published: 08 Aug 2010
views: 5729
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Albertus Magnus
- Alexandrian Rite
- Alphonsus Liguori
- Amantissimus
- Ambrose
- Ambrosian Rite
- Amnesty
- Ancona
- Anglican Use
- Anselm of Canterbury
- Anthony of Padua
- Anti-Catholic
- Anti-clericalism
- Antiochene Rite
- Apostle (Christian)
- Apostle Paul
- Apostle Peter
- Apostolic Fathers
- Apostolic Nuncio
- Apostolic Palace
- Archbishop
- Archbishop of Milan
- Arianism
- Armenian Rite
- Assumption of Mary
- Assumptionists
- Audience
- Augustine of Hippo
- Augustinians
- Austria-Hungary
- Avignon Papacy
- Baptism
- Baroque
- Basil of Caesarea
- Battle of Aspromonte
- Beatification
- Beatified
- Bede
- Benedict of Nursia
- Benedictine
- Benito Juárez
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Biblical canon
- Black Nobility
- Bologna
- Bonaventure
- Book Popes
- Breda
- Bronchitis
- Byzantine Iconoclasm
- Byzantine Rite
- Canon (priest)
- Capture of Rome
- Carbonari
- Cardinal Gaisruck
- Cardinal-Priest
- Caritas in Veritate
- Carmelites
- Carthusian
- Category Popes
- Catherine of Siena
- Catholic Church
- Catholic marriage
- Charlemagne
- Charlotte of Belgium
- Christian worship
- College of Cardinals
- Coloseum
- Colosseum
- Concordat
- Conservatism
- Coppersmith
- Council of Chalcedon
- Council of Jerusalem
- Council of Trent
- Council of Vienne
- Counter-Reformation
- Crete
- Crusades
- Cum Nuper
- Cyril of Alexandria
- Cyril of Jerusalem
- Dei Verbum
- Den Bosch
- Deus Caritas Est
- Diocese of Imola
- Divine grace
- Doctor of the Church
- Dogma
- Dominican Order
- Dominus Iesus
- Early Christianity
- Early Middle Ages
- East Syrian Rite
- East–West Schism
- Ecumenical council
- Edgardo Mortara
- Edict of Nantes
- Edith Stein
- Encyclical
- Eparchy of Križevci
- Ephrem the Syrian
- Epilepsy
- Episcopal See
- Erysipelas
- Eugenio Pacelli
- Excommunication
- Father Fischer
- Fertilisation
- First communion
- Foro Romano
- Francis de Sales
- Francis of Assisi
- Francis Xavier
- Franciscan
- Franco-Prussian War
- French Revolution
- Gaetano Baluffi
- Gaudium et Spes
- Giacomo Giustiniani
- Giovanni Muzi
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Giuseppe Pecci
- Golden Jubilee
- Goldsmith
- Gregorian chant
- Gregory of Nazianzus
- Gregory XVI
- Haarlem
- Hans Küng
- Henry Edward Manning
- Heresy
- High Middle Ages
- Hilary of Poitiers
- His Holiness
- Holy Year
- Ignatius of Antioch
- Ignaz von Döllinger
- In pectore
- Infallibility
- Infallible
- Inquisition
- Irenaeus
- Isabella II of Spain
- Isidore of Seville
- Jefferson Davis
- Jerome
- Jesuits
- Jesus
- John Bosco
- John Chrysostom
- John McCloskey
- John of Damascus
- John of the Cross
- John the Apostle
- Knights Templar
- Kulturkampf
- Late Middle Ages
- Latin Church
- Latin Empire
- Latium
- Law of Guarantees
- Lawrence of Brindisi
- Leo XIII
- Lira
- List of popes
- Liturgy
- Luigi Lambruschini
- Lumen Gentium
- L’Osservatore Romano
- Macon, Georgia
- Major archbishop
- Mario Ancaiani
- Mariology
- Maronite Church
- Mediatrix
- Meridionali Americae
- Metropolitan bishop
- Modernism
- Montreal
- Montreal Metro
- Mozarabic Rite
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- Natural law
- Neapolitan language
- Neminem Vestrum
- Nicholas Wiseman
- Nostis Et Nobiscum
- Nostra Aetate
- Omnem Sollicitudinem
- Original sin
- Orthodox Church
- Otto von Bismarck
- Ottoman Empire
- Our Lady of Fátima
- Our Lady of Lourdes
- Papal conclave
- Papal conclave, 1846
- Papal conclave, 2005
- Papal household
- Papal Infallibility
- Papal infallibility
- Papal States
- Particular Church
- Patriarch
- Patriotism
- Patroness
- Paul the Apostle
- Pellegrino Rossi
- Peter Chrysologus
- Peter Damian
- Peter's Pence
- Petrus Canisius
- Piarist
- Pius IX
- Pius VII
- Political prisoner
- Pontificate
- Pope
- Pope Adeodatus I
- Pope Adeodatus II
- Pope Adrian I
- Pope Adrian II
- Pope Adrian III
- Pope Adrian IV
- Pope Adrian V
- Pope Adrian VI
- Pope Agapetus I
- Pope Agapetus II
- Pope Agatho
- Pope Alexander I
- Pope Alexander II
- Pope Alexander III
- Pope Alexander IV
- Pope Alexander VI
- Pope Alexander VII
- Pope Alexander VIII
- Pope Anacletus
- Pope Anastasius I
- Pope Anastasius II
- Pope Anastasius III
- Pope Anastasius IV
- Pope Anicetus
- Pope Anterus
- Pope Benedict I
- Pope Benedict II
- Pope Benedict III
- Pope Benedict IV
- Pope Benedict IX
- Pope Benedict V
- Pope Benedict VI
- Pope Benedict VII
- Pope Benedict VIII
- Pope Benedict XI
- Pope Benedict XII
- Pope Benedict XIII
- Pope Benedict XIV
- Pope Benedict XV
- Pope Benedict XVI
- Pope Boniface I
- Pope Boniface II
- Pope Boniface III
- Pope Boniface IV
- Pope Boniface IX
- Pope Boniface V
- Pope Boniface VI
- Pope Boniface VIII
- Pope Caius
- Pope Callixtus I
- Pope Callixtus II
- Pope Callixtus III
- Pope Celestine I
- Pope Celestine II
- Pope Celestine III
- Pope Celestine IV
- Pope Celestine V
- Pope Clement I
- Pope Clement II
- Pope Clement III
- Pope Clement IV
- Pope Clement IX
- Pope Clement V
- Pope Clement VI
- Pope Clement VII
- Pope Clement VIII
- Pope Clement X
- Pope Clement XI
- Pope Clement XII
- Pope Clement XIII
- Pope Clement XIV
- Pope Conon
- Pope Constantine
- Pope Cornelius
- Pope Damasus I
- Pope Damasus II
- Pope Dionysius
- Pope Donus
- Pope Eleuterus
- Pope Eugene I
- Pope Eugene II
- Pope Eugene III
- Pope Eugene IV
- Pope Eusebius
- Pope Eutychian
- Pope Evaristus
- Pope Fabian
- Pope Felix I
- Pope Felix III
- Pope Felix IV
- Pope Formosus
- Pope Gelasius I
- Pope Gelasius II
- Pope Gregory I
- Pope Gregory II
- Pope Gregory III
- Pope Gregory IV
- Pope Gregory IX
- Pope Gregory V
- Pope Gregory VI
- Pope Gregory VII
- Pope Gregory VIII
- Pope Gregory X
- Pope Gregory XI
- Pope Gregory XII
- Pope Gregory XIII
- Pope Gregory XIV
- Pope Gregory XV
- Pope Gregory XVI
- Pope Hilarius
- Pope Honorius I
- Pope Honorius II
- Pope Honorius III
- Pope Honorius IV
- Pope Hormisdas
- Pope Hyginus
- Pope Innocent I
- Pope Innocent II
- Pope Innocent III
- Pope Innocent IV
- Pope Innocent IX
- Pope Innocent V
- Pope Innocent VI
- Pope Innocent VII
- Pope Innocent VIII
- Pope Innocent X
- Pope Innocent XI
- Pope Innocent XII
- Pope Innocent XIII
- Pope John I
- Pope John II
- Pope John III
- Pope John IV
- Pope John IX
- Pope John Paul I
- Pope John Paul II
- Pope John V
- Pope John VI
- Pope John VII
- Pope John VIII
- Pope John X
- Pope John XI
- Pope John XII
- Pope John XIII
- Pope John XIV
- Pope John XIX
- Pope John XV
- Pope John XVII
- Pope John XVIII
- Pope John XXI
- Pope John XXII
- Pope John XXIII
- Pope Julius I
- Pope Julius II
- Pope Julius III
- Pope Lando
- Pope Leo I
- Pope Leo II
- Pope Leo III
- Pope Leo IV
- Pope Leo IX
- Pope Leo V
- Pope Leo VI
- Pope Leo VII
- Pope Leo VIII
- Pope Leo X
- Pope Leo XI
- Pope Leo XII
- Pope Leo XIII
- Pope Liberius
- Pope Linus
- Pope Lucius I
- Pope Lucius II
- Pope Lucius III
- Pope Marcellinus
- Pope Marcellus I
- Pope Marcellus II
- Pope Marinus I
- Pope Marinus II
- Pope Mark
- Pope Martin I
- Pope Martin IV
- Pope Martin V
- Pope Miltiades
- Pope Nicholas I
- Pope Nicholas II
- Pope Nicholas III
- Pope Nicholas IV
- Pope Nicholas V
- Pope Paschal I
- Pope Paschal II
- Pope Paul I
- Pope Paul II
- Pope Paul III
- Pope Paul IV
- Pope Paul V
- Pope Paul VI
- Pope Pelagius I
- Pope Pelagius II
- Pope Pius
- Pope Pius I
- Pope Pius II
- Pope Pius III
- Pope Pius IV
- Pope Pius IX
- Pope Pius V
- Pope Pius VI
- Pope Pius VII
- Pope Pius VIII
- Pope Pius X
- Pope Pius XI
- Pope Pius XII
- Pope Pontian
- Pope Romanus
- Pope Sabinian
- Pope Sergius I
- Pope Sergius II
- Pope Sergius III
- Pope Sergius IV
- Pope Severinus
- Pope Silverius
- Pope Simplicius
- Pope Siricius
- Pope Sisinnius
- Pope Sixtus I
- Pope Sixtus II
- Pope Sixtus III
- Pope Sixtus IV
- Pope Sixtus V
- Pope Soter
- Pope Stephen I
- Pope Stephen II
- Pope Stephen III
- Pope Stephen IV
- Pope Stephen IX
- Pope Stephen V
- Pope Stephen VI
- Pope Stephen VII
- Pope Stephen VIII
- Pope Sylvester I
- Pope Sylvester II
- Pope Sylvester III
- Pope Symmachus
- Pope Telesphorus
- Pope Theodore I
- Pope Urban I
- Pope Urban II
- Pope Urban III
- Pope Urban IV
- Pope Urban V
- Pope Urban VI
- Pope Urban VII
- Pope Urban VIII
- Pope Valentine
- Pope Victor I
- Pope Victor II
- Pope Victor III
- Pope Vigilius
- Pope Vitalian
- Pope Zachary
- Pope Zephyrinus
- Pope Zosimus
- Porta Pia
- Portal Catholicism
- Portal Pope
- Primate (bishop)
- Protodeacon
- Prussia
- Qui Pluribus
- Quirinal Palace
- Quod Nunquam
- Redemptorist
- Rerum Novarum
- Robert Bellarmine
- Roermond
- Roman Catholic dogma
- Roman Ghetto
- Roman Rite
- Rome
- Rosary
- Saint Boniface
- Saint Malachy
- Saint Peter
- Saint Stephen
- Salvation
- Santiago, Chile
- Sarum Rite
- Seaport
- Senigallia
- Sermon on the Mount
- Shimabara Rebellion
- Simple vow
- Social justice
- Society of Jesus
- Sovereign
- Spe Salvi
- St. Peter's Basilica
- Subsistit in
- Summorum Pontificum
- Swiss Guard
- Syllabus of Errors
- Template Catholicism
- Template Popes
- Template talk Popes
- Ten Commandments
- Teresa of Ávila
- Tertullian
- Theocracy
- Thomas Aquinas
- Thomas More
- Thérèse of Lisieux
- Tiber River
- Tridentine Mass
- Trinity
- Tuscany
- Two Sicilies
- Unification of Italy
- United States
- Venerable
- Vincenzo Pecci
- Volterra
- Vulgate
- Western Schism
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Wikisource
- Wool
- World Youth Day 2008
-
Ancona
Ancona (; from ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). Ancona is situated on the Adriatic Sea and is the center of the province of Ancona and the capital of the region.
http://wn.com/Ancona -
Apostolic Palace
:Not to be confused with the nearby Lateran Palace.
http://wn.com/Apostolic_Palace -
Archbishop of Milan
http://wn.com/Archbishop_of_Milan -
Breda
Breda () is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. The name Breda derived from brede Aa ('broad Aa') and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa. As a fortified city, the city was a strategic military and political significance. Although a direct Fiefdom of the Holy Roman Emperor, the city obtained a municipal charter; the acquisition of Breda, through marriage by the house of Nassau ensured that Breda would be at the center of political and social life in the Low Countries.
http://wn.com/Breda -
Coloseum
http://wn.com/Coloseum -
Colosseum
The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.
http://wn.com/Colosseum -
Counter-Reformation
http://wn.com/Counter-Reformation -
Crete
http://wn.com/Crete -
Den Bosch
http://wn.com/Den_Bosch -
Foro Romano
http://wn.com/Foro_Romano -
Haarlem
Haarlem (), in the past usually Harlem in English, is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of North Holland, the northern half of Holland, which at one time was the most powerful of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic. Haarlem lies in the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe.
http://wn.com/Haarlem -
Lira
{| align="right"
http://wn.com/Lira -
L’Osservatore Romano
http://wn.com/L’Osservatore_Romano -
Macon, Georgia
Macon () is a city located in central Georgia, US. It is part of the Macon metropolitan area, and the county seat of Bibb County. A small portion of the city extends into Jones County. It lies near the geographic center of Georgia, approximately 85 miles (136 km) south of Atlanta, hence the city's nickname as the Heart of Georgia. As of 2008, Macon had an estimated population of 92,775; In terms of population, Macon is the sixth-largest city in Georgia (just after Athens).
http://wn.com/Macon_Georgia -
Montreal
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Papal States
The Papal State(s), State(s) of the Church, or Pontifical States (, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; , also Dicio Pontificia) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).
http://wn.com/Papal_States -
Porta Pia
http://wn.com/Porta_Pia -
Roermond
Roermond () () is a city, a municipality, and a diocese in the southeastern part of the Netherlands.
http://wn.com/Roermond -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
http://wn.com/Rome -
Santiago, Chile
http://wn.com/Santiago_Chile -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
-
Albertus Magnus
http://wn.com/Albertus_Magnus -
Alphonsus Liguori
http://wn.com/Alphonsus_Liguori -
Ambrose
:St. Ambrose redirects here. For the university, see Saint Ambrose University. For other uses, see Ambrose (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Ambrose -
Anthony of Padua
http://wn.com/Anthony_of_Padua -
Apostle Paul
http://wn.com/Apostle_Paul -
Apostle Peter
http://wn.com/Apostle_Peter -
Augustine of Hippo
: For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
http://wn.com/Augustine_of_Hippo -
Beatification
http://wn.com/Beatification -
Beatified
http://wn.com/Beatified -
Bede
http://wn.com/Bede -
Benedict of Nursia
:"Saint Benedict" redirects here. This article is about the founder of Western monasticism; for other saints named Benedict, see Benedict.
http://wn.com/Benedict_of_Nursia -
Benito Juárez
http://wn.com/Benito_Juárez -
Bernard of Clairvaux
http://wn.com/Bernard_of_Clairvaux -
Bonaventure
Bonaventure (; 1221 – 15 July 1274), born John of Fidanza (), was an Italian medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher, the seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor. He was a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was canonized on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. He is known as the "Seraphic Doctor" (). Many writings believed in the Middle Ages to be his are now collected under the name Pseudo-Bonaventura.
http://wn.com/Bonaventure -
Cardinal Gaisruck
http://wn.com/Cardinal_Gaisruck -
Catherine of Siena
http://wn.com/Catherine_of_Siena -
Charlemagne
http://wn.com/Charlemagne -
Charlotte of Belgium
http://wn.com/Charlotte_of_Belgium -
Cyril of Alexandria
Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376 - 444) was the Pope of Alexandria from 412 to 444. He came to power when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire. Cyril wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the later 4th and 5th centuries. He was a central figure in the First Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople.
http://wn.com/Cyril_of_Alexandria -
Cyril of Jerusalem
http://wn.com/Cyril_of_Jerusalem -
Edgardo Mortara
http://wn.com/Edgardo_Mortara -
Edith Stein
Saint Teresia Benedicta of the Cross sometimes also known as Saint Edith Stein (October 12, 1891 – August 9, 1942) was a German-Jewish philosopher, nun, and is a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church. Born into an observant Jewish family but an atheist by her teenage years, she converted to Christianity in 1922, was baptized into the Catholic Church and was received into the Discalced Carmelite Order as a postulant in 1934. Although she moved from Germany to the Netherlands to avoid Nazi persecution, in 1942 she was arrested and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where she died in the gas chamber. She was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1998.
http://wn.com/Edith_Stein -
Ephrem the Syrian
http://wn.com/Ephrem_the_Syrian -
Eugenio Pacelli
http://wn.com/Eugenio_Pacelli -
Francis de Sales
http://wn.com/Francis_de_Sales -
Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi (Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone; 1181/1182October 3, 1226) was a Catholic deacon and preacher. He also was the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans.
http://wn.com/Francis_of_Assisi -
Francis Xavier
http://wn.com/Francis_Xavier -
Giacomo Giustiniani
http://wn.com/Giacomo_Giustiniani -
Gregory of Nazianzus
http://wn.com/Gregory_of_Nazianzus -
Gregory XVI
http://wn.com/Gregory_XVI -
Henry Edward Manning
Henry Edward Manning (1808–1892) was a English Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster and a cardinal.
http://wn.com/Henry_Edward_Manning -
Hilary of Poitiers
hi mitchel
http://wn.com/Hilary_of_Poitiers -
Ignatius of Antioch
http://wn.com/Ignatius_of_Antioch -
Ignaz von Döllinger
http://wn.com/Ignaz_von_Döllinger -
Irenaeus
http://wn.com/Irenaeus -
Isabella II of Spain
http://wn.com/Isabella_II_of_Spain -
Isidore of Seville
Saint Isidore of Seville (Spanish: or , Latin: ) (c. 560 – 4 April 636) was Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and is considered, as the historian Montalembert put it in an oft-quoted phrase, "le dernier savant du monde ancien" ("the last scholar of the ancient world"). Indeed, all the later medieval history-writing of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) was based on his histories.
http://wn.com/Isidore_of_Seville -
Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.
http://wn.com/Jefferson_Davis -
Jerome
http://wn.com/Jerome -
Jesus
http://wn.com/Jesus -
John Bosco
John Bosco (, ; 16 August 181531 January 1888), was an Italian Catholic priest, educator and writer of the 19th century, who put into practice the convictions of his religion, dedicating his life to the betterment and education of poor youngsters, and employing teaching methods based on love rather than punishment, a method that is known as the preventive system. As he was a follower of the spirituality and philosophy of Francis de Sales, Bosco dedicated his works to him when he founded the Society of St. Francis de Sales (more commonly known as the Salesian Society or the Salesians of Don Bosco). Together with Maria Domenica Mazzarello he founded the Institute of the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians, a religious congregation of nuns dedicated to the care and education of poor girls, and popularly known as Salesian Sisters. In 1876 Bosco founded a movement of laity, the Salesian Cooperators, with the same educational mission to the poor. In 1875 he published 'Bibliofilo Cattolico - Bollettino Salesiano Mensuale'' (The Catholic Book Lover - Salesian Monthly Bulletin.) The Bulletin has remained in continuous publication, and is currently published in 50 different editions and 30 languages.
http://wn.com/John_Bosco -
John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom (c. 349–407, ), Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. He is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities. After his death (or, according to some sources, during his life) he was given the Greek surname chrysostomos, meaning "golden mouthed", rendered in English as Chrysostom.
http://wn.com/John_Chrysostom -
John McCloskey
John McCloskey (March 10, 1810—October 10, 1885) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of New York from 1864 until his death in 1885, having previously served as Bishop of Albany (1847-64). In 1875, he became the first American cardinal.
http://wn.com/John_McCloskey -
John of Damascus
:Chrysorrhoas redirects here. For the river, see Barada.
http://wn.com/John_of_Damascus -
John of the Cross
http://wn.com/John_of_the_Cross -
John the Apostle
http://wn.com/John_the_Apostle -
Lawrence of Brindisi
Saint Lawrence of Brindisi (July 22, 1559, Brindisi, Apulia – July 22, 1619), born Giulio Cesare Russo, was a Roman Catholic priest and a member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.
http://wn.com/Lawrence_of_Brindisi -
Leo XIII
http://wn.com/Leo_XIII -
Luigi Lambruschini
Luigi Lambruschini (6 March 1776 – 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century.
http://wn.com/Luigi_Lambruschini -
Napoleon Bonaparte
http://wn.com/Napoleon_Bonaparte -
Nicholas Wiseman
Nicholas Patrick Stephen Wiseman (1802–1865) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who became the first Archbishop of Westminster upon the re-establishment of the Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales in 1850.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_Wiseman -
Otto von Bismarck
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Bismarck -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Paul the Apostle
http://wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle -
Peter Damian
Saint Peter Damian, O.S.B. (Petrus Damiani, also Pietro Damiani or Pier Damiani; c. 1007 – February 21/22, 1072) was a reforming monk in the circle of Pope Gregory VII and a cardinal. In 1823, he was declared a Doctor of the Church. Dante placed him in one of the highest circles of Paradiso as a great predecessor of Saint Francis of Assisi.
http://wn.com/Peter_Damian -
Pius IX
http://wn.com/Pius_IX -
Pius VII
http://wn.com/Pius_VII -
Pope Adeodatus I
Pope Saint Adeodatus I or Deodatus I (which is Given by God in Latin, also called Deusdedit, which is God Has Given; both are now considered variants of the same name) (died November 8, 618) was pope from 615 to 618.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adeodatus_I -
Pope Adeodatus II
Adeodatus II or Deodatus II reigned as pope from April 11, 672 to June 17, 676. Little is known about him. Most records which remain indicate that Adeodatus was known for his generosity, especially when it came to the poor and to pilgrims.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adeodatus_II -
Pope Adrian I
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_I -
Pope Adrian II
Pope|
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_II -
Pope Adrian III
Pope Saint Adrian III (also known as Hadrian III) was Pope from May 17, 884 to September 885. He was born at Rome. He died in September 885, at San Cesario sul Panaro (Modena), on a journey to Worms, in modern Germany.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_III -
Pope Adrian IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_IV -
Pope Adrian V
Pope Adrian V (c. 1210/20 – August 18, 1276), born '''Ottobuono de' Fieschi''', was pope in 1276.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_V -
Pope Adrian VI
Pope Adrian VI (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, served as Bishop of Rome from 9 January 1522 until his death some 18 months later. He was the last non-Italian Pope until John Paul II, 456 years later. He is, together with Marcellus II, one of two 'modern' popes to retain his baptismal name after election. He is buried in the Santa Maria dell'Anima church in Rome.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_VI -
Pope Agapetus I
Pope Saint Agapetus I (died April 22, 536) reigned as pope from 535 to 536.
http://wn.com/Pope_Agapetus_I -
Pope Agapetus II
http://wn.com/Pope_Agapetus_II -
Pope Agatho
http://wn.com/Pope_Agatho -
Pope Alexander I
Pope Saint Alexander I was Bishop of Rome from about 106 to 115. The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio (2008) identifies him as a Roman who reigned from 108 or 109 to 116 or 119. Some believe he suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Trajan or Hadrian, but this is improbable.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_I -
Pope Alexander II
Alexander II (died April 21, 1073), born Anselmo da Baggio, was Pope from 1061 to 1073.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_II -
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – August 30, 1181), born Rolando (or Orlando) of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_III -
Pope Alexander IV
Pope Alexander IV (1199 or ca. 1185 – May 25, 1261) was Pope from 1254 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_IV -
Pope Alexander VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VI -
Pope Alexander VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VII -
Pope Alexander VIII
Pope Alexander VIII (22 April 1610 – 1 February 1691), born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was Pope from 1689 to 1691.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VIII -
Pope Anacletus
Pope Saint Anacletus (very rarely written as Anencletus), also called Pope Cletus, was the third Roman Pope (after St. Peter and St. Linus).
http://wn.com/Pope_Anacletus -
Pope Anastasius I
Pope Saint Anastasius I, born in Rome the son of Maximus, was pope from November 27, 399 to 401.
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_I -
Pope Anastasius II
Pope Anastasius II was pope from November 24, 496 to November 19, 498.
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_II -
Pope Anastasius III
Anastasius III (died June 915) was Pope from April 911 to June 913, was a Roman by birth. A Roman nobleman, Lucian, is sometimes recognized as his father, although other sources assert that he was the illegitimate son of his predecessor Pope Sergius III (904–911).
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_III -
Pope Anastasius IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_IV -
Pope Anicetus
http://wn.com/Pope_Anicetus -
Pope Anterus
Pope Saint Anterus was pope from November 21, 235 to January 3, 236, and succeeded Pope Pontian, who had been deported from Rome along with the antipope Hippolytus to Sardinia.
http://wn.com/Pope_Anterus -
Pope Benedict I
Pope Benedict I was pope from June 2, 575 to July 30, 579.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_I -
Pope Benedict II
Pope Saint Benedict II was pope from 684 to 685.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_II -
Pope Benedict III
Benedict III was Pope from September 29, 855 to April 17, 858.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_III -
Pope Benedict IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_IV -
Pope Benedict IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_IX -
Pope Benedict V
Benedict V (born in Rome; died July 4 966), Pope in 964, was elected by the Romans on the death of Pope John XII (955–964). However the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (936–973) did not approve of the choice and had him deposed after only a month (according to contemporary sources, he validly consented and resigned), and the ex-Pope was carried off to Hamburg and was placed under the care of Adaldag, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. There he became a deacon, dying in 966. He was first buried in the cathedral in Hamburg. At a later date his remains were transferred to Rome.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_V -
Pope Benedict VI
Benedict VI (died June 974) was pope from January 19, 973 to June 974.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_VI -
Pope Benedict VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_VII -
Pope Benedict VIII
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_VIII -
Pope Benedict XI
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XI -
Pope Benedict XII
Pope Benedict XII (died April 24, 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was Pope from 1334 to 1342.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XII -
Pope Benedict XIII
Pope Benedict XIII (2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was pope from 1724 until his death. He succeeded Pope Innocent XIII (1721–1724).
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XIII -
Pope Benedict XIV
Pope Benedict XIV (31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XIV -
Pope Benedict XV
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XV -
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI (; ; ; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of the Vatican City State. He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded John Paul II.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XVI -
Pope Boniface I
Pope Saint Boniface I was pope from December 28, 418 to September 4, 422. He was a contemporary of Saint Augustine of Hippo, who dedicated to him some of his works.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_I -
Pope Boniface II
Pope Boniface II was pope from 530 to 532.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_II -
Pope Boniface III
:For the Boniface III count of Montferrat see Boniface of Montferrat
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_III -
Pope Boniface IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_IV -
Pope Boniface IX
Pope Boniface IX (1356 – October 1, 1404), born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November 2, 1389 until October 1, 1404. During his time the antipope Clement VII (1378–94) continued to hold court as pope in Avignon under the protection of the French monarchy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_IX -
Pope Boniface V
Boniface V (died October 25, 625) was pope from 619 to 625.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_V -
Pope Boniface VI
Boniface VI, pope, a native of Rome, was elected in April 896 as a result of riots soon after the death of Pope Formosus. Prior to his reign, he had twice incurred a sentence of deprivation of orders, as a subdeacon and as a priest. After a pontificate of fifteen days, he is said by some to have died of the gout, by others to have been forcibly ejected to make way for Stephen VI, the candidate of the Spoletan party.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_VI -
Pope Boniface VIII
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_VIII -
Pope Caius
Pope Saint Caius or Gaius was Pope from December 17, 283 to April 22, 296. Christian tradition makes him a native of the Dalmatian city of Salona, today Solin near Split, the son of a man also named Caius, and a member of a noble family related to the Emperor Diocletian.
http://wn.com/Pope_Caius -
Pope Callixtus I
Pope Saint Callixtus I or Callistus I was pope from about 217 to about 222, during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. He was martyred for his Christian faith and is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.
http://wn.com/Pope_Callixtus_I -
Pope Callixtus II
Blessed Pope Calixtus II (or Calistus II) (died December 13, 1124), born Guy de Vienne, the fourth son of William I, Count of Burgundy (1057–87), was elected Pope on February 1, 1119, after the death of Pope Gelasius II (1118–19). His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, which he was able to settle through the Concordat of Worms (in 1122). Although his birth date is not known, his eldest brother was born in 1061, therefore we can assume that Guy himself was born between 1065 and 1068.
http://wn.com/Pope_Callixtus_II -
Pope Callixtus III
http://wn.com/Pope_Callixtus_III -
Pope Celestine I
Pope Saint Celestine I was pope from 422 until April 6, 432.
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_I -
Pope Celestine II
Pope Celestine II (died March 8, 1144), born Guido di Castello, was pope from 1143 to 1144.
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_II -
Pope Celestine III
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_III -
Pope Celestine IV
Pope Celestine IV (died November 10, 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo da Castiglione, was pope from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241.
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_IV -
Pope Celestine V
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_V -
Pope Clement I
Pope Saint Clement I (fl. 96), also known as Saint Clement of Rome (in Latin, Clemens Romanus), is listed from an early date as a Bishop of Rome. He was the first Apostolic Father of the Church.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_I -
Pope Clement II
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_II -
Pope Clement III
:See also, 11th century antipope Clement III.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_III -
Pope Clement IV
Pope Clement IV (Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, ca. 1195 – November 29, 1268 in Viterbo), born Gui Faucoi called in later life le Gros (; ), was elected Pope February 5, 1265, in a conclave held at Perugia that took four months, while cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles of Anjou, the youngest brother of Louis IX of France (1226–70), to carry on the papal war against the last of the house of Hohenstaufen.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_IV -
Pope Clement IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_IX -
Pope Clement V
Pope Clement V, born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Gouth and de Goth) (c. 1264 – April 20, 1314) was Pope from 1305 to his death. He is memorable in history for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and executing some of its members, and as the Pope who moved the Roman Curia to Avignon—although, as a matter of fact, he moved the Roman Curia to Carpentras—in 1309, after staying four years in Poitiers.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_V -
Pope Clement VI
Pope Clement VI (1291 – December 6, 1352), born
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_VI -
Pope Clement VII
:For the antipope (1378–1394) see antipope Clement VII.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_VII -
Pope Clement VIII
:Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_VIII -
Pope Clement X
Pope Clement X (13 July 1590 – 22 July 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from 29 April 1670 to 22 July 1676.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_X -
Pope Clement XI
Pope Clement XI (23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was Pope from 1700 until his death in 1721.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XI -
Pope Clement XII
::See Corsini for other uses of that name
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XII -
Pope Clement XIII
Pope Clement XIII (Venice, 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769 in Rome), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was Pope from 16 July 1758 to 2 February 1769.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XIII -
Pope Clement XIV
Pope Clement XIV (31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was Pope from 1769 to 1774. At the time of his election, he was the only Franciscan friar in the College of Cardinals.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XIV -
Pope Conon
http://wn.com/Pope_Conon -
Pope Constantine
http://wn.com/Pope_Constantine -
Pope Cornelius
Pope Saint Cornelius was pope from his election on 6 or 13 March 251 to his martyrdom in June 253.
http://wn.com/Pope_Cornelius -
Pope Damasus I
Pope Saint Damasus I ( ) was pope from 366 to 384.
http://wn.com/Pope_Damasus_I -
Pope Damasus II
Damasus II (died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, Pope from July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048, was the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III (1039–56). A native of Bavaria, he was the third German to become Pope and had one of the shortest papal reigns. His original name was Poppo, and he was bishop of Brixen when the Emperor raised him to the papacy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Damasus_II -
Pope Dionysius
Pope Saint Dionysius was pope from July 22, 259 to December 26, 268.
http://wn.com/Pope_Dionysius -
Pope Donus
Pope Donus was pope from November 2, 676 to April 11, 678.
http://wn.com/Pope_Donus -
Pope Eleuterus
:For other saints with this name, see Saint Eleutherius.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eleuterus -
Pope Eugene I
Pope Saint Eugene I or Eugenius I, was pope from 10 August 654, to 1 June 657.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_I -
Pope Eugene II
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_II -
Pope Eugene III
Pope Blessed Eugene III (died July 8, 1153), born Bernardo da Pisa, was Pope from 1145 to 1153. He was the first Cistercian to become Pope.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_III -
Pope Eugene IV
Pope Eugene IV (1383 – February 23, 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_IV -
Pope Eusebius
http://wn.com/Pope_Eusebius -
Pope Eutychian
Pope Saint Eutychian or Eutychianus was pope from January 4, 275 to December 7, 283 (according to the Annuario Pontificio of 2003).
http://wn.com/Pope_Eutychian -
Pope Evaristus
Pope Saint Evaristus is accounted the fifth pope, holding office from c. 99 to 107 AD or from 99 to 108. He was also known as Aristus.
http://wn.com/Pope_Evaristus -
Pope Fabian
Pope Saint Fabian was Pope, or Bishop of Rome, from January 10, 236 to January 20, 250, succeeding Pope Anterus.
http://wn.com/Pope_Fabian -
Pope Felix I
Pope Saint Felix I was Pope from 5 January 269 to 30 December 274.
http://wn.com/Pope_Felix_I -
Pope Felix III
Pope Saint Felix III was pope from March 13, 483 to 492.
http://wn.com/Pope_Felix_III -
Pope Felix IV
Pope Saint Felix IV was pope from 526 to 530.
http://wn.com/Pope_Felix_IV -
Pope Formosus
http://wn.com/Pope_Formosus -
Pope Gelasius I
Pope Saint Gelasius I (died November 21, 496) was pope from 492 until his death in 496. He was the third and last bishop of Rome of African origin in the Catholic Church. Gelasius was a prolific writer whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Gelasius had been closely employed by his predecessor, Felix III, especially in drafting papal documents. His reign was characterized by his call for strict orthodoxy, a more assertive push for papal authority, and increasing tension between the churches in the West and the East.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gelasius_I -
Pope Gelasius II
Gelasius II (died January 29, 1119), born Giovanni Coniulo (John of Gaeta), was pope from January 24, 1118 to January 29, 1119.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gelasius_II -
Pope Gregory I
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_I -
Pope Gregory II
Pope Saint Gregory II was pope from May 19, 715 to his death on February 11, 731, succeeding Pope Constantine. Having, it is said, bought off the Lombards for thirty pounds of gold, he used the tranquillity thus obtained for vigorous missionary efforts among the Germanic tribes, and for strengthening the papal authority in the churches of Britain and Ireland. By excommunicating the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian, he prepared the way for a long series of revolts and civil wars, which tended greatly to the establishment of the temporal power of the popes. He died in 731, and subsequently attained the honour of canonization. The day that Gregory is remembered in the "Martyrology" seems to be any one of February 11, February 13, and February 28.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_II -
Pope Gregory III
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_III -
Pope Gregory IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_IV -
Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was pope from March 19, 1227 to August 22, 1241.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_IX -
Pope Gregory V
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_V -
Pope Gregory VI
Pope Gregory VI (died 1048), born John Gratian (Latin Johannes Gratianus), was Pope from 1 May 1045 until his abdication at the Council of Sutri on 20 December 1046.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VI -
Pope Gregory VII
Pope St. Gregory VII (c. 1015/1028 – May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (), was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals. He was at the forefront of both evolutionary developments in the relationship between the Emperor and the papacy during the years before becoming pope. He was beatified by Gregory XIII in 1584, and canonized in 1728 by Benedict XIII as Pope St. Gregory VII. He twice excommunicated Henry IV, who in the end appointed the Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the political power struggles between church and Empire. Hailed as one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved successful, Gregory was during his own reign despised by many for his expansive use of papal powers. Joseph McCabe describes Gregory VII as a "rough and violent peasant, enlisting his brute strength in the service of the monastic ideal which he embraced."
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VII -
Pope Gregory VIII
:Not to be confused with the earlier Antipope Gregory VIII
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VIII -
Pope Gregory X
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_X -
Pope Gregory XI
:See also Vicedomino de Vicedominis, a pope-elect who took the name Gregory XI.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XI -
Pope Gregory XII
Pope Gregory XII (c. 1326 – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Correr or Corraro, Pope from 1406 to 1415, succeeded Pope Innocent VII (1404–06) on 30 November 1406.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XII -
Pope Gregory XIII
Pope Gregory XIII (7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope from 1572 to 1585.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XIII -
Pope Gregory XIV
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XIV -
Pope Gregory XV
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XV -
Pope Gregory XVI
Pope Gregory XVI (18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846), born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of the religious order of the Camaldolese, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846. Strongly conservative and traditionalist, he opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe, seeing them as fronts for revolutionary leftism, and sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy (see Ultramontanism).
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XVI -
Pope Hilarius
Pope Saint Hilarius (also Hilarus, Hilary) was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 461 to February 28, 468. He was canonized as a saint after his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Hilarius -
Pope Honorius I
Pope Honorius I (died October 12, 638) was pope from 625 to 638.
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_I -
Pope Honorius II
:See also, Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus.
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_II -
Pope Honorius III
Pope Honorius III (1148 – March 18, 1227), born with the name Cencio Savelli, was Pope from 1216 to 1227.
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_III -
Pope Honorius IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_IV -
Pope Hormisdas
Pope Saint Hormisdas (c. 450 – August 6, 523) was pope from July 20, 514 to 523.
http://wn.com/Pope_Hormisdas -
Pope Hyginus
Pope Saint Hyginus was bishop of Rome from about 136 or 138 to about 140 or 142. Tradition holds that during his papacy he determined the various prerogatives of the clergy and defined the grades of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. However, modern scholars tend to doubt this claim and view the governance of the church of Rome during this period as still more or less collective.
http://wn.com/Pope_Hyginus -
Pope Innocent I
Pope Saint Innocent I was pope from 401 to March 12, 417.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_I -
Pope Innocent II
Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna).
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_II -
Pope Innocent III
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_III -
Pope Innocent IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_IV -
Pope Innocent IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_IX -
Pope Innocent V
Pope Blessed Innocent V (c. 1225 – June 22, 1276), born Pierre de Tarentaise, was Pope from January 21 to June 22, 1276.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_V -
Pope Innocent VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_VI -
Pope Innocent VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_VII -
Pope Innocent VIII
Pope Innocent VIII (1432 – July 25, 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 1484 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_VIII -
Pope Innocent X
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_X -
Pope Innocent XI
Blessed Pope Innocent XI (16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1676 to 1689.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_XI -
Pope Innocent XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_XII -
Pope Innocent XIII
Pope Innocent XIII (13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724) was pope from 1721 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_XIII -
Pope John I
http://wn.com/Pope_John_I -
Pope John II
Pope John II (born Mercurius) was pope from 533 to 535.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_II -
Pope John III
Pope John III was pope from 561 to July 13, 574.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_III -
Pope John IV
Pope John IV (died October 12, 642) was elected Pope of the Catholic Church, after a four-month sede vacante, December 24, 640.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_IV -
Pope John IX
John IX was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 898 to 900.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_IX -
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani, (17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes. John Paul I was the first Pope born in the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_I -
Pope John Paul II
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II -
Pope John V
Pope John V was pope from July 685 to August 2, 686. John V was the first pope of the Byzantine Papacy allowed to be consecrated by the Byzantine emperor without prior consent, and the first in a line of ten consecutive popes of eastern origin. His papacy was marked by reconciliation between the city of Rome and the empire.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_V -
Pope John VI
Pope John VI was a Greek pope from Ephesus who reigned during the Byzantine Papacy from October 30, 701 to January 11, 705. His papacy was noted for military and political breakthroughs on the Italian peninsula. He succeeded to the papal chair two months after the death of Pope Sergius I, and his election occurred after a vacancy of less than seven weeks. He was succeeded by Pope John VII after a vacancy of less than two months. The body of the pope is buried in St. Peter's Basilica.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_VI -
Pope John VII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_VII -
Pope John VIII
John VIII was pope from December 13, 872 to December 16, 882. He is often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the ninth century and the last bright spot on the papacy until Leo IX two centuries later.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_VIII -
Pope John X
John X, Pope from March 914 to May 928, was deacon at Bologna when he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome, through whose influence he was elevated first to the see of Bologna and then to the archbishopric of Ravenna.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_X -
Pope John XI
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XI -
Pope John XII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XII -
Pope John XIII
John XIII of Crescenzi family (died September 6, 972) served as Pope from October 1, 965, until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XIII -
Pope John XIV
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XIV -
Pope John XIX
John XIX (born in Rome, died October 1032), born Romanus, was Pope from 1024 to 1032.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XIX -
Pope John XV
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XV -
Pope John XVII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XVII -
Pope John XVIII
John XVIII (died June or July 1009) was Pope or Antipope in Pisa from 1004 to 1009. He reigned simultaneously and in competition with two other Popes or Antipopes - Benedict XIII in Avignon and Gregory XII in Rome.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XVIII -
Pope John XXI
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XXI -
Pope John XXII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XXII -
Pope John XXIII
Blessed Pope John XXIII (; ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), known as Blessed John XXIII since his beatification, was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City on 28 October 1958.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XXIII -
Pope Julius I
Pope Saint Julius I, was pope from February 6, 337 to April 12, 352.
http://wn.com/Pope_Julius_I -
Pope Julius II
Julius II (c. 5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" (Il Papa Terribile) and "The Warrior Pope" (Il Papa Guerriero),, born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts.
http://wn.com/Pope_Julius_II -
Pope Julius III
Pope Julius III (10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was Pope from 7 February 1550 to 1555.
http://wn.com/Pope_Julius_III -
Pope Lando
Lando (also known as Landus) was elected pope in either July or August 913. He died about six months later, in either February or March 914.
http://wn.com/Pope_Lando -
Pope Leo I
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_I -
Pope Leo II
Pope Saint Leo II was Pope from August 17, 682 to June 28, 683.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_II -
Pope Leo III
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_III -
Pope Leo IV
Pope Saint Leo IV was pope from 10 April 847 to 17 July 855.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_IV -
Pope Leo IX
Saint Leo IX (June 21, 1002 – April 19, 1054), born Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg, was Pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. He was a German aristocrat and as well as being Pope was a powerful secular ruler of central Italy. He is regarded as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, with the feast day of April 19. Leo IX is widely considered the most historically significant German Pope of the Middle Ages.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_IX -
Pope Leo V
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_V -
Pope Leo VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_VI -
Pope Leo VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_VII -
Pope Leo VIII
Leo VIII (died March 1, 965), a Roman by birth, considered by the Church an Antipope from 963 to 964 and a true Pope from 964 to 965. He held the lay office of protoserinus when he was (allegedly invalidly) elected pope at the insistence of Emperor Otto I the Great (936–973), by the Roman synod which invalidly deposed Pope John XII (955–964), who was still alive, in December 963.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_VIII -
Pope Leo X
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_X -
Pope Leo XI
Pope Leo XI (2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born '''Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici''', was Pope from 1 April 1605 to 27 April of the same year.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XI -
Pope Leo XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XII -
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903 in succession to Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XIII -
Pope Liberius
Pope Liberius, pope from May 17, 352 to September 24, 366, was consecrated according to the Catalogus Liberianus on May 22, as the successor of Pope Julius I. He is not mentioned as a saint in the Roman Martyrology. His first recorded act was, after a synod had been held at Rome, to write to Emperor Constantius II, then in quarters at Arles (353-354), asking that a council might be called at Aquileia with reference to the affairs of Athanasius of Alexandria; but his messenger Vincentius of Capua was compelled by the emperor at a conciliabulum held in Arles, to subscribe against his will a condemnation of the orthodox patriarch of Alexandria.
http://wn.com/Pope_Liberius -
Pope Linus
Pope Linus (d. ca. 76) was, according to several early sources, Bishop of the diocese of Rome after Saint Peter. This makes Linus the second Pope (or the first, if Peter is not considered to have been Pope). According to other early sources Pope Clement I was the Pope after Peter.
http://wn.com/Pope_Linus -
Pope Lucius I
Pope Saint Lucius I was Pope from June 25, 253 to March 5, 254.
http://wn.com/Pope_Lucius_I -
Pope Lucius II
Pope Lucius II (died February 15, 1145), born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was pope from March 9, 1144, until his death Feb 15, 1145.
http://wn.com/Pope_Lucius_II -
Pope Lucius III
http://wn.com/Pope_Lucius_III -
Pope Marcellinus
Pope Saint Marcellinus, according to the Liberian Catalogue, became bishop of Rome on June 30, 296; his predecessor was Pope St Caius
http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellinus -
Pope Marcellus I
Pope Saint Marcellus I, pope from May 308 to 309, succeeded Marcellinus, after a considerable interval, most probably in May or June 308.
http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellus_I -
Pope Marcellus II
http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellus_II -
Pope Marinus I
Marinus I (or Martin II), Pope between December 16, 882 and May 15, 884. He succeeded John VIII in about the end of December 882.
http://wn.com/Pope_Marinus_I -
Pope Marinus II
http://wn.com/Pope_Marinus_II -
Pope Mark
Pope Saint Mark or Marcus was Pope from January 18, 336 to October 7, 336.
http://wn.com/Pope_Mark -
Pope Martin I
Pope Saint Martin I, born near Todi, Umbria in the place now named after him (Pian di San Martino), was pope from 649 to 653, succeeding Theodore I in July 649. The only pope during the Byzantine Papacy whose election was not approved by an iussio from Constantinople, Martin I was abducted by Constans II and died in the Crimean peninsula.
http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_I -
Pope Martin IV
Pope Martin IV, born Simon de Brion (between 1210 and 1220, Andrezel – March 28, 1285) held the papacy from February 21, 1281 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_IV -
Pope Martin V
http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_V -
Pope Miltiades
http://wn.com/Pope_Miltiades -
Pope Nicholas I
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_I -
Pope Nicholas II
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_II -
Pope Nicholas III
Pope Nicholas III (Rome, 1210/1220 – August 22, 1280), born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Pope from November 25, 1277 to his death in 1280, was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight Popes, been made cardinal-deacon of St. Nicola in carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV (1243–54), protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV (1254–61), inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV (1261–64), and succeeded Pope John XXI (1276–77), largely through family influence, after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See.
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_III -
Pope Nicholas IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_IV -
Pope Nicholas V
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_V -
Pope Paschal I
Pope Saint Paschal I (baptismal name, Pascale Massimi) was pope from January 25, 817 to February 11, 824. A native of Rome and son of Bonosus, he was raised to the pontificate by the acclamation of the clergy, shortly after the death of Pope Stephen IV, and before the sanction of the emperor Louis the Pious had been obtained - a circumstance for which it was one of his first cares to apologize. His relations with the imperial house, however, never became cordial; and he was also unsuccessful in winning the sympathy of the Roman nobles.
http://wn.com/Pope_Paschal_I -
Pope Paschal II
Paschal II (died January 21, 1118), born Ranierius, was Pope from August 13, 1099, until his death. A monk of the Cluniac order, he was created cardinal priest of the Titulus S. Clementi by Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) about 1076, and was consecrated pope in succession to Pope Urban II (1088–99) on August 19, 1099.
http://wn.com/Pope_Paschal_II -
Pope Paul I
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_I -
Pope Paul II
Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 – July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_II -
Pope Paul III
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_III -
Pope Paul IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_IV -
Pope Paul V
:''For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese.''
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_V -
Pope Paul VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_VI -
Pope Pelagius I
Pope Pelagius I was pope from 556 to March 4, 561. He was the second pope of the Byzantine Papacy, like his predecessor a former apocrisiarius to Constantinople.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pelagius_I -
Pope Pelagius II
Pope Pelagius II was pope from 579 to 590.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pelagius_II -
Pope Pius I
Pope Saint Pius I was Bishop of Rome, according to the Annuario Pontificio, from 142 or 146 to 157 or 161, respectively. Others suggest that his pontificate was perhaps from 140 to 154.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_I -
Pope Pius II
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_II -
Pope Pius III
Pope Pius III (May 29, 1439 – October 18, 1503), born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September 22 to October 18, 1503.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_III -
Pope Pius IV
Pope Pius IV (31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 1559 to 1565. He is notable for presiding over the culmination of the Council of Trent.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IV -
Pope Pius IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX -
Pope Pius V
Pope Pius V (17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was Pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Catholic Church. He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardisation of the liturgy. Pius V declared Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church and patronised prominent sacred music composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_V -
Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI (25 December, 1717 – 29 August, 1799), born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VI -
Pope Pius VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VII -
Pope Pius VIII
Pope Pius VIII (20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni was Pope in 1829 and 1830.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VIII -
Pope Pius X
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_X -
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI (Latin: Pius PP. XI; ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, was Pope from 6 February 1922, and sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929 until his death on 10 February 1939. He issued numerous encyclicals including Quadragesimo Anno highlighting capitalistic greed of international finance, social justice issues and Quas Primas establishing the feast of Christ the King. He took as his papal motto "Christ's peace in Christ's kingdom".
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XI -
Pope Pius XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XII -
Pope Pontian
Pope Pontian or Pontianus was pope from 21 July 230 to 29 September 235.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pontian -
Pope Romanus
Romanus was Pope from August to November 897.
http://wn.com/Pope_Romanus -
Pope Sabinian
Pope Sabinian (died February 22, 606) was pope from 604 to 606. He was born at Blera (Bieda) near Viterbo. Pope during the Byzantine Papacy, he was fourth former apocrisiarius to Constantinople elected pope.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sabinian -
Pope Sergius I
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_I -
Pope Sergius II
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_II -
Pope Sergius III
Sergius III was a pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 29 January 0904 to 14 April 0911. Because Sergius III was possibly the only pope known to have ordered the murder of another pope and the only pope thought to have fathered an illegitimate son who later became pope (John XI), his pontificate has been described as "dismal and disgraceful."
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_III -
Pope Sergius IV
Sergius IV (born in Rome, died May 12, 1012), born Pietro Martino Buccaporci, was Pope from July 31, 1009, until his death. The date of his birth is unknown. His birth name is believed to have been Pietro Martino (Peter Martin) Buccaporci. This name essentially translated to "Peter Pig's Snout." Pietro adopted the name Sergius IV upon accession to the pontificate.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_IV -
Pope Severinus
Pope Severinus was pope in the year 640 who became caught up in a power struggle with the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius over the ongoing Monothelite controversy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Severinus -
Pope Silverius
Pope Saint Silverius was Pope from June 8, 536 until March 537.
http://wn.com/Pope_Silverius -
Pope Simplicius
Pope Saint Simplicius was pope from 468 to March 10, 483.
http://wn.com/Pope_Simplicius -
Pope Siricius
http://wn.com/Pope_Siricius -
Pope Sisinnius
http://wn.com/Pope_Sisinnius -
Pope Sixtus I
Pope Saint Sixtus I was bishop of Rome from about 117 or 119 to 126 or 128 C.E., succeeding Pope Alexander I and succeeded by Pope Telesphorus. In the oldest documents, Xystus is the spelling used for the first three popes of that name.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_I -
Pope Sixtus II
Pope Sixtus II or Pope Saint Sixtus II (a corruption of Greek , Xystus, "polished") was Pope from August 30, 257 to August 6, 258. He died as a martyr during the persecution by Emperor Valerian.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_II -
Pope Sixtus III
Pope Saint Sixtus III was pope from July 31, 432 to August 18, 440.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_III -
Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Sixtus IV (July 21, 1414 – August 12, 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484. His main accomplishments as Pope included: Building the Sistine Chapel, where the team of artists he brought together and introduced the Early Renaissance to Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age, establishing the Vatican archives and the Spanish Inquisition and annulling the decrees of the Council of Constance. He was famed for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi Conspiracy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_IV -
Pope Sixtus V
Pope Sixtus V (13 December 1520 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_V -
Pope Soter
http://wn.com/Pope_Soter -
Pope Stephen I
Pope Saint Stephen I served as Bishop of Rome from 12 May 254 to 2 August 257.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_I -
Pope Stephen II
:In sources prior to the 1960s, this Pope is sometimes called Stephen III and Pope-elect Stephen is sometimes called Stephen II. See Pope-elect Stephen for detailed explanations.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_II -
Pope Stephen III
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_III -
Pope Stephen IV
Pope Stephen IV was Pope from June 816 to January 817.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_IV -
Pope Stephen IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_IX -
Pope Stephen V
Pope Stephen V was pope from 885 to 891. He succeeded Pope Adrian III, and was in turn succeeded by Pope Formosus. In his dealings with Constantinople in the matter of Photius, as also in his relations with the young Slavonic church, he pursued the policy of Pope Nicholas I.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_V -
Pope Stephen VI
Pope Stephen VI (died August 897) was Pope from May 22, 896 to August 897.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_VI -
Pope Stephen VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_VII -
Pope Stephen VIII
Pope Stephen VIII, a native of Germany, was pope from about July 14, 939 until his death towards the end of October 942.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_VIII -
Pope Sylvester I
Sylvester was pope from 31 January 314 to 31 December 335, succeeding Pope Miltiades.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sylvester_I -
Pope Sylvester II
http://wn.com/Pope_Sylvester_II -
Pope Sylvester III
http://wn.com/Pope_Sylvester_III -
Pope Symmachus
Pope Saint Symmachus was pope from 498 to 514.
http://wn.com/Pope_Symmachus -
Pope Telesphorus
Pope Saint Telesphorus was pope from 126 or 127 to 137 or 138, during the reigns of Roman Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. He was Greek by birth.
http://wn.com/Pope_Telesphorus -
Pope Theodore I
Pope Theodore I (died May 14, 649), who was pope from November 24, 642 to May 14, 649, is considered a Greek, but was born in Palestine. He was made a cardinal deacon, (possibly around 640) and a full cardinal by Pope John IV.
http://wn.com/Pope_Theodore_I -
Pope Urban I
:"Saint Urban" redirects here. For other saints with this name, see Saint Urban (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_I -
Pope Urban II
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_II -
Pope Urban III
Pope Urban III (died October 20, 1187), born Uberto Crivelli, was Pope from 1185 to 1187. He was made cardinal and archbishop of Milan by Pope Lucius III, whom he succeeded on November 25, 1185. He vigorously took up his predecessor's quarrels with the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, including the standing dispute about the succession of territories of the countess Matilda of Tuscany. Even after his elevation to the Papacy, he continued to hold the archbishopric of Milan, and in this capacity refused to crown as King of Italy Frederick I's son Prince Henry, who had married Constantia, the heiress of the kingdom of Sicily. While Henry in the south cooperated with the rebel senate of Rome, Frederick I in the north blocked the passes of the Alps and cut off all communication between the Pope, then living in Verona, and his German adherents. Urban III now resolved on excommunicating Frederick I, but the Veronese protested against such a proceeding being resorted to within their walls. He accordingly withdrew to Ferrara, but died before he could give effect to his intentions. His successor was Gregory VIII.
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_III -
Pope Urban IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_IV -
Pope Urban V
Pope Urban V (1310 – December 19, 1370), born Guillaume Grimoard, was Pope from 1362 to 1370.
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_V -
Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI (c. 1318 – October 15, 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389.
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VI -
Pope Urban VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VII -
Pope Urban VIII
:'' Maffeo Barberini redirects here. For Pope Urban VIII's great-nephew, see Don Maffeo Barberini.''
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VIII -
Pope Valentine
http://wn.com/Pope_Valentine -
Pope Victor I
Pope Saint Victor I was Pope from 189 to 199 (the Vatican cites 186 or 189 to 197 or 201).
http://wn.com/Pope_Victor_I -
Pope Victor II
http://wn.com/Pope_Victor_II -
Pope Victor III
http://wn.com/Pope_Victor_III -
Pope Vigilius
:For the saint and bishop of Trent, see Vigilius of Trent.
http://wn.com/Pope_Vigilius -
Pope Vitalian
Pope Saint Vitalianus was Pope of the Catholic Church from July 30, 657, until January 27, 672.
http://wn.com/Pope_Vitalian -
Pope Zachary
Pope Saint Zachary (Greek Zacharias) was pope from 741 to 752. A Greek from Calabria, he was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy. Most probably he was a deacon of the Roman Church and as such signed the decrees of the Roman council of 732 and was on intimate terms with Gregory III, whom he succeeded on December 10, 741.
http://wn.com/Pope_Zachary -
Pope Zephyrinus
Pope Saint Zephyrinus, born in Rome, was bishop of Rome from 199 to 217. His predecessor was bishop Victor I. Upon his death on December 20, 217, he was succeeded by his principal advisor, bishop Callixtus I.
http://wn.com/Pope_Zephyrinus -
Pope Zosimus
Pope Saint Zosimus was pope from March 18, 417 to December 26, 418 (or December 27).
http://wn.com/Pope_Zosimus -
Robert Bellarmine
http://wn.com/Robert_Bellarmine -
Saint Boniface
http://wn.com/Saint_Boniface -
Saint Malachy
http://wn.com/Saint_Malachy -
Saint Peter
http://wn.com/Saint_Peter -
Saint Stephen
http://wn.com/Saint_Stephen -
Teresa of Ávila
http://wn.com/Teresa_of_Ávila -
Tertullian
http://wn.com/Tertullian -
Thomas More
Sir Thomas More (; February 7, 1478July 6, 1535), also Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important counsellor to Henry VIII of England and for three years toward the end of his life he was Lord Chancellor. He is also recognized as a saint within the Catholic Church and in the Anglican Communion. He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.
http://wn.com/Thomas_More -
Thérèse of Lisieux
http://wn.com/Thérèse_of_Lisieux -
Vincenzo Pecci
http://wn.com/Vincenzo_Pecci
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Pope Pius IX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Blessed Pope Pius IX was born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti and was the longest reigning pope in Church history after St Peter, 1846 to 1878. His reign saw the unification of Italy, the fall of the Papal States and occupation of Rome, the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal infallibility and the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. His is also famous for his "Syllabus of Errors" which condemned the liberal trends of the modern world.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX
How Pius IX decided to declare the Immaculate Conception
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
An expert in the life of Blessed Pope Pius IX, Francesco Guglietta, has revealed in an article published by L'Osservatore Romano, that Pope Pius IX decided to consult the bishops of the world before he proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception on December 8, 1854.
http://wn.com/How_Pius_IX_decided_to_declare_the_Immaculate_Conception
Pope Pius IX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
The Record Rewound Pope Pius IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX
Nick Fisher Highlights vs Pius IX.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
Hartland Arrowhead vs. Milwaukee Pius IX September 24, 2010 Highlights of Nick Fisher Arrowhead #7 (White Jersey)
http://wn.com/Nick_Fisher_Highlights_vs_Pius_IXwmv
Q&A--;"I AM TRADITION"-Pope Pius IX and the Arrogance of the Papacy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 02 Jun 2012
Follow along here! Download the PDF to follow videos Part I and Part II catholiclegate.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Q&A--I;_AM_TRADITION-Pope_Pius_IX_and_the_Arrogance_of_the_Papacy
PIUS IX THE MOVIE (LAST RECOLLECTION)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
COMEDY LNG...WALA KME MGAWA S POOL EH..HAHAHAHAHAHA
http://wn.com/PIUS_IX_THE_MOVIE_LAST_RECOLLECTION
Pius IX BUSKOawit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 16 Nov 2011
http://wn.com/Pius_IX_BUSKOawit
Q4C #6 Questions 4 Catholics - More Anit-Freedom From Pius IX? - Bingolly1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:15
- Updated: 06 Aug 2011
Catholics should be able to answer this with a simple yes or no...we shall see.
http://wn.com/Q4C_6_Questions_4_Catholics_More_Anit-Freedom_From_Pius_IX?_Bingolly1
Pius IX Family 08-09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 23 Aug 2010
Retreat in DB Batulao
http://wn.com/Pius_IX_Family_08-09
RESAYKEL 4th year PIUS IX ESEP
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:03
- Updated: 01 Oct 2011
http://wn.com/RESAYKEL_4th_year_PIUS_IX_ESEP
Pope Pius IX and the Stone of Conchord Trailer 1.2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 24 Feb 2011
The second look at the documentary from Sean Malloy Productions. This project has officially been put on hold indefinitely. New Projects will consist of: -Project///703 -"The Tunnel" (Location in Movie) -"The Ahmed, Richard and John Show"
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX_and_the_Stone_of_Conchord_Trailer_12
Pius IX Family 08-09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Retreat in Don Bosco Batulao, Nasugbu, Batangas
http://wn.com/Pius_IX_Family_08-09
Vatican II is direct heresy against teachings of Pope Pius IX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
www.vaticancatholic.com VideoClip from Vatican II: Council of Apostasy---This detailed and important presentation covers the heresies present in the documents of Vatican II. It shows how Paul VI solemnly bound these heresies and therefore couldnt have been a true pope. He was an antipope. The first hour is detailed and will be more appealing to those looking for the in-depth information. Those who are not interested in the heresies may want to go straight to the conclusion section (about the 55-minute mark), which covers Paul VIs ratification of Vatican II. This is the part of the tape that some feel is the most interesting.
http://wn.com/Vatican_II_is_direct_heresy_against_teachings_of_Pope_Pius_IX
PIUS IX HUMAN DOMINO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:46
- Updated: 31 Aug 2009
HUMAN DOMINO NG PIUS SA POOL!!!
http://wn.com/PIUS_IX_HUMAN_DOMINO
Rossini - Cantata in Honour of Pope Pius IX, "Al sol, che sgombra"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
An abused woman is the greatest composer who ever lived. A unique and deeply emotional memoir by a woman named Carmen Angelina Coletti, a prodigy who was taken out of school when she was twelve years old and isolated from the world. Her simple, honest voice is the picture of a young and reclusive country wife. Abused since early childhood, her music is her refuge, with a gift for composition so complete that she is likely the world's first female great composer, some believing her to be the most gifted composer of all time. If the years with her mother and husband are all considered, Carmen Coletti was isolated in the country and abused for 20 years. Her story is called ELIZABETH.
http://wn.com/Rossini_Cantata_in_Honour_of_Pope_Pius_IX,_Al_sol,_che_sgombra
Pope Leo XIII
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903 in succession to Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II. He is known for intellectualism, the development of social teachings with his encyclical Rerum Novarum and his attempts to define the position of the Church with regard to modern thinking. He impacted Roman Catholic Mariology and promoted both the rosary and the scapular. He issued a record eleven encyclicals on the rosary, approved two new Marian scapulars and was the first Pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XIII
Pius IX Family Retreat 08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:02
- Updated: 20 Aug 2010
one of the punishments in our family game
http://wn.com/Pius_IX_Family_Retreat_08
Rossini - Cantata in Honour of Pope Pius IX, "Qual voce d'incognito"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 10 Aug 2012
An abused woman is the greatest composer who ever lived. A unique and deeply emotional memoir by a woman named Carmen Angelina Coletti, a prodigy who was taken out of school when she was twelve years old and isolated from the world. Her simple, honest voice is the picture of a young and reclusive country wife. Abused since early childhood, her music is her refuge, with a gift for composition so complete that she is likely the world's first female great composer, some believing her to be the most gifted composer of all time. If the years with her mother and husband are all considered, Carmen Coletti was isolated in the country and abused for 20 years. Her story is called ELIZABETH.
http://wn.com/Rossini_Cantata_in_Honour_of_Pope_Pius_IX,_Qual_voce_d'incognito
PIUS IX 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:21
- Updated: 05 Jul 2010
wala lang astig lang talaga pius IX
http://wn.com/PIUS_IX_1
PÍO IX, OREMOS POR SU CANONIZACIÓN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
PIO IX, SYLLABUS, QUANTA CURA, IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, IMMACULATA, VATICANO, PAPAS, MASTAI FERRETI, BEATO PIO IX, PIO NONO, PIUS IX, PIE IX
http://wn.com/PÍO_IX,_OREMOS_POR_SU_CANONIZACIÓN
Pope Leo XIII
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
This is the oldest known footage of a Pope in existence. This film of Pope Leo XIII was created in 1896. The audio portion is the oldest known audio recording of Pope, also of Pope Leo XIII recorded in 1903. The audio is Pope Leo XIII chanting the Ave Maria in Latin. Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903), born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903 in succession to Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II. He is known for intellectualism, the development of social teachings with his encyclical Rerum Novarum and his attempts to define the position of the Church with regard to modern thinking.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XIII
The Beast of Revelation 13 has a number: 666 - Antichrist, Vatican Pope Triple Crown
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Revelation 13:18 "Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six." Tiara of Pius IX (1871) Presented to Pope Pius IX by the ladies of the royal court of Belgium to honor the 25th anniversary of his coronation. Upper crown inscribed: IESV CHRISTI VICARIO INFALLIBILI which means To The Infallible Vicar of Jesus Christ. Middle crown inscribed: ORBIS SVPREMO IN TERRA RECTORI which means To the Supreme Governor of the World on Earth. Lower crown inscribed: REGUM ATQVE POPVLORVM PATRI which means To the Father of Nations and Kings. Displayed in the Vatican pavilion of Brisbane, Australia's 1988 World Expo. (The Holy See: Vatican Collection, Desmond MacAulay (Editor), Istituto Trust, ISBN: 0731627628, 1988, item #51.) Displayed in St. Peter and the Vatican: The Legacy of the Popes museum exhibit. Photo on page 178 of St. Peter and the Vatican: The Legacy of the Popes, by Allen Dunston, OP, and Roberto Zagnoli, ISBN 0-88397-140-2 (paperback catalogue). Tags: revelation 666 number of the beast antichrist satan lucifer devil vatican pope benedict xvi
http://wn.com/The_Beast_of_Revelation_13_has_a_number_666_Antichrist,_Vatican_Pope_Triple_Crown
Pope John Paul II The record breaking pope
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
January 14, 2011. John Paul II is without a doubt the pope who has broken the most records in the Churchs history. First, his pontificate is on the longest on record. He was the head of the Catholic Church for 26 years: only Pius IX and Saint Peters pontificates lasted longer than John Paul II. John Paul II is without a doubt the pope who has broken the most records in the Church's history. First, his pontificate is on the longest on record. He was the head of the Catholic Church for 26 years: only Pius IX and Saint Peter's pontificates lasted longer than John Paul II. Then he is also the most travelled pope. He left the Vatican more than 1500 times for official trips. He visited 129 countries and travelled more than 1 million kilometers. That's like going around the globe 30 times. If you a sum up the time he was on trips, you could say he lived outside of Rome for more than 2 ½ years. He also held huge summits in both big cities and small islands with less than 100 inhabitants. The powerful, needy, the healthy and the sick, the young and, old all paid close attention to Pope John Paul II. The Philippines holds the record for the country with the highest attendance at one of the late pontiffs events. Five million people attended a mass he held in Manila back in 1995. Nobody in the history of mankind has seen or has been seen by that many people. John Paul II was also the Pope of the youth. He created the World Youth Day, which he celebrated in 5 continents. Aside from ...
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_The_record_breaking_pope
Photo: AP / Syrian Observatory for Human Rights via AP video
02 Nov 2012
GENEVA (Reuters) - A video that appears to show Syrian rebels killing soldiers who had surrendered probably constitutes a war crime that should be prosecuted, the United Nations human rights office...
Photo: USAF / Master Sgt. Mark C. Olsen
02 Nov 2012
NEW YORK (Reuters) - From New York City's Staten Island to the popular beach towns of the Jersey Shore, rescuers and officials on Friday faced growing evidence of widespread destruction wrought by...
Photo: AP / Manu Fernandez
02 Nov 2012
BARCELONA superstar Lionel Messi announced this morning the birth of his first child, Thiago, although the club say he will still play on Saturday. Messi's partner, Antonella Roccuzzo, delivered their...
Photo: AP / Sergey Ponomarev
03 Nov 2012
Russia's prime minister has said that members of the Pussy Riot punk band serving two-year prison sentences should be set free. Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said Friday that he detested the Pussy...
Photo: FEMA / Liz Roll
03 Nov 2012
The slow pace of recovery from Hurricane Sandy generated frustration and anger across the New York region Friday as residents struggled with shortages of fuel, enduring power outages and a sense among...
The Examiner
Tweet 0 Email Report Advertisement Photo 1 of 17 Photos: Los Angeles Clippers vs. Los Angeles Lakers (11/2/2012) Credit: Getty Images/NBA Photos: Los Angeles Clippers vs. Los Angeles Lakers (11/2/2012)Photos: Los Angeles Clippers vs. Los Angeles Lakers (11/2/2012)Photos: Los Angeles Clippers vs. Los...(size: 4.9Kb)
North Jersey
RECORD FILE PHOTO...(size: 12.1Kb)
Digital Spy
With Final Fantasy turning 25 this year, and themed concert 'Distant Worlds' returning to the UK this week, there's no better time to look back at a franchise that shaped and defined role-playing games across generations of consoles. Before we dive in, let's start with that burning question: why...(size: 19.2Kb)
Fatima exacts revenge, powers past St. Pius X
04 Nov 2012
STL Today
CAPE GIRARDEAU • Fatima wouldn’t be denied this time. After losing to St. Pius X in the Class 2 final last year despite a huge lead in the first set and coming close to sweeping the Lancers in Friday’s round-robin play, the Comets powered to a 25-14, 25-19 sweep of the Lancers in the championship...(size: 3.5Kb)
Fatima gets some revenge, powers past St. Pius X
04 Nov 2012
STL Today
CAPE GIRARDEAU • Fatima wouldn’t be denied this time. After losing to St. Pius X in the Class 2 final last year despite a huge lead in the first set and coming close to sweeping the Lancers in Friday’s round-robin play, the Comets powered to a 25-14, 25-19 sweep of the Lancers in the championship...(size: 3.5Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics ChristianityApostle PaulEarly Christianity Advertisement When I first learned about the story of Paul and Thecla I was instantly intrigued because this was a story I had never heard before certainly not in my Sunday school. It of course demanded some research and opened up another...(size: 46.8Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
During all the speculation about the possible effects of Hurricane Sandy, not much was said about its effect on the Internet. There is a reason for that. The Internet was conceived as a distributed network. There is no one "command center," a physical place where the network as a whole is...(size: 3.7Kb)
STL Today
CAPE GIRARDEAU • Fatima wouldn’t be denied this time. After losing to St. Pius X in the Class 2 final last year despite a huge lead in the first set and coming close to sweeping the Lancers in Friday’s round-robin play, the Comets powered to a 25-14, 25-19 sweep of the Lancers in the championship...(size: 3.5Kb)
A club to rekindle students' interest in science
04 Nov 2012
The Times of India
HUBLI: To review the interest in core science subjects, which is fast diminishing among students, KLE's English Medium School in Manjunath Nagar set up a Science Club year ago. The well-equipped club generates and promotes interest in science through real-time experiments...(size: 1.8Kb)
City to Christian church: Go away!
04 Nov 2012
WorldNetDaily
Reports in Indonesia say that Indonesia’s Interior Minister and local Bogor City authorities, after meeting with members of a local jihadist group, are ordering the GKI Yasmin Church to relocate to an undeveloped plot of land some five miles from the land and building they already have. Local...(size: 6.0Kb)
Class 3 state championship
04 Nov 2012
STL Today
Results of the Class 3 state championship at Oak Hills Golf Course in Jefferson City on Saturday, Nov. 3, 2012: Team scores: 1. Festus 58; 2. Warrensburg 65; 3. Liberty North 133; 4. MICDS 150; 5. Clayton 166; 6. Ste. Genevieve 181; 7. Pembroke Hill 195; 8. Platte County 232; 9. John Burroughs 237;...(size: 7.9Kb)
STL Today
CAPE GIRARDEAU • Fatima wouldn’t be denied this time. After losing to St. Pius X in the Class 2 final last year despite a huge lead in the first set and coming close to sweeping the Lancers in Friday’s round-robin play, the Comets powered to a 25-14, 25-19 sweep of the Lancers in the championship...(size: 3.5Kb)
Ed heads surgery games
03 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by diemullinisbie1989 on Sat, 2012-11-03 15:32 http://ubns.one.pl/Tnfj.html How to rank up fast in nba 2k12 http://1qo3au.one.pl/Kcrn.html Rosamunda by carmen laforet english translation http://hsjra27.one.pl/Gjnx.html Cheats for student education 2020 http://cfq.one.pl/Bmxt.html...(size: 256.0Kb)
| Pius IX | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Papacy began | 16 June 1846 |
| Papacy ended | 7 February 1878 |
| Predecessor | Gregory XVI |
| Successor | Leo XIII |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 10 April 1819 |
| Consecration | 3 June 1827 by Pope Pius VIII |
| Created Cardinal | 14 December 1840 |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti |
| Born | (1792-05-13)13 May 1792 Senigallia, Papal States |
| Died | 7 February 1878(1878-02-07) (aged 85) Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 7 February |
| Beatified | 3 September 2000 |
| Other Popes named Pius | |
Blessed Pope Pius IX (13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal infallibility. The Pope defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, meaning that Mary was conceived without original sin. Pius IX also granted the Marian title of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, a famous Byzantine icon from Crete entrusted to the Redemptorist priests. In addition to this, Pius IX was also the last Pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to Italian nationalist armies by 1870 and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. He was beatified in 2000.
Contents |
Overview[link]
Europe in general and the Italian peninsula were in the midst of considerable political ferment when the bishop of Spoleto, Giovanni Maria Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti, was elected pope, taking the name Pius, after his generous patron and the ill-fated nemesis of Napoleon Bonaparte, Pius VII. He had been elected by the faction of cardinals sympathetic to the political liberalization coursing across Europe, and his initial governance of the Papal States gives evidence of his own liberal sympathies: Under his direction various sorts of political prisoners in the Papal States were released and the city of Rome was granted a constitutional framework under guidance of his friend, philosopher-prince Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. A series of terrorist acts sponsored by Italian liberals and nationalists, which included the assassination of his Minister of the Interior, Pellegrino Rossi among others and which forced him briefly to flee Rome in 1848 led to his growing skepticism towards the liberal, nationalist agenda. Through the 1850s and 1860s, Italian nationalists made military gains against the Papal States, which culminated in the seizure of the city of Rome in 1870. Pius IX refused to accept the Law of Guarantees from the nationalists, which would have made the Vatican dependent on Italian financiers for years to come. His Church policies towards other countries, such as Russia, Germany and France, were not always successful, due in part, to changing secular institutions and internal developments within these countries. However, concordats were concluded with numerous states such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras, El Salvador and Haiti.
Many contemporary Church historians[1] and journalists question his approaches.[2] His appeal for public worldwide support of the Holy See – Peter's Pence – after he became "The prisoner of the Vatican" is now the main source of income for the Holy See.[citation needed] The money, still collected each year, is today used by the Pope for support of the Roman Curia, the Vatican City State and philanthropic purposes.[3] In his Syllabus of Errors, still highly controversial,[citation needed] Pius IX condemned the heresies of secular society, especially modernism.
He was a Marian Pope, who in his encyclical Ubi Primum described Mary as a Mediatrix of salvation. In 1854, he promulgated the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, articulating a long-held Catholic belief that Mary, the Mother of God, was conceived without original sin. In 1862, he convened 300 bishops to the Vatican for the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan. His most important legacy is the First Vatican Council, which convened in 1869. This Council discussed many issues, especially the dogma of papal infallibility, which Pius was eager to have officially defined by the council; but the council was interrupted as Italian nationalist troops threatened Rome. The council is considered to have contributed to a centralization of the Roman Catholic Church in the Vatican.[4]
Pius IX, who suffered from epilepsy,[5] was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 3 September 2000. His Feast Day is 7 February.[6]
Early life and ministry[link]
File:PioIXmass.jpg
An 1819 picture showing Mastai-Ferretti at his first Holy Mass
Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was born in Senigallia into the noble family of Girolamo dei conti Ferretti, and was educated at the Piarist College in Volterra and in Rome. As a theology student in his hometown Sinigaglia, he met in 1814 Pope Pius VII, who returned from French captivity. In 1815, he entered the Papal Noble Guard but was soon dismissed after an epileptic seizure. He threw himself at the feet of Pius VII who elevated him and supported his continued theological studies. The Pope originally insisted that another priest should assist Mastai during Holy Mass, a stipulation that was later rescinded, after the attacks became less frequent.[7] He was ordained in April 1819. He worked initially as the rector of the Tata Giovanni Institute in Rome. Shortly before his death, Pius VII sent him as Auditor to Chile and Peru in 1823 and 1825 to assist the Apostolic Nuncio, Monsignore Giovanni Muzi and Monsignore Bradley Kane, in the first mission to post-revolutionary South America.[8] The mission had the objective to map out the role of the Catholic Church in the newly independent South American republics. He was thus the first pope ever to have been in America. When he returned to Rome, the successor of Pius VII, Pope Leo XII appointed him head of the hospital of San Michele in Rome (1825–1827) and canon of Santa Maria in Via Lata.
Pope Leo XII appointed Father Mastai-Ferretti Archbishop of Spoleto, his own hometown, in 1827 at the age of 35.[7] In 1831, the abortive revolution that had begun in Parma and Modena spread to Spoleto; the Archbishop obtained a general pardon after it was suppressed, gaining him a reputation for being liberal. During an earthquake, he made a reputation as an efficient organizer of relief and great charity.[7] The following year he was moved to the more prestigious diocese of Imola, was made a cardinal in pectore in 1839, and in 1840 was publicly announced as Cardinal-Priest of Santi Marcellino e Pietro. As in Spoleto, his episcopal priorities were the formation of priests through improved education and charities. He became known for visiting prisoners in jail, and for programs for street children.[9] According to historians, Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti was considered a liberal during his episcopate in Spoleto and Imola because he supported administrative changes in the Papal States and sympathized with the nationalist movement in Italy. Some have suggested that while he was a bishop Mastai-Ferretti joined a group called Freemasonry.[10][11]
Papal election[link]
Main article: Papal conclave, 1846
File:Io9cardinal1846.jpg
A 1846 picture of Pope Pius IX soon after his election to the papacy.
The conclave of 1846, following the death of Pope Gregory XVI (1831–46), took place in an unsettled political climate within Italy. Because of this, many foreign Cardinals decided not to attend the conclave. At its start, only 46 out of 62 cardinals were present.
Moreover, the conclave of 1846 was steeped in a factional division between conservatives and liberals. The conservatives supported Luigi Lambruschini, Gregory XVI's Cardinal Secretary of State. Liberals supported two candidates: Pasquale Tommaso Gizzi and the then 54-year-old Mastai-Ferretti.[12] During the first ballot, Mastai-Ferretti received 15 votes, the rest going to Cardinal Lambruschini and Cardinal Gizzi.
Faced with deadlock, liberals and moderates decided to cast their votes for Mastai-Ferretti—a move that contradicted the general mood throughout Europe. By the second day of the conclave, on 16 June 1846, during an evening ballot, Mastai-Ferretti was elected Pope. "He was a glamorous candidate, ardent, emotional with a gift for friendship and a track-record of generosity even towards anti-Clericals and Carbonari. He was a patriot, known to be critical of Gregory XVI "[12] Because it was night, no formal announcement was given, just the signal of white smoke. Many Catholics had assumed that Gizzi had been elected successor of St. Peter. In fact, celebrations began to take place in his hometown, and his personal staff, following a long-standing tradition, burned his cardinalatial vestments.
On the following morning, the senior Cardinal-Deacon, Tommaso Riario Sforza, announced the election of Mastai-Ferretti before a crowd of faithful Catholics. When Mastai-Ferretti appeared on the balcony, the mood became joyous. Mastai-Ferretti chose the name Pius IX in honor of Pope Pius VII (1800–23), who had encouraged his vocation to the priesthood despite his childhood epilepsy.
However, Mastai-Ferretti, now Pope Pius IX, had little diplomatic and no curial experience, which did cause some controversy. The government of the Empire of Austria as represented by Prince Metternich in its foreign affairs objected to even the possible election of Mastai-Ferretti. Thus, Cardinal Gaisruck, Archbishop of Milan, was sent to present the Austrian official veto against Mastai-Ferretti. However, Gaisruck arrived too late; the new Pope was already elected. Pius IX was crowned on 21 June 1846.
Papacy[link]
File:Pio91856.jpg
Pope Pius IX
| Papal styles of Pope Pius IX |
|
|---|---|
|
|
| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | Blessed |
The election of the liberal Pius IX created much enthusiasm in Europe and elsewhere.[citation needed] Celebrations and ovations were offered in several countries.[citation needed] Although he was not unknown and had done nothing on an administrative level before his election, and although there were no utterances from him, he was soon the most notorious and popular person in the world.[citation needed]
- For the next twenty months after the election, Pius IX was the most popular man on half-island Apenini, where the exclamation "Long life to Pius IX!" was often heard.[13]
English Protestants celebrated him as a friend of light and a reformer of Europe towards freedom and progress.[14] He was elected without political influences from outside and in the best years of his life. He was pious, progressive, intellectual, decent, friendly, and open to everybody.[15]
Governing the Church[link]
File:Pioantonelli.jpg
Cardinal Secretary of State Antonelli
Centralization[link]
The end of the Papal States was an important but not the only important event in the long pontificate of Pius. His leadership of the Church contributed to an ever-increasing centralization and consolidation of power in Rome and the papacy. While his political views and policies were hotly debated, his personal life style was above any criticism; he was considered a model of simplicity and poverty in his every day affairs.[16] More than his predecessors, Pius used the papal pulpit to address the bishops of the world. The first Vatican Council, which he convened to consolidate papal authority further, was considered a milestones not only in his pontificate but also for Church history.[4]
Church rights[link]
The Church policies of Pius IX were dominated with a defence of the rights of the Church and the free exercise of religion for Catholics, but no one else, in countries like Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and an attack against what he perceived to be anti-Catholic philosophies in countries like Italy, Germany and France. Many of the Pope's subjects wanted to be Italian instead. The soldiers who guarded the Pope from Italians (between 1849 and 1870) were largely French and Austrian. The Pope considered moving to Germany (see below). After the French lost to the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1, the Papal States were absorbed by Italy. Germany actively persecuted the Roman Catholic Church Kulturkampf for a decade after the war.[17]
Jubilees[link]
He celebrated several jubilees such as the 300th anniversary of the Council of Trent, and his own Golden Jubilee in 1868. Pius celebrated the 1,800th anniversary of the martyrdom of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul on 29 June 1867 with 512 bishops, 20,000 priests and 140,000 lay persons in Rome.[18] A large gathering was organized in 1871 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of his papacy. The Italian government in 1870 outlawed many popular pilgrimages. The faithful of Bologna organized a nationwide "spiritual pilgrimage" to the Holy Father and the tombs of the apostles in 1873.[19] In 1875, Pius declared a Holy Year that was celebrated throughout the Catholic world. On the 50th anniversary of his episcopal consecration, people from all parts of the world came to see the old pontiff from 30 April 1877 to 15 June 1877. He was a bit shy, but he valued initiative within the Church and created several new titles, rewards and orders to elevate those who in his view deserved merit.[20]
Consistories[link]
Pius IX created 122 new Cardinals – the limit of the College of Cardinals was 70 – of which 64 were alive at his death. Noteworthy elevations included Vincenzo Pecci, his eventual successor Leo XIII; Nicholas Wiseman of Westminster; Henry Edward Manning; and John McCloskey, the first American ever to be elevated into the College of Cardinals.[21]
Sovereign of the Papal States[link]
Main article: Papal States under Pope Pius IX
File:Pio9pepeking.jpg
A 1870 German drawing shows Pius IX as Papst und König, Pope and King
Pius IX was not only pope, but, until 1870, also the Sovereign Ruler of the Papal States. His rule was considered secular and, as such, he was occasionally accorded the title "king."[22] However, whether this was ever a title accepted by the Holy See is unclear. One of the most fervent contemporary critics of his infallibility dogma, Ignaz von Döllinger, considered the political regime of the pope in the Papal States "as wise, well-intentioned, mild-natured, frugal and open for innovations."[23] Yet there was controversy. In the period before the 1848 revolution, Pius was a most ardent reformer advised by such innovative thinkers as Rosmini who were able to reconcile the new "free" thinking concerning human rights with the classical natural law tradition of the Church's teaching in political affairs and economic order (social justice teachings).[citation needed] After the revolution however, his political reforms and constitutional improvements were considered minimalist, remaining largely within the framework of the 1850 laws mentioned above.[24]
Reforms in the Papal States[link]
File:Pio9sanpietro.jpg
St.Peter's Plaza before Pius IX added statues of Peter and Paul
As liberal Europe applauded his election, he introduced political reforms on a broad scale.[citation needed] He initiated the construction of railways, and the installation of street lighting throughout Rome.[citation needed] He improved agricultural technology and productivity via farmer education in newly created scientific agricultural institutes. He abolished the requirements for Jews to attend Christian services and sermons and opened the papal charities to the needy of them.[12] He gave much to charities, living like a pauper.[citation needed] The new pope freed all political prisoners by giving amnesty to revolutionaries, which horrified the conservative monarchies in the Austrian Empire and elsewhere[12] Within one year of his election, he appointed an assembly of lay people to assist in the governing of the Papal States.[citation needed] His actions were applauded by Protestant statesmen.[citation needed] "He was celebrated in New York, London and Berlin as a model ruler."[12]
Governmental structure[link]
The governmental structure of the Papal States reflected the dual spiritual-secular character of the papacy. The secular or laypersons were strongly in the majority with 6,850 persons versus 300 members of the clergy. Nevertheless, the clergy made key decisions and every job applicant had to present a character evaluation from his parish priest to be considered.[25]
Finance[link]
File:Romapio9col.jpg
A view of the pastoral setting in the centre of Rome showing the Coloseum and Foro Romano around 1870
Financial administration in the Papal States under Pius IX was increasingly put in the hands of laypersons. The budget and financial administration in the Papal States had long been subject to criticism even before Pius IX, and did not end with his papacy. In 1850, he created a governmental finance congregation consisting of four laypersons with finance background for the 20 provinces.
Commerce and trade[link]
Pius IX is credited with systematic efforts to improve manufacturing and trade by giving advantages and papal prizes to domestic producers of wool, silk and other materials destined for export. He improved the transportation system by building roads, viaducts, bridges and seaports. A series of new railway links connected the Papal States to northern Italy. It became soon visible, that the Northern Italians were more adept to exploit economically the modern means of communication than the inhabitants in central and Southern Italy.[26]
Justice[link]
The justice system of the Papal States was subject to numerous accusations, not unlike the justice systems in the rest of Italy. There was a general lack of legal books and standards and accusations of partiality of the judges. Throughout Italy but also in the Papal States, mafia-type criminal bands threatened commerce and travellers in several regions, engaging in robbery and murder at will.[27]
Military[link]
File:Pio9soldiers.jpg
Papal soldiers around 1860
A unique position was granted to the papal army, consisting almost exclusively of foreigners, since the Roman Black Nobility was not willing to serve, and the population resisted military service as well, despite a decent salary structure and the potential for promotion.[citation needed] A main, but not the only element, of the papal army was the Swiss Guard. The number of papal soldiers amounted to 15,000 in 1859.[28]
Education[link]
Pius was criticized for his educational policies, which largely were a continuation of traditional Catholic education priorities with an accompanying neglect of the natural sciences on the primary and secondary level.[citation needed] Education was not mandatory in the Papal States, a fact which some attributed to the low educational standards in comparison to other countries.[citation needed] Secondary education was largely in private hands or in the control of Catholic institutes and Religious orders.[citation needed]
Universities[link]
File:Pionono12.jpg
A hagiographic presentation of Pius IX from 1873
The two papal universities in Rome and Bologna suffered much from revolutionary activities in 1848 but their standards in the areas of science, mathematics, philosophy and theology were considered adequate.[29] Pius recognized that much had to be done and instituted a reform commission in.[30]
Social life[link]
There was one newspaper, Giornale di Roma, and one periodical, Civilta Cattolica, run by Jesuits.[29] When Marcantonio Pacelli, the grandfather of Eugenio Pacelli, approached Pius about an official newspaper, L’Osservatore Romano, which printed what the Pope said and did the previous day, Pius turned him down. Pacelli published anyway, and Leo XIII bought it from him a few years later.[citation needed]
Arts[link]
File:PioLateran.jpg
An 1870 view of the Lateran
Pius IX was a patron of the arts like most of his predecessors. The two theatres in Rome were popular in part because he exempted them from papal censorship.[citation needed] He supported art, architecture, painting, sculpture, music, goldsmiths, coppersmiths and more, and handed out numerous rewards to its representatives.[31] Much of his efforts were oriented to Churches in Rome, but also in the Papal States, many of which were renovated and improved.[citation needed]
Restorations and discoveries[link]
Great efforts were undertaken to restore historic walls, fountains, streets and bridges. He ordered the excavation of Roman sites, which led to several major discoveries.[citation needed] He ordered the strengthening of the Colosseum, which was threatened with collapse.[32] Huge sums were spent in the discovery of Christian catacombs, for which Pius created a new archaeological commission in 1853.
Protestants and Jews[link]
Main article: Pope Pius IX and Judaism
The Papal States were a theocracy in which the Catholic Church and Catholics had more rights than members of other religions. Pius IX's policies changed over time: At the beginning of his pontificate, together with other liberal measures, Pius opened the Jewish ghetto in Rome. After returning from exile in 1850, during which the Roman Republic issued sharp anti-Church measures,[33] the Pope issued a series of anti-liberal measures, including re-instituting the Ghetto.[34]
In 1858, in a highly publicized case, the police of the Papal States took a 6-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mortara, from his parents. A Christian servant girl of the family, fearing he would die, had reportedly baptized him while he was ill. The law did not permit Christians to be raised by Jews, even their own parents. Pius raised the boy in the papal household and the boy later was ordained a priest.
Policies toward other nations[link]
Pius IX was the last pope who was also a secular ruler as monarch of the Papal States. As sovereign-ruler of the Papal States, he ruled over 3 million people and conducted diplomatic relations with other states, the most important of which was Italy, which in 1870 ended the independent Papal States and reduced the papacy to a miniature state.
Italy[link]
Main article: Pope Pius IX and Italy
As a liberal and aware of the political pressures within the Papal States, his first act of a general amnesty for political prisoners did not consider its potential implications and consequences: The freed revolutionaries merely resumed their previous activities and his concessions only provoked greater demands as patriotic Italian groups sought not only a constitutional government, which he was sympathetic to, but also the Unification of Italy under his leadership and a war of liberation against Catholic Austria, which claimed the northern Italian provinces as its own.[35]
By early 1848, all of Western Europe began to be convulsed in various revolutionary movements.[36] The Pope, claiming to be above national interests, refused to go to war with Austria, which totally reversed the up to now popular view of him in his native Italy.[35] In a calculated, well-prepared move, Rossi was assassinated on 15 November 1848, and in the days following, the Swiss Guards were disarmed, making the Pope a prisoner in his palace.[37]
A Roman Republic was declared in February 1849. Pius responded from his exile by excommunicating all participants[38]
He visited the hospitals to comfort the wounded and sick but he seemed to have lost both some of his liberal tastes and his confidence in the Romans, who had turned against him in 1848.[citation needed] Pius decided to move his residence from the Quirinal Palace inside Rome to the Vatican, where popes have lived ever since.[23] He reformed the governmental structure of the Papal States on 10 September 1850 and its finances on 28 October in the same year.[citation needed]
File:Pio9stpeters.jpg
Inside of Saint Peter's around 1870
- End of the Papal States
After defeating the papal army on 18 September 1860 at the Battle of Castelfidardo, and on 30 September at Ancona, Victor Emmanuel took all the Papal territories except Latium with Rome.[citation needed] In 1866 he granted Pius IX the Law of Guarantees (13 May 1871) which gave the Pope the use of the Vatican but denied him sovereignty over this territory, nevertheless granting him the right to send and receive ambassadors and a budget of 3.25 million liras annually. Pius IX officially rejected this offer (encyclical Ubi nos, 15 May 1871), retaining his claim to all the conquered territory.[citation needed]
Mexico[link]
With Napoleon III's establishment of the Second Mexican Empire and Maximilian I of Mexico as its ruler in 1864, the Church was looking for some relief from a friendly government after the anti-clerical actions of Benito Juárez. Juárez had recently suspended payment on foreign debt and seized Church property.[citation needed]
Pius had blessed Maximilian and his wife Charlotte of Belgium before they set off for Mexico to begin their reign.[39] But the friction between the Vatican and Mexico would continue with the new Emperor when Maximilian insisted on freedom of religion, which Pius opposed. Relations with the Vatican would only be resumed when Maximilian sent a recently converted American Catholic priest Father Fischer to Rome as his envoy.[citation needed]
Contrary to Fischer's reports back to Maximilian, the negotiations did not go well and the Vatican would not budge.[40] Maximilian sent his wife Charlotte to Europe to plead against the withdrawal of French troops. After an unsuccessful attempt at negotiating with Napoleon III, Charlotte then traveled to Rome to plead with Pius in 1866. As the days passed Charlotte's mental state became overtly paranoid.[citation needed]
She sought refuge with the pope, and she would eat and drink only what was prepared for him, fearful that everything else might be poisoned. The pope, though alarmed, was accommodating to her and even agreed to let her stay in the Vatican one night after she voiced anxiety about her safety. She and her assistant were the first women to stay the night inside the Vatican.[41]
United Kingdom[link]
England for centuries was considered missionary territory for the Catholic Church.[42] Pius IX changed that with the Bull Universalis Ecclesiae (29 September 1850). He re-established the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales, under the newly appointed Archbishop and Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman with 12 additional episcopal seats: Southwark, Hexham, Beverly, Liverpool, Salford, Shrewsbury, Newport, Clifton, Plymouth, Nottingham, Birmingham and Northampton.[43] Some violent street protests against the "papal aggression" resulted in a law passed by Parliament on 2 August 1851, which on penalty of imprisonment and fines forbade any Roman Catholic diocese in England or Ireland from taking the name of an Anglican diocese.[44]
Netherlands[link]
The Dutch government instituted religious freedom for Catholics in 1848.[citation needed] In 1853, Pius erected the Archdiocese of Utrecht and four dioceses in Haarlem, Den Bosch, Breda and Roermond under it. As in England, this resulted in a popular outburst of anti-Catholic sentiment, which as in England, soon subsided.[45]
Spain[link]
File:Pio9macloskey.jpg
Pius IX elevated John McCloskey as the first American to the College of Cardinals on 15 March 1875.
Traditionally Catholic Spain offered a challenge to Pius IX as anti-clerical governments were in power from 1832, resulting in the expulsion of religious orders, the closing of convents, the closing of Catholic schools and libraries, the seizure and sale of churches and religious properties and the inability of the Church to fill vacant dioceses.[46] In 1851, Pius IX concluded a concordat with Queen Isabella II, which stipulated that unsold Church properties were to be returned, while the Church renounced properties that already had passed owners. This flexibility of Pius resulted in Spain guaranteeing the freedom of the Church in religious educations.[46]
United States[link]
Main article: Pope Pius IX and the United States
Pius IX elevated John McCloskey as the first American to the College of Cardinals on 15 March 1875. A letter he wrote to Jefferson Davis addressing him as the "Honorable President of the Confederate States of America" was seen by some as the highest international recognition the Confederate States of America ever got.[47]
Pope Pius IX approved the unanimous request of American bishops that the Immaculate Conception be invoked as the Patroness of the United States of America on 7 February 1847.
Canada[link]
Pius increased the number of Canadian dioceses from four to 21 dioceses with 1,340 churches and 1,620 priests in 1874.[48]
Concordats[link]
Pius signed concordats with Spain, Austria, Tuscany, Portugal, Haiti, Honduras, Ecuador, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Russia.[21]
Austria[link]
The 1848 revolution had mixed results for the Catholic Church in Austria-Hungary. It freed the Church from the heavy hand of the state in its internal affairs, which was applauded by Pius IX. Similar to other countries, Austria-Hungary had significant anti-Catholic political movements, mainly liberals, which forced the emperor Franz-Joseph I in 1870, to renounce the 1855 concordat with the Vatican. Austria had already in 1866 nullified several of its sections concerning the freedom of Catholic schools and prohibition of civil marriages.[49] After diplomatic approaches failed, Pius responded with an encyclical on 7 March 1874, demanding religious freedom and freedom of education.[citation needed] Despite these developments, there was no equivalent to the German Kulturkampf in Austria, and Pius created new dioceses throughout Austria-Hungary.[50]
Russia[link]
Main article: Pope Pius IX and Russia
The Pontificate of Pius IX began in 1847 with an "Accomodamento," a generous agreement, which allowed Pius to fill vacant Episcopal Sees of the Latin rites both in Russia (Baltic countries) and the Polish provinces of Russia.[citation needed] The short-lived freedoms were undermined by the Orthodox Church,[citation needed] Polish political aspirations in the occupied lands[citation needed] and the tendency of imperial Russia to act against any dissent. Pius first tried to position himself in the middle, strongly opposing revolutionary and violent opposition against the Russian authorities, and, appealing to them for more Church freedom.[citation needed] After the failure of the Polish uprising in 1863, Pius sided with the persecuted Poles, protesting their persecutions, infuriating the Tsarist government to the point that all Catholic dioceses were eliminated by 1870.[51] Pius criticized the Tsar—without naming him—for expatriating whole communities to Siberia, exiling priests, condemning them to labour camps and abolishing Catholic dioceses.[citation needed] He pointed to Siberian villages Tounka and Irkout, where in 1868, 150 Catholic priests were awaiting death.[52]
Poland[link]
Main article: Pope Pius IX and Poland
Plans to leave Rome[link]
File:Pio9lateran.jpg
The Lateran Basilica
Several times during his pontificate, Pius IX considered leaving Rome. One occurrence was in 1862, when Giuseppe Garibaldi was in Sicily gathering volunteers for a campaign to take Rome under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death). On 26 July 1862, before Garibaldi and his volunteers were stopped at Aspromonte:
Pius IX confided his fears to Lord Odo Russell, the British Minister in Rome, and asked whether he would be granted political asylum in England after the Italian troops had marched in. Odo Russell assured him that he would be granted asylum if the need arose, but said that he was sure that the Pope's fears were unfounded.[53]
Two other instances occurred after the Capture of Rome and the suspension of the First Vatican Council. Otto von Bismarck confided these to Moritz Busch:
As a matter of fact, he [Pius IX] has already asked whether we could grant him asylum. I have no objection to it—Cologne or Fulda. It would be passing strange, but after all not so inexplicable, and it would be very useful to us to be recognised by Catholics as what we really are, that is to say, the sole power now existing that is capable of protecting the head of their Church. [...] But the King [William I] will not consent. He is terribly afraid. He thinks all Prussia would be perverted and he himself would be obliged to become a Catholic. I told him, however, that if the Pope begged for asylum he could not refuse it. He would have to grant it as ruler of ten million Catholic subjects who would desire to see the head of their Church protected.[54]
Rumours have already been circulated on various occasions to the effect that the Pope intends to leave Rome. According to the latest of these the Council, which was adjourned in the summer, will be reopened at another place, some persons mentioning Malta and others Trient. [... ] Doubtless the main object of this gathering will be to elicit from the assembled fathers a strong declaration in favour of the necessity of the Temporal Power. Obviously a secondary object of this Parliament of Bishops, convoked away from Rome, would be to demonstrate to Europe that the Vatican does not enjoy the necessary liberty, although the Act of Guarantee proves that the Italian Government, in its desire for reconciliation and its readiness to meet the wishes of the Curia, has actually done everything that lies in its power.[55]
Theology[link]
Main article: Theology of Pope Pius IX
Pius was adamant about his role as the highest teaching authority in the Church.[56] He promoted the foundations of Catholic Universities in Belgium and France and supported Catholic associations with the intellectual aim to explain the faith to non-believers and non-Catholics. The Ambrosian Circle in Italy, the Union of Catholic Workers in France and the Pius Verein and the Deutsche Katholische Gesellschaft in Germany all tried to bring the Catholic faith in its fullness to people outside of the Church.[57]
Mariology[link]
Pius shared a strong devotion to the Virgin Mary with many of his contemporaries, who contributed to Roman Catholic Mariology. Marian doctrines featured prominently in 19th century theology, especially the issue of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. During his pontificate, petitions increased requesting the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception.[citation needed] In 1848 Pius appointed a theological commission to analyze the possibility for a Marian dogma.[58]
Thirty-eight Encyclicals[link]
Main article: List of encyclicals of Pope Pius IX
Pius issued a record 38 encyclicals. They include: Qui Pluribus (1846) dealt with faith and religion; Praedecessores Nostros (1847) with aid for Ireland; Ubi Primum 1848 with The Immaculate Conception; Nostis Et Nobiscum 1849 with the Church in the Papal States; Neminem Vestrum 1854 with the bloody the Persecution of Armenian; Cum Nuper 1858 with the care for Clerics; Amantissimus 1862 with the Care of the Churches; Meridionali Americae 1865 with the Seminary for the Native Clergy; Omnem Sollicitudinem 1874 |about the Greek-Ruthenian Rite; Quod Nunquam 1875 the Church in Prussia. On 7 February 1862 he issued the papal constitution Ad Universalis Ecclesiae, dealing with the conditions for admission to religious orders of men in which solemn vows are prescribed. Unlike popes in the 20th century, Pius IX did not use encyclicals to explain the faith, but to condemn what he considered errors.[59] Pius IX was the first pope to popularize encyclicals on a large scale to foster his views.
First Vatican Council[link]
Pius decisively acted on the century-old disagreement between Dominicans and Franciscans regarding the Immaculate Conception of Mary, deciding in favor of the Franciscan view.[60] However, this decision, which he formulated as an infallible dogma, raised a question: Can a Pope make such decisions without the bishops? This foreshadowed one topic of the Vatican Council, which he later convened for 1869.[61] The Pope did consult the bishops beforehand with his encyclical Ubi Primum (see below), but insisted on having this issue clarified nevertheless. The Council was to deal with Papal Infallibility, enhancing the role of the papacy and decreasing the role of the bishops.[61] The role of the bishops was to be dealt with at the Council, but it was disbanded because of the imminent attack by Italy against the Papal States. Thus, the major achievements of Pius IX are his Mariology and Vatican I.[61]
Influence[link]
Pius IX approved 74 new religious congregations for women alone.[62] In France, Pius created over 200 new dioceses and created new hierarchies in several countries.[62]
Last years and death[link]
File:Pio927y.jpg
Pius IX in 1877
Pius IX lived long enough to witness the death of his old adversary, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy in January 1878. As soon as he learned about the seriousness of the situation of the king, he absolved him of all excommunications and other ecclesiastical punishments. Pius IX died one month later on 7 February 1878 at 5:40 pm, of epilepsy, which led to a seizure and a sudden heart attack, while saying the rosary with his staff.[63]
Since 1868, the Pope was plagued first by facial erysipelas and then by open sores on his legs.[64] Nevertheless, he insisted on celebrating daily Mass. The extraordinary heat of the summer of 1877 worsened the sores to the effect that he had to be carried. He underwent several painful medical procedures, which he undertook with remarkable patience. He spent most of his last few weeks in his library, where he received cardinals and held audiences.[65] On 8 December, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, his situation improved markedly to the point that he could walk again. By February, he could say Mass again on his own in standing position, enjoying the popular celebration of the 75th anniversary of his first communion. Bronchitis, a fall to the floor, and rising temperature worsened his situation after 4 February 1878. He continued joking about himself, when the Cardinal Vicar of Rome ordered bell-ringing and non-stop prayers for his recuperation. "Why do you want to stop me from going to heaven?" he asked with a smile. He told his doctor that his time had come.[66] Pope Pius IX died on 7 February 1878, aged 85, concluding the longest pontificate in papal history, after that of St Peter whom tradition holds had reigned for 37 years. His last words were "Guard the church I loved so well and sacredly," as recorded by the Cardinals kneeling beside his bedside.[citation needed] His body was originally buried in St. Peter's grotto, but was moved in a night procession on 13 July 1881 to the Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls. When the cortege approached the Tiber River, a gang of anticlerical Romans threatened to throw the coffin into the river but a contingent of militia arrived.[67]
Beatification[link]
The process for his beatification, which in the early parts was strongly opposed by the Italian government, was begun on 11 February 1907, and recommenced three times.[68] The Italian government had since 1878 strongly opposed beatification of Pius IX. Without Italian opposition, Pope John Paul II declared him venerable on 6 July 1985, and beatified him on 3 September 2000 (his commemoration is 7 February). This latter ceremony also included the beatification of Pope John XXIII (1958–63).
The beatification of Pius was controversial, and was criticized by Jews and Christians because of what was perceived as his authoritarian, reactionary politics; the accusation of abuse of episcopal powers; and antisemitism (specifically the case of Edgardo Mortara).[69] Critics contend that his beatification placed "an unbearable burden on relations between Jews and Catholics," especially given Pope John Paul II's conciliatory gestures toward Judaism.[70] The process coincided with the canonization of Edith Stein, likewise controversial.[71] Hans Küng saw the beatification of Pius IX as evidence of the degeneration of canonizations to "gestures of church politics."[72]
Legacy[link]
Pius IX celebrated his silver jubilee in 1871, going on to have the longest reign in the history of the post-apostolic papacy, 31 years, 7 months and 23 days. As he lost temporal sovereignty, the Roman Catholic Church rallied around him, the papacy became more centralized, to which his personal life-style of simplicity and poverty is considered to have contributed.[73] From this point on, the papacy became and continues to become increasingly a spiritual, and less a temporal, authority. Pius IX's pontificate marks the beginning of the modern papacy.
After starting out as a liberal, Pius IX turned conservative after being thrown out of Rome. Thereafter, he was considered politically conservative, but a restless and radical reformer and innovator of Church life and structures. Church life, religious vocations, new foundations and religious enthusiasm all flourished at the end of his pontificate.[62][74] Politically, his pontificate ended with the isolation of the papacy from most major powers of the world: "The prisoner of the Vatican" had poor relations with Russia, Germany, and the United States, poor relations with France and open hostility with Italy. Yet he was most popular with the faithful in all these countries, in many of which Pope Pius associations were formed in his support. He made lasting Church history with his 1854 infallible decision of the Immaculate Conception, which was the basis for the later dogma on the Assumption. His other lasting contribution is the invocation of the ecumenical council Vatican One, which promulgated the definition of Papal infallibility. With his advices helped to saint John Bosco to found Salesian Society; so call him „don Bosco's Pope” too.[75]
The Prophecy of the Popes, attributed to Saint Malachy, is a list of 112 short phrases in Latin. They purport to describe each of the Roman Catholic popes. It describes Pius IX as Crux de Cruce, Cross of the cross.
Photos of Pope Pius IX[link]
The art of photography developed during Pius IX's pontificate, and he was the first pope to be photographed, mainly in his later years.
Some contemporaries of Pius IX like Cardinal Giuseppe Pecci considered photography inferior to painting and refused to be photographed. Pius, however, was open to the new form of art.
-
Piusixnn.jpg
-
-
Pionono1.jpg
-
-
-
Pionono.jpg
-
Pionono11.jpg
Memorabilia[link]
- In two nights after his 1846 pardon freeing all political prisoners, thousands of Romans with torches roamed to the Quirinal Palace, where Pius IX lived, celebrating the pope with Evviva's, speeches and music through both nights. The Pope went several times to the balcony to give his blessing. On the third day, when his horse-drawn carriage left the Palace to move to the Vatican, Romans disconnected the horses and pulled the papal carriage on their own[76]
- On 16 November 1848, an excited mob of revolutionaries moved to the Quirinal and the Parliament to present to the Pope their demands, especially war against Austria. The Pope reportedly replied, his dignity as head of state and of the Church does not permit him to fulfil conditions of rebels. Following this, the Quirinal was covered by cannon fire, which caused several deaths. After that, to save lives, the Pope agreed to a list of proposed ministers, although stating that he would abstain from any cooperation with them.[77]
- After the French troops, who protected the Papal States, left Rome, an Italian army with 60,000 men approached the city, which was defended by only 10,000 papal soldiers. The Pope instructed his soldiers to give only token resistance and to enter an armistice after the first defeat because the Deputy of Christ does not shed blood. When the old Porta Pia was bombarded, opening a huge hole for the invaders, the Pope asked the white flag to be shown. It was his last act as King of the Papal States.[78] The last papal shot at the Porta Pia was fired by an Austrian alumnus of the Stella Matutina.[79]
- Pius IX was lampooned by reference to the Italian version of his name (Pio Nono), as Pio No No.
- His occasional mood changes and emotional outbursts have been interpreted as symptoms of his epilepsy.[80][81]
- One enduring popular touch lies in Pius IX's artistic legacy as author of the Italian-language lyrics of Italy's best-known indigenous Christmas carol, Tu scendi dalle stelle ("From starry skies descended"), originally a Neapolitan language song written by Saint Alphonsus Liguori.
- During his stay at the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, on 8 September 1849, Pope Pius IX had the experience of a train trip from Portici to Pagani, so he became enthusiastic about this modern invention. When he went back to his seat in Rome, he promoted the growth of a railroad network, starting in 1856 with the Rome and Frascati Rail Road. By 1870, the length of railway lines built in the Papal States was 317 kilometres (197 mi). He also introduced gas lighting and the telegraph to the Papal States.
- To commemorate his term as pope, there is a street in Montreal called Pie-IX (Pie-Neuf), French for Pius IX. There is also a stop on the Montreal Metro system called Pie-IX serving the street, located at the foot of the Olympic Stadium. In addition, there are streets in Santiago, Chile, and Macon, Georgia, called Pío Nono, Spanish for Pius IX and a secondary school with the same name (Pio IX) in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Pope Pius IX died aged 85 on 7 February 1878 after a pontificate of 32 years. It was his last wish to be buried not in the Vatican but in the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, his casket to be ornated with a simple cross that was not to cost more than 400 Scudi. At the request of Italian authorities, the funeral took place three years later in the middle of the night on 12/13 July 1881. It was accompanied by the clergy and Roman society. The houses along the streets were illuminated with torches, and people threw flowers from the window on the horse-drawn carriage. A gang of anti-Catholic nationalists screaming, "Long live Italy! Death to the Pope! Death to the Priests!" tried to steal the body of the pope and throw it into the Tiber River.[82] The simple grave of Pius IX was changed by his successor, John Paul II, after his beatification.
References[link]
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- About, Edmund (1859). The Roman Question. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
- Acta et decreta Pii IX, Pontificis Maximi, VolI-VII, Romae 1854 ff
- Acta et decreta Leonis XIII, P.M. Vol I-XXII, Romae, 1881, ff
- Actae Sanctae Sedis, (ASS), Romae, Vaticano 1865
- Barwig, Regis N. (1978). More Than a Prophet: Day By Day With Pius IX. Altadena: Benziger Sisters.
- L. Boudou, Le S. Siege et la Russie, Paris, 1890
- Chiron, Yves, Pope Pius IX: The Man and The Myth, Angelus Press, Kansas City-MI, 2005 ISBN 1-892331-31-4
- De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). The Last Days of Papal Rome. London: Archibald Constable & Co.
- Duffy, Eamon, Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes Yale University Press, 1997
- Franzen, August, Papstgeschichte, Herder, Freiburg, 1988 (cit.Franzen)
- Franzen, August, Kleine Kirchengeschichte Herder, Freiburg, 1991 (cit.Franzen, Kirchengeschichte)
- Hasler, August Bernhard (1981). How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion. Doubleday.
- Hasler, August Bernhard (1979). Wie der Papst unfelhlbar wurde: Macht und Ohnmacht eines Dogmas. R. Piper & Co. Verlag.
- Kertzer, David I. (2004). Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes' Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-22442-4.
- Martina, S.J. Pio IX (1846–1850) Roma: Editrice Pontificia Universita Gregoriana, Vol I-III, 1974–1991
- Pougeois, Histoire de Pie IX, son pontificat et son siecle, Vol I-VI, Paris, 1877
- Schmidlin, Josef, Papstgeschichte, Vol I-IV, Köstel-Pusztet München, 1922–1939
- John Gilmary Shea, The Life of Pope Pius IX, New York, 1877
- Sylvain, Histoire de Pie IX le Grand et de son pontificat, Vol I,II, Paris, 1878
- Franz Spirago, Példatár (Examples from life; from 6. German edition translated Bezerédj László), Szent István-Társulat Budapest, 1927
- Woodward, Kenneth L. (1996). "Pius IX and the Posthumous Politics of Canonization". Making saints: how the Catholic Church determines who becomes a saint, who doesn't, and why. Simon and Schuster. pp. 309–35. ISBN 978-0-684-81530-5. http://books.google.com/?id=JImU5EZo7O8C&pg=PA309. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pius IX |
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Eamon Duffy, 222–235
- ^ Van Biema, David "Not So Saintly?" TIME magazine, 27 August 2000
- ^ http://www.usccb.org/ppc/
- ^ a b Franzen 363
- ^ Joseph I. Sirven, MD, Talks About the Epilepsy of Pope Pius IX, The Mayo Clinic, 3 Jan. 2008
- ^ Angelus, John Paul II, 8 February 2004
- ^ a b c Schmidlin 8
- ^ El Papado y la Iglesia naciente en América Latina (1808–1825) – Viajeros.net
- ^ Schmidlin 10
- ^ http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/pius_ix/freemason.html
- ^ Dudley Wright, Roman Catholicism and Freemasonry. London : William Rider & Son, Limited, 1922 pages 172–175
- ^ a b c d e Duffy 222
- ^ In den nächsten zwanzig Monaten war Pius IX. der populärste Mann der Halbinsel; des Rufes „Evviva Pio nono!” war kein Ende mehr. (Seppelt –Löffle: Papstgeschichte, München 1933, 408.)
- ^ Pougeous I, 215
- ^ Schmidlin 23
- ^ Franzen 357
- ^ Carroll, James (2001). Constantines's Sword. pp. 479–494. ISBN 0-395-77927-8. Ch 48: Setting a Standard: The Church Against Bismarck
- ^ Schmidlin 294
- ^ Schmidlin 297
- ^ Schmidlin 299
- ^ a b Franzen 364
- ^ About, Ch I: The Pope as a King
- ^ a b Schmidlin 45
- ^ Schmidlin 47
- ^ Stehle 47
- ^ Schmidlin 52
- ^ Schmidlin 49
- ^ Schmidlin 50
- ^ a b Schmidlin 53
- ^ 1851
- ^ Schmidlin 55
- ^ Schmidlin 61
- ^ Pougeois II, p. 429.
- ^ Pougeois III,258
- ^ a b Duffy 223
- ^ 1848: Year of Revolution, Michael Rapport
- ^ Schmidlin 35
- ^ Piux IX, Roberto De Mattei, Page 33
- ^ http://www.casaimperial.org/emperador.htm
- ^ The Cactus Throne; the Tragedy of Maximilian and Carlotta
- ^ Prince Michael (2002). The Empress of Farewells. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-836-1. http://books.google.com/?id=RBhNVICM8ZEC&dq=the+empress+of+farewells.
- ^ Franzen. 363
- ^ Shea 195
- ^ Shea 196
- ^ Shea 205–206
- ^ a b Shea 204
- ^ Google Books. Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour Escrito by William C. Davis [1]
- ^ Schmidlin 212
- ^ Franzen 362
- ^ Schmidlin 141–143
- ^ Shea 274 ff.
- ^ Shea 277
- ^ [Jasper Ridley, "Garibaldi", Viking Press, New York (1976) p. 535
- ^ Moritz Busch Bismarck: Some secret pages of his history, Vol. I, Macmillan (1898) p. 220, entry for 8 November 1870
- ^ Moritz Busch Bismarck: Some secret pages of his history, Vol. II, Macmillan (1898) pp.43–44, entry for 3 March 1872
- ^ Schmidlin 313
- ^ Schmidlin 313–315
- ^ Bäumer 245
- ^ Italy, Switzerland, Prussia and others
- ^ Franzen, 340
- ^ a b c Franzen 340
- ^ a b c Duffy 234
- ^ Schmidlin 100–102
- ^ see Martina III, and http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20IX..html (German)
- ^ Schmidlin 101
- ^ Schmidlin 102
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Popes,J.N.D. Kelly, Oxford 1987 p.310
- ^ Woodward 310-11.
- ^ Milavec, Aaron (2007). Salvation is from the Jews (John 4:22): saving grace in Judaism and messianic hope in Christianity. Liturgical Press. pp. 159–60. ISBN 978-0-8146-5989-2. http://books.google.com/?id=7z7zojoOo94C&pg=PA159.
- ^ Heinz, Michael Alan Signer; Michael Alan Signer (2007). "Pope Pius IX and the Jews". Coming together for the sake of God: contributions to Jewish-Christian dialogue from post-Holocaust Germany. Liturgical Press. pp. 110. ISBN 978-0-8146-5167-4. http://books.google.com/?id=-IudQSEEqIAC&pg=PA110. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ Cassidy, Edward Idris (2005). Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue: Unitatis redintegratio, Nostra aetate. Paulist Press. pp. 217. ISBN 978-0-8091-4338-2. http://books.google.com/?id=XqFl9bkq7h0C&pg=PA217.
- ^ Küng, Hans (2003). The Catholic Church: a short history. Random House. pp. 173. ISBN 978-0-8129-6762-3. http://books.google.com/?id=amtEJd_4Y9wC&pg=PA173.
- ^ Franzen Kirchengeschichte 336 ff
- ^ Schmidlin pp292 ff
- ^ IX. Piusz, don Bosco pápája, in: Don Bosco Kalendárium 2011, Szalézi Szent Ferenc Társasága Budapest 2010, site 8.
- ^ Schmidlin 26
- ^ Schmidlin 29ff
- ^ Schmidlin 89.
- ^ Josef Knünz SJ 100 Jahre Stella Matutina 1856–1956 J.N.Teutsch, Bregenz 1956;
- ^ Pope Pious IX, epilepsy. Famous people who suffered from epilepsy. Pious IX
- ^ Rita Watson, MPH, Joseph I. Sirven, MD, Talks About the Epilepsy of Pope Pius IX.
- ^ Schmidlin 103–104
External links[link]
- The Life of Pope Pius IX, also about Vatican I of the Catholic Church and Syllabus of Errors
- Vatican news: Pius IX
- Pope Pius IX
- Biography with pictures (German)
- Pope Pius IX: text with concordances and frequency list
- Catholic-Hierarchy entry
- The Last Days of Papal Rome by Raffaele De Cesare (1909) London, Archibald Constable & Co.
- "Pius IX (1792–1878)" by Derek Michaud in The Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Mario Ancaiani |
Archbishop of Spoleto 1827–1832 |
Succeeded by Ignazio Giovanni Cadolino |
| Preceded by Giacomo Giustiniani |
Bishop of Imola 1832–1846 |
Succeeded by Gaetano Baluffi |
| Preceded by Gregory XVI |
Pope 16 June 1846 – 7 February 1878 |
Succeeded by Leo XIII |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | IX, Pope Pius |
| Alternative names | Maria Mastai-Ferretti, Giovanni |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1792-5-13 |
| Place of birth | Senigallia, Papal States |
| Date of death | 1878-2-7 |
| Place of death | Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy |
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Papa Pio IX
http://cs.wn.com/Pius IX.
http://id.wn.com/Paus Pius IX
http://es.wn.com/Pío IX
http://ru.wn.com/Пий IX
http://nl.wn.com/Paus Pius IX
http://pt.wn.com/Papa Pio IX
http://pl.wn.com/Pius IX
http://fr.wn.com/Pie IX
http://de.wn.com/Pius IX.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| The Immaculate Collection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Madonna - The Immaculate Collection.png | ||||
| Greatest hits album by Madonna | ||||
| Released | November 9, 1990 | |||
| Recorded | March 1983–October 1990 | |||
| Genre | Pop, dance | |||
| Length | 73:34 | |||
| Label | Sire, Warner Bros. | |||
| Producer | Madonna, Stephen Bray, Patrick Leonard, John "Jellybean" Benitez, Reggie Lucas, Nile Rodgers, Shep Pettibone, Lenny Kravitz | |||
| Madonna chronology | ||||
|
||||
| Singles from The Immaculate Collection | ||||
|
||||
The Immaculate Collection is the first greatest hits album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on November 9, 1990 by Sire Records. It contains fifteen of her hit singles from 1983 to 1990, as well as two new tracks, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". The title of the album is a loose pun of the Immaculate Conception, the conception of the Virgin Mary without any stain of the original sin. This name follows Madonna's religious-themed songs and videos, as well as the second section of her Blond Ambition World Tour, which also employed religious motifs. An extended play titled The Holiday Collection was issued in Europe to accompany the compilation and the re-release of the single "Holiday". It contained tracks omitted from this album: "True Blue", "Who's That Girl" and "Causing a Commotion". It is the first album ever to use an audio technology called QSound.[1]
The album was ranked at number one on the Blender magazine's list of "100 Greatest American Albums of All Time". In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine named the album the 278th greatest album of all time. It became Madonna's second album to be certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipment of over 10 million copies across the United States. It spent the second highest number of consecutive weeks at number one for a female solo artist in the U.K., being at number one for a 9 week stint (until the release of Adele's 21 in 2011, who has spend 23 weeks atop). The album has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide,[2] making it the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist and one of the best selling albums of all time. "Justify My Love", the album's first single, became Madonna's ninth number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and was one of her most controversial singles due to its sexually explicit music video. "Rescue Me" was released as the second single and became the highest-debuting single on Hot 100 by a female artist at that time, entering the chart at number fifteen and peaking at number nine.
Contents |
Background[link]
Originally titled Ultra Madonna, the name was changed as Warner Bros. felt that it was too similar to the name of dance artist Ultra Naté. Madonna dedicated the album to "The Pope, my divine inspiration". This led to many believing it was dedicated to Pope John Paul II, but it was actually dedicated to her brother, Christopher Ciccone, who had spent the year on tour with Madonna ("The Pope" is one of his nicknames). The production of this album is notable for its use of QSound; all songs were mixed in using it, except "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". A QSound mix of "Justify My Love" was later released on the US maxi-single to the song.
All of the songs on The Immaculate Collection (with the exception of the two new songs) were remixed by Shep Pettibone alongside either Goh Hotoda or Michael Hutchinson and some were also edited down from their original lengths in order to decrease the overall running time. While all the vocals remain the same as in the original recordings, "Like a Prayer" and "Express Yourself" feature different music backing Madonna's vocals than their original album release. It was decided that a mixture of ballads and pop-dance hits would be included, although there wasn't space for every single that Madonna had released. "Justify My Love" became the first single to promote the album, and created a furor over the sexual video and the controversy in regards to who wrote it. (Poet Ingrid Chavez claimed she wrote part of the lyrics, alongside credited lyricist Lenny Kravitz.) The single shot to number one in the U.S. and number two in the UK. A second release, "Rescue Me", was released in early 1991, which also went top ten.
Warner Bros. released an EP in the UK and Europe titled The Holiday Collection which had the same design as The Immaculate Collection. The full-length version of "Holiday" was included alongside "True Blue", "Who's That Girl", and the Silver Screen Single mix of "Causing a Commotion". The re-released "Holiday" eventually went to No. 5 in the UK charts, while a re-release of the ballad "Crazy for You" (using the new remixed version) peaked at No. 2. Blender magazine ranked the album at number one on their list of "100 Greatest American Albums of All Time".[3] In 2003, the album was ranked number 278 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In November 2006, the album was confirmed by the British Phonographic Industry to be the biggest selling album by a solo female artist in British history, and the tenth biggest selling album of all time in the UK by any artist.[4] On January 1, 1991, a box set entitled The Royal Box was released which included either a Cassette/VHS (US-only) or Satin CD Digipak/VHS (US, Germany/UK) with additional postcards and poster. The VHS version also included the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards performance of "Vogue".
Critical reception[link]
| Professional ratings | |
|---|---|
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  [5] |
| Entertainment Weekly | (A-)[6] |
| Robert Christgau | (A+)[7] |
| Rolling Stone | [8] |
| Sputnikmusic | 3/5[9] |
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic graded the album five out of five stars. He starts by saying that "On the surface... [the album] appears to be a definitive retrospective of Madonna's heyday in the '80s". However, his opinion is that remastering in Q-Sound, making some of the songs faster than the original versions and other changes, makes it so "while all the hits are present, they're simply not in their correct versions." Nevertheless, he concludes that "until the original single versions are compiled on another album, The Immaculate Collection is the closest thing to a definitive retrospective."[5]
Commercial response[link]
The Immaculate Collection was included on the list of BMG Music Club's top-selling albums in the United States at number #10. The album stayed atop the UK Albums chart for 9 weeks, breaking the record for the longest consecutive weeks at #1 by a solo female artist, a record that would not be matched until 2011 by Adele's album 21. On March 12, 2006, the album re-entered the UK charts more than 15 years after its release at #38 (it reached #1 on its original release in 1990).[10] Madonna's Confessions on a Dance Floor was also in the top 20 at #13. In 2006, the album returned to Ireland's Top 100 Albums chart, entering at #21, charting higher than Confessions on a Dance Floor, which was at #95. On the week of April 28, 2008, the album rose 50 places from #122 to #72 on the official UK Albums Chart, the same week that Madonna's eleventh studio album Hard Candy was released internationally.
In the United States, The Immaculate Collection was certified Diamond (10× Platinum) by RIAA, becoming one of the best-selling albums in the country. In the United Kingdom, The Immaculate Collection was certified 12× Platinum by BPI for shipment of 3.6 million copies, becoming the second best-selling album by a female artist in British music history.
The Immaculate Collection was certified 11× Platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association, becoming one of the best-selling albums in Australia. In France, the album was certified Diamond for shipment of one million copies of the album. The Immaculate Collection has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making it Madonna's best-seller and one of the world's best-selling albums of all time. It also remains the best-selling compilation album ever released by a solo artist.[11][12][13][14]
Singles[link]
From this album, Madonna released four singles:
| # | Title | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Justify My Love" | November 6, 1990 |
| 2. | "Crazy for You" (Remix) (UK) | February 18, 1991 |
| 3. | "Rescue Me" | February 26, 1991 |
| 4. | "Holiday" / The Holiday Collection (UK re-release) | June 4, 1991 |
Track listing[link]
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Holiday" | Curtis Hudson, Lisa Stevens | John "Jellybean" Benitez | 4:04 | |
| 2. | "Lucky Star" | Madonna | Reggie Lucas | 3:39 | |
| 3. | "Borderline" | Lucas | Lucas | 4:00 | |
| 4. | "Like a Virgin" | Tom Kelly, Billy Steinberg | Nile Rodgers | 3:11 | |
| 5. | "Material Girl" | Peter Brown, Robert Rans | Rodgers | 3:53 | |
| 6. | "Crazy for You" | John Bettis, Jon Lind | Benitez | 3:45 | |
| 7. | "Into the Groove" | Madonna, Stephen Bray | Madonna, Bray, Shep Pettibone* | 4:10 | |
| 8. | "Live to Tell" | Madonna, Patrick Leonard | Madonna, Leonard | 5:19 | |
| 9. | "Papa Don't Preach" | Brian Elliot, additional lyrics: Madonna | Madonna, Bray | 4:11 | |
| 10. | "Open Your Heart" | Madonna, Gardner Cole, Peter Rafelson | Madonna, Leonard | 3:51 | |
| 11. | "La Isla Bonita" | Madonna, Leonard, Bruce Gaitsch | Madonna, Leonard | 3:48 | |
| 12. | "Like a Prayer" | Madonna, Leonard | Madonna, Leonard, Pettibone* | 5:51 | |
| 13. | "Express Yourself" | Madonna, Bray | Madonna, Bray, Pettibone* | 4:04 | |
| 14. | "Cherish" | Madonna, Leonard | Madonna, Leonard | 3:52 | |
| 15. | "Vogue" | Madonna, Pettibone | Madonna, Pettibone, Craig Kostich** | 5:19 | |
| 16. | "Justify My Love" | Lenny Kravitz, Ingrid Chavez, additional lyrics: Madonna | Kravitz, André Betts*** | 5:00 | |
| 17. | "Rescue Me" | Madonna, Pettibone | Madonna, Pettibone | 5:31 |
- Additional notes
- All tracks: "1990 QSound Mix" except "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me"
- The iTunes version, released digitally in 2005, contains different versions of: "Lucky Star" (U.S. remix) – 7:15 and "Borderline" (remix) – 5:18[15]
- * denotes additional production, ** denotes executive producer, ***denotes associate producer
Formats[link]
- CD — containing the 17-track compilation album.
- CD Limited Edition Box Set — The Royal Box containing a Satin Digi-Pak CD with VHS containing "Vogue" (from the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards), a 24" × 36" color poster and postcard assortment, housed in a lingerie-inspired LP sized box.[16]
- CD Limited Edition Gold Edition — Rare 1995 Taiwanese exclusive limited 'Gold' edition in a unique gold-bordered slipcase.[17]
- Cassette — containing the 17-track compilation album.
- Cassette Limited Edition Box Set — The Royal Box containing the Cassette version with VHS containing "Vogue" (from the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards), a 24" × 36" color poster and postcard assortment, housed in a lingerie-inspired LP sized box.[16]
- LP — double disc, containing 17 tracks.
- LP Limited Edition Picture Disc — UK double picture disc, containing 17 tracks.[18]
- Mini Disc — 17-track compilation, released 25 October 1999.[19]
- VHS — 13-track video compilation, contains "Oh Father", not included on the audio releases, and "Vogue" (from the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards).
- Laserdisc — 13-track double disc video compilation, contains "Oh Father", not included on the audio releases and "Vogue" (from the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards).
- VCD — Asia only, 13-track video compilation, contains "Oh Father", not included on the audio releases and "Vogue" (from the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards).
- DVD — 13-track video compilation released in November 1999, contains "Oh Father", not included on the audio releases and "Vogue" (from the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards).[20]
- iTunes version — released digitally in 2005, contains different versions of: "Lucky Star" (U.S. remix) – 7:15, "Borderline" (remix) – 5:18 and "Like a Prayer" (extended 12" version) – 7:24; all other tracks are the same as the original release.
[edit] The Holiday Collection
| The Holiday Collection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Madonna Holiday EP.jpg | ||||
| EP by Madonna | ||||
| Released | June 2, 1991 | |||
| Genre | Pop | |||
| Length | 18:30 | |||
| Label | Sire, Warner Bros. | |||
| Producer | Madonna, Patrick Leonard, Stephen Bray, Shep Pettibone | |||
| Madonna chronology | ||||
|
||||
The Holiday Collection is an EP by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released as an accompanying title to the greatest hits package The Immaculate Collection only in the United Kingdom in 1991 by Sire Records.[21][22]
Background[link]
The EP was a CD and Cassette maxi-single with "Holiday" as the lead track. It includes three tracks which were omitted from The Immaculate Collection and had been big hits there; "True Blue" (#1), "Who's That Girl" (#1) and "Causing a Commotion" (#4).
This was the third time "Holiday" had entered the UK Singles Chart, the first in 1984 reaching number six and the second in 1985 where it reached number two, only being kept off the top spot by her own single "Into the Groove"). This time it reached number five. Some weeks after the CD was released, a very limited cassette was also released, with the same track listing.
Track listing[link]
- UK CD / Cassette single
- "Holiday" (album version) – 6:09
- "True Blue" (album version) – 4:17
- "Who's That Girl" (album version) – 3:58
- "Causin' a Commotion" (Silver Screen single mix) – 4:06
Charts, certifications and procession[link]
Charts[link]
|
Sales and certifications[link]
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chart procession and succession[link]
| Preceded by The Very Best of Elton John by Elton John |
UK Albums Chart number-one album November 18, 1990 – January 19, 1991 |
Succeeded by MCMXC a.D. by Enigma |
| Preceded by In Concert by The Three Tenors |
Australian Albums Chart number-one album December 2–22, 1990 January 13–26, 1991 |
Succeeded by The Very Best of Elton John by Elton John |
See also[link]
- List of best-selling albums worldwide
- List of best-selling albums in the United States
- List of best-selling albums in the United Kingdom
- List of best-selling albums in Australia
- List of best-selling albums in France
References[link]
- ^ "QSound Chronology". Qsound.com. http://www.qsound.com/corporate/chronology.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ . http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/theticket/2012/0323/1224313742569.html.
- ^ "100 Greatest American Albums of All Time". Blender. http://www.blender.com/photos/55659/100-greatest-american-albums-all-time.html#100. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
- ^ The UK's Bestselling Albums
- ^ a b The Immaculate Collection at Allmusic
- ^ Entertainment Weekly review
- ^ Robert Christgau review
- ^ Rolling Stone review
- ^ Butler, Nick (January 16, 2005). "Madonna - The Immaculate Collection (staff review) | Sputnikmusic". sputnikmusic.com. http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/1477/Madonna-The-Immaculate-Collection/. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ Madonna Tribe Live News
- ^ Arthington, Mirra (2007-10-07). "Warner finds solace in farewell CD". Music Week (London) 32 (09): 21. ISSN 0265-1548. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-7106347/Warner-finds-solace-in-farewell.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ^ Mitchell, John (2011-08-16). "Happy Birthday, Madonna!". MTV (MTV Networks). http://newsroom.mtv.com/2011/08/16/happy-birthday-madonna/. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "The top 20 fastest-selling albums - 13. Madonna: The Immaculate Collection". Virgin Media. http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/fastest-selling-albums.php?page=8. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Kawaguchi, Judith (2007-10-23). "Words to Live by: Goh Hotoda". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20071113jk.html. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ^ "iTunes - Music - The Immaculate Collection by Madonna". Itunes.apple.com. 1990-11-13. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-immaculate-collection/id80812428. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ a b "Madonna - The Royal Box (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/release/726204. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ "Madonna - The Immaculate Collection (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/release/1420276. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ "Madonna - The Immaculate Collection (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/release/1288154. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ "Immaculate Collection [MINIDISC]: Madonna: Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Immaculate-Collection-Best-Madonna-MINIDISC/dp/B00004WNRZ. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ "Madonna - The Immaculate Collection (DVD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/release/756443. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ Rooksby, Rikky (2004). The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9883-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=CInbKzyTHqEC&pg=PA90&dq=madonna+the+holiday+collection&cd=2#v=onepage&q=madonna%20the%20holiday%20collection&f=false.
- ^ Morton, Andrew (2002). Madonna: A Biography. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-312-98310-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=5nBne-V9vLIC&pg=RA2-PA320&dq=madonna+the+holiday+collection&cd=1#v=onepage&q=madonna%20the%20holiday%20collection&f=false.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Madonna – The Immaculate Collection (Album)". Ultratop 50. Hung Medien. http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Madonna&titel=The+Immaculate+Collection&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.1416&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ "Decenniumlijst Jaren '90 (3276)" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. 1990-11-24. http://members.chello.nl/f.jans/albums/jaren90_1.html. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
- ^ "French Albums Chart: Search for Madonna" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 1991-01-18. http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_M.php. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
- ^ "Musik-Charts durchsuchen" (in German). Media Control Charts. http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksuche.php. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ^ MAHASZ
- ^ "Madonna: Discografia Italiana". Federation of the Italian Music Industry. HitParadeItalia. http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/mono/madonna_disco.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
- ^ "ウルトラ・マドンナ－グレイテスト・ヒッツ" (in Japanese). Oricon. 1990-06-10. http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/162927/products/music/305087/2/. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ a b Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
- ^ "1990-11-24 Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive". Official Charts. 1990-11-24. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/3/1990-11-24/. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
- ^ http://www.billboard.com/#/album/madonna/the-immaculate-collection/10925
- ^ "Argentinian album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection". Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Madonna&album=The+Immaculate+Collection&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP.
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1999.htm.
- ^ "Austrian album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection" (in German). IFPI Austria. http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin. Enter Madonna in the field Interpret. Enter The Immaculate Collection in the field Titel. Select album in the field Format. Click Suchen
- ^ "Brazilian album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection" (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos. http://abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp?sArtista=Madonna&tmidia=1.
- ^ "Rock And Roll". rockandroll.gr.. Archived from the original on 2010-08-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20100806200626/http://www.rockandroll.gr/content/view/124/110/lang,greek/. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ^ "Canadian album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection". Music Canada. http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=The+Immaculate+Collection&sa=Madonna&smt=0.
- ^ "Danish album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection". IFPI Denmark. http://www.hitlisterne.dk/default.asp?w=35&y=2006&list=a40.
- ^ a b "Finnish album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/artistit/Madonna.
- ^ "French album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259165-CERTIFICATIONS.html?year=2005&type=15.
- ^ "Les Albums Diamant :" (in French). Infodisc.fr. http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_D.php?debut=89. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Madonna; 'The Immaculate Collection')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=The+Immaculate+Collection&strInterpret=Madonna&strTtArt=alben&strAwards=checked.
- ^ "Japanese album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200509.html.
- ^ "Dutch album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. http://www.ifpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60463.
- ^ "Latest Gold / Platinum Albums". Radioscope. 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20110724195817/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=62.
- ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (in Swedish) (PDF). IFPI Sweden. http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf.
- ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Madonna; 'The Immaculate Collection')". Hung Medien. http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Madonna+The+Immaculate+Collection.
- ^ "British album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection". British Phonographic Industry. http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx. Enter The Immaculate Collection in the field Search. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Click Go
- ^ "American album certifications – Madonna – The Immaculate Collection". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22The+Immaculate+Collection%22. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
External links[link]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
http://wn.com/The_Immaculate_Collection
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://fr.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://nl.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://pt.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://de.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://it.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://pl.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://id.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
http://es.wn.com/The Immaculate Collection
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immaculate_Collection
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Leo XIII | |
|---|---|
| File:PapaleoXIII (1).jpg Leo XIII |
|
| Papacy began | 20 February 1878 |
| Papacy ended | 20 July 1903 |
| Predecessor | Pius IX |
| Successor | Pius X |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 31 December 1837 by Carlo Odescalchi |
| Consecration | 19 February 1843 by Luigi Emmanuele Nicolò Lambruschini |
| Created Cardinal | 19 December 1853 |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci |
| Born | 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano, département of Rome, French Empire |
| Died | 20 July 1903 (aged 93) Apostolic Palace, Rome, Kingdom of Italy |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Papal styles of Pope Leo XIII |
|
|---|---|
|
|
| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | None |
Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903. He was the oldest pope (reigning until the age of 93), and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II.
He is known for intellectualism, the development of social teachings with his encyclical Rerum Novarum and his attempts to define the position of the Church with regard to modern thinking. He influenced Roman Catholic Mariology and promoted both the rosary and the scapular. He issued a record eleven encyclicals on the rosary, approved two new Marian scapulars and was the first Pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven sons of Count Ludovico Pecci and his wife Anna Prosperi Buzzi. Until 1818 he lived at home with his family, "in which religion counted as the highest grace on earth, as through her, salvation can be earned for all eternity".[1] Together with his brother he studied in the Jesuit College in Viterbo, where he stayed until 1824.[2] He enjoyed the Latin language and was known to write his own Latin poems at the age of eleven.
In 1824 he and his older brother Giuseppe were called to Rome where their mother was dying. Count Pecci wanted his children near him after the loss of his wife, and so they stayed with him in Rome, attending the Jesuit Collegium Romanum. In 1828, Giuseppe entered the Jesuit order, while Vincenzo decided in favour of secular clergy.[3]
He studied at the Academia dei Nobili, mainly diplomacy and law. In 1834 he gave a student presentation, attended by several cardinals, on papal judgements. For his presentation he received awards for academic excellence, and gained the attention of Vatican officials.[4] Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Lambruschini introduced him to Vatican congregations and to Pope Gregory XVI, who appointed Pecci on 14 February 1837, as personal prelate even before he was ordained priest on 31 December 1837, by the Vicar of Rome. He celebrated his first mass together with his priest brother Giuseppe.[5] He received his doctorate in theology in 1836 and doctorates of civil and Canon Law in Rome also.
Provincial administrator[link]
File:Leobirth.jpg
The house in Carpineto, in which the Pecci brothers grew up
Shortly thereafter, Gregory XVI appointed Pecci as legate (provincial administrator) to Benevento. The smallest of papal provinces, Benevento included about 20,000 people.
The main problems facing Pecci were a decaying local economy, insecurity because of widespread bandits, and pervasive Mafia structures, who often were allied with aristocratic families. Pecci arrested the most powerful aristocrat in Benevento, and his troops captured others, who were either killed or imprisoned by him. With the public order restored, he turned to the economy and a reform of the tax system to stimulate trade with neighboring provinces.[6]
File:Leoborn.jpg
Carpineto in 1860
Upon completion of the tax reforms, Gregory XVI appointed Pecci to be administrator of Spoleto, a province with 100,000, and then Perugia with 200,000 inhabitants.
His immediate concern was to prepare the province for a papal visitation in the same year. Pope Gregory visited hospitals and educational institutions for several days, asking for advice and listing questions. The fight against corruption continued in Perugia, where Pecci himself investigated several incidents. When it was claimed that a bakery was selling bread below the prescribed pound weight, he personally went there, had all bread weighed, and confiscated it if below legal weight. The confiscated bread was distributed to the poor.[7]
Nuncio to Belgium[link]
In 1843, Pecci, only thirty-four years old, was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium, a position which guaranteed the Cardinal's hat after completion of the tour.
On 27 April 1843, Pope Gregory XVI appointed Pecci Archbishop of Damiette and asked his Cardinal Secretary of State Lambruschini to consecrate him. Pecci developed excellent relations with the royal family and used the location to visit neighbouring Germany, where he was particularly interested in the resumed construction of the Cologne Cathedral.
Upon his initiative, a Belgian College in Rome was opened in 1844, where 100 years later, in 1946, Pope John Paul II would begin his Roman studies. He spent several weeks in England with Bishop Nicholas Wiseman, carefully reviewing the condition of the Catholic Church in that country.[8]
In Belgium, the school question was then sharply debated between the Catholic majority and the Liberal minority. Pecci encouraged the struggle for Catholic schools, yet he was able to win the good will of the Court, not only of the pious Queen Louise, but also of King Leopold I, strongly Liberal in his views. The new nuncio succeeded in uniting the Catholics.
Archbishop of Perugia[link]
Papal assistant[link]
Pecci was named papal assistant in 1843. He first achieved note as the popular and successful Bishop of Perugia from 1846 to 1877. In 1847, Pope Pius IX issued unlimited freedom for the press, which, after many years of restrictions, was highly welcomed and popular.[9] In the following year, in 1848, revolutionary movements developed throughout Western Europe including France, Germany and Italy.
Pecci, who was highly popular in the first years of his episcopate, became now the object of attacks, both in the media and in his residence.[10] The papal minister Rossi was assassinated and Pope Pius IX had to flee to Gaeta. In the following months, Austrian, French and Spanish troops reversed the revolutionary gains, but at a price for Pecci and the Catholic Church, who could not regain their former popularity.
File:Leo entryperugia.jpg
Bishop Pecci enters Perugia in 1846
Provincial council[link]
Pecci called a provincial council, in order to reform the religious life in his dioceses. He invested in the enlargement of the seminary for future priests and in new and prominent professors, preferably Thomists. He called on his brother Giuseppe Pecci, a noted Thomist scholar, to resign his professorship in Rome and teach instead in Perugia.[11] His own residence was next to the seminary, which aided daily contacts of the students with the de-facto head of the seminary, Archbishop Pecci.
Charitable activities[link]
Pecci developed several activities in support of Catholic charities: He founded homes for homeless boys and girls, and for elderly women. Throughout his dioceses he opened branches of a Bank, Monte de Pieta, which focused on low-income people and provided low interest loans.[12] He created soup-kitchens, which were run by the Capuchins. In the consistory of 19 December 1853, he was elevated to the College of Cardinals, as Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono. In light of continuing earthquakes and floods, he donated all resources for festivities to the victims. Much of the public attention turned on the conflict between the Papal States and Italian nationalism, aiming at these states' annihilation so as to achieve the Unification of Italy.
Defence of the papacy[link]
Pecci defended the papacy and its claims. When Italian authorities expropriated convents and monasteries of Catholic orders, turning them into administration or military buildings, Cardinal Pecci protested but acted moderately. When the Italian state took over Catholic schools, Pecci, fearing for his theological seminary, simply added all secular topics from other schools and opened the seminary to non-theologians.[13] The new government in addition to the expropriations levied taxes on the Church and issued legislation, according to which all Episcopal or papal utterances are to be approved by the government before their publication.[14]
File:Leopoor.jpg
Archbishop Pecci aids the poor in Perugia
Organizing the First Vatican Council[link]
Pope Pius IX announced an ecumenical council, which became known as the First Vatican Council, to take place in the Vatican on 8 December 1869, Pecci was likely to be well informed, since his brother Giuseppe had been named by the Pope to be one of the persons to prepare this event.
In his last years in Perugia, Pecci several times addressed the role of the Church in modern society. Pecci defined the Church as the mother of material civilization, because the Church upholds human dignity of working people, opposes the excesses of industrialization and developed large scale charities for the needy.[15]
Camerlengo[link]
In August 1877, on the death of Cardinal Filippo de Angelis, Pope Pius IX appointed him Camerlengo, so that he was obliged to reside in Rome. Pope Pius died on 7 February 1878, and during his closing years the Liberal press had often insinuated that the Italian Government should take a hand in the conclave and occupy the Vatican. However the Russo-Turkish War and the sudden death of Victor Emmanuel II (9 January 1878) distracted the attention of the government. The conclave proceeded as usual, and on the third ballot Cardinal Pecci was elected by forty-four votes out of sixty-one.
Papacy[link]
| Part of a series of articles on Social Teachings of the Popes |
|
 |
|
|
Pope Leo XIII Pope Pius XI Pope Pius XII Pope John XXIII Vatican II Pope Paul VI Pope John Paul II Pope Benedict XVI General |
|
As soon as he was elected to the papacy, Leo XIII worked to encourage understanding between the Church and the modern world. When he firmly re-asserted the scholastic doctrine that science and religion co-exist, he required the study of Thomas Aquinas[16] and opened the Vatican Secret Archives to qualified researchers, among whom was the noted historian of the Papacy Ludwig von Pastor. He also re-founded the Vatican Observatory "so that everyone might see clearly that the Church and her Pastors are not opposed to true and solid science, whether human or divine, but that they embrace it, encourage it, and promote it with the fullest possible devotion."[17]
Leo XIII was the first Pope of whom a sound recording was made. The recording can be found on a compact disc of Alessandro Moreschi's singing; a recording of his performance of the Ave Maria is available on the web. He was also the first Pope to be filmed on the motion picture camera. He was filmed by its inventor, W. K. Dickson, and blessed the camera while being filmed.[18][19] Since he was born in 1810, he also became the earliest-born notable person who was filmed.[citation needed]
Leo XIII brought normality back to the Church after the tumultuous years of Pius IX. Leo's intellectual and diplomatic skills helped regain much of the prestige lost with the fall of the Papal States. He tried to reconcile the Church with the working class, particularly by dealing with the social changes that were sweeping Europe. The new economic order had resulted in the growth of an impoverished working class, with increasing anti-clerical and socialist sympathies. Leo helped reverse this trend.
While Leo was no radical in either theology or politics, his papacy did move the Church back to the mainstream of European life. Considered a great diplomat, he managed to improve relations with Russia, Prussia, Germany, France, England and other countries.
Pope Leo XIII was able to reach several agreements in 1896, which resulted in better conditions for the faithful and additional appointments of bishops. During the Fifth cholera pandemic in 1891 he ordered the construction of a hospice inside the Vatican. That building would be torn down in 1996 to make way for construction of the Domus Sanctae Marthae.[20]
His favorite poets were Virgil and Dante.[21]
Foreign relations[link]
Russia[link]
Main articles: Pope Leo XIII and Russia and Pope Leo XIII and Poland
Pope Leo XIII began his pontificate with a friendly letter to Tzar Alexander II, in which he reminded the Russian monarch of the millions of Catholics living in his empire, who would like to be good Russian subjects, provided their dignity is respected.
After the assassination of Alexander II, the Pope sent a high ranking representative to the coronation of his successor. Alexander III was grateful and asked for all religious forces to unify. He asked the Pope to ensure that his bishops abstain from political agitation. Relations improved further, when Pope Leo XIII, due to Italian considerations, distanced the Vatican from the Rome-Vienna-Berlin alliance and helped to facilitate a rapprochement between Paris and St. Petersburg.
Germany[link]
Under Otto von Bismarck, the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf in Prussia led to massive reprisals against the Church. Under Leo, compromises were informally reached and the anti-Catholic attacks subsided.[22]
The Centre Party in Germany represented Catholic interests and was a positive force for social change. It was encouraged by Leo's support for social welfare legislation and the rights of working people. Leo's forward-looking approach encouraged Catholic Action in other European countries where the social teachings of the Church were incorporated into the agenda of Catholic parties, particularly the Christian democratic parties, which became an acceptable alternative to socialist parties. Leo's social teachings were reiterated throughout the 20th century by his successors.
In his Memoirs[23] Kaiser Wilhelm II discussed the "friendly, trustful relationship that existed between me and Pope Leo XIII." During Wilhelm's third visit to Leo: "It was of interest to me that the Pope said on this occasion that Germany must be the sword of the Catholic Church. I remarked that the old Roman Empire of the German nation no longer existed, and that conditions had changed. But he adhered to his words."
France[link]
Leo XIII was the first Pope to come out strongly in favour of the French Republic, upsetting many French monarchists.
Italy[link]
However, in light of a hostile anti-Catholic climate in Italy, he continued the policies of Pius IX towards Italy, without major modifications.[24] In his relations with the Italian state, Leo XIII continued the Papacy's self-imposed incarceration in the Vatican stance, and continued to insist that Italian Catholics should not vote in Italian elections or hold elected office. In his first consistory in 1879 he elevated his older brother Giuseppe to the cardinalate. He had to defend the freedom of the Church against what Catholics considered Italian persecutions and attacks in the area of education, expropriation and violation of Catholic Churches, legal measures against the Church and brutal attacks, culminating in anticlerical groups attempting to throw the body of the deceased Pope Pius IX into the Tiber river on 13 July 1881.[25] The Pope even considered moving his residence to Trieste or Salzburg, two cities in Austria, an idea which the Austrian monarch Franz Josef I gently rejected.[26]
United Kingdom[link]
Among the activities of Leo XIII that were important for the English-speaking world, he restored the Scottish hierarchy in 1878. In the following year, on 12 May 1879, raised to the rank of cardinal the convert clergyman John Henry Newman, who was to be beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. In British India, too, Leo established a Catholic hierarchy in 1886, and regulated some long-standing conflicts with the Portuguese authorities. Of outstanding significance, not least for the English-speaking world, was Leo's encyclical Apostolicae Curae on the invalidity of the Anglican orders, published in 1896.
United States[link]
The United States at many moments in time attracted the attention and admiration of Pope Leo. He confirmed the decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884), and raised James Gibbons, archbishop of that city, to the cardinalate in 1886.
American newspapers criticized Pope Leo because they claimed that he was attempting to gain control of American public schools. One cartoonist drew Leo as a fox unable to reach grapes that were labeled for American schools; the caption read "Sour grapes!"
Brazil[link]
Pope Leo is also remembered for the First Plenary Council of Latin America held at Rome in 1899, and his encyclical of 1888 to the bishops of Brazil on the abolition of slavery.
Peru[link]
His role in South America will also be remembered, especially the pontifical benediction extended over Chilean troops on the eve of the Battle of Chorrillos during the War of the Pacific in January 1881. The Chilean soldiers thus blessed then looted the cities of Chorrillos and Barranco, including the churches, and their Chaplains headed the robbery at the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, where the soldiers ransacked various items along with much capital, and Chilean Priests coveted rare and ancient editions of the Bible that were stored there.[27] Despite this, one year later Chilean President Domingo Santa Marìa issued the Laicist Laws, which separated the Church from the State, this being considered a slap in the face for the Papacy.
Evangelization[link]
Pope Leo sanctioned the missions to eastern African.[citation needed] In 1879 Catholic missionaries associated with the White Father Congregation (Society of the Missionaries of Africa) came to Uganda and others went to Tanganyika (present day Tanzania) and Rwanda.
Theology[link]
Main article: Theology of Pope Leo XIII
Further information: List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
The pontificate of Leo XIII was theologically influenced by the First Vatican Council (1869–1870), which had ended only eight years earlier. Leo issued some 46 apostolic letters and encyclicals dealing with central issues in the areas of marriage and family and state and society.
Thomism[link]
As Pope, he used all his authority for a revival of Thomism, the theology of Thomas Aquinas. On 4 August 1879, Leo promulgated the encyclical Aeterni Patris (“Eternal Father”) which, more than any other single document, provided a charter for the revival of Thomism—the medieval theological system based on the thought of Aquinas—as the official philosophical and theological system of the Roman Catholic Church. It was to be normative not only in the training of priests at church seminaries but also in the education of the laity at universities.
Consecrations[link]
Leo XIII performed a number of consecrations, at times entering new theological territory. His consecration of the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus presented theological challenges in consecrating non-Christians. Since about 1850, various congregations and States had consecrated themselves to the Sacred Heart, and, in 1875, this consecration was made throughout the Catholic world.
Scriptures[link]
In his 1893 encyclical Providentissimus Deus, he described the importance of scriptures for theological study. It was an important encyclical for Catholic theology and its relation to the Bible, as Pope Pius XII pointed out fifty years later in his encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu.[29]
Ecumenical efforts[link]
Pope Leo XIII fostered ecumenical relations leading to the reintegration of the Armenian Church into the Catholic Church in 1879. He opposed efforts to Latinize the Eastern Rite Churches, stating that they constitute a most valuable ancient tradition and symbol of the divine unity of the Catholic Church.
Theological research[link]
File:Newmanhenry.jpg
John Henry Newman was raised into the College of Cardinals by Pope Leo XIII
Leo XIII is credited with great efforts in the areas of scientific and historical analysis. He opened the Vatican Archives and personally fostered a twenty-volume comprehensive scientific study of the Papacy by Ludwig von Pastor, an Austrian historian.[30]
Mariology[link]
Main article: Mariology of Pope Leo XIII
His predecessor, Pope Pius IX, became known as the Pope of the Immaculate Conception because of the dogmatization in 1854. Leo XIII, in light of his unprecedented promulgation of the rosary in eleven encyclicals, was called the Rosary Pope. In eleven encyclicals on the rosary he promulgates Marian devotion. In his encyclical on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception, he stresses her role in the redemption of humanity, mentioning Mary as Mediatrix and Co-Redemptrix.
Social teachings[link]
Main article: List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
Church and state[link]
Leo XIII worked to encourage understanding between the Church and the modern world, though he preferred a cautious view on freedom of thought, stating that "is quite unlawful to demand, defend, or to grant unconditional freedom of thought, or speech, of writing or worship, as if these were so many rights given by nature to man". Leo's social teachings are based on the Catholic premise, that God is the Creator of the world and its Ruler. Eternal law commands the natural order to be maintained, and forbids that it be disturbed; men's destiny is far above human things and beyond the earth.
[edit] Rerum Novarum
His encyclicals changed the Church's relations with temporal authorities, and, in the 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum, for the first time addressed social inequality and social justice issues with Papal authority, focusing on the rights and duties of capital and labour. He was greatly influenced by Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, a German bishop who openly propagated siding with the suffering working classes in his book Die Arbeiterfrage und das Chistentum. Since Leo XIII, Papal teachings expand on the rights and obligations of workers and the limitations of private property: Pope Pius XI Quadragesimo Anno, the Social teachings of Pope Pius XII on a huge range of social issues, John XXIII Mater et Magistra in 1961, Pope Paul VI, the encyclical Populorum Progressio on World development issues, and Pope John Paul II, Centesimus Annus, commemorating the 100th anniversary of Rerum Novarum. Leo XIII had argued that both capitalism and communism are flawed. Rerum Novarum introduced the idea of subsidiarity, the principle that political and social decisions should be taken at a local level, if possible, rather than by a central authority, into Catholic social thought. A list of all of Leo's encyclicals can be found in the List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII.
Canonizations and beatifications[link]
He canonized the following saints:
- 1881: Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308), John Baptist de Rossi (1696–1764), and Lawrence of Brindisi (d. 1619)
- 1883: Benedict Joseph Labre (1748–1783)
- 1888: Seven Holy Founders of the Servite Order, Peter Claver (1561–1654), John Berchmans (1599–1621), and Alphonsus Rodriguez (1531–1617)
- 1890: Blessed Giovenale Ancina (1545–1604)
- 1897: Anthony Zaccaria (1502–1539) and Peter Fourier (1565–1640)
- 1900: John Baptist de la Salle (1651–1719) and Rita of Cascia (1381–1457)
In addition, he beatified Gerard Majella in 1893 and Edmund Campion and Ralph Sherwin in 1886. He also approved the cult of Cosmas of Aphrodisia.[31]
Audiences[link]
- One of the first audiences Leo XIII granted was to the professors and students of the Collegio Capranica, where in the first row knelt in front of him a young seminarian, Giacomo Della Chiesa, his eventual successor Pope Benedict XV.
- While on a pilgrimage with her father and sister in 1887, the future Saint Thérèse of Lisieux attended a general audience with Pope Leo XIII and asked him to allow her to enter the Carmelite order. Even though she was strictly forbidden to speak to him because she was told it would prolong the audience too much, in her autobiography, Story of a Soul, she wrote that after she kissed his slipper and he presented his hand, instead of kissing it, she took it in her own hand and said through tears, "Most Holy Father, I have a great favor to ask you. In honor of your Jubilee, permit me to enter Carmel at the age of 15!" Pope Leo XIII answered, "Well, my child, do what the superiors decide." Thérèse replied, "Oh! Holy Father, if you say yes, everybody will agree!" Finally, the Pope said, "Go... go... You will enter if God wills it" [italics hers] after which time two guards lifted Thérèse (still on her knees in front of the Pope) by her arms and carried her to the door where a third gave her a medal of the Pope. Shortly thereafter, the Bishop of Bayeux authorized the prioress to receive Thérèse, and in April 1888, she entered Carmel at the age of 15.
- While known for his cheerful personality, Leo also had a gentle sense of humor as well. During one of his audiences, a man claimed to have had the opportunity to see Pius IX at one of his last audiences before his death in 1878. Upon hearing the remarkable story, Leo smiled and replied, "If I had known that you were so dangerous to popes, I would have postponed this audience further".
Death[link]
Leo XIII was the first Pope to be born in the 19th century. He was also the first to die in the 20th century: he lived to the age of 93, the longest living pope. At the time of his death, Leo XIII was the second-longest reigning pope, exceeded only by his immediate predecessor, Pius IX. Leo was not entombed in St. Peter's Basilica, as all popes after him have been, but instead at the very ancient basilica of St. John Lateran, his cathedral church as Bishop of Rome, and a church in which he took a particular interest.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Kühne 7
- ^ Kühne 12
- ^ Kühne 20
- ^ Kühne 23
- ^ Kühne 24
- ^ Kühne 31
- ^ Kühne 37
- ^ Kühne 52
- ^ Kühne 62
- ^ Kühne 66
- ^ Kühne 76
- ^ Kühne 78
- ^ Kühne 102
- ^ Kühne 105
- ^ Kühne 129
- ^ "Aeterni Patris – On the Restoration of Christian Philosophy". Encyclical of 4 August 1879
- ^ Leo XIII, Ut Mysticam, March 14, 1891.
- ^ Encyclopedia of early cinema by Richard Abel 200 ISBN 0-415-23440-9 page 266 [1]
- ^ The emergence of cinema: the American screen to 1907 by Charles Musser 1994 ISBN 0-520-08533-7 page 219 [2]
- ^ "Domus Sanctae Marthae & The New Urns Used in the Election of the Pope — ewtn.com — Retrieved 10 February 2009". ewtn.com. 22 February 1996. http://www.ewtn.com/HolySee/Interregnum/domus.asp. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ "Pope Leo XIII and his Household" in The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, p. 596
- ^ Ronald J. Ross, The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887 (1998)
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ywZoAAAAMAAJ&dq=kaiser+%22My+Memoirs , pp. 204–207
- ^ Schmidlin 409
- ^ Schmidlin 413
- ^ Schmidlin 414
- ^ Tomas Caivano — Historia de la guerra de América entre Chile, Perú y Bolivia (1907)
- ^ Benno Kühne, Unser Heiliger Vater Papst Leo XIII in seinem Leben und wirken, Benzinger, Einsiedeln, 1880, 247
- ^ Divino Afflante Spiritu 1–12
- ^ Ludwig von Pastor, Errinnerungen, 1950
- ^ Catholic Online. "St. Cosmas — Saints & Angels — Catholic Online". Catholic.org. http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=2748. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
References[link]
- Remigius Bäumer et al. Marienlexikon, Eos, St. Ottilien, 1992
- Eamon Duffy, Saints and Sinners, A History of the Popes, Yale University Press, 1997
- August Franzen, Remigius Bäumer, Papstgeschichte, Herder Freiburg, 1988
- O'Reilly, Bernard. Life of Leo XIII — From An Authentic Memoir — Furnished By His Order. 1887. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company.
- Thérèse, of Lisieux, Saint. Story of a Soul — The Autobiography of St. Thérèse of Lisieux Third Edition 1996. Washington, DC: ICS Publications. Translated from the original manuscripts by John Clarke, O.C.D.
- Benno Kühne, Papst Leo XIII, C&N Benzinger, Einsideln, New York and St. Louis, 1880
- Josef Schmidlin, Papstgeschichte der neueren Zeit, München, 1934
- Quardt, Robert. Der Meisterdiplomat. 1964 Kevelaer, Germany: Verlag Butzon & Bercker. Translated by Ilya Wolston. The Master Diplomat — From the Life of Leo XIII. New York: Alba House.
- The Catholic Encyclopedia (edition of 1913, see also under External links)
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leo XIII |
|
Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
|
Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Pope Leo XIII. |
- The Life of Pope Leo XIII, His Supernatural Visions, St Michael Prayer, Rerum Novarum Summary and Encyclicals
- Pope Leo XIII texts and biography from the Vatican
- Pope Leo XIII, overview of pontificate
- Etexts of his encyclicals and other documents
- Pope Leo XIII: text with concordances and frequency list
- Life and Acts of Pope Leo XII (1883)
- Pope Leo XIII at Find a Grave
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Filippo de Angelis |
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church 1877–1878 |
Succeeded by Camillo di Pietro |
| Preceded by Pius IX |
Pope 20 February 1878 – 20 July 1903 |
Succeeded by Pius X |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Leo XIII, Pope |
| Alternative names | Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaelle Luigi |
| Short description | Pope |
| Date of birth | 2 March 1810 |
| Place of birth | Carpineto Romano, Italy |
| Date of death | 20 July 1903 |
| Place of death | Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy |
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XIII
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Papa Leone XIII
http://cs.wn.com/Lev XIII.
http://id.wn.com/Paus Leo XIII
http://es.wn.com/León XIII
http://nl.wn.com/Paus Leo XIII
http://pt.wn.com/Papa Leão XIII
http://pl.wn.com/Leon XIII
http://fr.wn.com/Léon XIII
http://ru.wn.com/Лев XIII
http://de.wn.com/Leo XIII.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Pope John Paul II (disambiguation).
| John Paul II | |
|---|---|
 John Paul II in 1993 |
|
| Papacy began | 16 October 1978 |
| Papacy ended | 2 April 2005 |
| Predecessor | John Paul I |
| Successor | Benedict XVI |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1 November 1946 by Adam Stefan Sapieha |
| Consecration | 28 September 1958 by Eugeniusz Baziak |
| Created Cardinal | 26 June 1967 |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Karol Józef Wojtyła |
| Born | (1920-05-18)18 May 1920 Wadowice, Republic of Poland |
| Died | 2 April 2005(2005-04-02) (aged 84) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Previous post |
|
| Motto | Totus Tuus meaning "totally yours" |
| Signature |  |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 22 October |
| Beatified | 1 May 2011 Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI |
| Patronage | World Youth Day (Co- Patron) |
| Other Popes named John Paul | |
Blessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920, Wadowice, Republic of Poland – 2 April 2005, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the second-longest serving Pope in history and the first non-Italian since 1523.
John Paul II was acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. He was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe.[1] John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, and by traditionalists for his support of the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances.
He was one of the most-travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he beatified 1,340 people and canonised 483 saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. He named most of the present College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the world's past and current bishops, and ordained many priests.[2] A key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was "to place his Church at the heart of a new religious alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims and Christians in a great [religious] armada".[3][4] 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed venerable by his successor Pope Benedict XVI and was beatified on 1 May 2011.
Contents
|
Early life[link]
Main article: Early life of Pope John Paul II
Karol Józef Wojtyła (Anglicised: Charles Joseph Wojtyla) was born in the Polish town of Wadowice[5][6] and was the youngest of three children of Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole,[7] and Emilia Kaczorowska, who is described as being of Lithuanian[7] and possibly Ukrainian ancestry.[8] Emilia died on 13 April 1929,[9] when Wojtyła was eight years old.[10] His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 14 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician eventually led to his death from scarlet fever, which affected Wojtyła.[7][10]
As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper.[11] During his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowice's large Jewish community. School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side.[7][11] "I remember that at least a third of my classmates at elementary school in Wadowice were Jews. At elementary school there were fewer. With some I was on very friendly terms. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism." [12] Wojtyła’s first, and possibly only, love affair was with a Jewish girl, Ginka Beer, who was described as "slender", "a superb actress" and "having stupendous dark eyes and jet black hair".[4] On 13 April 1929, Wojtyla's mother died in childbirth.[8]
In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and moved to Kraków, where he enrolled at Jagiellonian University. While studying such topics as philology and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and was required to participate in compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, but he refused to fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups and worked as a playwright.[13] During this time, his talent for language blossomed, and he learned as many as 12 foreign languages, nine of which he used extensively as Pope.[5]
In 1939, Nazi German occupation forces closed the university after invading Poland.[5] Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła variously worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual labourer in a limestone quarry and for the Solvay chemical factory, to avoid deportation to Germany.[6][13] His father, a non-commissioned officer in the Polish Army, died of a heart attack in 1941,[8] leaving Wojtyła as the immediate family's only surviving member.[7][9][14] "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at my brother's death, I was not at my father's death," he said, reflecting on these times of his life, nearly forty years later, "At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."[14]
After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about the priesthood.[15] In October 1942, while the war continued, he knocked on the door of the Archbishop's Palace in Kraków and asked to study for the priesthood.[15] Soon after, he began courses in the clandestine underground seminary run by the Archbishop of Kraków, Adam Stefan Cardinal Sapieha. On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was knocked down by a German truck. German Wehrmacht officers tended to him and sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion and a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this accident and his survival was confirmation of his vocation. On 6 August 1944, ‘Black Sunday’,[16] the Gestapo rounded up young men in Kraków to avoid an uprising similar[16] to the recent uprising in Warsaw.[17][18] Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's house at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched above.[15][17][18] More than eight thousand men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's Palace,[15][16][17] where he remained until after the Germans had left.[7][15][17]
On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the students reclaimed the ruined seminary. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets.[19] Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer,[20] who had run away from a Nazi labour camp in Częstochowa.[20] Edith had collapsed on a railway platform, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed with her throughout the journey to Kraków. Edith credits Wojtyła with saving her life that day.[21][22][23] B'nai B'rith and other authorities have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. In Wojtyła's last book Memory and Identity he described the 12 years of the Nazi régime as 'bestiality',[24] quoting from Polish theologian and philosopher Konstanty Michalski.[25]
Priesthood[link]
On finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was ordained as a priest on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1946,[9] by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Sapieha.[6][26][27] He then studied theology in Rome, at the Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum,[26][27] where he earned a licentiate and later a doctorate in sacred theology.[5] This doctorate, the first of two, was based on the Latin dissertation The Doctrine of Faith According to Saint John of the Cross.
He returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 with his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegowić, fifteen miles from Kraków. He arrived at Niegowić at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground.[28] This gesture, which he adapted from French saint Jean Marie Baptiste Vianney,[28] would become a ‘trademark’ action during his Papacy.
_(19May07).jpg)
In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to the parish of Saint Florian in Kraków. He taught ethics at Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the Catholic University of Lublin. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young people, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the blind and sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual skiing and kayaking trips.[29]
In 1954, he earned a second doctorate, in philosophy,[30] evaluating the feasibility of a Catholic ethic based on the ethical system of phenomenologist Max Scheler, a German philosopher who founded a broad philosophical movement which emphasised the study of conscious experience. However, the Communist authorities intervened to prevent him from receiving the degree until 1957.[27] Wojtyła developed a theological approach which combined traditional Catholic Thomism with the ideas of personalism, a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular amongst Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics of Substantive Values.[31]
During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of articles in Kraków's Catholic newspaper Tygodnik Powszechny ("Universal Weekly") dealing with contemporary church issues.[32] He focused on creating original literary work during his first dozen years as a priest. War, life under Communism, and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work under two pseudonyms – Andrzej Jawień and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda[13][32] – to distinguish his literary from his religious writings, (under his own name) and also so that his literary works would be considered on their merits.[13][32] In 1960, Wojtyła published the influential theological book Love and Responsibility, a defence of traditional Church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.[13][33]
Bishop and cardinal[link]
On 4 July 1958,[27] while Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes region of northern Poland, Pope Pius XII appointed him as the auxiliary bishop of Kraków. He was then summoned to Warsaw to meet the Primate of Poland, Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, who informed him of his appointment.[34][35] He agreed to serve as Auxiliary Bishop to Kraków's Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak, and he was ordained to the Episcopate (as Titular Bishop of Ombi) on 28 September 1958. Baziak was the principal consecrator. Then-Auxiliary Bishop Boleslaw Kominek (Titular Bishop of Sophene and Vaga; of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wroclaw and future Cardinal Archbishop of Wroclaw) and then-Auxiliary Bishop Franciszek Jop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz (Titular Bishop of Daulia; later Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Wroclaw and then Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Opole) were the principal co-consecrators.[27] At the age of 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland. Baziak died in June 1962 and on 16 July Wojtyła was selected as Vicar Capitular (temporary administrator) of the Archdiocese until an Archbishop could be appointed.[5][6]
In October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965),[5][27] where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis Humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes).[27] Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et Spes. According to the historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text Gaudium et Spes which Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text".[36] According to John F. Crosby, as Pope, John Paul II used the words of Gaudium et Spes later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".[37]
He also participated in the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.[5][6] On 13 January 1964, Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków.[38] On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Archbishop Karol Wojtyła's promotion to the Sacred College of Cardinals.[27][38] Wojtyła was named Cardinal-Priest of the titulus of San Cesareo in Palatio.
In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the encyclical Humanae Vitae, which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and artificial birth control.[27][39][40]
Election to the papacy[link]
Main article: Papal conclave, October 1978
In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Cardinal Wojtyła voted in the Papal conclave which elected Pope John Paul I, who at 65 was considered young by papal standards. John Paul I died after only 33 days as Pope, triggering another conclave.[6][27][41]
The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Giuseppe Cardinal Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and the liberal Archbishop of Florence, Giovanni Cardinal Benelli, a close friend of John Paul I.[42]
Supporters of Benelli were confident that he would be elected, and in early ballots, Benelli came within nine votes of success.[42] However, both men faced sufficient opposition that neither was likely to prevail. Franz Cardinal König, Archbishop of Vienna suggested to his fellow electors a compromise candidate: the Polish Cardinal, Karol Józef Wojtyła.[42] Wojtyła won on the eighth ballot on the second day with, according to the Italian press, 99 votes from the 111 participating electors. He subsequently chose the name John Paul II[27][42] in honour of his immediate predecessor, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square that a pope had been chosen.[41] He accepted his election with these words: ‘With obedience in faith to Christ, my Lord, and with trust in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept.’[43][44] When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke tradition by addressing the gathered crowd:[43]
Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land – far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I am speaking to you in your – no, our Italian language. If I make a mistake, please ‘kirrect’ [sic] me...[43][45]
Wojtyła became the 264th Pope according to the chronological list of popes, the first non-Italian in 455 years.[46] At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since Pope Pius IX in 1846, who was 54.[27] Like his predecessor, Pope John Paul II dispensed with the traditional Papal coronation and instead received ecclesiastical investiture with the simplified Papal inauguration on 22 October 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals were to kneel before him to take their vows and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring, and simply hugged him.[47]
Pastoral trips[link]
During his pontificate, Pope John Paul II made trips to 129 countries,[49] travelling more than 1,100,000 kilometres (680,000 mi) whilst doing so. He consistently attracted large crowds, some amongst the largest ever assembled in human history, such as the Manila World Youth Day, which gathered up to 4 million people, the largest Papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican.[50][51]John Paul II's earliest official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979.[52] While some of his trips (such as to the United States and the Holy Land) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the White House in October 1979, where he was greeted warmly by then-President Jimmy Carter. He was the first Pope ever to visit several countries, starting in 1979 with Mexico[53] and Ireland.[54] He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in Creole to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. His message, "things must change in Haiti", referring to the disparity between the wealthy and the poor, was met with thunderous applause.[55] In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,[56] where he met with the Coptic pope, Pope Shenouda III[56] and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria.[56] He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria, in 2001. He visited the Umayyad Mosque, a former Christian church where John the Baptist is believed to be interred,[57] where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together.[57]
On 15 January 1995, during the X World Youth Day, he offered mass to an estimated crowd of between five and seven million in Luneta Park,[51] Manila, Philippines, which was considered to be the largest single gathering in Christian history.[51] In March 2000, while visiting Jerusalem, John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the Western Wall.[58][59] In September 2001, amid post-11 September concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700 years of Armenian Christianity.[60]
Trip to Poland[link]
In June 1979, Pope John Paul II travelled to Poland where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him.[61] This first trip to Poland uplifted the nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the Solidarity movement in 1980, which later brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland.[39] While Poland's Communist leaders intended to use the Pope's visit to show the people that even though the Pope was Polish it did not alter their capacity to govern, oppress, and distribute the goods of society. They also hoped that if the Pope abided by the rules they set, that the Polish people would see his example and follow them as well. If the Pope's visit inspired a riot, the Communist leaders of Poland were prepared to crush the uprising and blame the suffering on the Pope.[62]
"The Pope won that struggle by transcending politics. His was what Joseph Nye calls ‘soft power’– the power of attraction and repulsion. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He was a Pole, but beyond the regime’s reach. By identifying with him, Poles would have the chance to cleanse themselves of the compromises they had to make to live under the regime. And so they came to him by the millions. They listened. He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. ‘Be not afraid,’ he said. Millions shouted in response, ‘We want God! We want God! We want God!’ The regime cowered. Had the Pope chosen to turn his soft power into the hard variety, the regime might have been drowned in blood. Instead, the Pope simply led the Polish people to desert their rulers by affirming solidarity with one another. The Communists managed to hold on as despots a decade longer. But as political leaders, they were finished. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II struck what turned out to be a mortal blow to its Communist regime, to the Soviet Empire, [and] ultimately to Communism.”[63]
On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the organisation.[39] Successive Polish trips reinforced this message and contributed to the collapse of East European Communism that took place between 1989/1990 with the reintroduction of democracy in Poland, and which then spread through Eastern Europe (1990–1991) and South-Eastern Europe (1990–1992).[45][49][61][64][65]
Teachings[link]
As pope, John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught about "The Theology of the Body". Some key elements of his strategy to "reposition the Catholic Church" were encyclicals such as Ecclesia de Eucharistia, Reconciliatio et Paenitentia and Redemptoris Mater. In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." In The Splendour of the Truth (Veritatis Splendor), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth". He warned that man "giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself". In Fides et Ratio (On the Relationship between Faith and Reason) John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the Church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: Laborem Exercens, Solicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus. Through his encyclicals and many Apostolic Letters and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the dignity of women and the importance of the family for the future of humanity.[39] Other encyclicals include The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae) and Ut Unum Sint (That They May Be One). Though critics accused him of inflexibility, he explicitly re-asserted Catholic moral teachings against capital punishment, euthanasia and abortion that have been in place for well over a thousand years.[39]
Social and political stances[link]
Main article: Social and political stances of Pope John Paul II
John Paul II was considered a conservative on doctrine, and issues relating to sexual reproduction and the ordination of women.[66]
While the Pope was visiting the United States of America he said, "All human life, from the moments of conception and through all subsequent stages, is sacred."[67]
A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work entitled ‘Theology of the Body’, an extended meditation on human sexuality. He extended it to the condemnation of abortion, euthanasia and virtually all capital punishment,[68] calling them all a part of the "culture of death" that is pervasive in the modern world. He campaigned for world debt forgiveness and social justice.[39][66] He coined the term "social mortgage", which related that all private property had a social dimension, namely, that "the goods of this are originally meant for all."[69]In 2000, he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 campaign on African debt relief fronted by Irish rock stars Bob Geldof and Bono, once famously interrupting a U2 recording session by telephoning the studio and asking to speak to Bono.[70]
Pope John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the Vatican II (1962–65), affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wished that he would embrace the so-called "progressive" agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. In fact, the Council did not advocate "progressive" changes in these areas; for example, they still condemned abortion as an unspeakable crime. Pope John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, with Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), opposed Liberation theology.
Following the Church's exaltation of the marital act of sexual intercourse between a baptised man and woman within sacramental marriage as proper and exclusive to the sacrament of marriage, John Paul II believed that it was, in every instance, profaned by contraception, abortion, divorce followed by a 'second' marriage, and by homosexual acts. His beliefs were often assumed to be a rejection of women. In 1994 John Paul II asserted the Church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, claiming that without such authority ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. This was also deemed a repudiation of calls to break with the constant tradition of the Church by ordaining women to the priesthood.[71] In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests.
Evolution[link]
On 22 October 1996, in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences plenary session at the Vatican, Pope John Paul II said of evolution that "this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favour of this theory." The Pope qualified this by noting that, "rather than the theory of evolution, we should speak of several theories of evolution." Some of these theories, he noted, have a purely materialistic philosophical underpinning which is not compatible with the Catholic faith: "Consequently, theories of evolution which, in accordance with the philosophies inspiring them, consider the mind as emerging from the forces of living matter, or as a mere epiphenomenon of this matter, are incompatible with the truth about man".[72][73][74][75]
Although generally accepting the theory of evolution, John Paul II made one major exception – the human soul. "If the human body has its origin in living material which pre-exists it, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God".[72][74][75]
Liberation theology[link]
In 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI), then-leader of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, John Paul II officially condemned aspects of Liberation theology, which had many followers in South America. Visiting Europe, Óscar Romero unsuccessfully attempted to obtain a Vatican condemnation of El Salvador's regime, for violations of human rights and its support of death squads. In his travel to Managua, Nicaragua in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the "popular Church"[76] (i.e. "ecclesial base communities" supported by the CELAM), and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist Sandinistas, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the Holy See.[76] During that visit Ernesto Cardenal, a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, "You must straighten out your position with the church."[77]
Views on sexuality[link]
While taking a traditional position on sexuality, defending the Church's moral opposition to marriage for same-sex couples, Pope John Paul II asserted that persons with homosexual inclinations possess the same inherent dignity and rights as everybody else.[78] In his book, Memory and Identity, he referred to the "strong pressures" by the European Parliament to recognise homosexual unions as an alternative type of family, with the right to adopt children. In the book, as quoted by Reuters, he wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, more subtle and hidden, perhaps, intent upon exploiting human rights themselves against man and against the family [sic]."[39][79] A 1997 study determined that 3% of the pope's statements were about the issue of sexual morality.[80]
Relations with other faiths[link]
Pope John Paul II travelled extensively and met with believers from many divergent faiths. At the World Day of Prayer for Peace, held in Assisi on 27 October 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and Christian denominations spent a day together with fasting and praying.[81]
Anglicanism[link]
Pope John Paul II had good relations with the Church of England, referred to by his predecessor Pope Paul VI, as "our beloved Sister Church".[82] He preached in Canterbury Cathedral during his visit to London, and received the Archbishop of Canterbury with friendship and courtesy. However, John Paul II was disappointed by the Church of England's decision to offer the Sacrament of Holy Orders to women and saw it as a step in the opposite direction from unity between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.[82]
In 1980 John Paul II issued a Pastoral Provision allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former Episcopal Church parishes into the Catholic Church. He allowed the creation of the Anglican Use form of the Latin Rite, which incorporates the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. John Paul II helped establish 'Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church', together with Archbishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio, Texas, as a place where Anglicans and Catholics could worship together.[83]
Buddhism[link]
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, visited Pope John Paul II eight times, more than any other single dignitary. The Pope and the Dalai Lama held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations damaged by communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies.[84][85]
Eastern Orthodox Church[link]
In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist Arăpaşu of the Romanian Orthodox Church. This was the first time a Pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.[86] On his arrival, the Patriarch and the President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, greeted the Pope.[86] The Patriarch stated, "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity."[86]
On 23–27 June 2001 John Paul II visited Ukraine, another heavily Orthodox nation, at the invitation of the President of Ukraine and bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.[87] The Pope spoke to leaders of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organisations, pleading for "open, tolerant and honest dialogue".[87] About 200 thousand people attended the liturgies celebrated by the Pope in Kiev, and the liturgy in Lviv gathered nearly one and a half million faithful.[87] John Paul II stated that an end to the Great Schism was one of his fondest wishes.[87] Healing divisions between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches regarding Latin and Byzantine traditions was clearly of great personal interest. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum that "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them".
During his 2001 travels, John Paul II became the first Pope to visit Greece in 1291 years.[88][89] In Athens, the Pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Greek Orthodox Church.[88] After a private 30 minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Roman Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism,[88] including the pillaging of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of apology from the Roman Catholic Church, saying "Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century."[88]
The Pope responded by saying "For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness," to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of "profound regret" for Catholics.[88] Later John Paul II and Christodoulos met on a spot where Saint Paul had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a ‘common declaration’, saying "We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved. … We condemn all recourse to violence, proselytism and fanaticism, in the name of religion".[88] The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.[88]
The Pope had said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia, but this never occurred. He attempted to solve the problems that had arisen over centuries between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches, and in 2004 gave them a 1730 copy of the lost icon of Our Lady of Kazan.
Islam[link]
Pope John Paul II made considerable efforts to improve relations between Catholicism and Islam.[90]
On 6 May 2001, Pope John Paul II became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in a mosque. Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the Umayyad Mosque, a former Byzantine era Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist (who was believed to be interred there) in Damascus, Syria, and gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness."[57] He kissed the Qur’an in Syria,[91] an act which made him popular amongst Muslims but which disturbed many Catholics.[91]
In 2004, Pope John Paul II hosted the "Papal Concert of Reconciliation", which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Kraków Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the London Philharmonic Choir from the United Kingdom, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from the United States, and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey.[92][93][94][95] The event was conceived and conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG and was broadcast throughout the world.[92][93][94][95]
John Paul II oversaw the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church which makes a special provision[clarification needed] for Muslims; therein, it is written, "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in 'the first place amongst whom are the Muslims'; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."[96]
Judaism[link]
Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved during the pontificate of John Paul II.[39][59] He spoke frequently about the Church's relationship with the Jewish faith.[39]
In 1979, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, where many of his compatriots (mostly Polish Jews) had perished during the Nazi occupation in World War II. In 1998 he issued "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah" which outlined his thinking on the Holocaust.[97] He became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Great Synagogue of Rome on 13 April 1986.[98][99]
In 1994, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith.[98] In honour of this event, Pope John Paul II hosted ‘The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust’. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by American Maestro Gilbert Levine, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome, the President of Italy, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world.[100][101]
In March 2000, John Paul II visited Yad Vashem, the national Holocaust memorial in Israel, and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem,[59] placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews).[58][59][98] In part of his address he said: "I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church... is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of anti-Semitism directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place", he added that there were "no words strong enough to deplore the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust".[58][59] Israeli cabinet minister Rabbi Michael Melchior, who hosted the Pope's visit, said he was "very moved" by the Pope's gesture.[58][59]
It was beyond history, beyond memory.[58]
We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer, and asking your forgiveness we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the people of the Covenant.[102]
In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first Pope in history known to receive a priestly blessing from a rabbi, when Rabbis Benjamin Blech, Barry Dov Schwartz, and Jack Bemporad visited the Pontiff at Clementine Hall in the Apostolic Palace.[103]
Immediately after John Paul II's death, the ADL issued a statement that Pope John Paul II had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that "more change for the better took place in his 27 year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before."[104] In another statement issued by the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, Director Dr Colin Rubenstein said, "The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of transforming relations with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church".[98]
With Judaism, therefore, we have a relationship which we do not have with any other religion. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our elder brothers.[105]
Lutheranism[link]
On 15–19 November 1980 John Paul II visited the Federal Republic of Germany[106] on his first trip to a country with a large Lutheran population. In Mainz he met with leaders of the Lutheran and other Protestant Churches, and with representatives of other Christian denominations.
On 11 December 1983 John Paul II participated in an ecumenical service in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Rome,[107] the first papal visit ever to a Lutheran church. The visit took place 500 years after the birth of Martin Luther, the German Augustinian monk who initiated the Lutheran reformation.
In his apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden of June 1989,[108] John Paul II became the first pope to visit countries with Lutheran majorities. In addition to celebrating Mass with Catholic believers, he participated in ecumenical services at places that had been Catholic shrines before the 16th century Lutheran reformation: Nidaros Cathedral in Norway; near St. Olav's Church at Thingvellir in Iceland; Turku Cathedral in Finland; Roskilde Cathedral in Denmark; and Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden.
On 31 October 1999 (the 482nd anniversary of Reformation Day, Martin Luther's posting of the 95 Theses), representatives of the Vatican and the Lutheran World Federation (LWF) signed a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, as a gesture of unity. The signing was a fruit of a theological dialogue that had been going on between the LWF and the Vatican since 1965.
Role in the fall of Communism[link]
Main article: Holy See–Soviet Union relations
John Paul II has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down communism in Central and Eastern Europe,[39][45][49][64][65][109] by being the spiritual inspiration behind its downfall and catalyst for "a peaceful revolution" in Poland. Lech Wałęsa, the founder of ‘Solidarity’, credited John Paul II with giving Poles the courage to demand change.[39] According to Wałęsa, "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of communism. In Warsaw, in 1979, he simply said: 'Do not be afraid', and later prayed: 'Let your Spirit descend and change the image of the land... this land'."[109] It has also been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank covertly funded Solidarity.[110][111]
President Ronald Reagan's correspondence with the pope reveals "a continuous scurrying to shore up Vatican support for U.S. policies. Perhaps most surprisingly, the papers show that, as late as 1984, the pope did not believe the Communist Polish government could be changed."[112]
In December 1989, John Paul II met with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for the other. Gorbachev once said "The collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II".[45][64] On John Paul's death, Mikhail Gorbachev said: "Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us."[65][109]
In February 2004, Pope John Paul II was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize honouring his life's work in opposing Communist oppression and helping to reshape the world.[113]
President George W. Bush presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civilian honour, to Pope John Paul II during a ceremony at the Vatican 4 June 2004. The president read the citation that accompanied the medal, which recognised "this son of Poland" whose "principled stand for peace and freedom has inspired millions and helped to topple communism and tyranny."[114] After receiving the award, John Paul II said, "May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world symbolised by this medal inspire men and women of goodwill in every time and place."[115]
Warsaw, Moscow, Budapest, Berlin, Prague, Sofia and Bucharest have become stages in a long pilgrimage toward liberty. It is admirable that in these events, entire peoples spoke out – women, young people, men, overcoming fears, their irrepressible thirst for liberty speeded up developments, made walls tumble down and opened gates.[116]
Assassination attempts[link]
Main articles: 1981 Pope John Paul II assassination attempt, Juan María Fernández y Krohn, and The Bojinka Plot
As he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience on 13 May 1981,[117] Pope John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca,[5][49][118] an expert Turkish gunman who was a member of the militant fascist group Grey Wolves.[119] The assassin used a Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol,[120] shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his colon and small intestine multiple times.[45] John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the Gemelli Hospital. En route to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Even though the two bullets missed his mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta, he lost nearly three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his wounds.[121] Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal.[121] When he briefly gained consciousness before being operated on, he instructed the doctors not to remove his Brown Scapular during the operation.[122] The pope stated that Our Lady of Fátima helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.[49][118][123]
Could I forget that the event in St. Peter’s Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Fátima, Portugal? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet.[124]
Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days after Christmas in 1983, John Paul II visited Ağca in prison. John Paul II and Ağca spoke privately for about twenty minutes.[49][118] John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust.″
On 2 March 2006 the Italian parliament's Mitrokhin Commission, set up by Silvio Berlusconi and headed by Forza Italia senator Paolo Guzzanti, concluded that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life,[119][125] in retaliation for the pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement, a theory which had already been supported by Michael Ledeen and the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the time.[119][125] The Italian report stated that Communist Bulgarian security departments were utilised to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered.[125] The report stated that Soviet military intelligence (Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije), not the KGB, were responsible.[125] Russian Foreign Intelligence Service spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation ‘absurd’.[125] The Pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that the country's Soviet bloc-era leadership had nothing to do with the assassination attempt.[119][125] However, his secretary, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, alleged in his book A Life with Karol, that the pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack.[126] It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign government attachments;[127] Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the Pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection.[125] A second assassination attempt took place on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in Fátima, Portugal when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a bayonet.[128][129][130] He was stopped by security guards, although Stanisław Dziwisz later claimed that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life threatening wound.[128][129][130] The assailant, a traditionalist Spanish priest named Juan María Fernández y Krohn,[128] was ordained as a priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of Saint Pius X and was opposed to the changes caused by the Second Vatican Council, claiming that the pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist Eastern Bloc.[131] Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence.[129][130][131] The ex-priest was treated for mental illness and then expelled from Portugal to become a solicitor in Belgium.[131]
Pope John Paul II was also a target of the Al-Qaeda-funded Bojinka plot during a visit to the Philippines in 1995. The first plan was to kill him in the Philippines during World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. On 15 January 1995, a suicide bomber was planning to dress as a priest, while John Paul II passed in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in Makati City. The would-be-assassin intended to get close and detonate the bomb. The assassination was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the Pope's visit, confessing to the plot.[132]
In 2009 journalist and former army intelligence officer John Koehler published Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church.[133] Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler says the assassination attempts were "KGB-backed" and gives details.[134] During John Paul II's reign there were many clerics within the Vatican who on nomination, declined to be ordained, and then mysteriously left the church. There is wide speculation that they were, in reality, KGB agents.
Health[link]
Main article: Pope John Paul II's health
When he became pope in 1978, John Paul II was still an avid sportsman. At the time, the 58-year old was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football. The media contrasted the new Pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been Pope Pius XI (1922–1939) who was an avid mountaineer.[135][136] An Irish Independent article in the 1980s labelled John Paul II the keep-fit pope.
However, after over twenty-five years on the papal throne, two assassination attempts (one of which resulted in severe physical injury to the Pope), and a number of cancer scares, John Paul's physical health declined. In 2001 he was diagnosed as suffering from Parkinson's disease.[137] International observers had suspected this for some time but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. Despite difficulty speaking more than a few sentences at a time, trouble hearing and severe osteoarthrosis, he continued to tour the world, although rarely walking in public.
Death and funeral[link]
Main article: Funeral of Pope John Paul II
On 31 March 2005 following a urinary tract infection,[138] Pope John Paul II developed septic shock, a form of infection with a high fever and low blood pressure, but was not hospitalised. Instead, he was monitored by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication that the pope and those close to him believed that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican.[138] Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. During the final days of the Pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace. Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: "I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you."[139]
On Saturday 2 April 2005, at about 15:30 CEST, John Paul II spoke his final words, "Pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca", ("Let me depart to the house of the Father"), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.[139][140] The mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter commemorating the canonisation of Saint Maria Faustina on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, presided over by Stanisław Dziwisz and two Polish associates. Present at the bedside was a cardinal from Ukraine who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with Polish nuns of the Congregation of the Sisters Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, who ran the papal household. He died in his private apartment, at 21:37 CEST[140][141][142] (19:37 UTC) of heart failure from profound hypotension and complete circulatory collapse from septic shock, 46 days short of his 85th birthday. John Paul had no close family by the time he died, and his feelings are reflected in his words, as written in 2000, at the end of his Last Will and Testament.[143]
The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 to 7 April at St. Peter's Basilica. The Testament of Pope John Paul II published on 7 April[144] revealed that the pontiff contemplated being buried in his native Poland but left the final decision to The College of Cardinals, which in passing, preferred burial beneath St. Peter's Basilica, honouring the pontiff's request to be placed "in bare earth". The Mass of Requiem on 8 April was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of heads of state present at a funeral.[145][146][147][148] (See: List of Dignitaries). It was the single largest gathering of heads of state in history, surpassing the funerals of Winston Churchill (1965) and Josip Broz Tito (1980). Four kings, five queens, at least 70 presidents and prime ministers, and more than 14 leaders of other religions attended alongside the faithful.[146] It is likely to have been the largest single pilgrimage of Christianity ever, with numbers estimated in excess of four million mourners gathering in Rome.[145][147][148][149] Between 250,000 and 300,000 watched the event from within the Vatican walls.[148] The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who became the next pope, conducted the ceremony. John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of Pope John XXIII. The alcove had been empty since Pope John's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification.
Posthumous recognition[link]
Title "the Great"[link]
Upon the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen throughout the world[45][145][150] began referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great"—only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed, and the first since the first millennium.[45][150][151][152] Scholars of Canon Law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage,[145][153][154] as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as Alexander the Great). The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858–867.[150]
His successor, Pope Benedict XVI, referred to him as "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address[155] from the loggia of St. Peter's Church, and Angelo Cardinal Sodano referred to Pope John Paul II as "the Great" in his published written homily for the Mass of Repose.[156]
Since giving his homily at the funeral of Pope John Paul, Pope Benedict XVI has continued to refer to John Paul II as "the Great." At the 20th World Youth Day in Germany 2005, Pope Benedict XVI, speaking in Polish, John Paul's native language, said, "As the Great Pope John Paul II would say: keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people." In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited John Paul's native Poland. During that visit, he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".[157]
In addition to the Vatican calling him "the great," numerous newspapers have done so. For example, the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera called him "the Greatest" and the South African Catholic newspaper, The Southern Cross, has called him "John Paul II The Great".[158] and many Catholic schools worldwide have been named after him using this title, for example recently renamed John Paul the Great Catholic University and John Paul the Great Catholic High School.
Beatification[link]
Main article: Beatification and canonisation of Pope John Paul II
.jpg)
Inspired by calls of "Santo Subito!" ("[Make him a] Saint Immediately!") from the crowds gathered during the funeral mass which he performed,[145][161][162][163][164][165] Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process.[162][163][166][167] In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.[6][145][168] This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.[169]
In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun and a member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, confined to her bed by Parkinson's Disease,[163][170] was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".[110][145][161][163][171][172] As of May 2008[update], Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, then 46,[161][163] was working again at a maternity hospital run by her order.[167][170][173][174]
"I was sick and now I am cured," she told reporter Gerry Shaw. "I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not."[170][173]
On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI said Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his homily, he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future."[170][175]
In January 2007, Stanisław Cardinal Dziwisz of Kraków, his former secretary, announced that the interview phase of the beatification process, in Italy and Poland, was nearing completion.[145][170][176] In February 2007, relics of Pope John Paul II—pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear—were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.[177][178] On 8 March 2007, the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007 – the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death – the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to conduct a separate investigation.[170][176][162] On the fourth anniversary of Pope John Paul's death, 2 April 2009, Cardinal Dziwisz, told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.[173][179][180][181] A nine year-old Polish boy from Gdańsk, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk," and began walking normally.[179][180][181][182] On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that Pope John Paul II had lived a life of virtue.[183][184] On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life.[183][184] The second vote and the second signed decree certify the authenticity of his first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. Once the second decree is signed, the positio (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete.[184] He can then be beatified.[183][184] Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder noted, this course would have been possible if the second decree were signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle directly attributable to his intercession had occurred, completing the positio.
The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy.[185] 1 May is commemorated in former communist countries, such as Poland, and some Western European countries as May Day, and Pope John Paul II was well-known for his contributions to communism's relatively peaceful demise.[45][64] In March 2011 the Polish mint issued a gold 1,000 Polish złoty coin (equivalent to US$350), with the Pope's image to commemorate his beatification.[186]
On 29 April 2011, Pope John Paul II's coffin was exhumed from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral.[187] John Paul II's remains (in a closed coffin) were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May. On 3 May 2011 Blessed Pope John Paul II was given a new resting place in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari's Chapel of St. Sebastian, which is where Pope Innocent XI was buried. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pieta, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII, was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial.
Criticism and controversy[link]
Main articles: Criticism of Pope John Paul II and Criticism of the Catholic Church
John Paul II was widely criticised, amongst other things,[188] for his views against the ordination of women and contraception, his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the Liturgy, and his stance on the sanctity of marriage.[5][189]
Opposition to his beatification[link]
Some Catholic theologians disagree with the call for beatification of Pope John Paul II. Eleven dissident theologians, including Jesuit professor Jose Maria Castillo and Italian theologian Giovanni Franzoni raised seven points, including his stance against contraception and the ordination of women as well as the Church scandals that presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification".
Child sex abuse scandals[link]
Main article: Catholic sex abuse cases
John Paul II was also criticised for failing to respond quickly enough to the sex abuse crisis. In his response, he stated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[190] The Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for Church employees[191] and, because a significant majority of victims were teenage boys, disallowing ordination of men with "deep–seated homosexual tendencies".[192][193] They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.[191][194] In 2008, the Church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent' " (or 5,000) of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.[195][196]
In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson’s disease, read a statement intended for the American cardinals, calling the sex abuse "an appalling sin" and said the priesthood had no room for such men.[197]
In 2003 John Paul II reiterated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[190] and in April 2003, the Pontifical Academy for Life organised a three-day conference, entitled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican dicasteries' representatives. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops. One expert called such policies a "case of overkill" since they do not permit flexibility to allow for differences among individual cases.[198]
In 2004 Pope John Paul II appointed Bernard Francis Law as Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major in Rome. Law had previously resigned as archbishop of Boston in 2002 in response to the Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal after Church documents were revealed which suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.[199] Law resigned from this position in November 2011.[197]
Opus Dei controversies[link]
Main article: Controversies about Opus Dei
John Paul II was criticised for his support of the Opus Dei prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá, whom he called 'the saint of ordinary life.'[200][201] Other movements and religious organisations of the Church went decidedly under his wing (Legion of Christ, the Neocatechumenal Way, Schoenstatt, the charismatic movement, etc.) and he was accused repeatedly of waving a soft hand on them, especially in the case of Rev. Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legion of Christ.[202] In 1984 Pope John Paul II appointed Joaquín Navarro-Valls, a member of Opus Dei, as Director of the Vatican Press Office. An Opus Dei spokesman says "the influence of Opus Dei in the [Vatican] has been exaggerated."[203] Of the nearly 200 cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, only two are known to be members of Opus Dei.[204]
Banco Ambrosiano scandal[link]
Main article: Banco Ambrosiano
Pope John Paul was alleged to have links with Banco Ambrosiano, an Italian bank which collapsed in 1982.[110] At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). The Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal.[111]
Calvi, often referred to as "God's Banker", was also involved the Vatican Bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, in his dealings, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. There are also rumours that it provided money for Solidarity in Poland. It has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank funded Solidarity.[110][111]
Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to secure massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Bank of Italy produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster.[111] On 5 June 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi had written a letter of warning to Pope John Paul II, stating that such a forthcoming event would “provoke a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will suffer the gravest damage."[205] On 18 June 1982 Calvi's body was found hanging from scaffolding beneath Blackfriars Bridge in the financial district of London. Calvi's clothing was stuffed with bricks, and contained cash valued at US$14,000, in three different currencies.[206]
Birth control and gender roles[link]
Main article: Women in Christianity
John Paul II's defence of traditional moral teachings of the Catholic Church regarding gender roles, sexuality, euthanasia, artificial contraception and abortion came under attack. Some feminists criticised his traditional positions on the roles of women, which included rejecting women priests. According to Aisha Taylor, coordinator of the Young Feminist Network:
The legacy of Pope John Paul II is vibrant and extraordinary, yet painfully inconsistent. The contradiction in his legacy lies in his teaching and actions on the dignity of women. John Paul II called for women to be included as decision makers in secular governments. However, when it came to bringing women into the decision making bodies of his church, he slammed the door in our faces, barring us from ordination and locking the door by stating the discussion about women’s ordination is closed.[207]
Gay rights activists[link]
Main article: Christianity and homosexuality
Many gay rights activists and others criticised him for maintaining the Church's unbroken opposition to homosexual behaviour and same-sex marriage. During John Paul II's reign, the Vatican described homosexuality as an "objective disorder" and in his own book Memory and Identity John Paul II describes the concept of gay families as an "ideology of evil",[79] phrases which incensed many parts of the LGBT community.[208]
Problems with Traditionalists[link]
In addition to all the criticism from those demanding modernisation, traditionalist Catholics sometimes denounced him as well. These issues included demanding a return to the Tridentine Mass[209] and repudiation of the reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin Roman Rite Mass, ecumenism, and the principle of religious liberty. He was also accused by these critics for allowing and appointing liberal bishops in their sees and thus silently promoting Modernism, which was firmly condemned as the "synthesis of all heresies" by his predecessor Pope St. Pius X. In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which was called by the Holy See a "schismatic act".
The World Day of Prayer for Peace,[210] with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the Pope prayed only with the Christians,[211] was heavily criticised as giving the impression that syncretism and indifferentism were openly embraced by the Papal Magisterium. When a second ‘Day of Prayer for Peace in the World’[212] was held, in 2002, it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to "false religions". Likewise criticised was his kissing[213] of the Qur'an in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001. His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops like Antônio de Castro Mayer promoted religious tolerance, but at the same time rejected the Vatican II principle of religious liberty as being liberalist and already condemned by Pope Pius IX in his ‘Syllabus errorum’ (1864) and at the First Vatican Council.[citation needed]
Some Catholics oppose his beatification and potential canonisation for the above reasons.[214]
Religion and AIDS[link]
Main article: Religion and AIDS
John Paul's position against artificial birth control, including the use of condoms to prevent the spread of HIV,[189] was harshly criticised by doctors and AIDS activists, who said that it led to countless deaths and millions of AIDS orphans.[215] Critics have also claimed that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate Third World poverty and problems such as street children in South America. The Catholic Agency for Overseas Development published a paper stating, "Any strategy that enables a person to move from a higher-risk towards the lower end of the continuum, [we] believe, is a valid risk reduction strategy."[216]
Centralisation[link]
He was criticised for recentralising power back to the Vatican following what some viewed as a decentralisation by Pope John XXIII. As such he was regarded by some as a strict authoritarian. Conversely, he was also criticised for spending far too much time preparing for and undertaking foreign travel. The frequency of his trips, it was said, not only undermined the "specialness" of papal visits, but took him away from important business at the Vatican and allowed the Church, administratively speaking, to drift. Especially in South America, he was criticised for conservative bias in his appointments of bishops; with an unusually long reign of over 25 years, the majority of bishops in place at his death had been appointed by him.
Social programs[link]
There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programs as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism.[217][218] The Pope created an uproar in the Indian subcontinent when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium.[219]
Protestant fundamentalists[link]
In 1988, when Pope John Paul II was delivering a speech to the European Parliament, then-leader of the Democratic Unionist Party and Moderator of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, Ian Paisley, shouted "I denounce you as the antichrist!"[220] and held up a red banner reading "Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST". Archduke Otto of Austria, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary snatched Lord Paisley's banner and, along with other MEPs, helped eject him from the chamber.[221][222][223][224] The Pope continued with his address after Lord Paisley had been ejected.[221][225][226]
Apologies[link]
Main article: Apologies by Pope John Paul II
John Paul II apologised to almost every group who had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years.[39][227] Even before he became Pope, he was a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives like the Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops from 1965. As Pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 wrongdoings, including:
- The legal process on the Italian scientist and philosopher Galileo Galilei, himself a devout Catholic, around 1633 (31 October 1992).[145][228]
- Catholics' involvement with the African slave trade (9 August 1993).
- The Church Hierarchy's role in burnings at the stake and the religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation (May 1995, in the Czech Republic).
- The injustices committed against women, the violation of women's rights and the historical denigration of women (10 July 1995, in a letter to "every woman").
- The inactivity and silence of many Catholics during the Holocaust (see the article Religion in Nazi Germany) (16 March 1998).
On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, Pope John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the Catholic sex abuse cases, the Church-backed "Stolen Generations" of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in colonial times.[229]
Medjugorje apparitions[link]
A number of quotes about the apparitions of Medjugorje have been attributed to John Paul II.[230] In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements which were supposedly made by the Pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: "The only thing I can say regarding statements on Medjugorje ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are complete invention."[231]
See also[link]
References[link]
Sources[link]
- Bertone, Tarcisio. "The Message of Fátima". 2000–2009 The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000626_message-fatima_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II". 2005–2009 Vicariato di Roma – 00184 Roma. http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "'Cured' Pope Returns to Vatican". 2005–2009 BBC World News. 10 February 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4253415.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Domínguez, Juan (4 April 2005). "Pope John Paul II and Communism". Copyright free – Public domain. http://web.archive.org/web/20040406114902/http://www.religion-cults.com/pope/communism.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Dziwisz, Bishop Stanisław (13 May 2001). "13 May 1981 Conference of Bishop Stanisław Dziwisz For Honorary Doctorate, 13 May 2001 to the Catholic University of Lublin". 2001–2009 L'Osservatore Romano, Editorial and Management Offices, Via del Pellegrino, 00120, Vatican City. http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=3699&repos=1&subrepos=0&searchid=441440. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Frail Pope Suffers Heart Failure". BBC News. 1 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4399189.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Half Alive: The Pope Vs. His Doctors". Time Magazine (Time Inc). 25 January 1982. http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,925231,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Pope Back at Vatican by Easter? It's Possible.". Associated Press. 2005–2009 msnbc World News. 3 March 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7022618/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- April 2005 "Pope John Paul II – Home – Editorial". www1.voanews.com. http://www1.voanews.com/policy/editorials/a-41-2005-04-06-voa7-83104472.html?moddate=6 April 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- "Pope Returns to Vatican after Operation". 2001–2009 BBC News. 13 March 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4344923.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Sean Gannon (7 April 2006). "Papal Fallibility". 2006–2009 Haaretz Daily News, Israel. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=703666. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting". 2001–2009 Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1538173,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Pope John Paul II’s Final Days". St Anthony Messenger Press (2005–2009 American Catholic.Org). http://www.americancatholic.org/news/pope/popehospitalized//. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Tchorek, Kamil; Roger Boyes (2 April 2005). "Kracow Lights a Candle for its Favourite Son's Last Fight". London: 2005–2009 The Times The Times online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article376429.ece. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Vinci, Alessio (1 April 2005). "Vatican source: Pope Given Last Rites". 2005 Cable News Network LP. http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/03/31/pope1/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "World Awaits Word on Pope's Condition". 2005 Cable News Network LP. 2 April 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/01/pope1/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
Bibliography[link]
- Berry, Jason; Gerald Renner (2004). Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4441-9.
- Davies, Norman (2004). Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw. London: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03284-6.
- de Montfort, St. Louis-Marie Grignion; Mark L. Jacobson (Translator) (27 March 2007). True Devotion to Mary. San Diego, California: Avetine Press. ISBN 1-59330-470-6.
- Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes (Third ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11597-0.
- Hebblethwaite, Peter (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. London: 1995 Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-55612-814-1.
- Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2006) [1997]. Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28608-1.
- Menachery, Prof. George (11 November 1978). "John Paul II Election Surprises". http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Meissen, Randall (2011). Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great. Alpharetta, Ga.: Mission Network. ISBN 978-1-933271-27-9. http://www.amazon.com/Living-Miracles-Spiritual-Sons-Great/dp/1933271272.
- Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-0-670-03748-3. http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father,00.html?id=John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2 April 2005) (in Italian). Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato. ‘The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment.’ 2005–2009 The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/gpII/bulletin/B0183-XX.01.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- O'Connor, Garry (2006). Universal Father: A Life of Pope John Paul II. London: 2005 Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-8241-6. http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Pope John Paul II (2005). Memory & Identity – Personal Reflections. London: 2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-85075-X.
- Renehan, Edward; Schlesinger, Arthur Meier (INT) (November 2006). Pope John Paul II. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-9227-9. http://books.google.com/?id=OT1oHAAACAAJ. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- John Paul II, Pope (2004). Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way. 2004 Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-57781-2.
- Stanley, George E (January 2007). Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church. Fitzgerald Books. ISBN 978-1-4242-1732-8. http://books.google.com/?id=SD1OPgAACAAJ. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Stourton, Edward (2006). John Paul II: Man of History. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-90816-7.
- Szulc, Tadeusz. Pope John Paul II: The Biography. London: 2007 Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4165-8886-3.
- The Poynter Institute (1 May 2005). Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005 (First ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-5110-3. http://books.google.com/?id=pXGMNrE015IC. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Weigel, George (2001). Witness to Hope. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4.
- Wojtyła, Karol (1981). Love and Responsibility. London: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-89870-445-7. http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Yallop, David (2007). The Power and the Glory. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84529-673-5. http://www.constablerobinson.com/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
Notes[link]
- ^ Lenczowski,John. "Public Diplomacy and the Lessons of the Soviet Collapse," 2002
- ^ http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwojtyla.html
- ^ Odone, Cristina – Catholic Herald, 1991
- ^ a b Geller, Uri – The Jewish Telegraph, 7 July 2000
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "John Paul II Biography (1920–2005)". A&E Television Networks. http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9355652. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g "His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography". Vatican Press Office. 30 June 2005. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f "CNN Report Pope John Paul II 1920–2005". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Catholic Online (2012 [last update]). "Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II". catholic.org. http://www.catholic.org/pope/jp2/genealogy.php. Retrieved 3 February 2012. "Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II"
- ^ a b c "Karol Wojtyła (Pope John Paul II) Timeline". Christian Broadcasting Network. http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/KarolWojtylaPopeJohnPaulTimeline.aspx. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 11.
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 99.
- ^ a b c d e Kuhiwczak, Piotr (1 January 2007). "A Literary Pope". Polish Radio. http://www.thenews.pl/news/artykul21561.html. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d e Stourton 2006, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Weigel 2001, p. 71.
- ^ a b c d Davies 2004, pp. 253–254.
- ^ a b Weigel 2001, pp. 71–21.
- ^ Weigel 2001, p. 75.
- ^ a b "Profile of Edith Zierier (1946)". Voices of the Holocaust. 2000 Paul V. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080419140949/http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "CNN Live event transcript". CNN. 8 April 2005. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/08/se.01.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Roberts, Genevieve., "The Death of Pope John Paul II: `He Saved My Life – with Tea & Bread'", The Independent, 3 April 2005, Retrieved 17 June 2007.
- ^ Cohen, Roger (2011 [last update]). "John Paul II met with Edith Zierer: The Polish Seminary Student and the Jewish Girl He Saved". International Herald Tribune. http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Między Heroizmem a Beatialstwem (Between Heroism and Bestiality), Częstochowa, 1984
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 71.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate". Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1946. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
- ^ a b Maxwell-Stuart 2006, p. 233.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II: A Light for the World". United States Council of Catholic Bishops. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110624073359/http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Stourton 2006, p. 97.
- ^ Walsh, Michael (1994). John Paul II: A Biography. London: HarperCollins. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-00-215993-7.
- ^ a b c "John Paul II to Publish First Poetic Work as Pope". ZENIT Innovative Media, Inc. 7 January 2003. http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Wojtyła 1981.
- ^ John Paul II, Pope (2004). Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way. 2004 Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-57781-2.
- ^ Stourton 2006, p. 103.
- ^ O'Malley, John W. (2008). What Happened at Vatican II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-674-03169-2.
- ^ Crosby, John F. (2000). Gneuhs, Geoffrey. ed. "John Paul II's Vision of Sexuality and Marriage: The Mystery of "Fair Love"". The Legacy of Pope John Paul II: His Contribution to Catholic Thought (Crossroad): 54. ISBN 0-8245-1831-4.
- ^ a b "Short biography". vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "John Paul II: A Strong Moral Vision". CNN. 11 February 2005. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/legacy/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Humanae Vitæ". 25 July 1968. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "A "Foreign" Pope". Time magazine: p. 1. 30 October 1978. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d "A "Foreign" Pope". Time magazine: p. 4. 30 October 1978. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Stourton 2006, p. 171.
- ^ "New Pope Announced". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bottum, Joseph (18 April 2005). "John Paul the Great". Weekly Standard. pp. 1–2. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ 1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II
- ^ "Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II". 30 June 2005. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ The Next Pope Anura Guruge 2010 ISBN 0-615-35372-X page 227
- ^ a b c d e f Maxwell-Stuart 2006, p. 234.
- ^ New York Times News Service (2012 [last update]). "Biggest Papal Gathering | Millions Flock to Papal Mass in Manila, Gathering is Called the Largest the Pope Has Seen at a Service – Baltimore Sun". articles.baltimoresun.com. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-01-16/news/1995016078_1_pope-philippines-papal. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ a b c "The Philippines, 1995: Pope Dreams of "The Third Millennium of Asia"". AsiaNews. 4 April 2005. http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ The Associated Press (2011 [last update]). "CBN Pope John Paul II Timeline – CBN.com Spiritual Life". cbn.com. http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/PopeJohnPaulIITimeline.aspx. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ Thompson, Ginger (30 July 2002). "Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3D91038F933A05754C0A9649C8B63. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Irish Remember the 1979 Papal Visit". BBC News. 2 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4229807.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). Haiti: The Duvalier Years. McGraw Hill Book Company. pp. 260–262. ISBN 0-07-046029-9.
- ^ a b c "Pope Pleads for Harmony between Faiths". BBC News. 24 February 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Plett, Barbara (7 May 2001). "Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "2000: Pope Prays for Holocaust Forgiveness". BBC News. 26 March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/26/newsid_4168000/4168803.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Klenicki, Rabbi Leon (13 April 2006). "Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation". Anti-Defamation League. http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Henneberger, Melinda (21 September 2001). "Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DA113BF932A1575AC0A9679C8B63. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "1979: Millions Cheer as the Pope Comes Home". from "On This Day, 2 June 1979," (BBC News). 2 June 1979. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_3972000/3972361.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Angelo M. Codevilla, “Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends,” in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008.)
- ^ Angelo M. Codevilla, “Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends,” in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008.)
- ^ a b c d CBC News Online (April 2005). "Pope Stared Down Communism in His Homeland – and Won". Religion News Service. http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "Gorbachev: Pope John Paul II was an ‘Example to All of Us’". CNN. 4 April 2005. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/03/pope.gorbachev/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Küng, Hans (26 March 2005). "The Pope's Contradictions". 2005,2009 Spiegel Online. http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,348471,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II Visits the U.S., 1977 Year in Review". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1979/Pope-John-Paul-II-Visits-the-U.S./12311692377023-6/. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
- ^ "John Paul II-The Millennial Pope" Synopsis "Pope John Paul II-The Millennial Pope" Frontline
- ^ article 42, Solicitudo Rei Socialis
- ^ Contact Music (2010 [last update]). "U2 – Eno Lets Bono Speak To The Pope". contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/eno-lets-bono-speak-to-the-pope. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Message to Pontifical Academy of Sciences 22 October 1996". 1997–2009 Catholic Information Network (CIN). 24 October 1997. http://www.cin.org/jp2evolu.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Linder, Doug (13 April 2004). "The Vatican's View of Evolution: The Story of Two Popes". 2005–2009 University Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/vaticanview.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Magisterium is Concerned with Question of Evolution for it Involves Conception of Man". 1996–2009 National Centre for Science Education. 24 October 1996. http://ncse.com/media/voices/roman-catholic-church-1996. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Tagliabue, John (25 October 1996). "Pope Bolsters Church Support for Evolution". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E3D81130F936A15753C1A960958260. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Garvin, Glenn (18 July 1999). "Hostility to the U.S., a Costly Mistake". 1999–2009 The Miami Herald. http://www.fiu.edu/~yaf/sand71899.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Ostling, Richard N.; Roberto Suro (10 September 1984). "Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952528,00.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ William Frank Smith (November 2010). Catholic Church Milestones: People and Events That Shaped the Institutional Church. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-1-60844-821-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=WM8c8VdqCV8C&pg=PA86. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ a b Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 12.
- ^ Weigel, George (2001). The Truth of Catholicism. New York, New York: Harper Collins. p. 3. ISBN 0-06-621330-4.
- ^ Andrea Riccardi. La Pace Preventiva. Milan: San Paolo 2004.
- ^ a b Kirby, Alex (8 April 2005). "John Paul II and the Anglicans". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4423095.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "An Introduction to the Parish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church". 2006,2009 Our Lady of the Atonement. http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Dalai Lama mourns Pope John Paul II, "A True Spiritual Practitioner"". 2005–2009 C.F.. 4 March 2005. http://www.asianews.it/index.php?art=2937&l=en. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Simpson, Victor L. (27 November 2003). "Pope John Paul II Meets With Dalai Lama". WorldWide Religious News. http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20071014070701/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=15239&sec=52&cont=5. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Brunwasser, Matthew (2 August 2007). "Patriarch Teoctist, 92, Romanian Who Held Out Hand to John Paul II, Dies". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/obituaries/02teoctist.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Visit of Pope John Paul II to Ukraine". The Institute of Religion and Society, 17 Sventsitskoho Street, Lviv. http://irs.ucu.edu.ua/en/projects/visit-of-pope-john-paul-ii/. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 2001-05-04b". The Macedonian Press Agency (Hellenic Resources Network). 4 May 2001. http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Stephanopoulos, Nikki (28 January 2008). "Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens". 2008,2009 Associated Press. http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Pope John Paul II (1994). Crossing the Threshold of Hope. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-679-76561-1.
- ^ a b Akin, Jimmy (6 April 2006). "John Paul II Kisses The Qur'an". JimmyAkin.org. http://www.jimmyakin.org/2006/04/jp2_and_the_qur.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "WQED Pittsburgh: Media-Only Press Room: Papal Concert". 1999–2009 WQED Multimedia. http://www.wqed.org/press/papal_concert.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Orchestra to make Vatican History". BBC News. 9 November 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3255607.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Papal Concert of Reconciliation". 1996–2009 London Philharmonic Choir. 11 January 2005. http://www.lpc.org.uk/tour_200401_rome.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Pitz, Marylynne; Andrew Druckenbrod (8 November 2003). "Pittsburgh Symphony to Perform for Pope". 1997–2009 Post-Gazette Publishing Co., Inc. http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20031108pope1108p1.asp. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Vatican archives. 2005,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#-149. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Cassidy, Cardinal Edward Idris (16 March 1998). "We Remember: 'A Reflection on The Shoah'". Vatican archives. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_16031998_shoah_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d "AIJAC expresses sorrow at Pope's passing". Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council. 4 April 2005. http://www.aijac.org.au/?id=articles&_action=showArticleDetails&articleID=526. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Boston College: "Address at the Great Synagogue of Rome"". 2009 The Trustees of Boston College. 13 April 1986. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080611181904/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust Synopsis". 2009 Fandango. http://www.fandango.com/papalconcerttocommemoratetheholocaust_v204415/summary. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Pope John Paul II (2011 [last update]). "Reflections at the Concert at the Vatican Commemorating the Holocaust". adl.org. http://www.adl.org/pope/Pope_Holocaust9.asp. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Online News Hour – A Papal Apology". 1996–2009 MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Largest Gathering of Jewish Leaders to Ever Meet With a Sitting Pope". PTWF. 2004–2009 Pave the Way Foundation, Inc. http://www.pavethewayfoundation.org/Projects/MissionToVatican/PhotoPage2.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Jacobson, Kenneth (2 April 2005). "Pope John Paul II: 'An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered'". Anti-Defamation League. http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/int_johnpaul_remembered.htm. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "BrainyQuote: Pope John Paul II Quotes". BrainyMedia.com. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/p/pope_john_paul_ii.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Travels – Federal Republic of Germany 1980 – John Paul II – The Holy Father – The Holy See". Vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1980/trav_germania_en.htm. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "Ökumenisches Treffen mit der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Gemeinde von Rom". Vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1983/december/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19831211_incontro-ecumenico_ge.html. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "Apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden 1–10 June 1989" Vatican.va Retrieved 1 May 2011
- ^ a b c Domínguez 2005.
- ^ a b c d Lewis, Paul (28 July 1982). "Italy's Mysterious Deepening Bank Scandal". The New York Times (New York: NYTC). ISSN 0362-4331. http://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/28/world/italy-s-mysterious-deepening-bank-scandal.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d Lawrence M. Salinger (2005). Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-3004-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=AXS6jz6AeQ0C. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ Mark Riebling. "Mark Riebling, "Reagan's Pope: The Cold War Alliance of Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II." ',National Review',, 7 April 2005". Article.nationalreview.com. http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NGE5MTJhYWMzODI0NTZiMWFhZmEzYmQwZmZlYmIyZmM=. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
- ^ "Bush, Pope, Jailed Israeli among 2004 Nobel Peace Prize nominees". USA Today World, a division of Gannett Co. Inc (Copyright 2005 The Associated Press). 13 February 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-02-13-nobel_x.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ The Associated Press (2012 [last update]). "Poles worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03". web.archive.org. http://web.archive.org/web/20040404041319/http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Address of Pope John Paul II to the Honorable George W. Bush President of the United States of America Friday, 4 June 2004" Vatican.va 4 June 2004 Retrieved 19 August 2011
- ^ Dawkins, John (2011 [last update]). "Pope John Paul II and the Fall of the Berlin Wall —". writespirit.net. http://www.writespirit.net/authors/pope_john_paul_ii/pope_john_paul_fall_berlin_wall/. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination (sic) Attempt". United Press International (UPI)). 1981. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/.
- ^ a b c Dziwisz 2001.
- ^ a b c d Lee, Martin A. (14 May 2001). "The 1981 Assassination Attempt of Pope John Paul II, The Grey Wolves, and Turkish & U.S. Government Intelligence Agencies". 2001, 2009 San Francisco Bay Guardian. pp. 23, 25.
- ^ 1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination Attempt
- ^ a b Time Magazine 1982-01-25, p. 1.
- ^ Lo Scapolare del Carmelo Published by Shalom, 2005 ISBN 88-8404-081-7 page 6
- ^ Bertone 2000–2009.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 184.
- ^ a b c d e f g Simpson, Victor L. (2 March 2006). "Italian Panel: Soviets Behind Pope Attack". 2006 The Associated Press. http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D8G3J3J00&show_article=1. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Late Pope 'Thought of Retiring'". BBC News. 22 January 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6288165.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Gordon Thomas (2000). Gideon's Spies – Mossad's Secret Warriors. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-37537-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=p1ylPwAACAAJ. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ a b c "Pope John Paul 'Wounded' in 1982". BBC News. 16 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7673443.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c ""Pope John Paul Injured in 1982 Knife Attack", says Aide". 1982–2009 CBC News. 16 October 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/10/16/pope-attack.html?ref=rss. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "John Paul was Wounded in 1982 Stabbing, Aide Reveals". Reuters News Release. 1982–2009 Reuters. 15 October 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE49E5RM20081015. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Hebblethwaite 1995, p. 95.
- ^ McDermott, Terry (1 September 2002). "The Plot". 2002–2009 Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 April 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20030412091134/http://www.latimes.com/news/specials/911/la-na-plot-1sep01.story. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ John O. Koehler (14 February 2011). Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-140-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HzlpRQAACAAJ. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ Publishers Weekly, review of 'Spies in the Vatican', 11 May 2009
- ^ "Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI". The New York Times. 7 February 1922. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI, Full Article" (PDF). The New York Times. 7 February 1922. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ BBC News (February 2005). "BBC NEWS | World | Europe | Profile: Pope John Paul II". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1944464.stm. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ a b BBC 2005-04-01.
- ^ a b "Final Days, Last Words of Pope John Paul II". Catholic World News (CWN). 20 September 2005. http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=39699. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "John Paul's Last Words Revealed". 2005–2009 BBC News. 18 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257994.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Pisa, Nick (18 March 2006). "Vatican hid Pope's Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis for 12 Years". Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1513421/Vatican-hid-Popes-Parkinsons-disease-diagnosis-for-12-years.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Navarro-Valls 2 April 2005.
- ^ Stourton 2006, p. 320.
- ^ "ZENIT: John Paul II's Last Will and Testament". 2004–2008 Innovative Media, Inc. http://www.zenit.org/article-12691?l=english. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Weeke, Stephen (31 March 2006). "Perhaps ‘Saint John Paul the Great?'". msnbc World News. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12083308/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b ""Pope John Paul II Buried in Vatican Crypt-Millions around the World Watch Funeral"". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080613162604/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "The Independent:"Millions Mourn Pope at History's Largest Ever Funeral"". London: 2005,2009 Independent News and Media Limited. 8 April 2005. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Holmes, Stephanie (9 April 2005). "City of Rome Celebrates ‘Miracle’". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4428149.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ ""Pope John Paul II Funeral"". 2005,2009 Outside the Beltway. http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/pope_john_paul_ii_funeral/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Saunders, Fr. William. "John Paul the Great". CatholicHerald.Com. 2005 Arlington Catholic Herald. http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0795.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ O'Reilly, David (4 April 2005). "Papal Legacy: Will History use the name John Paul the Great?". Knight Ridder Newspapers (Detroit Free Press). "Pope John Paul the Great was a name suggested by many for Karol Józef Wojtyła. Through all its long history, the Catholic Church has conferred the posthumous title of "Great" on just two popes: Leo I and Gregory I, both of whom reigned in the first thousand years of Christianity"
- ^ Murphy, Brian (5 April 2005). "Faithful hold key to 'the Great' honour for John Paul". Associated Press.
- ^ Noonan, Peggy (2 August 2002). "John Paul the Great: What the 12 Million Know—and I Found Out Too". The Wall Street Journal. 2002, 2009 Dow Jones & Company. http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pnoonan/?id=110002074. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-0-670-03748-3. http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father,00.html?id=John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Text: Benedict XVI's first speech". 2005 BBC. 19 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4462443.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009. "Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the cardinals have elected me, a simple and humble worker in the Lord's vineyard. The fact that the Lord can work and act even with insufficient means consoles me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the resurrected Lord, we go on with his help. He is going to help us and Mary will be on our side. Thank you."
- ^ "Eucharistic Concelebration for the Repose of the Soul of Pope John Paul II: Homily of Card. Angelo Sodano". The Holy See. 3 April 2005. http://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/sodano-suffragio-jp-ii_20050403_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Pastoral Visit by Pope Benedict XVI to Poland 2006: Address by the Holy Father". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 25 May 2006. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060525_poland-clergy_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "The Southern Cross: John Paul the Great". The Southern Cross 2008 by Posmay Media. http://www.scross.co.za/?s=John+Paul+the+Great. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ CNS News 2 May 2011
- ^ Daily Telegraph 1 May 2011
- ^ a b c Moore, Malcolm (22 May 2008). "Pope John Paul II on Course to Become Saint in Record Time". Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Hollingshead, Iain (1 April 2006). "Whatever Happened to... Canonising John Paul II?". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/01/catholicism.religion. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Hooper, John (29 March 2007). "Mystery Nun The Key to Pope John Paul II's Case for Sainthood". London: 2007–2009 Guardian News and Media Limited. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/29/catholicism.religion. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Gould, Peter (13 May 2005). "BBC News: ‘On The Fast Track to Sainthood’". MMVIII BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4545585.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Owen, Richard. "Hopes Raised for Pope John Paul II's Beatification -Times Online". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Response of His Holiness Benedict XVI for the Examination of the Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God John Paul II". Vatican News. 2005–2009 ‘Libreria Editrice Vaticana’. 9 May 2005. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "John Paul II on Fast Track for Canonisation – Framingham, Massachusetts – The MetroWest Daily News". metrowestdailynews.com. http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens in Vatican City". ZENIT. Innovative Media, Inc. 28 June 2005. http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Pope Benedict Forgoes Waiting Period, begins John Paul II Beatification Process" Catholic News Agency 13 May 2005 Retrieved 1 May 2011
- ^ a b c d e f Vicariato di Roma:A nun tells her story…. 2009
- ^ "Vatican May Have Found Pope John Paul's ‘Miracle’". includes material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN and the BBC World Service. 2007 ABC (Australia). 31 January 2006. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011084853/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease". Catholic World News (CWN). 2009 Trinity Communications. 30 January 2006. http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=42131. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "French Nun Says Life has Changed since she was Healed, Thanks to Pope John Paul II". 2007,2009 Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Willan, Philip. "No More Shortcuts on Pope John Paul II’s Road to Sainthood". Sunday Herald. http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "900,000 Gather for Mass with Pope Benedict". International Herald Tribune. 28 May 2006. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Westcott, Kathryn (2 April 2007). "Vatican Under Pressure in Pope John Paul II Push". 2007–2009 BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6504233.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Moore, Malcolm (25 September 2007). "Clamour for free Pope John Paul II Relics". London: 2007–2009 The Telegraph Media Group Limited. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564061/Clamour-for-free-Pope-John-Paul-II-relics.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II". 2005–2009 Vicariato di Roma – III Piano Postulazione Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano, 6/A 00184 Roma. http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Wheelchair-Boy 'Miraculously Walks Again' at Memorial Visit to Tomb of Pope John Paul II". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1166858/Wheelchair-boy-miraculously-walks-memorial-visit-tomb-Pope-John-Paul-II.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Blessed John Paul II? - Catholic.net". ncregister.com. http://catholic.net/index.php?size=mas&id=2673&option=dedestaca. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Child 'Able to Walk Again' After Praying at Pope's Tomb". Catholic Herald. http://www.archive.catholicherald.co.uk/articles/a0000522.shtml. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ "CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, Beatification Process may be on Final Lap". catholicnews.com. http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901522.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track – The World Newser". blogs.abcnews.com. http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Beatification Looms Closer for John Paul II". catholicculture.org. http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4630. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ "Pope Benedict Paves Way to Beatification of John Paul II". bbc.news.co.uk. 14 January 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
- ^ The Boston Globe (30 March 2011). "Gold Coin Marks Beatification of John Paul II". The Boston Globe (Boston: NYTC). ISSN 0743-1791. http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/03/30/gold_coin_marks_beatification_of_john_paul_ii/. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II's Body Exhumed ahead of Beatification". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42819424/ns/world_news/?GT1=43001. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ^ "BBC – Religion & Ethics – John Paul II". 2006,2009 by BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/pope/johnpaulii_1.shtml. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ a b "Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use". 2006, 2009 Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2006. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1979145,00.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ a b Walsh, John Paul II: A Light for the World (2003), p. 62
- ^ a b United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2005). "Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110413014840/http://www.usccb.org/ocyp/charter.shtml. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
- ^ Pope Benedict XVI (2005). "Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders". Vatican. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ Filteau, Jerry (2004). "Report says Clergy Sexual Abuse Brought 'Smoke of Satan' into Church". Catholic News Service. http://www.catholicnews.com/data/abuse/abuse08.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
- ^ "Scandals in the church: The Bishops' Decisions; The Bishops' Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". The New York Times. 15 June 2002. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906EFDA133CF936A25755C0A9649C8B63&scp=1&sq=Charter+for+the+Protection+of+Children+and+Young+People&st=nyt. Retrieved 12 February 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Owen, Richard (7 January 2008). "Pope Calls for Continuous Prayer to Rid Priesthood of Paedophilia". Times Online UK edition (London: Times Newspapers Ltd). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3142511.ece. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
- ^ Terry, Karen et al. (2004). "John Jay Report". John Jay College of Criminal Justice. http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2004_02_27_JohnJay/index.html. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
- ^ a b Berry, Jason (2012 [last update]). "The Shame of John Paul II: How the Sex Abuse Scandal Stained His Papacy | The Nation". thenation.com. http://www.thenation.com/article/160242/shame-john-paul-ii-how-sex-abuse-scandal-stained-his-papacy. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Gallagher, Delia. "Vatican Study on Sex Abuse". Zenit. http://www.zenit.org/article-9560?l=english.
- ^ The Boston Globe, Boston (Copyright 2004 The New York Times Company). "Boston Globe / Spotlight / Abuse in the Catholic Church / Cardinal Law and the laity". The Boston Globe (Boston: NYTC). ISSN 0743-1791. http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/extras/law_timeline.htm. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Martin, S.J., James (25 February 1995). "Opus Dei in The United States". 2009 America Press Inc. 106 West 56th St., New York, N.Y. 10019. http://www.americamagazine.org/content/articles/martin-opusdei.cfm. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
- ^ "St. Josemaría Escriva de Balaguer". Catholic Online. http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5603. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Text of the accusation letter directed to John Paul II in Spanish (original language)
- ^ "Decoding secret world of Opus Dei". BBC News. 16 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4249444.stm. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, "Opus Dei backs new pope", CNN, 19 April 2005
- ^ Gray, Sadie (6 October 6, 2005). "Plea to Pope from 'God's banker' Revealed as Murder Trial Begins". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575133.ece.
- ^ BBC (19 June 1982). "BBC ON THIS DAY | 19 | 1982: 'God's Banker' Found Hanged". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/19/newsid_3092000/3092625.stm. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ Taylor, Aisha (4 April 2005). "Young Catholic Feminists Compare Legacy of MLK and John Paul II". 2008 Women's Ordination Conference. http://www.womensordination.org/content/view/121/42/. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
- ^ Vatican (2003 [last update]). "Considerations Regarding Proposals To Give Legal Recognition To Unions Between Homosexual Persons". vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20030731_homosexual-unions_en.html. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Hewitt, Hugh (04/06/2005). "Criticizing John Paul II : Yet Another Thing The Mainstream Press Does Not Understand About The Catholic Church.". Copyright 2009,News Corporation, Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/454iylel.asp. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
- ^ "Address to the Representatives of the Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities and of the World Religions". Vatican archives. 1986,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_prayer-peace-assisi-final_en.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "Address to the Representatives of the other Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities". 1986,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_san-rufino-assisi_en.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "Day of Prayer for Peace in the World". Vatican archives. 1986,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 24 January 2002. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/documents/ns_lit_doc_20020124_assisi-giornata_en.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "John Paul II kisses the Koran (Qu'ran) at the Vatican.". FIDES News Service. 2002, 2009 Tradition in Action, Inc. 14 May 1999. http://www.traditioninaction.org/RevolutionPhotos/A055rcKoran.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Michael J. Matt (21 March 2011). "A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II". The Remnant. http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ "Top Catholics Question Condom Ban". 2005, 2009 International Herald Tribune. 16 April 2005. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-107517312.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Williams, Daniel (23 January 2005). "Pope Rejects Condoms as a Counter to AIDS". 2005, 2009 Washington Post Foreign Service. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A29404-2005Jan22?language=printer. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Carvalho, Nirmala (8 December 2005). "INDIA Hindu Extremists Against Grants to Missionaries". 2005, 2009 AsiaNews C.F. 00889190153. http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=4009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Shah, Dhiru. "Mother Teresa's Hidden Mission in India: Conversion to Christianity". 2004, 2009 IndiaStar. http://www.indiastar.com/DhiruShah.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Allen Jr., John L.. "The Death of the Pope: Analysis of Pope John Paul II's reign". 2005, 2009 The National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company. http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/jp_obit_main.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "Ian Paisley and politics of peace". Los Angeles Times. 24 March 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/24/opinion/la-ed-paisley24-2010mar24. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ a b Davenport, Mark (19 January 2004). "BBC NEWS | Northern Ireland | Paisley's Exit from Europe". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3411419.stm. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Paisley, Dr R.K. (2012 [last update]). "EIPS – Historical Documents Reveal Former Pope’s Plans". ianpaisley.org. http://www.ianpaisley.org/article.asp?ArtKey=docs. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "HEADLINERS; Papal Audience". New York Times. 16 October 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1630F935A25753C1A96E948260. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ Cloud, David W. (2012 [last update]). "Free Presbyterian Church – Dr. Ian Paisley". freepres.org. http://www.freepres.org/paisley.asp?paisley. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ MacDonald, Susan (2 October 1988). "Paisley Ejected for Insulting Pope". The Times.
- ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (16 September 2004). "The Return of Dr. No". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1305503,00.html.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 1.
- ^ Adherents (2011 [last update]). "The Religion of Galileo Galilei, Astronomer and Scientist". National & World Religion Statistics. http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Galileo_Galilei.html. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ BBC News Europe (23 November 2001). "BBC News Europe – Pope Sends His First E-Mail – An Apology". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1671540.stm. Retrieved 30 January 2012. "from a laptop in the Vatican's frescoed Clementine Hall the 81-year-old pontiff transmitted the message, his first 'virtual' apology."
- ^ http://www.medjugorje.org/pope.htm
- ^ Ogledalo Pravde, p. 283
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Pope John Paul II
- For a comprehensive list of books written by and about Pope John Paul II, please see Bibliography of Pope John Paul II
- For other references see Cultural References to Pope John Paul II
- Works by or about Pope John Paul II in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
External links[link]
| Find more about Pope John Paul II on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- John Paul the Great Catholic University
- The Holy See – The Holy Father – John Paul II
- A Tribute to Pope John Paul II on the Occasion of his Beatification
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Eugeniusz Baziak |
Archbishop of Kraków 1963–1978 |
Succeeded by Franciszek Macharski |
| Preceded by John Paul I |
Pope 16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005 |
Succeeded by Benedict XVI |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | John Paul II, Pope |
| Alternative names | Wojtyła, Karol Józef; Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II |
| Short description | 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Date of birth | 18 May 1920 |
| Place of birth | Wadowice, Poland |
| Date of death | 2 April 2005 |
| Place of death | Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Johannes Paul II.
http://es.wn.com/Juan Pablo II
http://ru.wn.com/Иоанн Павел II
http://cs.wn.com/Jan Pavel II.
http://pt.wn.com/Papa João Paulo II
http://pl.wn.com/Jan Paweł II
http://it.wn.com/Papa Giovanni Paolo II
http://id.wn.com/Paus Yohanes Paulus II
http://nl.wn.com/Paus Johannes Paulus II
http://fr.wn.com/Jean-Paul II
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
.jpg){kind=link}
