William Whewell

Friday, 26 October 2012

William Whewell

How Mars Has Fooled Past Astronomers | Video

Keith Hart's Improvised Cambridge Tour - Webisode 6/7

Long Long Ago and Far Far Away - Part 2 Uniformitarianism and Evolution

History Channel - O Universo Marte [Parte 1/3]

History Channel - O Universo Marte [Parte 2/3]

History Channel - O Universo Marte [Parte 3/3]

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Cambridge
http://wn.com/Cambridge
Lancashire
Lancashire ( or, less commonly, ) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
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Lancaster, England
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Adam Sedgwick
Adam Sedgwick (22 March 1785 – 27 January 1873) was one of the founders of modern geology. He proposed the Devonian period of the geological timescale and later the Cambrian period. The latter proposal was based on work which he did on Welsh rock strata. Though he had guided the young Charles Darwin in his early study of geology, Sedgwick was an outspoken opponent of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection.
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Albert Einstein
http://wn.com/Albert_Einstein
Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher, formerly the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and Christian apologetics. Plantinga is a Christian and known for applying the methods of analytic philosophy to defend orthodox Christian beliefs. Notably, he has argued that some people can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument, similar to how people usually claim to know that other minds exist. He has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the existence of evil and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.
http://wn.com/Alvin_Plantinga
Anthony Kenny
Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931 in Liverpool) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. With Peter Geach, he has made a significant contribution to Analytical Thomism, a movement whose aim is to present the thought of St Thomas Aquinas in the style of modern philosophy by clearing away the trappings and obscurities of traditional Thomism. He is one of the executors of Wittgenstein's literary estate. He is a former President of the British Academy and current President of the Royal Institute of Philosophy.
http://wn.com/Anthony_Kenny
Antony Flew
http://wn.com/Antony_Flew
Archibald Geikie
Sir Archibald Geikie, OM, KCB, PRS, FRSE (28 December 1835 - 10 November 1924), was a Scottish geologist and writer.
http://wn.com/Archibald_Geikie
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle
Aubrey Strahan
Sir Aubrey Strahan KBE FRS (20 April 1852 - 4 March 1928) was a British geologist. He won the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1919.
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Auguste Comte
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Augustine of Hippo
: For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
http://wn.com/Augustine_of_Hippo
Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
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Averroes
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Baron d'Holbach
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Baruch Spinoza
http://wn.com/Baruch_Spinoza
Bernard Elgey Leake
Bernard Elgey Leake (born 1932) is a British geologist, now Professor Emeritus at the University of Glasgow.
http://wn.com/Bernard_Elgey_Leake
Bertrand Russell
http://wn.com/Bertrand_Russell
Blaise Pascal
http://wn.com/Blaise_Pascal
Boethius
http://wn.com/Boethius
C. D. Broad
C. D. Broad (full name Charlie Dunbar Broad; 30 December 1887 - 11 March 1971) was an English epistemologist, historian of philosophy, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, and writer on the philosophical aspects of psychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of arguments in such works as The Mind and Its Place in Nature, published in 1925, Scientific Thought, published in 1930, and ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'', published in 1933.
http://wn.com/C_D_Broad
Carl Gustav Hempel
Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (born January 8, 1905 in Oranienburg, Germany died November 9, 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a philosopher of science and a major figure in 20th-century logical empiricism. He is especially well-known for his articulation of the Deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, which was considered the "standard model" of scientific explanation during the 1950s and 1960's. He is also known for the Raven paradox, which highlights the problem of induction.
http://wn.com/Carl_Gustav_Hempel
Cecil Edgar Tilley
Cecil Edgar Tilley FRS (14 May 1894 - 24 January 1973) was an Australian-British petrologist and geologist.
http://wn.com/Cecil_Edgar_Tilley
Charles Darwin
http://wn.com/Charles_Darwin
Charles David Curtis
Charles David Curtis (born 1939) is a British geologist. He is Emeritus Professor of Geochemistry at the University of Manchester and has been the Head of Research and Development Strategy, Radioactive Waste Management Directorate, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority since 2007.
http://wn.com/Charles_David_Curtis
Charles Lapworth
Charles Lapworth (20 September 1842 – 13 March 1920) was an English geologist.
http://wn.com/Charles_Lapworth
Charles Lyell
http://wn.com/Charles_Lyell
Connop Thirlwall
Connop Thirlwall (11 January 1797 - 27 July 1875) was an English bishop (in Wales) and historian.
http://wn.com/Connop_Thirlwall
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942 in Boston) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He graduated from Harvard with a B.A in philosophy, then after completing his D.Phil at the University of Oxford. He is currently the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a noted atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as a prominent advocate of the Brights movement.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Dennett
David Hume
http://wn.com/David_Hume
Derek John Blundell
Derek John Blundell (born 1933) is a British geologist, now Emeritus Professor of Geophysics, Royal Holloway, University of London.
http://wn.com/Derek_John_Blundell
Desiderius Erasmus
http://wn.com/Desiderius_Erasmus
Edward Forbes
http://wn.com/Edward_Forbes
Edward Howel Francis
(Edward) Howel Francis (Born 1924) is a British geologist, formerly Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds.
http://wn.com/Edward_Howel_Francis
Emil Brunner
Heinrich Emil Brunner (December 23, 1889 – April 6, 1966) was a Swiss Protestant (Reformed) theologian. Along with Karl Barth (see Relationship with Karl Barth), he is commonly associated with neo-orthodoxy or the dialectical theology movement.
http://wn.com/Emil_Brunner
English people
The English (from ) are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens.
http://wn.com/English_people
Ernst Haeckel
http://wn.com/Ernst_Haeckel
Ernst Troeltsch
http://wn.com/Ernst_Troeltsch
Francis Bacon
http://wn.com/Francis_Bacon
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Nietzsche
Galileo Galilei
http://wn.com/Galileo_Galilei
George Martin Lees
http://wn.com/George_Martin_Lees
George Peacock
http://wn.com/George_Peacock
Goethe
http://wn.com/Goethe
Henri Poincaré
http://wn.com/Henri_Poincaré
Henry Clifton Sorby
Henry Clifton Sorby (10 May 1826 - 9 March 1908), was an English microscopist and geologist,
http://wn.com/Henry_Clifton_Sorby
Henry De la Beche
Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche FRS (10 February 1796 – 13 April 1855) was an English geologist and palaeontologist who helped pioneer early geological survey methods.
http://wn.com/Henry_De_la_Beche
Henry Grey Bennet
http://wn.com/Henry_Grey_Bennet
Henry Warburton
Henry Warburton (12 November 1784 – 16 September 1858) was an English merchant and politician, and also an enthusiastic amateur scientist.
http://wn.com/Henry_Warburton
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus
Herbert Spencer
http://wn.com/Herbert_Spencer
Hugh of Saint Victor
http://wn.com/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor
Hugo Grotius
http://wn.com/Hugo_Grotius
Immanuel Kant
http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
Imre Lakatos
http://wn.com/Imre_Lakatos
Isaac Barrow
Isaac Barrow (October 1630 – 4 May 1677) was an English scholar, theologian, and mathematician who is generally given credit for his early role in the development of infinitesimal calculus; in particular, for the discovery of the fundamental theorem of calculus. His work centered on the properties of the tangent; Barrow was the first to calculate the tangents of the kappa curve. Isaac Newton was a student of Barrow's, and Newton went on to develop calculus in a modern form. The lunar crater Barrow is named after him.
http://wn.com/Isaac_Barrow
Isaac Newton
http://wn.com/Isaac_Newton
Isaac Todhunter
Isaac Todhunter FRS (23 November 1820 – 1 March 1884), was an English mathematician who is best known today for the books he wrote on mathematics and its history.
http://wn.com/Isaac_Todhunter
J. L. Mackie
John Leslie Mackie (25 August 1917–12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher, originally from Sydney. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, and is perhaps best known for his views on meta-ethics, especially his defence of moral skepticism.
http://wn.com/J_L_Mackie
Janet Watson
http://wn.com/Janet_Watson
Jean-Luc Marion
Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is among the best-known living philosophers in France, former student of Jacques Derrida and one of the leading Catholic thinkers of modern times. Marion's take on the postmodern is richly enhanced by his expertise in patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy. Although much of his academic work has dealt with Descartes and phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl, it is rather his explicitly religious works that have garnered much recent attention. God Without Being, for example, is concerned predominantly with an analysis of idolatry, a theme strongly linked in Marion's work with love and the gift, which is a concept also explored at length by Derrida. To a certain extent, Marion also takes up the mantle of Emmanuel Levinas in directing our thought beyond being. There is a widespread but possibly dubious designation of Jean-Luc Marion as a leading contributor to postmodern theology.
http://wn.com/Jean-Luc_Marion
Jethro Teall
Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall (5 January 1849 - 2 July 1924) was a British geologist. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1890. He won the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society in 1905. Teallite is named for him.
http://wn.com/Jethro_Teall
John Dewey
http://wn.com/John_Dewey
John Edward Marr
http://wn.com/John_Edward_Marr
John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH, FRS (March 7, 1792 – May 11, 1871)
http://wn.com/John_Herschel
John Hulke
http://wn.com/John_Hulke
John MacCulloch
John MacCulloch (6 October 1773 – 21 August 1835) was a Scottish geologist.
http://wn.com/John_MacCulloch
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
http://wn.com/John_Stuart_Mill
John Walter Gregory
http://wn.com/John_Walter_Gregory
John Wesley Judd
http://wn.com/John_Wesley_Judd
Jürgen Habermas
http://wn.com/Jürgen_Habermas
Karl Barth
Karl Barth ( – ) (pronounced "Bart") was a Swiss Reformed theologian whom critics hold to be among the most important Christian thinkers of the 20th century; Pope Pius XII described him as the most important theologian since Thomas Aquinas. Beginning with his experience as a pastor, he rejected his training in the predominant liberal theology typical of 19th-century European Protestantism. Instead he embarked on a new theological path initially called dialectical theology, due to its stress on the paradoxical nature of divine truth (e.g., God's relationship to humanity embodies both grace and judgment). Other critics have referred to Barth as the father of neo-orthodoxy — a term emphatically rejected by Barth himself. The most accurate description of his work might be "a theology of the Word." Barth's theological thought emphasized the sovereignty of God, particularly through his innovative doctrine of election.
http://wn.com/Karl_Barth
Karl Marx
http://wn.com/Karl_Marx
Karl Popper
http://wn.com/Karl_Popper
Larry Laudan
Larry Laudan (b. Austin, Texas 1941) is a contemporary philosopher of science and epistemologist. He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges. Laudan's philosophical view of "research traditions" is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos's "research programs."
http://wn.com/Larry_Laudan
Leonard Hawkes
Leonard Hawkes FRS (6 August 1891 - 29 October 1981) was a British geologist.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Hawkes
Leonard Horner
Leonard Horner (January 17, 1785 – March 5, 1864), Scottish geologist, brother of Francis Horner, was born in Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Horner
Lev Shestov
Lev Isaakovich Shestov (), born Yehuda Leyb Schwarzmann (), was a Ukrainian/Russian existentialist philosopher. Born in Kiev (Russian Empire) on , he emigrated to France in 1921, fleeing from the aftermath of the October Revolution. He lived in Paris until his death on November 19, 1938.
http://wn.com/Lev_Shestov
Loyal Rue
Dr. Loyal D. Rue is professor of religion and philosophy at Luther College of Decorah, Iowa , and focuses on naturalistic theories of religion.
http://wn.com/Loyal_Rue
Maimonides
http://wn.com/Maimonides
Mark Moody-Stuart
Sir Mark Moody-Stuart (born 15 September 1940, Antigua) was appointed non-executive chairman of Anglo American PLC in 2001 and is an ex-chairman of Royal Dutch Shell and a director of HSBC Holdings and of Accenture. He is a Chairman, Foundation for the Global Compact and was a member of the Board of Directors of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) until December 2007. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Saudi Aramco. He was knighted in 2000 (KCMG).
http://wn.com/Mark_Moody-Stuart
Martin Buber
http://wn.com/Martin_Buber
Michael Faraday
http://wn.com/Michael_Faraday
Mircea Eliade
http://wn.com/Mircea_Eliade
Oliver Bulman
Oliver Meredith Boone Bulman (20 May 1902 - 18 February 1974) was a British palaeontologist. He was Woodwardian Professor of Geology at Cambridge University.
http://wn.com/Oliver_Bulman
Otto Neurath
Otto Neurath (Vienna, December 10, 1882 - Oxford, December 22, 1945) was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. Before he was forced to flee his native country for Great Britain in the wake of the Nazi occupation, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
http://wn.com/Otto_Neurath
Owen Thomas Jones
http://wn.com/Owen_Thomas_Jones
Paul Feyerabend
http://wn.com/Paul_Feyerabend
Paul Tillich
http://wn.com/Paul_Tillich
Pavel Florensky
http://wn.com/Pavel_Florensky
Percival Allen
http://wn.com/Percival_Allen
Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach
Peter Martin Duncan
Peter Martin Duncan (20 April 1824 - 28 May 1891) was an English palaeontologist.
http://wn.com/Peter_Martin_Duncan
Pierre Duhem
http://wn.com/Pierre_Duhem
Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him.
http://wn.com/Pierre_Gassendi
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato
R.B. Braithwaite
http://wn.com/RB_Braithwaite
Reinhold Niebuhr
Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (; June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American theologian and commentator on public affairs. Niebuhr was the archetypal American intellectual of the Cold War era. Starting as a leftist minister in the 1920s indebted to theological liberalism, he shifted to the new Neo-Orthodox theology in the 1930s, explaining how the sin of pride created evil in the world. He attacked utopianism as useless for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944):
http://wn.com/Reinhold_Niebuhr
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes
René Guénon
http://wn.com/René_Guénon
Richard Dixon Oldham
Richard Dixon Oldham (31 July 1858 – 15 July 1936) was an Irish geophysicist and geologist who, in 1906, argued that the Earth must have a core as S waves were not able to travel as quickly through liquids nor through the Earth's interior as through less dense matter. (The identification of the core as molten is often attributed to Oldham, but that came later.)
http://wn.com/Richard_Dixon_Oldham
Richard Hardman
http://wn.com/Richard_Hardman
Richard Swinburne
Richard G. Swinburne (born 26 December 1934) is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been a very influential proponent of natural theology, that is, philosophical arguments for the existence of God. His philosophical contributions are primarily in philosophy of religion and philosophy of science. He aroused much discussion with his early work in the philosophy of religion, a trilogy of books consisting of The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason.
http://wn.com/Richard_Swinburne
Robert Etheridge
http://wn.com/Robert_Etheridge
Robert Kilwardby
http://wn.com/Robert_Kilwardby
Robin Cocks
Leonard Robert Morrison Cocks (Robin Cocks) (born 1938) is a British geologist, formerly Keeper of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum.
http://wn.com/Robin_Cocks
Roderick Murchison
http://wn.com/Roderick_Murchison
Roger Bacon
http://wn.com/Roger_Bacon
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Carnap
Sergei Bulgakov
Fr. Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov () ( - July 12, 1944) was a Russian Orthodox theologian, philosopher and economist.
http://wn.com/Sergei_Bulgakov
Stephen Toulmin
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 - 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Toulmin
Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard
Thomas George Bonney
Thomas George Bonney FRS (27 July 1833 at Rugeley, Staffordshire - 10 December 1923 at Cambridge) was an English geologist.
http://wn.com/Thomas_George_Bonney
Thomas Henry Holland
http://wn.com/Thomas_Henry_Holland
Thomas Henry Huxley
http://wn.com/Thomas_Henry_Huxley
Thomas Hobbes
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes
Thomas Rickman
Thomas Rickman (8 June 1776 - 4 January 1841), was an English architect who was a major figure in the Gothic Revival.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Rickman
Thomas Samuel Kuhn
http://wn.com/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn
W. B. R. King
William Bernard Robinson King, OBE MC FRS (12 November 1889 - 23 January 1963) was a British geologist.
http://wn.com/W_B_R_King
W.V.O. Quine
http://wn.com/WVO_Quine
Wilhelm Windelband
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Windelband
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 - 31 August 1920) was a German medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded one of the first formal laboratories for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Wundt
William Alston
http://wn.com/William_Alston
William Buckland
http://wn.com/William_Buckland
William Henry Fitton
William Henry Fitton (January 1780 - 13 May 1861) was an Irish geologist
http://wn.com/William_Henry_Fitton
William Hopkins
William Hopkins FRS (2 February 1793 – 13 October 1866) was an English mathematician and geologist. He is famous as a private tutor of aspiring undergraduate Cambridge mathematicians, earning him the sobriquet the senior-wrangler maker.
http://wn.com/William_Hopkins
William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/William_James
William L. Rowe
William Leonard Rowe (born 26 July 1931) is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialises in the philosophy of religion. His work has played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s". He is most notable for his formulation of the evidential argument from evil.
http://wn.com/William_L_Rowe
William Lane Craig
William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American Evangelical Christian apologist, theologian, and analytic philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of religion, historical Jesus studies, and the philosophy of time. He is one of the most visible contemporary proponents of natural theology, often participating in debates on the existence of God. In 1979, Craig authored The Kalam Cosmological Argument, a modern defense of the kalam cosmological argument—which is today the most published-on contemporary argument for theism in the philosophy of religion.
http://wn.com/William_Lane_Craig
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham
William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
http://wn.com/William_Whewell
William Wollaston
http://wn.com/William_Wollaston

William Whewell Quotes

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published: 30 Mar 2012

NYSL: Laura J. Snyder on "The Philosophical Breakfast Club"

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published: 15 Apr 2011

How Mars Has Fooled Past Astronomers | Video

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published: 03 Aug 2012

Keith Hart's Improvised Cambridge Tour - Webisode 6/7

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published: 18 Aug 2010

Tyson vs. Dawkins

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published: 15 Oct 2012

Long Long Ago and Far Far Away - Part 1

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published: 28 Apr 2010

Long Long Ago and Far Far Away - Part 2 Uniformitarianism and Evolution

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published: 29 Apr 2010

Sayings About Life

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published: 12 Mar 2011

COULD CREATIONISM CORRECT SCIENCE?

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published: 22 May 2012

History Channel - O Universo Marte [Parte 1/3]

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published: 04 Aug 2011

History Channel - O Universo Marte [Parte 2/3]

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published: 04 Aug 2011

History Channel - O Universo Marte [Parte 3/3]

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published: 04 Aug 2011

Famous Scientists Reject Darwinian Evolution

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published: 12 Jan 2010

(Série Cosmos 11/13) A Persistência da Memória (dublado)

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published: 02 Apr 2012

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Photo: Creative Commons / Neogeolegend

Kim Jong-il Funeral ceremony .Kim Jong-il died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 08:30 while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang.

N. Korean Army General Executed with Mortar for Drinking

Novosti

25 Oct 2012

MOSCOW, October 25 (RIA Novosti) - A high-ranking North Korean Army official was reportedly executed with a mortar round for drinking liquor during the 100-day...

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Photo: White House / Pete Souza

File - President Barack Obama disembarks Air Force One upon arrival at Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri, May 21, 2012.

Did Obama Just Play His Iran Card?

WorldNews.com

24 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling By the time President Richard Nixon told his Chinese hosts during a banquet toast, "Let us start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different...

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Photo: AP / Collin Reid

Waves, brought by Hurricane Sandy, crash on a house in the Caribbean Terrace neighborhood in eastern Kingston, Jamaica, Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012.

Hurricane Sandy growing stronger as it nears Cuba

Yahoo Daily News

25 Oct 2012

HAVANA (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy, growing stronger over warm Caribbean waters, lashed eastern Cuba with heavy rains and rising winds on Wednesday as it bore down on the communist island after...

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Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

Myanmar Buddhist monks march, protesting against plans to open office of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Oct. 15, 2012.

Muslims flee Myanmar as unrest continues

New Straits/Business Times

25 Oct 2012

YANGON: A new wave of sectarian violence in western Myanmar has left five people dead and dozens injured in recent days, triggering another exodus of Muslims to emergency camps, officials said...

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Photo: U.S. Army Courtesy

Soldiers of the 6th Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 203rd Afghan National Army Corp and Soldiers of 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, conducted dismounted patrol to an outpost in Paktika Province, Afghanistan, June 21, 2012.

Whom Surges Destroy They First Make Mad

WorldNews.com

23 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling As the two armies faced each other on that fateful day, a day in which perhaps the die had already been cast, a ground swell of experienced and newly...

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2012-13 Portland Trail Blazers Preview 26 Oct 2012

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William Whewell
William Whewell (1794-1866)
Born	(1794-05-24)24 May 1794 Lancaster, Lancashire, England
Died	6 March 1866(1866-03-06) (aged 71) Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Residence	England
Nationality	English
Fields	Polymath, philosopher, theologian
Institutions	University of Cambridge
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Known for	Coining the words 'scientist' and 'physicist' and the phrase 'hypothetico-deductive'
Influences	John Gough John Hudson
Influenced	Augustus De Morgan Isaac Todhunter

William Whewell ( /ˈhjuːəl/ HEW-əl; 24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.

1 Life and career
2 Scientific generalist
3 Work in college administration
4 Whewell's interests in architecture
5 Whewell's works in philosophy and morals
- 5.1 Checklist of works by Whewell
6 Honors and recognitions
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links

Life and career [link]

Whewell was born in Lancaster. His father, a carpenter, wished him to follow his trade, but his success in mathematics at Lancaster and Heversham grammar schools won him an exhibition (a type of scholarship) at Trinity College, Cambridge (1812). In 1814 he was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal for poetry.^[1] He was Second Wrangler in 1816, President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1817, became fellow and tutor of his college, and, in 1841, succeeded Dr Christopher Wordsworth as master. He was professor of mineralogy from 1828 to 1832 and Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy (then called "moral theology and casuistical divinity") from 1838 to 1855.^[2]

Whewell died in Cambridge 1866 as a result of a fall from his horse.^[3]

Full bibliographical details are given by Isaac Todhunter, W. Whewell: an Account of his Writings (2 vols., 1876). See also Life of W. Whewell, by Mrs Stair Douglas (1881).

Scientific generalist [link]

Multiple disciplines [link]

What is most often remarked about Whewell is the breadth of his endeavours. At a time when men of science were becoming increasingly specialised, Whewell appears as a vestige of an earlier era when men of science dabbled in a bit of everything. He researched ocean tides (for which he won the Royal Medal), published work in the disciplines of mechanics, physics, geology, astronomy, and economics, while also finding the time to compose poetry, author a Bridgewater Treatise, translate the works of Goethe, and write sermons and theological tracts.

Tracing the history and development of science [link]

William Whewell, c. 1860s

For all these pursuits, it comes as no surprise that his best-known works are two voluminous books which attempt to map and systematize the development of the sciences, History of the Inductive Sciences (1837) and The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History (1840). While the History traced how each branch of the sciences had evolved since antiquity, Whewell viewed the Philosophy as the "Moral" of the previous work as it sought to extract a universal theory of knowledge through the history he had just traced. In the Philosophy, Whewell attempted to follow Francis Bacon's plan for discovery of an effectual art of discovery. He examined ideas ("explication of conceptions") and by the "colligation of facts" endeavoured to unite these ideas with the facts and so construct science. But no art of discovery, such as Bacon anticipated, follows, for "invention, sagacity, genius" are needed at each step.

Whewell's three steps of induction [link]

Whewell analysed inductive reasoning into three steps:

The selection of the (fundamental) idea, such as space, number, cause, or likeness (resemblance);
The formation of the conception, or more special modification of those ideas, as a circle, a uniform force, etc.; and,
The determination of magnitudes.

Upon these follow special methods of induction applicable to quantity: the method of curves, the method of means, the method of least squares and the method of residues, and special methods depending on resemblance (to which the transition is made through the law of continuity), such as the method of gradation and the method of natural classification. In biology of the Inductive Sciences Whewell was the first to use the term "consilience" to discuss the unification of knowledge between the different branches of learning.

Opponent of English empiricism [link]

Here, as in his ethical doctrine, Whewell was moved by opposition to contemporary English empiricism. Following Immanuel Kant, he asserted against John Stuart Mill the a priori nature of necessary truth, and by his rules for the construction of conceptions he dispensed with the inductive methods of Mill.

Whewell's neologisms [link]

One of Whewell's greatest gifts to science was his wordsmithing. He often corresponded with many in his field and helped them come up with new terms for their discoveries. In fact, Whewell came up with the term scientist itself. (They had previously been known as "natural philosophers" or "men of science"). Whewell also contributed the terms physicist, consilience, catastrophism, and uniformitarianism, amongst others; Whewell suggested the terms ion, dielectric, anode, and cathode to Michael Faraday.

Mathematics [link]

Whewell introduced what is now called the Whewell equation, an equation defining the shape of a curve without reference to an arbitrarily chosen coordinate system.

Work in college administration [link]

Whewell was prominent not only in scientific research and philosophy, but also in university and college administration. His first work, An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics (1819), cooperated with those of George Peacock and John Herschel in reforming the Cambridge method of mathematical teaching. His work and publications also helped influence the recognition of the moral and natural sciences as an integral part of the Cambridge curriculum. In general, however, especially in later years, he opposed reform: he defended the tutorial system, and in a controversy with Connop Thirlwall (1834), opposed the admission of Dissenters; he upheld the clerical fellowship system, the privileged class of "fellow-commoners," and the authority of heads of colleges in university affairs. He opposed the appointment of the University Commission (1850), and wrote two pamphlets (Remarks) against the reform of the university (1855). He stood against the scheme of entrusting elections to the members of the senate and instead, advocated the use of college funds and the subvention of scientific and professorial work.

Whewell's interests in architecture [link]

Aside from Science, Whewell was also interested in the history of architecture throughout his life. He is best known for his writings on Gothic architecture, specifically his book, Architectural Notes on German Churches (first published in 1830). In this work, Whewell established a strict nomenclature for German Gothic churches and came up with a theory of stylistic development. His work is associated with the "scientific trend" of architectural writers, along with Thomas Rickman and Robert Willis.

Whewell's works in philosophy and morals [link]

Portrait by James Lonsdale

Between 1835 and 1861 Whewell produced various works on the philosophy of morals and politics, the chief of which, Elements of Morality, including Polity, was published in 1845. The peculiarity of this work—written from what is known as the intuitional point of view--is its fivefold division of the springs of action and of their objects, of the primary and universal rights of man (personal security, property, contract, family rights and government), and of the cardinal virtues (benevolence, justice, truth, purity and order).

Among Whewell's other works—too numerous to mention—were popular writings such as the third Bridgewater Treatise Astronomy and General Physics considered with reference to Natural Theology (1833), and the essay, Of the Plurality of Worlds (1853), in which he argued against the probability of life on other planets, and also the Platonic Dialogues for English Readers (1850–1861), the Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in England (1852), the essay, Of a Liberal Education in General, with particular reference to the Leading Studies of the University of Cambridge (1845), the important edition and abridged translation of Hugo Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (1853), and the edition of the Mathematical Works of Isaac Barrow (1860).

Whewell was one of the Cambridge dons whom Charles Darwin met during his education there, and after the Beagle voyage when Darwin was at the very start of The Origin of Species Darwin placed a citation from Whewell's Bridgewater Treatise showing his ideas to be founded on a natural theology of a creator establishing laws:^[4]

"But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this-we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws."

Checklist of works by Whewell [link]

(1831) Review of J. Herschel's Preliminary discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy (1830), Quarterly Review 90: 374-407.

(1833) Astronomy and general physics considered with reference to Natural Theology (Bridgewater Treatise). Cambridge.

(1837) History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Times. 3 vols, London. 2nd ed 1847. 3rd ed 1857. 1st German ed 1840-41.

(1840) The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, founded upon their history. 2 vols, London. 2nd ed 1847. Volume 1. Volume 2.

(1845) The Elements of Morality, including polity. 2 vols, London. Volume 2.

(1846) Lectures on systematic Morality. London.

(1849) Of Induction, with especial reference to Mr. J. Stuart Mill's System of Logic. London.

(1850) Mathematical exposition of some doctrines of political economy: second memoir. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 9:128-49.

(1852) Lectures on the history of Moral Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

(1853) Of the Plurality of Worlds. London.

(1857) Spedding's complete edition of the works of Bacon. Edinburgh Review 106:287-322.

(1858a) The history of scientific ideas. 2 vols, London.

(1858b) Novum Organon renovatum, London.

(1860a) On the philosophy of discovery: chapters historical and critical. London.

(1861) Plato's Republic (translation). Cambridge.

(1862) Six Lectures on Political Economy, Cambridge.

(1862) Additional Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, Cambridge.

(1866) Comte and Positivism. Macmillan's Magazine 13:353-62.

Honors and recognitions [link]

The crater Whewell on the Moon
The Gothic buildings known as Whewell's Court in Trinity College, Cambridge
The mineral whewellite
The debating society at Lancaster Royal Grammar School is named the Whewell Society in honour of Whewell being an Old Lancastrian.

References [link]

^ University of Cambridge (1859) (PDF), A Complete Collection of the English Poems which Have Obtained the Chancellor's Gold Medal in the University of Cambridge, Cambridge: W. Metcalfe, http://books.google.com/?id=Gw6GyHofIIAC, retrieved 1 October 2008
^ Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). "Whewell, William". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ GRO Register of Deaths: MAR 1866 3b 353 CAMBRIDGE - William Whewell, aged 71
^ Darwin, Charles (1859), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, London: John Murray, http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=7 (The Origin of Species page ii.) Retrieved on 5 January 2007

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: William Whewell

The philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history (1847)- Complete Text
William Whewell by Laura J. Snyder, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Six Lectures from Archive for the History of Economic Thought - papers on mathematical economics as well as a set of introductory lectures
William Whewell from History of Economic Thought
Papers of William Whewell
The Master of Trinity at Trinity College, Cambridge
"William Whewell" at The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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Preceded by Christopher Wordsworth	Master of Trinity College, Cambridge 1841–1866	Succeeded by William Hepworth Thompson

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Persondata
Name	Whewell, William
Alternative names	Whewell, W.
Short description	English philosopher & historian of science
Date of birth	24 May 1794
Place of birth	Lancaster, Lancashire, England
Date of death	6 March 1866
Place of death	Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England

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Contents

Life and career [link]

Scientific generalist [link]

Multiple disciplines [link]

Tracing the history and development of science [link]

Whewell's three steps of induction [link]

Opponent of English empiricism [link]

Whewell's neologisms [link]

Mathematics [link]

Work in college administration [link]

Whewell's interests in architecture [link]

Whewell's works in philosophy and morals [link]

Checklist of works by Whewell [link]

Honors and recognitions [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

Further reading [link]

External links [link]

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