Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

• Algebra
• Calculus
• Geometry
• Topology
• Trignometry
• Combinatorics
• Logic
• Number theory

Applied mathematics

• Dynamical systems and differential equations
• Mathematical physics
• Computing
• Information theory and signal processing
• Probability and statistics
• Game theory
• Operations research

Related Topics

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Linear Equations
• Applied Physics
• Nano Technology
• Engineering Sciences
• Mathematical Medicine
• Fluid dynamics
• Computational Mathematics
• Gamma Ray Optics
• Onfrared Optics
• Relative Velocity
• Iciam
• Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering
• Neuroscience Research
• Quantum Cosmology
• Brain Research

• Anna Paulowna
• Breezanddijk
• Canal lock
• Causeway
• Dam
• Den Oever
• Drawbridge
• Dredging
• Engineer
• European route E22
• Friesland
• Great Depression
• Harlingen, Friesland
• Hendric Stevin
• Hendrik Lorentz
• IJssel
• IJsselmeer
• Kornwerderzand
• Levee
• Mathematician
• Motorway
• Netherlands
• North Holland
• North Sea
• Physicist
• Polders
• Railway
• Sea-level
• Simon Stevin
• Sluice
• Speed limit
• Súdwest-Fryslân
• Till
• Wadden Sea
• Wieringen
• Willem Marinus Dudok
• Willow
• Zuiderzee
• Zuiderzee Works
• Zurich, Netherlands
• 
  

• 
  Afsluitdijk
  Coordinates: 53°00′30″N 5°11′25″E / 53.00833°N 5.19028°E / 53.00833; 5.19028
  The Afsluitdijk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑf.slœy̆.ˌdɛi̯k], Frisian: Ofslútdyk; English: Enclosure Dam) is a major causeway in the Netherlands, constructed between 1927 and 1933 and running from Den Oever on Wieringen in North Holland province, to the village of Zurich (in the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân) in Friesland province, over a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi) and a width of 90 m, at an initial height of 7.25 m above sea-level.
  It is a fundamental part of the larger Zuiderzee Works, damming off the Zuiderzee, a salt water inlet of the North Sea, and turning it into the fresh water lake of the IJsselmeer. The Afsluitdijk was the initial demonstration site for a 130 km/h speed limit in the Netherlands.
  Previous experiences had demonstrated that till (boulder clay), rather than just sand or clay, was the best primary material for a structure like the Afsluitdijk, with the added benefit that till was in plentiful supply in the area; it could be retrieved in large quantities by simply dredging it from the bottom of the Zuiderzee. Work started at four points: on both sides of the mainland and on two specially made construction-islands (Kornwerderzand and Breezanddijk) along the line of the future dike.
  
  wn.com/Afsluitdijk
• 
  Anna Paulowna
  Anna Paulowna ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The municipality derives its name from the Anna Paulownapolder, which was laid dry in 1846 during the reign of King William II of the Netherlands and in turn named after his wife, Queen Anna Pavlovna of Russia.
  The municipality of Anna Paulowna consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Anna Paulowna, Breezand, Nieuwesluis, Van Ewijcksluis, Wieringerwaard.
  The town is served by Anna Paulowna railway station.
  The municipal council of Anna Paulowna consists of 15 seats. After the Dutch municipal elections of 2010 the seats are divided as follows:
  Media related to Anna Paulowna at Wikimedia Commons
  
  
  
  wn.com/Anna_Paulowna
• 
  Breezanddijk
  Breezanddijk (West Frisian: Breesândyk) is a small community that lies near the midpoint of the Afsluitdijk, part of the A7 motorway, in the Netherlands. It belongs to the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân, in Friesland province.
  The village lies between Den Oever and Kornwerderzand. Until 2011 it was part of the former municipality of Wûnseradiel, merged with other 4 to form the new Súdwest-Fryslân.
  There are about 40-50 buildings, most of which are bunkhouses that were built for the workers employed during the construction of the Afsluitdijk.
  Today, it has a population of four and its solitary commercial establishment is a Texaco gas station for travelers upon the dike.
  Media related to Breezanddijk at Wikimedia Commons
  Coordinates: 53°01′12″N 5°12′25″E / 53.02°N 5.20694°E / 53.02; 5.20694
  
  
  
  wn.com/Breezanddijk
• 
  Den Oever
  Den Oever (Dutch pronunciation: [də.ˈnu.vər]) is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Wieringen, and lies about 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Den Helder.
  The village is located at the west side of the Afsluitdijk: therefore the Stevin lock (named after mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin) and three series of five sluices for discharging the IJsselmeer into the Wadden Sea were constructed in Den Oever.
  In 2001, the town of Den Oever had 2286 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.53 km², and contained 938 residences.
  The eightsided wooden grain smock mill "De Hoop" ("The Hope") is situated in the middle of the village with a wingspan of 17 metres (56 ft). It dates back into the 17th century (1654) and has been completely restored in the second half of the 20th century (1960, e.g. iron wingstocks, metal cap rolls for the wheeling or winding (cap rotating) mechanism from a Gelderland mill, new cast-iron windshaft etc.). Unusual with the mill is that it never has had a hoist mechanism.
  
  wn.com/Den_Oever
• 
  Drawbridge
  A drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. The term is often used to describe all different types of movable bridges, like bascule bridges and lift bridges.
  Medieval castles were usually defended by a ditch or moat, crossed by wooden bridge. In early castles the bridge might be designed to be destroyed or removed in the event of an attack, but drawbridges became very common. A typical arrangement would have the drawbridge immediately outside a gatehouse, consisting of a wooden deck with one edge hinged or pivoting at the gatehouse threshold, so that in the raised position the bridge would be flush against the gate, forming an additional barrier to entry. It would be backed by one or more portcullises and gates. Access to the bridge could be resisted with missiles from machicolations above or arrow slits in flanking towers.
  The bridge would be raised or lowered using ropes or chains attached to a windlass in a chamber in the gatehouse above the gate-passage. Only a very light bridge could be raised in this way without any form of counterweight, so some form of bascule arrangement is normally found. The bridge may extend into the gate-passage beyond the pivot point, either over a pit into which the internal portion can swing (providing a further obstacle to attack), or in the form of counterweighted beams that drop into slots in the floor.
  
  wn.com/Drawbridge
• 
  Harlingen, Friesland
  Harlingen ( pronunciation (help·info), West Frisian: Harns) is a municipality and a city in the northern Netherlands, in the province of Friesland at the Wadden Sea. Harlingen is an old town with a long history of fishing and shipping.
  Harlingen is served by two stations on the railway line from Leeuwarden, operated by Arriva: Harlingen Haven railway station and Harlingen railway station. From 1904 to 1935 there was a passenger service on the North Friesland Railway, freight being carried until January 1938. Rederij Doeksen operate ferries to the Wadden islands of Vlieland and Terschelling depart from Harlingen.
  The famous Dutch writer Simon Vestdijk was born in Harlingen and used to depict his hometown in his writings as Lahringen.
  The town of Harlingen, Texas, in the United States is named after this city because many of the original settlers of the Texas town came from Harlingen.
  The Admiralty of Friesland was established in Dokkum in 1597 but moved to Harlingen in 1645.
  |Harlingen, town hall
  
  wn.com/Harlingen,_Friesland
• 
  Kornwerderzand
  Kornwerderzand (Frisian: Koarnwertersân) is a settlement on the Afsluitdijk, a major dam in the Netherlands that links Frisia with North Holland.
  Kornwerderzand is located approximately 4 kilometers from the coast of Frisia, on a former artificial island which was created during the construction of the dam. The settlement has a population of 22 (as of January 1, 2007). It is part of the municipality of Wonseradeel. The shipping locks at Kornwerderzand, also known as the Lorentzsluizen ("Lorentz Locks"), provide access to the Wadden Sea from the IJsselmeer, and a complex of discharge sluices control the water level in the IJsselmeer. A second complex of sluices and locks is located at the other side of the Afsluitdijk, near Den Oever.
  The Afsluitdijk provides a road link between the provinces of Frisia and North Holland. Since North Holland was part of Vesting Holland ("Fortress Holland"), the national redoubt of the Netherlands at the time, and control of the sluices in the Afsluitdijk was necessary for planned defensive inundations in case of a military invasion, Kornwerderzand was considered strategically important by the Dutch government. From 1931 onwards, fortifications consisting of seventeen casemates and three bunkers were constructed. The position was manned with approximately 220 troops in 1939.
  
  wn.com/Kornwerderzand
• 
  Netherlands
  The Netherlands (ⁱ/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
  
  wn.com/Netherlands
• 
  Wadden Sea
  The Wadden Sea (Dutch: Waddenzee, German: Wattenmeer, Low German: Wattensee or Waddenzee, Danish: Vadehavet, West Frisian: Waadsee) is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It is rich in biological diversity. In 2009, the Dutch and German parts of the Wadden Sea were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List.
  According to C. Michael Hogan, the Wadden Sea is one of the world's seas whose coastline has been most modified by humans, via systems of dikes and causeways on the mainland and low lying coastal islands. The Wadden Sea stretches from Den Helder in the Netherlands in the southwest, past the great river estuaries of Germany to its northern boundary at Skallingen north of Esbjerg in Denmark along a total length of some 500 km and a total area of about 10,000 km². Within the Netherlands it is bounded from the IJsselmeer by the Afsluitdijk.
  
  wn.com/Wadden_Sea
• 
  Wieringen
  Wieringen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋiː.rɪ.ŋə(n)] ( listen)) is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It consists of a former island, also named Wieringen, and there are plans to make Wieringen an island again by widening the Amsteldiepkanaal into a lake called the Wieringerrandmeer.
  The municipality of Wieringen consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Dam, De Haukes, De Hoelm, Den Oever, Hippolytushoef, Hollebalg, Noordburen, Oosterklief, Oosterland, Smerp, Stroe, Vatrop, Westerklief and Westerland.
  The landscape of Wieringen is not all flat: it is characterised by dam ramparts of boulder clay, which were formed during the Saale Ice Age. The name Wieringen has nothing to do with "wier"(seaweed in Dutch), but this connection was often made in former days. Probably the name came from Old Frisian wîr = "height".
  The first known references to Wieringen is as "Wiron" or "pagus Wirense" in Latin in a list of property owned by the monastery at Fulda, dated late 8th century or early 9th century AD. In that list, the entries that mention Wieringen are:-
  
  wn.com/Wieringen
• 
  Zuiderzee
  The Zuiderzee (/ˌzaɪdər ˈzeɪ/; Dutch: Zuiderzee, Dutch: [ˌzœy̆dərˈzeː]; old spelling Zuyderzee) was a shallow bay of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands, extending about 100 km (60 miles) inland and at most 50 km (30 miles) wide, with an overall depth of about 4 to 5 metres (13–16 feet) and a coastline of about 300 km (200 miles). It covered 5,000 km² (1,900 sq mi). Its name means "southern sea" in Dutch, indicating that the origin of the name can be found in Friesland to the north of the Zuiderzee (also see North Sea). In the 20th century the majority of the Zuiderzee was closed off from the North Sea (leaving the mouth of the inlet to become part of the Wadden Sea) and the salt water inlet changed into a fresh water lake called the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake) after the river that drains into it, and by means of drainage and polders, an area of some 1,500 km² (580 sq mi) was reclaimed as land. This land eventually became the province of Flevoland, with a population of nearly 400,000 (2011).
  
  wn.com/Zuiderzee

• 
  Hendrik Lorentz
  Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Arnhem, 18 July 1853 – Haarlem, 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time.
  Hendrik Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Gelderland (The Netherlands), the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822 – 1893), a well-off nurseryman, and Geertruida van Ginkel (1826 – 1861). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes. Despite being raised as a Protestant, he was a freethinker in religious matters. From 1866-1869 he attended the newly established high school in Arnhem, and in 1870 he passed the exams in classical languages which were then required for admission to University.
  Lorentz studied physics and mathematics at the University of Leiden, where he was strongly influenced by the teaching of astronomy professor Frederik Kaiser; it was his influence that led him to become a physicist. After earning a bachelor's degree, he returned to Arnhem in 1872 to teach high school classes in mathematics, but he continued his studies in Leiden in addition to his teaching position. In 1875 Lorentz earned a doctoral degree under Pieter Rijke on a thesis entitled "Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht" (On the theory of reflection and refraction of light), in which he refined the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell.
  In 1881 Hendrik married Aletta Catharina Kaiser, niece of Frederik Kaiser. She was the daughter of Johann Wilhelm Kaiser, director of the Amsterdam's Engraving School and professor of Fine Arts, and designer of the first Dutch postage stamps (1852). Later Kaiser was the Director of the National Gallery of Amsterdam. Hendrik and Aletta's eldest daughter Geertruida Luberta Lorentz was to become a physicist as well.
  
  wn.com/Hendrik_Lorentz
• 
  Simon Stevin
  Simon Stevin (1548/49 – 1620) was a Flemish mathematician and military engineer. He was active in a great many areas of science and engineering, both theoretical and practical. He also translated various mathematical terms into Dutch, making it one of the few European languages in which the word for mathematics, wiskunde ("the art of what is certain"), was not derived from Greek (via Latin).
  Stevin was born in Bruges, Flanders (now Belgium) around the year 1548, to unmarried parents, Antheunis (Anton) Stevin and Catelyne van der Poort. His father is believed to have been a cadet son of a mayor of Veurne, while his mother Cathelijne (or Catelyne) was the daughter of a burgher family from Ypres. Simon's mother Cathelijne was later married to a man who was involved in the carpet and silk trade. Through her marriage Cathelijne became a member of a family who were Calvinists and it is presumed that Simon was brought in the Calvinist faith. Very little has been recorded about his life. Even the exact date of birth and the date and place of his death (The Hague or Leiden) are uncertain. It is known that he left a widow with two children; and one or two hints scattered throughout his works inform us that he began life as a merchant's clerk in Antwerp, that he travelled in Poland, Denmark and other parts of northern Europe. After his travels, in 1581, while in his thirties, he moved to Leiden where he attended the Latin school and at the age of 35 (1583) entered the University of Leiden where he befriended William of Orange's second son, Maurits (Maurice), the Count Of Nassau. Following William of Orange's assassination and Prince Maurice of Nassau's assumption of his father's office, he became an advisor and tutor of Maurice, who asked his advice on many occasions, and made him a public officer – at first director of the so-called "waterstaet" (the government authority for public works) from 1592, and later quartermaster-general of the army of the States-General.
  
  wn.com/Simon_Stevin
• 
  Willem Marinus Dudok
  Willem Marinus Dudok (6 July 1884, Amsterdam - 6 April 1974, Hilversum), was a Dutch modernist architect, best known for the brick Hilversum City Hall.
  Dudok became City Architect for the town of Hilversum in 1928 and designed and built about 75 houses, public buildings and entire neighborhoods there, best known for the brick Hilversum City Hall (Raadhuis), completed in 1931. Not only did he design the building, but also the interior including the carpets, furniture and even the mayor's meeting hammer.
  Dudok's early style grew out of the Amsterdam School but the dramatic massing, asymmetry, the overhanging eaves and other elements of his landmark City Hall were clearly influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright and the Chicago Prairie School. Dudok continued to produce progressive, Dutch modernist structures in Hilversum for decades, through the 1960s, and had international influence. He received the RIBA Gold Medal in 1935 and the AIA Gold Medal in 1955. He also designed buildings in Paris, the Collège néerlandais in the Cité Universitaire, a cultural centre in Baghdad and a cinema in Calcutta.
  
  wn.com/Willem_Marinus_Dudok

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