Noon (also midday or noon time) is usually defined as 12 o'clock in the daytime. However the term midday is used colloquially to refer to a range of time, usually 11-1. The word noon is also used informally to mean midday regarding the location of the sun, as opposed to the middle of one's day. Although this is a time around the middle of the day when people in many countries take a lunch break. Solar noon is 12 o'clock apparent solar time, or around 12 – 1 p.m. local time depending on daylight saving time, the moment when the sun crosses the meridian and is about at its highest elevation in the sky. The clock time of solar noon depends on the longitude and date.^[1]

The opposite of noon is midnight.

In many cultures in the northern hemisphere, noon had ancient geographic associations with the direction "south" (as did midnight with "north" in some cultures). Remnants of the noon = south association are preserved in the words for noon in French (midi) and Italian (mezzogiorno), both of which also refer to the southern parts of the respective countries. Modern Polish and Ukrainian go a step farther, with the words for noon (południe, полудень – literally "half-day") also meaning "south" and the words for "midnight" (północ, північ – literally "half-night", as with English mid(dle) meaning "half") also meaning "north".

Etymology[link]

The word noon is derived from Latin nona hora, the ninth hour of the day, and is related to the liturgical term none. The Roman and Western European medieval monastic day began at 6:00 a.m. (06:00) by modern timekeeping, so the ninth hour started at what is now 3:00 p.m. (15:00). In English, the meaning of the word shifted to midday and the time gradually moved back to 12:00. The change began in the twelfth century and was fixed by the fourteenth century.^[2]

Solar noon[link]

Solar noon is the moment when the Sun transits the celestial meridian – roughly the time when it highest above the horizon on that day. This is also the origin of the terms ante meridiem and post meridiem as noted below. The Sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the equator on the equinoxes; at the Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23° 26′ 16″ N) on the June solstice; and at the Tropic of Capricorn (23° 26′ 16″ S) on the December solstice.

Muslims called solar noon as Zawwal (زوال) and is the time by which they can start offering their Dhuhr prayers.

Nomenclature[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (June 2011)

With 12-hour time notation, most authorities^[who?] recommend avoiding confusion by using "noon", "12 noon", or "12:00 noon".

Digital clocks and computers commonly display 12 p.m. for noon. While that phrase may be used practically, it helps to understand that any particular time is actually an instant. The "p.m." shown on clock displays refers to the 12-hour period following the instant of noon, not to the instant itself.

While computers and digital clocks display "12:00 a.m." and "12:00 p.m." these notations provide no clear and unambiguous way to distinguish between midnight and noon. It is actually improper to use "a.m." and "p.m." when referring to 12:00. The abbreviation a.m. stands for ante meridiem (or before the meridian) and p.m. stands for post meridiem (or after the meridian), with the meridian being 12:00 noon. For this reason, neither abbreviation is correct for noon or midnight.^[3] The length of the error is determined by the smallest unit of time: 12:00:01 p.m. would be correctly notated, as would even 12:00:00.00001 pm.

The most common ways to represent these times are:

• to use a 24-hour clock (00:00 and 12:00, 24:00)
• to use "12 noon" or "12 midnight", although unless the person is referring to a general time and not a specific day, "12 midnight" is still ambiguous
• to specify midnight as between two successive days or dates (Midnight Saturday/Sunday or Midnight December 14/15)
• to use "12:01 a.m." or "11:59 p.m." This final usage is common in the travel industry, especially train and plane schedules, to avoid confusion as to passengers' schedules

The 30th edition of the U.S. Government Style Manual (2008) sections 9.54 and 12.9b recommends the use of "12 a.m." for midnight and "12 p.m." for noon.^{[4][5][nb 1]}

See also[link]

• 12-hour clock
• Dipleidoscope
• Midnight
• Hour angle
• Solar azimuth angle

Notes[link]

1. ^ The 29th edition of the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2000) section 12.9 recommended the opposite the use of "12 p.m." for midnight and "12 a.m." (formerly "12 m.") for noon.

References[link]

External links[link]

Media related to Noon at Wikimedia Commons

• Generate a solar noon calendar for your location
• U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008), 30th edition
• Shows the hour and angle of sunrise, noon, and sunset drawn over a map.

v t e Parts of a day Dawn · Twilight–Sunrise · Morning · Daylight · Evening · Sunset–Twilight–Dusk · Night Related articles: Blue hour · Golden hour · Terminator · Forenoon · Noon · Afternoon · Midnight · Daytime · Midnight sun

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)

Kruder & Dorfmeister, named after members Peter Kruder and Richard Dorfmeister, is an Austrian duo most known for their downtempo-dub remixes of pop, hip-hop and drum and bass songs.

Style[link]

Their mixes are usually flavored with sampler-processed vocals, deep bassline dub, trip-hop elements, bossa grooves and smoothly-shaped echoes. Some of their better-known works include "High Noon," "Original Bedroom Rockers," and remixes of Madonna's "Nothing Really Matters," Depeche Mode's "Useless," Count Basic's "Speechless" and Roni Size's "Heroes". Many of their remixes are collected on the double album The K & D Sessions.

Although best known internationally for their remixing work, the duo gained their primary reputation in Europe for their live DJ performances and their DJ mix album for the DJ Kicks series DJ-Kicks: Kruder & Dorfmeister. Kruder and Dorfmeister have their own recording studio in Vienna, and label G-Stone Recordings through which they release many of their own albums.

Discography[link]

• 1996 - Conversions: A K&D Selection (Mix album) Spray Records/BMG Records
• 1996 - DJ-Kicks: Kruder & Dorfmeister (Mix album) Studio !K7
• 1996 - G-Stoned EP (12") G-Stone Recordings
• 1996 - Black Baby EP Studio !K7
• 1998 - The K & D Sessions (Mix Album) Studio !K7
• 2002 - G-Stone Book (Mix Album)
• 2008 - Shakatakadoodub (Online EP)
• 2010 - Sixteen Fucking Years Of G-Stone Recordings (Studio !K7)

Other aliases[link]

• Tosca (Dorfmeister, with Rupert Huber)
• Peace Orchestra (Kruder)

Richard Dorfmeister vs. Madrid De Los Austrias (w/ Heinz Tronigger & Michael "Pogo" Kreiner)

• 2004 - Valldemossa Sunshine Enterprises
• 2006 - Boogie No More (12") Net's Work International
• 2006 - Grand Slam (CD) G-Stone Recordings
• 2006 - Valldemossa Remixed (12") Sunshine Enterprises

Voom:Voom (w/ Christian Prommer & Roland Appel)

• 2000 - Poppen / Influenza (12") Compost Records
• 2001 - Ginger & Fred / Influenza Forte (12") Compost Records
• 2003 - Baby 3 (12") Compost Records
• 2006 - Peng Peng LP Studio !K7

External links[link]

• Official website
• Kruder & Dorfmeister at Discogs
• Kruder & Dorfmeister discography at MusicBrainz
• Tosca - No Hassle website
• DJ-Kicks website

Ian Bostridge CBE (born 25 December 1964) is an English tenor, well known for his performances as an opera singer and as a song recitalist.^[1]

Early life and education[link]

Bostridge was born on 25 December 1964 to Leslie Bostridge and Lillian (née Clark).^[2] He studied at Dulwich College Preparatory School and Westminster School, where he was a Queen's Scholar. At Westminster he originally intended to work in theoretical physics. He developed a unified theory of gravity and electromagnetism, which he submitted to Roger Penrose, who at the time was a leading authority on the subject. However after a few years he became disillusioned with physics and decided to specialize in the arts. He then attended the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, where he achieved a First in modern history and received an M.Phil in the history and philosophy of science. He received his D.Phil from Oxford in 1990, on the significance of witchcraft in English public life from 1650 to 1750, and was a British Academy post-doctoral fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, before embarking on a career as a singer. His book "Witchcraft and its Transformations 1650 to 1750" was published as an Oxford Historical Monograph in 1997. This has been an influential work in the study of the pre-Enlightenment, "achieving that rarest of feats in the scholarly world: taking a well-worn subject and ensuring that it will never be looked at in quite the same way again" (Noel Malcolm, TLS).^[3] In 1991 he won the National Federation of Music Societies Award and from 1992 received support from the Young Concert Artists Trust.

Career[link]

Bostridge made his Wigmore Hall debut in 1993; his Purcell Room debut (an acclaimed Winterreise) and his Aldeburgh Festival debut in 1994; in 1995 he gave his first solo recital in the Wigmore Hall (winning the Royal Philharmonic Society's Debut Award); in 1996 he gave recitals in Lyon, Cologne, London and at the Aldeburgh, Cheltenham and Edinburgh Festivals, and in 1997 at the Alte Oper, Frankfurt.

On the concert platform he has appeared with the London Symphony Orchestra under Sir Colin Davis and Mstislav Rostropovich, the Scottish Chamber Orchestra under Sir Charles Mackerras, and the City of Birmingham Symphony and Berlin Philharmonic under Sir Simon Rattle.

His first solo-featured recording was for Hyperion Records, a Britten song recital, The Red Cockatoo with Graham Johnson. His subsequent recording of Die schöne Müllerin in Hyperion's Schubert Edition won the Gramophone's Solo Vocal Award for 1996; he won the prize again in 1998 for a recording of Schumann Lieder with his regular collaborator, the pianist Julius Drake. An EMI Classics exclusive artist since 1996, he is a twelve-time Grammy nominee. His CDs have won most of the major record prizes including Grammy, Edison, Japanese Recording Academy, Brit, South BAnk Show Award, Diapason d'Or de l'Année, Choc de l'Année, Echo Klassik and Deutsche Schallplattenpreis. In His recording of Schubert's "Die Forelle" with Julius Drake forms part of the soundtrack of the 2011 movie "Sherlock Holmes: a Game of Shadows".

Bostridge made his operatic debut in 1994, aged 29, as Lysander in A Midsummer Night's Dream with the Australian Opera at the Edinburgh Festival, directed by Baz Luhrmann. In 1996 made his debut with the English National Opera, singing his first Tamino (The Magic Flute). In 1997 he sang Quint in Deborah Warner's new production of The Turn of the Screw under Sir Colin Davis for the Royal Opera. He has recorded Flute (Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream) with Sir Colin Davis for Philips Classics; Belmonte (Die Entführung aus dem Serail) with William Christie for Erato; Tom Rakewell (The Rake's Progress) under John Eliot Gardiner for Deutsche Grammophon (Grammy Award); and Captain Vere (Billy Budd) (Grammy Award) with Daniel Harding. In 2007 he appeared at the ENO in the role of Aschenbach in Britten's Death in Venice, in a production by Deborah Warner.

In 1997 he made a film of Schubert's Winterreise for Channel 4 directed by David Alden;^[4] he has been the subject of a South Bank Show profile documentary on ITV^[5] and presented a BBC4 film on Leoš Janáček.^[6] He has written on music for The Guardian, The Times Literary Supplement, Opernwelt, BBC Music Magazine, Opera Now and The Independent.

Later engagements included recitals in Paris, Stockholm, Lisbon, Brussels, Amsterdam and the Vienna Konzerthaus. In North America he appeared in recitals in New York City at the Frick Collection in 1998 and Alice Tully Hall in 1999 and made his Carnegie Hall debut under Sir Neville Marriner. Also in 1998 he sang Vasek in a new production of The Bartered Bride under Bernard Haitink for the Royal Opera and made his debut at the Munich Festival as Nerone (L'incoronazione di Poppea) and in recital (Winterreise at the Cuvillés Theatre). In 1999 he made his debut with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Roger Norrington. He works regularly with the pianists Julius Drake, Mitsuko Uchida, composer Thomas Ades [1] and Covent Garden music director Antonio Pappano.

In summer 2000, Bostridge gave the fifth annual Edinburgh University Festival Lecture (previous lecturers included George Steiner, Pierre Boulez and Alfred Brendel) entitled "Music and Magic".

In 2004, Bostridge was made CBE for his services to music. He is an honorary fellow of Corpus Christi College and St John's College, Oxford, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of St Andrews in 2004.

His brother is the Whitbread-shortlisted biographer and critic Mark Bostridge, whose book "Florence Nightingale: the woman and her legend" was published in the UK in 2008. They are great-grandchildren of John Stanislaus Joyce, "Tiny Joyce", a cousin of James Joyce and famous goalkeeper who played for Tottenham Hotspur before the First World War.[2].

On 11 November 2009 Bostridge sang Agnus Dei from Benjamin Britten's War Requiem, at the Armistice Day service in Westminster Abbey. This uses the words of war poet Wilfred Owen's "At a Calvary near the Ancre". This Service marks the loss of the WWI generation, whose last members died earlier the same year.

Bostridge was for a time the music columnist for Standpoint magazine, the new monthly publication launched "to celebrate Western civilisation"; he continues to serve on the magazine's advisory board. He is a patron of the Music Libraries Trust and the Macmillan Cancer Support Guards Chapel Carol Concert.

A collection of his writings on music, "A Singer's Notebook", was published by Faber and Faber in September 2011 to widespread acclaim. "A consistently lively, learned, urbane and passionate book, once opened not likely to be closed until you have read it all" wrote the philosopher Michael Tanner in BBC Music Magazine.

Personal life[link]

In 1992 Bostridge married the writer and publisher Lucasta Miller,^[2] and they have a son and a daughter. His hobbies include reading, cooking, and looking at pictures.^[2] His brother is the biographer and critic Mark Bostridge.

Discography[link]

• Three Baroque Tenors Arias for Beard, Borosini and Fabri. Bernard Labadie (EMI Classics 2010)
• Adès: The Tempest with Thomas Adès (EMI Classics, 2009)
• Schubert: Schwanengesang with Antonio Pappano (EMI Classics, 2009)
• Schubert: The Wanderer: Lieder and Fragments with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2008)
• Great Handel with Harry Bickett (EMI Classics, 2007)
• Schubert: Lieder and Sonata with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2007)
• Wolf: Lieder with Antonio Pappano (EMI Classics, 2006)
• Britten: Les Illuminations, Serenade, Nocturne with Simon Rattle (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: 25 Lieder with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Wagner: Tristan und Isolde with Antonio Pappano (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: die Schöne Müllerin with Mitsuko Uchida (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: Lieder and Sonata No.21 with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: Winterreise with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2004)
• Monteverdi: Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haïm (Virgin Classics, 2004)
• Purcell: Dido and Aeneas with Emmanuelle Haïm (Virgin Classics, 2003)
• Vaughan Williams: On Wenlock Edge with Bernard Haitink (EMI Classics, 2003)
• Schubert: Lieder and Sonata D850 with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2003)
• Mozart: Idomeneo with Charles Mackerras (EMI Classics, 2002)
• Britten: Canticles & Folksongs with Julius Drake (Virgin Classics, 2002)
• Britten: Turn of the Screw with Daniel Harding (Virgin Classics, 2002)
• The Songs of Robert Schumann, Vol.7 with Dorothea Röschmann and Graham Johnson (Hyperion, 2002)
• The Noël Coward Songbook with Jeffrey Tate (EMI Classics, 2002)
• Schubert: Lieder volume II with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 2001)
• Henze: Songs with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 2001)
• Bach: Cantatas and Arias with Fabio Biondi (Virgin Classics, 2000)
• Handel: L'allegro, il penseroso ed il moderato with John Nelson (Virgin Classics, 2000)
• The English Songbook with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 1999)
• Stravinsky: The Rake's Progress with John Eliot Gardiner (Deutsche Grammophon, 1999)
• Schumann: Liederkreis & Dichterliebe etc. with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 1998)
• Schubert: Lieder volume I with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 1998)
• Schubert: Die schöne Müllerin (Schubert Edition, Vol.25) with Graham Johnson and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Hyperion, 1996)
• Britten: The Red Cockatoo & Other Songs with Graham Johnson (Hyperion, 1995)
• Nyman: Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs with Dominique Debart (Argo, 1995)
• Bach: St Matthew Passion (Evangelist) with Philippe Herreweghe (Harmonia Mundi, 1999)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Facebook page
• Witchcraft and Its Transformations, c.1650-c.1750 (Doctoral thesis, at amazon.com)
• Ian Bostridge official MySpace music page
• About Ian Bostridge
• FT profile May 2011
• Guardian profile September 2011
• EMI artist page

Tim Schafer
Tim Schafer at GDC 2011.
Born	(1967-07-26) July 26, 1967 (age 44) Sonoma, California
Occupation	Game designer
Spouse	Rachael Schafer

Timothy Schafer (born July 26, 1967) is an American computer game designer. He founded Double Fine Productions in January 2000, after having spent over a decade at LucasArts. Schafer is best known as the designer of critically acclaimed games Full Throttle, Grim Fandango, Psychonauts, and Brütal Legend, and co-designer of the early classics The Secret of Monkey Island, Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge and Day of the Tentacle. He is known in the video game industry for his story-telling and comedic writing style.

Career[link]

While studying computer science at UC Berkeley, Tim Schafer worked at Lucasfilm Games. During his application process for the job, he had a somewhat disastrous phone interview in which he mentioned being a fan of Ballblaster. The interviewer, David Fox, informed him that the Lucasfilm Games title was Ballblazer, and that only the pirated version was known as Ballblaster.^[1] Schafer was still permitted to send in his resume and a cover letter, so to make up for the phone interview, he sent in a comic of himself applying for and getting the job at Lucasfilm Games, drawn as a text adventure.^[1][2]

On March 21, 1989 Schafer sent a job application to Atari, which was denied. Atari stated that they had no available positions at that time, and that he would be reconsidered depending of their needs in relation to his experience and skills.^[3]

After play testing the Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade action game and assisting with the NES version of Maniac Mansion, Schafer was assigned as a writer and programmer to the production of the pirate-themed adventure game The Secret of Monkey Island.

According to series creator Ron Gilbert, Schafer and fellow writer-programmer Dave Grossman were responsible for about two thirds of the game's dialogue.^[4] Monkey Island is noted for its humorous story, though it was originally conceived as having a more serious tone; Schafer and Grossman wrote much more humorous placeholder dialog, which persuaded Gilbert to turn it into a comedy. The Secret of Monkey Island became one of the most acclaimed games of its kind. The same team created the sequel, Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge.

Schafer and other game developers at a BAFTA event in Los Angeles in July 2011. From left: Rod Humble, Louis Castle, David Perry, Brenda Brathwaite, John Romero, Will Wright, Tim Schafer, Chris Hecker.

In his first lead role on a game project, Schafer co-designed (with Dave Grossman) Maniac Mansion: Day of the Tentacle, a time-travel comedy adventure and the sequel of Ron Gilbert's Maniac Mansion. Schafer's first solo project, the biker adventure Full Throttle, was released in 1995. He went on to design the highly acclaimed Grim Fandango, a noir adventure game set in the Aztec afterlife featuring characters similar to the papier-mâché skeleton decorations from the Mexican holiday Dia De Los Muertos. Grim Fandango won many awards, including GameSpot's Game of the Year award of 1998.^[5]

Schafer worked on an unannounced PlayStation 2 action-adventure game at LucasArts, but it never entered production. He left the company in January 2000 to found Double Fine Productions, where he created the platform game Psychonauts. The game was first released on Xbox in North America on April 19, 2005. It won much critical acclaim, including a Game of the Year award from Eurogamer.

On March 7, 2007, he hosted the annual Game Developers Choice Awards. He later hosted it again in 2009. To coincide, Double Fine released a free Flash minigame entitled Host Master and the Conquest of Humor, a pastiche of Schafer's LucasArts games in which the player takes on the role of Schafer backstage at the GDC Awards.

In fall 2009, Schafer completed a new game called Brütal Legend. The game was released on October 13, 2009, on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles.^[6] In an April 2009 interview on The Jace Hall Show, Schafer had this to say about Brütal Legend: "For Brütal Legend, I've always seen this overlap between medieval warfare and heavy metal. You see heavy metal singers and they'll have like a brace around their arm and they'll be singing about Orcs. So let's just make a world where that all happens. That all gets put together, the heavy metal, and the rock, and the battling, actually does happen. Let's not flirt around with this; let's just do it."^[7]

Schafer announced in July 2010 that EA had canceled the sequel to Brütal Legend. Instead of Brütal Legend 2, Schafer will make four smaller games: Costume Quest, Stacking, Iron Brigade and Once upon a Monster.

On February 9, 2012, Schafer launched a crowdfunded project for an unnamed adventure game via Kickstarter.com. The game and accompanying documentary were projected to cost US$400,000. Contributions exceeded that amount by more than three times in less than 24 hours, making it the first Kickstarter project to reach the elusive $2 million figure, and the second most successful project on the website so far.^[8][9] The Kickstarter project has since reached the $3 million mark.^[10] When the project ended on March 13, funding reached a level of $3,336,371 in Kickstarter ^[11] with an additional $110,000 from premium pledges.^[12]

Recognition[link]

• The press first previewed Psychonauts at the E3 trade show of 2002, where it won the Game Critics Award for Best Original Game.^[13]
• An hour-long episode of Icons on the G4 Network documented the last week of Psychonauts' production and explored Tim Schafer's career. (Original airdate: April 28, 2005).^[14]
• At the 2006 Game Developers Choice Awards, Tim Schafer and Erik Wolpaw won the award for Best Writing for Psychonauts. Tim Schafer and Double Fine Executive Producer & COO Caroline Esmurdoc also won the award for Best New Studio.
• In October 2006, Tim Schafer received a BAFTA video game Best Screenplay award for Psychonauts.^[15]

Games[link]

• 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game, tester (LucasArts)^[16]
• 1990 Maniac Mansion (NES port), tools programmer, SCUMM (LucasArts)
• 1990 The Secret of Monkey Island, co-writer, programmer, additional designer (LucasArts)
• 1991 Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, co-writer, programmer, additional designer (LucasArts)
• 1993 Maniac Mansion: Day of the Tentacle, co-designer, co-producer, co-director, co-writer (LucasArts)
• 1995 Full Throttle, project leader, writer, designer (LucasArts)
• 1998 Grim Fandango, project leader, writer, designer (LucasArts)
• 2005 Psychonauts, creative director, co-writer, designer (Double Fine, Majesco)
• 2009 Brütal Legend, creative director, writer, designer (Double Fine, Electronic Arts)
• 2010 Costume Quest, creative director, writer (Double Fine, THQ)
• 2011 Stacking (Double Fine, THQ)
• 2011 Trenched (Now known as "Iron Brigade") (Double Fine, Microsoft Studios)
• 2011 Sesame Street: Once Upon a Monster (Double Fine, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment)
• 2012 Haunt, voice actor (NanaOn-Sha, Zoë Mode, Microsoft Studios)^[17]
• 2012 Double Fine Happy Action Theater (Double Fine, Microsoft Studios)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tim Schafer

• Tim Schafer at MobyGames
• Tim Schafer's company weblog
• What does the game industry have against innovation? (a news feature centered on Psychonauts, with comments from Schafer)
• "Tim Schafer on Taking Risks" (D.I.C.E. Summit 2005)
• "Tim Schafer on Memorable Character Design" (GDC 2004, audio recording)
• Tim Schafer on the Monkey Island Wiki
• Trip to Double Fine from The International House of Mojo
• Return to Double Fine from The International House of Mojo
• Millennium Gaming: 20 Gaming Visionaries Usher In The Next Millennium of Gaming at GameSpot (1999)
• A Conversation with Tim Schafer by Celia Pearce at GameStudies (2003)
• Rebel With a Cause: Traveling through the mind of Tim Schafer at 1UP.com (2006)
• Tim Schafer's KickStarter Project Interview at DICE (2012)

Duane Eddy (born April 26, 1938) is a Grammy Award-winning American guitarist. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he had a string of hit records, produced by Lee Hazlewood, which were noted for their characteristically "twangy" sound, including "Rebel Rouser", "Peter Gunn", and "Because They're Young". He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.^[1]

Early life and career[link]

Born in Corning, New York, he began playing the guitar at the age of five. In 1951 his family moved to Tucson, and then to Coolidge, Arizona. At the age of 16 he obtained a Chet Atkins model Gretsch guitar, and formed a duo, Jimmy and Duane, with his friend Jimmy Delbridge (who later recorded as Jimmy Dell).^[2] While performing at local radio station KCKY they met disc jockey Lee Hazlewood, who produced the duo's single, "Soda Fountain Girl", recorded and released in 1955 in Phoenix. Hazlewood then produced Sanford Clark's 1956 hit, "The Fool", featuring guitarist Al Casey, while Eddy and Delbridge performed and appeared on radio stations in Phoenix before joining Buddy Long's Western Melody Boys, playing country music in and around the city.^[3][4][5]

Eddy devised a technique of playing lead on his guitar's bass strings to produce a low, reverberant "twangy" sound. In November 1957, Eddy recorded an instrumental, "Moovin' n' Groovin'", co-written by Eddy and Hazlewood. As the Phoenix studio had no echo chamber, Hazlewood bought a 2,000 gallon water storage tank which he used as an echo chamber to accentuate the "twangy" guitar sound. Eddy signed a contract with Philadelphia-based Jamie Records. "Moovin' n' Groovin'" reached #72 on the Hot 100 in early 1958; the opening riff was copied a few years later by The Beach Boys on "Surfin' U.S.A.".^[6] For the follow-up, "Rebel-'Rouser", the record featured overdubbed saxophone by Los Angeles session musician Gil Bernal and yells and handclaps by doo-wop group The Rivingtons.^[3][7] The tune became Eddy's big, breakthrough hit, reaching #6 on the chart.

Eddy had a succession of hit records over the next few years, and his band members, including Steve Douglas, saxophonist Jim Horn and keyboard player Larry Knechtel would go on to work as part of Phil Spector's Wrecking Crew.^[8] According to writer Richie Unterberger, "The singles - 'Peter Gunn,' 'Cannonball,' 'Shazam,' and 'Forty Miles of Bad Road' were probably the best - also did their part to help keep the raunchy spirit of rock & roll alive, during a time in which it was in danger of being watered down."^[6] On January 9, 1959, Eddy’s debut album, Have Twangy Guitar Will Travel, was released, reaching #5, and remaining on the album charts for 82 weeks. Eddy's biggest hit came with the theme to the movie Because They're Young in 1960, which featured a string arrangement, and reached a chart peak of #4 in America and #2 in the UK in September 1960.^[6][9] Eddy's records were equally successful in the UK, and in 1960, readers of the UK's New Musical Express voted him World's Number One Musical Personality, ousting Elvis Presley.

He gained a well earned reputation in the industry for identifying and grooming musical talent and encouraging his band members to secure regular studio work.^{[citation needed]} Those who benefited from this approach included Steve Douglas, Jim Horn and Larry Knechtel who all went on to achieve great success as studio musicians.^{[citation needed]}

Later career[link]

During the 1960s Eddy launched an acting career, appearing in such films as A Thunder of Drums, The Wild Westerners, Kona Coast, The Savage Seven, and two appearances on the television series Have Gun–Will Travel. He was married to singer Jessi Colter from 1962 to 1968.

In the 1970s, he produced album projects for Phil Everly and Waylon Jennings. In 1975, a collaboration with hit songwriter Tony Macaulay and former founding member of The Seekers, Keith Potger, led to a worldwide top ten record, "Play Me Like You Play Your Guitar". The single, "You Are My Sunshine", featuring Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings, hit the country charts in 1977.^{[citation needed]} He also recorded an album of completely acoustic music, Songs of Our Heritage.

In 1986, Eddy recorded with Art of Noise, remaking his 1960 version of Henry Mancini's "Peter Gunn". The song was a Top Ten hit around the world, ranking #1 on Rolling Stone Magazine's dance chart for six weeks that summer. "Peter Gunn" won the Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental of 1986. It also gave Eddy the distinction of being the only instrumentalist to have had Top 10 hit singles in four different decades in Great Britain.^{[citation needed]} (although his 1970's top 10 hit featured a female vocal group).

The following year, a new album, the self-titled Duane Eddy, was released on Capitol. Several of the tracks were produced by Paul McCartney, Jeff Lynne, Ry Cooder, and Art of Noise. Guest artists and musicians included John Fogerty, George Harrison, Paul McCartney, Ry Cooder, James Burton, David Lindley, Steve Cropper, and original Rebels, Larry Knechtel and Jim Horn. The album included a cover of Paul McCartney's 1979 instrumental, "Rockestra Theme". In 1992 Duane did a duet with Hank Marvin on Hank's album Into the Light, with a cover version of The Chantays' 1963 hit "Pipeline".

In the spring of 1994, Eddy was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Eddy's "Rebel-Rouser" was featured that same year in Forrest Gump. Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers used "The Trembler", a track written by Eddy and Ravi Shankar. Also in 1994, Eddy teamed up with Carl Perkins and The Mavericks to contribute "Matchbox" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. Eddy was the lead guitarist on Foreigner's 1995 hit "Until the End of Time", which reached the top ten on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. In 1996, Eddy joined Hans Zimmer on the soundtrack of Broken Arrow.^{[citation needed]}

On 5 April 2000, at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, the title "Titan of Twang" was bestowed upon Eddy by the mayor.

In 2004, Eddy was presented with the Guitar Player Magazine "Legend Award". Eddy was the second recipient of the award, the first having been presented to Les Paul. Among those who have openly acknowledged his influence are George Harrison, Dave Davies (of the Kinks), Hank Marvin (of the Shadows), the Ventures,^[10] John Entwistle (of the Who),^[10] Bruce Springsteen, Adrian Belew, Bill Nelson (of Be-Bop Deluxe), and Mark Knopfler.

October 2010 witnessed a return to the UK at a sold out Royal Festival Hall, London at which he was given a 10 minute standing ovation before he had played a note or spoken a word. Following the concert an equally appreciative ovation was bestowed upon him.^{[citation needed]}

This success promulgated the subsequent album for Mad Monkey/EMI produced by UK band Pulp Guitarist Richard Hawley in Sheffield UK. The album, Road Trip, was released on 20 June 2011, and was well received by music trades and the UK national press critics alike.

He appeared at the world famous Glastonbury Festival on 26 June 2011.

Signature guitars[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011)

Duane Eddy was the first rock and roll guitarist to have a signature model guitar. In 1960, Guild Guitars introduced the Duane Eddy Models DE-400 and the deluxe DE-500. A limited edition of the DE-500 model was reissued briefly in 1983 to mark Eddy's 25th anniversary in the recording industry.

The Gretsch "Chet Atkins 6120" model has long been associated with Eddy. In 1997, Gretsch Guitars started production of the Duane Eddy Signature Model, the Gretsch 6120-DE. In 2004, The Gibson Custom Art and Historic Division introduced the new Duane Eddy Signature Gibson guitar.

A new Gretsch G6120DE Duane Eddy Signature model was released in Spring 2011.

Awards[link]

• Number One World Musical Personality in the NME Poll (UK; 1960)
• Grammy Winner Best Rock Instrumental Peter Gunn (1986)
• Grammy Nomination Best Country Instrumental (Doc Watson album) (1992)
• Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Member (1994)
• Rockwalk Induction (1997)
• Presented with "Chetty" award by Chet Atkins (2000)
• Guitar Player Magazine Legend Award (2004)
• Musicians Hall of Fame Member (2008)
• Mojo Icon Award (UK: 2010)

Discography[link]

Chart singles[link]

Albums[link]

• Have 'Twangy' Guitar Will Travel (#5) – Jamie JLP-3000 (Mono)/JLPS-3000 (Stereo) -- 1958 ^[13]

Original album covers are white with Duane Eddy sitting on guitar case and LP title in white. 2nd pressings show the same cover with LP title in green and red; 3rd pressings are red album covers with Duane Eddy standing Note: It is very likely that so called "original" version white letter covers do not exist.

• Especially for You (#24) – Jamie JLPM-3006/JLPS-3006—1959
• The "Twangs" the "Thang" (#18) – Jamie JLPM-3009/JLPS-3009—1959
• Songs of Our Heritage – Jamie JLPM-3011/JLPS-3011—1960

Original copies feature gatefold covers, later replaced with regular covers. Also pressed in limited quantities of red vinyl and blue vinyl

• $1,000,000.00 Worth of Twang (#10) -- Jamie JLPM-3014/JLPS-3014—1960
• Girls! Girls! Girls! (#93) -- Jamie JLPM-3019/JLPS-3019—1961

Front cover features photos of Duane with Brenda Lee and Annette Funicello

• $1,000,000.00 Worth of Twang, Volume 2 -- Jamie JLPM-3021/JLPS-3021—1962
• Twistin' With Duane Eddy -- Jamie JLPM-3022/JLPS-3022—1962
• Twistin' 'N' Twangin (#82) -- RCA LPM-2525 (Mono)/LSP-2525 (Stereo) -- 1962
• Twangy Guitar - Silky Strings (#72) -- RCA LPM-2576/LSP-2576—1962
• Surfin' -- Jamie JLPM-3024/JLPS-3024—1963
• Duane Eddy & The Rebels—In Person -- Jamie JLPM-3025/JLPS-3025—1963
• Dance with the Guitar Man (#47) -- RCA LPM-2648/LSP-2648—1963
• "Twang" a Country Song -- RCA LPM-2681/LSP-2681—1963
• "Twangin'" Up a Storm! (#93) -- RCA LPM-2700/LSP-2700—1963
• 16 Greatest Hits -- Jamie JLPM-3026/JLPS-3026—1964
• Lonely Guitar (#144) -- RCA LPM-2798/LSP-2798—1964
• Water Skiing -- RCA LPM-2918/LSP-2918—1965
• Twangin' The Golden Hits -- RCA LPM-2993/LSP-2993—1965
• Twangsville -- RCA LPM-3432/LSP-3432—1965
• The Best of Duane Eddy -- RCA LPM-3477/LSP-3477—1965
• Duane-A-Go-Go -- Colpix CP-490 (Mono)/CPS-490 (Stereo) -- 1965
• Duane Eddy Does Bob Dylan -- Colpix CPL-494/CPS-494—1965
• The Biggest Twang Of All -- Reprise R-6218 (Mono)/RS-6218 (Stereo) -- 1966
• The Roaring Twangies -- Reprise R-6240/RS-6240—1967
• Tokyo Hits -- Reprise (Japan only)
• The Vintage Years -- Sire SASH-3707-2—1975
• Pure Gold -- RCA ANL1-2671—1978
• Twenty Terrific Twangies RCA
• Duane Eddy -- Capitol ST-12567—1987
• Twangy Peaks -- EMI CDP 7965572 - 1991
• Ghostrider -- Curb D2-77801 1996
• Road Trip -- Mad Monkey Records/EMI MAD1 2011 -- UK #116

Film appearances[link]

• Because They're Young (1960)
• A Thunder of Drums (1961)
• The Wild Westerners (1962)
• The Savage Seven (1968)
• Kona Coast (1968)

Plus Two Episodes of the "Have Gun - Will Travel" TV series

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Books[link]

• Hardy, Phil and Dave Laing, Encyclopedia of Rock, Schrimner Books, 1987.
• Rees, Dafydd,and Luke Crampton, Rock Movers & Shakers, ABC-CLIO, 1991.
• The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll edited by Jon Pareles and Patr Romanowski, Rolling StonePress/Summit Books, 1993.
• Stambler, Irwin, The Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul, St.
• Martin's, 1989.
• Furek,Maxim, "The Jordan Brothers: A Musical Biography of Rock's Fortunate Sons." Kimberley Press, 1986.

Periodicals[link]

• "Twangsville" produced by the Duane Eddy Circle (Appreciation Society) since 1975
• Detroit Free Press, August28. 1970.
• Detroit News, June 4, 1961.
• Musician, November 1991.
• New Gandy Dancer Quarterly since 1975 (UK)
• Pipeline" Quarterly (UK)

External links[link]

Biography portal

• The Duane Eddy website
• twitter
• Duane Eddy at the Internet Movie Database
• Discography at Duane Eddy tribute page