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![PERÚ CAMPEÓN SUDAMERICANO DE VOLEY MENORES 2012 - [PERÚ VS BRASIL 26-11-12] - QUINTO SET (5/5)](http://web.archive.org./web/20130104040938im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/bLVVU8EF_js/default.jpg "DESPUÉS DE 32 AÑOS PERÚ SE CORONA CAMPEÓN SUDAMERICANO DE VOLEY MENORES 2012. QUINTO SET DEL PERÚ VS BRASIL POR LA GRAN FINAL DEL CAMPEONATO 26-11-12")
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Altiplano
The Altiplano (Spanish for high plain), in west-central South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet. Lake Titicaca is its best known geographical feature.
The Altiplano is an area of inland drainage (endorheism) lying in the central Andes, occupying parts of northern Chile and Argentina, western Bolivia and southern Peru. Its height averages about 3,750 meters (12,300 feet), slightly less than that of the Tibetan Plateau. Unlike conditions in Tibet, the Altiplano is dominated by massive active volcanoes of the Central Volcanic Zone to the west, such as Ampato (6288 m), Tutupaca (5816 m), Parinacota (6348 m), Guallatiri (6071 m), Cerro Paroma (5728 m), Cerro Uturuncu (6008 m) and Licancabur (5916 m), and the Cordillera Real in the north east with Illampu (6368 m), Huayna Potosi (6088 m), Ancohuma (6427 m) and Illimani (6438 m). The Atacama Desert, one of the driest areas on the planet, lies to the southwest of the Altiplano; to the east lies the humid Amazon Rainforest.
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Amazon rainforest
The Amazon Rainforest (in Portuguese, Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish Selva Amazónica, Amazonía or usually Amazonia), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon Basin of South America. This basin encompasses seven million square kilometers (1.7 billion acres), of which five and a half million square kilometers (1.4 billion acres) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and it comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world.
The name Amazon is said to arise from a war Francisco de Orellana fought with a tribe of Tapuyas and other tribes from South America. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was the custom among the entire tribe. Orellana derived the name Amazonas from the ancient Amazons of Asia and Africa described by Herodotus and Diodorus in Greek legends.
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Amazonas Region
Amazonas is a department of northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, Cajamarca Department on the west, La Libertad Department on the south, and Loreto Department and San Martín Department on the east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas.
The Amazonas department consists of regions covered by rainforests and mountain ranges. The rainforest zone predominates (72.93%) and it extends to the north over its oriental slope, up to the border with Ecuador in the summits of the Cordillera del Cóndor. The mountain range zone is located in the southern provinces of the Amazonas department and it only includes 27.07% of its whole territorial surface.
One of the factors that help to give big importance to its geography is not only that the big valleys and plains of its rainforest zone are the closest to the Pacific Ocean, but also its connections with the routes of the coast are the lowest. This is because they use the Paso de Porculla (the mountain pass of Porculla) that is located at 2,144 m. This is the lowest pass of the whole Peruvian Andes to arrive to the Pan-American road system.
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Ancash Region
Ancash (pronounced: [ˈaŋ.kaʃ]) is a region in northern Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad region on the north, the Huánuco and Pasco regions on the east, the Lima region on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is the city of Huaraz, and its largest city and port is Chimbote. The name of the region originates from the Quechua word anqash, which means blue.
Ancash is a land of contrasts. It has two, great longitudinal valleys, which combine the mountain characteristics of the Callejón de Huaylas (Alley of Huaylas) with the sylvan ones of the Alto Marañón. Miles of sandy beaches abut the blue waters of the Pacific. The territory of the coast, high plateaus and Andean punas of the Ancash Region are flat, while the rest of the territory, in the Andes, is very rough. In the west, slopes with strong declivity form narrow canyons with abrupt and deserted sides.
The rough territory of the region is crossed by two mountain ranges: on the western side, the Cordillera Negra (the Black Mountain Range), which has peaks without glaciers, and on the eastern side, the Cordillera Blanca (the White Mountain Range), which has many peaks covered with snow and ice, like the Huascarán and the Alpamayo. Between these two mountain ranges, the Santa River flows through the so-called Callejón de Huaylas. This alley narrows to form the Cañón del Pato (Duck Canyon). Also along the Pacific slopes, the Santa River has shaped a wide valley in the punas which narrows into the Cordillera Negra where the Cañón del Pato canyon was formed.
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Andorra
Andorra (
i/ænˈdɔrə/; Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈdorə], locally: [anˈdɔra]), officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of 468 km2 (181 sq mi) and an estimated population of 84,082 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 ft) above sea level. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.
The Principality was formed in 1278. The role of monarch is exercised jointly by the two co-princes, the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the President of France (the whole state is a part of Diocese of Urgell).
Andorra is a prosperous country mainly because of its tourism industry, which services an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually, and also because of its status as a tax haven. It is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is the de facto currency. The people of Andorra have the 4th highest human life expectancy in the world — 82 years at birth.
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (Portuguese: República de Angola, pronounced: [ʁɨˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈɡɔla];Kikongo, Kimbundu, Umbundu: Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in southern Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The Portuguese were present in some—mostly coastal—points of the territory of what is now Angola, from the 16th to the 19th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples that lived there. In the 19th century they slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. Angola as a Portuguese colony encompassing the present territory was not established before the end of the 19th century, and "effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s. Independence was achieved in 1975, after a protracted liberation war. After independence, Angola was the scene of an intense civil war from 1975 to 2002. The country has vast mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy has on average grown at a two-digit pace since the 1990s, especially since the end of the civil war. In spite of this, standards of living remain low for the majority of the population, and life expectancy and infant mortality rates in Angola are among the worst-ranked in the world. At the same time, a minority has reached comfortable life standards, and the dominant stratum has succeeded in accumulating considerable wealth, so that social inequality in Angola is one of the highest in the world.
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Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (i/ænˈtiːɡə ænd bɑrˈbjuːdə/; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands and further south, the island of Redonda). The permanent population number approximately 81,800 (at the 2011 Census) and the capital and largest port and city is St. John's, on Antigua.
Separated by a few nautical miles, Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. The country is nicknamed "Land of 365 Beaches" due to the many beaches surrounding the islands. Its governance, language, and culture have all been strongly influenced by the British Empire, of which the country was formerly a part.
Antigua was first settled by Archaic Age hunter-gatherer Amerindians, erroneously referred to as Siboney or Ciboney.Carbon-dating has established that the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC. They were succeeded by the Ceramic Age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who migrated from the lower Orinoco River.
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Apurímac Region
Apurímac is a region in southern-central Peru. It is bordered on the east by the Cusco Region, on the west by the Ayacucho Region, and on the south by the Arequipa and Ayacucho regions. The region's name originates from the Quechua language and means "where the gods speak" in reference to the many mountains of the region (gods in the andean religion) that seems to be talking each other.
The region is divided into 7 provinces (provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 80 districts (distritos, singular: distrito). The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:
Little is known about the region's origins, however chroniclers state the fact that the first settlers were formed by tribes of several regions that originated, among them the Quechua Aymarays. The Chancas, originally from Choclococha, Huancavelica, settled in the region of Andahuaylas. This group of tribes is known in history as rebellious and fearless warriors of ancient Peru.
Chronicles relate that the Chancas prepared themselves for years to conquer the imperial city of Cusco, but only on account of the great figure and strategy of Inca Pachacutec, the Inca Empire did not yield.
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Arequipa
Coordinates: 16°23′55.76″S 71°32′12.79″W / 16.3988222°S 71.5368861°W / -16.3988222; -71.5368861
Arequipa (Spanish pronunciation: [aɾeˈkipa]) is the capital city of the Arequipa Region in southern Peru. With a population of 836,859 it is the second most populous city of the country. Arequipa lies in the Andes mountains, at an altitude of 2,335 meters (7,661 ft) above sea level; the former snow-capped volcano El Misti overlooks the city.
The city has many colonial-era Spanish buildings built of sillar, a pearly white volcanic rock, from which it gets the nickname La Ciudad Blanca ("The White City"). Reportedly, it first acquired this nickname in the colonial era, because most of its inhabitants were Creole of Iberian descent. The historic centre of Arequipa was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, in recognition of its architecture and historic integrity.
Soon after its founding, the city became a major commercial hub of southern Peru, accumulating commercial and administrative functions. In times of the Viceroyalty of Peru it was an important economic hub in southern Peru. It played a significant role in the history of the Republic of Peru, declaring itself "Capital of the Republic" during the government of Montero. Arequipa has also been home of many of the outstanding intellectual and political figures, as well as religious icons, in the country. In recent decades it has become an important industrial and commercial center in Peru, now being the second most industrialized city in Perú.
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Arequipa Region
Arequipa is a region in southwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cusco regions on the north; the Puno Region on the east; the Moquegua Region on the south; and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital, also called Arequipa, is Peru's second-largest city.
This region has a rough topography which is characterized by heavy layers of volcanic lava covering large areas of its inter-Andean sector. It has deep canyons such as the ones formed by the Ocoña and Majes rivers. Plateaus range in height from medium, such as La Joya, and high-altitude ones such the Arrieros Pampa and those located in the zones of Chivay, Huambo and Pichucolla. Volcanic cones are seen emerging above the plateaus and forming snowfalls, such as Misti, Chachani, Ampato, Mismi, Solimana and Coropuna. In contrast with these heights, there are deep canyons, including Majes, Colca, Sihuas and Ocoña, where important aspects of the ecological evolution of this zone can be clearly observed.
In the Coast, small plateaus and dunes represent characteristics of the desert of Arequipa, such as the ones located in the Majes, Sihuas and La Joya pampas, which are particularly beautiful and developed.
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Argentina
Argentinai/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Arica Province
Arica Province (Spanish: Provincia de Arica) is one of two provinces of Chile's northernmost and most recently created region, Arica and Parinacota (XV). The province is bordered on the north by the Tacna Province of Peru, on the south by the Tamarugal Province in the Tarapacá Region, on the east the Parinacota Province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Its capital is the port city of Arica.
On October 8 of 2007, Law 20.175 entered into force, effective on March 23 of 2007. It was signed by President Michelle Bachelet in the city of Arica. At a ceremony held on that morning, the community received in new milestone in its history.
The law divided the former Tarapacá Region into two: the northern portion became the XV Arica and Parinacota Region, and the southern portion remained the I Tarapacá Region.
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of 8,726.4 km2 (3,369 sq mi) and had a population of 186,488 inhabitants (92,487 men and 94,001 women), giving it a population density of 21.4 /km2 (55 /sq mi). Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 9.5% (16,184 persons).
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Ayacucho Region
Ayacucho is a region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country. Its capital is the city of Ayacucho. The region was one of the hardest hit by terrorism during the 1980s during the guerrilla war waged by Shining Path known as the internal conflict in Peru.
A referendum was held on October 30, 2005 to decide whether the region would merge with the regions of Ica and Huancavelica to form the new Ica-Ayacucho-Huancavelica Region, as part of the decentralization process in Peru. The bill failed and Ayacucho remained an independent region.
The region is divided into 11 provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 111 districts (distritos, singular: distrito).
The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:
The Andes go across the Ayacucho Region
Statue of Antonio José de Sucre and obelisk near Qinua, Peru, commemorating the Battle of Ayacucho.
Hot springs in the region of Ayacucho.
Obelisk near Qinua, Peru, commemorating the Battle of Ayacucho.
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Barbados
Coordinates: 13°10′N 59°33′W / 13.167°N 59.55°W / 13.167; -59.55
Barbados (i/bɑrˈbeɪdɒs/ or /bɑrˈbeɪdoʊs/) is a sovereign island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is 34 kilometres (21 mi) in length and up to 23 kilometres (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres (104 mi) east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
Barbados was initially visited by the Spanish around the late 1400s to early 1500s and first appears on a Spanish map from 1511. The Spanish explorers may have plundered the island of whatever native peoples resided therein to become slaves. The Portuguese visited in 1536, but they too left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. The first English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1624. They took possession of it in the name of the British king James I. Two years later in 1627 the first permanent settlers arrived from England and it became an English and later British colony.
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Belize
Belizei/bəˈliːz/ (formerly British Honduras) is a country located on the north eastern coast of Central America and it is the only country in the area where English is the official language, although Kriol and Spanish are more commonly spoken. Belize is bordered to the north by Mexico, south and west by Guatemala, and to the east by the Caribbean Sea. Its mainland is about 290 kilometres (180 mi) long and 110 kilometres (68 mi) wide.
With 22,960 square kilometres (8,860 sq mi) of land and a population of only 333,200 inhabitants (2010 est.), Belize possesses the lowest population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 2.21% (2008 est.), however, is the highest in the region and one of the highest in the western hemisphere. Belize's abundance of terrestrial and marine species, and its diversity of ecosystems give it a key place within the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.
Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages and it is the only nation in the region with a British colonial heritage but as a part of the Western Caribbean Zone, it also shares a common heritage with the Caribbean portions of other Central American countries. In general, Belize is considered to be a Central American nation with strong ties to both the Caribbean and Latin America. Belize is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA).
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Cajamarca Region
Cajamarca is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cajamarca. It is located in the north part of the country and shares a border with Ecuador. It is located in the Andes Mountain Range, the longest mountain range in the world, and partly in the Amazon Rainforest, the largest in the world.
Judging by the archeological sites of Marcahuamachuco there was cultural refinement in the area Huamachuco and Cajabamba. After the conquest Wari established there one of his best administrative centers, Viracochapampa. Also the Incas established their regional capital in the modern city of Cajamarca. The Incas took that decision in 1465 to establish a new province in Cajamarca serve as a bridge to his later conquests and being Cajamarca one of the oldest cities in South America, that already existed, when the Spanish arrived in the Conquest to Peru
It is divided in thirteen provinces.
Province (Capital)
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Callao
Callao (/kɑːˈjaʊ/; Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈʎa.o] or [kaˈʝa.o]) is the largest and most important port in Peru. The city is coterminous with the Constitutional Province of Callao, the only province of the Callao Region. Callao is located west of Lima, the country's capital, and is part of the Lima Metropolitan Area, a large metropolis that holds almost one-third of Peru's population. Callao borders Lima Province on the north, east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Callao was founded by Spanish colonists in 1537, just two years after Lima (1535). It soon became the main port for Spanish commerce in the Pacific. The origin of its name is unknown; both Indian (particularly Yunga, or Coastal Peruvian) and Spanish sources are credited, but it is certain that it was known by that name since 1550.
At the height of the Viceroyalty, virtually all goods produced in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina were carried over the Andes by mule to Callao, to be shipped to Panama, carried overland, and then transported on to Spain via Cuba.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Cape Verde
Cape Verdei/ˌkeɪp ˈvɜrd/ (Portuguese: Cabo Verde, pronounced: [ˈkabu ˈveɾdɨ]), officially the Republic of Cape Verde, is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa. The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), are of volcanic origin and while three of them (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. However, because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the overall landscape is not particularly green.
The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap Vert, on the Senegalese coast, which in its turn was originally named "Cabo Verde" when it was sighted by Portuguese explorers in 1444, a few years before the islands were discovered (verde is Portuguese for "green").
The previously uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th Century, and became important in the Atlantic slave trade for their location. The islands' prosperity often attracted privateers and pirates, including Sir Francis Drake, a corsair (privateer) under the authority of the British crown, who twice sacked the (then) capital Ribeira Grande, in the 1580s. The islands were also visited by Charles Darwin's expedition in 1832. The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis for the islands. With few natural resources, and without strong sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontent with the colonial masters, who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy. This discontent festered and culminated in 1975, when a movement originally led by Amílcar Cabral who was assassinated on 20 January 1973 then passed onto his half-brother Luís Cabral, achieved independence for the archipelago.
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Chiclayo
Chiclayo (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈklaʝo]) is the capital city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru. It is located 13 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and 770 kilometers from the nation's capital, Lima. As of 2011, Chiclayo is the fourth most populous city in Peru with a population of 629,990 (comprising 6 contiguous urban districts: Chiclayo, José Leonardo Ortiz, La Victoria, Pomalca, Reque and Pimentel) and the third largest metropolitan area of Peru.
Founded by Spanish explorers as "Santa María de los Valles de Chiclayo" in the 16th century, it was declared a city on 15 April 1835 by president Felipe Santiago Salaverry. He named Chiclayo "the Heroic City" to recognize the courage of its citizens in the fight for independence, a title it still holds. Other nicknames for Chiclayo include "The Capital of Friendship" and the "Pearl of the North".
Currently, Chiclayo is one of the most important urban areas of Peru. It is now the country's fourth-largest city, after Lima, Arequipa, and Trujillo. The city has a population of 738,000, while the metropolitan area has a population of 972,713 (2009 - World-Gazetteer.com).
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Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] (
listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
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Chimbote
Chimbote [tʃimˈbote] ( listen) is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru, and the capital of both Santa Province and Chimbote District.
The city is located on the coast in Chimbote Bay, south of Trujillo and 420 kilometers (260 mi) north of Lima on the North Pan-American highway. It is the start of a chain of important cities like Trujillo, Chiclayo and Piura. The advantages of this geographic location made Chimbote into a transshipment junction for the Santa River valley.
In 1835, when General Santa Cruz granted Chimbote's first official acknowledgement, Chimbote was a village of fishermen with a population of no more than 800.
In 1871, an agreement was made with Henry Meiggs to build a railroad towards the interior of the country. Chimbote was classified as a port, even though its population remained around 1,000. The opening of the Pan-American Highway created easy access to Lima in the 1930s.
In 1940, Chimbote was still a small fishing port, with only 2,400 inhabitants in an urbanized area of 80 hectares (0.80 km2; 0.31 sq mi). In 1943, the government created the Corporación Peruana del Santa (Peruvian Corporation of Santa). This entity assumed ownership of the railroad, made improvements to the port, and began work on a hydroelectric power station on the Río Santa (in the Cañón del Pato [Duck Canyon] in Huallanca). The first stage of the power station was inaugurated in 1958; also that year, an iron and steel plant was built. By 1943, the first companies dedicated to the extraction of liver from the Pacific bonito fish arrived. This liver was sold for a high price abroad due to World War II.
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Chimú culture
The Chimú were the residents of Chimor, with its capital at the city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city in the Moche Valley of present-day Trujillo city. The culture arose about 900 AD. The Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui led a campaign which conquered the Chimú around 1470 AD.
This was just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Consequently, Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chimú culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Similarly, Archaeological evidence suggest Chimor grew out of the remnants of Moche culture; early Chimú pottery had some resemblance to that of the Moche. Their ceramics are all black, and their work in precious metals is very detailed and intricate.
The Chimú resided on the north coast of Peru: "It consists of a narrow strip of desert, 20 to 100 miles wide, between the Pacific and the western slopes of the Andes, crossed here and there by short rivers which start in the rainier mountains and provide a series of green and fertile oases." The valley plains are very flat and well-suited to irrigation, which is probably as old as agriculture here. Fishing was also very important and was almost considered as important as agriculture.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
Costa Rica, which means "Rich Coast", constitutionally abolished its army permanently in 1949. It is the only Latin American country included in the list of the world's 22 older democracies. Costa Rica has consistently been among the top Latin American countries in the Human Development Index (HDI), ranked 69th in the world in 2011. Also was cited by the UNDP in 2010 as one of the countries that have attained much higher human development than other countries at the same income levels, and in 2011 was highlighted by UNDP for being a good performer on environmental sustainability, and better record on human development and inequality than the median of their region. It was also the only country to meet all five criteria established to measure environmental sustainability. The country is ranked fifth in the world, and first among the Americas, in terms of the 2012 Environmental Performance Index.
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
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Cusco
Cusco ( /ˈkuːzkoʊ/), often spelled Cuzco (Spanish: Cuzco, IPA: [ˈkuθko] or [ˈkusko]; Quechua: Qusqu or Qosqo, IPA: [ˈqɔsqɔ]), is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region as well as the Cuzco Province. In 2007, the city had a population of 358,935 which was triple the figure of 20 years ago. Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cuzco, its elevation is around 3,400 m (11,200 ft).
Cusco was the site of the historic capital of the Inca Empire and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1983 by UNESCO. It is a major tourist destination and receives almost 2 million visitors a year. It is designated as the Historical Capital of Peru by the Constitution of Peru.
The aboriginal name of this city was Qusqu. Although it was used in Quechua, its origin has been found in the Aymara language. The word itself originated in the phrase qusqu wanka ('Rock of the owl'), attending to the foundational myth of the Ayar Siblings. According to this legend, Ayar Auca (Ayar Awqa) got wings and flew to the site of the future city and transformed into a rock to mark the possession of the land by his ayllu ('linage').
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Cuzco Region
Cusco (Quechua: Qusqu suyu also spelled Cuzco) is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north; the Madre de Dios and Puno regions on the east; the Arequipa Region on the south; and the Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín regions on the west. Its capital is the city of Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire.
The Pampa de Anta, a plateau, contains some of Anta Province, and Cusco's best communal cultivated lands. It is located at around 3000 meters above sea level, and is used to cultivate mainly high altitude crops such as potatoes, tarwi (edible lupine), barley and quinoa.
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Dominica
Dominica ( /ˌdɒmɪˈniːkə/ DOM-i-NEE-kə;French: Dominique; Kali‘na (Carib): Wai‘tu kubuli), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its size is 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of 1,447 metres (4,747 ft). The Commonwealth of Dominica had a population of 71,293 at the 2011 Census. The capital is Roseau.
Dominica has been nicknamed the "Nature Isle of the Caribbean" for its unspoiled natural beauty. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake. The island features lush mountainous rainforests, home of many rare plant, animal, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall can be expected inland. The Sisserou Parrot (also known as the Imperial Amazon), the island's national bird, is featured on the national flag. Dominica's economy is heavily dependent on tourism, agriculture and heavy taxation.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (i/dəˌmɪnɨkən rɨˈpʌblɪk/; Spanish: República Dominicana [reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana]) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with 48,442 square kilometres (18,704 sq mi) and an estimated 10 million people.
Taínos inhabited what is now the Dominican Republic since the 7th century. Christopher Columbus landed on it in 1492, and it became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, namely Santo Domingo, the country's capital and Spain's first capital in the New World. Santo Domingo can boast of many firsts in the Americas, including the first cathedral, and castle, both in the Ciudad Colonial area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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East Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ), commonly known as East Timori/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/ (Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e, Portuguese: Timor-Leste), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.
East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
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El Salvador
El Salvadori/ɛl ˈsælvədɔr/ (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the west, and the countries of Guatemala to the north and Honduras to the east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca, opposite Nicaragua. As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos.
The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar.
In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization. In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20 percent from the year 1992 to 2010. Making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
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Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (English pronunciation: /ˈfɒlklənd/ or English pronunciation: /ˈfɔːlklənd/; Spanish: Islas Malvinas) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located more than 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) east of the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 lesser islands. Stanley, the capital and only city, is on East Falkland. The islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory, with the United Kingdom responsible for their defence and foreign affairs.
Controversy exists over the Falklands' original discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times there have been French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain re-established its rule in 1833, yet the islands continue to be claimed by Argentina. In 1982, following Argentina's invasion of the islands, the two-month-long undeclared Falklands War between both countries resulted in the withdrawal of all Argentine forces. Despite its defeat, Argentina still pursues its claim; however, UK policy supports the islanders' self-determination to remain British citizens.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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French Guiana
French Guiana (French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations: Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) have a very low population density of less than 3 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi), with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital.
The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá, a state in far northern Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and comprise one large shield landmass.
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Grenada
Grenada (
i/ɡrɨˈneɪdə/) is an island country and Commonwealth realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" because of the production of nutmeg and mace crops of which Grenada is one of the world's largest exporters. Its size is 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), with an estimated population of 110,000. Its capital is St. George's. The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada Dove.
Grenada was first sighted by Europeans in 1498 during the third voyage of Christopher Columbus to the new world. At the time the indigenous Island Caribs (Kalinago) who lived there called it Camahogne. The Spaniards did not permanently settle on Camahogne. The English failed in their attempt at settlement in 1609.
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Guatemala
Guatemala (i/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ GWAH-tə-MAH-lə), officially the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km2 (42,043 mi2) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. The Mayas live in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the southern part of Mexico and northern parts of El Salvador.
Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821, joining the Mexican Empire. After it became an independent country in its own right, it was ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company. The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled in a 36-year-long civil war. Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, won the presidency.
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Guyana
Coordinates: 5°00′N 58°45′W / 5°N 58.75°W / 5; -58.75
Guyana (i/ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and (for over 200 years) the British. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and the only one on that continent where English is an official language.It is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island. It is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966, and became a republic on 23 February 1970. In 2008 the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.
Historically, the region known as "Guiana" or "Guyana" comprised the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "Land of many waters". Historical Guyana is made up of three Dutch colonies: Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice. Modern Guyana is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south and southwest by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean.
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Haiti
Haitii/ˈheɪti/ (French: Haïti [aiti]; Haitian Creole Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti; Repiblik Ayiti), is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful slave revolution lasting nearly a decade. In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the African Union. Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
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Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize. The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
Honduras was home to several important indigenous cultures, most notably the Maya. Much of the country was conquered by Spain who introduced its predominant language and many of its customs in the sixteenth century. It became independent in 1821 and has been a republic since the end of Spanish rule.
Its size is just over 112,492 km² with an estimated population of almost eight million. Its capital is Tegucigalpa. Its northern portions are part of the Western Caribbean Zone.
It is notable for its production of minerals, tropical fruit, and recently for exportation of clothing for the international market.
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Huallaga River
The Huallaga River is a tributary of the Marañón River, part of the Amazon Basin. Old names for this river include Guallaga and Rio de los Motilones. The Huallaga is born on the slopes of the Andes in central Peru and joins the Marañón before the latter reaches the Ucayali River to form the Amazon. Its main affluents are the Monzón, Mayo, Biabo, Abiseo and Tocache rivers. Coca is grown in most of those valleys, which are also exposed to periodic floods.
For nearly its entire length the Huallaga is an impetuous torrent running through a succession of gorges. It has forty-two rapids (pongos) and it crosses the Andes, forming the Pongo de Aguirre gorge. From this point, 140 miles (230 km) from the Amazon, the Huallaga can be ascended by larger river boats (lanchas) to the port city of Yurimaguas, Loreto.
The Huallaga is divided in two, before and after it passes the city of Juanjuí: the Alto Huallaga (Upper Huallaga) and the Bajo Huallaga (Lower Huallaga), because the terrain changes from the slopes of the Andes to the swamps of the Amazon Rainforest. Between the Huallaga and the Ucayali lies the famous "Pampa del Sacramento," a level region of stoneless alluvial lands covered with thick, dark forests, first entered by Christian missionaries in 1726. It is about 300 miles (480 km) long, from north to south, and varies in width from 40 to 100 kilometers. Many streams, navigable for canoes, penetrate this region from the Ucayali and the Huallaga. In addition to peasants, it is still occupied by many indigenous communities, such as the Cocama-Cocamilla.
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Huancavelica Region
Huancavelica is a region in Peru. Area: 22,131.47 km². Population: 454,797 (2007 census). The capital is the city of Huancavelica.
It is bordered by Lima Region and Ica in the west, Junín in the north, and Ayacucho in the east.
The region is divided in seven provinces.
Province (Capital)
There are many little districts like Querco in Huancavelica. Querco is a nice little town. Most of the residents are agricultors. They own cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, mules, llamas, goats, chickens, and donkeys.
The region is connected with the neighbording regions by national roads, which are paved in most cases. There are regional and local roads that serving the towns of the regions. The capital city Huancavelica has a train service with the city of Huancayo.
The Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica located in the capital city of Huancavelica is the only one university in the region and it has branches in the towns of Pampas, Lircay, Acobamba and Castrovirreyna.
The region has two hospitals located in Huancavelica and Pampas. There are clinics and medical post in most of the towns.
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Huancayo
Huancayo (Spanish pronunciation: [waŋˈkaʝo]; in Wanka Quechua: Wankayuq [wɐŋˈkæjuː], '(place) with a (sacred) rock') is the capital of the Junín Region, in the central highlands of Peru.
It is located in Huancayo Province, of which it is also capital. Situated in the Mantaro Valley at an altitude of 3,271 meters, it belongs to the Quechua region. Depending on delimitation, the agglomeration has a population between 340,000 and 380,000 and is the fifth most populous city of the country. Huancayo is the cultural and commercial center of the whole central Peruvian Andes area.
The area was originally inhabited by the Huancas. At around 500 BC, they were incorporated into the Wari Empire. Despite efforts to defend its independence, the Huancas were eventually subdued by the Inca leader Pachacutec in 1460 and the region was incorporated into the Inca empire. It subsequently became a notable stopping point along the Inca Camino Real.
After the Spanish colonization (1534), Huancayo was overshadowed by Jauja, 18 km to the north, which the conquistador Francisco Pizarro established as a provisional capital of Peru until Lima took over that role. In 1570, the viceroy Francisco de Toledo established the site as the center of his encomienda Guancayo. The town was officially established on June 1st, 1572 with the title of Santísima Trinidad de Huancayo. In 1813, Huancayo celebrated the promulgation of the Constitution of Cadiz, changing the name of the "Plaza del Comercio" to "Plaza de la Constitución".
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Huánuco Region
Huánuco is a region in central Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto and Ucayali regions on the north; the Ucayali Region on the east; the Pasco Region on the south; and the Lima and Ancash regions on the west. Its capital is the city of Huánuco.
Huánuco has a rough topography comprising parts of the Sierra and the High Jungle (mountain rim) regions. Being equidistant from the north and the south of the country, it has the privilege of having a mild weather with an average annual temperature of 20°C (68°F).
This region is important for its geographical location, history, and for the richness of its land, where the presence of man goes back to ancient times. El Hombre de Lauricocha (Man of Lauricocha) is among the most distinctive examples, dating from 10,000 BC, as well as Kotosh, where vestiges of the oldest settlement in the Americas (4200 BC) took place.
Several ethnic groups inhabited this region. However, after a severe resistance, they started to incorporate as part of the Inca empire. Huánuco then became part of the Cusco-Cajamarca-Cusco route.
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Ica Region
Ica is a region in Peru. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the west; the Lima Region on the north; the Huancavelica and Ayacucho regions on the east; and the Arequipa Region on the south. Its capital is the city of Ica.
The Ica Region has a remarkable geography. It is the only region of the southern coast formed by plains, also called coast plains, since the Andean Cordillera rise up inland. Some geological folds have determined the formation of dunes moving toward the sea, which form much of the Paracas Peninsula. Some isolated formations located at the southern part created the Marcona complex, with the biggest deposits of iron in the Pacific coast.
Ica's configuration is due to the geomorphology of its two big and unique fluvial watersheds: the Pasco and Ica rivers. Also, it has a waterway called the Rio Grande, although its waters do not reach the ocean. Some waters are diverted for irrigation and agriculture in the provinces of Pampa, Nazca and Ingenio; the Rio Grande's final riverbed is dry since sand and dried lands absorb its limited resources. There are extensive deserts in Ica, such as the Lancha Pampas. Pozo Santo and Villacuri pampas are extremely hot areas. Strong and persistent winds called paracas are present and stir up large sandstorms.
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Iquitos
Iquitos (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈkitos]) is the largest city in the Peruvian rainforest, with a population of 406,340. It is the capital of Loreto Region and Maynas Province.
Located on the Amazon River, it is only 106 m (348 ft) above sea level, although it is more than 3,000 km (1,864 mi) from the mouth of the Amazon at Belém (Brazil) on the Atlantic Ocean. It is situated 125 km (78 mi) downstream of the confluence of the Ucayali and Marañón rivers, the two main headwaters of the Amazon River. Iquitos has long been a major port in the Amazon Basin. It is surrounded by three rivers: the Nanay, the Itaya, and the Amazon.
The city can be reached only by airplane or boat, with the exception of a road to Nauta, a small town roughly 100 km (62 mi) south. It is the largest city in the world which cannot be reached by road. Ocean vessels of 3,000 tons or 9,000 tons and 5.5 metres (18 ft) draft can reach Iquitos from the Atlantic ocean, 3600 km away.
Most travel within the city is via bus, motorcycle, or the ubiquitous auto rickshaw (mototaxi, motocarro or motokar), which is essentially a modified motorcycle with a cabin behind supported by two wheels, seating three. Transportation to nearby towns often requires a river trip via peque-peque, a small public motorized boat.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jamaica
Coordinates: 18°10′57″N 77°19′18″W / 18.1823878°N 77.3217773°W / 18.1823878; -77.3217773
Jamaica (i/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name "Jamaica". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica.Kingston is the country's largest city and the capital.
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Junín Region
Junín is a region in the central highlands and westernmost Amazonia of Peru. Its capital is Huancayo.
The region has a very heterogeneous topography. The western cordillera located near the border with the Lima Region, has snowy and ice covered peaks. On the east, there are high glacier valleys which end up in high plateaus (Altiplano). Among them is the Junín Plateau that is located between the cities of La Oroya and Cerro de Pasco.
The Mantaro Valley becomes wider before Jauja up to the limit with the Huancavelica Region. This area concentrates a large share of the region's population. Towards the east, near the jungle, there is an abundance of narrow and deep canyons, with highly inclined hillsides, covered by woods under low-lying clouds.
The Huaytapallana Cordillera is located in the south central area of the region. This cordillera holds a great fault which is the reason earthquakes happen in the area. The upper jungle, with valleys of great length, modelled by the Tulumayo, Paucartambo, Perené and Ene rivers, is located on the eastern side of the region.
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La Libertad Region
La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. Formerly it was known as the 'Department of La Libertad" (Department of La Libertad), a political division that generally corresponds to a state in the United States of America. It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north, the San Martín Region on the east, the Ancash and Huánuco regions on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is Trujillo, which is the nation's third biggest city. The region's main port is Salaverry, one of Peru's largest ports an adjunct of Trujillo,. The name of the region is Spanish for freedom or liberty.
During the viceroyalty of Peru the La Libertad region area with existing Lambayeque, Piura and Tumbes in Peru along with the capital of Guayas, Guayaquil and El Oro in Ecuador all was called the Intendencia de Trujillo for being the domain of the city of Trujillo, then was called Departamento de Trujillo and finally after joining the emancipation cause, and be the first to get its independence from Spain, and demonstrate their gallant and patriotic spirit, in 1825 congress of peruvian republic changed the name to Departmento de la Libertad. Now in the process of descentralization all departments in Peru are called regions.
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Lambayeque Region
Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru known for its rich Moche and Chimú historical past. The region's name originates from the ancient pre-Inca civilization of the Lambayeque.
The name Lambayeque is a Spanish derivation of the god Yampellec, said to have been worshipped by the first Lambayeque king, Naymlap. The Spanish gave the name to the early people.
The territory of the Lambayeque Region is made up of wide plains irrigated by rivers from the Andes; in most of the arid area, irrigation is needed to support any farming. The fertile river valleys produce half of the sugar cane crop of Peru. In addition, Lambayeque and the Piura Region provide most of the rice crops consumed in Peru.
Increased agricultural harvest is expected with completion of the Olmos Transandino Project. The water supply project will transfer up to 2 billion m3 annually of water from the Huancabamba River in the Cajamarca Region east of Lambayeque.
In the smaller scale farming of earlier centuries, the Olmos Carob Tree Forest supported goat herds that fed on carobs. The fine goatskins were tanned to create the fine, pale, leather known as "cordoban" or "cordovan", from the Spanish town of Córdoba, where the process was developed. Goat fat was used to make soap.
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Latin Union
The Latin Union is an international organization of nations that use Romance languages, with the aim of protecting, projecting, and promoting the common cultural heritage and unifying identities of the Latin, and Latin-influenced, world. It was created in 1954 in Madrid, Spain, and has existed as a functional institution since 1983. Its membership has risen from 12 to 36 states, including countries in Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region.
The official names of the Latin Union are: Unió Llatina in Catalan, Union latine in French, Unione Latina in Italian, União Latina in Portuguese, Uniunea Latină in Romanian, and Unión Latina in Spanish.
According to the Latin Union's website, membership is open to any nation that meets the following criteria:
The official languages of the Latin Union are Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan. Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian are used as working languages. All the texts of general diffusion are translated into these four languages, with some also going into Romanian and Catalan.
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Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international ranking.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
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Lima Province
Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions. Its capital is Lima, which is also the nation's capital.
Despite its small area, this province is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Peruvian economy. It concentrates almost one-third of country's population and much of its GDP.
The province was created in 1821 as Peru's territory was divided into departments, provinces, districts and parishes. The province was part of the Lima Department, which was formed by the territories of present day Lima, Callao and Ica regions, and the provinces of Casma, Huarmey and Santa, which later would be part of the La Costa Department.
The department was further subdivided as time passed but the Lima Province kept being part of it. Due to the massive migration from other areas of the country, the need to separate the province from the rest of the department was forecast by experts.
In 2002, the new regionalization law passed by President Alejandro Toledo made the Lima Province a separate entity from the rest of the newly created Lima Region.
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Lima Region
Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions of Peru. Located in the central coast of the country, its regional seat (capital city) is Huacho. Lima Province, which contains the city of Lima, the country's capital, is located on the western part of the Lima Region. However, this province is autonomous and not under the jurisdiction of the Regional Government.
The region is bordered by the Ancash Region on the north, the Huánuco Region, Pasco Region and Junín Region on the east, the Huancavelica Region on the southeast, the Ica Region on the south, and the Pacific Ocean and the Lima Province on the west.
The region has a coastal and an Andean zone, and has a great diversity of natural regions: the Costa or Chala (0 to 500 meters above sea level) up to the Janca or Cordillera (over 4800 meters). The predominating regions are the Yunga (500 to 2300 meters above sea level) and Quechua (2300 to 3500 meters).
The Lomas de Lachay, a unique mist-fed eco-system of wild plant and animal species, is a natural reserve located in the region.
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Lima Stock Exchange
The Bolsa de Valores de Lima (BVL) is the stock exchange of Peru, situated in the capital Lima. It has several indices. The IGBVL (Indice General Bolsa de Valores) is a value-weighted index that tracks the performance of the largest and most actively traded stocks on the Lima Exchange..
Other indices are ISBVL (Indice Selectivo Bolsa de Valores) and ISP-15 (Indice Selectivo Peru-15).
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Loreto Region
Loreto is Peru's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely populated ones, due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest. Its capital is the city of Iquitos.
Loreto's large territory comprises parts of the High and Low Jungle, and all of its surface is covered with thick vegetation.
This territory has wide river flood plains, which are covered with rainwater and usually are swamped in summer. In these flood areas there are elevated sectors called restingas, which always remain above water, even in times of the greatest swellings. There are numerous lagoons known as cochas and tipishcas, surrounded by marshy areas with abundant grass vegetation.
Numerous rivers cross Loreto's territory, all of which are part of the Amazonian Hydrographical System. Most of them are navigable. The main river crossing the region is the Amazon, one of the world's most important rivers. Its numerous curves are always changing and sometimes make for a difficult journey. The width between banks of the Amazon sometimes measures a staggering 4 km. The Yavari River runs from Peru to Brazil, the Putumayo River serves as part of the border with Colombia, and the Ucayali and Marañón rivers penetrate Loreto after going through the Pongo de Manseriche.
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Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmatʃu ˈpitʃu], Quechua: Machu Pikchu [ˈmɑtʃu ˈpixtʃu], "Old Peak") is a pre-Columbian 15th-century Inca site located 2,430 metres (7,970 ft) above sea level. Machu Picchu is located in the Cusco Region of Peru, South America. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cusco and through which the Urubamba River flows. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas", it is perhaps the most familiar icon of the Inca World.
The Incas started building the "estate" around 1400, but abandoned it as an official site for the Inca rulers a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Although known locally, it was unknown to the outside world before being brought to international attention in 1911 by the American historian Hiram Bingham. Since then, Machu Picchu has become an important tourist attraction. Most of the outlying buildings have been reconstructed in order to give tourists a better idea of what the structures originally looked like. By 1976, thirty percent of Machu Picchu had been restored. The restoration work continues to this day.
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Madre de Dios Region
Madre de Dios is a region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco and Ucayali. Its capital is the city of Puerto Maldonado. The name of the region is a very common Spanish language designation for the Virgin Mary, literally meaning Mother of God.
The region is almost entirely low-lying Amazonian rainforest. The climate is warm and damp, with average temperatures around 26 °C (79 °F) [max.: 34 °C (93 °F), min.: 21 °C (70 °F)]. The rainy season is from December to March, when torrential rainfall causes rivers to swell and often burst their banks. Annual precipitation can be as much as 3 metres (9.8 ft).
The North-Western boundary with the Cusco Region is known as the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald, a series of small and low mountains that separate the Madre de Dios River and the Urubamba/Ucayali River basins.
Notable rivers in the Madre de Dios River watershed are:
Due to the vast size of the area and its low population density, rivers provide the best way of getting from one town to another. Human activity is invariably confined to riverbanks. A number of explorers have searched for the lost city of Paititi in the jungle within the region, although a new road is quickly changing that.
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Mercosur
Mercosur or Mercosul (Spanish: Mercado Común del Sur, Portuguese: Mercado Comum do Sul, Guarani: Ñemby Ñemuha, English: Common Southern Market) is an economic and political agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Founded in 1991 by the Treaty of Asunción, which was later amended and updated by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro Preto. Its purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency. The official languages are Portuguese, Guaraní, and Spanish. It has been updated, amended, and changed many times since. It is now a full customs union. Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations are customs unions that are components of a continuing process of South American integration connected to the Union of South American Nations.
Mercosur origins trace back to 1985 when Presidents Raúl Alfonsín of Argentina and José Sarney of Brazil signed the Argentina-Brazil Integration and Economics Cooperation Program or PICE (Portuguese: Programa de Integração e Cooperação Econômica Argentina-Brasil, Spanish: Programa de Integración y Cooperación Económica Argentina-Brasil). The program also proposed the Gaucho as a currency for regional trade.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Monaco
Monacoi/ˈmɒnəkoʊ/, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu; Italian: Principato di Monaco; Occitan: Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city state, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. Bordered by France on three sides, with one side bordering the Mediterranean Sea, its center is about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Italy, and is only 15 km (9.3 mi) north east of Nice, France. It has an area of 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi), and a population of 35,986, making Monaco the second smallest and the most densely populated country in the world. Monaco has a land border of only 4.4 km (2.7 mi), a coastline of 4.1 km (2.5 mi), and a width that varies between 1.7 km (1.1 mi) and 349 metres (382 yards). The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires district, which is 161 metres (528 feet) above sea level. Monaco's most populated Quartier is Monte Carlo, and the most populated Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins. After a recent expansion of Port Hercules, Monaco's total area is 2.05 km2 (0.79 sq mi), with new plans to extend the district of Fontvieille, with land reclaimed from the Mediterranean Sea.
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Moquegua Region
Moquegua is a small department in southern Peru that extends from the coast to the highlands. The region's name is of Quechua origin and means "quiet place". The regional capital is the city of Moquegua, but the port city of Ilo is more commercially active.
The region's volcanoes and its geomorphology make its geography remarkable. It is formed by upstream portion of the Tambo River, one of the most torrential coastal rivers, which forms deep valleys that can be divided into three sectors, the first one being in the northwest, forming the Puquina-La Capilla sector. These are veritable oasis enclaved in the rocks; arid hillsides and some terraces where horticulture is possible. High quality alfalfa as well as fruits, especially grapes, are produced here, due to a good climate and a rich soil. The second sector is the valley of Omate, one of the most populated and fertile soils of the department. The Ubinas Volcano, Peru's most active volcano, is located nearby. In the hillsides, the land is fertile in contrast with the desolation and sterility of its highlands. In the southern part of the Tambo River is located the town of Carumas, which along with Puquina and Omate, are the vital centers of this geography. The Moquegua River is a short run one and is formed by its tributaries: the Torata, Huaracane and Tumilaca rivers. After passing through the regional capital, it digs deep into a canyon called the Osmare.
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Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Portuguese: Moçambique or República de Moçambique, pronounced: [ʁɛˈpublikɐ di musɐ̃ˈbiki]), is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. The capital city is Maputo, formerly known as Lourenço Marques.
Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west. Swahili, and later also Arab, commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans. The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonized by Portugal in 1505. Mozambique became independent in 1975, and became the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. It was the scene of an intense civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992.
Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources. The country's economy is based largely on agriculture, but with industry, mainly food and beverages, chemical manufacturing, aluminium and petroleum production, is growing fast. The country's tourism sector is also growing. South Africa is Mozambique's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment. Portugal, Spain, and Belgium are also among the country's most important partners. Since 2001 Mozambique is one of the world's top ten for annual average GDP growth. However, Mozambique still has one of the lowest GDP per capita, one of the worst human development index and one of the highest inequality in the world, as well as having the world's lowest life expectancy.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua (i/ˌnɪkəˈrɑːɡwə/ nik-ə-RAH-gwə), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: República de Nicaragua [reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa] ( listen)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's physical geography divides it into three major zones: Pacific lowlands; wet, cooler central highlands; and the Caribbean lowlands. On the Pacific side of the country are the two largest fresh water lakes in Central America—Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along the rift valley of the Gulf of Fonseca are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by ash from nearby volcanoes of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Panama
Panama (i/ˈpænəmɑː/ PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia.When Gran Colombia the dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia.
With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (i/ˈpɛərəɡwaɪ/, PAIR-ə-gwy), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai], Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner, who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships. In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur.
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Pasco Region
Pasco is a region in central Peru. Its capital is Cerro de Pasco.
The region is divided into 3 provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 28 districts (distritos, singular: distrito).
The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:
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Peru
Perui/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Piura
Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province. The population is 377,496.
It was here that Spanish Conqueror Francisco Pizarro founded the third Spanish city in South America and first in Peru, San Miguel de Piura, in July 1532. Piura declared its independence on 4 January 1821.
Like most of northern Peru, the territory of Piura has been inhabited by their autochthonous group of natives called tallanes and yungas. These lived without an organization or single leader to rule until the Muchik culture eventually took control, and the mixture of these evolved into the Vicús culture. Centuries later, Piura came under the rule of Tupac Inca Yupanqui for at least 40 years, and before the Spanish arrived.
With the arrival of the Spanish in 1532, the current mestizo and creole cultures of Piura were born. This mestizo culture includes influences from Spanish Extremadura and Andalucia, African influence due to the arrival of slaves from Madagascar (Malgache slaves), the Chinese coolies that migrated from Canton to work the rice fields and replace the slaves; and also Roma Gypsies who came as pirates looking for pearls or incognito as Spanish horsemen.
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Piura Region
Piura is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. The region's capital is Piura and its largest port cities, Paita and Talara, are also among the most important in Peru. The area is known for its warm tropical and dry or semi-tropical beaches.
The country's latest decentralization program is in hiatus after the proposal to merge departments was defeated in the national referendum in October 2005. The referendum held on October 30, 2005, as part of the ongoing decentralization process in Peru, to decide whether the region would merge with the current regions of Lambayeque and Tumbes to create a new Región Norte was defeated.
The Piura Region is bordered to the north by the Tumbes Region and Ecuador, to the east by Cajamarca Region, to the south by the Lambayeque Region, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. "Punta Pariñas" in Piura is South America's most western point.
The territory of the Piura Region has many climate variations due to its geographical location. It is just 4 degrees south of the equator, yet receives two ocean currents at the same time: the cold Humboldt Current (13-20 °C 55-68 F) and the warm El Niño Current (20-27 °C, 68-80 F). This makes the Piura Region a land that is both tropical and arid at the same time, The Land where the Tropics meets The Desert
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Puno Region
Puno is a region in southeastern Peru. It is bordered by Bolivia on the east, the Madre de Dios Region on the north, the Cusco and Arequipa regions on the west, the Moquegua Region on the southwest, and the Tacna Region on the south. Its capital is the city of Puno, which is located on Lake Titicaca in the geographical region known as the Altiplano or high sierra.
Puno was the territory of the Tiahuanacos (800 A.D. – 1200 A.D.) who were the highest cultural expression of the Aymara people that established themselves in what is today Peru and Bolivia. The Incas took over these lands in the fifteenth century, and the Spanish, attracted by the mining industry developed there, left an important Colonial legacy throughout the entire area.
Today, the city of Puno (3,287 masl), which lies on the shores of Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world, is the folklore capital of Peru and the site of the Feast of the Virgen de la Candelaria. In the outskirts, you can visit the spectacular Chullpas de Sillustani, a complex of impressive burial towers built by the Kollas, Juli, famous for its beautiful Colonial churches, Lampa with its vice royal church built between 1675 and 1685, Llachón, a community that still maintains its centuries old customs and cultural expressions, and Pucará, known for its pre-Inca pottery and for the "toritos de Pucará" that the artisans of today create from clay.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Saint Lucia
Saint Luciai/seɪnt ˈluːʃə/ (French: Sainte-Lucie) is a sovereign island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 (238.23 sq mi) and has a population of 174,000 (2010). Its capital is Castries. Two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis, an economist, and Derek Walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after the Faroe Islands.
One of the Windward Islands, it was named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse by the French, the first European colonizers. They signed a treaty with the native Carib people in 1660. England took control of the island from 1663 to 1667; in ensuing years, it was at war with France 14 times and rule of the island changed frequently (it was seven times each ruled by the French and British). In 1814, the British took definitive control of the island. Because it switched so often between British and French control, Saint Lucia was also known as the "Helen of the West Indies".
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San Marino
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino (i/sæn məˈriːnoʊ/ san-mə-REE-noh; Italian: Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a state situated on the Italian Peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi) with an estimated population of over 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
San Marino is the oldest surviving sovereign state and constitutional republic in the world, as the continuation of the monastic community founded on 3 September 301, by stonecutter Marinus of Rab. Legend has it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony of Arba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued a decree calling for the reconstruction of the city walls of Rimini, which had been destroyed by Liburnian pirates.
The constitution of San Marino, enacted in 1600, is the world's oldest constitution still in effect. The country's economy mainly relies on finance, industry, services and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP (per capita), with a figure comparable to some of the more developed Italian regions, such as Lombardy and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. San Marino is considered to have a highly stable economy, with one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt and a budget surplus.
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San Martín Region
San Martín is a region in northern Peru. Most of the region is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Its capital is Moyobamba and the largest city in the region is Tarapoto.
The territory of San Martín can be divided into four morphological zones:
The Huallaga River is one of the most important rivers in the region. It forms, together with its tributaries a hydrographical system which drains all of the region's territory. The Pongo de Aguirre is an important canyon formed by the Huallaga going through the Andean hills.
Tupac Yupanqui entered and subdued the Inca dominion, the province of Moyobamba, known back then by its native name, Muyupampa. In 1539, Spaniard Alonso de Alvarado reached the Mayo River and founded a city he named Santiago de los Valles de Moyobamba, which later became the capital of Maynas. Another important personality was Priest Manuel Sobreviela who, between 1787 and 1790, accomplished traveling across the Huallaga River and subsequently published a map named "Planning for the course of the Huallaga and Ucayali Rivers and for the Pampa del Sacramento".
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Senegal
Senegali/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio Español) comprised territories and colonies administered by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was one of the first global empires. At the time of Habsburgs, Spain reached the peak of its political and economic power when it became the foremost global power. Its establishment in the 15th century ushered in the modern global era and five centuries of European dominance of global affairs. Spain's territorial reach beyond Europe spanned six centuries, from the first voyages to the Americas in 1492 until the independence of its last African colonies in the 1970s.
After the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479), Spain had emerged with a personally unified monarchy, with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs or los Reyes Catolicos between the Queen of Castile and the King of Aragon: the internal and foreign policy was coordinated although the rule was separate. In 1492, the Spanish monarchs completed the Reconquista with the incorporation of Granada to the Kingdom of Castile. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the Discovery of America and Europe's eventual colonial engagement in the New World. The Americas thereby became the focus of Spanish exploration and colonization.
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Suriname
Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname (Dutch: Republiek Suriname, Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrepyˈblik ˌsyriˈnaːmə]), is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Suriname was first colonized by the British, and captured by the Dutch in 1667, who governed it as the colony of Suriname until 1954. The country of Suriname achieved independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles, and the Netherlands itself cooperated on a basis of equality since 1954, on 25 November 1975.
At just under 165,000 km2 (64,000 sq mi) Suriname is the smallest sovereign state in South America (French Guiana comprises less territory, but is French territory). It has an estimated population of approximately 560,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, where the capital Paramaribo is located.
The name Suriname may derive from a Taino (Arawak-speaking) group called "Surinen" who first inhabited the region prior to European arrival.
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Tacna Region
Tacna is the southernmost region in Peru. Its name originates from the Quechua words taka ("hit") and na ("something to do"), which would mean "a place to hit". This expression is thought to be related to the Quechua conquest of the Aymara people. Its capital is the city of Tacna.
Present-day Tacna Region was occupied by forces from neighboring Chile as a result of the War of the Pacific. Tacna was reincorporated into Peruvian sovereignty in 1929 and today it is known for being one of the most patriotic areas in the country.
The Tacna Region is bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Moquegua Region on the north, the Puno Region on the northeast, the Bolivian La Paz Department on the east, and the Arica-Parinacota Region of Chile on the south. The border between the Tacna Region and Chile is known as La Línea de la Concordia.
The region is located below the Titicaca plateau, and has a diverse geography, including volcanoes, deserts and mountainous zones, from which arise rivers that go over the punas and the plateaus, thus forming the hydrographical system of this zone. The region is small in size, but has a great mining and agriculture potential. It has various climates and a diverse production.
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Tarapacá Region
The I Tarapacá Region (Spanish: I Región de Tarapacá) is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It borders the Chilean Arica and Parinacota Region to the north, Bolivia's Oruro Department on the east, the Antofagasta Region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The port city of Iquique (2002 pop. 216,419) is the region's capital.
Much of the region was once a Peruvian province, which was annexed by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific. The region was important economically as a site of intense saltpeper mining, before synthetic nitrate manufacturing became possible. A number of abandoned mining towns can still be found in the region.
The present day Tarapacá Region was created in 2007 by subdividing the former Tarapacá Region under Law 20.175, which was signed by President Michelle Bachelet in Arica.
The government of the region resides in the intendant, who is assigned by the president. Each of the region's two provinces are further subdivided into communes.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamasi/bəˈhɑːməz/, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its land area is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), with a population of 353,658. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands; the designation of Bahamas refers normally to the Commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 to 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
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Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (i/ˌtrɪnɨdæd/ & /tɵˈbeɪɡoʊ/) officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
The country covers an area 5,128 square kilometres (1,980 sq mi) and consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous smaller landforms. Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the main islands, comprising about 94% of the total area and 96% of the total population of the country. The nation lies outside the hurricane belt.
The island of Trinidad was a Spanish colony from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 to the capitulation of the Spanish Governor, Don José Maria Chacón, on the arrival of a British fleet of 18 warships on 18 February 1797. During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands between Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers. Trinidad and Tobago was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. The country obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago's economy is primarily industrial, with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals.
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Tumbes Region
Tumbes is a coastal region in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador. Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate, with beaches that are considered among the finest in Peru. Despite its small area, the region contains a wide variety of ecosystems.
The name "Tumbes" originates from either Tumpis, a group of native peoples from the area, the word tumbos, a species of Passiflora that used to abound in the area, or the name of the Tumba cacique, whose son founded and populated the area.
The Tumbes Region is bordered by the Ecuadorian provinces of El Oro and Loja on the east; Peru's Piura Region on the south; and by the Pacific Ocean on the north and west.
Morphologically, four zones can be defined in the region: the delta of the Tumbes and Zarumilla rivers; an alluvial plain north of the Tumbes River, with dry, low-depth ravines; ancient terraces that have been strongly eroded in the Máncora area; and the Amotape mountain range in the east and south, ending at El Barco Mountain. The delta of the Tumbes river is shallow, and when the tide is low, little sandy keys show up, which get covered by mangrove vegetation. Despite its small area— it is the second-smallest region in Peru— Tumbes has a great variety of ecosystems: mangroves, dry forests, the only coastal tropical forests in Peru, and a rich and warm sea. Around 50% of the region's territory is covered by three protected natural areas: the Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary (which is part of the Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves), the Cerros de Amotape National Park and the Tumbes Reserved Zone.
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Ucayali Region
Ucayali is an inland region in Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, its name is derived from the Ucayali River. The regional capital is the city of Pucallpa.
The Ucayali Region is bordered by the Brazilian state of Acre on the east; the region of Madre de Dios on the southeast; Cusco on the south; Junín, Pasco and Huánuco on the west; and Loreto on the north.
According to the 1993 Census, the Ucayali Region has a population of 314,810 inhabitants, 52.4% of which (164,826) are male and 47.6% (149,984) are female.
As of 2002[update], the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática esimates the region's population to be 468,922.
Spanish is spoken at home by 86.5% of the population; while 2.3% speak Quechua and 0.5% speak Aymara. Other indigenous languages, including the Shipibo, are spoken by 9.7% of the population and 0.2% speak foreign languages.
Persons originating from other regions of the country make up 34.7% of the population and 0.2% of residents were born abroad.
The largest immigrant groups come from the Loreto Region (12.5% of the total population).
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Urubamba River
The Urubamba River (Río Urubamba) is a river in Peru. A partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River, it rises in the Andes to the south-east of Cuzco near the Puno Region border, where it is called the Vilcanota River (Rio Vilcanota). In the Sacred Valley, between Písac and Ollantaytambo, it is also called the Wilcamayu (sacred river). It flows north-north-west for 724 kilometers before coalescing with the lower Apurímac River to form the Ucayali River.
The Urubamba is divided into Upper Urubamba and Lower Urubamba, the dividing feature being the Pongo de Mainique, an infamous whitewater canyon.
John Walter Gregory, the British geologist, drowned in the river on June 2, 1932 while on a geological expedition to the Andes.
The Upper Urubamba (Alto Urubamba) valley features a high population and extensive irrigation works. A number of ruins of the Inca Empire lie in the valley, including the Incan city of Machu Picchu.
The Lower Urubamba (Bajo Urubamba) is relatively undeveloped and features a significant indigenous population consisting of the Campa tribes, principally the Machiguenga (Matsigenka) and Ashaninka. The economy is based on forestry and the nearby Camisea Gas Project. The main settlement in the region is the town of Sepahua. The lower Urubamba River was mapped for the first time in 1934 by Edward Kellog Strong III. He and two friends from Palo Alto, California, Art Post and Gain Allan John, navigated the river with its ferocious rapids by canoe and balsa rafts provided by the indigenous people along the banks. The mapping was done at the request of the Peruvian military when they heard of the expedition planned by the three 18 year olds. It was turned over to the military when the boys arrived in Iquitos. It was the only map of the river until it was mapped by satellite many years later. The names and places on the latest map came from the original map drawn by Edward Strong.
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Uruguay
Uruguayi/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay pronounced: [re̞ˈpuβ̞lika o̞ɾje̞n̪ˈt̪al̪ d̪e̞l uɾuˈɰwai̯]) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.3 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European ancestry.
Except for the recent union of Timoteo Domínguez Island and Argentina's Martín García Island, Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River and the estuary of the Río de la Plata to the southwest. To the southeast lies the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), Uruguay is the second-smallest nation in South America by area, after Suriname.
Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, was founded by the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Uruguay won its independence in 1811–28 following a three-way struggle between the claims of Spain, Argentina and Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, with a president who is both the head of state and the head of government.
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Venezuela
Venezuela (i/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori (Spanish: [alˈβerto fuxiˈmoɾi], Fujimori Ken'ya (藤森 謙也?); born 28 July 1938) served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism (Sendero Luminoso) in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of authoritarianism and human rights violations. Even amidst his 2008 prosecution for crimes against humanity relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.
A Peruvian of Japanese descent, Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000 amidst a corruption scandal, where he attempted to resign his presidency. His resignation was rejected by the Congress of the Republic, which preferred to remove him from office by the process of impeachment. Wanted in Peru on charges of corruption and human rights abuses, Fujimori maintained a self-imposed exile until his arrest during a visit to Chile in November 2005. He was finally extradited to face criminal charges in Peru in September 2007.
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Alejandro Toledo
Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946) is a politician who was President of Peru, from 2001 to 2006. He was elected in April 2001, defeating former President Alan García. Toledo came to international prominence after leading the opposition against President Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000.
Born into a family of indigenous campesinos (peasants) of Quechua heritage and living in extreme poverty, he was one of sixteen brothers and sisters. He was born in the village of Ferrer, Bolognesi, but registered in the nearby town of Cabana, Pallasca Province, Ancash Department. He grew up in Chimbote, a city on Peru's northern coast, where from the age of six, he worked shining shoes and selling newspapers and lottery tickets.
After a childhood filled with multiple jobs and living in impovershed conditions, Toledo eventually found employment as a news correspondent for La Prensa in Chimbote, where he interviewed several high-ranking politicians. At age 20, with guidance from members of the Peace Corps, Toledo enrolled at the University of San Francisco on a one-year scholarship. He completed the BA program in economics and business administration at USF by obtaining a partial soccer scholarship and working part-time pumping gas. He later attended Stanford University, earning a master's in Economics and the Economics of Human Resources, he then earned a PhD in the Economics of Human Resources in 1993 at the Stanford University School of Education.
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Asian Latin American
Asian Latin Americans are Latin Americans of East Asian, Southeast Asian or South Asian descent. Asian Latin Americans have a centuries-long history in the region, starting with Filipinos in the 16th century. The heyday of Asian immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, however. There are currently more than four million Asian Latin Americans, nearly 1% of Latin America's population. Chinese and Japanese are the group's largest ancestries; other major ones include Filipinos, Koreans, and Indians. Brazil is home to the largest population of Asian Latin Americans, at some 1.5 million. The highest ratio of any country in the region is 5%, in Peru. There has been notable emigration from these communities in recent decades, so that there are now hundreds of thousands of people of Asian Latin American origin in both Japan and the United States.
The first Asian Latin Americans were Filipinos who made their way to Latin America (particularly Mexico) in the 16th century, as sailors, crews, prisoners, slaves, adventurers and soldiers during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. For two and a half centuries (between 1565 and 1815) many Filipinos sailed on the Manila-Acapulco Galleons, assisting in the Spanish Empire's monopoly in trade. Some of these sailors never returned to the Philippines, and many of their descendants can be found in small communities around Baja California, Sonora, Mexico City, and others.
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Asian people
Asian people or Asiatic people is a term with multiple meanings that refers to people who descend from a portion of Asia's population.
Native ethnic groups of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan self-identify themselves as Asian. They are also recognized as Asian by Russians and Chinese.[citation needed]
This self-identification is based phenotypically, and on cultural differences from Russians, as these countries used to be parts of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, and therefore have significant Russian populations. Another reason for such self-identification is patriotic: "the native people of the Center of Asia - are undoubtedly Asians".[citation needed]
In parts of anglophone Africa, especially East Africa and South Africa, and in parts of the Anglophone Caribbean, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.
Notably, the Australian Census includes Central Asia, a region that is often considered to be part of the Greater Middle East. The Australian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three broad groups have the word Asian included in their name: Central and Southern Asian, South-East Asian and North-East Asian. Russians are classified as Southern and Eastern Europeans while Middle Easterners are classified as North African and Middle Easterners.
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Atahualpa
Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, or Atawallpa (March 20, 1497 – August 29, 1533), was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, prior to the Spanish conquest of the Incan Empire. Atahualpa became emperor upon defeating his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease which may have been smallpox.
During the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire (although several successors claimed the title of Sapa Inca ("unique Inca") and led a resistance against the invading Spaniards). After Atahualpa died, the Incan Empire began to erode.
When questioned by his Spanish captors in the Cajamarca prison about his origins, Atahualpa personally declared that he was the son of the Inca Huayna Capac from Tomebamba (Ecuador), and his mother was the Quito princess Paccha Duchicela, from Caranqui(Ecuador). The union was a politically expedient one, as the southern Ecuadorian Andes had been conquered by Huayna Capac's father, Túpac Inca Yupanqui some years earlier and Huayna Capac had recently conquered the northern Ecuadorian Andes, which Paccha Duchicela royal family had some influence.
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Black people
The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class and socio-economic status also play a role, so that relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness" and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.
As a biological phenotype being "black" is often associated with the very dark skin colors of some people who are classified as "black". But, particularly in the United States, the racial or ethnic classification also refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry, or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African-American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification.
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Chavín culture
The Chavín were a civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900 BC to 200 BC. They extended their influence to other civilizations along the coast. The Chavín were located in the Mosna Valley where the Mosna and Huachecsa rivers merge. This area is 3150 meters above sea level and encompasses the quechua, jalca, and puna life zones.
The most well-known archaeological site of the Chavín era is Chavín de Huántar, located in the Andean highlands north of Lima. It is believed to have been built around 900 BC and was the religious and political center of the Chavín people. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The chief example of architecture is the Chavín de Huántar temple. The temple's design shows complex innovation to adapt to the highland environments of Peru. To avoid the temple's being flooded and destroyed during the rainy season, the Chavín people created a successful drainage system. Several canals built under the temple acted as drainage. The Chavín people also showed advanced acoustic understanding. During the rainy season, water rushed through the canals and created a roaring sound. The temple appeared to be roaring like a jaguar, a sacred animal. The temple was built of white granite and black limestone, neither of which is found near the Chavín site. This meant that leaders organized many workers to bring the special materials from far away rather than use local rock deposits.
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Ciro Alegría
Ciro Alegría Bazán (November 4, 1909 – February 17, 1967) was a Peruvian journalist, politician, and novelist.
Born in Huamachuco District, he exposed the problems of the native Peruvians while learning about their way of life. This understanding of how they were oppressed was the focus for his novels. He attended classes at the University of Trujillo, and worked briefly as a journalist for the newspaper El Norte.
In 1930 Alegría joined the Aprista movement, dedicated to social reform as well as improving the welfare of native Peruvians. He was imprisoned several times for his political activities before finally being exiled to Chile in 1934.
He remained in exile in both Chile and later the United States up until 1948. Later, he taught at the University of Puerto Rico, and wrote about the Cuban revolution while in Cuba. His most well known novel, Broad and Alien is the World (1941) or El mundo es ancho y ajeno, won the Latin American Novel Prize in 1941, and brought him international attention. It depicts an Andean community, living in the Peruvian highlands. The book was later published in the United States and has been reprinted many times, in multiple languages.
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Conquistador
Conquistadors ( /kɒn.ˈkiːstədɔrz/; Spanish and Portuguese: Conquistadores, Spanish: [koŋkistaˈðoɾes], Portuguese: [kõkiʃtaˈðoɾɨʃ]; "Conquerors") were soldiers, explorers, and adventurers at the service of the Spanish or Portuguese Empires. They sailed beyond Europe, conquering territory and opening trade routes. They colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.
The name derived from the Reconquista (711–1492), the reconquest of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula that was controlled by Muslims (the state called Al-Andalus). In 1492 Castile expanded its exploratory activities, using Portuguese navigators.[citation needed] Portugal had previously established a marine route to Japan via the southern coast of Africa, with numerous coastal enclaves along the route. Following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, expeditions led by conquistadors brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 16th century.
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César Vallejo
César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza (March 16, 1892 – April 15, 1938) was a Peruvian poet. Although he published only three books of poetry during his lifetime, he is considered one of the great poetic innovators of the 20th century in any language. Always a step ahead of literary currents, each of his books was distinct from the others, and, in its own sense, revolutionary. Thomas Merton called him "the greatest universal poet since Dante". The late British poet, critic and biographer Martin Seymour-Smith, a leading authority on world literature, called Vallejo "...the greatest twentieth-century poet in any language."
Clayton Eshleman and José Rubia Barcia's translation of The Complete Posthumous Poetry of César Vallejo won the National Book Award for translation in 1979.
César Vallejo was born the youngest of eleven children in Santiago de Chuco, a remote village in the Peruvian Andes. He studied literature at University of Trujillo in Trujillo. Lack of funds forced him to withdraw from his studies for a time and work at a sugar plantation, the Roma Hacienda, where he witnessed the exploitation of agrarian workers firsthand, an experience which would have an important impact on his politics and aesthetics. Vallejo received a BA in Spanish literature in 1915, the same year that he became acquainted with the bohemia of Trujillo, in particular with APRA co-founders Antenor Orrego and Victor Raul Haya de la Torre.
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Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González (c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was born in Trujillo, Spain, the illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro, an infantry colonel, and Francisca González, a woman of poor means. His exact birth date is uncertain, but is believed to be sometime in the 1470s, probably 1471. Scant attention was paid to his education and he grew up illiterate. He was a distant cousin of Hernán Cortés. On 10 November 1509, Pizarro sailed from Spain to the New World with Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to Urabí. He sailed to Cartagena and joined the fleet of Martin Fernández de Encíso, and, in 1513, accompanied Balboa to the Pacific. In 1514, he found a supporter in Pedrarias Dávila, the Governor of Castilla de Oro, and was rewarded for his role in the arrest of Balboa with the positions of mayor and magistrate in Panama City, serving from 1519 to 1523.
Reports of Peru's riches and Cortés's success in Mexico tantalized Pizarro and he undertook two expeditions to conquer the Incan Empire in 1524 and in 1526. Both failed as a result of native hostilities, bad weather, and lack of provisions. Pedro de los Ríos, the Governor of Panama, made an effort to recall Pizarro, but the conquistador resisted and remained in the south. In April 1528, he reached northern Peru and found the natives rich with precious metals. This discovery gave Pizarro the motivation to plan a third expedition to conquer Peru, and he returned to Panama to make arrangements, but the Governor refused to grant permission for the project. Pizarro returned to Spain to appeal directly to King Charles I. His plea was successful, and he received not only a license for the proposed expedition but considerable authority over any lands conquered during the venture. He was joined by family and friends, and the expedition left Panama in 1530.
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Inca Empire
The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century.
From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, including, besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile, and southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia.
The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects of Quechua were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu which can be translated as The Four Regions or The Four United Provinces.
There were many local forms of worship, most of them concerning local sacred "Huacas", but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Inti—the sun god—and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. The Incas considered their King, the Sapa Inca, to be the "child of the sun."
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Inca empire
The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century.
From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, including, besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile, and southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia.
The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects of Quechua were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu which can be translated as The Four Regions or The Four United Provinces.
There were many local forms of worship, most of them concerning local sacred "Huacas", but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Inti—the sun god—and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. The Incas considered their King, the Sapa Inca, to be the "child of the sun."
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Jefferson Farfán
Jefferson Agustín Farfán Guadalupe (born 26 October 1984) is a Peruvian football striker, playing for Schalke 04 in the Bundesliga.
Farfán began his professional career with Alianza Lima of Peru, with whom he signed in 2001. Although he made some appearances at first-team in 2001, Farfán only began to break through in 2002, becoming an impact player and helping Alianza win the Peruvian championship in 2003.
In his final season with the club in 2004, Farfán scored 14 goals, helping the club to another Peruvian championship. Following that season he was purchased by Dutch club PSV Eindhoven after being scouted by Guus Hiddink, for a reported 2 million Euro transfer fee.
On 5 June 2008, it was reported that PSV had reached an agreement with German side Schalke 04 over the transfer of Farfán for around €10 million. On 10 June 2008, Schalke 04 officially confirmed the transfer of Farfán on a four-year deal.
Farfán was an important player for the Peru national team. Since making his debut for the side in February 2003, he has already gained more than 30 caps. He has also contributed vital goals for PSV both domestically as well as in the UEFA Champions League which saw PSV enjoying a fine run to the semi-finals in the 2004–05 season.
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José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín (c. 1778 – 17 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse ðe sam marˈtin]), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire.
Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, in modern Argentina, he left his mother country at the early age of seven and studied in Málaga, Spain.
In 1808, after joining Spanish forces in the Peninsular War against the French, San Martín started making contact with South American supporters of independence from Spain. In 1812, he set sail for Buenos Aires from England and offered his services to the United Provinces of South America, present-day Argentina. After the Battle of San Lorenzo of 1813, and some time on command of the Army of the North (Spanish: Ejército del Norte) during 1814, he began to put into action his plan to defeat the Spanish forces that menaced the United Provinces from Upper Peru, making use of an alternative path to the Viceroyalty of Peru. This objective first involved the establishment of a new army, the Army of the Andes, in Cuyo Province, Argentina. From there, he led the Crossing of the Andes to Chile, and prevailed over the Spanish forces at the Battle of Chacabuco and the Battle of Maipú (1818), thus liberating Chile from royalist rule. Then he set sail to attack the Spanish stronghold of Lima, Peru, by sea.
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José María Arguedas
José María Arguedas Altamirano (18 January 1911 – 28 November 1969) was a Peruvian novelist, poet, and anthropologist. Arguedas was a mestizo of Spanish and Quechua descent who wrote novels, short stories, and poems in both Spanish and Quechua .
Generally remembered as one of the most notable figures of 20th century Peruvian literature, Arguedas is especially recognized for his intimate portrayals of indigenous Andean culture. Key in his desire to depict indigenous expression and perspective more authentically was his creation of a new language that blended Spanish and Quechua and premiered in his debut novel Yawar Fiesta.
Jose Maria Arguedas was born in Andahuaylas, a province in the southern Peruvian Andes. He was born into a well-off mestizo family, but his mother died when he was two years old. Because of the absence of his father, a lawyer who travelled frequently, and his bad relationship with his step-mother and step-brother, he comforted himself in the care of the family's indigenous servants, allowing him to immerse himself in the language and customs of the Andes, which came to form an important part of his personality. He went to primary school in San Juan de Lucana, Puquio, and Abancay, and completed his secondary studies in Ica, Huancayo, and Lima.
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Keiko Fujimori
Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkejko fuxiˈmoɾi], Japanese: [kéːko ɸúdʑimoɽi]) (Japanese: 藤森 恵子, Fujimori Keiko; born May 25, 1975) is a Peruvian Fujimorista politician, daughter of former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi. She served as First Lady, from 1994 to 2000, after her parents divorced, becoming the youngest First Lady in the history of the Americas. She then became a member of the Peruvian legislature. Fujimori leads the right-wing party Fuerza 2011, and lost her bid for the presidency in the 2011 Peruvian election runoff of June 5, 2011.
Keiko Fujimori graduated from Sagrados Corazones Recoleta (Recoleta Sacred Heart) high school, in 1992. The following year, she travelled to New York City to pursue a bachelors degree in Business Administration. She began her studies at Stony Brook University, and graduated in 1997 from Boston University. She received her M.B.A. from Columbia Business School in 2006.
In August 1994, after the divorce of her parents, she was appointed First Lady of Peru. At 19 years of age and still a student, she became the youngest First Lady of the Americas. From April 1994 to November 2000, she assumed the administration of Fundacion por los Niños del Perú (Foundation for the Children of Peru), created Fundacion Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology), which she presided from 1996 to 2006, and dedicated her activities to help low income families nationwide. She summoned the Peruvian business community to contribute to her social projects.
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List of Peruvians
This is a list of famous Peruvians.
Cooper Laffan
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Mario Vargas Llosa
Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquis of Vargas Llosa (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾjo ˈbaɾɣas ˈʎosa]; born March 28, 1936) is a Peruvian-Spanish writer, politician, journalist, essayist, and recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature. Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading authors of his generation. Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the Latin American Boom. Upon announcing the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature, the Swedish Academy said it had been given to Vargas Llosa "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".
Vargas Llosa rose to fame in the 1960s with novels such as The Time of the Hero (La ciudad y los perros, literally The City and the Dogs, 1963/1966), The Green House (La casa verde, 1965/1968), and the monumental Conversation in the Cathedral (Conversación en la catedral, 1969/1975). He writes prolifically across an array of literary genres, including literary criticism and journalism. His novels include comedies, murder mysteries, historical novels, and political thrillers. Several, such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (1973/1978) and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977/1982), have been adapted as feature films.
wn.com/Mario_Vargas_Llosa -
Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (Spanish pronunciation: [oˈʎanta mojˈses uˈmala ˈtaso]) (born June 27, 1962) is a Peruvian politician and the President of Peru. Humala, who previously served as an army officer, lost the presidential election in 2006 but won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote. He was elected as President of Peru in the second round, defeating Keiko Fujimori.
The son of Isaac Humala, a labour lawyer, Humala entered the Peruvian Army in 1982. In the military he achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel; in 1992 he fought in the internal conflict against the Shining Path and three years later he participated in the Cenepa War against Ecuador. In October 2000, Humala led an unsuccessful military revolt by 39 soldiers in the southern city of Tacna against President Alberto Fujimori; he was pardoned by the Peruvian Congress after the downfall of the Fujimori regime.
In 2005 he founded the Peruvian Nationalist Party and registered to run in the 2006 presidential election. The nomination was made under the Union for Peru ticket as the Nationalist party did not achieve its electoral inscription on time. He passed the first round of the elections, held on April 9, 2006, with 30.62% of the valid votes. A runoff was held on June 4 between Humala and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party. Humala lost this round with 47.47% of the valid votes versus 52.62% for García. After his defeat, Humala remained as an important figure within Peruvian politics.
wn.com/Ollanta_Humala -
Oscar Valdés
Oscar Eduardo Valdés Dancuart (born 3 April 1949) is a Peruvian businessman and politician who has been Prime Minister of Peru since December 2011. A former military officer, he was appointed as Minister of the Interior by President Ollanta Humala on 28 July 2011. Less than five months later, Prime Minister Salomón Lerner Ghitis resigned and Valdés was appointed as his successor on 11 December 2011.
Born in Lima, Valdés studied at the Chorrillos Military School from 1968 to 1972, and he entered the service of the Peruvian Army as a second lieutenant of the artillery afterwards. From 1987 to 1988, he took a course in command and staff at the United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth. During the 1980s, he acted as an instructor at the Chorrillos military academy, where Ollanta Humala was his student. Valdés retired from army service in January 1991 when he was lieutenant colonel, because he was shunted from promotion by intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos. Following his resignation, Valdés engaged in the private sector, managing different businesses in his home region of Tacna.
wn.com/Oscar_Valdés -
Peruvian people
Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries, so people in Peru usually treat their nationality as a citizenship rather than an ethnicity. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; according to historian David N. Cook their population decreased from an estimated 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases.Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples.
With about 29.5 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America. Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. As of 2007, 75.9% lived in urban areas and 24.1% in rural areas. Major cities include Lima, home to over 8 million people, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the 2007 census.
wn.com/Peruvian_people -
Quechua people
Quechuas (also Runakuna, Kichwas, and Ingas) is the collective term for several indigenous ethnic groups in South America who speak a Quechua language (Southern Quechua mainly), belonging to several ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Argentina.
The Quechuas of Ecuador call themselves as well as their language Kichwa–Kichwas or Quichuas. In Colombia, the Kichwa-speaking group calls themselves the Ingas. Other Quechua speakers call themselves Runakuna ("People"' in Junín and parts of Ancash, Peru: Nunakuna; singular: Runa or Nuna).
Some historic Quechua peoples include:
The speakers of Quechua, who total some 9-14 million people in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia and Argentina, have so far only slightly developed a common sense of identity. The various Quechua dialects are in some cases so different that no mutual understanding is possible. Quechua was not only spoken by the Incas, but in some cases also by long-term enemies of the Inca Empire. These include the Huanca (Wanka is a Quechua dialect spoken today in the Huancayo area) and the Chanka (the Chanca dialect of Ayaqcucho) of Peru, and the Kañari (Cañar) in Ecuador. Quechua was spoken by some of these peoples, for example, the Wanka, before the Incas of Cusco, while other peoples, especially in Bolivia but also in Ecuador, adopted Quechua only in Inca times or afterward.
wn.com/Quechua_people -
Ramón Castilla
Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (Tarapacá, 31 August 1797 – Tiviliche, 25 May 1867) was a Peruvian caudillo and President of Peru four times. His earliest prominent appearance in Peruvian history began with his participation in a commanding role of the army of the Libertadores that helped Peru become an independent nation. Later, he led the country when the economy boomed due to the exploitation of guano deposits. Castilla's government abolished slavery and modernized the state.
He assumed the presidency for the first time after general Domingo Nieto's death for a short period in 1844, then in 1845 until 1851, again from 1855 to 1862 and, finally, during a brief period in 1863.
Born in Tarapacá (then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru), the second son of Pedro Castilla, of Spanish-Argentine origin, and Juana Marquezado de Romero, who was of part Aymara descent. In 1807 he traveled to Lima at the age of 10 to study with his brother and later continued his education in Concepción, Chile, also helping his brother with his business. In 1817 he enrolled in the Spanish colonial army during Peru's War of Independence, fighting against the independence forces sent by Argentine general José de San Martín.
wn.com/Ramón_Castilla -
Ricardo Palma
Manuel Ricardo Palma Soriano (Lima, February 7, 1833 - Miraflores, October 6, 1919) was a Peruvian author, scholar, librarian and politician. His magnum opus is the Tradiciones peruanas.
Ricardo Palma was born into a family that was living in Lima after migrating from the province. His mother was a mestizo with African roots. His parents separated when he was still young. He was educated at a Jesuit school and attended the University of San Carlos on an irregular basis. He suspended his studies to perform voluntary service in the Peruvian navy for six years.
From a young age he dabbled in politics as a member of the liberal camp. In 1860 he was believed to have participated in a failed plot against president Ramón Castilla which resulted in an exile to Chile from which he returned in October 1862. He made a trip to Europe in 1864-1865 and when he returned to Lima in 1865 he became involved again in political affairs and public service until 1876. He held the positions of Consul of Peru in Pará, Brazil, Senator for the Loreto and official in the Ministry of War and Navy.
wn.com/Ricardo_Palma -
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte y Blanco (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830), commonly known as Simón Bolívar (Spanish pronunciation: [siˈmom boˈliβar]), was a Venezuelan military and political leader. Together with José de San Martín, he played a key role in Hispanic-Spanish America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire, and is today considered one of the most influential politicians in American history.
Following the triumph over the Spanish Monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Hispanic-America, a republic, which was named Gran Colombia, of which he was president from 1819 to 1830. Bolívar remains regarded in Hispanic-America as a hero, visionary, revolutionary, and liberator. During his lifetime, he led Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia to independence, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Latin America.
The surname Bolívar derives from the Bolívar aristocrats who came from a small village in the Basque Country, Spain, called La Puebla de Bolívar. His father came from the male line of the de Ardanza family. His maternal grandmother, however, was descended from some families from the Canary Islands that settled in the country.
wn.com/Simón_Bolívar -
Thomas Turino
Thomas Turino is an American Ethnomusicologist and author of several popular textbooks in the field: most notably the popular introductory book Music as Social Life: The Politics of Participation. His interests include the growth of nationalism through music and the role that music places in creating the connections that define a society.
Thomas Turino (Tommy T) went on several trips in during the 1980's to learn about indigenous music making in Peru, Zimbabwe, and India. At the University of Illinois he teaches a course entitled "World Music", however in reality the course is about indigenous music making from the 1980's in Peru, Zimbabwe, and India plus some fictional beliefs that music has much to do with politics.
wn.com/Thomas_Turino -
Túpac Amaru II
Túpac Amaru II (José Gabriel Túpac Amaru b. March 19, 1742 in Surimana-Canas, Cuzco, Viceroyalty of Peru – executed in Cuzco May 18, 1781) was a leader of an indigenous uprising in 1780 against the Spanish in Peru. Although unsuccessful, he later became a mythical figure in the Peruvian struggle for independence and indigenous rights movement and an inspiration to a myriad of causes in Peru.
Túpac Amaru II was born José Gabriel Condorcanqui in Surimana, Tungasuca, in the province of Cuzco, and received a Jesuit education at the San Francisco de Borja School, although he maintained a strong identification with the indigenous population. He was a mestizo who claimed to be a direct descendant of the last Inca ruler Túpac Amaru. He had been honored by the Spanish authorities of Peru with the title of Marquis of Oropesa, a position that allowed him some voice and political leverage during Spanish rule. Between 1741 and 1780 Amaru II went into litigation with the Betancur family over the right of succession of the Marquisate of Oropesa and lost the case. In 1760, he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian and indigenous descent. Condorcanqui inherited the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from his older brother, governing on behalf of the Spanish governor.
wn.com/Túpac_Amaru_II -
Uncontacted peoples
Uncontacted peoples, also referred to as isolated peoples or lost tribes, are communities who live, or have lived, either by choice (peoples living in voluntary isolation) or by circumstance, without significant contact with globalised civilization.
Few people have remained totally uncontacted by global civilization. Indigenous rights activists call for such groups to be left alone, stating that it will interfere with their right to self-determination.
Most uncontacted communities are located in densely forested areas in South America and New Guinea. Knowledge of the existence of these groups comes mostly from infrequent and sometimes violent encounters with neighbouring tribes, and from aerial footage. Isolated tribes may lack immunity to common diseases, which can kill 50 to 80 per cent of their people after contact.
Uncontacted tribes are a source of fascination in developed society, and the idea of tour operators offering extreme adventure tours to specifically search out uncontacted peoples has become controversial. A BBC Four documentary in 2006 documented a controversial American tour operator who specializes in escorted tours to "discover" uncontacted peoples in West Papua, similar to the BBC's own adventure in Papua New Guinea to make their 1971 documentary A Blank on the Map in which the first contact in over a decade was made with the Biami people.[citation needed]
wn.com/Uncontacted_peoples
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La Marca Perú se luce en Times Square
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
La Marca Perú se lució ante millones de personas alrededor del mundo en lo alto de los edificios de Times Square durante las celebraciones del Año Nuevo en Nueva York.
http://wn.com/La_Marca_Perú_se_luce_en_Times_Square
La Marca Perú se lució ante millones de personas alrededor del mundo en lo alto de los edificios de Times Square durante las celebraciones del Año Nuevo en Nueva York.
Erick Meier de Sodexo Perú competirá en el Rally Dakar 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Nuestro compañero Erick Meier, Gerente de Clientes Clave de Sodexo, se prepara para competir en el Rally Dakar 2013.
http://wn.com/Erick_Meier_de_Sodexo_Perú_competirá_en_el_Rally_Dakar_2013
Nuestro compañero Erick Meier, Gerente de Clientes Clave de Sodexo, se prepara para competir en el Rally Dakar 2013.
- published: 03 Jan 2013
- views: 2
- author: SodexoPeruTV
Documental Marca Perú 2011 (Versión Oficial de la Campaña Nacional)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Mira el documental que preparamos con algunos de nuestros embajadores llevando toda la riqueza de nuestro país al pueblo Peru en Nebraska.
http://wn.com/Documental_Marca_Perú_2011_Versión_Oficial_de_la_Campaña_Nacional
Mira el documental que preparamos con algunos de nuestros embajadores llevando toda la riqueza de nuestro país al pueblo Peru en Nebraska.
- published: 13 May 2011
- views: 595217
- author: marcaperu
Perú tiene su Gracia (Cómicos Ambulantes A Huacho me fuí) - El Especial del Humor 29-09-12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Bueno son Cómicos Ambulantes el popular Danny y el otro se llama Jhon Sandoval Arbieto (Nabito) es el hijo de Cotito mas conocido como La Aguajina Los temas son: 1.- Technotronic - Pump Up The Jam 2.- Queen - 'I Want To Break Free'
http://wn.com/Perú_tiene_su_Gracia_Cómicos_Ambulantes_A_Huacho_me_fuí_El_Especial_del_Humor_29-09-12
Bueno son Cómicos Ambulantes el popular Danny y el otro se llama Jhon Sandoval Arbieto (Nabito) es el hijo de Cotito mas conocido como La Aguajina Los temas son: 1.- Technotronic - Pump Up The Jam 2.- Queen - 'I Want To Break Free'
- published: 30 Sep 2012
- views: 262430
- author: Geancarlo Meza Camones
El condor pasa - PERU
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Peruvian melody
http://wn.com/El_condor_pasa_PERU
Chile y Peru en la Haya versión 300
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Una humorada sobre el tema de la Haya. Hazte Fan en Facebook: www.facebook.com Síguenos en Twitter: @buenosparanada_ ¡Y suscríbete a este canal!
http://wn.com/Chile_y_Peru_en_la_Haya_versión_300
Una humorada sobre el tema de la Haya. Hazte Fan en Facebook: www.facebook.com Síguenos en Twitter: @buenosparanada_ ¡Y suscríbete a este canal!
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 397000
- author: buenosparanadatv
CHOLEANDO: racismo en Perú (documental completo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 102:25
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
¿Por qué los peruanos vivimos "choleándonos" unos a otros todo el tiempo? Para Mariananda no hay duda: es por racismo. Siempre lo ha habido, siempre lo va a haber. Pero Julio no está tan seguro. ¿De verdad se trata de racismo? ¿No estarán confundiendo el racismo con los otros muchos tipos de discriminación que practicamos los peruanos? Para empezar: ¿qué es el racismo? Este documental intentará resolver quién de los dos tiene razón, pasando revista a las múltiples formas de discriminación que practicamos los peruanos, indagando por sus orígenes y por sus lamentables consecuencias. A través de entrevistas, animaciones e imágenes de apoyo, Mariananda y Julio comprenderán a fondo el confuso sistema de discriminación racial del Perú. Con entrevista a: Nelson Manrique, Jorge Bruce, Martin Tanaka, Pablo Vega Centeno, Walter Twanama, Rodrigo Arellano, Magaly Solier, Vania Masías, Marco Sifuentes, entre otros. Ficha: Dirección y guión: Roberto de la Puente Producción General: Luis Dominguez Protagonistas: Mariananda Schempp y Julio Navarro Productores asociados: Diego Giannoni, Oliver Stella, Rodrigo Lajo, Rolando Muñoz Una producción de Relapso Filmes e IDM Con la participación del Taller de Antropología Visual y Cabina Subsónica Música original: Jorge Martín García, Julio Soto, Tony Hernández Además los temas: "Danza la raza" y "Globalízate" de La Sarita NTSC 102 minutos Perú, 2012
http://wn.com/CHOLEANDO_racismo_en_Perú_documental_completo
¿Por qué los peruanos vivimos "choleándonos" unos a otros todo el tiempo? Para Mariananda no hay duda: es por racismo. Siempre lo ha habido, siempre lo va a haber. Pero Julio no está tan seguro. ¿De verdad se trata de racismo? ¿No estarán confundiendo el racismo con los otros muchos tipos de discriminación que practicamos los peruanos? Para empezar: ¿qué es el racismo? Este documental intentará resolver quién de los dos tiene razón, pasando revista a las múltiples formas de discriminación que practicamos los peruanos, indagando por sus orígenes y por sus lamentables consecuencias. A través de entrevistas, animaciones e imágenes de apoyo, Mariananda y Julio comprenderán a fondo el confuso sistema de discriminación racial del Perú. Con entrevista a: Nelson Manrique, Jorge Bruce, Martin Tanaka, Pablo Vega Centeno, Walter Twanama, Rodrigo Arellano, Magaly Solier, Vania Masías, Marco Sifuentes, entre otros. Ficha: Dirección y guión: Roberto de la Puente Producción General: Luis Dominguez Protagonistas: Mariananda Schempp y Julio Navarro Productores asociados: Diego Giannoni, Oliver Stella, Rodrigo Lajo, Rolando Muñoz Una producción de Relapso Filmes e IDM Con la participación del Taller de Antropología Visual y Cabina Subsónica Música original: Jorge Martín García, Julio Soto, Tony Hernández Además los temas: "Danza la raza" y "Globalízate" de La Sarita NTSC 102 minutos Perú, 2012
- published: 29 Nov 2012
- views: 26574
- author: documentalcholeando
PERÚ CAMPEÓN SUDAMERICANO DE VOLEY MENORES 2012 - [PERÚ VS BRASIL 26-11-12] - QUINTO SET (5/5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:24
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
DESPUÉS DE 32 AÑOS PERÚ SE CORONA CAMPEÓN SUDAMERICANO DE VOLEY MENORES 2012. QUINTO SET DEL PERÚ VS BRASIL POR LA GRAN FINAL DEL CAMPEONATO 26-11-12
http://wn.com/PERÚ_CAMPEÓN_SUDAMERICANO_DE_VOLEY_MENORES_2012_PERÚ_VS_BRASIL_26-11-12_QUINTO_SET_5_5
DESPUÉS DE 32 AÑOS PERÚ SE CORONA CAMPEÓN SUDAMERICANO DE VOLEY MENORES 2012. QUINTO SET DEL PERÚ VS BRASIL POR LA GRAN FINAL DEL CAMPEONATO 26-11-12
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 302915
- author: 400leydi
YO SOY PERÚ 05-12-12 - DÚO LUIS FONSI Y JOSE FELICIANO "Y COMO ES EL". YO SOY. (16-18)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
YO SOY LUIS FONSI Y JOSE FELICIANO CANTAN A DÚO "Y COMO ES EL" EN YO SOY PERÚ 05-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_05-12-12_DÚO_LUIS_FONSI_Y_JOSE_FELICIANO_Y_COMO_ES_EL_YO_SOY_16-18
YO SOY LUIS FONSI Y JOSE FELICIANO CANTAN A DÚO "Y COMO ES EL" EN YO SOY PERÚ 05-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 62978
- author: 400leydi
YO SOY PERÚ 21-12-12 - JUAN GABRIEL ES EL GANADOR DE LA REVANCHA - [GRAN FINAL]. YO SOY (18-19)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:01
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
YO SOY JUAN GABRIEL ES EL GANADOR DE LA REVANCHA DEFINIDO EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 21-12-12. RONALD HIDALGO ES JUAN GABRIEL ALZO LA COPA Y SE CONSAGRO COMO EL MEJOR IMITADOR DE TODAS LAS TEMPORADAS
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_21-12-12_JUAN_GABRIEL_ES_EL_GANADOR_DE_LA_REVANCHA_GRAN_FINAL_YO_SOY_18-19
YO SOY JUAN GABRIEL ES EL GANADOR DE LA REVANCHA DEFINIDO EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 21-12-12. RONALD HIDALGO ES JUAN GABRIEL ALZO LA COPA Y SE CONSAGRO COMO EL MEJOR IMITADOR DE TODAS LAS TEMPORADAS
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- views: 89332
- author: 400leydi
YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 - ANDRES CALAMARO "FLACA" [GRAN FINAL] SEGUNDA RONDA. YO SOY (12-15)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "FLACA" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU SEGUNDA RONDA
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_07-12-12_ANDRES_CALAMARO_FLACA_GRAN_FINAL_SEGUNDA_RONDA_YO_SOY_12-15
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "FLACA" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU SEGUNDA RONDA
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 68435
- author: 400leydi
YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 - FHER DE MANA "LABIOS COMPARTIDOS" [GRAN FINAL]. YO SOY (7-15)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:47
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
YO SOY FHER DE MANA CANTA "LABIOS COMPARTIDOS" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_07-12-12_FHER_DE_MANA_LABIOS_COMPARTIDOS_GRAN_FINAL_YO_SOY_7-15
YO SOY FHER DE MANA CANTA "LABIOS COMPARTIDOS" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 25836
- author: 400leydi
Concierto de BIGBANG en Perú - Fantastic Baby HD720p
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Estuvimos presentes en el concierto de BIGBANG en Perú. --------------------------------------- AZ STATION TV Síguenos en: FACEBOOK FAN PAGE: www.facebook.com TWITTER: twitter.com SMARTPHONE:azstationtv.mobapp.at WEB: www.azstationtv.com Búscanos en Google Play y descarga nuestra aplicación para tu ANDROID ^^
http://wn.com/Concierto_de_BIGBANG_en_Perú_Fantastic_Baby_HD720p
Estuvimos presentes en el concierto de BIGBANG en Perú. --------------------------------------- AZ STATION TV Síguenos en: FACEBOOK FAN PAGE: www.facebook.com TWITTER: twitter.com SMARTPHONE:azstationtv.mobapp.at WEB: www.azstationtv.com Búscanos en Google Play y descarga nuestra aplicación para tu ANDROID ^^
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 84645
- author: AzoneStationTV
![U-KISS in PERU [01/11/12] DOS SAPOS UNA REINA . PARTE 1 / 3](http://web.archive.org./web/20130104040938im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/N4bZOShqz-4/default.jpg "U-KISS in PERU [01/11/12] DOS SAPOS UNA REINA . PARTE 1 / 3")
U-KISS in PERU [01/11/12] DOS SAPOS UNA REINA . PARTE 1 / 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:38
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
U-KISS in LIMA - PERU [01/11/12] DOS SAPOS UNA REINA . PARTE 1
http://wn.com/U-KISS_in_PERU_01_11_12_DOS_SAPOS_UNA_REINA_PARTE_1_3
U-KISS in LIMA - PERU [01/11/12] DOS SAPOS UNA REINA . PARTE 1
- published: 01 Nov 2012
- views: 131748
- author: TalentoTubee
PERU TIENE TALENTO (LA FINAL) "EL CANGURO MAX" - BAILÓ DESDE NUBE LUZ HASTA "EL CHOQUE"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
"EL CANGURO MAX" - BAILÓ DESDE NUBE LUZ HASTA EL CHOQUE - QUEDO COMO UNO DE LOS CINCO FINALISTAS: ALESSANDRA, JUAN CARLOS HURTADO, KIKU, JASON Y EL CANGURO MAX
http://wn.com/PERU_TIENE_TALENTO_LA_FINAL_EL_CANGURO_MAX_BAILÓ_DESDE_NUBE_LUZ_HASTA_EL_CHOQUE
"EL CANGURO MAX" - BAILÓ DESDE NUBE LUZ HASTA EL CHOQUE - QUEDO COMO UNO DE LOS CINCO FINALISTAS: ALESSANDRA, JUAN CARLOS HURTADO, KIKU, JASON Y EL CANGURO MAX
- published: 16 Dec 2012
- views: 28898
- author: jesus castro
PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 - JASON GUERRA CANTA "ALL BY MYSELF" [GRAN FINAL] - (5-19)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 CON JASON GUERRA QUE CANTA "ALL BY MYSELF" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE LA PRIMERA TEMPORADA . PROGRAMA DE FRECUENCIA LATINA QUE TRAE AL PERÚ EL MAS GRANDE SHOW DE TALENTOS RECONOCIDO EN TODO EN EL MUNDO ESTE ESPACIO SERA CONDUCIDO POR CHRISTIAN RIVERO TODOS LOS SÁBADOS A LAS 7:30 PM POR EL CANAL LATINO.
http://wn.com/PERÚ_TIENE_TALENTO_15-12-12_JASON_GUERRA_CANTA_ALL_BY_MYSELF_GRAN_FINAL_5-19
PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 CON JASON GUERRA QUE CANTA "ALL BY MYSELF" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE LA PRIMERA TEMPORADA . PROGRAMA DE FRECUENCIA LATINA QUE TRAE AL PERÚ EL MAS GRANDE SHOW DE TALENTOS RECONOCIDO EN TODO EN EL MUNDO ESTE ESPACIO SERA CONDUCIDO POR CHRISTIAN RIVERO TODOS LOS SÁBADOS A LAS 7:30 PM POR EL CANAL LATINO.
- published: 16 Dec 2012
- views: 15759
- author: 400leydi
![PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 - EL CANGURO MAX [GRAN FINAL] - (17-19)](http://web.archive.org./web/20130104040938im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ODWq3dTmLIE/default.jpg "PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 - EL CANGURO MAX [GRAN FINAL] - (17-19)")
PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 - EL CANGURO MAX [GRAN FINAL] - (17-19)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 CON EL CANGURO MAX EN LA GRAN FINAL DE LA PRIMERA TEMPORADA . PROGRAMA DE FRECUENCIA LATINA QUE TRAE AL PERÚ EL MAS GRANDE SHOW DE TALENTOS RECONOCIDO EN TODO EN EL MUNDO ESTE ESPACIO SERA CONDUCIDO POR CHRISTIAN RIVERO TODOS LOS SÁBADOS A LAS 7:30 PM POR EL CANAL LATINO.
http://wn.com/PERÚ_TIENE_TALENTO_15-12-12_EL_CANGURO_MAX_GRAN_FINAL_17-19
PERÚ TIENE TALENTO 15-12-12 CON EL CANGURO MAX EN LA GRAN FINAL DE LA PRIMERA TEMPORADA . PROGRAMA DE FRECUENCIA LATINA QUE TRAE AL PERÚ EL MAS GRANDE SHOW DE TALENTOS RECONOCIDO EN TODO EN EL MUNDO ESTE ESPACIO SERA CONDUCIDO POR CHRISTIAN RIVERO TODOS LOS SÁBADOS A LAS 7:30 PM POR EL CANAL LATINO.
- published: 16 Dec 2012
- views: 36932
- author: 400leydi
PERU TIENE TALENTO. GRAN FINAL. JUAN HURTADO " CARIÑITO "
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
PERU TIENE TALENTO. CANAL OFICIAL. GRAN FINAL JUAN HURTADO " CARIÑITO "
http://wn.com/PERU_TIENE_TALENTO_GRAN_FINAL_JUAN_HURTADO_CARIÑITO_
PERU TIENE TALENTO. CANAL OFICIAL. GRAN FINAL JUAN HURTADO " CARIÑITO "
- published: 16 Dec 2012
- views: 22602
- author: PeruTieneTalentoOFIC
YO SOY PERÚ 18-12-12 - DÚO JUAN GABRIEL Y RAPHAEL "SE ME OLVIDÓ OTRA VEZ". YO SOY LA REVANCHA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
YO SOY JUAN GABRIEL Y RAPHAEL CANTA A DÚO "SE ME OLVIDÓ OTRA VEZ" EN YO SOY PERÚ 18-12-12 . YO SOY PERU LA REVANCHA QUINTA TEMPORADA. RONALD HIDALGO ES JUAN GABRIEL Y WALTER POLASTRI ES RAPHAEL
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_18-12-12_DÚO_JUAN_GABRIEL_Y_RAPHAEL_SE_ME_OLVIDÓ_OTRA_VEZ_YO_SOY_LA_REVANCHA
YO SOY JUAN GABRIEL Y RAPHAEL CANTA A DÚO "SE ME OLVIDÓ OTRA VEZ" EN YO SOY PERÚ 18-12-12 . YO SOY PERU LA REVANCHA QUINTA TEMPORADA. RONALD HIDALGO ES JUAN GABRIEL Y WALTER POLASTRI ES RAPHAEL
- published: 19 Dec 2012
- views: 24510
- author: 400leydi
YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 - ANDRES CALAMARO "CUANDO TE CONOCÍ" [GRAN FINAL]. YO SOY (6-15)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "CUANDO TE CONOCÍ" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_07-12-12_ANDRES_CALAMARO_CUANDO_TE_CONOCÍ_GRAN_FINAL_YO_SOY_6-15
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "CUANDO TE CONOCÍ" EN LA GRAN FINAL DE YO SOY PERÚ 07-12-12 CUARTA TEMPORADA. YO SOY PERU
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 23856
- author: 400leydi
YO SOY PERÚ 10-12-12 - ANDRES CALAMARO "HACE CALOR". YO SOY LA REVANCHA (12-18)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:09
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "HACE CALOR" EN YO SOY PERÚ 10-12-12 . YO SOY PERU LA REVANCHA QUINTA TEMPORADA
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_10-12-12_ANDRES_CALAMARO_HACE_CALOR_YO_SOY_LA_REVANCHA_12-18
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "HACE CALOR" EN YO SOY PERÚ 10-12-12 . YO SOY PERU LA REVANCHA QUINTA TEMPORADA
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 14375
- author: 400leydi
YO SOY PERÚ 13-12-12 - ANDRES CALAMARO "PALOMA" . YO SOY LA REVANCHA (12-17)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "PALOMA" EN YO SOY PERÚ 13-12-12 . YO SOY PERU LA REVANCHA QUINTA TEMPORADA. FRANCISCO CHAVEZ ES ANDRES CALAMARO
http://wn.com/YO_SOY_PERÚ_13-12-12_ANDRES_CALAMARO_PALOMA_YO_SOY_LA_REVANCHA_12-17
YO SOY ANDRES CALAMARO CANTA "PALOMA" EN YO SOY PERÚ 13-12-12 . YO SOY PERU LA REVANCHA QUINTA TEMPORADA. FRANCISCO CHAVEZ ES ANDRES CALAMARO
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 26426
- author: 400leydi
Gianmarco & Lucho Quequezana en Operación Triunfo Perú
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Gianmarco_Lucho_Quequezana_en_Operación_Triunfo_Perú
photo: AP / Emanuel Ekra
01 Jan 2013
INZA BAKAYOKO. Associated Press= ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — A crowd stampeded after leaving a New Year's fireworks show early Tuesday in Ivory Coast's commercial center, killing 61 people — many of them youths — and injuring more than 200, rescue workers said. The death toll was expected to rise, the officials said ... Issa Sako of the fire department rescue team.....(size: 8.1Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
03 Jan 2013
A gang of men accused of repeatedly raping a 23-year-old student on a moving bus in New Delhi in a deadly crime that repulsed the nation are to appear in court today for the first time. A British tourist join others in a candlelight vigil to mourn the death of a gang rape victim, in Kolkata, India Photo. AP. 3.52AM GMT 03 Jan 2013 ... Police have ordered a bone test to determine his age and whether he can stand trial in an adult court....(size: 11.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
02 Jan 2013
SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Felicia Fonseca
01 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. For good reason Mark Charles, a member of the Navajo Nation, is deeply offended that buried on page 45 of the 2010 Defense Appropriation Act (after pages on the maintenance and operation of the United States Military) is an "official" apology to Native American People ... political leaders and officials find it extremely difficult in expressing remorse for past mistakes ... Escorted by the U.S....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
03 Jan 2013
Washington. Aiming to get cooperation through dialogue, the US said that it is working hard to create an environment within Afghanistan and also in the region to have support for Afghan-Afghan reconciliation ... Responding to questions, Nuland said the US supports an Afghan-led process of reconciliation ... Saying that Pakistan needs to engage with Afghanistan directly, Nuland said the US supports dialogue between the two ... PTI ... First Published....(size: 2.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
03 Jan 2013
Richmond, CA (PRWEB) January 03, 2013 Since the release of their 2008 debut, "Nuevo Mundo," trumpeter-composer Gabriel Alegría and his Afro-Peruvian Sextet have been blazing a new musical path as they develop and popularize Afro-Peruvian jazz in the United States, Alegría’s native Perú, and beyond ... The Afro-Peruvian Sextet divides its time between performing in the United States and Perú....(size: 6.4Kb)
Canada Newswire
02 Jan 2013
Free exhibition at University of Toronto Art Centre. TORONTO, Jan. 2, 2013 /CNW/ - Luminescence. The Silver of Peru is the largest collection of its kind ever seen in Canada ... Anthony Shelton, in collaboration with the Patronato Plata del Perú. Thanks to main sponsor Pan American Silver Corp ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
The Examiner
31 Dec 2012
Flower Hat Jellyfish Olindias formosa. Photo credit. ... Paper ... D ... Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; rLaboratorio Costero de Pisco, Instituto del Mar del Perú, Paracas, 11550 Ica, Peru; sDirection des sciences océaniques et de l’environnement, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Pêches et Océans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada G5H 3Z4; and tDepartment of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
noodls
27 Dec 2012
(Source. WOCCU - World Council of Credit Unions). MADISON, Wis. - World Council of Credit Unions has inducted nine credit union professionals into its International Executive Volunteer Corps (IEVC) ... The new IEVC members are ... Partnership with Federación Nacional de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito del Perú Alan Cameron, president and CEO, Idaho Credit Union League and Affiliates ... Contact. Jennifer Bernhardt. Organization ... E-mail ... Phone....(size: 5.4Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. Endesa SA) ... 86% of Enersis shareholders have voted in favour of the capital increase proposed by Endesa at the Extraordinary meeting held today ... The transaction will increase Enersis' installed generation capacity by 985 MW, in addition to the El Quimbo (400 MW) and Reserva Fría en Perú (183 MW) under construction, raising the Group's total capacity from 15,182 MW to 16,750 MW by 2014 ... distributed by ... (noodl. 17040388) ....(size: 6.0Kb)
Business Wire
19 Dec 2012
Avianca and TACA recorded a 13.2% increase in the number of passengers carried in the first eleven months of the year, compared to the same period last year ... Domestic Markets in Colombia, Peru and Ecuador ... *ASKs ... (BVC ... Trans American] Airlines S.A., TACA Perú Incorporated in Perú, Servicios Aéreos Nacionales S.A., SANSA Incorporated in Costa Rica, Aerotaxis La Costeña S.A., Incorporated in Nicaragua and Isleña de Inversiones C.A. de C.V....(size: 5.9Kb)
Huffington Post
18 Dec 2012
<a href=""http.//www.huffingtonpost.com/social/therealCGB"><img" style="float.left;padding-right.6px !important;" src="http.//images.huffingtonpost.com/twitter_profile_img/3141915.png" /></a><a href=""http.//www.huffingtonpost.com/social/therealCGB">therealCGB</a>.<br" />Marsh Mellow in the skyThe Andes from LAN Perú....(size: 22.3Kb)
noodls
18 Dec 2012
(Source ... Funds Raised Exceeded Goal and Will Help Several Organizations, Including Miami Children's Hospital, St ... This made tUnivision the No ... Username. press ... Hoy el Teletón se realiza en 13 países de Latinoamérica -Chile, México, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay, Nicaragua y Puerto Rico- y se ha convertido en una de las organizaciones de ayuda voluntaria más grandes del mundo....(size: 21.1Kb)
noodls
17 Dec 2012
(Source. Ministero degli Affari Esteri) ... "Peru, a country of opportunities" ... Dassù, who also visited the Congress, then met with representatives of the Banco de Crédito del Perú, the country's largest credit institution, with a view to developing useful contacts ahead of the eventual new Italian business presence in that Andean country ... (noodl....(size: 2.1Kb)
Huffington Post
15 Dec 2012
<a href=""http.//www.huffingtonpost.com/social/therealCGB"><img" style="float.left;padding-right.6px !important;" src="http.//images.huffingtonpost.com/twitter_profile_img/3141915.png" /></a><a href=""http.//www.huffingtonpost.com/social/therealCGB">therealCGB</a>.<br" />Marsh Mellow in the skyThe Andes from LAN Perú....(size: 23.2Kb)
noodls
12 Dec 2012
(Source. Grupo PRISA - Promotora de Informaciones SA). Andrés Cardó, appointed Director of International Radio. Sandra Rotondo, new Director for Music ... With this reorganization, the CEO of PRISA Radio, José Luis Sainz, expects to consolidate and strengthen PRISA's radio business ... Andrés Cardó is an Economics and Humanities graduate from the the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (Universidad Pontificia Católica de Perú) ... (noodl....(size: 5.6Kb)
noodls
12 Dec 2012
(Source. Univision Communications Inc) ... "TeletónUSA" will air on the Univision Network beginning at 10 p.m. ET/7 p.m ... ET/ 7 p.m ... ET/December 15 at 11 p.m. PT ... Pacífico ... Hoy el Teletón se realiza en 13 países de Latinoamérica -Chile, México, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay, Nicaragua y Puerto Rico- y se ha convertido en una de las organizaciones de ayuda voluntaria más grandes del mundo....(size: 13.9Kb)
noodls
11 Dec 2012
(Source ... 11 December 2012 ... Lima, December 06th, 2012 - Backus, in the ninth edition of Premio Perú 2021, was awarded with three prizes, two for its programme "Súmate, sólo +18" and one for "Ecoparque vive responsable." ... Premio Perú 2021 to Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development of companies highlights, for the ninth year in a row, companies whose real commitment to the development of the country has tangible results ... (noodl....(size: 5.1Kb)
For other uses, see Peru (disambiguation).
| Republic of Peru
República del Perú (Spanish)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: "Himno Nacional del Perú" (Spanish) "National Anthem of Peru" |
||||||
.svg) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Lima 12°2.6′S 77°1.7′W / 12.0433°S 77.0283°W / -12.0433; -77.0283 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Spanish | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2011) | Mestizo (76%) Amerindian (7%) White (6%) Asian (1%) Black (1%) Mulatto (1%) Other (1%) (self-reported)[1] |
|||||
| Demonym | Peruvian | |||||
| Government | Unitary presidential constitutional republic | |||||
| - | President | Ollanta Humala | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Oscar Valdés | ||||
| Legislature | Congress | |||||
| Independence | from Spain | |||||
| - | Declared | July 28, 1821 | ||||
| - | Consolidated | December 9, 1824 | ||||
| - | Recognized | August 14, 1879 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | December 31, 1993 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,285,216 km2 (20th) 496,225 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 0.41 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 estimate | 29,496,000 (40th) | ||||
| - | 2007 census | 28,220,764 | ||||
| - | Density | 23/km2 (191st) 57/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2012 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $322.675 billion[2] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $10,588[2] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2012 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $184.962 billion[2] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $6,069[2] | ||||
| Gini (2009) | ▼48[3] (high) | |||||
| HDI (2010) |  0.723[4] (high) (63rd) |
|||||
| Currency | Nuevo Sol (PEN) |
|||||
| Time zone | PET (UTC−5) | |||||
| Date formats | dd.mm.yyyy (Spanish;CE) | |||||
| Drives on the | Right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | PE | |||||
| Internet TLD | .pe | |||||
| Calling code | +51 | |||||
| 1 | Quechua, Aymara and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they are predominant. | |||||
Peru i/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;[5] Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
The Peruvian population, estimated at 29.5 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans, and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century.[6] When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans.[7] Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru.[8] The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru.[9] Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after the Peruvian War of Independence.
History[link]
Main article: History of Peru
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 years BCE.[10] The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.[11] These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Cupisnique, Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimú. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.[12] Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.[13]
In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated and captured Inca Emperor Atahualpa. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies.[14] Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian forced labor as its primary workforce.[15] Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines.[16] However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income.[17] In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru.[18] The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated.[19]
In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar.[20] During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.[21] National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation floundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral.[22] Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla through increased state revenues from guano exports.[23] However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.[24]
Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía.[25] The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA).[26] The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades.[27]
In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support.[28] In 1975, General Francisco Morales Bermúdez forcefully replaced Velasco, paralyzed reforms, and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy.[29] During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence.[30] Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections.[31] Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth.[32]
Government[link]
Main articles: Government of Peru and Politics of Peru
Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and can only seek re-election after standing down for at least one full term.[33] The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers.[34] Congress is unicameral with 130 members elected for a five-year term.[35] Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President.[36] The judiciary is nominally independent,[37] though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today.[38]
The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70.[39] General elections held in 2011 ended in a second-round victory for presidential candidate Ollanta Humala of the Gana Perú alliance (51.4% of valid votes) over Keiko Fujimori of Fuerza 2011 (48.5%).[40] Congress is currently composed of Gana Perú (47 seats), Fuerza 2011 (37 seats), Alianza Parlamentaria (20 seats), Alianza por el Gran Cambio (12 seats), Solidaridad Nacional (8 seats) and Concertación Parlamentaria (6 seats).[41]
Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century.[42] Currently, Peru disputes its maritime limits with Chile in the Pacific Ocean.[43] Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.[44] The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service.[45]
Regions[link]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Peru
Clickable map of the regions of Peru.
Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and council that serve four-year terms.[46] These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.[47] The province of Lima is administered by a city council.[48]
Regions:
Province:
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Peru
Peru covers 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi). It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes Mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán.[49] The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region.[50]
Left: Alpamayo, a mountain peak in the Huascarán National Park.
Right: Manú National Park, a biosphere reserve, depicts the Peruvian rainforest.
Right: Manú National Park, a biosphere reserve, depicts the Peruvian rainforest.
Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.[51] Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.[52]
Peru, unlike other equatorial countries, does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current cause great climatic diversity within the country. The costa has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.[53] In the sierra, rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.[54] The selva is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.[55] Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003; 5,855 of them endemic.[56]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Peru
Peru is a developing country with a market-oriented economy; its 2010 per capita income is estimated by the IMF at US$5,195,[2] and it has a high Human Development Index score of 0.723 based on 2010 data.[57] Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments.[58] Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive.[59] According to 2010 data, 31.3% of its total population is poor, including 9.8% that is extremely poor.[60]
Left: The seaport of Callao is the main outlet for Peruvian exports.
Right: Buildings in the financial district of San Isidro, Lima.
Right: Buildings in the financial district of San Isidro, Lima.
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968–1975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations.[61] Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies.[62] Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[63]
Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%).[64] Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption.[65] Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States signed on April 12, 2006.[66] Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.[67]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Peru
.jpg)
Clockwise from top:
Afro-Peruvian association football athlete Jefferson Farfán.
Nobel laureate writer Mario Vargas Llosa.
Former President of Peru, economist Alejandro Toledo.
Afro-Peruvian association football athlete Jefferson Farfán.
Nobel laureate writer Mario Vargas Llosa.
Former President of Peru, economist Alejandro Toledo.
Peru is a multiethnic country formed by different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish Conquest of the 16th century; according to historian David N. Cook their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases.[68] Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and indigenous peoples. Gradual European immigration from Italy, Spain, France, Britain, and Germany followed independence.[69] Chinese arrived in the 1850s, replacing slave workers, and have since greatly influenced Peruvian society.[70] The majority of the people in Peru are Amerindians, mostly Quechua and Aymara, or mestizos who are of mixed white and Amerindian ancestry.[71] There are 15 uncontacted Amerindian tribes in Peru.[72]
With about 29.5 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America.[73] Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.[74] As of 2007, 75.9% lived in urban areas and 24.1% in rural areas.[75] Major cities include Lima (home to over 8 million people), Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote, and Huancayo; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the 2007 census.[76]
Spanish, the first language of 83.9% of Peruvians aged five and older in 2007, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most common of which is Quechua, spoken by 13.2% of the population. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 2.7% and 0.1% of Peruvians, respectively.[77] In the 2007 census, 81.3% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as Catholic, 12.5% as Evangelical, 3.3% as of other denominations, and 2.9% as non-religious.[78] Literacy was estimated at 92.9% in 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).[79] Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools.[80]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Peru
Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions,[81] though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions.[82] During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative.[83] Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century.[84] Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.[85]
Peruvian literature is rooted in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma.[86] The early 20th century's Indigenismo movement was led by such writers as Ciro Alegría[87] and José María Arguedas.[88] César Vallejo wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom.[89]
Peruvian cuisine blends Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking.[90] Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, and pachamanca. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.[91] Peru's diversity of ingredients and cooking techniques is receiving worldwide acclaim.[92]
Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish, and African roots.[93] In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments.[94] Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the charango.[95] African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument.[96] Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, zamacueca, and huayno.[97]
See also[link]
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Notes[link]
- ^ Informe Latinobarómetro 2011, Latinobarómetro (p. 58).
- ^ a b c d e "Peru". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=35&pr.y=17&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
- ^ Quechua name used by government of Peru is Perú (see Quechua language version of Peru Parliament website and Quechua language version of Peru Constitution [1]), but common Quechua name is Piruw
- ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 83.
- ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 84.
- ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 86.
- ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 87.
- ^ Tom Dillehay et al, "The first settlers", p. 20.
- ^ Jonathan Haas et al, "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru", p. 1021.
- ^ Terence D'Altroy, The Incas, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Enrique Mayer, The articulated peasant, pp. 47–68.
- ^ Recopilación de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias, vol. II, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Peter Bakewell, Miners of the Red Mountain, p. 181.
- ^ Margarita Suárez, Desafíos transatlánticos, pp. 252–253.
- ^ Kenneth Andrien, Crisis and decline, pp. 200–202.
- ^ Mark Burkholder, From impotence to authority, pp. 83–87.
- ^ Scarlett O'Phelan, Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru, p. 276.
- ^ Timothy Anna, The fall of the royal government in Peru, pp. 237–238.
- ^ Charles Walker, Smoldering ashes, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Paul Gootenberg, Between silver and guano, p. 12.
- ^ Paul Gootenberg, Imagining development, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Paul Gootenberg, Imagining development, p. 9.
- ^ Ulrich Mücke, Political culture in nineteenth-century Peru, pp. 193–194.
- ^ Peter Klarén, Peru, pp. 262–276.
- ^ David Palmer, Peru: the authoritarian tradition, p. 93.
- ^ George Philip, The rise and fall of the Peruvian military radicals, pp. 163–165.
- ^ Daniel Schydlowsky and Juan Julio Wicht, "Anatomy of an economic failure", pp. 106–107.
- ^ Peter Klarén, Peru, pp. 406–407.
- ^ BBC News, Fujimori: Decline and fall. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
- ^ The Economist, Peru. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
- ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 112.
- ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 122.
- ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 90.
- ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Articles N° 107–108.
- ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Articles N° 146.
- ^ Jeffrey Clark, Building on quicksand. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
- ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 31.
- ^ (Spanish) Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales, Elecciones Generales 2011 Segunda Elección Presidencial. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ (Spanish) Congreso de la República del Perú, Grupos Parlamentarios. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
- ^ Ronald Bruce St John, The foreign policy of Peru, pp. 223–224.
- ^ BBC News, Peru–Chile border row escalates. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- ^ Ministerio de Defensa, Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional, p. 90.
- ^ Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar, Articles N° 29, 42 and 45.
- ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 11.
- ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 10.
- ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 66.
- ^ AndesHandbook, Huascarán. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
- ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, p. 16.
- ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, p. 31.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005, p. 21.
- ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005, p. 50.
- ^ United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010PDFRetrieved November 5, 2010.
- ^ Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru 1890–1977, p. 4.
- ^ Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru 1890–1977, p. 321.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Evolución de la Pobreza en el Perú al 2010, p. 38.
- ^ Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru 1890–1977, pp. 318–319.
- ^ John Sheahan, Searching for a better society, p. 157.
- ^ (Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva, Producto bruto interno por sectores productivos 1951–2006. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ 2006 figures. (Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva, Memoria 2006, p. 204. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ (Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva, Memoria 2006, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement, April 12, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ 2006 figures. (Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva, Memoria 2006, pp. 60–61. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ Noble David Cook, Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620, p. 114.
- ^ Mario Vázquez, "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru", pp. 79–81.
- ^ Magnus Mörner, Race mixture in the history of Latin America, p. 131.
- ^ CIA, World Factbook (Expand "people" tab)
- ^ "Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders". USATODAY.com. January 31, 2012
- ^ United Nations, World Population ProspectsPDF (2.74 MB), pp. 44–48. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050, pp. 37–38, 40.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 13.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 24.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 111.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 132.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 93.
- ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 17.
- ^ Víctor Andrés Belaunde, Peruanidad, p. 472.
- ^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of colonial Latin America, pp. 72–74.
- ^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of colonial Latin America, p. 263.
- ^ Edward Lucie-Smith, Latin American art of the 20th century, pp. 76–77, 145–146.
- ^ Damián Bayón, "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980", pp. 425–428.
- ^ Gerald Martin, "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870", pp. 37–39.
- ^ Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 151–152.
- ^ Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 178–179.
- ^ Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.
- ^ Tony Custer, The Art of Peruvian Cuisine, pp. 17–22.
- ^ Tony Custer, The Art of Peruvian Cuisine, pp. 25–38.
- ^ Embassy of Peru in the United States, The Peruvian Gastronomy[dead link]. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ Raúl Romero, "Andean Peru", p. 385–386.
- ^ Dale Olsen, Music of El Dorado, pp. 17–22.
- ^ Thomas Turino, "Charango", p. 340.
- ^ Raúl Romero, "La música tradicional y popular", pp. 263–265.
- ^ Raúl Romero, "La música tradicional y popular", pp. 243–245, 261–263.
References[link]
- Etymology
- (Spanish) Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. El nombre del Perú. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968.
- History
- Andrien, Kenneth. Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
- Anna, Timothy. The fall of the royal government in Peru. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
- Bakewell, Peter. Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545–1650. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1984.
- BBC News. Fujimori: Decline and fall. November 20, 2000.
- Burkholder, Mark. From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687–1808. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977.
- D'Altroy, Terence. The Incas. Malden: Blackwell, 2002.
- Dillehay, Tom, Duccio Bonavia and Peter Kaulicke. "The first settlers". In Helaine Silverman (ed.), Andean archaeology. Malden: Blackwell, 2004, pp. 16–34.
- Gootenberg, Paul. Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
- Gootenberg, Paul. Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru's "fictitious prosperity" of Guano, 1840–1880. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
- Haas, Jonathan, Winifred Creamer and Alvaro Ruiz. "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru". Nature 432: 1020–1023 (December 23, 2004).
- Klarén, Peter. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Mayer, Enrique. The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes. Boulder: Westview, 2002
- Mücke, Ulrich. Political culture in nineteenth-century Peru. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.
- O'Phelan, Scarlett. Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru. Cologne: Böhlau, 1985.
- Palmer, David. Peru: the authoritarian tradition. New York: Praeger, 1980.
- Philip, George. The rise and fall of the Peruvian military radicals. London: University of London, 1978.
- (Spanish) Recopilación de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1973
- Schydlowsky, Daniel and Juan Julio Wicht. "Anatomy of an economic failure". In Cynthia McClintock and Abraham Lowenthal (ed.), The Peruvian experiment reconsidered. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, pp. 94–143.
- (Spanish) Suárez, Margarita. Desafíos transatlánticos. Lima: FCE/IFEA/PUCP, 2001.
- The Economist. Peru. June 12, 2007.
- Walker, Charles. Smoldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.
- Government
- BBC News. Peru–Chile border row escalates. November 4, 2005.
- Clark, Jeffrey. Building on quicksand: the collapse of the World Bank's judicial reform project in Peru. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 2000.
- (Spanish) Congreso de la República del Perú. Grupos Parlamentarios.
- (Spanish) Constitución Política del Perú. December 29, 1993.
- (Spanish) Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar
DOC. September 28, 1999. - (Spanish) Ministerio de Defensa. Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional. Lima: Ministerio de Defensa, 2005
- (Spanish) Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales. Elecciones Generales 2011 Segunda Elección Presidencial.
- St John, Ronald Bruce. The foreign policy of Peru. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992.
- Regions
- (Spanish) Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos RegionalesPDF (305 KB). November 16, 2002.
- Geography
- AndesHandbook. Huascarán. June 2, 2002.
- (Spanish) Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú. El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico. Lima: Auge, 1996.
- (Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005PDF (8.31 MB). Lima: INEI, 2005.
- Economy
- (Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva. Cuadros Anuales Históricos.
- (Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva. Memoria 2006. Lima: BCR, 2007
- (Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú: Perfil de la pobreza por departamentos, 2004–2008. Lima: INEI, 2009.
- International Monetary Fund. Peru. January 2010.
- Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement. April 12, 2006.
- Sheahan, John. Searching for a better society: the Peruvian economy from 1950. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
- Thorp, Rosemary and Geoffrey Bertram. Peru 1890–1977: growth and policy in an open economy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.
- United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009PDF. New York: UNDP, 2009.
- Demographics
- Cook, Noble David. Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
- (Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050. Lima: INEI, 2001.
- (Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú. Lima: INEI, 2008.
- Mörner, Magnus. Race mixture in the history of Latin America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1967.
- United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. HighlightsPDF (2.74 MB). New York: United Nations, 2007.
- Vázquez, Mario. "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru". In: Magnus Mörner, Race and class in Latin America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970, pp. 73–95.
- Culture
- Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Art of colonial Latin America. London: Phaidon, 2005.
- Bayón, Damián. "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 393–454.
- (Spanish) Belaunde, Víctor Andrés. Peruanidad. Lima: BCR, 1983.
- Concha, Jaime. "Poetry, c. 1920–1950". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 227–260.
- Custer, Tony. The Art of Peruvian Cuisine. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003.
- Embassy of Peru in the United States. The Peruvian Gastronomy[dead link].
- Lucie-Smith, Edward. Latin American art of the 20th century. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993.
- Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45.
- Martin, Gerald. "Narrative since c. 1920". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 133–225.
- Olsen, Dale. Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
- (Spanish) Romero, Raúl. "La música tradicional y popular". In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, La música en el Perú. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, 1985, pp. 215–283.
- Romero, Raúl. "Andean Peru". In: John Schechter (ed.), Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition. New York: Schirmer Books, 1999, pp. 383–423.
- Turino, Thomas. "Charango". In: Stanley Sadie (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. New York: MacMillan Press Limited, 1993, vol. I, p. 340.
External links[link]
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- Country Profile from BBC News
- Peru from the Encyclopædia Britannica
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- Peru at the Open Directory Project
- PeruLinks web directory
- Wikimedia Atlas of Peru
- Peru travel guide from Wikitravel
- (Spanish) Web portal of the Peruvian Government
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Rodríguez and the second or maternal family name is López-Cepero.
| Luis Fonsi | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Luis Alfonso Rodríguez López-Cepero |
| Born | (1978-04-15) April 15, 1978 (age 34) |
| Genres | Latin pop, Rock en Español |
| Instruments | Voice, Piano & Guitar |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Labels | Universal Music Latin Entertainment |
Luis Alfonso Rodríguez López-Cepero, more commonly known by his stage name Luis Fonsi, (born April 15, 1978 in Puerto Rico) is a Latin Grammy winning Puerto Rican singer and composer.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in Puerto Rico, Fonsi and his family later moved to Orlando, Florida, during Fonsi's early childhood. Around the time he was ten years old, Fonsi began to dream about becoming a member of Menudo, a Latin American boy band. While not being able to pursue that dream, he did, however, participate in many local boy bands, including one, Big Guys, where he met, and befriended, future *NSYNC member Joey Fatone.
In 1995, Fonsi enrolled at Florida State University to study music. He also joined the school's choir and sang with the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.[1]
In April 2005, Fonsi had a brief return to the singing stage, when former Menudo member Ray Reyes invited him and another Puerto Rican, Adamari López, to a concert which was held at San Juan's Roberto Clemente coliseum. The press widely covered what El Vocero titled as Fonsi's moment as a Menudo, when he took the stage and joined the members of El Reencuentro to sing some of their old hits.[2]
His stage name Fonsi is actually a nickname that is derived from his middle name Alfonso (alFONSo). The "i" was added to complete the name.
Career[link]
Instead of choosing to keep a pattern of trying to find stardom in the United States with a boy band, Fonsi chose to better prepare himself for a future, stable career inside show business. He went to Florida State University to study vocal techniques. Meanwhile, he began to record demo tapes in Miami. While he was at FSU, he was overheard singing by a university music department president, who offered him a contract with a large recording company.
In 1998, Fonsi recorded his first CD, Comenzaré (I Will Begin). Comenzaré became an instant hit in Puerto Rico and across Latin America, with Fonsi conquering such markets as Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, and Venezuela. His 2000 follow-up, Eterno, was equally successful. Around this time, Fonsi also recorded a duet with Christina Aguilera for her 2000 Spanish-Language album, Mi Reflejo. By then, Fonsi's fame had reached Europe, as he became a celebrity in Spain as well. Also in the year 2000 Fonsi participated in Jubilee 2000, where he sang to Pope John Paul II. That same year Ednita Nazario won a Latin Grammy for a song composed by Fonsi. He also collaborated in honor of the victims of 9-11 at the White House, along with other artists.
During 2001, a re-mix of Comenzaré and Eterno was launched, while Fonsi worked on his next album, 2002's Amor Secreto. At about the same time, some media outlets began to comment about an alleged, adulterous romance between him and a very famous married Puerto Rican singer, who had just happened to separate from her husband and bought a home close to Fonsi's Orlando property. The scandal did not last too long, however, and Fonsi soon released an album in English, Fight the Feeling, also released in 2002.
Fight the Feeling did not sell well in the United States. It is expected, however, that Fonsi will sometime in the future make a second attempt at a crossover: because he has lived most of his life in Orlando, he is fluent in English as well as in Spanish. In 2004 Luis recorded a duet with Emma Bunton (Spice Girls) for her second studio solo album, Free Me. The song "Amazing" is a ballad taken from a mature, sophisticated and classy 60s style lounge/pop music album which includes orchestrated and bossanova numbers.
His fifth CD, Abrazar la Vida, sold very well, which opened new markets in Europe. "Quien te Dijo Eso?" reached high positions on music charts. His sixth CD, Paso a Paso, launched him into international markets. "Nada es Para Siempre" reached #1 on the music chart, and was a nominee for the Latin Grammy Awards. In 2006, he contributed on a tribute cd to Victor Yturbe "El Piruli" singing the classic bolero Historia de un amor. Fonsi was one of several artists selected to perform in "KQ Live Concert" on September 27, 2008, organized by KQ 105 FM, the event included several renowned artists from Puerto Rico and other Latin American locations.[3]
Luis Fonsi cracked the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time in September 2008 with his song "No Me Doy Por Vencido", debuting at number 98 and peaking at number 92. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks, his biggest hit to date. On October 10, 2008, Fonsi presented a private concert to 700 winners of a promotional contest presented by Pepsi.[4] On December 11, 2009, Fonsi performed in Oslo, Norway at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert honoring winner Barack Obama.[5]
Luis Fonsi latest album "Tierra Firme" is available June 28, 2011 which includes international hits "gritar" plus "respira" and "claridad". Luis celebrates his album release with an autograph signing at hardrock cafe in Los Angeles on June 30. First 200 guest will get to meet Luis and receive a gift.
He is currently on tour promoting "Tierra Firme" throughout Latin America.
Acting career[link]
In 2004, Fonsi made his acting debut in a Mexican telenovela named Corazones al límite in which he played Roy. He also had a special appearance in 2001 in the Nickelodeon television series Taina.[6] He has stated that he would like to continue with his acting career, though he has denied that he will work someday with his now ex-wife Adamari López on a soap opera.
Personal life[link]
By 2003, Fonsi began to become romantically interested in actress Adamari López, who, as an Univision artist and fellow Puerto Rican, constantly found herself near Fonsi.[2] That same year, Fonsi released the song "Abrazar la Vida" ("To Embrace the Life"), off the eponymous album. The song would later become one of Lopez's favorites.[2]
In 2004, rumors were reported by magazines, television news shows, and newspapers that he and Lopez had committed to marry each other. During 2005, Fonsi was in the middle of an international tour that would have had him away from home for many months; the tour was abruptly cancelled when Lopez was diagnosed with cancer. Fonsi promised her to stay by her side, and has traveled with her back and forth between Mexico, Miami, and Puerto Rico for various treatment and work-related trips.[2] She has been in remission since 2006.
On June 3, 2006, Fonsi and Adamari López were married in a religious ceremony in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico attended by many celebrities including Joey Fatone, Charytín, Ednita Nazario, and Carlos Ponce, as well as his brother — aspiring singer Jean Rodriguez, who goes simply by Jean as his professional name. Officially, on November 8, 2010 they divorced.[7]
Fonsi is also the Spanish-language spokesman for the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee.
Fonsi and Spanish model Águeda López had their first child together, a girl they named Mikaela, on December 20, 2011 in Miami.[8]
Discography[link]
Main article: Luis Fonsi discography
Studio Albums[link]
- Comenzaré (1998)
- Eterno (2000)
- Amor Secreto (2002)
- Abrazar la Vida (2003)
- Paso a Paso (2005)
- Palabras del Silencio (2008)
- Tierra Firme (2011)
Compilations[link]
- Remixes (2001)
- Fight the Feeling (2002)
- Éxitos 98:06 (2006)
DVDs[link]
- Luis Fonsi Live (2004)
- Éxitos 98:06 Los Videos (2006)[9]
Awards[link]
Further information: List of Awards received by Luis Fonsi
Filmography[link]
TV[link]
- Taina (2001) ; Special appearance
- Corazones al límite (2004); Roy
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Luis Fonsi, Music of Puerto Rico
- ^ a b c d Luis Fonzi biography
- ^ Aixa Sepúlveda Morales (2008-08-05). "Mezcla de géneros en una sola tarima" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/musica/espectaculos_asi/mezcla_de_generos_en_una_sola_tarima/216805. Retrieved 2008-08-11. [dead link]
- ^ Russell Rúa (2008-10-10). "Sacean su sed por Luis Fonsi" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/musica/espectaculosasi/sacean_su_sed_por_luis_fonsi/238155. Retrieved 2008-10-11. [dead link]
- ^ http://www.monstersandcritics.com/music/features/article_1518804.php/In-Pictures-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Concert?page=4
- ^ Internet Movie Database
- ^ Adamari Lopez, Luis Fonsi's Puerto Rico Wedding
- ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Puerto-Rican-singer-Spanish-model-have-their-first-child/Article1-785605.aspx
- ^ allmusic
External links[link]
- Official website
- Universal Music Latin Entertainment website
- Luis Fonsi at the Internet Movie Database
- Luis Fonsi Fan Site
- Luis Fonsi International
- Fonsi on AOL music
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fonsi, Luis |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | April 15, 1978 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Luis_Fonsi
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Luis Fonsi
http://de.wn.com/Luis Fonsi
http://pl.wn.com/Luis Fonsi
http://es.wn.com/Luis Fonsi
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Fonsi
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Juan Gabriel | |
|---|---|
 Juan Gabriel in concert. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Alberto Aguilera Valadez |
| Also known as | Adan Luna, Juan Gabriel, Juanga, El divo de Juárez, |
| Born | (1950-01-07) 7 January 1950 (age 62) Parácuaro, Michoacán, Mexico |
| Genres | Mariachi Ranchera Latin Pop / Mexican pop |
| Occupations | Singer/Composer |
| Years active | 1971–present |
| Labels | Universal Music BMG RCA Records |
| Website | JuanGabriel[dead link] |
Alberto Aguilera Valadez (Spanish pronunciation: [alˈβeɾto aɣiˈleɾa βalaˈðes]) (born January 7, 1950), better known by his stage name Juan Gabriel (pronounced: [ˈxwaŋ ɡaˈβɾjel]), is a Mexican singer, songwriter, recording artist, and performer.[1][2]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
Born on 7 January 1950, on Cinco de Mayo street (now known as Juan Gabriel Street) in the small town of Parácuaro, Michoacán, to father Gabriel Aguilera Rodríguez and mother Victoria Valadez Rojas, he is the youngest of 10 siblings: Rosa who died shortly after birth, Virginia, José Guadalupe, Gabriel, Pablo, Miguel (died) and three brothers named Rafael who all three have also died.
Around the age of three months, Alberto's father, Gabriel, being an agricultural field worker, intended to clear a piece of land by setting fire to the field. Due to windy conditions, sadly he lost control of the fire which began to spread to neighboring properties and homes. Deeply disturbed and worried over the consequences he brought onto his family, Gabriel knew not what to do and threw himself into a river. Badly injured from the fall, Gabriel was hospitalized and committed to La Castañeda psychiatric ward in México City. What happened to Gabriel after the psychiatric ward is unknown. One tale is that he died while in La Castañeda for their alleged patient mistreatment, while others say that Gabriel escaped from the mental ward to unknown whereabouts. Either way, Alberto and his family never heard from their father again. These accounts would later be Alberto's inspiration for the song titled "De Sol a Sol (A Mis Padres)" - English translation, "From Sun Up to Sun Down (To My Parents)".
After some time, Alberto's mother, Victoria, felt obligated to leave Parácuaro, move the family to Apatzingan, Morelia for a short while and finally settle in Juárez, Chihuahua, where Alberto lived the remainder of his childhood.
At the age of five years, Alberto was sent to the boarding school known as Centro de Mejoramiento Infantil located in Juárez (now known as the Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez - Technological Institute of Juarez). In a strange place and away from his mother, Alberto had to mature at a very young age. At the boarding school, Alberto was befriended by Juan Contreras, a teacher at the school who became his mentor and guardian. Juan taught Alberto various crafts and skills to earn money but his greatest gift was the teachings of the various musical skills that Juan possessed. Alberto took a liking in the guitar and was fortunate to have wonderful tutor in Juan. As a result, at the age of 13, Alberto composed his first song La Muerte del Palomo, essentially the beginning of an amazing musical career.
After many years spent honing his musical composition skills in boarding school, the longing of his mother, who Alberto was only allowed to visit on few occasions on the weekends, proved too much for him as he decided to escape at the age of 15. Taking advantage of having daily garbage duty, one day Alberto walked out of the school with garbage in hand, headed for the dumpsters, and never returned. Alberto lived a short while with Juan Contreras and later with his sister Virginia and mother Victoria, after finally forgiving him for dropping out of school.
Making A Name For Yourself[link]
Anxious to spread his songs to the masses, which totaled over 100 by this time, Alberto left Juárez to pursue his dream and spent time in various towns among the northern parts of Baja California. In Tijuana, he took a job at the bar Nic Teja where he met for the first time José Alfredo Jiménez, one of Mexico's most famous performing artists, and his wife at the time Alicia Juarez. Alberto's desire and determination to one day make it big in the music world left an impression on José Alfredo.
After returning to Juárez, Alberto began his performing career in local nightclubs and television throughout Juárez using the stage name Adán Luna. After many attempts to perform at the popular nightclub El Noa Noa, the owner David Bencuomo finally gave Alberto the opportunity to sing with the group Prisoneros del Ritmo. Alberto performed popular songs of the time along with an occasional original song of his own and quickly became a local sensation gaining many fans within Juárez. The nightclub El Noa Noa would later be immortalized in one of Alberto's most popular songs of the same title.
Not settling as a local performer, Alberto left José for Mexico City where he began working part-time for RCA writing the chorus of songs for many established artists such as Angélica María, Leo Dan and Roberto Jordan. Working at RCA, he crosses paths again with José Alfredo Jiménez. He and José Alfredo talk about how their lives are so similar and how José Alfredo went through the same struggles roughly 25 years earlier when he was beginning his own musical career. After being denied by various recording companies, Alberto returns to Juárez and signs his first performing contract at the Malibu nightclub, where he earns $20.00 a night. Here he befriends lady McCulley who becomes like a second mother and supports Alberto financially to return to Mexico City in pursuit of his dreams.
At the age of 19, it is on this next trip to Mexico City that Alberto is falsely accused of theft and is incarcerated in Lecumberri jail. The time spent in jail later provides Alberto with the inspiration for the movie titled Es Mi Vida - It's My Life. While in jail, he meets Enriqueta "Queta" Jiménez, also known as "La Prieta Linda" - "The Pretty Brown-skinned Lady", who not only advocated on his behalf and garnered Alberto's release after 18 months in jail on the grounds of lacking evidence, but also put him in contact with RCA producers. Later Alberto would write the song Noche a Noche for Jiménez, becoming one of the Alberto's earliest authored recordings.
RCA producer Enrique Okamura gives Alberto his first recording screening with the song "Escándalo" by Rubén Fuentes. Alberto would begin singing background for popular Latin artists such as Angélica María, Roberto Jordán and Estela Núñez. Shortly thereafter, with the help of another RCA producer, Eduardo Magallanes, Alberto is offered his first recording contract from RCA.
Career[link]
In 1971, at the age of 21, Alberto signs a recording contract with RCA Records after officially changing his name to Juan Gabriel (Juan, in honor of Juan Contreras the schoolmaster for whom he held great admiration and the surname of Gabriel, in honor of his own deceased father, Gabriel Aguilera).[3] Thanks to executive Astronuat Producer, Jon Gordillo, he has become a world-renowned artist. Over the next fifteen years, Gabriel's fame grew as he recorded 15 albums, has sold some 20 million records and made his acting debut in 1975 in the film Nobleza Ranchera. He has written and recorded over 1000 songs in a variety of music genre.[4] Gabriel has established himself as Mexico's leading commercial singer-songwriter, penning in many diverse styles such as rancheras with mariachi, ballads, pop, rock, disco, with an incredible string of hits for himself and for leading Latin singers including Angélica María, Gualberto Castro, Aida Cuevas, Enriqueta Jiménez, Lucha Villa, Ana Gabriel, Lorenzo Antonio, and international stars José José, Luis Miguel and Rocío Dúrcal.[5]
His work as an arranger, producer and songwriter throughout the subsequent decades has brought him into contact with the leading Latin artists of the day, including Rocío Dúrcal and Isabel Pantoja. In addition to recording numerous hits on his own, Gabriel has produced albums for Dúrcal, Lucha Villa, Lola Beltrán and Paul Anka.[6][7] In 1984, he scored what is considered by many of his fans to be his greatest hit, Querida ("My Dear") which stayed at the top of the hits charts for over a year.[8]
BMG copyright dispute[link]
During 1986 to 1994, Gabriel refused to record any material with BMG over copyrights to his songs. During the dispute he continued to perform live. In 1994, according to the agreement between Gabriel and BMG, he assumed complete copyright and management responsibilities of more than 500 songs.[9] Gabriel's entire song catalogue is published by BMG Music Publishing.[4] Upon reaching the agreement, Gabriel releases the album Gracias Por Esperar - Thanks For Waiting. Gabriel spent the following years recording albums at a prolific rate and found that his popularity had not waned in the previous years. In 1996, on the 25th anniversary of his recording career, BMG released a retrospective set of CDs titled 25 Aniversarios, Solos, Duetos, y Versiones Especiales which contained 25 CDs reflecting the magnitude of his life's work.
Personal life[link]
Juan Gabriel has never married. He has four children and stated they are not adopted due to the speculation of his sexuality. Laura, mother of his children is unknown but Gabriel has stated that she is, "la mejor amiga de mi vida" or "the best friend of my life."[10] When asked whether he was gay, he replied, "Lo que se ve no se pregunta. Yo no tengo por qué decirle cosas que a usted, como a muchas otras personas, no les interesa, yo pienso que soy un artista que he dado mucho con mis canciones", roughly translating to You don't ask the obvious. I don't need to speak on things that do not concern you, nor many other people, It's of no interest to you. I am an artist that has given a lot with my songs.
On 14 November 2005, Juan Gabriel was injured when he fell from the stage at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas, and was hospitalized at Texas Medical Center.[11][12] He sustained a fractured wrist.
Charity work[link]
He continues to do 10 to 12 performances per year as benefit concerts for his favorite children homes and habitually poses for pictures with his fans and forwards the proceeds from the photo-ops to support Mexican orphans.[9] In 1987, Juan Gabriel founded Semjase,[13] a house for orphaned and underserved children located in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. It serves school children between the ages of 6 to 12.[14]
Awards and achievements[link]
- In 1986, Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley declared October 5 "The Day of Juan Gabriel." [4]
- Billboard, inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame 1996[15][4]
- ASCAP Songwriter of the Year Award in 1995[16]
- A six time Grammy nominee[17]
- Sold 100 million copies of his albums [18]
- In 1995, three of his songs reached the Top 40 of Billboard magazine's "Hot Latin Tracks" radio charts
- People's Choice Latin Music Award, 1999,(Ritmo) for best regional artist for his Con La Banda El Recodo[9]
- La Opinión Tributo Nacional (Lifetime Achievement Award), 1999[9]
- Billboard Award of a statue of Gabriel, erected at Mexico City's Plaza Garibaldi, 2001 a favorite performance area for mariachi bands was done by sculptor Oscar Ponzanelli.[9]
- Singer and Composer Juan Gabriel Takes home 4 Billboard Awards, 2002[19]
- Was honored as the Latin Recording Academy's Person of the Year on November 4, 2009, the night prior to the 10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards.
- Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Select TVography/filmography[link]
- 1977: Nobleza ranchera[20]
- 1979: En esta primaver]
- 1980: El Noa Noa
- 1980: Del otro lado del puente
- 1982: Es mi vida
- 1984: Siempre en domingo
- 1990: Bazar Viena
- 2000: Evicted
- 2007: La niñera (animated television series)
Select discography[link]
Albums[link]
- 1971: El Alma Joven...
- 1972: El Alma Joven Vol.II
- 1973: El Alma Joven Vol.III
- 1974: Juan Gabriel Con El Mariachi Vargas De Tecalitlan
- 1975: 10 Exitos de Juan Gabriel
- 1976: A Mi Guitarra
- 1976: Juan Gabriel con, Mariachi Vol. II
- 1977: Te Llegará Mi Olvido
- 1978: Siempre Estoy Pensando en Ti
- 1978: Siempre En Mi Mente
- 1978: Espectacular
- 1978: Mis Ojos Tristes
- 1979: Me Gusta Bailar Contigo
- 1980: Recuerdos
- 1980: Juan Gabriel Con Mariachi
- 1980: Ella
- 1981: Con Tu Amor
- 1982: Cosas De Enamorados
- 1983: Todo
- 1984: Recuerdos, Vol.II
- 1986: Pensamientos
- 1986: Frente a Frente, Vol. 1
- 1987: Frente a Frente, Vol. 2
- 1988: 14 Exitos Originales Para Ti
- 1988: Debo Hacerlo
- 1990: Juan Gabriel en El Palacio de Bellas Artes
- 1994: Gracias Por Esperar
- 1995: El México Que Se Nos Fue
- 1996: Juan Gabriel Con Mariachi, Vol. 2
- 1996: 25 Aniversario: Solos, Duetos Y Versiones Especiales
- 1996: Del Otro Lado
- 1997: Juntos Otra Vez with Rocío Dúrcal
- 1998: Celebracion de los 25 Años de Juan Gabriel en Bellas Artes
- 1998: Por Mi Orgullo
- 1998: Con la Banda...El Recodo with Banda el Recodo
- 1999: Romanticos!
- 1999: Todo Está Bien
- 2000: Abrázame Muy Fuerte
- 2001: Por Los Siglos
- 2003: Inocente de Ti
- 2004: El Unico: Sus Más Grandes Exitos
- 2004: 15 Exitos de Juan Gabriel
- 2004: Los 15 Grandes Exitos de Juan Gabriel
- 2006: La Historia del Divo
- 2007: Los Gabriel... Simplemente Amigos with Ana Gabriel
- 2008: Los Gabriel: Cantan a México with Ana Gabriel
- 2008: Los Gabriel... Para ti with Ana Gabriel
- 2008: El Divo Canta A México
- 2009: Mis Canciones, Mis Amigos
- 2010: Juan Gabriel
- 2010: Mis Favoritas
- 2010: Boleros
Singles[link]
- 1971: "No tengo dinero"
- 1974: "Se me olvidó otra vez"
- 197?: "He venido a pedirte perdón"
- 1978: "Siempre en mi mente"
- 197?: "Te lo pido por favor"
- 197?: "Querida"
- 197?: "Mañana, mañana"
- 197?: "La diferencia"
- 197?: "El Noa Noa"
- 1978: "Mis ojos tristes"
- 1985: "Déjame vivir"
- 198?: "Amor, amor es amor"
- 198?: "El México que se nos fue"
- 198?: "Yo no nací para amar"
- 198?: "Insensible"
- 1986: "Yo no sé que me paso"
- 1987: "Qué lástima"
- 1987: "Hasta que te conocí"
- 1988: "Debo hacerlo"
- 1988: "Sólo sé que fue en marzo"
- 1988: "No me vuelvo a enamorar"
- 1991: "Amor eterno"
- 1994: "Pero, ¿qué necesidad?"
- 1994: "Lentamente"
- 1995: "El palo"
- 1995: "Canción 187"
- 1995: "Muriendo de amor"
- 1996: "Mi bendita tierra"
- 1996: "Mi pueblo" (with Paul Anka)
- 1997: "Te sigo amando"
- 1997: "El destino"
- 1997: "La incertidumbre" (with Rocío Dúrcal)
- 1998: "Así fue"
- 1999: "Adorable mentirosa" (with Banda El Recodo)
- 1999: "Te doy las gracias" (with Banda El Recodo)
- 1999: "Infidelidad" (with Banda El Recodo)
- 1999: "El sinaloense" (with Banda El Recodo)
- 1999: "Todo está bien"
- 2001: "Abrázame muy fuerte"
- 2001: "Inocente pobre amigo"
- 2003: "Inocente de ti"
- 2004: "Yo te recuerdo"
- 2010: "¿Por qué me haces llorar?"
In popular culture[link]
- In 1993, American singer Lorenzo Antonio released his album Mi Tributo a Juan Gabriel on WEA. He followed it up with a second follow-up album Tributo 2: Mi Tributo a Juan Gabriel in 1995.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Juan Gabriel, Ayer y Hoy
- ^ Hispanicnews.com,http://www.hispanianews.com/archive/1999/March19/06.htm
- ^ Gabriel, Juan Biography: Contemporary Musicians
- ^ a b c d Sears Presents Juan Gabriel's U. S. Tour
- ^ allmusic ((( Juan Gabriel > Biography )))
- ^ allmusic ((( Juan Gabriel > Biography )))
- ^ Biography at Yahoo Shopping
- ^ Juan Gabriel Tickets - Concert Tickets for the Juan Gabriel
- ^ a b c d e Gabriel, Juan Biography: Contemporary Musicians
- ^ DICE JUAN GABRIEL “Lo que se ve • Tele Guía De Chicago
- ^ NBC5 Chicago, http://www.nbc5.com/irresistible/5339032/detail.html?z=dp&dpswid=1260382&dppid=65193
- ^ Latin Music Superstar Falls 6 Feet Off Stage - Houston News Story - KPRC Houston
- ^ Juan Gabriel.com, Bio, http://www.juangabriel.com.mx/AA/bio/biog4.html
- ^ Hispanicnews.com, http://www.hispanianews.com/archive/1999/March19/06.htm
- ^ allmusic ((( Juan Gabriel > Biography )))
- ^ allmusic ((( Juan Gabriel > Biography )))
- ^ allmusic ((( Juan Gabriel > Biography )))
- ^ allmusic ((( Juan Gabriel > Biography )))
- ^ "Stars Glitter At the 2002 Billboard Latin Music Awards Show". Business Wire. 2002-05-10. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_May_10/ai_85674084.
- ^ "Nobleza ranchera (1977)". www.imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0180015/. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
External links[link]
- Official Website at Universal Music
- Official MySpace
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gabriel, Juan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 7 January 1950 |
| Place of birth | Parácuaro, Michoacán, Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Juan_Gabriel
Related pages:
http://pt.wn.com/Juan Gabriel
http://de.wn.com/Juan Gabriel
http://fr.wn.com/Juan Gabriel
http://pl.wn.com/Juan Gabriel
http://id.wn.com/Juan Gabriel
http://es.wn.com/Juan Gabriel
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gabriel
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Peru i/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
