- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 69582
- author: Esso Luxueux
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
![Dabaaz feat. Deen Burbigo et Esso Luxueux - Pas la peine [OFFICIEL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130119085138im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/TMxsCvpkeHI/default.jpg "Produit par Guillaume Brière/The Shoes (Panicrum) Clip réalisé par Yann Stofer / poyzandpirlz.com http Can I Kick It ? sur Facebook : www.facebook.com")
![ESSO - Don't Stop [Official Video] Directed by Puma](http://web.archive.org./web/20130119085138im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/STIXjS98ijk/default.jpg)
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Alcohol fuel
- Arkansas
- Benzole
- Calgary, Alberta
- Canada
- Cleveland (petrol)
- Cleveland Hills
- Delaware
- Diesel fuel
- Discogs
- District of Columbia
- Enco (oil company)
- Esso
- Exxon
- ExxonMobil
- Fuel
- Holding company
- Humble Oil
- Imperial Oil
- Kerosene
- Louisiana
- Maryland
- Mobil
- Moncton
- Nanticoke Refinery
- New Brunswick
- New England
- New Jersey
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Yorkshire
- Northallerton
- Oil
- Ontario
- Pennsylvania
- Puerto Rico
- Quebec
- South Carolina
- Stabekk
- Standard Oil
- Tennessee
- The New York Times
- Total S.A.
- Trademark
- United Kingdom
- Victor H. Green
- Virginia
- West Virginia
- West Yorkshire
- Wetherby
-
Arkansas
Arkansas (
i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
wn.com/Arkansas -
Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Delaware
Delaware (i/ˈdɛləwɛər/ DEL-ə-wair) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named.
Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second least extensive, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.
The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founders and scions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies.
wn.com/Delaware -
Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] (
listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
wn.com/Louisiana -
Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
wn.com/Maryland -
Moncton
Moncton ( /ˈmʌŋktən/) is a Canadian city located in Westmorland County in southeastern New Brunswick. Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley, it lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces. The city has gained the nickname "Hub City" because of its central location and also because Moncton has historically been the railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes.
The city proper has a population of 69,074 (2011). The Moncton CMA has a population of 138,644 (2011) and has the fifth fastest growth rate of all the metropolitan areas in Canada. The Moncton CMA also has the fastest growth rate of any urban region east of Saskatchewan. The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview, as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties.
Although the area was originally settled in 1733, Moncton is considered to have been officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia. Initially an agricultural settlement, Moncton was not incorporated until 1855. It was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton, the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier. A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid 19th century, allowing for incorporation, but the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s. The town subsequently lost its charter in 1862 but regained it in 1875 when the community's economy rebounded, mainly due to a growing railway industry. In 1871, the Intercolonial Railway of Canada chose Moncton to be its headquarters, and Moncton remained a railroad town for well over a century until the closure of the Canadian National Railway (CNR) locomotive shops in the late 1980s.
wn.com/Moncton -
Nanticoke Refinery
The Nanticoke Refinery is an oil refinery in Nanticoke, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by Imperial Oil, a subsidiary of ExxonMobil. The refuels primarily go to Esso gas stations in Canada and to other oil companies' distribution networks in Canada and the United States.
Nanticoke refinery was originally built by Texaco Canada. It started production on November 17, 1978. In 1987, the refinery went through modifications to improve efficiency. Imperial Oil became an owner of the refinery when purchased Texaco's Canadian assets in 1989.
In 2004, a new gasoline hydrofining unit was built to treat gasoline ingredients from the Nanticoke and Sarnia refineries, followed by the second unit in 2006. A new desulphurization unit was commissioned in 2006.
In February 2007, a combination of a fire at the Nanticoke refinery and a strike at CN resulted in a shortage of gasoline at Esso stations in Ontario, which also drove up prices to more than a dollar a liter.
Coordinates: 42°49′59″N 80°02′45″W / 42.832926°N 80.045764°W / 42.832926; -80.045764
wn.com/Nanticoke_Refinery -
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick; pronounced: [nuˈvo bʁɔnˈzwik]) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual (English–French).Fredericton is the capital and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the province's largest Census Metropolitan Area. Through the 2011 nation wide census, Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2011 to have been 751,171; a majority of the population is English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
The province's name comes from the English and French partial transcription of the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig in German) located in modern day Lower Saxony, northern Germany (and former duchy of the same name), the ancestral home of the Hanoverian George III of the United Kingdom.
New Brunswick is bounded by: on the north by Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula and Chaleur Bay; along the east coast by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Northumberland Strait; in the southeast corner the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto connects New Brunswick to the Nova Scotia peninsula; in the south by the Bay of Fundy coast, (which with a rise of 16 m (52 ft), has amongst the highest tides in the world); and in the west by the US state of Maine.
wn.com/New_Brunswick -
New England
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. New England is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada (the Canadian Maritimes and Quebec) and the state of New York.
In one of the earliest English settlements in North America, Pilgrims from England first settled in New England in 1620, to form Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, the Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 130 years, New England fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The Boston Tea Party was a protest that angered Great Britain, which responded with the "Intolerable Acts", stripping the colonies of self-government. The confrontation led to open warfare in 1775, the expulsion of the British from New England in spring 1776, and the Declaration of Independence in July 1776.
wn.com/New_England -
New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
wn.com/New_Jersey -
New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
wn.com/New_York -
North Carolina
North Carolina (i/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 10th most populous of the 50 United States.
North Carolina is comprised of 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. In the past five decades, North Carolina's economy has undergone a transition from heavy reliance upon tobacco and furniture making to a more diversified economy with engineering, biotechnology, and finance sectors.
North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet (2,037 m) at Mount Mitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US. The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate.
wn.com/North_Carolina -
North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire is a county in England. It is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county primarily in that region but partly in North East England. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres (3,341 sq mi), making it the largest ceremonial county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and all of the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire's boundaries, and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks. The county town is Northallerton.
The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts; they are Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough and Selby.
The Department for Communities and Local Government did consider reorganising North Yorkshire County Council's administrative structure by abolishing the seven district councils and the county council to create a North Yorkshire unitary authority. The changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council and District Council structure will remain.
wn.com/North_Yorkshire -
Northallerton
Coordinates: 54°20′16″N 1°25′43″W / 54.3378°N 1.4285°W / 54.3378; -1.4285
Northallerton ( /ˌnɔːˈθælətən/) is an affluentmarket town and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It lies in the Vale of Mowbray and at the northern end of the Vale of York. It has a population of 15,741 according to the 2001 census. It has served as the county town of the North Riding of Yorkshire and since 1974, of North Yorkshire.
There has been a settlement at Northallerton since Roman times, however its growth in importance began in the 11th century when King William II gifted land to the Bishop of Durham. Under the Bishop's authority Northallerton became an important centre for religious affairs. It was also a focus for much conflict in subsequent years between the English and the Scots, most notably the Battle of the Standard, nearby in 1138, which saw losses of as many as 12,000 men.
In later years trade and transport became more important. Lying on the main route between Edinburgh and London it became an important stopping point for coaches travelling the route, eventually superseded by the growth of the railways in the 19th century. Lying in the centre of a large rural area Northallerton was established as a market town in 1200 by Royal Charter, and there is still a market in the town today.
wn.com/Northallerton -
Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
wn.com/Ontario -
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
wn.com/Pennsylvania -
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
wn.com/Quebec -
South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
wn.com/South_Carolina -
Stabekk
Stabekk is a suburban centre in the municipality of Bærum, Norway. Mainly a residential area and have most of the conservative population in Norway (2005) the current population is 6,261.
Former President of the Norwegian parliament and Høyre leader (conservative party) Jo Benkow is born in Stabekk.
Stabekk is located on the west coast of the city, it has the highest income per capita in Norway[2] and the highest proportion of university-educated individuals.[3] Stabekk, particularly its eastern neighbourhoods bordering West End Oslo, is one of Norway's priciest and most fashionable residential areas, leading Stabekk residents to be frequently stereotyped as snobs in Norwegian popular culture.
Stabekk has a commercial district, roughly divided into Øvre (Upper) Stabekk and Nedre (Lower) Stabekk, separated by a hill. There are a number of retail shops in both these sections, and in the lower section is a commuter railroad station served by Drammenbanen.
Stabekk also has a bandy field, a high school, and a tennis club.
wn.com/Stabekk -
Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
wn.com/Tennessee -
Trademark
A trademark, trade mark, or trade-mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities.
A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:
A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories, such as those based on color, smell, or sound.
The owner of a trademark may initiate legal proceedings for trademark infringement to prevent unauthorized use of that trademark. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark in order to pursue this type of action. A few countries, including the United States, recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken for trademark that is in use but not registered. In the United States, registration is not required, but it increases the legal protections offered to the trademark holder.
wn.com/Trademark -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
wn.com/Virginia -
West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
wn.com/West_Virginia -
West Yorkshire
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of 2.2 million. West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
West Yorkshire, which is landlocked, consists of five metropolitan boroughs (City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, City of Leeds and City of Wakefield) and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire (to the south), Greater Manchester (to the south-west), Lancashire (to the north-west), North Yorkshire (to the north and east) and South Yorkshire (to the south-east).
West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres (783 sq mi), continues to exist in law, and as a geographic frame of reference.
West Yorkshire encompasses the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up and biggest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire.
wn.com/West_Yorkshire -
Wetherby
Coordinates: 53°55′39″N 1°23′02″W / 53.9276°N 1.3839°W / 53.9276; -1.3839
Wetherby is a market town and civil parish within the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Wharfe, and has been for centuries a crossing place and staging post on the Great North Road, being mid-way between London and Edinburgh. It has a population of 11,155.
Historically a part of the Wapentake of Skyrack within the West Riding of Yorkshire, Wetherby is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wedrebi, thought to derive from wether- or ram-farm or else meaning "settlement on the bend of a river". Local folklore has it that when heavy snow storms hit the county, Wetherby does not get as much because the Weather Goes By.
Wetherby Bridge, which spans the River Wharfe, is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade II listed structure. As a result of its situation on the main road, a large number of coaching inns were established in Wetherby, and many are still used today by travellers. The Old Great North Road is still in place and "Toll Bar House" is still present today, however this part of the group of buildings was built much later in 1918-1920. The Toll Bar itself was attached to this building to the North and to date no-one can be found to verify when demolition occurred. It underwent major refurbishment in the mid 90's but the main part of the house is unchanged apart from the two chimney pots being reversed at some point in its history according to a local painting in The Bay Horse Inn at Kirk Deighton.
wn.com/Wetherby
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
ESSO LUXUEUX - Luxueux Freestyle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
© 2012 GRANDEVILLESTUDIO RECORDS -Recorded, mixed and mastered at GV$ by Lionel Elsound www.grandevillestudio.fr -Instrumental Grand puba " A little of this " (Producer -- Mark Spark) 1995'. -Directed by Dijor Smith (GRANDEVILLE/SMOE) Esso Luxueux est membre du groupe Cool Connexion (Jazzy Bazz / Esso) et du collectif Grande Ville. Twitter @EssoLuxueux Pages officielles : www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/ESSO_LUXUEUX_Luxueux_Freestyle
© 2012 GRANDEVILLESTUDIO RECORDS -Recorded, mixed and mastered at GV$ by Lionel Elsound www.grandevillestudio.fr -Instrumental Grand puba " A little of this " (Producer -- Mark Spark) 1995'. -Directed by Dijor Smith (GRANDEVILLE/SMOE) Esso Luxueux est membre du groupe Cool Connexion (Jazzy Bazz / Esso) et du collectif Grande Ville. Twitter @EssoLuxueux Pages officielles : www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
Natalia Oreiro - Esso esso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Natalia Oreiro - Esso esso
http://wn.com/Natalia_Oreiro_Esso_esso
Dabaaz feat. Deen Burbigo et Esso Luxueux - Pas la peine [OFFICIEL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Produit par Guillaume Brière/The Shoes (Panicrum) Clip réalisé par Yann Stofer / poyzandpirlz.com http Can I Kick It ? sur Facebook : www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Dabaaz_feat_Deen_Burbigo_et_Esso_Luxueux_Pas_la_peine_OFFICIEL_
Produit par Guillaume Brière/The Shoes (Panicrum) Clip réalisé par Yann Stofer / poyzandpirlz.com http Can I Kick It ? sur Facebook : www.facebook.com
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 65478
- author: Canikickit Paris
De Casa a Esso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
GoPro Hero3 primer test. Transporte by Jorge Drexler From the Album "Eco" (2004) "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."
http://wn.com/De_Casa_a_Esso
GoPro Hero3 primer test. Transporte by Jorge Drexler From the Album "Eco" (2004) "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."
- published: 16 Jan 2013
- views: 48
- author: Leo Diez
Jazzy Bazz - 03 - 3.14 Connexion feat Esso - SUR LA ROUTE DU 3.14
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
"Sur la Route du 3.14" en téléchargement libre via ce lien : grandevillestudio.fr 03 - 3.14 Connexion feat Esso Beat Trae - Swang
http://wn.com/Jazzy_Bazz_03_314_Connexion_feat_Esso_SUR_LA_ROUTE_DU_314
"Sur la Route du 3.14" en téléchargement libre via ce lien : grandevillestudio.fr 03 - 3.14 Connexion feat Esso Beat Trae - Swang
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 43597
- author: Jazzy Bazz
Esso Shreddin BMX DIRT JUMP!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
FACEBOOK~full.sc ~perks~early previews! Twitter~ full.sc WEBSITE~ @ full.sc ~buysell~Forums BY: vegard breie Adrian Tell, Didrik Dege Dimmen and Martin Kloster shreddin' up some local trails in Oslo.
http://wn.com/Esso_Shreddin_BMX_DIRT_JUMP!
FACEBOOK~full.sc ~perks~early previews! Twitter~ full.sc WEBSITE~ @ full.sc ~buysell~Forums BY: vegard breie Adrian Tell, Didrik Dege Dimmen and Martin Kloster shreddin' up some local trails in Oslo.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 1067
- author: KillingTimeWithUTUBE
ESSO - Don't Stop [Official Video] Directed by Puma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 15 May 2012
http://wn.com/ESSO_Don't_Stop_Official_Video_Directed_by_Puma
Cool Connexion - Hommes de l'Est
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Cool Connexion (Jazzy Bazz & Esso) Hommes de l'Est Clip : Dijor Smith & Seize (Grande Ville) Prod : Mamen Loubensky (The Hop / Grande Ville) Scratchs : Dj Sonik (Bunker Sounds / Grande Ville) Mix : Lionel Elsound Mastering : Dave Cooley Enregistré au studio Polysonik par Supafuh & Teru /// Paroles /// Couplet 1 : Esso J'ai toujours trainé 'vec de vrais gars, lorsqu'il s'agissait d'tuer l'temps Déambuler dans des réssoi sans calculer l'plan Certains gadjos ont pu s'avérer faux 400 contacts sur la toile mais j'compte sur une main mes alter égos Pas d'imposteurs dans mon rosteur Un peu comme Doc Rivers tous les jours 'vec des bosseurs et des toasteurs C'est chacun sa mission, on lache le hash on a des traditions On marche on gâche le cash à chaque apparitions Dans mon crew tu n'verras pas d'félonies Que des mecs clean genre le parfait homie Parlent de sexe, crime, juste pour braquer l'cro-mi Dérapent, dealent crack veulent tous traquer l'money 6 du mat' Esso est presque mort Mais rien que j'ride 'vec mes frangins pour eux faut que j'pète le score Que j'reste fort et que j'écrive des textes d'or On s'check dehors 'vec mon équipe de l'est-nord Refrain : Prenez comme un hymne ce texte que je vous destine J'porte dans mon estime ma team de l'est Couplet 2 : Jazzy Bazz J'n'ai jamais vu l'horloge tourner, même au sein de nuits d'automne Et monotones journées, j'ai une pensée maximum pour mes Murs teneurs, sur le coeur d'énormes souhaits Dialogue noué hurle leur qu'ils donnent tout ...
http://wn.com/Cool_Connexion_Hommes_de_l'Est
Cool Connexion (Jazzy Bazz & Esso) Hommes de l'Est Clip : Dijor Smith & Seize (Grande Ville) Prod : Mamen Loubensky (The Hop / Grande Ville) Scratchs : Dj Sonik (Bunker Sounds / Grande Ville) Mix : Lionel Elsound Mastering : Dave Cooley Enregistré au studio Polysonik par Supafuh & Teru /// Paroles /// Couplet 1 : Esso J'ai toujours trainé 'vec de vrais gars, lorsqu'il s'agissait d'tuer l'temps Déambuler dans des réssoi sans calculer l'plan Certains gadjos ont pu s'avérer faux 400 contacts sur la toile mais j'compte sur une main mes alter égos Pas d'imposteurs dans mon rosteur Un peu comme Doc Rivers tous les jours 'vec des bosseurs et des toasteurs C'est chacun sa mission, on lache le hash on a des traditions On marche on gâche le cash à chaque apparitions Dans mon crew tu n'verras pas d'félonies Que des mecs clean genre le parfait homie Parlent de sexe, crime, juste pour braquer l'cro-mi Dérapent, dealent crack veulent tous traquer l'money 6 du mat' Esso est presque mort Mais rien que j'ride 'vec mes frangins pour eux faut que j'pète le score Que j'reste fort et que j'écrive des textes d'or On s'check dehors 'vec mon équipe de l'est-nord Refrain : Prenez comme un hymne ce texte que je vous destine J'porte dans mon estime ma team de l'est Couplet 2 : Jazzy Bazz J'n'ai jamais vu l'horloge tourner, même au sein de nuits d'automne Et monotones journées, j'ai une pensée maximum pour mes Murs teneurs, sur le coeur d'énormes souhaits Dialogue noué hurle leur qu'ils donnent tout ...
- published: 08 Jun 2011
- views: 473492
- author: CoolConnexion
Crazy Pro Ski & Snowboard Whistler Terrain Park Riding with music by Bliss n' Esso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
www.epicmountainvideo.com for more videos , Some stylish trickery goes down in Whistler Blackcombs terrain parks What to do in Whistler http Whistler Night Life www.epicmountainvideo.com
http://wn.com/Crazy_Pro_Ski_Snowboard_Whistler_Terrain_Park_Riding_with_music_by_Bliss_n'_Esso
www.epicmountainvideo.com for more videos , Some stylish trickery goes down in Whistler Blackcombs terrain parks What to do in Whistler http Whistler Night Life www.epicmountainvideo.com
- published: 25 Mar 2009
- views: 87996
- author: epicmountainvideo
La Vie Privee Des Animaux chez esso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
j'adore lol
http://wn.com/La_Vie_Privee_Des_Animaux_chez_esso
Último Repórter Esso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:31
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
-
http://wn.com/Último_Repórter_Esso
Extra - Esso Screen Ad (ca. 1938)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Source: www.archive.org "Part-animated screen ad for Esso "Extra" gasoline."
http://wn.com/Extra_Esso_Screen_Ad_ca_1938
Source: www.archive.org "Part-animated screen ad for Esso "Extra" gasoline."
- published: 22 Jan 2012
- views: 19
- author: blackleaf3
BASTA - Esso Ess (SOS)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:50
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
basta singen Esso Ess in der ARD-Sendung "Deutschland lacht"
http://wn.com/BASTA_Esso_Ess_SOS
basta singen Esso Ess in der ARD-Sendung "Deutschland lacht"
- published: 26 Mar 2008
- views: 68029
- author: marcusehl
![Cool Connexion - Hommes de l'Est [Jazzy Bazz feat. Esso]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130119085138im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2eG1Ls4suMY/default.jpg "Cool Connexion - Hommes de l'Est [Jazzy Bazz feat. Esso]")
Cool Connexion - Hommes de l'Est [Jazzy Bazz feat. Esso]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Rap Français..
http://wn.com/Cool_Connexion_Hommes_de_l'Est_Jazzy_Bazz_feat_Esso_
Intocable - Eso Duele (Sizzur's Jamz)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Intocable - Eso Duele
http://wn.com/Intocable_Eso_Duele_Sizzur's_Jamz
Field Of Dreams - Bliss N Eso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Field Of Dreams by Bliss N Eso Feat. Paris Wells
http://wn.com/Field_Of_Dreams_Bliss_N_Eso
Field Of Dreams by Bliss N Eso Feat. Paris Wells
- published: 19 Jul 2008
- views: 462345
- author: exoden619
Mensagem do Nº1 Ayrton Senna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Um exemplo de vida e garra desse grande mestre.
http://wn.com/Mensagem_do_Nº1_Ayrton_Senna
Um exemplo de vida e garra desse grande mestre.
- published: 11 May 2007
- views: 1529270
- author: luisguilherme22
HANIBAL@POUCHKINE de Joëlle Esso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
La Roseraie des Cultures - 4ème édition. Concert-spectacle : HANIBAL@POUCHKINE de .Joëlle Esso. Extraits. Joëlle Esso est Camerounaise. Peintre, comédienne, danseuse, illustratrice, chanteuse, auteur-compositeur. Elle a composé la musique du film «Les Saignantes» de Jean-Pierre Bekolo Obama passé dans plusieurs festivals de cinéma, sorti dans les salles en France en 2009. et nominé pour le César du Meilleur Film Francophone 2010. Son autre passion, le dessin lui a valu d'illustrer six livres de 2006 à 2009. Sa première BD, PETIT JOSS, attendue par des milliers de fans, est parue en 2010 aux Editions DAGAN. Son deuxième album CD "HANIBAL@POUCHKINE" est disponible. Il peut être également obtenu en ligne par téléchargement payant sur Reverbnation . Elle rend hommage dans cette création musicale inédite, au grand poète russe, Alexandre Pouchkine (1799-1837) et à son arrière grand-père africain, le général en chef de l'armée impériale russe, Abraham Pétrovitch Hanibal (1696-1781). Une invitation à la découverte du patrimoine musical Kotoko du Cameroun, de Logone, (cité fortifiée où naquit Abraham Hanibal en 1696), de La Fère (France, ville où Hanibal reçut son diplôme d'ingénieur militaire en 1723), et de Souyda (Russie, village où mourut Hanibal en 1781). HANIBAL@PUSHKIN Un voyage musical qui place l'Afrique au cœur de la relation franco russe. Ce spectacle est un voyage musical (Cameroun-Turquie-Russie-France) et historique (18e et 19e s.) qui explore la mémoire d'un grand ...
http://wn.com/HANIBAL@POUCHKINE_de_Joëlle_Esso
La Roseraie des Cultures - 4ème édition. Concert-spectacle : HANIBAL@POUCHKINE de .Joëlle Esso. Extraits. Joëlle Esso est Camerounaise. Peintre, comédienne, danseuse, illustratrice, chanteuse, auteur-compositeur. Elle a composé la musique du film «Les Saignantes» de Jean-Pierre Bekolo Obama passé dans plusieurs festivals de cinéma, sorti dans les salles en France en 2009. et nominé pour le César du Meilleur Film Francophone 2010. Son autre passion, le dessin lui a valu d'illustrer six livres de 2006 à 2009. Sa première BD, PETIT JOSS, attendue par des milliers de fans, est parue en 2010 aux Editions DAGAN. Son deuxième album CD "HANIBAL@POUCHKINE" est disponible. Il peut être également obtenu en ligne par téléchargement payant sur Reverbnation . Elle rend hommage dans cette création musicale inédite, au grand poète russe, Alexandre Pouchkine (1799-1837) et à son arrière grand-père africain, le général en chef de l'armée impériale russe, Abraham Pétrovitch Hanibal (1696-1781). Une invitation à la découverte du patrimoine musical Kotoko du Cameroun, de Logone, (cité fortifiée où naquit Abraham Hanibal en 1696), de La Fère (France, ville où Hanibal reçut son diplôme d'ingénieur militaire en 1723), et de Souyda (Russie, village où mourut Hanibal en 1781). HANIBAL@PUSHKIN Un voyage musical qui place l'Afrique au cœur de la relation franco russe. Ce spectacle est un voyage musical (Cameroun-Turquie-Russie-France) et historique (18e et 19e s.) qui explore la mémoire d'un grand ...
- published: 13 Nov 2012
- views: 61
- author: RoseraiedesCultures
bliss n eso - Happy In MY Hoody Feat. Hyjak - Flying Colours
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Visit EZMP3S4FREE.INFO to download this track for free bliss n eso - Happy In MY Hoody Feat. Hyjak - Flying Colours
http://wn.com/bliss_n_eso_Happy_In_MY_Hoody_Feat_Hyjak_Flying_Colours
Visit EZMP3S4FREE.INFO to download this track for free bliss n eso - Happy In MY Hoody Feat. Hyjak - Flying Colours
- published: 30 Jul 2008
- views: 188447
- author: 0n0fGlory
AUDIO: Belen Rodriguez e Fabrizio Corona video hard mia opinione su di esso con analisi dei due
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
AUDIO: Belen Rodriguez e Fabrizio Corona video hard mia opinione su di esso con analisi di questi due personaggi pubblici che apprezzo, ammiro e stimo da sempre molto.
http://wn.com/AUDIO_Belen_Rodriguez_e_Fabrizio_Corona_video_hard_mia_opinione_su_di_esso_con_analisi_dei_due
AUDIO: Belen Rodriguez e Fabrizio Corona video hard mia opinione su di esso con analisi di questi due personaggi pubblici che apprezzo, ammiro e stimo da sempre molto.
- published: 17 Jan 2013
- views: 914
- author: Opinioni Diverse
People & Power - Beppe Grillo - Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
With 62 governments in 63 years Beppe Grillo has long seen Italian politics as a joke. But when a barbed political joke got the prime time comedian blacklisted he felt it was time to get serious. He started a blog where he denounced the wrongdoings of the country's political class. Here is the story of a primetime comedian come blogger who is giving thousands of Italian politicians a headache.
http://wn.com/People_Power_Beppe_Grillo_Part_2
With 62 governments in 63 years Beppe Grillo has long seen Italian politics as a joke. But when a barbed political joke got the prime time comedian blacklisted he felt it was time to get serious. He started a blog where he denounced the wrongdoings of the country's political class. Here is the story of a primetime comedian come blogger who is giving thousands of Italian politicians a headache.
- published: 04 Jul 2008
- views: 23413
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Minecraft - La malédiction des 8 royaumes ép 5 avec Esso
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:11
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Voici le cinquième épisode de la première aventure avec Esso2264 sur la map La Malédiction des 8 Royaumes! merci de regarder cette vidéo et si la map vous a plu voici le lien pour la télécharger: minecraft.fr pensez à laisser un like si la vidéo vous a plu!
http://wn.com/Minecraft_La_malédiction_des_8_royaumes_ép_5_avec_Esso
Voici le cinquième épisode de la première aventure avec Esso2264 sur la map La Malédiction des 8 Royaumes! merci de regarder cette vidéo et si la map vous a plu voici le lien pour la télécharger: minecraft.fr pensez à laisser un like si la vidéo vous a plu!
- published: 17 Jan 2013
- author: kokochoi le moine
Call of Duty Custom Zombies - Seelow w/EssoFPS - The Best Zombie Map Yet!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:38
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Map - www.zombiemodding.com Please like comment and fav this video. Hope you enjoy this Esso - http;//www.youtube.com/essofps PLEASE RATE and SUBSCRIBE!! Follow Me on Twitter @ twitter.com
http://wn.com/Call_of_Duty_Custom_Zombies_Seelow_w_EssoFPS_The_Best_Zombie_Map_Yet!
Map - www.zombiemodding.com Please like comment and fav this video. Hope you enjoy this Esso - http;//www.youtube.com/essofps PLEASE RATE and SUBSCRIBE!! Follow Me on Twitter @ twitter.com
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 4962
- author: joshybfps
photo: US Army / Staff Sgt. Michael R. Noggle
18 Jan 2013
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” is Newton’s third law of physics. Its counterpart in geopolitics is “blowback,” when military action in one sphere produces an unintended and undesirable consequence in another. September 11, 2001, was blowback. George H.W. Bush had sent an army of half a million to hurl Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, a triumph ... bases in Saudi Arabia ... Patrick J....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
noodls
19 Jan 2013
(Source. Calgary Flames). CALGARY, AB - The Calgary Flames will conduct their final practice of training camp on Saturday, January 19th at WinSport Arena 'B' ... Arena 'A' is currently configured for international competition ... "Our final practice will be a simulated game day skate (30-40 minutes) and we will not scrimmage ... As well, it is a busy hockey weekend in Calgary as Esso Minor Hockey Week wraps up ... distributed by ... (noodl. 17254570) ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Detroit Free Press
17 Jan 2013
Bleu Detroit. Experience Saturdays, with DJs Godfather and Maz, 10 p.m. Sat. 1540 Woodward, Detroit. 313-974-7799. Blind Pig. Revel. A Queer Costume Dance Party, 9.30 p.m. Thu. 208 S. First, Ann Arbor. 734-996-8555. Boogie Fever. Funky Fridays, 8 p.m. Fri. Saturdays, 8 p.m. Sat. 22901 Woodward, Ferndale. 248-541-1600. The Bosco. Bosco Thursdays, 10 p.m. Thu. Fridays, with DJ Prevu, 10 p.m. Fri. Fall Back Saturdays, with DJ Tom T. and Esso, 10 p.m. Sat ... Wed ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Huffington Post
17 Jan 2013
'American Idol' Premiere. Nicki Minaj And Mariah Carey Sparred Throughout The NYC Auditions. The new season of "American Idol" is upon us, and it delivered on exactly what has been promised in all the hype ... In fact, for the most part, the contestants were, too ... EST on Fox ... Because ... As if we weren't looking forward to returning to Westeros and Essos already, Season 3 is based on "A Storm of Swords," one of the best George R. R ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
Huffington Post
17 Jan 2013
The survey asked questions on three main areas. sick days, tips and salaries ... VOTE ... Also on HuffPost ... Kareem T ... Trained at the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, NY, and at L'Academie de Cuisine in Maryland, he bought a red 1954 Ford pickup from designer Tommy Hilfiger, renovated a 1921 Esso service station in Old Town Warrenton, Va., and threw open the Red Truck Bakery doors in August 2009 just as the economy started to plummet....(size: 59.9Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
Esso Australia's Longford Plant will be conducting maintenance and testing procedures until 25 January 2013 that will result in additional flaring, and some associated smoke may be observed by our neighbours ... Esso has notified our neighbours, the Country Fire ......(size: 1.6Kb)
IMDb
16 Jan 2013
Stockhouse
16 Jan 2013
All holes report significant PGE+Au values New results expand historical widths by up to 10 metres Historical records to be incorporated into new resource model. VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--(Marketwire - Jan ... m Cu ... A ... The property has an extensive exploration history dating back to 1961 (24,000 m drilling in 361 holes, approximately $20 million in expenditures) by several operators including Esso, SOGEM, Phelps Dodge and Falconbridge ... ....(size: 23.5Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. Calgary Flames). CALGARY, AB - The Calgary Flames announced today their "welcome back" initiatives for loyal fans to launch the 2012-13 NHL season ... The opening ceremonies for game one will include player introductions that feature a special salute to Flames fans with 75 autographed jerseys for fans ... Opening week highlights include. ... • All Esso Minor Hockey Week champions will receive tickets to a Calgary Hitmen game ... (noodl....(size: 3.0Kb)
Irish Times
16 Jan 2013
BRIEFS. Cork city’s oldest bank building, the 1839-built Cork Savings Bank opposite the City Hall on Lapps Quay, is to be offered for sale through the Lisney agency at €1.2 million ... Cork Hoteliers may bid for Barry’s ... Not only will the two new traders have licences to sell liquor but they will face competition from the nearby Esso filling station which has also acquired a similar licence.Email Us. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Jakarta Post
16 Jan 2013
Paper Edition . Page. 24. James Ritchie. (JP/Severianus Endi)In spite of his Western face, sturdy physique and dominant Scottish blood, this Eurasian is a fluent Malaysian speaker ... He has written 26 books and won 20 journalistic awards, including the Ang Lai Soon Gold Award, Shell Kenyalang Gold Award, AZAM Press Award and a consolation prize from the Esso National Environmental Awards from 1986 to 1997 ... “I didn’t believe the story ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
noodls
15 Jan 2013
(Source. Leighton Holdings Ltd). 15 January 2013. ASX Market Announcements. Australian Securities Exchange Limited. Level 4. 20 Bridge Street. SYDNEY NSW 2000 RE. Leighton Contractors to build Esso Highlands Ltd office facilities in PNG ... 15 January 2013 Leighton Contractors to build Esso Highlands Ltd office facilities in PNG ... $200 million contract to construct Esso Highlands Limited's permanent head office in Port Moresby, PNG ... 2010 ... ENDS ... T....(size: 3.6Kb)
Huffington Post
15 Jan 2013
'The Tonight Show With Jay Leno'. Nicki Minaj Says The Feud With Mariah Carey Is Real. Nicki Minaj denied any rumors that the feud between her and fellow "American Idol" judge Mariah Carey has been faked ... "I’m one of her biggest fans in the world," she said ... EST on Fox ... EST on NBC ... As if we weren't looking forward to returning to Westeros and Essos already, Season 3 is based on "A Storm of Swords," one of the best George R. R ... 82k....(size: 6.6Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
15 Jan 2013
Up to 1,000 independent forecourts could be “wiped out” by 2017 as they lose custom to new supermarket petrol stations, the Petrol Retailers’ Association (PRA) has warned. The PRA called on the Government to “curb the expansion” of supermarket forecourts to protect independent petrol retailers. Photo. ALAMY. By Emily Gosden. 6.30AM GMT 15 Jan 2013 ... Esso and Shell in 'predatory pricing’ allegations 12 Jan 2013....(size: 10.7Kb)
| 110px | |
| Founded | 1912 |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Products | Oil, Fuel |
| Parent | ExxonMobil |
Esso /ˈɛsoʊ/ s-o is an international trade name for ExxonMobil and its related companies. The name is derived from the initials of the pre-1911 Standard Oil, and as such became the focus of much litigation and regulatory restriction in the United States. In 1972, it was largely replaced in the U.S. by the Exxon brand after it bought Humble Oil, while Esso remained widely used elsewhere. In most of the world, the Esso brand and the Mobil brand are the primary brand names of ExxonMobil, with the Exxon brand name still in use only in the United States alongside Mobil.
Contents |
History[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130119085138/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
In 1911, Standard Oil was broken up into 34 companies, some of which were named "Standard Oil" and had the rights to that brand in certain states (the other companies that had no territorial rights). Standard Oil of New Jersey ("Jersey Standard") had the rights in that state, plus in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. By 1941, it had also acquired the rights in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana. In those states, it marketed its products under the brand "Esso", the phonetic pronunciation of the letters "S" and "O". It also used the Esso brand in New York and the six New England states, where the Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony - Vacuum, later Socony - Mobil) had the rights, but did not object to the New Jersey company's use of the trademark (the two companies did not merge until 1998). However, in the other states, the other Standard Oil companies objected and forced Jersey Standard to use other brand names. In most states the company used the trademark "Enco", and in a few "Humble". The other Standard companies likewise were "Standard" or some variant on that in their home states, and another brand name in other states.
During the years of racial segregation in the United States, Esso was unusual in its willingness to offer gas station franchises to African Americans.[1]
In 1973, Standard Oil of New Jersey renamed itself as the Exxon Corporation, and adopted that trademark throughout the country. It however maintained the rights to "Standard" and "Esso" in the states where it held those rights, by a token effort, by selling "Esso Diesel" in those states at stations that sell diesel fuel, thus preventing the trademark from being declared abandoned. It retained the "Esso" brand in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands until 2008, when it sold its stations there to Total S.A.[2] The Enco brand name was still used on locations in the Midwest, which were scheduled for abandonment.[3]
United Kingdom[link]
_001.jpg)
Esso Blue[link]
Esso Blue was the brand name of Esso's paraffin oil (kerosene) for domestic heaters in countries such as the United Kingdom. Their TV advertising song from the 1950s through to the 1970s was the famous "Bom, Bom, Bom, Bom, Esso Blue!" A later campaign used the well-known song tune of "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" cleverly reworded as:[4]:"They asked me how I knew, it was Esso Blue, I of course replied, with lower grades one buys, smoke gets in your eyes. The non-smoking paraffin". The track was released as a flexi disk which was given away for free in hardware stores.[5]
Cleveland[link]
In the 1930s Esso acquired Cleveland, an independent company based in North East England. The name comes from the Cleveland Hills. Cleveland's products included a benzole blend and an alcohol blend called Discol. Both the Esso and Cleveland names continued in use until 1973, when the Cleveland filling stations were re-branded as Esso.
Canada[link]
In Canada, the Esso brand is used on stations operated by Imperial Oil, which is 69.8% owned by ExxonMobil. Esso also provides aviation fuel services at 80 airport locations in Canada (Aviation and Avitat).
In February 2007, a combination of a fire at the Nanticoke Refinery and a strike at Canadian National Railway resulted in a shortage of gasoline at Esso stations in Ontario, driving up prices and causing shortages in competitor's stations, both in Ontario and neighbouring Quebec.[citation needed]
References[link]
- ^ McGee, Celia (August 22, 2010). "The Open Road Wasn’t Quite Open to All". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/books/23green.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2011-04-25. "Although Victor Green’s initial edition only encompassed metropolitan New York, the Green Book soon expanded .... The 15,000 copies Green eventually printed each year were sold as a marketing tool not just to black-owned businesses but to the white marketplace, implying that it made good economic sense to take advantage of the growing affluence and mobility of African Americans. Esso stations, unusual in franchising to African Americans, were a popular place to pick one up."
- ^ Lett, Christine (March 11th 2008). "Total Petroleum to take over Esso's fuel business in V.I.". The Virgin Islands Daily News. Archived from the original on Mar 13, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080313160823/http://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/index.pl/article_home?id=17621796. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ Henderson, Wayne; Benjamin, Scott (1996). Standard Oil: The First 125 Years. Motorbooks International.
- ^ the great blue singer — Esso Blue flexi disk recording, Juzp, http://www.juzp.net/lLqmmK99cYnOl
- ^ "The Great Blue Singer " at Discogs
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Esso |
http://wn.com/Esso
Related pages:
http://nl.wn.com/Esso
http://pt.wn.com/Esso
http://it.wn.com/Esso
http://es.wn.com/Esso
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Natalia Oreiro | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Natalia Marisa Oreiro Iglesias |
| Born | (1977-05-19) May 19, 1977 (age 35) |
| Origin | Montevideo, Uruguay |
| Genres | Latin pop, rock |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, actress, model |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1990s–present |
| Labels | BMG – Ariola |
| Website | Official website |
Natalia Marisa Oreiro Iglesias (born May 19, 1977 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is a Latin Grammy-nominated Uruguayan singer, actress and fashion designer of Galician ancestry, who developed most of her career in Argentina. Oreiro began her career in telenovelas. Since 2008 she has switched to work primarily in films. Oreiro has worked on social awareness shows and events for organizations like Greenpeace and UNICEF, the latter of which designated her as ambassador for Argentina and Uruguay in September 2011. She has been included in Esquire magazine's "The Sexiest Woman Alive Atlas" list.[1] In 2012, La Nación named her the queen of telenovelas.[2]
Contents |
Life and career[link]
1977–2000: Early life and career beginnings[link]
Natalia Oreiro, daughter of Carlos Florencio Oreiro Poggio and Mabel Cristina Iglesias Bourié, was born on May 19, 1977. Natalia studied drama at the age of eight and at twelve started auditioning for advertisements. During her teens she appeared in more than 30 television commercials for such trade marks as Coca Cola, Pepsi and Johnson & Johnson. At the age of 16 she moved to Argentina to work there and unleash her ambition to be a star. She worked as an MTV VJ and in 1995, she landed a role in the soap opera Dulce Ana. She was then cast in the TV series 90-60-90 modelos (1996) and next in Ricos y famosos (1997, playing Valeria). Next, she starred in the Argentinian film Un Argentino en New York (1998). After the movie, Natalia launched her first album, Natalia Oreiro and the single "Cambio dolor" became the opening theme for her next acting project, the prime time show Muñeca Brava (1998–1999). For her performance in Muñeca Brava, Natalia was nominated twice (1998 and 1999) for a Martín Fierro Award as best actress in a leading role. In January 2000, Natalia was named "Celebrity of the Year" by E! Entertainment Television. She became popular in Russia due to the success of Muñeca brava in that country and was even invited to star in a Russian telenovela.
[edit] 2000–2002: Tu Veneno and Turmalina
She pursued her musical career with the next album Tu Veneno and presentations in Gala de la Hispanidad, Gala de Murcia (both in Spain) and Festival de la Calle 8 in Miami. Her most important appearance was in the prestigious Latin television show Sábado Gigante Internacional, hosted by Don Francisco. Natalia's major achievement at this time was her music performance in Chile at Viña del Mar Festival 2000 for which she was crowned Queen of that event.[3] The album scored a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Pop Female Vocal Album, but lost to Christina Aguilera's Mi Reflejo.
On June 1, 2002, her third studio album Turmalina was released by BMG Ariola Argentina. Turmalina was produced by Latin record producer Kike Santander and is a combination of rhythms such as rock, pop and some sort of reminiscent of the 70's and 80's sounds. On this album, Oreiro write and composed the songs: "Alas de libertad" which is inspired by kids she met some time ago in the city of Jujuy, Argentina; "Mar" tells the love story between a sailor and his girlfriend. Natalia also contributed to the lyrics of "Cayendo". "Que Digan Lo Que Quieran" is Turmalina's first single. Official Uruguayan 2002 World Cup song "Pasión Celeste" is recorded with Fredy Bessio.[4] "Cuesta arriba, cuesta abajo" was opening song of soap opera Kachorra (Runaway Lady). Kachorra ended with a rating lower than 20 points in Argentina.[5]
[edit] 2002–present: Cleopatra, Sos mi vida and other works
In March 2003 she started filming her second film Cleopatra together with Norma Aleandro, Leonardo Sbaraglia and Héctor Alterio, under the direction of Eduardo Mignogna, a co-production with Spain. In the middle of 2003, she started a tour for Eastern Europe and Latin America. On March 1, 2004 she started filming El Deseo. In 2006 she joined as the female boxer, Esperanza Munoz, in the cast of the telenovela Sos mi vida along with her Muñeca brava co-star Facundo Arana. It was directed by Rodolfo Antúnez and Jorge Bechara and broadcast by Canal 13. It began broadcasting on January 16, 2006 and ending January 9, 2007, and during its broadcast averaged 26.9 points overall rating.[6] It was written by Ernesto Korovsky and Sebastian Parrotta, and won four Martín Fierro Awards and three Clarín Awards.
On April 30, 2008, Oreiro starred in Amanda O which is a series of internet television in Argentina and produced by Dori Media Group. It was first soap opera made for internet,[7] and was seen by 550,000 users over Novebox.com, from Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay during its first season and beginning of the second.[8]
Discography[link]
Main article: Natalia Oreiro discography
- Natalia Oreiro (1998)
- Tu Veneno (2000)
- Turmalina (2002)
Artistic career[link]
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Channel | Notes[9] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Inconquistable corazón | Victoria | Canal 9 | |
| 1995 | Dulce Ana | Verónica Iturbe Montalbán | Canal 9 | |
| 1996 | 90-60-90 modelos | Lucía Peralta | Canal 9 | |
| 1997 | Ricos y famosos | Valeria García Méndez de Salerno | Canal 9 | |
| 1998 | Muñeca brava | Milagros 'Mili' Esposito-Di Carlo de Miranda (Cholito/Carlitos) | Telefe |
|
| 2002 | Kachorra | Antonia Guerrero (Kachorra), alias Rosario Achával | Telefe |
|
| 2004 | El Deseo | Carmen | Telefe | |
| 2005 | Botines | Renée | Canal 13 | in "Bailarina en rosa y verde" episode |
| 2006 | Sos mi vida | Esperanza "La Monita" Muñoz | Canal 13 |
|
| 2007 | Patito feo | Patricia González | Canal 13 | guest appearance |
| 2008 | Amanda O | Amanda O | on internet and América Televisión |
|
| 2008 | Recurso Natural | Canal 7 | Host | |
| 2010 | Se dice de mi | Canal Encuentro | Host | |
| 2012 | Lynch | Isabel Reyes alias Mariana | Moviecity |
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes[9] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Un Argentino en New York | Verónica 'Vero' De Ricci | |
| 2003 | Cleopatra | Sandra / Milagros | |
| 2004 | La guerra de los gimnasios (short) | telenovela actress | |
| 2005 | Las vidas posibles | Marcía Miconi |
|
| 2006 | La peli | Lola Montero |
|
| 2008 | Música en espera | Paula Otero |
|
| 2010 | Francia | Cristina | |
| 2010 | Miss Tacuarembó | Natalia "Cristal" / Cándida López |
|
| 2011 | Mi Primera Boda | Leonora Bellami |
References[link]
- ^ Natalia Oreiro Sexy Picture. Esquire (2010-07-30). Retrieved on 2011-11-12.
- ^ La fórmula secreta de la reina de la telenovela. La Nación (2012-03-03). Retrieved on 2012-03-03.
- ^ "Natalia Oreiro: ensalada rusa" (in Spanish). http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/09/11/sociedad/s-1050638.htm.
- ^ "Turmalina Review". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/turmalina-r607446.
- ^ "Kachorra". http://telepedia.novebox.com/telepedia/show/kachorra-0.
- ^ "Sos mi vida" llegó a su fin[dead link]
- ^ "Bizarra y ambigua". http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/11/16/espectaculos/c-00601.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ ""Amanda O", camino al gran fina". http://www.novebox.com/article/amanda-o-camino-al-gran-final. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
- ^ a b For awards: "Bio, Awards". http://nataliaoreiro.com/bio_en.html.
- ^ "Natalia awarded in Uruguay". http://www.nataliaoreiro.com/news/2011/05/natalia-awarded-in-uruguay/. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Natalia Oreiro |
- Official website
- Natalia Oreiro at the Internet Movie Database
- Official Youtube Channel
- Natalia Oreiro at cinenacional.com
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Oreiro, Natalia |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 19, 1977 |
| Place of birth | Montevideo, Uruguay |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Natalia_Oreiro
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Natalia Oreiro
http://cs.wn.com/Natalia Oreiro
http://es.wn.com/Natalia Oreiro
http://ru.wn.com/Орейро, Наталия
http://nl.wn.com/Natalia Oreiro
http://pl.wn.com/Natalia Oreiro
http://fr.wn.com/Natalia Oreiro
http://de.wn.com/Natalia Oreiro
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Oreiro
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bliss N Eso | |
|---|---|
| Origin | Sydney, Australia |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Labels | Obese Illusive |
| Website | http://www.blissneso.com/ |
| Members | |
| MC Bliss MC Eso DJ Izm |
|
Bliss n Eso are an ARIA Award-winning Australian hip hop band based in Sydney, and were originally known as Bliss N' Esoterikizm for their debut EP The Arrival.[1] Bliss N Eso are currently signed to Melbourne record label Illusive Sounds, and are managed and booked by label co-founders Adam Jankie and Matt Gudinski.
Contents |
History[link]
The trio, American MC Bliss (Jonathan Notley), Australian MC Eso (Max MacKinnon) and DJ Izm (Tarik Ejjamai) of Moroccan heritage, have been friends (and have rapped together) since high school.[2] Notley moved to Australia in 1992 when he was thirteen and met MacKinnon at the Glenaeon Steiner School in Sydney.
"When I got to Australia, I met Eso (MacKinnon) and he was the only guy at my school into hip-hop. It was so scarce you'd be lucky to find a hip-hop record in a store let alone a whole section." - Jonathan "Bliss" Notley[3]
"Back then hip hop was basically non-existent; there was no urban or hip-hop section in the CD stores. You'd be lucky to find a couple of albums like a Public Enemy album or something if you went to the CD stores. So I guess that's one of the reasons why Max, who's Eso, and I kinda bonded at high school, I think, because he was really the only other guy in the school who was into hip-hop." - Jonathan "Bliss" Notley[1]
MacKinnon later moved to Kuranda State High School, in Queensland, which is where he met Ejjamai.[4] The group initially went by the name of 'Bliss N Esoterikizm', but that proved to be too much of a mouthful for most people.[1]
In 2000 they issued their first release, the EP The Arrival, under the name 'Bliss N Esoterikizm',[5] which was followed by a mixtape CD.[6] They released their debut album, Flowers in the Pavement on Obese Records in 2004. Bliss N Eso were the winners in the Hip Hop category at the 2003 Music Oz Awards and nominees for Artist of the Year in 2004.[2][7]
In December 2005 the trio performed as a support act for 50 Cent on his Get Rich or Die Trying tour together with G-Unit and Lil Jon.[8]
The group then switched labels to Illusive Sounds and released their second official album, Day of the Dog, on 4 March 2006. The album features production from Bliss, Weapon X, Suffa, and MC Motley, among others. It also features guest spots from British emcees MC Motley and Mystro, as well as fellow Sydney MC, Hyjak.[2][9] Day of the Dog debuted at #43 on the ARIA Albums Chart, making it the first Australian hip-hop release to debut in the top 50. The group undertook a national tour in March and April of that year to support the album.[10] Day of the Dog was then entirely remixed by Gold Coast producer M-Phazes and released later that year as Day of the Dog: Phazed Out. The album was nominated for Best Urban Release at the 2007 ARIA Awards;[11] the award was won by the Hilltop Hoods for The Hard Road: Restrung.
The group's third single, "Then Till Now", Produced by Weapon X contains elements from the same Renee Geyer song used by Hilltop Hoods on their track "Riding Under One Banner", received airplay on Triple J,[12] rage[13] and Video Hits.[citation needed] "Mad Tight", their fourth single, was played on radio stations Triple J,[14] 3RRR,[15] PBS,[16] and on FBi.[17] The music video was shown on rage.[18]
In 2007, Bliss N Eso travelled to North America, playing shows in the northwest of North America, including a performance at the Whistler 2007 Telus World Ski and Snowboard Festival.
"We did a small run of the northwest states, around Portland area and then went up to Whistler in Canada and we did a sold out show in Whistler, which was unreal, to go all the way across the world and have a whole bunch of Aussies screaming at you" - Jonathan Notley[19]
In October 2007 they released the first single of their album "Bullet and a Target", featuring the Connections Zulu Choir (a 21 piece African Choir from South Africa),[20] which was recorded at Jimmy Barnes' home studio in Sydney and reached #46 on the ARIA Singles Chart.[21] The track features a remixed version of Citizen Cope's song by the same title. 100% of all profits from the sale of the song goes to The Oaktree Foundation, Australia's only youth-run international aid and development organisation.[22]
Following up on their collaboration with the choir, Bliss N Eso embarked on a journey in June 2007 with MTV and the Oaktree Foundation to some of the poorest regions in South Africa to complete the track and shoot the video clip for "Bullet and a Target". Bliss N Eso also shot a documentary with Evermore produced by MTV, aimed at creating awareness about the challenges faced by developing communities in Africa. The film clip and 30 minute documentary aired exclusively on MTV and received attention from the media and the public. Recently the group have been nominated for the 'Good Karma Award' for these efforts at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards.[23]
Bliss N Eso were one of the Australian hip hop artists featured in the documentary Words from the City, which aired on ABC Television in late 2007.[24]
The group's third album, Flying Colours, was released on 26 April 2008 - coinciding with a national tour by the group, along with True Live, Funkoars and The Winnie Coopers.[25] The album debuted a week later at #10 on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart,[26] and it remained in the ARIA Top 100 for the following 12 weeks. The album was nominated for a J Award in August 2008,[27] and also nominated for an ARIA award for Best Urban Release.[28]
In August 2008 Bliss N Eso performed at the Splendour in the Grass festival[4] and at the Trackside Festival in Canberra. In September they went on the road for their most successful national tour to date, with sell out performances across the country, concluding with a sold out home coming show at the Enmore Theatre in Sydney to a capacity crowd of 2500 patrons. They will be touring Canada at the end of the year and are planning to re-release Flying Colours in early 2009, with a bonus DVD. The DVD will contain a live performance that the band plan to film and record at the Metro Theatre in Sydney.[19]
Bliss N Eso appeared for the first time in a Triple J Hottest 100 with three entries in the 2008 countdown; "Eye of the Storm" at number 40, "The Sea is Rising" at number 61 and "Woodstock 2008" at number 94.[29][30] "Happy in My Hoody" failed to make the Hottest 100 but did come in at number 136.[31]
In 2009 the success of Bliss N Eso continued with their Flying Colours album, which remained in the official ARIA charts for over a year. They also performed at the Sound Relief concert in front of 82,000 people at Melbourne's MCG on 14 March 2009. They were the only hip-hop act to perform at the concert, which raised over 8 million dollars for Victoria's bushfire victims.[32][33]
In April 2009 Bliss N Eso announced a major city Australian tour which includes two shows at Melbourne's iconic festival hall as well as the largest venues they have played to date across the country. Their first show at Festival Hall sold out in four days making it the fastest selling Australian hip hop show of all time selling to a capacity of 5,100 patrons. The early sales of the 'Flying Colours Live Tour' cement Bliss N Eso as one of the best and strongest live acts in the Country.
On Sunday 26 April 2009, Bliss N Eso became the first Australian hip hop act to perform on Rove, where they performed "Woodstock 2008" and "The Sea Is Rising" to a live television audience broadcast nationally on the Ten Network.[34]
In May 2009 Bliss N Eso received two APRA award nominations in the category, 'Best Urban Works' for "The Sea is Rising" and "Woodstock 2008".[35] On 14 June "Flying Colours" became only the second Australian hip hop album to be certified gold, after being in the ARIA Charts for 58 weeks.[34] The group's song "Field of Dreams" has also been included on EA Sports boxing video game Fight Night Round 4.[34]
"Basically, EA Australia can submit one track that's Australian for an international game. There hadn't been an Australian track on a release for a while actually and the 'Fight Night' opportunity came about and EA Australia really liked "Field of Dreams" and thought it worked well with the theme of the game, so they put it forward to the International EA and it got accepted! The fact that it's out there and a million people are going to be playing this thing - it's obviously a big game and the fact that our song's on there, we're stoked. It's pretty awesome, man!" - Jonathan Notley[36]
Bliss N Eso released their live album Flying Colours Live in June 2009 to coincide with another national tour of Australia. The album features a bonus track, "On Tour", which has received significant airplay from Triple J and includes a DVD, featuring their MTV nominated documentary, 'Out of Africa', and the group's live performance at Sydney's Metro Theatre.[37] Following their national tour they will be working in the recording studio on their fourth studio album, with producers M-Phazes and Hattori Hanzo.[19]
In October 2009 Bliss N Eso became the first Australian hip-hop act to tour the USA. Bliss N Eso embarked on a twenty-one date tour with Canadian hip-hop group, Swollen Members, together with Las Vegas MC BIG B and DJ Klaw. Their tour bus dubbed 'The Black Pearl' was later hit by a train and destroyed while on its way back to California at the end of the tour. Three people were on board but no one was injured.
On 17 May 2010, Bliss N Eso released "Down by the River", the first single off their upcoming fourth studio album, Running on Air. The single premiered on Triple J's "2010" new music show with Richard Kingsmill the night before. "Down by the River" was the fourth most added track to Australian radio on the weekend of 14 May, which included across the board airplay on Triple J nationally, Nova FM, Hot30 and many other community and commercial radio networks. In July 2010 Bliss N Eso released a free track called "Golden Years", also from Running on Air. Following the release of the single the band embarked on the "Down by the River" tour of Australia with sold out shows in major cities across the country.
On 30 July 2010 Bliss N Eso released their fourth studio album Running on Air. The album went straight to number one on the Australian iTunes album chart within minutes of its release. Triple J and Nova FM both featured several tracks from the album in the lead up to its release. The album garnered near perfect reviews across the board, with some even stating that "it may be the genre's finest release" (Time Off).
On 8 August 2010 Bliss N Eso's fourth studio album Running on Air debuted on the Australian ARIA charts at number one. It was the first album to knock Eminem off the top spot in 6 weeks and received significant acclaim for this feat. Bliss N Eso also had 2 albums and 3 singles in the Urban charts during this week. Less than 2 weeks after its release, Running on Air was certified Gold in Australia with sales in excess of 35,000. Shortly afterwards, Bliss N Eso embarked their sold-out Down by the River Australian tour, and before long the trio had their first platinum album in Running on Air. The Album went on to receive multiple awards nominations including the Triple J Album of the Year award, Channel V Australian Artist of the Year award, Independent Music Award, Multiple APRA Awards & two ARIA awards.
In late August Bliss n Eso announced they would be heading back over to America. The band teamed up with the legendary Kottonmouth Kings for a 26 date run across the USA. This was the bands 2nd US tour. Bliss n Eso have recently played and been announced for various Australian summer festivals including The Big Day Out, Fat as Butter, Southbound, Full Noise, Another World, Time Out, Groovin The Moo Festival and more.
In June & July 2011 Bliss n Eso set out in the record breaking Running On Air Tour, Performing in front of over 50,000 people including 8,000 fans at their sold Brisbane Riverstage show which was recorded as the highest selling local hip-hop show of all time.
Performances and appearances[link]
Headline tours[link]
- Back to the Top Snow Tour - Falls/Hotham/Jindabyne/Buller (AUS 2005/2006/2007/2008)
- Flowers in the Pavement Tour - National (AUS 2004)
- Day of the Dog Tour - National (AUS 2006)
- Get Loose Tour - National (AUS2006)
- Unified Tour - National Uni Campuses (AUS 2008)
- Flying Colours Tour - National (AUS 2008)
- Flying Colours Live Tour - National (AUS 2009) - Highest selling Australian hip-hop tour, including 2 sold out shows at Melbourne's iconic Festival Hall.
- Armed to the Teeth USA/Canada Tour (2009)
- Down by the River Tour - National (AUS 2010)
- Running On Air Tour - National (AUS 2011)
Festivals[link]
- Groovin' the Moo - National (2011)
- MS Fest - Tasmania (2011)
- The Big Day Out - National (2011)
- Southbound Festival - Bussleton (2011)
- Full Noise Festival - Townsville (2010)
- Another World U18's Festival - Melbourne (2010)
- MTV Snow Jam Festival - Thredbo (2010)
- Newton's Nation Festival - Bathurst (2010)
- Stonefest - Canberra (2010)
- Fat as Butter Festival - Newcastle (2010)
- Time Out Festival - Cairns (2010)
- Solar Festival - Melbourne (2010)
- MS Fest - Tasmania (2010)
- Origin Festival - Perth (2010)
- Fresh Fest - Gold Coast(2009)
- Coaster Festival - Central Coast (2009)
- Come Together Festival - Sydney (2009)
- RIPE Noosa - Sunshine Coast (2009)
- Sound Relief - MCG Melbourne (2009)
- Bass in the Grass - Darwin (2009)
- Quicksilver Pro - Duranbah Beach QLD (2009)
- Homebake - The Domain Sydney (2008)
- Trackside - Canberra (2008)
- Southbound - Busselton WA (2008)
- Splendour in the Grass - Byron Bay (2008)
- Dusty Days Festival - Wagga Wagga (2008)
- Oddyssey Festival - Goldcoast (2008)
- Bass in the Dust - Alice Springs (2008)
- Stylewars - Falls Creek (2008)
- Telus World Festival - Whistler Canada (2007)
- Make Poverty History - National (2007)
- The Great Escape - The Barracks Sydney (2007)
- MS Fest - Tasmania (2007)
- Summadayze - Perth (2007)
- Pyramid Rock Festival - Phillip Island Victoria (2007)
- Dusty Days Festival - Wagga Wagga (2007)
- Stylewars - Falls Creek (2007)
- Coastal Vibes (2007)
- Sonic Bloom - Sydney (2007)
- Pushover - Melbourne (2007)
- Narana Festival - Torquay Victoria (2007)
- MS Fest - Tasmania (2006)
- We Love Sounds - Sydney (2006)
- Pyramid Rock Festival - Phillip Island Victoria (2005)
- The Big Day Out - National (2005)
Television[link]
- Angry Boys - music & video usage: episode 3 (2011)
- Hey Hey It's Saturday - album review (2010)
- Dew Tour/Foxtel - music usage (2010)
- Underbelly - music usage episode 8 (2010)
- Rove Live - performance/interview (2009)
- Blokesworld - interview/FMX (2009)
- 9AM show - interview (2008)
- Fuel TV - interview + video game review (2008/2009)
- Channel V - Interview/performance (2006/2008/2009/2010)
- MTV - Interview/performance (2006/2007/2008/2009/2010)
- JTV - Interview/performance (2006/2008)
- Ballistyx Snowboard Show - interview (2008)
- Rage - guest programming (2008)
- Video Hits - interview/snowboarding (2007)
DVDs[link]
- Rhythm and Poetry - Performance/Interview (2007)
- Words from the City - Performance/Interview (2007)
- Flying Colours Live Deluxe Edition - Performance (2009)
- Out of Africa - The MTV Feature Documentary (2008)
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales threshold) |
||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUS | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2004 | Flowers in the Pavement
|
— | |||||||||||||||||
| 2006 | Day of the Dog
|
45 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2008 | Flying Colours
|
10 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | Running on Air
|
1 |
|
||||||||||||||||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | |||||||||||||||||||
EPs[link]
- The Arrival - Independent (2000)
- Up Jumped the Boogie - Illusive Sounds (2006)
Singles[link]
| Year | Song | AUS | Certifications (sales threshold) |
Album |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | "Up Jumped the Boogie" | — | Day of the Dog | |
| "Party at My Place" (featuring Motley) | — | |||
| "Then Till Now" | — | |||
| 2007 | "Bullet and a Target" (featuring Zulu Connection Choir) | 43 | Flying Colours | |
| 2008 | "Woodstock 2008" | — | ||
| "The Sea Is Rising" (featuring John Butler Trio) | — | |||
| 2010 | "Down By the River" | 45 | Running On Air | |
| "Addicted" | 38 |
|
||
| "—" denotes releases that did not receive certification. | ||||
Compilation appearances[link]
- Culture of Kings (song: "Lyrical Wilderness") (2002) (Australia) Obese Records
- Empirical Records Present... 'Straight from the Art' (2003), Warner Music (Australia) (song: "Greenhouse")
- Triple J Hip Hop Show (2005), ABC Music (song: "This Is for You")
- Triple J Home and Hosed—Bangin' n Breedin' (2006), ABC Music (song: "Then Till Now")[41]
- Triple J Hottest 100 Vol. 16 (2009) ABC Music (song: "Eye of the Storm")
- Good Gracious (song: "Walk on Clouds") Obese Records (2010)
Awards and nominations[link]
Nominations[link]
- 2006 ARIA Award - Best Urban Release - Day of the Dog
- 2007 ARIA Award - Best Urban Release - Day of the Dog: Phazed Out
- 2008 MTV Video Music Awards - Good Karma Award
- 2008 J Award - Flying Colours
- 2008 Channel V Oz Artist of the Year
- 2009 MTV Video Music Awards - Best Independent
- 2009 APRA Awards - Best Urban Work - "Woodstock 2008"
- 2009 APRA Awards - Best Urban Work - "Sea is Rising"
- 2010 APRA AWARDS - Best Urban Work - "On Tour"
- 2010 ARIA Awards - Best Urban Release - Running on Air
- 2010 ARIA Awards - Best DVD - Flying Colours
- 2010 AIR Awards - Best Single - "Down by the River"
- 2010 Triple J Awards - Album of the Year - Running on Air
- 2010 Channel V Oz Artist of the Year (Top 4)
- 2011 APRA Awards - Best Urban Work
Awards[link]
- 2003 Musicoz Awards - Best Urban Artist
- 2004 Musicoz Awards - Best Urban Artist
- 2008 ARIA Award - Best Urban Release - Flying Colours
- 2008 Desktop Create Award - Best Packaging Design - Flying Colours
- 2010 EG Award - Best Band
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Bliss N Eso:Flying back in full colour". In The Mix. 20 May 2008. http://www.inthemix.com.au/features/37888/Bliss_n_Eso_Flying_back_in_full_colour. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Bio at the band's website
- ^ Murffet, Andrew (4 September 2008). "Bliss n Eso". Melbourne: The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/music/gig-previews--reviews/bliss-n-eso/2008/09/04/1220121416657.html. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
- ^ a b "Splendour in the Grass - 2008 lineup". Splendour in the Grass. Archived from the original on 5 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080805041619/http://www.splendourinthegrass.com/artist.php?ArtistId=42. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
- ^ "Bliss N' Esoterikizm - The Arrival". Discogs. http://www.discogs.com/release/422567. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
- ^ "Blss N Eso". VH1. http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/bliss_n_eso/bio.jhtml. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
- ^ "Bliss N Eso - Musicoz Award Winners in 2003,2004". MusicOz Awards. http://www.musicoz.org/about/success_stories/blissneso/. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- ^ 50 Cent Australian tour
- ^ Day of the Dog at Herald Sun HiT online store.
- ^ Bliss N Eso - 'Day of the Dog' National Tour
- ^ 2007 ARIA Award Nominations
- ^ "Then Till Now" at J Play
- ^ rage playlist
- ^ "Mad Tight" at J Play
- ^ Triple R playlist
- ^ PBS playlist
- ^ FBi playlist
- ^ Playlist, rage, 9 February 2007.
- ^ a b c Hayes, Joshua (9 October 2008). "Pass with Flying Colours". X-Press magazine (Columbia Press Pty Ltd). http://www.xpressmag.com. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
- ^ "Bullet and a Target" at Herald Sun HiT online store.
- ^ Australian Chart listing (2007)
- ^ Skuff TV
- ^ "Announcing the nominees for the MTV Australia Awards 2008". music.net.nz. 13 March 2008. http://www.muzic.net.nz/news/1268/announcing-the-nominees-for-the-mtv-australia-awards-2008.html.
- ^ ABC TV guide December 2007
- ^ Let's Get Unified in 2008 - FasterLouder.com
- ^ "ARIA Top 50 Album Charts". ARIA. 5 May 2008. http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "2008 J Award Nominations". Triple J. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/jawards/bliss_n_eso_flying_colours.htm. Retrieved 1 September 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Major ARIA award nominations". Sydney Morning Herald. 10 September 2008. http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/major-aria-award-nominations/2008/09/10/1220857602578.html. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
- ^ "Triple J Hottest 100". Triple J. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/popup.htm. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- ^ Porter, Tom (27 January 2009). "The Hottest 100 songs in Australia right now are…". Music Radar. http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/the-hottest-100-songs-in-australia-right-now-are-193621. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- ^ Kingsmill, Richard (27 January 2009). "Hottest 100 (#101-200)". Triple J. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/kingsmill/playlist/s2475563.htm. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- ^ Fever, Veronca (6 March 2009). "Live Review: Bliss N Eso". MTV Australia. http://www.mtv.com.au/news/live-review-bliss-n-eso/. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ Eliezer, Christie. "A word or two about Sound Relief". The Music.com.au. http://www.themusic.com.au/imm_display.php?s=christie&id=1060&d=2009-03-17. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ a b c Hayes, Joshua (18 June 2009). "Bliss N Eso - Victory lap". X-Press magazine (Columbia Press Pty Ltd).
- ^ "Urban Work of the Year - 2009". APRA/AMCOS. http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/UrbanWorkoftheYear2009.aspx. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- ^ Shea, Matt (17 June 2009). "Bliss N Eso". Scene magazine. Hyrda Media Pty Ltd. http://scenemagazine.com.au/index.php/section-table/58-cover-stories/293-blissneso. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- ^ "Bliss N Eso/Flying Colours Live: Deluxe Edition (CD/DVD)". Sanity Music. http://www.sanity.com.au/product/product.asp?sku=2127350. Retrieved 22 June 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "2009 Albums Accrediations". Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2009Albums.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ "2011 Albums Accrediations". Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.auALBUMaccreds2011.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- ^ "2010 Singles Accrediations". Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.auaccreds2010.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Triple J Home and Hosed—Bangin' n Breedin track listing - ABC Shop
External links[link]
- Official website
- Rapcella Artist Profile - Bliss n Eso
- Bliss n Eso Interview on Alchemy SBS Radio 2008
- Bliss n Eso Interview on Style43 (June 2007)
- Breezy Music News - Flying Colours Review 2008
|
||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Bliss_n_Eso
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_n_Eso
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Senna and the second or paternal family name is Silva.
 Senna at the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix |
|
| Born | (1960-03-21)21 March 1960 São Paulo, Brazil |
|---|---|
| Died | 1 May 1994(1994-05-01) (aged 34) Bologna, Italy |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Brazilian |
| Active years | 1984–1994 |
| Teams | Toleman, Lotus, McLaren, Williams |
| Races | 162 (161 starts) |
| Championships | 3 (1988, 1990, 1991) |
| Wins | 41 |
| Podiums | 80 |
| Career points | 610 (614)[1] |
| Pole positions | 65 |
| Fastest laps | 19 |
| First race | 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix |
| First win | 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix |
| Last win | 1993 Australian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 1994 San Marino Grand Prix |
Ayrton Senna da Silva (pronounced [aˈiɾtõ ˈsenɐ da ˈsiwvɐ] ( listen); 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver. Senna was a three-time Formula One world champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time.[2][3][4][5][6][7] He died in a crash at Tamburello corner while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix and is the most recent driver to die at the wheel of a Formula One car.
Senna began his motorsport career in karting, moving up to open-wheel racing in 1981, and winning the British Formula 3 championship in 1983. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984 before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year and Senna his first World Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994.
Senna was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap and from 1989 until 2006 held the record for most pole positions. He was especially quick in wet conditions, as shown by his performances in the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the 1993 European Grand Prix. He also holds the record for most victories at the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix – six – and is the third most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Alain Prost. Both the 1989 Championship won by Prost and the 1990 Championship won by Senna were decided by collisions between them at those years' Japanese Grands Prix.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Senna was born in Santana, a neighbourhood of São Paulo city,[8] the son of wealthy Brazilian landowner and factory owner Milton da Silva and his wife Neide Senna da Silva (whose family is of Italian lineage). He was highly athletic, excelling in gymnastics and other sports, and developed an interest in cars and motor racing at the age of four.
Senna's first kart was a small 1 HP go-kart, built by his father using a lawnmower engine. Senna entered karting competition at the age of 13[9] and, in 1977, won the South American Kart Championship. He contested the Karting World Championship each year from 1978 to 1982, finishing runner-up in 1979 and 1980.[10]
In 1981, Senna moved to England to begin single-seater racing, winning the RAC and Townsend-Thoreson Formula Ford 1600 Championships that year with the Van Diemen team. Despite this, Senna initially did not believe he would continue in motorsport. At the end of the season, under pressure from his parents to take up a role in the family business, he returned to Brazil.[11] Before leaving England, however, Senna was offered a drive with a Formula Ford 2000 team for £10,000. Back in Brazil, he decided to take up this offer and returned to live in England. As Silva is a very common Brazilian name, he adopted his mother's maiden name, Senna.[12] Senna went on to win the 1982 British and European Formula Ford 2000 championships under that surname.
In 1983, Senna drove in the British Formula Three Championship with the West Surrey Racing team. He dominated the first half of the season until Martin Brundle, driving a similar car for Eddie Jordan Racing, closed the gap in the second part of the championship. Senna won the title at the final round after a closely fought and, at times, acrimonious battle.[13] In November that year, he triumphed at the inaugural Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix with Teddy Yip's Toyota powered Theodore Racing Team.[14][15]
Formula One career[link]
1984: Toleman[link]
Senna tested for Formula One teams Williams, McLaren, Brabham and Toleman. Peter Warr of Lotus, Ron Dennis of McLaren, and Bernie Ecclestone of Brabham made offers for testing in 1984 and presented long-term contracts that tied Senna to driving later on. At his test for Williams at Donington Park, Senna completed 40 laps and was quicker than the other drivers inculding Keke Rosberg.[16] Neither Williams nor McLaren had a vacancy for the 1984 season.[16] Warr actually wanted to replace Nigel Mansell with Senna at Lotus, but the title sponsor, Imperial Tobacco, wanted a British driver. Senna, however, was determined to drive that season and certainly on his own terms. Senna was also linked to Brabham's second seat, but the lead driver, Nelson Piquet, preferred Roberto Moreno.[17] Consequently, he joined Toleman, a relatively new team, using less competitive Pirelli tyres.[18][19] Venezuelan Johnny Cecotto was his team mate.
Senna made his debut at the Brazilian Grand Prix in Rio de Janeiro. He scored his first World Championship point in his second race at the South African Grand Prix with severe muscle spasms, replicating that result two weeks later at the Belgian Grand Prix. A combination of tyre issues and a fuel pressure problem resulted in his failure to qualify for the San Marino Grand Prix, the only time this happened during his career.[20] Senna's best result of the season came at the Monaco Grand Prix, the first wet weather race of the season. Qualifying 13th on the grid, he made steady progress in climbing through the field, passing Niki Lauda for second on lap 19. He quickly began to cut the gap to race leader Alain Prost, but before he could attack Prost the race was stopped on lap 31 for safety reasons, as the rain had grown even heavier. At the time the race was stopped Senna was catching Prost at 4 seconds per lap.[21] Senna finally passed Prost during the 32nd lap at the end of which the red flag was shown. However according to the rules, the positions counted were those from the last lap completed by every driver, lap 31, at which point Prost was still leading.[22] Senna's second place was his first podium in Formula One.
Still in 1984, Senna took two more podium finishes that year—third at the British and Portuguese Grands Prix—and placed 9th in the Drivers Championship with 13 points overall. He did not take part in the Italian Grand Prix after he was suspended by Toleman for being in breach of his contract by signing for Lotus for 1985 without informing the Toleman team first.[23]
Senna also raced in two high-profile non-Formula One races in 1984: The ADAC 1000 km Nürburgring where, alongside Henri Pescarolo and Stefan Johansson, he co-drove a Joest Racing Porsche 956 to finish 8th, as well as an exhibition race to celebrate the opening of the new Nürburgring, which was attended by several Formula 1 drivers, each driving identical Mercedes 190E 2.3–16. Senna won from Niki Lauda and Carlos Reutemann.[24][25] After the race Senna was quoted as saying, "Now I know I can do it."[26]
1985–1987: Lotus[link]
- 1985
Senna was partnered in his first year at Lotus-Renault by Italian driver Elio de Angelis. At the second round of the season, the Portuguese Grand Prix, Senna took the first pole position of his Formula 1 career. He converted it into his first victory in the race, which was held in very wet conditions, winning by over a minute from Michele Alboreto.[27] He would not finish in the points again until coming second at the Austrian Grand Prix, despite taking pole three more times in the intervening period. (His determination to take pole at the Monaco Grand Prix had infuriated Alboreto and Niki Lauda; Senna had set a fast time early and was accused of deliberately baulking the other drivers by running more laps than necessary, a charge he rejected.)[28] Two more podiums followed in the Netherlands and Italy, before Senna added his second victory, again in wet conditions, at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium.[29] Senna's relationship with De Angelis soured over the season, as both drivers demanded top driver status within Lotus and, after spending six years at the team, De Angelis departed for Brabham at the end of the year, convinced that Lotus were becoming focused around the Brazilian.[30] Senna and De Angelis finished the season 4th and 5th respectively in the driver rankings, separated by five points in the quick but unreliable 97T. In terms of qualifying, however, Senna had begun to establish himself as the quickest in the field: his tally of seven poles that season was far more than that of any of the other drivers.
- 1986
De Angelis was replaced at Lotus by Scot Johnny Dumfries after Senna vetoed Derek Warwick from joining the team, saying that Lotus were not able to run competitive cars for two top drivers at the same time. Senna later admitted "It was bad, bad. Until then I had a good relationship with Derek."[31] Senna started the season well, coming second in Brazil and winning the Spanish Grand Prix by just 0.014s from Nigel Mansell—one of the closest finishes in Formula One history—to find himself leading the World Championship after two races.[32] However, poor reliability, particularly in the second half of the season, saw him drift behind the Williams pairing of Mansell and Piquet, as well as eventual champion, Alain Prost. Nonetheless, Senna was once more the top qualifier, with eight poles, and he took a further six podium finishes that season, including another victory at the Detroit Grand Prix, and finished the season fourth in the driver's standings again, with 55 points.
After winning the Detroit Grand Prix, two days after Brazil was eliminated from the 1986 FIFA World Cup, Senna asked a supporter for the Brazilian flag and drove one lap waving the flag. Thereafter, he repeated this ritual every time he won a race.
- 1987
Lotus had a new engine deal in 1987, running the same Honda engines as Williams had used to win the previous year's Constructors' Championship, and with them came a new team-mate, 34 year-old Japanese driver, Satoru Nakajima. Senna started the season with mixed fortunes: a podium at the San Marino Grand Prix was tempered by controversy at the following race at Spa-Francorchamps, where he collided with Mansell and was confronted by the angered Englishman in the pits afterwards.[33] Senna then won two races in a row: the ensuing Monaco Grand Prix (the first of his record six victories at the Principality) and the Detroit Grand Prix, his second victory in two years at the Michigan street circuit, to take the lead in the World Championship. As the championship wore on however, it became evident that the Williams cars had the advantage over the rest of the field, the gap between the Honda-engined teams made most obvious at the British Grand Prix, where Mansell and Piquet lapped the Lotuses of Senna and Nakajima. Senna became dissatisfied with his chances at Lotus and at Monza it was announced that he would be joining McLaren for 1988.[34] Senna finished the season strongly, coming second in the final two races in Japan and Australia, however post-race scrutineering at the final race found the brake ducts of his Lotus to be wider than permitted by the rules and he was disqualified, bringing his last and most successful season with Lotus to a sour end.[35] Senna was classified third in the final standings, with 57 points, one pole position and six podium finishes. This season marked a turning point in Senna's career as, throughout the year, he built a deep relationship with Honda, one which would pay big dividends, as McLaren had secured Williams' supply of Honda's V6 turbo engines for 1988.[36]
1988–1993: McLaren[link]
- 1988
In 1988, thanks to the relationship he had built up with Honda throughout the 1987 season with Lotus, and with the approval of McLaren's number one driver and then-double world champion, Alain Prost, Senna joined the McLaren team.[37] The foundation for a fierce competition between Senna and Prost was laid, culminating in a number of dramatic race incidents between the two over the next five years.[38] At the 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Prost made a slightly faster start than Senna but the Brazilian dived into the first corner ahead. Prost responded and went to pass Senna at the end of the first lap. Senna swerved to block Prost, forcing the Frenchman to nearly run into the pitwall at 180 mph (290 km/h). Prost kept his foot down and soon edged Senna into the first corner and started pulling away. Though Prost was angered by Senna's manoeuvre, the Brazilian got away with a warning from the FIA. Senna would later apologize to Prost for the incident. Ultimately, the pair won 15 of 16 races in the McLaren MP4/4 in 1988 with Senna coming out on top, winning his first Formula One world championship title by taking eight wins to Prost's seven (Prost had scored more points over the season, but had to drop three second places as only the 11 best scores counted).[39]
- 1989
The following year, the rivalry between Senna and Prost intensified into numerous battles on the track and a psychological war off it.[40] Tension and mistrust between the two drivers increased when Senna overtook Prost at the restart of the San Marino Grand Prix, a move which Prost claimed violated a pre-race agreement. Senna took an early lead in the championship with victories in San Marino, Monaco, and Mexico. However, unreliability in Phoenix, Canada, France, Britain and Italy, together with collisions in Brazil and Portugal, swung the title in Prost's favour.
Prost took the 1989 world title after a collision with Senna at the Suzuka Circuit in Japan, the penultimate race of the season, which Senna needed to win to remain in contention for the title. Senna had attempted an inside pass on Prost who turned into the corner and cut him off, with the two McLarens finishing up with their wheels interlocked in the Suzuka chicane escape road. Senna then got a push-start from marshals, pitted to replace the damaged nose of his car, and rejoined the race. He took the lead from the Benetton of Alessandro Nannini and went on to finish first, only to be disqualified by the FIA (at the insistence of Prost[citation needed] who ran into the race marshals' office after seeing Senna rejoin the race) for cutting the chicane after the collision, and for crossing into the pit lane entry (not part of the track).[41] A large fine and temporary suspension of his Super License followed in the winter of 1989, and an irate Senna engaged in a bitter war of words with the FIA and its then President Jean-Marie Balestre.[42] Senna finished the season second with six wins and one second place. Prost left McLaren for rivals Ferrari for the following year.
- 1990
In 1990, Senna took a commanding lead in the championship with six wins, two second places and three thirds. His most memorable victories were at the opening round in Phoenix, in which he diced for the lead for several laps with a then-unknown Jean Alesi before coming out on top, and at Germany where he fought Benetton driver Alessandro Nannini throughout the race for the win. As the season reached its final quarter however, Alain Prost in his Ferrari rose to the challenge with five wins, including a crucial victory in Spain where he and teammate Nigel Mansell finished 1–2 for the Scuderia. Senna had gone out with a damaged radiator and the gap between Senna and Prost was now reduced to 11 points with two races remaining.
At the penultimate round of the Championship in Japan at Suzuka (the same circuit where Senna and Prost had their collision a year before), Senna took pole ahead of Prost. The pole position in Suzuka was universally known to be on the left-hand, racing-line of the track. However, at FIA President Balestre's direction (no-one else has the power to make this order) Prost was given the racing-line start position and Senna was placed on the right-hand, dirty side of the track. As a result, Ferrari made a better start and pulled ahead of Senna's McLaren. At the first turn Senna aggressively kept his inside line, while Prost turned in and the McLaren ploughed into the rear wheel of Prost's Ferrari at about 270 km/h (170 mph), putting both cars off the track, this time making Senna the Formula 1 world champion.[43] A year later, after taking his third world championship, Senna explained to the press his actions of the previous year in Suzuka. He maintained that prior to qualifying fastest, he had sought and received assurances from race officials that pole position would be changed to the left-hand, clean side of the track, only to find this decision reversed by Jean-Marie Balestre after he had taken pole.[44] Explaining the collision with Prost, Senna said that what he had wanted was to make it clear that he was not going to accept the unquestionably unfair decision-making by Balestre, including his 1989 disqualification and the incorrect pole position in 1990.[45] Senna also testified that no matter what happened he would not yield the corner and that Prost taking his normal racing line (to which the leading driver is entitled) would result in an accident. Prost would later go on record slamming Senna's actions as "disgusting" and that he seriously considered retiring from the sport after that incident.[37]
- 1991
Senna captured his third title in 1991, taking seven wins and staying largely clear of controversy. Prost, because of the downturn in performance at Ferrari, was no longer a serious competitor. Senna won the first four races. By mid-season, Mansell in the more advanced Williams was able to put up a challenge. There were some memorable moments, such as at the Spanish Grand Prix when Senna and Mansell went wheel to wheel with only centimetres to spare, at over 320 km/h (200 mph) down the main straight, a race that the Briton eventually won. Quite a different spectacle was offered following Mansell's victory in the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Senna's car had come to a halt on the final lap but he was not left stranded out on the circuit, as Mansell pulled over on his parade lap and allowed the Brazilian to ride on the Williams side-pod back to the pits. Though Senna's consistency and the Williams's unreliability at the beginning of the season gave him an early advantage, Senna insisted that Honda step up their engine development program and demanded further improvements to the car before it was too late. These modifications enabled him to make a late season push and he managed to win three more races to secure the championship, which was settled for good in Japan (yet again) when Mansell (who needed to win), went off at the first corner while running third and beached his Williams-Renault into the gravel trap. Senna finished second, handing the victory to teammate Gerhard Berger at the last corner as a thank-you gesture for his support over the season. Senna was planning to move to the Williams team for the 1992 season, but Honda's CEO, Nobuhiko Kawamoto, personally requested that he remain at McLaren-Honda, which Senna did out of a sense of loyalty.[46]
- 1992
In 1992, Senna's determination to win manifested itself in dismay at McLaren's inability to challenge Williams's all-conquering FW14B car.[47] McLaren's new car for the season had several shortcomings. There was delay in getting the new model running (it debuted in the third race of the season, the Brazilian Grand Prix) and in addition to lacking active suspension, the new car suffered from reliability issues, was unpredictable in fast corners, while its Honda V12 engine was no longer the most powerful on the circuit.[48] Senna scored wins in Monaco, Hungary, and Italy that year. During qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix, French driver Érik Comas crashed heavily and Senna was the first to arrive at the scene. He got out of his car and ran across the track to help the Frenchman, disregarding his own safety in an effort to aid a fellow driver. He later went to visit Comas in hospital. Senna finished fourth overall in the championship, behind the Williams duo of Mansell and Patrese, and Benetton's Michael Schumacher.[49][50]
- 1993
Questions about Senna's intentions for 1993 lingered throughout 1992, as he did not have a contract with any team by the end of the year. He felt the McLaren cars were less competitive than in previous years (especially after Honda bowed out of Formula 1 at the end of the 1992 season and preseason testing with a Lamborghini V12 unit proved fruitless). Joining Williams alongside Prost (who had secured a drive for the team for 1993) became impossible, since Prost had a clause on his contract vetoing Senna as a team-mate, even though the Brazilian offered to drive for free. An infuriated Senna called Prost a coward in a press conference in Estoril.[51][52] In December, Senna went to Phoenix, Arizona and tested Emerson Fittipaldi's Penske IndyCar.[53] McLaren boss Ron Dennis meanwhile was trying to secure a supply of the dominant Renault V10 engine for 1993.[54] When this deal fell through, McLaren was forced to take a customer supply of Ford V8 engines which were two specifications behind that of Ford's factory team, Benetton.[55] McLaren hoped to make up for the inferior horsepower with mechanical sophistication, including an effective active suspension system.[56] Dennis then finally persuaded Senna to return to McLaren. The Brazilian, however, agreed only to sign up for the first race in South Africa, where he would assess whether McLaren's equipment was competitive enough for him to put in a good season. After driving McLaren's 1993 car, Senna concluded that the new car had a surprising potential, albeit the engine was still down on power and would be no match for Prost's Williams Renault.[57] Senna declined to sign a one-year contract but agreed to drive on a race-by-race basis, eventually staying for the year.[58]
After finishing second in the opening race in South Africa,[59] Senna won in changing conditions in Brazil and Donington. The latter has often been regarded as one of Senna's greatest victories.[60] He was fifth at the first corner and led the race at the end of the first lap going on to lap all but 2nd place in a race where up to seven pit stops were required by some drivers for rain or slick tyres.[61][62] Senna then scored a second-place finish in Spain and a record-breaking sixth win at Monaco.[63] After Monaco, the sixth race of the season, Senna unexpectedly led the championship from Prost in the Williams-Renault.[64] As the season progressed, Prost and Damon Hill asserted the superiority of the Williams-Renault car, with Prost securing the drivers' championship while Hill moved up to second in the standings. Senna concluded the season and his McLaren career with two wins in Japan and Australia, finishing second overall in the championship.[56][65] The penultimate race was noted for an incident where Jordan's rookie Eddie Irvine unlapped himself against Senna. The incensed Brazilian later appeared at Jordan's garage and after a lengthy and heated discussion, punched the Irishman in the face.[66] For the 1994 season, Senna had offers from McLaren, WIlliams, Benetton, and Ferrari, the team he believed was the soul of Formula 1, and to which he planned to move to in 1996 before retiring in 2000. According to his manager, Julian Jakobi, a deal was in the works with Ferrari who had already offered Senna, the most sought after driver, a groundbreaking $22 million a year.[67]
1994: Williams[link]
For 1994, Senna finally signed with the Williams-Renault team after Prost had reluctantly decided to end his career. Prost's contract clause forbidding Senna from joining Williams did not extend to 1994 and Prost retired with one year left on his contract, rather than face the prospect of a repeat of the animosities of 1989 and 1990.[68] Pre-season testing showed that the new Williams FW16 car had speed, but it was extremely difficult to control. Senna himself had made numerous diplomatic comments that the FW16 had some quirks which needed to be ironed out due to the fact that, contractually, he was forbidden from outright criticising the car. It was obvious that the FW16, after the regulation changes banning active suspension, traction control, power brakes, and ABS, exhibited none of the superiority of the FW15C and FW14B cars that had preceded it. It was also the first season that Williams used power steering, a system which had been problematic. Furthermore, the cockpit was too tight for Senna's frame, and several adjustments were subsequently made, including the lengthening of the steering column by 12 millimetres. The surprise of testing was the Benetton team, whose car was more nimble than the Williams although less powerful. Senna prophetically commented, "It's going to be a season with lots of accidents, and I'll risk saying that we'll be lucky if something really serious doesn't happen.”[citation needed]
The first race of the season was in Brazil, where Senna took pole. In the race Senna took an early lead but Schumacher's Benetton was never far behind. Schumacher took the race lead for good after passing Senna in the pits. Senna refused to settle for second. While trying for a win, he pushed too hard and spun the car coming out of Junção on lap 56, stalling it and retiring from the race. The second race was the Pacific Grand Prix at Aida where Senna again placed the car on pole. However, after being beaten to the first corner by second qualifier Schumacher, he was hit from behind in the first corner by Mika Häkkinen and his race came to a definitive end when a Ferrari driven by Nicola Larini also crashed into his Williams. Hill also retired with transmission problems, while Schumacher took victory again.
It was Senna's worst start to an F1 season, failing to finish or score points in the first two races, despite taking pole both times. Schumacher was leading Senna in the drivers' championship by twenty points.[69] Senna and others that year then began suspecting that Benetton's performance was enhanced by the illegal use of traction control, which fuelled a media controversy, but never materialised into a formal complaint to the FIA.
Death[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) |
Main article: Death of Ayrton Senna
File:Senna accident.jpg
Senna's fatal accident at the moment of impact
Senna's third and final race of the 1994 season, the San Marino Grand Prix, was held on the "Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari" circuit located in Imola, Italy. Imola had traditionally been considered the beginning of the F1 season proper, on European soil.
Senna, who did not finish the two opening races of the season, declared that this was where his season would start, with fourteen races, as opposed to sixteen, in which to win the title.[70] Senna placed the car on pole for a then-record 65th and final time, but he was upset by events unfolding that race weekend. That weekend, Senna's feedback about the FW16 included comments about the car switching between oversteering and understeering and that the car's performance was generally worse instead of better after the engineers' latest adjustments.[71]
During the afternoon qualifying session, Senna's compatriot and protégé Rubens Barrichello was involved in a serious accident when his Jordan became airborne at the Variante Bassa chicane (the last of the circuit) violently slamming into the tyres and fence. In the impact, Barrichello suffered a broken nose and arm; injuries that prevented him from competing in the race. Barrichello indicated that Senna was the first person he saw upon regaining consciousness.[72]
The next day, Saturday, Austrian rookie driver Roland Ratzenberger was killed during qualifying in a devastating accident when the front wing broke on his Simtek-Ford while going flat out at the fast Villeneuve right-hander bend and into the concrete wall. A distraught Senna requested a track marshall to take him to the site of Ratzenberger's fatal crash. Senna was met by FIA's Medical Chief Professor Sid Watkins, who recalled that Senna was tearful, despite having only just met Ratzenberger the previous day. Professor Watkins suggested to Senna on that occasion to stop racing and go fishing (a hobby they both shared), to which Senna said he could not stop racing.
To obtain information about his injured colleagues that weekend, Senna climbed the fence of the Medical Centre after he inspected the crash site. Senna had commandeered an official's car to visit that site, yet the FIA chose not to take any formal disciplinary actions against Senna.
Senna spent his final morning making time to meet with fellow drivers to discuss the re-establishment of a drivers' group (i.e. Grand Prix Drivers' Association) in an attempt to increase safety in Formula One, because of that weekend's tragic events. As the most senior driver, Senna offered to take the role of leader, starting from the next race event in Monaco.
During the drivers' briefing, complaints were raised about the commercial gimmick of a Porsche 911 lead car for the warm-up lap. As this lap neared, Senna again queried the closeness of the Porsche and was jokingly told by his team's chief engineer, Patrick Head, that the 911 would remain close by, as per the preceding races. Instead, the Porsche was ordered to leave earlier, to Senna's content.
At the start of the Grand Prix race, Senna retained the lead from Schumacher but proceedings soon became interrupted by a huge accident on the start line, caused by JJ Lehto's Benetton-Ford stalling, and an unsighted Pedro Lamy ramming him in his Lotus-Mugen Honda at nearly full speed. A wheel was torn off the car and landed in the main grandstand, injuring eight fans and a police officer. The safety car – which was a sporty version of the Opel Vectra medium family sedan – was deployed and the drivers followed it for several laps. The Vectra's slow pace was later questioned because of the consequential drop in tyre pressures on the Formula One cars. In fact, under those safety car conditions, video footage shows Senna pulling alongside the Vectra, gesticulating to the Vectra driver, Max Angelelli, to increase his speed.[73] On the restart (lap 6), Senna immediately set a quick pace with the third quickest lap of the race, followed by Schumacher. As Senna entered the high-speed Tamburello corner on lap 7, the car left the track at around 205 mph (330 km/h), hitting the concrete retaining wall at around 135 mph (217 km/h), after what telemetry showed to be an application of the brakes for around 2 seconds. The red flag was shown as a consequence of the accident. Within two minutes of crashing, Senna was extracted from his race car by Professor Sid Watkins and his medical team. Initial treatment took place by the side of the car, with Senna having a weak heartbeat and significant blood loss (approximately 4.5 liters). Because of Senna's poor neurological condition, Professor Watkins performed an on site tracheotomy and requested the immediate airlifting of Senna to Bologna's Maggiore Hospital, where he was declared dead hours later. Watkins later said that as soon as he saw Senna's fully dilated pupils, he knew that his brainstem was inactive and that he would not survive.[74]
It is believed that the right suspension frame was sent stabbing back into the cockpit, striking Senna on the right side of his helmet, forcing his head back against the headrest and causing fatal skull fractures and brain injury. A piece of the upright attached to the wheel partially penetrated his helmet causing trauma to his forehead. In addition, it appeared that a jagged piece of the upright assembly, most likely a tie rod, penetrated the Bell helmet visor, which was a new, thinner version, above his right eye. Senna also suffered a burst temporal artery.[75]
It was later revealed that, as medical staff examined Senna, a furled Austrian flag was found in his car—a flag that he had intended to raise in honour of Ratzenberger after the race.[76]
Photographs of Ayrton Senna after the accident were taken by Senna's friend and Autosprint's picture editor, Angelo Orsi. Out of respect, those photographs have never been sold to interested parties.
- Funeral
Senna's death was considered by many of his Brazilian fans to be a national tragedy, and the Brazilian government declared three days of national mourning. The Italian Air Force offered to fly the coffin back to Brazil, but the Senna family wished that it return home in a Brazilian plane. Contrary to airline policy and out of respect, Senna's coffin was allowed to be flown back to his home country not as cargo but in the passenger cabin of Varig's McDonnel-Douglas MD-11 commercial jetliner (registration PP-VOQ (cn 48435/478)), accompanied by his distraught younger brother, Leonardo, and close friends. The plane was escorted by fighter jets into São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, where it was met by São Paulo's mayor, Paulo Maluf, and state governor, Luís Antônio Fleury. The coffin was carried by soldiers from the Policia da Aeronautical to a fire engine, where eight cadets from the Military Police Academy mounted guard as it carried the coffin on the 20-mile journey into the city. Leading the motorcade were seventeen police motorbikes, and 2,500 policemen lined the route to keep the crowds at bay.[77]
An estimated three million people flocked to the streets of Senna's hometown of São Paulo to offer him their salute. This is widely accepted as the largest recorded gathering of mourners in modern times.[citation needed] Over 200,000 people filed past as his body lay in state at the Legislative Assembly building in Ibirapuera Park. After the public viewing, a 21-gun salute was fired by the 2nd Artillery Brigade and seven jets of the Brazilian Air Force flew in a diamond formation as the funeral procession made its way to Morumbi Cemetery. Many prominent motor racing figures attended Senna's state funeral, such as team managers Ken Tyrrell, Peter Collins, Ron Dennis, and Frank Williams, and driver Jackie Stewart. The pallbearers included drivers Gerhard Berger, Michele Alboreto, Alain Prost, Thierry Boutsen, Damon Hill, Rubens Barrichello, Roberto Moreno, Derek Warwick, Mauricio Gugelmin, Hans Stuck, Johnny Herbert, Pedro Lamy, Maurizio Sala, Raul Boesel, Emerson Fittipaldi, Wilson Fittipaldi, and Christian Fittipaldi. Neither Sid Watkins nor Jo Ramirez, the McLaren team coordinator, could bear to attend because they were so grief-stricken. Senna's family did not allow FOM president Bernie Ecclestone, a friend of Senna's, to attend the ceremony, after an altercation between Ecclestone and Senna's brother Leonardo at Imola regarding Ecclestone's misconstrued reaction to the news of Ayrton's death and the fact that the race had not been abandoned after his accident.[78] FIA President Max Mosley instead attended the funeral of Ratzenberger which took place on 7 May 1994, in Salzburg, Austria.[79] Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, "I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his."[80] Senna's grave bears the epitaph "Nada pode me separar do amor de Deus," which means "Nothing can separate me from the love of God" (a reference to Romans 8:38-39[81]).
A testament to the adulation he inspired among fans worldwide was the scene at the Tokyo headquarters of Honda where the McLaren cars were typically displayed after each race. Upon his death, so many floral tributes were received that it overwhelmed the large exhibition lobby.[82] This despite the fact Senna no longer drove for McLaren and that McLaren in the preceding seasons did not use Honda power. Senna had a special relationship with company founder Soichiro Honda[citation needed] and was beloved in Japan, where he achieved a near mythic status. For the next race at Monaco, the FIA decided to leave the first two grid positions empty and painted them with the colours of the Brazilian and the Austrian flags, to honour Senna and Ratzenberger.
- Trial
The cause of the accident has been identified as a steering column failure. Italian law demands that any unusual incident be investigated. Many court cases followed immediately afterwards and the judgment went on for years, with Williams being investigated for manslaughter. The last word from the Italian Court of Appeal was on 13 April 2007. In verdict no. 15050, the Court ruled thus: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a steering column failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly executed modifications. The responsibility of this falls on Patrick Head, culpable of omitted control". Patrick Head was not arrested; in Italy the statute of limitation for manslaughter is 7 years and 6 months, and the final verdict was pronounced 13 years after the accident.[83] Despite Formula One regulations, the Williams-Renault team was allowed to extract Senna's black boxes from the wreck of his FW16 once it returned in the pitlane, only for them to be returned completely bereft of any telemetry, despite no external damage. Had Senna's death been declared immediately, under Italian Law, the wreckage would have had to have been immediately impounded and the race event suspended. Instead, the Imola Grand Prix proceeded, with drivers being advised of Senna's condition only at the end of the race.[citation needed]
Personal life[link]
|
|
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) |
Senna was a devout Catholic, once saying "Just because I believe in God, just because I have faith in God, it doesn't mean that I'm immune. It doesn't mean that I'm immortal" (1989).[84] He often read the Bible on long flights from São Paulo to Europe.[85][86] In Senna, a documentary about his racing career that was released in 2010, Ayrton's sister, Viviane, revealed that following, first the accident of his friend Rubens Barrichello followed the next day by the death of Roland Ratzenberger during the San Marino Grand Prix of 1994, Senna had sought strength from the Bible. "Faced with a night of turmoil, of conflict, no one knew what his decision would be on Sunday morning, on race day ...'On that final morning, he woke and opened his bible and read a text,' explained Viviane 'that he would receive the greatest gift of all, which was God himself.'" [84]
As his profile rose, Senna expressed concern over the widespread poverty in Brazil. After his death it was discovered that he had quietly donated an extremely large portion of his personal fortune (estimated at around $400 million) to help poor children.[87] Shortly before his death, he created the framework for an organisation dedicated to Brazilian children, which later became Instituto Ayrton Senna.[88]
Senna, renowned for his intensity and almost mystic qualities, was often quoted using driving as a means for self-discovery and racing as a metaphor for life: "The harder I push, the more I find within myself. I am always looking for the next step, a different world to go into, areas where I have not been before. It's lonely driving a Grand Prix car, but very absorbing. I have experienced new sensations, and I want more. That is my excitement, my motivation."[89]
Towards the end of his career, Senna became increasingly preoccupied with the dangers of his profession. On the morning of his death he initiated the re-formation of the GPDA safety organisation, with which he had intended to work to improve the safety of his sport.
In the late 1980s, to take advantage of the close relationship Honda had formed with Senna, the Japanese company asked him to help fine-tune the Honda NSX's suspension setting during its final development stages. The tests were conducted at Suzuka Circuit with chief NSX engineer Shigeru Uehara and his engineering team present to gather Senna's direct input. Senna found the prototype NSX initially lacked chassis stiffness to the level he was accustomed to, so the final production version was further reinforced to his satisfaction.
Senna was also instrumental in bringing Audi cars into his native country, both as an import and manufacturing business. Audi entered Brazil in 1994 via Ayrton Senna's company, Senna Import, founded in 1993. Sales began in April that year, just a month before his untimely death. In 1999, Audi Senna was created as a joint venture of Audi with Senna Import.[90] Senna's personal car in 1994 was an Audi S4.[91]
Planning a retirement in 2000 with Ferrari,[citation needed] Senna exercised his strong entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s by developing his own logo, the double S, after his full surname, "Senna da Silva".[92] This logo is meant to represent an S chicane on a racing circuit. The Senna brand was on apparel, watches (TAG Heuer), bicycles (Carraro), and boats. TAG Heuer and Hublot have created limited edition watches to honor Senna, both during his lifetime and after his death.
Senna owned several properties, including an organic farm in Tatuí, Brazil, a beach house in Angra dos Reis, Brazil, an apartment in São Paulo, an apartment in Monaco, and a house in Algarve, Portugal.
Ayrton enjoyed a range of physical activities including running, waterskiing, jet skiing, and paddleboarding. He also had several hobbies, such as flying real and model planes and helicopters, boating, fishing and riding his favourite Ducati motorbikes. His private jet was a British Aerospace 125 (BAe HS125), and he also piloted his own helicopter between his residences in Brazil. He was left-handed.
His nickname from childhood was "Beco", and the Japanese Honda engineers would call him "Harry" because they had difficulty pronouncing "Ayrton".
Senna was close friends with McLaren teammate Gerhard Berger, and the two were always playing practical jokes on each other.[93] Berger is quoted as saying "He taught me a lot about our sport, I taught him to laugh." He calls their three seasons together (1990 to 1992) "the James Bond years" since, as biographer Tom Rubython notes, "money, success, and girls littered every corner of their lives."[94] In the documentary film The Right to Win, made in 2004 as a tribute to Senna, Frank Williams notably recalls that as good a driver as Senna was, ultimately "he was an even greater man outside of the car than he was in it."
Senna was married to Lilian de Vasconcelos Souza, whom he had known since childhood, from 1981 until 1982. The marriage ended due to the fact that Lilian was used to an easy life with servants in Brazil and could not handle the freezing cold of England and the comparatively spartan and isolated lifestyle that her husband's racing demanded. Senna, who did not have much of an income early in his racing career, insisted on supporting his wife with no help from his father out of a sense of pride.[citation needed] After his marriage to Vasconcelos ended, Senna dated several women including model Marjorie Andrade. He subsequently courted Adriane Yamin, daughter of an entrepreneur from São Paulo, who was 15 years old when they began the relationship in 1985 and often chaperoned by her mother during meetings with Senna. They were briefly engaged, but the relationship was broken off by Senna in late 1988.[95] Senna dated Brazilian TV star Xuxa from late 1988 until 1990. He then dated Christine Ferracciu, who lived with him at his homes in Monaco and Portugal, on and off between 1990 and 1991. By the time of his death, Senna had been dating Brazilian model Adriane Galisteu for a year and a half.[96]
Ayrton was the uncle of Formula One driver Bruno Senna (Viviane's son), of whom he said in 1993: "If you think I'm fast, just wait until you see my nephew Bruno."[97]
Legacy[link]
Many safety improvements were made in the sport following Senna's and Ratzenberger's deaths. These include improved crash barriers, redesigned tracks, higher crash safety standards (such as larger sills along the driver cockpit) and major cuts to engine power. Ironically, these knee-jerk measures resulted in further major crashes that year (e.g., at the Spanish Grand Prix). Also ironically, entry to the fatal Tamburello corner and other chicanes on the Imola circuit had been significantly altered for 1995. This was despite calls for action in 1989, after a serious high-speed crash that saw Senna's best friend, Gerhard Berger, suffering burns to his hand. No action took place after that crash because, following an inspection by Senna and Berger, they ended up siding with officials who had, for years, claimed that the wall could not be moved further back due to a river nearby.
Soon after his death in 1994, the Brazilian football World Cup winning team dedicated their win to the great racer in order to recognise his contributions to Formula 1.[98][99]
A few months before his death, Senna had discussed with his sister the foundation of a charitable organization, based on a desire to contribute to those less fortunate in a more organised and effective manner. After his death, Viviane Senna set up the Instituto Ayrton Senna in his honor, which has invested nearly US$80 million over the last twelve years in social programs and actions in partnership with schools, government, NGOs, and the private sector aimed at offering children and teenagers from low-income backgrounds the skills and opportunities they need to develop their full potential as persons, citizens and future professionals.[100] The foundation is officially advised by Bernie Ecclestone, Frank Williams, Alain Prost, and Gerhard Berger. The "Senninha" ("Little Senna") cartoon character, born in 1993/94, was another means by which Senna extended his role model status in favour of Brazilian children.
In his home country of Brazil, the main freeway from the international airport to São Paulo and a tunnel along route to the heart of the city is named in his honour. Also, one of the most important freeways of Rio de Janeiro is named after Senna ("Avenida Ayrton Senna"). The main road in Senna's Portuguese resort at Quinta do Lago, Algarve, was also dedicated to him, due to the fact that his villa there was very near (but not on) this road. A portion of the Interlagos circuit in São Paulo is named the "Senna Esses Chicane" in his honor. In the English town of Reading, Berkshire, where Senna lived for a short period of time, Ayrton Senna's name has been given to an avenue in the suburb of Tilehurst.[101]
In 2004, a book called Ayrton: The Hero Revealed (original title: Ayrton: O Herói Revelado[102]) was published in Brazil for the tenth anniversary of his passing. Senna remains a national hero in Brazil and his grave attracts more visitors than the graves of John F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley combined.[85]
In addition, to mark the tenth anniversary of Senna's death, on 21 April 2004, over 10,000 people attended a charity match in a football stadium near Imola. The game was organised by several devoted Italian and Canadian fans of Senna, bringing the 1994 FIFA World Cup winning team of Brazil (who dedicated their 1994 FIFA World Cup win to Senna) to face the "Nazionale Piloti", an exhibition team composed exclusively of top race car drivers. Senna had been a part of the latter in 1985. Michael Schumacher, Jarno Trulli, Rubens Barrichello, Fernando Alonso and many others faced the likes of Dunga, Careca, Taffarel and several of the team that won the World Cup in the United States ten years earlier. The match finished 5–5 and the money was donated to Instituto Ayrton Senna. Viviane Senna, the president of the institute, gave the initial kick. That same weekend, Bernie Ecclestone revealed that he still believed Senna was and remained the best F1 driver he had ever seen.[78]
Since his death, Senna has been the subject of songs by Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, Jazz pianist Kim Pensyl, Japanese jazz-fusion guitarist and T-square bandleader Masahiro Andoh (on songs such as "Faces" and subsequential revisions, like "The Face") and Chris Rea (on his song "Saudade"). The Spanish band, Delorean, released an extended play entitled Ayrton Senna in 2009.
Between 1996 and 1998, to pay tribute to Senna, the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Ducati produced special Senna editions of their 916 superbike. Ducati was at the time owned by Claudio Castiglioni, a personal friend of Senna who was an avid Ducati lover. In 2002, the MV Agusta F4 750 Senna motorbike was created, again by Castiglioni, now president of MV Agusta. The production was limited to 300 bikes, and all profits from sales went to the Ayrton Senna Foundation.[citation needed]
In 2009, it was announced that Senna's nephew Bruno would be making his Formula One debut in 2010.[103]
The former Formula One grand prix circuit in Adelaide, Australia, renamed its first chicane the "Senna Chicane" in honour of his memory. This track—which remains the site of Senna's last Formula One win—is still used for local V8 Supercars racing after the move of the F1 grand prix to Melbourne. There is also a street named after him in the Adelaide suburb of Wingfield. The Adelaide street circuit was said to be a favourite of Senna's, and he was reportedly unhappy about the upcoming shift of venue from Adelaide to Melbourne in 1996.[citation needed]
He has been voted the best driver of all time in various motorsport polls, including F1 Racing Magazine's 2004 poll and one involving current drivers as published by the German newspaper Bild am Sonntag in July 2010.[104] In 2009, a poll of 217 current and former Formula One drivers conducted by the British magazine Autosport named Senna as "the greatest Formula One driver who ever lived".[2][105]
On 25 July 2010, popular BBC motoring show, Top Gear paid an emotional tribute to Senna with British Formula One World Champion, Lewis Hamilton driving Senna's original MP4/4, with which he won the 1988 title.
A documentary film Senna was released in 2011 to great critical acclaim.
Helmet Design[link]
Senna's helmet design was yellow with a green stripe surrounding the upper visor and a blue stripe surrounding the lower visor (with 2 parallel white lines in each stripe). The helmet never had significant changes, minus the sponsors. His nephew Bruno, currently racing in Formula One, bears a modified version of his helmet design (a yellow helmet with a green and blue stripe), but the stripes are shaped after an S rather than being straight, under the chin area it has a green stripe and it has a blue rounded rectangle in the top area.
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
- ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75% of laps completed, half points awarded.
Formula One records[link]
Senna holds the following Formula One records:
| Record | |
|---|---|
| Most consecutive pole positions | 8 consecutive pole positions (1988 Spanish Grand Prix–1989 United States Grand Prix) |
| Most pole positions at the same Grand Prix | 8 pole positions at the San Marino Grand Prix (1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994)[N 1] |
| Most consecutive starts from front row | 24 (1988 German Grand Prix–1989 Australian Grand Prix) |
| Starts from front row in every race in one season | 16 out of 16 front row starts in 1989[N 2] |
| Most races leading the entire race | 19 |
| Youngest triple World Champion | 31 years, 227 days (1988, 1990, 1991) |
- Footnotes
- ^ Record shared with Michael Schumacher, who took 8 pole positions at the Japanese Grand Prix.
- ^ Record shared with Alain Prost (16 out of 16 in 1993) and Damon Hill (16 out of 16 in 1996).
References[link]
- ^ a b Up until 1990, not all points scored by a driver contributed to their final World Championship tally (see list of points scoring systems for more information). Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
- ^ a b Straw, Edd (10 December 2009). "Drivers vote Senna the greatest ever". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80517. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
- ^ "Interview with Bernie Ecclestone.". The Independent (UK). 22 April 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/senna-would-have-beaten-schumacher-in-equal-cars-560807.html. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Alan Henry's Top 100 F1 Drivers". London: The Telegraph online.. 27 February 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2293034/Formula-One-Top-100-drivers.html. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ Rice, Simon (12 March 2010). "The Ten Best Formula One Drivers". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/the-ten-best-formula-one-drivers-1920034.html?action=gallery&ino=1.
- ^ "Best Formula 1 Driver Ever". Rankopedia. http://www.rankopedia.com/Best-Formula-1-driver-ever/Step1/7/.htm.
- ^ "The Best F1 Racing Drivers Post-1976". McCabism. http://mccabism.blogspot.com/2008/08/best-f1-racing-drivers-post-1976.html.
- ^ "Gafisa presta homenagem a Ayrton Senna: "morador ilustre a gente não esquece"". Senna.globo.com. http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/br/noticias_interna.asp?cod_Noticia=128. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Ayrton Senna: Racing in My Blood, Official Video Biography (Kultur Video, 1991).
- ^ "Ayrton Senna – Racing Career". MotorSports Etc. http://www.motorsportsetc.com/info/senna.htm.
- ^ Hilton 1999 pp. 38–40
- ^ Hilton (2005), pp. 9, 33–43, 154.
- ^ Hilton, Christopher, Ayrton Senna – The Complete Story (2004), pp. 99–116.
- ^ Hilton (2005), pp. 43–47, 154.
- ^ Greg Girard, Ian Lambot, and Philip Newsome, Macau Grand Prix: The Road To Success (Watermark Surrey, 1998).
- ^ a b "Senna Rembered". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3605323.stm. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
- ^ Rubython, Tom, The Life of Senna (2004), p. 90
- ^ Hilton (2004), pp. 121–122.
- ^ Drackett, Phil (1985). Brabham : Story of a racing team. Arthur Barker. ISBN 0-213-16915-0. pp. 134–135
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 138.
- ^ Mark Hughes and Simon Arron, The Complete Book of Formula One (Motorbooks International, 2003), p. 310.
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice (1984)) Autocourse 1984–85 p.141 Hazleton publishing ISBN 0-905138-32-5
- ^ Hilton (2004), pp. 149–152.
- ^ "FIA World Endurance Championship 1984". wsrp.ic.cz. http://wsrp.ic.cz/wsc1984.html#4. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ "Senna – Porsche 956K – Nurburgring". The Nostalgia Forum at AtlasF1. http://forums.autosport.com/showthread.php?s=&threadid=50415. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 140.
- ^ Timothy Collings and Sarah Edworthy, The Formula One Years: A Season-by-Season Account of the World's Premier Motor Racing Championship from 1950 to the Present Day (Carlton Books, 2002), p. 208.
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice (ed.) (1985) Autocourse 1985 – 1986 Hazleton publishing pp.74 & 104 ISBN 0-905138-38-4
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 427
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 163
- ^ Hilton (2004), p. 170.
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 428
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 432
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 186
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 188
- ^ "Engines: Honda Motor Company," GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on 2 June 2007.
- ^ a b "Ayrton Senna by Alain Prost". prostfan.com. http://www.prostfan.com/senna2.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Hughes and Arron (2003), p. 340.
- ^ Bruce Jones, ed. 50 Years of the Formula One World Championship (Carlton, 1999). pp. 221–222.
- ^ Christopher Hilton, Ayrton Senna: The Whole Story (Haynes, 2004)
- ^ Jones, ed. (1999), pp. 227–228.
- ^ "F1 – Grandprix.com > Features > News Feature > McLaren versus Jean-Marie Balestre". Grandprix.com. 1 December 1989. http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00018.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 106–107.
- ^ Menard and Vassal(2003), p. 107.
- ^ "Senna blows his top at Suzuka," printed from www.autosport.com on May 30, 2007
- ^ Ernesto Rodrigues, Ayrton: The Hero Revealed (1994)
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 129–130.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 128–129.
- ^ Jones (1999), pp. 253, 257.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), pp. 244–247.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 129–132.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 239, 250.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 130.
- ^ "Constructors: McLaren International", GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on May 30, 2007.
- ^ a b "History of McLaren: Time Line – the 1990s." printed from www.mclaren.com on 30 May 2007.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 133.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 250.
- ^ "Grand Prix Results: South African GP, 1993", GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on 30 May 2007.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 250
- ^ "1993 European Grand Prix". http://www.formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/results/season/1993/86/. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 134.
- ^ Ian Thomsen, "Senna, Hill and Monaco: Roaring Through the Ghost of a Winner Past", International Herald Tribune, Monday, 24 May 1993; printed from http://www.iht.com on 28 May 2007.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 134–135.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), pp. 251–253.
- ^ "Ayrton Senna Suzuka 1993". www.ayrton-senna.com. http://www.ayrton-senna.com/senna/suzuka.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 497
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 138.
- ^ "Senna retrospective". BBC News. 21 April 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/photo_galleries/3636399.stm. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Interview with Ayrton Senna, 28 May 1994". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iErwQ9Y0q-Y.
- ^ Senna film (2010)
- ^ Hilton (2004), p. 341
- ^ "History of the F1 Safety Car". enterF1.com. 21 April 2009. http://www.enterf1.com/news/049-the-bite-point.asp. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ Calkin, Jessamy (20 May 2011). "Senna: The Driver Who Lit Up Formula One". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/8524259/Senna-the-driver-who-lit-up-Formula-One.html.
- ^ Hilton (1994), p. 386
- ^ Longer, Andrew (31 October 1994). "Ayrton Senna: The Last Hours". The Times. p. 30. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F9242ED73BC537B&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=63FF7C9CECF24CA8828B27BFD2B2546B. "Back at the track, in the shattered remains of Senna's car, they discovered a furled Austrian flag Senna had intended to dedicate his 42nd grand prix victory to Ratzenberger's memory."
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 422
- ^ a b "'Senna would have beaten Schumacher in equal cars' – Motor Racing, Sport". The Independent (UK). 22 April 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/senna-would-have-beaten-schumacher-in-equal-cars-560807.html. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ David Tremayne, Mark Skewis, Stuart Williams, Paul Fearnley (5 April 1994). "Track Topics". Motoring News (News Publications Ltd.).
- ^ "Max went to Roland's funeral". www.f1racing.net. 23 April 2004. http://www.f1racing.net/en/news.php?newsID=48657. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
- ^ Romans 8:38-39, NIV
- ^ "アイルトン・セナの去った夜" (in Japanese). http://www.honda.co.jp/collection-hall/episodes_old/motor/mp44/index.html.
- ^ Gazzetta dello Sport: Senna, Head Responsabile http://www.gazzetta.it/Motori/Formula1/Primo_Piano/2007/04_Aprile/13/senna.shtml
- ^ a b Pandey, Manish (1 August 2011). "Ayrton Senna: The Faith Of The Man Who Could Drive On Water". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/manish-pandey/ayrton-senna_b_909096.html.
- ^ a b Philip, Robert (17 October 2007). "Spirit of Ayrton Senna is Lewis Hamilton's spur". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2323502/Spirit-of-Ayrton-Senna-is-Lewis-Hamiltons-spur.html. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Hamilton visits Senna's grave". ESPN. 16 October 2009. http://sports.espn.go.com/rpm/racing/f1/news/story?id=4565293. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "The Official Formula 1 Website". Formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Widdows, Rob (2 February 2008). "Instituto Ayrton Senna: Gone but not forgotten". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/2750524/Instituto-Ayrton-Senna-Gone-but-not-forgotten.html. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 238.
- ^ "Audi Brasil > Companhia > Audi no Brasil". Audi.com.br. 21 September 2010. http://www.audi.com.br/br/brand/pt/company/audi_no_brasil.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Folha Online – Classificados – Veículos – Audi expõe S4 de Ayrton Senna no Salão do Automóvel – 20/10/2004". .folha.uol.com.br. 20 October 2004. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/classificados/veiculos/ult1670u1406.shtml. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 497
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 70.
- ^ Rubython, p. 267
- ^ Rodrigues, Ernesto (2004) (in Portuguese). Ayrton: o herói revelado. Objetiva. p. 639. ISBN 978-85-7302-602-3.
- ^ "Adriane Galisteu: "Ayrton Senna está no meu coração e na minha cabeça" [Adriane Galisteu: "Ayrton Senna's in my heart and in my head"]" (in Portuguese). Quem. 7 November 2010. http://revistaquem.globo.com/Revista/Quem/0,,EMI185731-9531,00-ADRIANE%20GALISTEU%20AYRTON%20SENNA%20ESTA%20NO%20MEU%20CORACAO%20E%20NA%20MINHA%20CABECA.html. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ "Formula 1™ – The Official F1™ Website". Formula1.com. 12 November 2009. http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2009/11/10214.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "World Cup history: 1994". Times LIVE. 7 June 2010. http://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/article437858.ece/World-Cup-history--1994. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
- ^ "FIFA World Cup USA '94 – Tournament Report" (PDF). FIFA. 17 March 2003. p. 23 (document page: 22). http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/08/62/wc_94_tr_part1_272.pdf. Retrieved 13 September 2010. "... while the proud and delighted Brazilians were unrolling a banner on the pitch dedicating their win to the late Formula 1 world champion Ayrton Senna, who died in Imola in May 1994 ...'"
- ^ "Instituto Ayrton Senna". Senna.globo.com. http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Ayrton Senna Road, Tilehurst, Berkshire, RG41 4JQ" http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2095008_ayrton_senna_a_legend_but_not_in_the_garden
- ^ written by Ernesto Rodrigues, Editora Objetiva
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (31 October 2009). "Campos honoured to give Senna F1 slot". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79887. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
- ^ "Alonso voted best driver". Sify (Sify Technologies Ltd.). 23 July 2010. http://sify.com/sports/alonso-voted-best-driver-news-news-khxqOjgjchi.html. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Formula 1's Greatest Drivers: 1. AYRTON SENNA". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). 10 December 2009. http://f1greatestdrivers.autosport.com/?driver=1. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ayrton Senna |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ayrton Senna |
- official Ayrton Senna website (Portuguese)
- Instituto Ayrton Senna
- SennaFiles - Ayrton Senna and Bruno Senna news, photos and videos
- Daily Telegraph obituary
- Formula One's Hall of Fame driver profile
- Autosport's greatest F1 driver in history
- ESPN F1 Senna profile
- biography of Ayrton Senna
- Ayrton Senna – Motor Racing Legend
- Senna: The Driver Who Lit Up Formula One
- interview with Professor Sid Watkins about Senna
- Ayrton Senna: The Faith of the Man Who Could Drive on Water
- Motor Racing: A Nation Weeps for Its Idol
- Ayrton Senna virtual memorial
- Ayrton Senna Rally Driving in Wales
- Ayrton Senna brand and charitable organization 10 years later
- Ayrton Senna photos
- Ayrton Senna career details
- Ayrton Senna statistics
- Ayrton Senna at the Internet Movie Database
- Ayrton Senna at the Notable Names Database
- Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II at MobyGames
- Top Gear's tribute to Ayrton Senna
{{Navboxes |title=Ayrton Senna sporting positions | list1 =
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Roberto Moreno |
British Formula Ford Champion 1981 |
Succeeded by Julian Bailey |
| Preceded by Tommy Byrne |
British Formula Three Champion 1983 |
Succeeded by Johnny Dumfries |
| Preceded by Roberto Moreno |
Macau Grand Prix Winner 1983 |
Succeeded by John Nielsen |
| Preceded by Nelson Piquet |
Formula One World Champion 1988 |
Succeeded by Alain Prost |
| Preceded by Alain Prost |
Formula One World Champion 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nigel Mansell |
| Preceded by Roland Ratzenberger |
Formula One fatal accidents 1 May 1994 |
Succeeded by Last F1 fatality to date |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Nigel Mansell |
Autosport International Racing Driver Award 1988 |
Succeeded by Jean Alesi |
| Preceded by Jean Alesi |
Autosport International Racing Driver Award 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nigel Mansell |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Senna, Ayrton |
| Alternative names | Senna, Ayrton, da Silva |
| Short description | Brazilian racing driver and triple Formula One world champion |
| Date of birth | 21 March 1960 |
| Place of birth | São Paulo, Brazil |
| Date of death | 1 May 1994 |
| Place of death | Imola, Italy |
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://cs.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://id.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://es.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://ru.wn.com/Сенна, Айртон
http://nl.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://pl.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://fr.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://de.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://hi.wn.com/एर्टन सेना
http://pt.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Senna
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Fabrizio Corona | |
|---|---|
 Fabrizio Corona in 2009 |
|
| Born | 29 March 1974 Catania, Sicily, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Ethnicity | Sicilian |
| Occupation | photographic agent, television personality |
| Known for | Italian television and media personality |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Spouse | Nina Moric |
| Partner | Belén Rodriguez |
| Children | Carlos Maria (b.2002) |
Fabrizio Corona (born 29 March 1974) is an Italian photographer, television and media personality who made his debut as an actor in 2010.
Career[link]
Corona was born in Catania, Sicily to a family of journalists, the son of Vittorio and Gabriella Corona. He has two brothers, Francesco and Federico.[1]
A former partner and administrator of Corona's, a photographic agency in Milan, Corona was the central figure in a series of investigations into the 2007 extortion scandal known as Vallettopoli, which involved many celebrities in the entertainment business and sports. He was arrested and spent 77 days in prison;[2]however on 29 May 2007, he was released but placed under house arrest.[3] He wrote a book La mia Prigione (My Prison) about his experiences as a result of the Vallettopoli scandal which received much attention from the Italian media.
In March 2009, he was a participant in the reality show La fattoria. Corona made his acting debut in May 2010 in the television drama series Squadra antimafia - Palermo oggi 2 which was broadcast on Mediaset's Canale 5. He played the role of Mafia boss Ivo Principe, nicknamed Catanese.
Corona also appeared as himself in Erik Gandini's expository documentary, Videocracy (film), in which his relationships with political and television industry moguls such as Lele Mora and Silvio Berlusconi are explored. He discusses his business, jail time, and celebrity as well.
Corona appeared in photographs advertising the 2010 collection of a line of designer watches.
Personal life[link]
Corona has been romantically involved with Argentine showgirl and model Belén Rodriguez since December 2008, which has attracted much gossip and publicity.[4] From his former marriage to Croatian model Nina Moric, he has one son, Carlos Maria, who was born in 2002.
Corona lives in Milan as of 2010.
References[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Corona, Fabrizio |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 29 March 1974 |
| Place of birth | Catania, Sicily, Italy |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Fabrizio_Corona
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Fabrizio Corona
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Corona
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
