconsin from 1855 to 1858. He became a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1860 and served as speaker in 1861.
  At the outset of the Civil War, on July 12, 1861, he joined the Union army as Colonel of the 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, serving in the Army of the Potomac in several campaigns and battles. Most notably, Cobb succeeded Brigadier General Winfield S. Hancock in command of a brigade in second division VI Corps at the Battle of Antietam, after Hancock was transferred to commend of first division II Corps. In the fall of 1862, he was elected to the 38th Congress from Wisconsin for a two-year term. Cobb was reelected to the 39th, 40th, and 41st Congresses, serving until 1871. His last action with 5th Wisconsin Infantry was the Battle of Fredericksburg.
  
  wn.com/Amasa_Cobb
• 
  Andrew Johnson
  Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). As Vice President of the United States in 1865, he succeeded Abraham Lincoln following the latter's assassination. Johnson then presided over the initial and contentious Reconstruction era of the United States following the American Civil War. Johnson's reconstruction policies failed to promote the rights of the Freedmen, and he came under vigorous political attack from Republicans, ending in his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives; he was acquitted by the U.S. Senate.
  Johnson, born in poverty and of Scots-Irish descent, became a master tailor and was self-educated, married and had five children. He served as an alderman and as Mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee and then sat in both houses of the Tennessee legislature. He went on to spend five consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives and two terms as Governor of Tennessee, all as a Democrat. His signature legislative endeavor in the state and federal arenas was passage of the Homestead Act.
  
  wn.com/Andrew_Johnson
• Augustus Brandegee
  Augustus Brandegee (July 12, 1828, New London, Connecticut – November 10, 1904, New London, Connecticut) was an American lawyer and politician who served in the House of Representatives for Connecticut.
  Brandegee was the son of a New Orleans cotton broker. His first place of education was the Union Academy in New London. Following this, he was sent to Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven and entered Yale in 1845. At Yale he was elected membership to Delta Kappa Epsilon and Skull and Bones. He was graduated in 1849, and spent the next year in study at Yale Law School.
  In 1850 he entered the law office of Andrew C. Lippitt and after admission to the bar in 1851 entered a partnership with Mr. Lippitt. He continued the practice of law until 1854, when he was chosen to represent the town of New London in the Connecticut House of Representatives. Although a young member of the house, he was selected as a member of the judiciary committee. He was also chairman of the select committee to carry through the "bill for the defense of liberty," which was aimed at preventing the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law in Connecticut. Later, Brandegee chaired the committee on the Maine Law, and was responsible for passing the only propitiatory liquor law ever passed in Connecticut.
  
  wn.com/Augustus_Brandegee
• 
  Benjamin Eggleston
  Benjamin Eggleston (January 3, 1816 – February 9, 1888) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
  Born in Corinth, New York, Eggleston completed preparatory studies. He moved with his parents to Hocking County, Ohio, in 1831. He moved to Cleveland and worked on a canal boat, later becoming an owner of boats and interested in several companies. He settled in Cincinnati in 1845 and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was elected presiding officer of the city council of Cincinnati. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1860. Presidential elector for Lincoln/Hamlin in 1860. He served as member of the Ohio Senate 1862-1865.
  Eggleston was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses (March 4, 1865-March 3, 1869). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1868 to the Forty-first Congress. He again served in the Ohio Senate in 1880 and 1881. He resumed mercantile pursuits. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 9, 1888. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Benjamin_Eggleston
• 
  Benjamin Wade
  Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was a U.S. lawyer and United States Senator. In the Senate, he was associated with the Radical Republicans of that time.
  Born in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts, on October 27 to Mary Wade and James Wade. Benjamin Wade's first job was as a laborer on the Erie Canal. He also taught school before studying law in Ohio with Elisha Whittlesey. After being admitted to the bar in 1828, he began practicing law in Jefferson, Ohio.
  Wade formed a partnership with Joshua Giddings, a prominent anti-slavery figure in 1831. He became the prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County by 1836, and as a member of the Whig Party, Wade was elected to the Ohio State Senate, serving two two-year terms between 1837 and 1842. He established a new law practice with Rufus P. Ranney and was elected presiding judge of the third district in 1847. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge of common pleas in what is now Summit County (Ohio).
  After the decline of the Whigs' power, Wade joined the Republican Party, and in 1851 he was elected by his legislature to the United States Senate. There, he associated with such eventual Radical Republicans as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. He fought against the controversial Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He was one of the most radical politicians in America at that time, supporting women's suffrage, trade union rights, and equality for African-Americans. He was also critical of how certain aspects of capitalism were practiced in the 19th century.
  
  wn.com/Benjamin_Wade
• Burt Van Horn
  Burt Van Horn (October 28, 1823 – April 1, 1896) was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War.
  Born in Newfane, he was raised on a farm. He attended the common schools, Yates Academy in Orleans County, and Hamilton College (now Colgate University) in Hamilton. He engaged in agricultural pursuits in Niagara County and later in the manufacture of cloth.
  Van Horn was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1858 to 1860, and was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress, holding office from March 4, 1861 to March 3, 1863. He was elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1865 to March 3, 1869; he was not a candidate for renomination in 1868.
  He moved to Lockport in 1867, where he resumed farming and was also engaged in the loaning of money. He was collector of internal revenue at Rochester from 1877 to 1882. In 1896 he died in Lockport; interment was in Glenwood Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Burt_Van_Horn
• Charles Denison
  Charles Denison (January 23, 1818 – June 27, 1867) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
  Charles Denison (nephew of George Denison) was born in Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania. He received a liberal education, and was graduated from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1838. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840 and commenced practice in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.
  Denison was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses and served until his death in Wilkes-Barre. He was a delegate to the 1864 Democratic National Convention. Interment in Forty Fort Cemetery in Kingston, Pennsylvania.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Charles_Denison
• Charles Sitgreaves
  Charles Sitgreaves (April 22, 1803, Easton, Pennsylvania – March 17, 1878, Phillipsburg, New Jersey) was an American Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district from 1865 to 1869.
  Sitgreaves was born in Easton, Pennsylvania on April 22, 1803, and moved with his parents to New Jersey in 1806. He pursued classical studies. He studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1824 and commenced practice in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. He was member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1831–1833 and the New Jersey Legislative Council from 1834-1835. He was a major commandant in the New Jersey militia from 1828–1838, and served in the New Jersey Senate from 1851-1854. He was president of the Belvidere and Delaware River Railway. Sitgreaves served as the Mayor of Phillipsburg, New Jersey in 1861 and 1862, and was president of the National Bank of Phillipsburg from 1856 to 1878.
  Sitgreaves was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress and Fortieth Congress, and served in office from March 4, 1865-March 3, 1869, and was not a candidate for renomination in 1868.
  
  wn.com/Charles_Sitgreaves
• 
  Charles Sumner
  Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction, working to punish the ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the Freedmen.
  Sumner changed his political party several times, gaining fame as a Republican. One of the most learned statesmen of the era, he specialized in foreign affairs, working closely with Abraham Lincoln to keep the British and the French from intervening on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War. He devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what he considered the Slave Power, that is the efforts of slave owners to take control of the federal government and ensure the survival and expansion of slavery.
  
  wn.com/Charles_Sumner
• Charles Upson
  Charles Upson (March 19, 1821 – September 5, 1885) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
  Upson was born in Southington, Connecticut to Lydia (Webster) Upson (1781–1861) and Asahel Upson (1783–1867). He attended the district and select schools of Southington and later taught school in Farmington from 1840 to 1842. He married Sophia Upham on August 4, 1852.
  Upson studied law at the Yale Law School in 1844 and moved to Constantine, Michigan the following year. He taught school in 1846 and 1847 and became deputy county clerk of St. Joseph County in 1847. He was admitted to the bar in 1847 and commenced practice in Kalamazoo. He served as county clerk from 1848 to 1849 and prosecuting attorney from 1852 to 1854. He was a member of the Michigan Senate (17th District) from 1855 to 1856. He moved to Coldwater, Michigan in 1856 and continued the practice of law. He was a member of the State board of railroad commissioners in 1857 and served as Michigan Attorney General from 1861 to 1862.
  
  wn.com/Charles_Upson
• 
  Columbus Delano
  Columbus Delano, (June 4, 1809 – October 23, 1896) was a lawyer and a statesman and a member of the prominent Delano family.
  At the age of eight, Columbus Delano's family moved to Mount Vernon in Knox County, Ohio, a place he would call home for the rest of his life. After completing his primary education, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He then set up his practice in Mount Vernon, going on to act as the prosecuting attorney for Knox County.
  A member of the Whig Party, Delano became active in politics and in 1844 was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig. After serving his two year term he chose not to run again, instead focusing on Ohio politics, launching an unsuccessful bid for the governorship in 1847.
  With the demise of the Whig party, Columbus Delano became an Ohio delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1860, supporting Abraham Lincoln's nomination as President. The following year he served as State commissary general and in 1862 ran for the United States Senate, losing by only two votes to Benjamin Wade. The next year, he was successful in a bid to become a member of the State house of representatives. After completing his term, Delano remained active in party politics and was appointed Commissioner of Internal Revenue in March 1869. He served in that position until November 1, 1870 when President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him Secretary of the Interior.
  
  wn.com/Columbus_Delano
• Daniel Morris
  For the prominent nineteenth century horticulturalist please see Daniel Morris (horticulturalist)
  Daniel Morris (January 4, 1812 – April 22, 1889) was a U.S. Representative from New York during the American Civil War.
  Born in Fayette, New York, Morris attended the public schools and the Canandaigua Academy in Ontario County, New York, where he studied law. He was admitted to the state bar in 1845 and commenced practice in Penn Yan, New York. He served as district attorney of Yates County, New York from 1847 to 1850. He served as member of the State assembly in 1859.
  Morris was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1863 - March 3, 1867). He was not a candidate for reelection in 1866, and presently he resumed the practice of law. He died in Penn Yan, New York on April 22, 1889, and was interred in Lake View Cemetery.
  
   This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  
  wn.com/Daniel_Morris
• 
  Ebenezer Dumont
  Ebenezer Dumont (November 23, 1814 – April 16, 1871) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana, as well as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
  Born in Vevay, Indiana, Dumont pursued classical studies at Hanover College and studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Vevay. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1838. He served as the treasurer of Vevay from 1839–1845, and then signed up for military service during the Mexican-American War, serving as a lieutenant colonel of Indiana volunteers.
  Upon his return to the Hoosier State, Dumont resumed his law practice. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1850 and 1853.
  During the Civil War, Governor Oliver P. Morton appointed Dumont as colonel of the 7th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, which, after seeing initial action in western Virginia, primarily fought in the Western Theater. Dumont was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on September 3, 1861, and served until February 28, 1863, when he resigned from the army to resume his political career.
  
  wn.com/Ebenezer_Dumont
• 
  Edgar Cowan
  Edgar Cowan (September 19, 1815 – August 31, 1885) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate during the American Civil War.
  Cowan was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Franklin College, Ohio, in 1839 and subsequently became a raftsman, boat builder, schoolmaster, and a student of medicine. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1842. He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1867, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Senate. During his tenure in office, he served as chairman, Committee on Patents and the Patent Office (Thirty-seventh through Thirty-ninth Congresses). Following the Civil War, he was appointed by President Andrew Johnson as Minister to Austria in January 1867, but was not confirmed by the Senate. He then resumed the practice of law.
  
  wn.com/Edgar_Cowan
• 
  Edward McPherson
  Edward McPherson (July 31, 1830 – December 14, 1895) was a Pennsylvania newspaper editor and politician who served 2 terms as a United States Congressman. As a director of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association, he effected efforts to protect and mark portions of the Gettysburg Battlefield.
  Born near Gettysburg, McPherson studied law and botany to graduate as 1848 Pennsylvania College valedictorian. In Thaddeus Stevens' firm in Lancaster, McPherson became a Whig. McPherson left the law practice due to illness and moved to Harrisburg, editing the Harrisburg American in 1851, the Lancaster Independent Whig (1851-1854), and the Pittsburgh Daily Times (1855). He moved back to Gettysburg in 1856 and resumed his legal career. He inherited his father's farm west of town along the Chambersburg Turnpike in 1858.^{[citation needed]} and was elected to the 36th and 37th United States Congresses (1859-March 1863, Republican). He was a member of the Republican National Committee in 1860.
  McPherson organized Company K of the First Pennsylvania Reserves at the beginning of the American Civil War,[1] and was defeated in the 1862 reelection when his House of Representatives district (Adams, Franklin, Fulton, Bedford, and Juniata counties)[2] was expanded to include opposing Radical Republicans in Somerset County^{[citation needed]} (substituted for Juniata). President Abraham Lincoln appointed McPherson as Deputy Commissioner of Revenue in 1863. After the Battle of Gettysburg, McPherson became an officer of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association with an office on the corner of Baltimore and Middle streets[3] and after Congressman Morehead nominated him,[4] Thaddeus Stevens had him appointed as Clerk of the House of Representatives (December 8, 1863-December 5, 1875).^{[citation needed]}
  
  wn.com/Edward_McPherson
• 
  Edwin Hanson Webster
  Edwin Hanson Webster (March 31, 1829 – April 24, 1893) was a U.S. Congressman from Maryland, serving the second district for two terms from 1859 until 1865.
  Born near Churchville, Maryland, Webster received a classical training, and attended the Churchville Academy and later the New London Academy of Chester County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Dickinson College of Carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1847, and afterwards taught school and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1851, and commenced practice in Bel Air, Maryland.
  Webster became a member of the Maryland State Senate, serving from 1855 until 1859. During the American Civil War, Webster was colonel of the 7th Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry, serving in 1862 and 1863. He was elected as a candidate of the American Party to the Thirty-sixth Congress, as a Unionist to the Thirty-seventh Congress and as an Unconditional Unionist to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses.
  Webster served in Congress from March 4, 1859 until his resignation in July 1865, at which time he was appointed collector of customs at the port of Baltimore, Maryland, serving in that position from July 27, 1865 to April 15, 1869. Afterwards, he resumed the practice of his profession in Bel Air until he was again appointed collector of customs by President Chester A. Arthur on February 17, 1882. He served as collector until February 23, 1886. In 1882, he engaged in banking, which he followed until his death in Bel Air in 1893. He is interred in Calvary Cemetery, near Churchville.
  
  wn.com/Edwin_Hanson_Webster
• Elijah Hise
  Elijah Hise (1802–1867) was a United States diplomat and U.S. Representative from the seventh district of Kentucky.
  Hise was born 4 July 1802 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania before moving with his parents, Frederick and Nancy (Eckstein) Hise, to Russellville, Kentucky when young. He completed preparatory studies and then attended Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. He studied law and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice.
  Hise was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1829. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1836. He served as the Chargé d'Affaires to Guatemala, January 31, 1849–June 23, 1849. In addition, he was the chief justice of the court of appeals of Kentucky.
  Hise was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Grider, and he was reelected to the Fortieth Congress. In all he served from December 3, 1866, until his death 8 May 1867 in Russellville, Kentucky. He was buried in Maple Grove Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Elijah_Hise
• 
  Francis Thomas
  Francis Thomas (February 3, 1799 – January 22, 1876) was a Maryland politician who served as the 26th Governor of Maryland from 1842–1844. He also served as a United States Representative from Maryland, representing at separate times the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh districts.
  Thomas was born in Frederick County, Maryland, close to South Mountain, known as "Merryland tract", and attended St. John's College of Annapolis, Maryland. He later studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1820, commencing practice in Frankville, Maryland. He entered politics after becoming a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1822, 1827, and 1829, and served the last year as Speaker of the House.
  Thomas was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-second through Twenty-fourth Congresses and as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1831 until March 3, 1841). In Congress, he served as chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary (Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Congresses), and as a member of the Committee on Naval Affairs (Twenty-sixth Congress). He also served as president of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company in 1839 and 1840.
  
  wn.com/Francis_Thomas
• 
  Garrett Davis
  Garrett Davis (September 10, 1801 – September 22, 1872) was a U.S. Senator and Representative from Kentucky.
  Born in Mount Sterling, Kentucky, Garrett Davis was the brother of Amos Davis. After completing preparatory studies, Davis was employed in the office of the county clerk of Montgomery County, Kentucky, and afterward of Bourbon County, Kentucky. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823, whereafter he commenced practice in Paris, Kentucky.
  Davis served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1833 to 1835. Afterward, he was elected as a Whig to the United States House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1839 to March 3, 1847. There he was chairman of the Committee on Territories.
  Davis declined to be a candidate for reelection in 1846, but instead resumed the practice of law and also engaged in agricultural pursuits. He refused to reenter politics the next fifteen years. Davis declined the nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 1848, and declined the American Party nomination for Governor in 1855 and for the presidency in 1856.
  
  wn.com/Garrett_Davis
• 
  Gilman Marston
  Gilman Marston (August 20, 1811 – July 3, 1890) was a United States Representative, Senator, and United States Army general from New Hampshire.
  Marston was born in Orford, New Hampshire. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1837 and from the law department of Harvard University in 1840. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1841 and was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1845 to 1849. He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1850.
  Marston was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1859 – March 4, 1863). He was a strong supporter of President Abraham Lincoln and the war effort.
  Marston served in the Union Army during the Civil War. He first saw combat as colonel of the 2nd New Hampshire Infantry during the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. His arm was shattered, but he refused an amputation. After he recovered, he fought in the Peninsula Campaign, Second Battle of Bull Run, and Battle of Fredericksburg.
  
  wn.com/Gilman_Marston
• 
  Godlove Stein Orth
  Godlove Stein Orth (April 22, 1817 – December 16, 1882) was a U.S. House representative from Indiana and acting-Lieutenant Governor of Indiana.
  He was born near Lebanon County, Pennsylvania on April 22, 1817. He attended Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg for about one year and then studied law with the office of James Cooper. He entered the bar in 1839.
  His political career started with public speeches in 1840 supporting William Henry Harrison for president. He started as a Whig but as that party diminished in power he switched. For a time he was the Indiana leader of the Know-Nothings (called the American Party) and later aligned himself with the Republican Party.
  He served in the Indiana Senate 1843-1849, acting-Lieutenant Governor of Indiana 1845, U.S. House representative from Indiana 1863-1871 from 1873 to 1875 and 1879-1882.
  Orth was married twice, and had a daughter and two sons.
  He died in office in December 1882, just after losing a re-election bid to Thomas B. Ward, in Lafayette, Indiana and is interred at Greenbush Cemetery Lafayette, Indiana.
  
  wn.com/Godlove_Stein_Orth
• 
  Green Clay Smith
  Green Clay Smith (July 4, 1826 – June 29, 1895) was a U.S. soldier and politician. He served as a major general during the Civil War, was a congressman from Kentucky and was the Territorial Governor of Montana from 1866 to 1869. He also ran for President of the United States on the Prohibition ticket in 1876. He was the son of John Speed Smith.
  Born in Richmond, Kentucky, Smith pursued academic studies as a young man. During the U.S.-Mexican War, he enlisted in the Army and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the First Regiment of the Kentucky Volunteer Infantry on June 9, 1846. He graduated from Transylvania University in 1849, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1852, commencing practice in Covington, Kentucky. From 1853 to 1857, Smith worked as a school commissioner. He was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1861 to 1863. On April 4, 1862, he was commissioned colonel of the Fourth Regiment of the Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry and later advanced to brigadier general of volunteers on July 2, 1862. In 1862, Smith was elected an Unconditional Unionist to the thirty-eighth congress, resigning from his military post on December 1, 1863. He served as chairman of the Committee on Militia from 1865 to 1866. He was brevetted major general of volunteers on March 13, 1865.
  
  wn.com/Green_Clay_Smith
• Henry Grider
  Henry Grider (July 16, 1796 - September 7, 1866) was a United States Representative from Kentucky. He was born in Garrard County, Kentucky. He pursued an academic course, studied law, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
  Grider served in the War of 1812. After the war, he was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1827 and 1831. He also served in the Kentucky Senate 1833-1837. He was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1843-March 3, 1847) and elected as a Unionist to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses and as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress and served from March 4, 1861, until his death in Bowling Green, Kentucky in 1866. As a congressman, he served on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction which drafted the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He was buried in Old College Street Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Henry_Grider
• 
  Henry Jarvis Raymond
  Henry Jarvis Raymond (January 24, 1820 – June 18, 1869) was an American journalist and politician and founder of The New York Times.
  He was born on January 24, 1820, on the family farm near Lima, New York, a son and the eldest child of Lavinia Brockway, the daughter of Clark Brockway and Sally Wade and Jarvis Raymond, the son of Jonathan P. Raymond and Hannah Jarvis.
  He was an 8th generation direct lineal descendant of Captain Richard Raymond, (1602–1692), and his wife, Judith. There is no evidence to suggest that he was born in Essex, England, although Samuel Raymond's family history makes that claim, and he arrived in Salem, Massachusetts about 1629/30, possibly with a contingent led by the Rev. Francis Higginson. The first actual date given for Richard is on August 6, 1629, when he is on the list of the 30 founding members of the First Church (Congregational) of Salem. He was about 27 years old. He was made a Freeman of Salem in 1634 and was later a founder of Norwalk, Connecticut, and an "honored forefather of Saybrook".
  
  wn.com/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond
• 
  Henry Smith Lane
  Henry Smith Lane (February 24, 1811 – June 18, 1881) was a United States Representative, Senator, and the 13th Governor of Indiana; he was by design the shortest-serving Governor of Indiana, having made plans to resign the office should his party take control of the Indiana General Assembly and elect him to the United States Senate. He held that office for only two days, and was known for his opposition to slavery. A Whig until the party collapsed, he supported compromise with the south. He became an early leader in the Republican Party starting in 1856 serving as the president of the first party convention, delivering its keynote address, and was influential in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became a full-fledged abolitionist, and in the Senate he was a pro-Union advocate and a strong supporter of the war effort to end the rebellion.
  Henry Smith Lane was born near Sharpsburg, Kentucky on February 24, 1811 the son of James H. and Mary Higgins Lane. He received a classical education from private tutors and studied law; he was admitted to the bar in Mount Sterling, Kentucky in 1832. He moved to Crawfordsville, Indiana in 1835 working at the Bank of Indiana and opening a law office, taking mainly criminal cases.
  
  wn.com/Henry_Smith_Lane
• 
  Henry Wilson
  Henry Wilson (16 February 1812 – 22 November 1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States (1873–1875) and a Senator from Massachusetts (1855–1873). Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and a strong opponent of slavery. He devoted his energies to the destruction of the "Slave Power" - the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country.
  He was considered a "Radical Republican". After the Civil War, he supported the Radical program for Reconstruction. in 1872, he was elected Vice President as running mate with President Ulysses S. Grant, and served from 4 March 1873 until his death on 22 November 1875.
  Wilson was born Jeremiah Jones Colbath in Farmington, New Hampshire. In 1833 he had his name legally changed by the legislature to Henry Wilson. Henry Wilson moved to Natick, Massachusetts in 1833 and became a shoemaker. He attended several local academies, and also taught school in Natick, where he later engaged in the manufacture of shoes. He was a member of the state legislature between 1841 and 1852, and was owner and editor of the Boston Republican from 1848 to 1851.
  
  wn.com/Henry_Wilson
• 
  Hiram McCullough
  Hiram McCullough (September 26, 1813 – March 4, 1885) was a U.S. Congressman from Maryland, serving two terms from 1865–1869.
  Born near Elkton, Maryland, McCullough pursued an academic course at Elkton Academy and later studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1837, commencing practice in Elkton. He served in the Maryland State Senate from 1845 until 1851, and was an unsuccessful candidate in 1850 for election to the Thirty-second Congress. In 1850, he was appointed one of the codifiers of the laws of Maryland.
  In 1864, McCullough was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, serving Maryland's 1st Congressional district from March 4, 1865 until March 3, 1869. He resumed the practice of law and was for many years counsel for the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1864 and 1868, and later served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1880 and 1881. He was elected Speaker of the House in 1880. He died in Elkton in 1885, and is interred in Presbyterian Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Hiram_McCullough
• 
  Hiram Price
  Hiram Price (January 10, 1814 – May 30, 1901) was a nineteenth-century banker, merchant, bookkeeper, bank president, railroad president, and five-term Republican congressman from Iowa's 2nd congressional district.
  Born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, Price attended common schools as a child and engaged in agricultural pursuits on his father’s farm for several years. He worked as a bookkeeper for a large commission house near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and equipped himself for mercantile life. He moved to Davenport, Iowa in 1844 where he engaged in the mercantile business, served as collector, treasurer and recorder of Scott County, Iowa and was president of the State Bank of Iowa from 1859 to 1866.
  At the outbreak of the Civil War, Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood appointed Price paymaster general of Iowa troops to whom he advanced large sums of money.
  In 1862, he was elected as a Republican to represent Iowa's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He served three consecutive terms, from 1863 to 1869. During that period, he served as chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims from 1863 to 1865 and of the Committee on Pacific Railroads from 1865 to 1869.
  
  wn.com/Hiram_Price
• 
  Horace Maynard
  Horace Maynard (August 30, 1814 – May 3, 1882) was an American educator, attorney, politician and diplomat active primarily in the second half of the 19th century. Initially elected to the House of Representatives from Tennessee's 2nd Congressional District in 1857, Maynard, an ardent Union supporter, became one of the few Southern congressmen to maintain his seat in the House during the Civil War. Toward the end of the war, Maynard served as Tennessee's attorney general under Governor Andrew Johnson, and later served as ambassador to Turkey under President Ulysses S. Grant and Postmaster General under President Rutherford B. Hayes.
  Maynard left his teaching position at East Tennessee College in the early 1840s to pursue a career in law, and quickly developed a reputation among his peers for his reasoning ability and biting sarcastic style. He spent much of his first two terms in Congress fighting to preserve the Union, and during the Civil War he consistently urged President Abraham Lincoln to send Union forces to free East Tennessee from its Confederate occupiers. Maynard returned to Congress after the war, but being a Republican in a Democrat-controlled state, he struggled in statewide elections.
  
  wn.com/Horace_Maynard
• 
  Ira Harris
  Ira Harris (May 31, 1802 – December 2, 1875) was an American jurist and senator from New York. He was also a friend of Abraham Lincoln's.
  Harris grew up on a farm, and graduated from Union College in 1824. Then he studied law in Albany, and in 1828 was admitted to the bar.
  He was a Whig/Anti-Rent member of the New York State Assembly (Albany Co.) in 1845 and 1846. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846. He was a member of the New York State Senate (3rd D.) in 1847.
  He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court (3rd D.) from 1847 to 1859, and was ex officio a judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1850 and 1858.
  In February 1861, Harris was elected a U.S. Senator from New York to succeed William H. Seward who did not seek re-election, but would be appointed U.S. Secretary of State by Abraham Lincoln. In the U.S. Senate, Harris served on the Committees on Foreign Relations, and the Judiciary, and the Select Joint Committee on the Southern States. Although he supported the administration in the main, he did not fear to express his opposition to all measures, however popular at the time, that did not appear to him either wise or just. He visited Lincoln at the White House often and grew a friendship with him. He was also a good friend of his predecessor in the senate William H. Seward.
  
  wn.com/Ira_Harris
• 
  Jacob Collamer
  Jacob Collamer (January 8, 1791 – November 9, 1865) was an American politician from Vermont.
  Jacob Collamer was born in Troy, New York. He graduated from the University of Vermont at Burlington, served in the War of 1812, studied law in St. Albans, Vermont, was admitted to the bar in 1813, and served as an officer in a militia unit during the War of 1812. In 1816, he moved to Royalton, Vermont, to open a law practice. He remained a resident of Royalton for twenty years, where he became partner to Judge James Emmett Barrett in a successful law practice, served as register of probate and state’s attorney, represented Royalton in the Vermont House of Representatives for four terms, and from 1833 until 1842 was associate justice of the Supreme Court of Vermont. Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1842 as a Whig, he advocated the annexation of Texas, supported the Mexican-American War and the tariff, and received national recognition for his "Wools and Woolens" speech.
  
  wn.com/Jacob_Collamer
• 
  James Dixon
  James Dixon (August 5, 1814 – March 27, 1873) was a United States Representative and Senator from Connecticut.
  Born in Enfield, Connecticut, Dixon pursued preparatory studies, and graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts in 1834, where he had been a charter member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1834 and commenced practice in Enfield. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1837–1838 and 1844, and served as speaker in 1837; he moved to Hartford, Connecticut in 1839 and continued the practice of law. He was elected as a Whig to the House, serving during the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Congresses (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849), and was a member of the State house of representatives in 1854. He declined the nomination for Governor of Connecticut in 1854, and was an unsuccessful candidate for United States Senator in 1854.
  Dixon was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1856, and reelected in 1863, serving from March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1869. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses (Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses) and a member of the Committees on District of Columbia (Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses) and Post Office and Post Roads (Thirty-ninth Congress). He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives in 1868, primarily because he had been the first Republican member of the Senate to oppose the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. He was appointed Minister to Russia in 1869 but declined; he engaged in literary pursuits and extensive traveling until his death in Hartford on March 27, 1873. He was buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/James_Dixon
• 
  James Rood Doolittle
  James Rood Doolittle (January 3, 1815 – July 23, 1897) was an American politician who served as a senator from the state of Wisconsin from March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1869. He was a strong supporter of President Abraham Lincoln's administration during the American Civil War.
  Born in Hampton, New York, Doolittle attended the Middlebury Academy in Middlebury, Vermont. He graduated from Hobart College in Geneva, New York, in 1834. he studied law and was admitted to New York bar association in 1837.
  He then established a law practice in Rochester. Doolittle moved to Warsaw, New York, in 1841. From 1847-50, he was the district attorney for Wyoming County. He also served for a time as a colonel in the New York state militia. In 1851, Doolittle moved to Racine, Wisconsin, where he served as a judge from 1853 to 1856.
  Until the Missouri Compromise was repealed, Doolittle was a Democrat. He was elected and then re-elected to the U.S. Senate as a Republican in 1857 and 1863, respectively. He was a delegate to the Peace conference of 1861 in Washington, D.C.
  
  wn.com/James_Rood_Doolittle
• Jehu Baker
  Jehu Baker (November 4, 1822 – March 1, 1903) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
  Born near Lexington, Kentucky, Baker moved with his father to Lebanon, Illinois, in 1829. He attended the common schools and McKendree University. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1846 , entering private practice in Belleville, Illinois. He served as master in chancery of St. Clair County, Illinois from 1861-1865.
  Baker was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses (March 4, 1865-March 3, 1869), defeating incumbent William R. Morrison. He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Thirty-ninth Congress), Committee on Education and Labor (Fortieth Congress). In 1876, he campaigned in Illinois for Rutherford B. Hayes, who rewarded him by appointing him as United States Minister to Venezuela (1878–1881 and 1882–1885).
  Baker was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth Congress (March 4, 1887-March 3, 1889). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1888 to the Fifty-first Congress. He continued the practice of law.
  
  wn.com/Jehu_Baker
• 
  John Bidwell
  John Bidwell (August 5, 1819 – April 4, 1900) was known throughout California and across the nation as an important pioneer, farmer, soldier, statesman, politician, prohibitionist and philanthropist. He is famous for leading one of the first emigrant parties, known as the Bartleson-Bidwell Party, along the California Trail, and for founding Chico, California.
  Bidwell was born in Chautauqua County, New York. The Bidwell family moved to Erie, Pennsylvania in 1829, and then to Ashtabula County, Ohio in 1831. At age 17, he attended and shortly thereafter became Principal of Kingsville Academy.
  In 1841 Bidwell became one of the first emigrants on the California Trail. John Sutter employed Bidwell as his business manager shortly after Bidwell's arrival in California. Shortly after the James W. Marshall's discovery at Sutter's Mill, Bidwell also discovered gold on the Feather River establishing a productive claim at Bidwell Bar in advance of the California Gold Rush. Bidwell obtained the four square league Rancho Los Ulpinos Mexican land grant in 1844, and the two square league Rancho Colus grant on the Sacramento River in 1845; later selling that grant and buying Rancho Arroyo Chico on Chico Creek to establish a ranch and farm.
  
  wn.com/John_Bidwell
• 
  John Bingham
  John Armor Bingham (January 21, 1815 – March 19, 1900) was a Republican congressman from Ohio, America, judge advocate in the trial of the Abraham Lincoln assassination and a prosecutor in the impeachment trials of Andrew Johnson. He is also the principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
  Born in Mercer, Pennsylvania, he attended public schools and pursued academic studies. His family eventually moved to Ohio where he became an apprentice in a printing office for two years. He then studied law at Franklin College and was admitted to the bar in 1840, commencing practice in New Philadelphia, Ohio and eventually became district attorney for the surrounding Tuscarawas County, Ohio. He held this position from 1846 to 1849.
  He became active in politics when he was elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress under the Opposition Party. He was reelected to the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses as a Republican. His candidacy in 1862 for the Thirty-eighth Congress was unsuccessful, though the House of Representatives appointed him that year to be one of the managers to conduct impeachment proceedings against West H. Humphreys.
  
  wn.com/John_Bingham
• 
  John Conness
  John Conness (September 22, 1821 – January 10, 1909) was a first-generation Irish-American businessman who served as a U.S. Senator (1863–1869) from California during the American Civil War and the early years of Reconstruction. He introduced a bill to establish Yosemite National Park and voted to abolish slavery. His advocacy of Chinese immigration and civil rights cost him his constituency.
  Born in Abbey, County Galway, Ireland, on September 22, 1821, Conness was the youngest of fourteen children. His father was Walter Conness, whom John described as "a very dignified and intellectual man, one whom men of all positions came to for counsel: being also a man of rare courage and independence." His mother, Mary Conness, née Williams, "possessed great energy and industry" and "was generous to a fault and those who sought help never went by her empty handed."
  In 1836 Conness arrived in the United States at age 15 as an immigrant. For more than a decade on the East Coast in New York, Conness learned to make pianofortes and also worked as a merchant. He emigrated to California in 1849 to join the excitement and promise of the Gold Rush.
  
  wn.com/John_Conness
• 
  John Creswell
  John Angel James Creswell (November 18, 1828 – December 23, 1891) was an American politician from Maryland. He served as Postmaster General of the United States during the Grant administration.
  Born in Creswells Ferry in what is today known as Port Deposit, Maryland, Creswell attended a local academy before moving on to Dickinson College where he graduated in 1848. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in Baltimore in 1850, commencing practice in Elkton, Maryland. He was an unsuccessful Whig candidate to the Reform State Convention in 1850 and was elected a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1861 after becoming affiliated with the Republican Party. Creswell served as adjutant general of Maryland from 1862 to 1863.
  Creswell was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1862, serving from 1863 to 1865. A staunch supporter of President Abraham Lincoln, Creswell was the first man in Congress to propose a constitutional amendment banning slavery. After losing reelection to the House in 1864, he was elected to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas H. Hicks, serving from 1865 until the end of that term in 1867. During his time in the Senate, he served as chairman of the Committee on the Library in the 39th Congress. At the Republican National Convention in 1868, Creswell's name was put forward for either the presidential or vice presidential nominations.
  
  wn.com/John_Creswell
• John Henry Hubbard
  John Henry Hubbard (March 24, 1804 - July 30, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.
  Born in Salisbury, Connecticut, Hubbard attended the public schools. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1828 and commenced practice in Lakeville. He served as member of the State senate 1847-1849. He served as prosecuting attorney 1849-1852. He moved to Litchfield in 1855 and continued the practice of law.
  Hubbard was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1863-March 3, 1867). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1866. He resumed the practice of law. He died in Litchfield, Connecticut, on July 30, 1872. He was interred in the East Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/John_Henry_Hubbard
• 
  John Martin Broomall
  John Martin Broomall (January 19, 1816 – June 3, 1894) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
  John M. Broomall was born in Upper Chichester Township, Pennsylvania. He taught school for several years, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840 and commenced practice in Chester, Pennsylvania.
  He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1851 and 1852. He served on the State revenue board in 1854. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1854 and in 1858. He was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. He moved to Media, Pennsylvania, in 1860 and continued the practice of law.
  Broomall served in the Union Army as Captain of Company C, Twenty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Emergency Militia Infantry, from June 18 to August 1, 1863.
  Broomall was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Accounts during the Fortieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1868.
  
  wn.com/John_Martin_Broomall
• 
  John Milton Thayer
  John Milton Thayer (January 24, 1820 – March 19, 1906) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum United States Senator from Nebraska, as well as governor of Wyoming Territory and governor of Nebraska.
  John M. Thayer was born in Bellingham, Norfolk County, Massachusetts. He attended and then taught in rural schools, and later studied law at Brown University and established a practice in Worcester, Massachusetts. He served as a lieutenant in the local militia company before deciding to move with his family to the West.
  Arriving in Nebraska in 1854, he quickly affiliated himself with the Republican Party and thereafter actively participated in politics, as well as owning a large farm near Omaha. He became the major general of the territory militia and gained a reputation as an Indian fighter in his encounters with the local Pawnee.
  Thayer served as delegate to the Convention which organized the Republican Party in the Nebraska Territory and was elected to the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1860-61.
  
  wn.com/John_Milton_Thayer
• 
  John Noble Goodwin
  John Noble Goodwin (October 18, 1824 – April 29, 1887) was a United States attorney and politician who served as the first Governor of Arizona Territory. He was also a Congressman from Maine and served as Arizona Territory's Delegate to the United States House of Representatives.
  Goodwin was born on October 18, 1824, in South Berwick, Maine, to John and Mary (Noble) Goodwin. He was educated at Berwick Academy and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1844. Following graduation, Goodwin studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1848. He then began a law practice in South Berwick. Goodwin married Susan Howard Robinson of Augusta, Maine, on October 27, 1857. The couple had three children, Susie Robinson, Richard Emery, and Howard Robinson, the youngest born on November 7, 1863.
  Goodwin began his political career in 1854 with his election to the Maine Senate. This was followed in 1860 with a successful run for the U.S. House of Representatives. Though considered hard-working and likable with a moderate approach, Goodwin's single term as a Congressman was described as "undistinguished". He was defeated by 127 votes in his 1862 reelection bid.
  
  wn.com/John_Noble_Goodwin
• 
  Justin Smith Morrill
  Justin Smith Morrill (April 14, 1810 – December 28, 1898) was a Representative (1855–1867) and a Senator (1867–1898) from Vermont, most widely remembered today for the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act that established federal funding for establishing many of the United States' public colleges and universities. He was one of the founders of the Republican Party.
  Born in Strafford, Vermont, Morrill attended the common schools, Thetford Academy and Randolph Academy. While he never attended university, he was granted an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1884. He worked as a merchant’s clerk in Strafford 1825–1828 and in Portland, Maine, 1828–1831; merchant in Strafford 1831–1848; engaged in agriculture and horticulture 1848–1855. He was initiated into the Delta Upsilon Fraternity as an honorary member in 1860.^{[citation needed]}
  In 1854 Morrill was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-fourth Congress and as a Republican to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1855–March 4, 1867). He was the author of the Tariff Act of 1861 as well as the college land-grant act mentioned above. He served as chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in the Thirty-ninth Congress. As a congressman, he served on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction which drafted the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
  
  wn.com/Justin_Smith_Morrill
• 
  Kellian Whaley
  Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley (May 6, 1821 – May 20, 1876) was a nineteenth century congressman from Virginia and West Virginia and major of the 9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War.
  Whaley was born in Utica, New York on May 6, 1821. He worked in Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia) in the lumber business until the Civil War when he became a recruiter for the Union Army and was major of the 9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He was captured by Confederate forces on November 10, 1861 when the town of Guyandotte, West Virginia was overrun by Confederate troops, but he escaped from his captors.
  Whaley served on the Congressional committee that accompanied the body of President Abraham Lincoln on the funeral train as it was returned from Washington to Springfield.
  Whaley was elected an Unconditional Unionist to the United States House of Representatives in 1860, representing a Virginia district, serving one term from 1861 to 1863. He lost his seat due to Virginia's secession from the Union, but was elected back as one of the first three representatives from West Virginia, serving again from 1863 to 1867, not being candidate for reelection in 1866.
  
  wn.com/Kellian_Whaley
• 
  Leonard Myers
  Leonard Myers (November 13, 1827 – February 11, 1905) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania during the American Civil War and the early years of Reconstruction.
  Leonard Myers was born in Attleboro, Pennsylvania (now Langhorne, Pennsylvania). He attended the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia and studied law, but did not earn a degree.
  He was major of the Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Militia, during the emergency service of September 1862 when Pennsylvania felt threatened by Robert E. Lee during the Maryland Campaign.
  He was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1862. He successfully contested the election of John Moffet to the 41st Congress. He was reelected in 1868 and served until March 3, 1875. He served as Chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs (42nd United States Congress), United States House Committee on Patents (42nd Congress), and United States House Committee on Private Land Claims (43rd United States Congress). He was defeated in 1874.
  
  wn.com/Leonard_Myers
• 
  Lovell Rousseau
  Lovell Harrison Rousseau (August 4, 1818 – January 7, 1869) was a general in the United States and Union Armies during the American Civil War and a lawyer and politician in both Kentucky and Indiana.
  Born near Stanford, Kentucky, on August 4, 1818, Rousseau attended the common schools as a child. His father, David, brought his family across the Appalachians from Virginia, but he had a difficult time regaining economic equilibrium (despite extensive holdings in undeveloped land and slaves). Lovell's elder brother had already left home, so when their father died of cholera attempting to move the family to a new home in 1833, it fell to Lovell and his younger brothers to dig their father's roadside grave. At fifteen, he had become his family’s primary breadwinner. Soon afterwards, he was were forced to sell his family’s slaves in an effort to cover the family’s debts.
  Eager to earn a wage, he began working on a road-building crew, and travelled around the Midwest. Determined to rise, he studied grammar, mathematics, and French, and returned to Kentucky where he read law in Louisville, Kentucky for several months. In 1841, he passed the Indiana bar and began practicing law with his brother, Richard Hilare Rousseau, and a partner, James I. Dozier, in Bloomfield, Indiana. Subsequently, both brothers married daughters of their partner. Richard married Mary in 1839, while Lovell married Marie Antoinette Dozier in 1843.
  
  wn.com/Lovell_Rousseau
• 
  Lyman Trumbull
  Lyman Trumbull (October 12, 1813 – June 25, 1896) was a United States Senator from Illinois during the American Civil War, and co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
  Trumbull was born in Colchester, Connecticut, the grandson of historian Benjamin Trumbull. He attended Bacon Academy and was a school teacher from 1829 to 1833. At 20, he was head of an academy in Georgia. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar and practiced in Greenville, Georgia until moving to Belleville, Illinois in 1837.
  By 1840, he was serving in the Illinois House of Representatives, and he served as Illinois Secretary of State from 1841-1843. From 1848 to 1853 he was a justice on the Supreme Court of Illinois. Although elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1854, he was elected to serve in the United States Senate before he could take his seat. He served from 1855 through 1873, during which time he claimed party affiliations with the Democrats, the Republicans, the Liberal Republicans, and finally the Democrats again. As chairman of the Judiciary Committee (1861–1872), he co-wrote the Thirteenth Amendment, which prohibited all kinds of slavery in the United States other than its use as punishment for crimes of which the party had been convicted; this became the sentence to "time at hard labor" that became assignable for certain crimes.
  
  wn.com/Lyman_Trumbull
• 
  Martin Welker
  Martin Welker (April 25, 1819 – March 15, 1902) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
  Born in Knox County, Ohio, Welker attended the common schools.
  He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840, commencing practice at Millersburg, Ohio. He served as clerk of the Holmes County Court of Common Pleas from 1846 to 1851.
  In 1848, Welker was the Whig nominee for the Congress, but lost in the largely Democratic district. In 1850, he again was offered the nomination, but declined it. In January, 1851, he re-entered private practice. He served as judge of the sixth district of the Ohio Courts of Appeal from 1852 to 1857. He moved to Wooster, Ohio, in 1857. He served as the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and President of the Ohio Senate in the Fifty-third General Assembly in 1858 and 1859 under Governor Salmon P. Chase. He declined to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1859.
  With the outbreak of the American Civil War, on May 14, 1861, Welker was appointed judge-advocate of the second brigade of the Ohio Volunteer Militia at rank of major, and served with General Jacob Dolson Cox. Welker was appointed as an aide-de-camp, with rank of colonel to the Governor of Ohio on August 10, 1861. He then served as Judge Advocate General of the State of Ohio for the balance of 1861, and was the superintendent of drafting under Governor Tod, commencing August 15, 1862. He served as assistant adjutant general in 1862. As the war waned, Welker enlisted on February 16, 1865 in the Union Army as a private in Company I, 188th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He was mustered out September 21, 1865.
  
  wn.com/Martin_Welker
• Myer Strouse
  Myer Strouse (December 16, 1825 – February 11, 1878) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
  Myer Strouse was born in Oberstrau, Bavaria, Germany. Immigrated to the United States in 1832 with his father, who settled in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. He attended private schools and edited the North American Farmer in Philadelphia from 1848 to 1852. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1855 and commenced practice in Pottsville.
  Strouse was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1866. He resumed the practice of law, and was attorney and solicitor for the “Molly Maguires,” a secret organization in the mining regions of Pennsylvania, in 1876 and 1877. He died in Pottsville in 1878. Interment in Odd Fellows Cemetery.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Myer_Strouse
• Nelson Taylor
  Nelson Taylor (June 8, 1821 – January 16, 1894) was a U.S. Representative from New York and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
  Born in South Norwalk, Connecticut, Taylor attended the common schools. Enlisted for the Mexican-American War as a captain in the First Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, August 1, 1846, and was sent to California in 1846 just before the outbreak of the war. He was honorably mustered out September 18, 1848. He remained in California and engaged in business at Stockton. He served as member of the State senate 1850-1856. He served as president of the board of trustees of the State insane asylum 1850-1856.
  Taylor was elected sheriff of San Joaquin County in 1855. He moved to New York City. He was graduated from the law department of Harvard University in 1860. He was admitted to the bar and practiced. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1860 to the Thirty-seventh Congress. He was commissioned colonel of the Seventy-second Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, July 23, 1861, and commanded the Excelsior Brigade during the autumn of 1862. Brigadier general of Volunteers September 7, 1862. He resigned from the service January 19, 1863. He resumed the practice of law in New York City.
  
  wn.com/Nelson_Taylor
• 
  Oakes Ames
  Oakes Ames (January 10, 1804 – May 8, 1873) was an American manufacturer, capitalist, and member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. As a congressman, he is credited by many historians as being the single most important influence in the building of the Union Pacific portion of the transcontinental railroad. He is also noted for the subsequent scandal that alleged the improper sale of stock of the railroad's construction company.
  Ames was born in Easton, Massachusetts, the son of Oliver Ames, Sr., a blacksmith who had built a business of making shovels and became nicknamed "King of Spades". In his youth, he obtained a public school education and later worked in the family workshops to learn each step of the manufacturing process. He eventually became a partner in the business, and with his brother Oliver Ames, Jr. he established the firm Oliver Ames & Sons. Driven by the settlement of the Midwest, by the discovery of gold in California and Australia, as well as by railroad construction, the shovel manufacturing business boomed. During the Civil War, the firm prospered with contracts for swords, shovels and other tools. Ames made a large fortune.
  
  wn.com/Oakes_Ames
• Orlando Kellogg
  Orlando Kellogg (June 18, 1809 – August 24, 1865) was a U.S. Representative from New York during the latter half of the American Civil War and the early days of Reconstruction.
  Born in Elizabethtown, New York, Kellogg pursued an academic course. He engaged in the carpenter's trade in early youth. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1838 and commenced practice in Elizabethtown. Surrogate of Essex County 1840-1844.
  Kellogg was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth Congress (March 4, 1847-March 3, 1849). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848. He resumed the practice of his profession in Elizabethtown, New York. He served as delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention.
  Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses and served from March 4, 1863, until his death in Elizabethtown, New York, August 24, 1865. He was interred in Riverside Cemetery.
   This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  
  wn.com/Orlando_Kellogg
• 
  Philetus Sawyer
  Philetus Sawyer (September 22, 1816 – March 29, 1900) was an American politician of the Republican Party who represented Wisconsin in both houses of Congress. Sawyer County, Wisconsin, is named for him.
  Philetus Sawyer was born in 1816 in Whiting, Vermont, and moved to Crown Point, New York, as an infant in 1817. He moved to Wisconsin in 1847 and worked in the lumber industry. Sawyer's early political career included serving in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1857 and 1861, and as mayor of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, from 1863 to 1864. He ran for and was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1864 and served for ten years from 1865 until 1875; he did not run for reelection in 1874. Sawyer returned to Congress in 1881 as a U.S. Senator. He served two terms from 1881 to 1893 and did not seek a third. However, he became notorious for a charge made against him by Congressman Robert La Follette that he had attempted to bribe La Follette. Sawyer died in 1900 in Oshkosh at age 83. He was interred at a family mausoleum at Riverside Cemetery in Oshkosh.
  
  wn.com/Philetus_Sawyer
• 
  Phineas Hitchcock
  Phineas Warren Hitchcock (November 30, 1831 – July 10, 1881) was a Delegate and a Senator from Nebraska. Hitchcock County, Nebraska, is named after him.
  He was born in New Lebanon, Columbia County, New York, the son of Gad Hitchcock and Nancy Prime.
  When he turned 16, he began two years preparatory course study at the Great Barrington Academy in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He entered Williams College in Williamstown, Berkshire County, Massachusetts graduating in 1855. His classmates at Williams included, James A. Garfield, James Gilfillan and John James Ingalls. After he graduated, and after several years of combined law study and journalistic work in New York State, he moved to the Territory of Nebraska in the spring of 1857, locating at Omaha, then a small settlement. He at once opened a law office, combining with the practice of his profession an agency for several insurance companies and a general real estate business.
  He married on December 27, 1858 at Omaha, Nebraska, Annie M. Monell, the daughter of Lucinda Carpenter and Dr. Gilbert C. Monell, an 1839 graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and a member of the Old Settlers' Association. She was born in 1837 in Newburgh (town), New York, Orange County, New York and died in 1877 in Omaha, Nebraska. She is buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Phineas_Hitchcock
• 
  Portus Baxter
  Portus Baxter (December 4, 1806 – March 4, 1868) was a banker, farmer, and politician from Vermont, United States.
  Baxter was born in Brownington, Vermont, the son of William and Lydia (Ashley) Baxter. After attending local schools, he completed his education at Norwich Military Academy and the University of Vermont in Burlington. He moved to Derby Line, Vermont in 1828 where he engaged agricultural and mercantile pursuits, which took him down the Connecticut River valley and into Canada. He was one of the original incorporators of the Connecticut and Pssumpsic Rivers Railroad, which was planned to almost the entire length of the state on the eastern border.
  He became interested in politics early in his career. Baxter served as Orleans County Assistant Judge from 1846 to 1847. He was the only Whig delegate from New England who supported Zachary Taylor for president in 1848. He also strongly supported Winfield Scott in his unsuccessful bid for the presidency in 1852. Switching parties, he was a presidential elector for John Fremont in 1856.
  
  wn.com/Portus_Baxter
• 
  Reverdy Johnson
  Reverdy Johnson (May 21, 1796 – February 10, 1876) was a statesman and jurist from Maryland.
  Born in Annapolis, Johnson was the son of a distinguished Maryland lawyer and politician, John Johnson (1770–1824). He graduated from St. John's College in 1812 and then studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1815, and then moved to Baltimore, where he became a legal colleague of Luther Martin, William Pinkney and Roger B. Taney. From 1821 until 1825 he served in the Maryland State Senate and then returned to practice law for two decades.
  Reverdy Johnson, along with John Glenn and Evan Ellicott were responsible for exacerbating the Baltimore bank crisis of 1835. Following the collapse of the Union Bank of Maryland, Johnson obstructed efforts to obtain a fair and objective accounting of the bank's assets in order to maintain his personal fortune. He falsely accused Evan Poultney and Thomas Ellicott of misconduct in order to create a smokescreen to obscure his own misconduct. Thus began an ignoble aspect to his career partially that culminated^{[clarification needed]} in Johnson's advocacy on behalf of Southern slaveowners in the infamous Dred Scott case, and which was only partially redeemed by his support for the Union during 1861-1865 War of the Rebellion.
  
  wn.com/Reverdy_Johnson
• 
  Roscoe Conkling
  Roscoe Conkling (October 30, 1829 – April 18, 1888) was a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, the first Republican senator from New York to be elected for three terms, and the last person to refuse a U.S. Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
  Conkling was born in 1829 in Albany, New York to Alfred Conkling, a U.S. Representative and federal judge and his wife Eliza Cockburn. At 17, Roscoe began the study of law in the offices of Spencer and Kernan in Utica, New York. He married Julia Catherine Seymour, sister of the Democratic politician and Governor of New York Horatio Seymour. His first political endeavor came in 1848, when he made campaign speeches in behalf of Taylor and Fillmore. He was admitted to the bar in 1850, and in the same year became district attorney of Oneida County by appointment of Governor Fish.
  
  wn.com/Roscoe_Conkling
• Roswell Hart
  Roswell Hart (August 4, 1824 - April 20, 1883) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Rochester, he completed preparatory studies and was graduated from Yale College in 1843, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and engaged in commercial pursuits.
  Hart was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1865 to March 3, 1867. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1866 to the Fortieth Congress and was superintendent of the Railway Mail Service for the States of New York and Pennsylvania from 1869 to 1876. In 1883 he died in Rochester; interment was in Mount Hope Cemetery.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Roswell_Hart
• Samuel Hooper
  Samuel Hooper (February 3, 1808 – February 14, 1875) was a businessman and US congressman from Massachusetts, USA.
  Hooper was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts. He received a common school education and was employed as an agent for an importing firm and traveled extensively in foreign countries. He left this in 1832 and engaged in the importing business in Boston, Massachusetts, then later the iron business.
  Hooper was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving from 1851 to 1853. He later served in the Massachusetts Senate in 1858. Upon the resignation of congressman William Appleton in the United States House of Representatives, Hooper was elected to fill his seat, representing Massachusetts's fifth district in the 37th Congress. He was reelected to the following six congresses representing Massachusetts's fourth district and served as chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means 1869 to 1871, of the Committee on Banking and Currency 1871 to 1873 and of the Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures 1871 to 1875.
  
  wn.com/Samuel_Hooper
• Samuel Mayes Arnell
  Samuel Mayes Arnell (May 3, 1833 – July 20, 1903) was an American politician who represented the 6th congressional district of Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives.
  He was born on May 3, 1833 at Zion Settlement, near Columbia, Tennessee in Maury County. He attended Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Columbia. He started a leather manufacturing business in 1859. During the Civil War, he supported the Union actively, suffering injury and property damage from Confederate forces.
  He was a member of the Tennessee state constitutional convention in 1865. He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1865 and 1866.
  Upon the readmission of Tennessee to representation, he was elected as an Unconditional Unionist to the Thirty-ninth Congress. He was re-elected as a Republican to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses. He served from July 24, 1866 to March 3, 1871, but he was not a candidate for renomination in 1870. During the Forty-first Congress, he was the chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State. He was chairman of the United States House Committee on Education and Labor during the Forty-first Congress. He also was a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Tennessee in 1868.
  
  wn.com/Samuel_Mayes_Arnell
• 
  Schuyler Colfax
  Schuyler Colfax, Jr. ( /ˈskaɪlər ˈkoʊlfæks/; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was a United States Representative from Indiana (1855–1869), Speaker of the House of Representatives (1863–1869), and the 17th Vice President of the United States (1869–1873). To date, he is one of only two Americans (John Nance Garner in the 20th century being the other) to have served as both House speaker and vice president.
  President Ulysses S. Grant and Colfax, 46 and 45 respectively at the time of their inauguration, were the youngest Presidential team until the inauguration of Bill Clinton and Al Gore in 1993.
  Colfax was born in New York City to Schuyler Colfax, Sr. and Hannah Stryker. His grandfather, William Colfax, had served in George Washington's Life Guard during the American Revolution, became a general in the New Jersey militia and married Hester Schuyler, a cousin of general Philip Schuyler.
  In 1836, Colfax moved with his mother and stepfather to New Carlisle, Indiana. As a young man, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune and formed a friendship with the editor, Horace Greeley. He established a reputation as rising young Whig and at 19 became the editor of the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press. In 1845, Colfax purchased the newspaper and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register.
  
  wn.com/Schuyler_Colfax
• 
  Shelby Moore Cullom
  Shelby Moore Cullom (November 22, 1829 – January 28, 1914) was a U.S. political figure, serving in various offices, including the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate and the 17th Governor of Illinois.
  Cullom was born in 1829 in Monticello, Kentucky, and moved to Springfield, Illinois, in 1853. There he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1855. He practiced law in the city with Charles S. Zane, and was elected city attorney in 1855.
  Cullom was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1856 and 1860–1861, serving as speaker of the house in 1861.
  He was elected as a Republican in 1864 to the Thirty-ninth, and reelected to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (March 4, 1865-March 3, 1871).
  Cullom returned to the Illinois House of Representatives 1873-1874, and served as speaker in 1873.
  In 1876, he was elected governor of Illinois and served in that office from 1877–1883, when he resigned to take office as a US senator. Cullom was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1882, and reelected in 1888, 1894, 1900 and 1906, serving from March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1913
  
  wn.com/Shelby_Moore_Cullom
• Sidney Clarke
  Sidney Clarke (October 16, 1831 – June 18, 1909) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas, a Kansas state speaker of the house, and an Oklahoma territorial legislator. He was a part of the Oklahoma statehood movement.
  Born in Southbridge, Massachusetts, Clarke attended the public schools. He was publisher of the Southbridge Press in 1854, and settled in Lawrence, Kansas, in 1859. Clarke enlisted as a volunteer during the Civil War, and was appointed assistant adjutant general of Volunteers by President Lincoln February 9, 1863. He served as captain and assistant provost marshal general for Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Dakota.
  Clarke was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first Congresses (March 4, 1865-March 3, 1871). He served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs (Forty-first Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1870 for reelection to the Forty-second Congress.
  Clarke served in the Kansas state house of representatives in 1879 as an independent and was elected speaker. He moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1889 and engaged in railroad building. He served as chairman of the statehood executive committee in 1891, and as member of the Territorial council from 1898 to 1902. He also served on the Oklahoma City Council and as the second provisional mayor. He died in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and was interred in Fairlawn Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Sidney_Clarke
• 
  Sidney Perham
  Sidney Perham (March 27, 1819 – April 10, 1907) was a U.S. Representative and the 33rd Governor of Maine and was an activist in the temperance movement.
  Born in Woodstock, Maine to Joel and Sophronia Bisbee Perham, Perham attended common schools as a child and later engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was elected a member of the Maine Board of Agriculture in 1853, was a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1854, serving as Speaker of the House that one year, and was clerk of the courts of Oxford County, Maine from 1859 to 1863. He was elected a Republican to the United States House of Representatives in 1862, serving from 1863 to 1869, not being a candidate for renomination in 1868. There, Perham served as chairman of the Committee on Invalid Pensions from 1865 to 1869. He served as president of the board of trustees of Westbrook Seminary in Deering, Maine from 1865 to 1880, was elected Governor of Maine in 1870, serving from 1871 to 1874 was president of the board of trustees of Maine Industrial School in Hallowell, Maine from 1873 to 1898 and was Secretary of State of Maine in 1875. Perham served as a fellow at Bates College from 1871 to 1873. Perham served as appraiser in the customhouse in Portland, Maine from 1877 to 1885 and was a member of the board of trustees of the Universalist General Convention for twenty-seven years, serving as its president for some time. He died in Washington, D.C. on April 10, 1907 and was interred in Lakeside Cemetery in Bryant Pond, Maine.
  
  wn.com/Sidney_Perham
• 
  Solomon Foot
  Solomon Foot (November 19, 1802 – March 28, 1866) was a Vermont lawyer, state representative and later senator who spent more than 25 years in elected office. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1826 and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He served as a state representative briefly in 1833, and also from 1836 to 1838. After six years as a prosecuting attorney, he was elected as a Whig congressman in 1843 and as a senator in 1850. He was re-elected as a Republican senator in 1856, in which capacity he served until his death in 1866. He served as President pro tempore of the Senate from 1861 to 1864.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Solomon_Foot
• 
  Stephen Taber
  Stephen Taber (March 7, 1821 – April 23, 1886) was a United States Congress Representative from New York from 1865 to 1869.
  He was the son of Thomas Taber II; born in Dover, New York, March 7, 1821; completed preparatory studies; moved to Queens, New York and engaged in agricultural pursuits; member of the State assembly in 1860 and 1861; elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses (March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1869); assisted in organizing the Long Island North Shore Transportation Co. in 1861 and served as its president for several years; director of the Long Island Rail Road Co.; became the first president of the Roslyn Savings Bank in 1876 and served in this capacity for a number of years; died in New York City on April 23, 1886; interment in Roslyn Cemetery, Roslyn, Long Island, N.Y.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Stephen_Taber
• 
  Thaddeus Stevens
  Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868), of Pennsylvania, was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, Stevens, a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader, dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. A biographer characterizes him as, "The Great Commoner, savior of free public education in Pennsylvania, national Republican leader in the struggles against slavery in the United States and intrepid mainstay of the attempt to secure racial justice for the freedmen during Reconstruction, the only member of the House of Representatives ever to have been known as the 'dictator' of Congress."
  Historians' views of Stevens have swung sharply since his death as interpretations of Reconstruction have changed. The Dunning School, which viewed the period as a disaster because it violated American traditions of republicanism and fair government, depicted Stevens as a villain for his advocacy of harsh measures in the South, and this characterization held sway for much of the early 20th Century.
  
  wn.com/Thaddeus_Stevens
• Thomas Jenckes
  Thomas Allen Jenckes (November 2, 1818 - November 4, 1875) was a United States Congressional representative for the State of Rhode Island. Jenckes was best known for introducing a bill that created the United States Department of Justice. President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22, 1870. Jenckes was also an avid supporter of civil service reform.
  Jenckes graduated from Brown University in 1838. Jenckes was admitted to the Rhode Island state bar in 1840. He was clerk in the Rhode Island state legislature from 1840 until 1844. From 1854 until 1857 he was a member of the State house of representatives. He was elected as Republican to the United States Congress in 1863 and served until 1871 when he lost a bid for reelection. He then resumed the practice of law in Cumberland, Rhode Island.
  
  wn.com/Thomas_Jenckes
• 
  Thomas Tipton
  Thomas Weston Tipton (August 5, 1817 – November 26, 1899) was a Senator from Nebraska.
  He was born in Cadiz, Ohio, and attended Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania. He pursued classical studies and graduated from Madison College, Pennsylvania, in 1840. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1845. He was appointed to a position in the United States Land Office from 1849 to 1852; he then resumed the practice of law in McConnelsville, Ohio, in 1853. He was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1856. Around 1859, he moved to Brownville, Nebraska and joined the Congregational Church. He was member of the 1859 Nebraska constitutional convention and the Nebraska Territory council in 1860.
  During the American Civil War, Tipton was appointed chaplain of the First Regiment, Nebraska Volunteer Infantry 1861–1865. He was the assessor of internal revenue for Nebraska in 1865, and a member of the State constitutional convention in 1867. Upon the admission of Nebraska as a State into the Union, he was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1867. Tipton was reelected in 1869 and served from March 1, 1867, to March 3, 1875. After that, he resumed the practice of law, and was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Nebraska in 1880. He died in Washington, D.C., November 26, 1899, and was interred in Rock Creek Cemetery.
  
  wn.com/Thomas_Tipton
• 
  Ulysses Mercur
  Ulysses Mercur (August 12, 1818 – June 6, 1887) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
  Ulysses Mercur was born in Towanda, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1842. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Towanda in 1843. He was a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention. He was president judge of the thirteenth judicial district of Pennsylvania from 1861 until March 4, 1865, when he resigned to enter Congress.
  Mercur was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth and to the three succeeding Congresses and served until his resignation on December 2, 1872. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Private Land Claims during the Forty-second Congress.
  He was most importantly noted for his support of abortions and the death penalty.
  He served as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1872 to 1883. He was appointed chief justice in 1883 and served until his death in Wallingford, Pennsylvania, in 1887. He was Interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Towanda, Pennsylvania.
  
  wn.com/Ulysses_Mercur
• 
  William Henry Koontz
  William Henry Koontz (July 15, 1830 – July 4, 1911) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
  William H. Koontz was born in Somerset, Pennsylvania. He completed preparatory studies, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1851 and commenced practice in Somerset. He was district attorney for Somerset County, Pennsylvania, from 1853 to 1856. He was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. He served as prothonotary and clerk of the county court from 1861 to 1868.
  He successfully contested as a Republican the election of Alexander H. Coffroth to the Thirty-ninth Congress. He was reelected to the Fortieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1868. He resumed the practice of law at Somerset and served as counsel for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1899 to 1902. He died in Somerset in 1911. Interment in Union Cemetery.
  
  
  
  wn.com/William_Henry_Koontz
• 
  William Higby
  William Higby (August 18, 1813 – November 27, 1887) was a United States Representative from California. He was born in Willsboro, New York. He attended a preparatory school in Westport, New York and was graduated from the University of Vermont in Vermont in 1840. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1847 and commenced practice in Elizabethtown, New York. He moved to California in 1850 and settled in Calaveras County. He resumed the practice of law and was a district attorney 1853-1859.
  Higby served in the California State Senate in 1862 and 1863. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses (March 4, 1863 - March 3, 1869). He served as chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1868. He served as the editor of the Calaveras Chronicle for several years. He was also the collector of internal revenue 1877-1881. He devoted himself to horticulture until his death. He died in Santa Rosa, California in 1887 and was buried at Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland, California.
  
  wn.com/William_Higby
• 
  William Windom
  William Windom (May 10, 1827 – January 29, 1891) was an American politician from Minnesota. He served as U.S. Representative from 1859 to 1869, and as U.S. Senator from 1870 to January 1871, from March 1871 to March 1881, and from November 1881 to 1883. He also served as Secretary of the Treasury from March to November 1881, and from 1889 to 1891. He was a Republican. He was the great-grandfather of actor William Windom.
  He was born in Belmont County, Ohio. He moved to Minnesota Territory in 1855 and settled in the town of Winona on the banks of the Mississippi River in southeastern Minnesota.
  Windom was elected U.S. Representative in 1859, filling one of Minnesota's two at-large seats. He was re-elected in 1861, again at-large. By 1862, Minnesota had established Congressional districts, and in that year he was re-elected from Minnesota's 1st congressional district; and also in 1864 and 1866. He was not a candidate in 1868.
  Senator Daniel S. Norton died on July 13, 1870. On July 15, Governor Alexander Ramsey appointed Windom to the resulting vacancy, to serve until the legislature elected a replacement. When the legislature met in January 1871, they elected Ozora P. Stearns to serve the last 41 days of the current term (January 22-March 4), and elected Windom to serve the next full term, beginning March 4. Windom was re-elected in 1877, and served until March 7, 1881 when he resigned to become Secretary of the Treasury.
  
  wn.com/William_Windom
• 
  Zachariah Chandler
  Zachariah Chandler (December 10, 1813 – November 1, 1879) was Mayor of Detroit (1851–52), a four-term U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan (1857–75, 1879), and Secretary of the Interior under U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant (1875–77).
  Chandler was born in Bedford, New Hampshire, the nephew of U.S. Representative from Massachusetts, John Chandler, and of U.S. Representative from New Hampshire, Thomas Chandler. He was the father-in-law of U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Maine, Eugene Hale, the grandfather of U.S. Senator from Maine, Frederick Hale, and the great-great-granduncle of U.S. Representative from Washington, Rod Chandler.
  After receiving an education in the common schools, Chandler taught school for one winter while also managing the family farm. His father offered him a choice between a college education or $1,000 (2011 standards = 20,000 usd), which was a substantial amount of money at that time. Chandler took the money, and in 1833 moved to Detroit, which was then the capital of Michigan Territory. According to the Detroit Post, an extant newspaper, and publisher of an autobiography of Chandler, "Mr. Chandler, was from his boyhood, was radical in his opposition to human bondage, and for a time hoped that the Whig Party of the North could be used to effectually resist the conspiracy of the slave power against the territories. His anti-slavery activity preceded his appearance in politics [bold added for emphasis]. Detroit was an important terminus of the “Underground Railroad,” that mysterious organization which so skillfully and quickly transported colored fugitives from the Ohio [river] to Canadian soil, and Mr. Chandler, while still absorbed in business, was a frequent and liberal contributor to the fund for its operating expenses.
  
  wn.com/Zachariah_Chandler

The 39th Annual Tony Awards (1985)

Genres

Taglines:

Quotes:

• timeline:
• 2012
• 2011
• 2010
• 2009
• 2008
• 2007
• 2006
• 2005
• 2004
• 2003
• 2002
• 2001

• timeline:
• 2012
• 2011
• 2010
• 2009
• 2008
• 2007
• 2006
• 2005
• 2004
• 2003
• 2002
• 2001