Oradea

Monday, 11 February 2013

Oradea in 1919 on Chopin's Etude Op. 10 No. 3 in E major 'Tristesse'

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Live Willy De La Oradea - Tiganeasca .wmv

Dacian de la Oradea Viata mea 2009 COOL !!!!! FULL CLIP

Razvan de la Oradea & Vasilica Pustiu * Duetul anului 2012 * 1

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Alba Iulia
Alba Iulia (Romanian pronunciation: [ˌalba ˈjuli.a] ( listen), formerly Bălgrad; Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár; German: Weißenburg/Karlsburg; Latin: Apulum;Medieval Latin: Alba Iulia, Carlopolis;Ottoman Turkish: Erdel Belgradı) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 58,681, located on the Mureş River. Since the High Middle Ages, the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians and Transylvanian Saxons.
Four villages are administered by the city: Bărăbanţ (Borbánd), Miceşti (Ompolykisfalud), Oarda (Alsóváradja) and Pâclişa (Poklos).
The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by many archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of Dacia Apulensis was established here, and the city was known as Apulum. Apulum was the largest city in Roman Dacia and the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37.5 ha (750 x 500 m²).

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Aleșd
Aleşd (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈleʃd] ( listen); Hungarian: Élesd) is a town in Bihor County, western Romania. It is located in the east of the county, near the border with Cluj County.
Aleşd is located on the main railway line between Oradea and Bucharest. Consequently, it is served by frequent rapid and intercity (IC) trains from Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest, Arad and Timişoara.
After break-up of Austria-Hungary in 1918/1920, the town became part of Romania. As a result of the Second Vienna Award, it has been returned to Hungary between 1940 and 1945.
Aleşd has a population of 10,415 (2002 census), made up of Romanians (65.17%), Hungarians (19.07%), Roma (9.15%), Slovaks (6.19%), and others (0.42%). It administers three villages: Pădurea Neagră, Peştiş and Tinăud.
During World War II here served his labor draft Miklós Radnóti.

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Auşeu
Auşeu (Hungarian: Kisősi) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,939 people. It is composed of six villages: Auşeu, Cacuciu Vechi, Codrişoru, Gheghie, Groşi and Luncşoara.
Coordinates: 47°02′N 22°30′E / 47.033°N 22.5°E / 47.033; 22.5

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Aştileu
Aştileu (Hungarian: Esküllő) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania, close to the border with Hungary. It is composed of four villages: Aştileu, Călăţea, Chistag and Peştere.
The closest town to Aştileu is Aleşd, pretty much in walking distance. The most distinguishing feature is a charming small church.
Coordinates: 47°02′N 22°23′E / 47.033°N 22.383°E / 47.033; 22.383

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Bacău
Bacău (Romanian pronunciation: [baˈkəw] ( listen), German: Barchau, Hungarian: Bákó) is the main city in Bacău County, Romania. As of 2011 census, it has a population of 133,460, making it the 15th largest city in Romania. The city is situated in the historical region of Moldavia, at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, and on the Bistriţa River (which meets the Siret River about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south of Bacău). The Ghimeş Pass links Bacău to Transylvania.
Similarly to most urban centers in Moldavia, Bacău emerged on a ford that allowed water passage.Colonists played a significant role in the development of the town. Archaeological finds, some surface or semi-buried dwellings from the second half of the 15th century, suggest that Hungarians started to settle in the region after 1345–1347 when the territory was under the control of the king of Hungary. They mainly occupied the flat banks of the river Bistriţa. Discoveries of a type of 14th-century grey ceramic that has also been found in Northern Europe also suggests the presence of German colonists from the north. Originally the town focused around the Roman Catholic community that settled near a regular local market frequented by the population of the region on the lower reaches of the river.

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Baia Mare
Baia Mare (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbaja ˈmare] ( listen); Hungarian: Nagybánya; German: Frauenbach; Ukrainian: Бая-Маре; Latin: Rivulus Dominarum; Yiddish: באניע, Banya) is a municipality in northwestern Romania and the capital of Maramureş County. The city is situated about 600 kilometres from Bucharest, the capital of Romania, 70 kilometres from the border with Hungary and 50 kilometres from the border with Ukraine. The city administers four villages: Blidari (Kőbánya), Firiza (Felsőfernezely), Valea Borcutului (Borpatak) and Valea Neagră (Feketepatak).
The city's development on the middle course of Săsar River, in the middle of a plateau with a warm Mediterranean-like climate, has facilitated living conditions since the Palaeolithic.
During the Bronze Age the region was inhabited by Thracian tribes. Later, it was included in the Dacian Kingdom formed by the King Burebista when the mining exploration began, as the area is rich in gold and silver.
Baia Mare is first mentioned in written documents released by Charles I of Hungary in 1328 under the name of Rivulus Dominarum (English: Ladies' River).

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Balmazújváros
Balmazújváros is a town in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.
It covers an area of balls 205.45 km² (79 sq mi) and has a population of 18,149 people (2001).
Balmazújváros is twinned with:
Coordinates: 47°37′N 21°21′E / 47.617°N 21.35°E / 47.617; 21.35

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Batăr
Batăr (Hungarian: Feketebátor) is a commune located in Bihor County, Romania. The village is situated in south-western county, near the border with Hungary. The settlement lies along the river Crişul Negru and is composed of four villages: Arpăşel, Batăr, Talpoş and Tăut.
Coordinates: 46°42′N 21°49′E / 46.7°N 21.817°E / 46.7; 21.817

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Biharia
Biharia (Hungarian: Bihar) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania. It is composed of two villages, Biharia and Cauaceu (Hegyközkovácsi). In 2002 it had 5,870 inhabitants, of whom 85.87% were Hungarians, 12.12% Romanians and 1.73% Roma.
It has a complex political history with periods of Ottoman rule, periods of Habsburg Monarchy, Principality of Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Romania. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary.
After break-up of Austria-Hungary in 1918/1920, the commune became part of Romania. As a result of the Second Vienna Award it returned to Hungary between 1940 and 1944. Since then it has been part of Romania.
Coordinates: 47°09′13″N 21°55′18″E / 47.15361°N 21.92167°E / 47.15361; 21.92167

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Biharkeresztes
Biharkeresztes is a town in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.
It covers an area of 49.26 km² (19 sq mi) and has a population of 4227 people (2001).
Coordinates: 47°08′N 21°43′E / 47.133°N 21.717°E / 47.133; 21.717

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Bihor County
Bihor (Romanian pronunciation: [biˈhor] ( listen)) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana, with capital city at Oradea. Together with Hajdú-Bihar County in Hungary it constitutes the Biharia Euroregion.
In Hungarian, it is known as Bihar ([ˈbihɒr]), in Slovak as Bihor, and in German as Bihor.
In October 31, 2011, Bihor had a population of 549,752 and the population density was 72/km². 48.6% of its population lives in urban areas, lower than the Romanian average.
99.4% of the county's population are Christian and of these:
This county has a total area of 7,544 km². In the East side of the County there are the Apuseni Mountains with heights up to 1,800 m. The heights decrease westwards, passing through the hills an ending in the Romanian Western Plain – the eastern side of the Pannonian plain.
The county is mainly the Criş hydrographic basine with the rivers Crişul Repede, Crişul Negru and Barcău the main rivers.
Bihor is one of the wealthiest counties in Romania, with a GDP per capita well above the national average. Recently, the economy has been driven by a number of construction projects. Bihor has the lowest unemployment rate in Romania and among the lowest in Europe, with only 2.4% unemployment, compared to Romania's average of 5.1%.

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Boianu Mare
Boianu Mare is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 1,385 people. It is composed of five villages: Boianu Mare, Corboaia, Huta, Păgaia and Rugea.
Coordinates: 47°23′N 22°32′E / 47.383°N 22.533°E / 47.383; 22.533

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Bologna
Bologna (Italian pronunciation: [boˈloɲɲa] ( listen); Emilian: Bulåggna pronounced [buˈləɲɲa]; Latin: Bononia) is the principal city (capital) of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy. Bologna is a lively and cosmopolitan Italian college city, with spectacular history, art, cuisine, music, and culture. It is the seventh largest city in terms of population in Italy and it is the heart of a metropolitan area (officially recognized by the Italian government as a metropolitan city) of about 1,000,000 inhabitants. The urban sprawl of Bologna, including nearby Modena, whose metropolises are adjoining, is continuously expanding.
The city, the first settlements of which date back to at least one millennium before Christ, has always been an important urban center, first under the Etruscans (Velzna/Felsina) and the Celts (Bona), then under the Romans (Bononia), then again in the Middle Ages, as a free municipality (for one century it was the fifth largest European city based on population). Home to the oldest university in the world, University of Bologna, founded in 1088, Bologna hosts thousands of students who enrich the social and cultural life of the city. Famous for its towers and lengthy porticoes, Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre (one of the largest in Italy) thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s, on the heels of serious damage done by the urban demolition at the end of the 19th century as well as that caused by wars.

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Botoșani
Botoșani (Romanian pronunciation: [botoˈʃanʲ] ( listen)) (population: 100,899) is the capital city of Botoșani County, in northern Moldavia, Romania. Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu and Nicolae Iorga.
The name of the city probably has its origin in the name of a boyar family called Botaș, whose name can be found in old records from the time of Prince Stephen the Great (late 15th century) as one of the most important families of Moldavia, records which trace it back to the 11th century.
The first mention of Botoșani in writing is the Chronicles of Moldavia by Grigore Ureche, which records a devastating invasion of the Tatars on November 28, 1493. The city was initially a market town, being placed at the juncture of several commercial roads; in the 16th century, it already had "the biggest and the oldest fair of Moldavia".
Large communities of Jewish and Armenian traders were present in this city starting with the 17th century. Jews constituted the majority of population throughout the 19th century.

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Bratca
Bratca (Hungarian: Barátka) is a commune situated in Bihor County, western Romania. At 5,567 (2002), it is one of the county's largest communes. It is composed of six villages: Beznea, Bratca, Damiş, Lorău, Ponoară and Valea Crişului.
Bratca had a population of 1,786 in 1941. At that time it was a center of aluminum and titanium mining. (Source=Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer)
Bratca is located on the main road (European route E60) and railway line from Oradea to Cluj-Napoca and further east to Bucharest. Bratca is situated in the Apuseni Mountains, one of the most important mountain ranges in this part of Romania. Consequently, it is surrounded by stunningly beautiful scenery and has large ecotourism or agritourism potential.
The Bratca area is known for its traditional clothing.
Coordinates: 46°56′N 22°37′E / 46.933°N 22.617°E / 46.933; 22.617

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Brazil
Brazil ⁱ/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.

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Brașov
Brașov (Romanian pronunciation: [braˈʃov] ( listen); German: Kronstadt; Hungarian: Brassó, Hungarian pronunciation: [’brɒʃʃoː]; Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona; 1950–1960: Orașul Stalin) is a city in Romania and the capital of Brașov County.
According to the last Romanian census, from 2011, there were 227,961 people living within the city of Brașov, making it the 8th most populated city in Romania, and the metropolitan area is home to 335,668 residents.
Brașov is located in the central part of the country, about 166 km north of Bucharest. It is surrounded by the Southern Carpathians and is part of the Transylvania region.
The city is notable for being the birthplace of the national anthem of Romania and for hosting the Golden Stag International Music Festival.
The city was first attested in 1235 AD under the name Corona, a Latin word meaning "crown", a name given by the German colonists. The current Romanian and Hungarian names are derived from the Turkic word barasu, meaning "white water" with a Slavic suffix -ov.

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Brăila
Brăila (Romanian pronunciation: [brəˈila] ( listen); Greek: Μπράιλα; Turkish: İbrail) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County, in the close vicinity of Galaţi.
According to the 2011 Romanian census there were 168,389 people living within the city of Brăila, making it the 11th most populous city in Romania.
A settlement at this location on the left bank of the Danube, in Wallachia, was mentioned with the name Drinago in a Spanish Libro de conoscimiento ("Book of knowledge", circa 1350) and in several Catalan portolan charts (Angelino de Dalorto, 1325/1330 and Angelino Dulcert, 1339). This may have been an erroneous transcription of Brillago. In Greek documents of roughly that time, the city is referred to as Proilabum or Proilava, a Greek language adaptation of its Slavic name, Brailov. In German language sources, it is mentioned as Uebereyl. The origin and meaning of the name is unknown.
As a kaza, the town and its surrounding area was controlled by Ottoman Turks from 1538–1540 until 1829 (it was restored to Wallachia through the Akkerman Convention); the Ottomans called it Ibrail or Ibraila.

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Bucharest
Bucharest (Romanian: București pronounced [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ( listen)) is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389Coordinates: 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Since then it has gone through a variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts. Its eclectic architecture is a mix of historical (neo-classical), interbellum (Bauhaus and Art Deco), Communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (Micul Paris). Although many buildings and districts in the historic centre were damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom..

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Budin Eyalet
Budin Eyalet (also known as Province of Budin / Buda or Pashaluk of Budin / Buda; Ottoman Turkish: Eyâlet-i Budin, Modern Turkish: Budin Eyaleti, Hungarian: Budai vilajet, Serbian: Budimski vilajet or Будимски вилајет, Croatian: Budimski vilajet) was an administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe and the Balkans. It was formed on the territories that Ottoman Empire conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and Serbian Despotate. Capital of the Budin Province was Budin (Hungarian: Buda).
Population of the province was ethnically and religiously diverse and included Hungarians, Croats, Serbs, Slovaks, Muslims of various ethnic origins (living mainly in the cities) and others (Jews, Roma, etc.).
In the 16th century the Ottoman Empire has conquered the southern "line of fortresses" (végvár) of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Battle of Mohács where the Kingdom of Hungary was heavily defeated, and the turmoil cased by the defeat, the influence was spread on the middle part of the Kingdom of Hungary. While Ottoman troops invaded Buda in 1526 and 1529, Suleyman I used the Buda area as a territory of the allied kingdom and did not annexed it fully to the Empire.

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Budureasa
Budureasa (Hungarian: Bondoraszó) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,671 people. It is composed of five villages: Budureasa, Burda, Saca, Sălişte de Beiuş (Belényesszeleste) and Teleac (Telek in Hungarian).
The Stâna de Vale resort is located in the commune.
Coordinates: 46°40′N 22°30′E / 46.667°N 22.5°E / 46.667; 22.5

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Buduslău
Buduslău (Hungarian: Érbogyoszló) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania. It is composed of two villages, Albiş (Albis) and Buduslău. In 2002, 94.5% of inhabitants were Hungarians, 3.9% Roma and 1.4% Romanians.
Coordinates: 47°24′N 22°16′E / 47.4°N 22.267°E / 47.4; 22.267

wn.com/Buduslău
Bulz
Bulz is a commune in Bihor County, Romania with a population of 2,321 people. It is composed of three villages: Bulz, Munteni and Remeţi.
Coordinates: 46°54′00″N 22°43′00″E / 46.9°N 22.7167°E / 46.9; 22.7167

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Bunteşti
Bunteşti is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 4,615 people. It is composed of nine villages: Bunteşti, Brădet, Dumbrăvani, Ferice, Leleşti, Poienii de Jos, Poienii de Sus, Săud and Stânceşti.
Coordinates: 46°37′N 22°28′E / 46.617°N 22.467°E / 46.617; 22.467

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Buzău
The city of Buzău (formerly Buzeu, or Buzĕu; Romanian pronunciation: [buˈzəw]) is the county seat of Buzău County, Romania, in the historical region of Wallachia. It lies near the right bank of the Buzău River, between the south-eastern curvature of the Carpathian Mountains and the lowlands of Bărăgan Plain.
The city's name dates back to 376 AD when the name appeared on a letter that spoke about the martyrdom of Sabbas the Goth. During the Middle Ages, Buzău was as an important Wallachian market town and Eastern Orthodox episcopal see. It faced a period of repeated destruction during the 17th and 18th century, nowadays symbolized on the city seal by the Phoenix bird. Those destructions are the main reason for which no building older than the 18th century exists in the city. After that, Buzău slowly recovered to become nowadays an important modern city in south-eastern Romania.
The city's landmark building is the Communal Palace, located in the central Dacia Square. The Nicolae Bălcescu Boulevard links it to the Crâng park, Buzău's main recreational area.

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Băile Felix
Băile Felix (Hungarian: Félixfürdő) is a thermal spa resort near the commune of Sânmartin in Bihor County, Transylvania, Romania. They are among the best known and most quality thermal spas in the country. Băile Felix is also at a close distance to Oradea, a major city in western Romania.
Băile Felix and 1 Mai are two thermal spa resorts located in a hilly area with beach and oak tree woods, 8 km south of the municipality of Oradea (seat of Bihor County) and 22 km south-east of Borş (border checkpoint to Hungary).
Summers are not excessively hot and winters are mild, with moderate precipitation (650 mm annually).
In the thermal waters of the Peţa river and lake, having a constant temperature of 30-31°C, live the snail Melanopsis parreyssi (tertiary relict) and the fish Scardinus racovitzae as well as a rare species of subtropical water lily - Nymphaea lotus thermalis - tertiary relict, a natural monument.
The resorts host many mineral springs with thermal (20-48°C), sulphuric, calcic, sodic, rich in bicarbonate waters known since the beginning of the millennium. The soothing effect of the waters on articular and muscular pain and on various rheumatic neuralgias accounts for the fame of cures in the resort for the treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases (rheumatic polyarthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, conditions after acute articular rheumatism), degenerative and articular rheumatic diseases, central and peripheral neurological disorders, gynecological diseases, post-traumatic conditions, endocrine disorders.

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Cefa
Cefa (Hungarian: Cséffa, German: Tscheppensdorf) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 6,124 people. It is composed of three villages: Ateaş, Cefa and Inand. It also included five other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Gepiu and Sânnicolau Român Communes.
Coordinates: 46°55′N 21°44′E / 46.917°N 21.733°E / 46.917; 21.733

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Ceica
Ceica is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,975 people. It is composed of seven villages: Bucium, Ceica, Ceişoara, Corbeşti, Cotiglet, Duşeşti and Inceşti.
Coordinates: 46°51′N 22°11′E / 46.85°N 22.183°E / 46.85; 22.183

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Cetariu
Cetariu (Hungarian: Hegyközcsatár) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,124 people. It is composed of four villages: Cetariu, Şişterea, Şuşturogi and Tăutelec. It also included three other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Paleu Commune.
Coordinates: 47°08′N 22°01′E / 47.133°N 22.017°E / 47.133; 22.017

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Ceyrat
Coordinates: 45°44′01″N 3°03′50″E / 45.7336°N 3.0639°E / 45.7336; 3.0639
Ceyrat is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

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Cherechiu
Cherechiu is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,405 people. It is composed of three villages: Cherechiu, Cheşereu and Târguşor.
Coordinates: 47°23′00″N 22°09′00″E / 47.3833°N 22.15°E / 47.3833; 22.15

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Chişlaz
Chişlaz is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,341 people. It is composed of seven villages: Chiraleu, Chişlaz, Hăuceşti, Mişca, Pocluşa de Barcău, Sărsig and Sânlazăr.
Coordinates: 47°17′N 22°14′E / 47.283°N 22.233°E / 47.283; 22.233

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Ciuhoi
Ciuhoi (Hungarian: Berettyócsohaj; Hungarian pronunciation: [bɛrɛccoːtʃohɒj]) is a commune in Bihor County, western Romania.
It is composed of four villages:
At the 2002 census, 50.6% of inhabitants were Hungarians, 42.3% Romanians and 6.7% Roma. 41.9% were Roman Catholic, 32.1% Romanian Orthodox, 15.7% Reformed, 6.8% Pentecostal and 2.3% Greek-Catholic.
Coordinates: 47°16′00″N 22°08′00″E / 47.2667°N 22.1333°E / 47.2667; 22.1333

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Ciumeghiu
Ciumeghiu (Hungarian: Illye; German: Egisberg) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 4,361 people. It is composed of three villages: Boiu, Ciumeghiu and Ghiorac.
Coordinates: 46°44′N 21°35′E / 46.733°N 21.583°E / 46.733; 21.583

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Cociuba Mare
Cociuba Mare is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,131 people. It is composed of four villages: Cărăsău, Cheşa, Cociuba Mare and Petid.
Coordinates: 46°44′N 22°00′E / 46.733°N 22°E / 46.733; 22

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Constanța
Constanța (Romanian pronunciation: [konˈstant͡sa]; historical names: Tomis, Greek: Κωνστάντζα or Κωνστάντια, Konstantia, Bulgarian: Кюстенджа or Констанца, Turkish: Köstence) is the oldest extant city in Romania, founded around 600 BC. The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region.
The city of Constanța is one of the most important in Romania, one of four roughly equal-size cities which rank after Bucharest. The Constanța metropolitan area, founded in 2007, comprises 14 localities located at a maximum distance of 30 km (19 mi) from the city, and, with 387,593 inhabitants, it is the third largest metropolitan area in Romania.
The Port of Constanța has an area of 39.26 km² (15.16 sq mi) and a length of about 30 km (19 mi). It is the largest port on the Black Sea, and one of the largest ports in Europe.
Tomis (also called Tomi) was a Greek colony in the province of Scythia Minor on the Black Sea shore, founded around 600 BC for commercial exchanges with the local Getic populations. The name may likely be derived from Greek Τομή meaning cutpiece, section.

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Copăcel
Copăcel (Hungarian: Kiskopács) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,394 people. It is composed of six villages: Bucuroaia (Bokorvány), Chijic (Kegyek), Copăcel, Poiana Tăşad (Kopácsmező), Sărand (Szaránd) and Surduc (Élesdszurdok).
Coordinates: 47°00′N 22°09′E / 47°N 22.15°E / 47; 22.15

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Coslada
Coslada is a city in the autonomous community of Madrid. As of 2011^[update], the mayor of Coslada is Raul Lopez Vaquero (PP).
The Dry Port of the Community of Madrid is located in Coslada, which turns the city into a strategic point. The majority of the companies which transport important commodities that operate in Spain have branch offices in Coslada. Another economic asset is its proximity to the International Airport of Barajas, where a great percentage of its population is employed.
Coordinates: 40°19′N 3°51′W / 40.317°N 3.85°W / 40.317; -3.85

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Craiova
Coordinates: 44°20′00″N 23°49′00″E / 44.333333°N 23.816667°E / 44.333333; 23.816667
Craiova (Romanian pronunciation: [kraˈjova]), Romania's 6th largest city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central Oltenia. It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximately equal distances from the Southern Carpathians (north) and the River Danube (south). Craiova is the chief commercial city west of Bucharest and the most important city of Oltenia. The city prospered as a regional trading centre despite an earthquake in 1790, a plague in 1795, and a Turkish assault in 1802 during which it was burned.
Eight villages are administered by the city: Făcăi, Mofleni, Popoveni, Şimnicu de Jos, Cernele, Cernelele de Sus, Izvoru Rece and Rovine. The last four were a separate commune called Cernele until 1996, when they were merged into the city.
Craiova, which occupied the site of the Dacian and Roman city Pelendava, was formerly the capital of Oltenia. One of the most important geto - dacian settlement of the Craiova aeria (Mofleni zone) was Pelendava, dating since the period 400 - 350 BC as the archaeological findings indicate. At the beginning of the second century AD, the Romans have built here a Roman camp, made from hard soil, afterwards made from rock and bricks (during the time of Hadrian, 117 - 138). Due to the favourabile geographical position, the protection of the Roman camp and the military garrison, the Roman Pelendava has known a thriving life. The settlement is mentioned in the Tabula Peutingeriana - a map of the Roman Empire, made at the request of the Roman emperor Caracalla. The year 225 (when this map was finished during Severus Alexander) is considered the first documentation mentioned of the oldest settlement from the nowadays city area.

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Criştioru de Jos
Criştioru de Jos is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 1,589 people. It is composed of five villages: Bâlc, Criştioru de Jos, Criştioru de Sus, Poiana and Sălişte de Vaşcău.
Coordinates: 46°26′N 22°32′E / 46.433°N 22.533°E / 46.433; 22.533

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Curtuişeni
Curtuişeni (Hungarian: Érkörtvélyes) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,671 people. It is composed of two villages, Curtuişeni and Văşad (Érvasad).
At the 2011 census, 63.3% of inhabitants were Hungarians, 22.5% Romanians and 14.1% Roma.
Coordinates: 47°33′N 22°12′E / 47.55°N 22.2°E / 47.55; 22.2

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Curăţele
Curăţele is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,721 people. It is composed of five villages: Beiuşele, Cresuia, Curăţele, Nimăieşti and Pociovelişte.
Coordinates: 46°42′N 22°25′E / 46.7°N 22.417°E / 46.7; 22.417

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Câmpani
Câmpani (also spelled Cîmpani) is a commune in Romania, in the southern parts of Bihor County. Its earliest attested documentation dates to 1600. It is situated near the Apuseni Mountains, on the banks of Băiţa River. Câmpani is situated at roughly equal distances near 3 towns: Nucet (5 km), Ştei (6 km), Vaşcău (8 km), and 88 km from the county capital Oradea.
The commune is composed of five villages: Câmpani, Fânaţe, Hârseşti, Sighiştel and Valea de Sus.
The central village itself is divided into Câmpani de Jos (Lower Câmpani) and Câmpani de Sus (Upper Câmpani); these names are received from where the houses are situated, on the upper or lower course of the river. From the administrative point of view, there is only commune. In the past there were two villages. Now the only difference is that there are 2 bus stops, one in every part. Theoretically there is only one street in the commune, the Main street, most of which is situated along the DN 75 road. However there are some streets not connected to the road, that received name from the inhabitants, two of which are Mierăşti and Hânicău.

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Căbeşti
Căbeşti is a commune in Romania, Bihor County, around 13 kilometers north of the town of Beiuş.
The commune is composed of five villages: Căbeşti, Goila, Gurbeşti, Josani and Sohodol.
The village has a population of about 350 people. The whole population is ethnic Romanian.
The river Valea Roşia flows through the village. The village has very beautiful landscapes, especially during the summer.
Gurbeşti is part of the Căbeşti commune. The river Valea Roşia flows alongside the village.
Almost all of the population of the village is ethnic Romanian.
Gurbeşti has a 300 years old Orthodox church, one of the oldest churches in the area.
Education in Căbeşti is composed of:
The commune contains several institutions:
Most of these buildings are found in the center of the commune.
The commune has a population of 2073 inhabitants.
According to the 2002 Census the population structure is:
The main economic sector is agriculture.
Coordinates: 46°46′00″N 22°22′00″E / 46.7667°N 22.3667°E / 46.7667; 22.3667

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Căpâlna
Căpâlna is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 1,943 people. It is composed of five villages: Căpâlna, Ginta, Rohani, Săldăbagiu Mic and Suplacu de Tinca.
Coordinates: 46°44′00″N 22°06′00″E / 46.7333°N 22.1°E / 46.7333; 22.1

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Cărpinet
Cărpinet (Hungarian: Kerpenyéd) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,174 people. It is composed of four villages: Călugări, Cărpinet, Izbuc and Leheceni.
Coordinates: 46°27′N 22°29′E / 46.45°N 22.483°E / 46.45; 22.483

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Debrecen
Debrecen (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈdɛbrɛtsɛn] ( listen), known by alternative names), is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Debrecen is the regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the seat of Hajdú-Bihar county.
The city was first mentioned by the name "Debrezun" in 1235. Theories say the name is of Cuman origin. In other languages the name of the city is the following : German Debrezin, Serbian Debr(e)cin Slovak Debrecín, Romanian Debreţin.
Debrecen is located on the Great Hungarian Plain, 220 km (137 mi) east of Budapest. Situated nearby is the Hortobágy, a national park within Hungary .
The city used to be somewhat isolated from Budapest, Hungary's main transport hub. However, the completion of the motorway M35 means Budapest can now be reached in under two hours. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to handle more international flights, although almost all flights to and from Hungary still use Budapest's Ferihegy Airport. There's some cities that you can reach from the Debrecen Airport: Milan, Eindhoven and London. The closest airport with scheduled flights in terms of distance is Oradea Airport in Romania 1 hour and 20 minutes away from Debrecen. There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006.^{[citation needed]}

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Diosig
Diosig (Hungarian: Bihardiószeg) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 9653 people. It is composed of two villages, Diosig and Ianca (Jankafalva).
At the 2002 census, 56.5% of inhabitants were Hungarians, 32.6% Romanians and 10.7% Roma. 53.4% were Reformed, 27.7% Romanian Orthodox, 8.2% Roman Catholic, 4.9% Pentecostal, 2.2% Seventh-Day Adventist and 1.5% Baptist.
Coordinates: 47°18′N 22°00′E / 47.3°N 22°E / 47.3; 22

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Drăgeşti
Drăgeşti (Hungarian: Drágcséke) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,487 people. It is composed of five villages: Dicăneşti (Dékányos), Drăgeşti, Stracoş (Isztrákos), Tăşad (Tasádfő) and Topeşti (Toposd).
Coordinates: 46°53′00″N 22°08′00″E / 46.8833°N 22.1333°E / 46.8833; 22.1333

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Eğri Eyalet
Eğri Eyalet (Ottoman Turkish: Eyâlet-i Egir, Modern Turkish: Eğri Eyaleti,Hungarian: Egri ejálet, Serbian: Jegarski ejalet or Јегарски ејалет) or Pashaluk of Eğri was an administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire formed in 1596 with its capital at Eğri (Hungarian: Eger). It included parts of present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Serbia.
The population of the province was ethnically and religiously diverse and included Slovaks and Hungarians (living mainly in the north), Serbs (living mainly in the south), and Muslims of various ethnic origins (living mainly in the cities). Other ethnic communities included Jews and Roma.
The province included following sanjaks:^{[citation needed]}

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Finiş
Finiş (Hungarian: Várasfenes) is a commune in Bihor County, Romania, two kilometers from the town of Beiuş. It is composed of four villages: Finiş, Fiziş (Füzes), Ioaniş (Körösjánosfalva) and Şuncuiş (Belényessonkolyos).
Coordinates: 46°38′N 22°19′E / 46.633°N 22.317°E / 46.633; 22.317

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France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

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Galați
Galați (Romanian pronunciation: [ɡaˈlat͡sʲ]) is a city and a municipality in Romania. The town of Galaţi is the capital of Galați County.Galaţi lies in the historical region of Moldavia, near to Brăila. Galați is the largest port and the largest sea port on the Danube River. It is the second largest port in Romania.In 2011, census data recorded 231204 inhabitants in the city of Galaţi. At that time it was the seventh most populous city in Romania.Galaţi is an industrial city based around the Naval Shipyard, the Arcelor-Mittal steel plant and the Port.
The name "Galaţi" is derived from the Cuman word galat. This word is borrowed from the Arabic word qal'at, meaning a fortress. Other etymologies have been proposed, such as the Serbian galac. However, the galat root appears in nearby toponyms, some of which show clearly a Cuman origin, for example Gălățui Lake, which has the typical Cuman -ui suffix for "water". Another toponym in the region is the Galicia, with its town of Halych, locally associated with the jackdaw (Kawka, Halka). Other similar place names are Galich, Russia and Galatia in Turkey. Gaul might be a derivation from Galatia, thus suggesting a Celtic origin. A similar pattern occurs with the celtic sounding word, Ligures referring to "Caladaa" being a city of the Ligurian or Genoan territories. Although possible, a celtic origin is, however, unlikely.

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Gepiu
Gepiu is a commune located in Bihor County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bicaci and Gepiu. These were part of Cefa Commune until 2003, when they were split off.
Coordinates: 46°55′N 21°48′E / 46.917°N 21.8°E / 46.917; 21.8

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Girişu de Criş
Girişu de Criş is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 5,102 people. It is composed of two villages, Girişu de Criş and Tărian.
Coordinates: 47°04′N 21°47′E / 47.067°N 21.783°E / 47.067; 21.783

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Giurgiu
Giurgiu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈd͡ʒjurd͡ʒju]) is the capital city of Giurgiu County, Romania, in the Greater Wallachia. It is situated amid mud-flats and marshes on the left bank of the Danube facing the Bulgarian city of Ruse on the opposite bank. Three small islands face the city, and a larger one shelters its port, Smarda. The rich grain-growing land to the north is traversed by a railway to Bucharest, the first line opened in Romania, which was built in 1869 and afterwards extended to Smarda. Giurgiu exports timber, grain, salt and petroleum, and imports coal, iron, and textiles.
The Giurgiu-Ruse Friendship Bridge, the only one in the shared Bulgarian-Romanian section of the Danube, crosses the river in the outskirts of the city.
According to the 2002 census, Giurgiu has a population of 69,345. In 1900 its population was 13,977; in 1930 it had a population of 30,348.
The area around Giurgiu was densely populated at the time of the Dacians (first century BC) as archeological evidence shows, and Burebista's capital was in this area (it is thought to be in Popeşti on the Argeş river). During Roman times this was the site of Theodorapolis, a city built by the Roman emperor Justinian (483-565).

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Hidişelu de Sus
Hidişelu de Sus is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,218 people. It is composed of five villages: Hidişelu de Jos, Hidişelu de Sus, Mierlău, Sântelec and Şumugiu.
Coordinates: 46°57′N 22°03′E / 46.95°N 22.05°E / 46.95; 22.05

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Hungary
Hungary ⁱ/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).

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Husasău de Tinca
Husasău de Tinca (Hungarian: Biharhosszúaszó) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,293 people. It is composed of five villages: Fonău (Rózsafalva), Husasău de Tinca, Miersig (Nyárszeg), Oşand (Vasand) and Sititelec (Székelytelek).
Coordinates: 46°49′N 21°55′E / 46.817°N 21.917°E / 46.817; 21.917

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Iași
Iași (Romanian pronunciation: [jaʃʲ]; also historically referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is one of the largest cities and a municipality in Romania. Located in the historical Moldavia region, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.
Known as The Cultural Capital of Romania, Iași is a symbol in Romanian history. The historian Nicolae Iorga said "There should be no Romanian who does not know of it". Still referred to as The Moldavian Capital, Iași is the seat of Iași County and the main economic centre of the Romanian region of Moldavia.
As of 2011, Iași itself has a population of 263,410 (the fourth most populous Romanian city), the metropolitan area is home to about 350,000 residents, while the population of the peri-urban area exceeds 500,000 residents. Home to the first Romanian university and to the first engineering school, it is the second largest university centre in the country and accommodates over 75,000 students in 5 public and 7 private universities. The social and cultural life revolves around the Vasile Alecsandri National Theater (the oldest in Romania), the Moldova State Philharmonic, the Opera House, the Tătărași Athenaeum, a famous Botanical Garden (the oldest and largest in Romania), the Central University Library (the oldest in Romania), the high quality cultural centres and festivals, an array of museums, memorial houses, religious and historical monuments.

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Ioşia
Ioşia (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈjoʃi.a]; Hungarian: Őssi) is an outlying quarter (or district) in Oradea, Romania. It is a mix of both high-rise housing blocks built in Communist times as well as low-density housing. The quarter is an exurban environment - that is, in between a rural area and a suburban environment. It is located in the city's far southwest, and, although there is good infrastructure in terms of education, shopping, and, to some extent, transportation, the quarter still has a significant number of unpaved roads and country-style houses. Ioşia is usually divided into three areas: Ioşia Nord, Calea Aradului and between those two, Old Ioşia.
Of the three areas of Ioşia, Ioşia Nord is the most developed, having 2 high schools, 1 kindergarten, 1 swimming pool, many supermarkets and a direct transportation line to the University of Oradea (being one of the two districts which have direct transportation to the University). It is also a beautiful place to take a walk, mainly because of the Crişul Repede river which separates Iosia Nord from the Rogerius district (beautiful at sunset).

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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل‎, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.^{[neutrality is disputed]} Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.

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Italy
Italy ⁱ/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km² (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.

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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a country in Central Europe covering what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania (now part of Romania), Carpatho Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Burgenland (now part of Austria), and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders. From 1102 it also included Croatia (except Istria), being in personal union with it, united under the Hungarian king. The kingdom existed for almost one thousand years (1000–1918 and 1920–1946) and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world.
The Latin Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official Latin documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s. The German name (Königreich Ungarn) was used from 1849 to the 1860s, and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and again from the 1860s to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Croatian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.

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Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania was the Romanian state based on a form of parliamentary monarchy between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the first three Constitutions of Romania (1866, 1923, 1938). Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania who gained Romanian's independence in the Romanian War of Independence, and ended with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania in 30 December 1947, imposed by the Soviet Union with the tacit and secret, implicit consent of its allies (as a result of the Yalta Conference and secret agreements). As such, it is quite distinct from the Romanian Old Kingdom, which refers strictly to the reign of King Carol I of Romania, between 14 March (O.S.) (26 May (N.S.)) 1881 and 27 September (O.S.) (10 October (N.S.)) 1914.
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. In 1918, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina united with the Kingdom of Romania, resulting in a "Greater Romania". In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukowina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria respectively, only Northern Transylvania being recovered after World War II ended. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate and a republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy.

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Lazuri de Beiuş
Lazuri de Beiuş is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 1,815 people. It is composed of four villages: Băleni, Cusuiuş, Hinchiriş and Lazuri de Beiuş.
Coordinates: 46°35′N 22°24′E / 46.583°N 22.4°E / 46.583; 22.4

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Linköping
Linköping [ˈlɪnːˈɕøːpɪŋ] is a city in southern middle Sweden, with 104,232 inhabitants in 2010. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality and the capital of Östergötland County. Linköping is also the episcopal see of the Diocese of Linköping (Church of Sweden) and is well known for its cathedral. Linköping is the center of an old cultural region and celebrated its 700th anniversary in 1987. Nowadays Linköping is known for its university and its high-technology industry. Dominating the city's skyline from afar is the steeple of the cathedral.
The city is possibly named after the Lionga ting assembly which according to Medieval Scandinavian laws was the most important thing in Östergötland. Exact location of the Lionga ting is not known, but it was along the Eriksgata. Köping means there was a market there.
Historically, Linköping is famed for being an early diocese, second in Sweden (within its pre-1658 boundaries) only to Skara. The diocese is first mentioned in 1104 in the so-called "List of Florence" (Lionga. Kaupinga). The monastery of Vreta Kloster near Roxen north of Linköping was established in 1128, and the oldest parts of the cathedral are also from the 12th century (although it has been changed many times since then, the eye-catching tower with copper roofing being a 19th century product). On several occasions attempts to achieve a separate Swedish archdiocese were based in Linköping, although, when they finally were successful in 1164, Uppsala was chosen instead.

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Lugaşu de Jos
Lugaşu de Jos is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,209 people. It is composed of three villages: Lugaşu de Jos, Lugaşu de Sus and Urvind.
Coordinates: 47°04′N 22°21′E / 47.067°N 22.35°E / 47.067; 22.35

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Lăzăreni
Lăzăreni is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,942 people. It is composed of eight villages: Bicăcel, Calea Mare, Cărăndeni, Cărănzel, Gepiş, Gruilung, Lăzăreni and Miheleu.
Coordinates: 46°52′N 22°04′E / 46.867°N 22.067°E / 46.867; 22.067

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Marghita
Marghita (Romanian pronunciation: [marˈɡita]; Hungarian: Margitta, Hungarian pronunciation:[’mɒrɡitɒ]) is a city in Bihor County, Romania. It administers two villages, Cheţ (Magyarkéc) and Ghenetea (Genyéte).
The name appears to be derived from the name "Margit" (Margaret), Saint Margaret the patron of a local church. The first time it was used in a document was in 1216. In the 14th century, it became a feudal holding of the Hungarian landlord.
In 1376 king Louis I of Hungary gave to Marghita the right of organizing a fair and it developed in the next centuries as a market town. There were several peasant revolts against the feudal system affecting Marghita in 1467 and 1514. At the beginning of the 14th century, it became, together with the whole of Bihor county and Hungary, an Ottoman province.
In 1823, a great fire destroyed half of the buildings of Marghita. After the 1848 revolution, the local peasants were no longer serfs and manufacturing and industry began to develop. In 1944, after German occupation about 2,100 Jews of Marghita were sent to death, concentration and labor camps as part of the Holocaust, and about 450 from them survived. After 1947 with the Soviets imposing a Communist government in Romania, factories and land were nationalized. Over the course of the next few years, Marghita took part in the Romanian industrialization process.

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Miercurea Ciuc
Miercurea Ciuc (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈmjerkure̯a t͡ʃjuk]; Hungarian: Csíkszereda, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈtʃiːksɛrɛdɒ]; German: Szeklerburg) is the county seat of Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is situated in the Olt River valley. The city administers three villages:
According to the census of 2002, there were 42,029 people living in the city. Of this population, 81.75% are ethnic Hungarians, primarily Székely, while 17.3% are ethnic Romanians, 0.62% are ethnic Romas and 0.33% declare other nationalities.
Demographic movements according to census data:
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Mădăras
Mădăras (Hungarian: Madarász; Slovak: Madaras) is a commune in Bihor County, Romania, 3 km away from Salonta, located nearby the Hungarian border - on the European road E671, and the Körös River canal. In 2002, it had 3,024 inhabitants. The commune Hungarian name means "fowler", the Romanian name derives from that as well. It is composed of four villages: Homorog, Ianoşda, Marţihaz and Mădăras.
Homorog has a Romanian Orthodox church; built in the 1830s, it is decorated with a valuable mural from the 1840s.
Coordinates: 46°50′00″N 21°41′00″E / 46.8333°N 21.6833°E / 46.8333; 21.6833

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Măgeşti
Măgeşti is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,787 people. It is composed of seven villages: Butani, Cacuciu Nou, Dobricioneşti, Gălăşeni, Josani, Măgeşti and Ortiteag.
Coordinates: 47°01′00″N 22°27′00″E / 47.0167°N 22.45°E / 47.0167; 22.45

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Nagyhalász
Nagyhalász is a town in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.
It covers an area of 44.34 km² (17 sq mi) and has a population of 5897 people (2005).
Coordinates: 48°08′N 21°46′E / 48.133°N 21.767°E / 48.133; 21.767

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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.

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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.

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Nojorid
Nojorid (Hungarian: Nagyürögd) is a large commune located in Bihor County, western Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Apateu, Chişirid, Leş, Livada de Bihor, Nojorid, Păuşa and Şauaieu.
Coordinates: 46°59′N 21°53′E / 46.983°N 21.883°E / 46.983; 21.883

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Nucet
Nucet (Romanian pronunciation: [nuˈt͡ʃet]; Hungarian: Diófás) is a town in Bihor County, western Transylvania, Romania. Its name means "walnut trees" both in Romanian and Hungarian. It administers two villages, Băiţa and Băiţa-Plai.
Nucet has a population of 2,399 (2002 census), made up of Romanians (94.83%), Hungarians (2.75%), Roma (1.83%), and others (0.59%).

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Olcea
Olcea is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,871 people. It is composed of four villages: Călacea, Hodişel, Olcea and Ucuriş.
Coordinates: 46°41′N 21°59′E / 46.683°N 21.983°E / 46.683; 21.983

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Oradea
Oradea (Romanian pronunciation: [oˈrade̯a]; German: Großwardein, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, Hungarian pronunciation: [nɒɟvaːrɒd], colloquially also Várad, former Turkish: Varat, Yiddish: גרויסווארדיין Groysvardeyn) is the capital city of Bihor County, in the Crișana region of north-western Romania. According to the 2002 census, the city has a population of 206,614, making it the 11th largest city in Romania. The wider Oradea metropolitan area has a total population of 249,746.
The city lies at the meeting point of the Crișana plain and the Crișul Repede's basin. It is situated 126 meters above sea level, surrounded on the north-eastern part by the hills of Oradea, part of the Șes hills. The main part of the settlement is situated on the floodplain and on the terraces situated down the river Crișul Repede. Oradea is famous for its thermal springs. The river Crişul Repede crosses the city right in the center, providing it with a picturesque beauty. Its output depends on the season; the dykes near Tileagd have partly controlled it ever since they were built in the early 1980s.

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Oşorhei
Oşorhei is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 5,874 people. It is composed of five villages: Alparea, Cheriu, Felcheriu, Fughiu and Oşorhei.
Coordinates: 47°03′00″N 22°01′00″E / 47.05°N 22.0167°E / 47.05; 22.0167

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Padua
Padua (Italian: Padova [ˈpaːdova] ( listen), Latin: Patavium, Venetian: Padoa, Ancient German: Esten) is a city and comune in the Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Padua and the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua's population is 214,000 (as of 2011^[update]). The city is sometimes included, with Venice (Italian Venezia) and Treviso, in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, having a population of c. 1,600,000.
Padua stands on the Bacchiglione River, 40 km west of Venice and 29 km southeast of Vicenza. The Brenta River, which once ran through the city, still touches the northern districts. Its agricultural setting is the Venetian Plain (Pianura Veneta). To the city's south west lies the Euganaean Hills, praised by Lucan and Martial, Petrarch, Ugo Foscolo, and Shelley.
It hosts the renowned University of Padua, almost 800 years old and famous, among other things, for having had Galileo Galilei among its lecturers.
The city is picturesque, with a dense network of arcaded streets opening into large communal piazze, and many bridges crossing the various branches of the Bacchiglione, which once surrounded the ancient walls like a moat.

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Paleu
Paleu is a commune located in Bihor County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Paleu, Săldăbagiu de Munte and Uileacu de Munte. These were part of Cetariu Commune until 2003, when they were split off.
Coordinates: 47°07′N 21°58′E / 47.117°N 21.967°E / 47.117; 21.967

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Pitești
Pitești (Romanian pronunciation: [piˈteʃtʲ]) is a city in Romania, located on the Argeș River. The capital and largest city of Argeș County, it is an important commercial and industrial center, as well as the home of two universities. Pitești is situated on the A1 freeway connecting it directly to the national capital Bucharest, being an important railway junction, with a classification yard in nearby Bălilești. The city houses the Arpechim oil refinery, and is a marketing center for the automotive industry, in particular Automobile Dacia.
Inhabited since prehistoric times but first mentioned in the 14th century, it developed as a trading town in northern Wallachia, serving as an informal residence for various Wallachian Princes until the 18th century. From the 19th century and until the interwar period, it was an important political center for the National Liberal Party and the main residence of the Brătianu family of politicians. During the early stages of the communist regime, it was one of the main sites of political repression, with the Pitești prison becoming home to an experiment in brainwashing techniques.

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Ploiești
Ploiești (Romanian pronunciation: [ploˈjeʃtʲ]; older spelling: Ploești) is the county seat of Prahova County and lies in the historical region of Wallachia in Romania. The city is located 56 km (35 mi) north of Bucharest.
According to the 2011 Romanian census, there were 197,542 people living within the city of Ploiești, making it the 9th most populous city in Romania.
WWII refineries
(monthly metric tonnes):
The town was established in 1596, during the reign of Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave). It rapidly flourished as a center for trade and handicraft manufacturing in the 17th and 18th centuries. The road connecting Ploieşti to Braşov was opened in 1864, and the railway arrived in 1882. Many schools and hospitals were built around this time.
In the mid-19th century, the Ploieşti region was one of the world's leading oil extraction and refinery sites. The city is also remembered as the site of the self-styled Republic of Ploieşti, a short-lived 1870 revolt against the Romanian monarchy.
Although badly damaged after the November 1940 earthquake, the city was a significant source of oil for Nazi Germany. A target of the Oil Campaign of World War II, Ploieşti was attacked repeatedly, such as during the HALPRO raid, and Operation Tidal Wave. Ploieşti was captured by Soviet troops in August 1944.

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Pomezeu
Pomezeu is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,266 people. It is composed of eight villages: Câmpani de Pomezeu, Coşdeni, Hidiş, Lacu Sărat, Pomezeu, Sitani, Spinuş de Pomezeu and Vălani de Pomezeu.
Coordinates: 46°47′N 22°17′E / 46.783°N 22.283°E / 46.783; 22.283

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Rieni
Rieni is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,084 people. It is composed of six villages: Cucuceni, Ghighişeni, Petrileni, Rieni, Sudrigiu and Valea de Jos.
Coordinates: 46°34′N 22°27′E / 46.567°N 22.45°E / 46.567; 22.45

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Romania
Romania (ⁱ/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.

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Râmnicu Vâlcea
Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled Rîmnicu Vîlcea, Romanian pronunciation: [ˈrɨmniku ˈvɨlt͡ʃe̯a]) (population: 92,573) is the capital city of Vâlcea County, Romania (in the historical province of Oltenia).
Râmnicu Vâlcea is situated in the central-south area of Romania. Set at the foothills of the Southern Carpathians, the city is located at about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) the Cozia Mountains and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Făgăraş and Lotrului Mountains. The southern limit of Râmnicu Vâlcea is formed by the Getic Plateau and the Oltului Valley.
The Olt River crosses the town of Râmnicu Vâlcea as well as the E81 road of European interest and one of the main national railway routes.
The area has been inhabited since Dacian and Roman times, and was the site of a castrum. A new fortress was built on the location during the Middle Ages. Râmnicu Vâlcea was first attested during the rule of Prince Mircea cel Bătrân, as "the princely town of Râmnic" (September 4, 1388), and confirmed as the seat of a Vâlcea County during the same period (January 8, 1392).

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Răbăgani
Răbăgani is a commune in Bihor County, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Albeşti, Brăteşti, Răbăgani, Sălişte de Pomezeu, Săucani and Vărăşeni. It is located about 50 km south of Oradea. It was mosly Hungarian until 1955, when it became equally split 50/50 with the Romanian community. In 2002, it was 94.2% Romanian and 5.7% Roma. The 1% of the population that was Jewish left shortly after World War II.^{[citation needed]}
Coordinates: 46°45′N 22°14′E / 46.75°N 22.233°E / 46.75; 22.233

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Salonta
Salonta (Romanian pronunciation: [saˈlonta]; Hungarian: Nagyszalonta, German: Grosssalontha) is a city in Bihor County, in the geographical region of Crișana, north-western Romania, near the Hungarian border.
According to the last Romanian census from 2002, the city has a population of 18,074, made up of Hungarians (57.2%), Romanians (40.2%), Roma (2.1%), and others (0.5%). In terms of religion, 51.12% are Reformed (Calvinist), 36.46% Romanian Orthodox, 6.56% Roman Catholic and 5.86% is split between Baptists, Romanian Greek-Catholic, Pentecostals and other faiths.
The city was first documented in 1214 under the name of Zolonta and in 1332 a Papal document used the name Zalanta. From 1587 the Hungarian spelling Szalonta was used.
Until the 16th century, it was only a small village of about 300 inhabitants and was on the land of the Toldi family. A bigger city was the fort of Culiser, which was however destroyed by the Turks in 1598.
Culiser was never rebuilt and Salonta began to have a more important role in the region after 1606, when the prince of Transylvania, Stephan Bocskai settled 300 soldiers here and appropriated land for them. They built their own farms, but had to keep their arms ready to repel an attack by the Turks. 3 June, the day in which the soldiers were settled, is nowadays declared "the day of the city". However, Ottoman Turks captured the town in 1660 and as "Salanta", it became the sanjak center of Varat vilayet until 1692.

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Satu Mare
Satu Mare (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈsatu ˈmare]; Hungarian: Szatmárnémeti [sɒtmaːrneːmɛti]; German: Sathmar; Yiddish: סאטמאר (Satmar)) is a city with a population of 94,948 (2011) and the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania. Mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as “Castrum Zotmar”, the city has a history going back to the Middle Ages. Today, it is an academic, cultural, industrial and business centre in northwestern Romania.
Satu Mare is situated in Satu Mare County, in northwest Romania, on the Someş River, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from the border with Hungary and 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the border with Ukraine. The city is located at an altitude of 126 metres (413 ft) on the Lower Someş alluvial plain, spreading out from the Administrative Palace at 25 October Square. The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 150.3 square kilometres (58.0 sq mi).
From a geomorphologic point of view, the city is located on the Someş Meadow on both sides of the river, which narrows in the vicinity of the city and widens upstream and downstream from it; flooded during heavy rainfall, the field has various geographical configurations at the edge of the city (sand banks, valleys, micro-depressions).

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Seleuş
Seleuş is a commune in Arad County, Romania. Seleuș commune lies in the eastern part of the Crișul Alb Plateau, along the Cigher River. Its administrative territory occupies 4122 hectares. It is composed of three villages: Iermata, Moroda and Seleuş (situated at 44 km from Arad).
According to the last census, the population of the commune is 3189 inhabitants, out of which 98,8% are Romanians, 0,4% Hungarians, 0,7% Roma and 0,1% are of other or undeclared nationalities.
The first documentary record of Seleuș dates back to 1489. Iermata was attested documentarily in 1387, while Moroda in 1508.
Vegetable growing, growing of grain and technical crops, as well as livestock-breeding are the main agricultural sectors.
Beside its fishponds, the Turkish bridge built over the Cigher River dating from the 15-17th centuries is the most attractive interest of the commune.
Coordinates: 46°23′00″N 21°43′00″E / 46.3833°N 21.7167°E / 46.3833; 21.7167

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Sfântu Gheorghe
Sfântu Gheorghe (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈsfɨntu ˈɡe̯orɡe]; Hungarian: Sepsiszentgyörgy or Szentgyörgy, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈʃɛpʃisɛntɟørɟ]; Yiddish: סנט דשזארדזש) is the capital city of Covasna County, Romania. Located in the central part of the country and in the historical region of Transylvania, it lies on the Olt River in a valley between the Baraolt Mountains and Bodoc Mountains. The city administers two villages, Chilieni (Kilyén) and Coşeni (Szotyor).
The majority of the city's inhabitants are Székely Hungarians. In the census of 2011, 41,770 (77%) of the city's 54,312 inhabitants classed themselves as ethnic Hungarians, 11,921 (22%) as Romanians, 420 (0.8%) as Roma, and 201 as "others."
Sfântu Gheorghe is one of the oldest cities in Transylvania, the settlement first having been documented in 1332. The city takes it name from Saint George, the patron of the local church. Historically it was also known in German as Sankt Georgen. The "sepsi" prefix (sebesi → sepsi, meaning "of Sebes") refers to the area which the ancestors of the local Székely population had inhabited before settling to the area of the town. The previous area of their settlement was around the town of "Sebes" (now: Sebeş) which later became populated mainly by Transylvanian Saxons.

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Sibiu
Sibiu (Romanian pronunciation: [siˈbiw], antiquated, Sibiiu; German: Hermannstadt, Hungarian: Nagyszeben) is a city in Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 155,000. Located some 282 km north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. Nowadays the capital of Sibiu County, between 1692 and 1791 Sibiu was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania.
Sibiu is one of the most important cultural centres of Romania and, in tandem with Luxembourg, it was designated a European Capital of Culture for the year 2007. Formerly the centre of the Transylvanian Saxons, the old city of Sibiu was ranked as "Europe's 8th most idyllic place to live" by Forbes.
The city administers the ski resort Păltiniş.
Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at 45°47′34″N 24°09′07″E / 45.792784°N 24.152069°E / 45.792784; 24.152069 (Sibiu)Coordinates: 45°47′34″N 24°09′07″E / 45.792784°N 24.152069°E / 45.792784; 24.152069 (Sibiu). Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about 20 km from the Făgăraş Mountains, 12 km from the Cibin Mountains, and about 15 km from the Lotrului Mountains, which border the depression in its southwestern section. The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Guşteriţei Hill.

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Slobozia
Slobozia (Romanian pronunciation: [sloboˈzi.a]) is the capital city of Ialomiţa County, Romania, with a population of 52,710 in 2002.
Slobozia lies roughly in the middle of the county, on the banks of Ialomita River, at ca. 120 km (75 mi) east of Bucharest and 150 km (93 mi) west of Constanţa, important port at the Black Sea. The City is within 17 km of the Bucharest-Constanta A2 Motorway (Autostrada Soarelui).
The total area of the municipality is 132.87 km² (32,830 acres), of which 119.87 km² (29,620 acres) outside city limits and 13 km² (3,200 acres) in the city. In the present administrative form, Slobozia consists of Slobozia proper and the neighbourhoods of Bora and Slobozia Nouǎ.
The main activity in the area is agriculture, processing of the agricultural products and light industry.
In 1990 the Cultural Centre was inaugurated, bearing the name of the conductor and composer Ionel Perlea, a city native. The building houses exhibition and performance rooms, bookstores, cultural institutions. In 1999 the Cultural Centre Ionel Perlea entered the UNESCO circuit.

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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakia ⁱ/sloʊˈvɑːkiə/ or /sləˈvækiə/; Slovak: Slovensko (help·info), long form Slovenská republika (help·info)) is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration period. In the course of history, various parts of today's Slovakia belonged to Samo's Empire (the first known political unit of Slavs), Principality of Nitra (as independent polity, as part of Great Moravia and as part of Hungarian Kingdom), Great Moravia, Kingdom of Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Habsburg Empire, and Czechoslovakia. A separate Slovak state briefly existed during World War II, during which Slovakia was a dependency of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944. From 1945 Slovakia once again became a part of Czechoslovakia. The present-day Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

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Spain
Spain (ⁱ/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.

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Spinuş
Spinuş (Hungarian: Hagymádfalva) is one of the smallest communes in Bihor county, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Ciuleşti (Csujafalva), Gurbeşti (Görbesd), Nădar (Nadántelek), Sălişte (Kövesegyháza) and Spinuş.
It has a population 1,283 people (as of 2002). The Oradea-Braşov highway will pass through this commune in the near future. It is a wine-growing zone.
Coordinates: 47°12′N 22°12′E / 47.2°N 22.2°E / 47.2; 22.2

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Staten Island
Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is a borough of New York City, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a population of 468,730, Staten Island is the least populated of the five boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 59 sq mi (153 km²). The Borough of Staten Island is coextensive with Richmond County, the southernmost county in the state of New York. Until 1975, the borough was officially named the Borough of Richmond. Staten Island has been sometimes called "the forgotten borough" by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government.
Staten Island is overall the most suburban of the five boroughs of New York City. The North Shore — especially the neighborhoods of St. George, Tompkinsville, Clifton, and Stapleton — is the most urban part of the island; it contains the officially designated St. George Historic District and the St. Paul’s Avenue-Stapleton Heights Historic District, which feature large Victorian homes. The South Shore has more suburban-style residential neighborhoods. The East Shore (South Beach) is home to the 2.5-mile F.D.R. Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. Historically, the central and southern sections of the island were dominated by dairy and poultry farms, almost all of which disappeared in the 20th century. Staten Island used to claim the largest landfill in the world. It was closed in 2001, then shortly afterward temporarily reopened to accept the debris from the September 11th attacks. The landfill is being made into what will be New York City's largest public park.

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Suceava
Suceava (Romanian pronunciation: [suˈt͡ʃe̯ava]; German: Suczawa, Polish: Suczawa, Ukrainian: Сучава, Yiddish: שאָץ [ʃɔts]) is the Suceava County seat in Bukovina, Moldavia region, in north-eastern Romania. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1388 to 1565.

Dimitrie Cantemir in his famous work Descriptio Moldavie gives the origin of the name as Hungarian: Szűcsvár, meaning city of furriers.
For nearly 200 years the city of Suceava was the capital of the Moldavian state and main residence of the Moldavian princes (between 1388 and 1565). The city was the capital of the lands of Stephen the Great, one of the pivotal figures in Romanian history, who died in Suceava in 1504. He built a church every time he defeated an enemy army. During the rule of Alexandru Lăpuşneanu, the seat was moved to Iaşi in 1565. Michael the Brave captured the city in 1600 during the Moldavian Magnate Wars in attempt to unite Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, but he was defeated the same year and Suceava failed to become the capital again.

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Suplacu de Barcău
Suplacu de Barcău is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 4,590. It is composed of six villages: Borumlaca, Dolea, Foglaş, Suplacu de Barcău, Valea Cerului and Vâlcelele.
Coordinates: 47°15′N 22°32′E / 47.25°N 22.533°E / 47.25; 22.533

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Sweden
Sweden (ⁱ/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.

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Sâmbăta
Sâmbăta is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 1,619 people. It is composed of six villages: Copăceni, Ogeşti, Rogoz, Rotăreşti, Sâmbăta and Zăvoiu.
Coordinates: 46°48′N 22°12′E / 46.8°N 22.2°E / 46.8; 22.2

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Sânnicolau Român
Sânnicolau Român is a commune located in Bihor County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Berechiu, Roit and Sânnicolau Român. These were part of Cefa Commune until 2003, when they were split off.
Coordinates: 46°57′00″N 21°44′00″E / 46.95°N 21.7333°E / 46.95; 21.7333

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Sântandrei
Sântandrei is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania. It is composed of two villages, Palota and Sântandrei.
Coordinates: 47°04′00″N 21°52′00″E / 47.0667°N 21.8667°E / 47.0667; 21.8667

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Sârbi
Sârbi (Hungarian: Alsótótfalu) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,904 people. It is composed of seven villages: Almaşu Mic, Burzuc, Chioag, Fegernic, Fegernicu Nou, Sarcău and Sârbi.
Coordinates: 47°11′34.60″N 22°07′13.28″E / 47.192944°N 22.1203556°E / 47.192944; 22.1203556

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Săcueni
Săcueni (Romanian pronunciation: [səkuˈjenʲ]; Hungarian: Székelyhíd; German: Zickelhid) is a town in Bihor County, Romania. It administers five villages: Cadea, Ciocaia, Cubulcut, Olosig and Sânnicolau de Munte.
It is located around 42 km north-east of Oradea, in the proximity of the Hungarian border in Bihor County, western Transylvania, Romania.
The first written record of the town's name dates back to 1217. Then its name arose in 1278 as Zekulhyd and in 1325 as Zekulhyda whose meaning is bridge of Székely in Hungarian, and according to a legend, Székelys were settled down here to guard the bridge of Ér as early as the 10th century.^{[citation needed]}
In 1417, Hungarian king Sigismund gave Székelyhíd the right of organizing a fair. Soon afterwards, it also got the right that the fair to be weekly scheduled. In 1514, it was occupied by György Dózsa's army and then in 1661, it was also occupied by the Ottoman army. As a condition of the peace treaty of Vasvár, the town's castle was destroyed in 1665. Later it was part of the Habsburg Monarchy up until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. Thereafter it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary.

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Săcădat
Săcădat is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 1,857 people. It is composed of three villages: Borşa, Săbolciu and Săcădat.
Coordinates: 47°03′00″N 22°11′00″E / 47.05°N 22.1833°E / 47.05; 22.1833

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Sălacea
Sălacea (Hungarian: Szalacs) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,096. It is composed of two villages, Otomani (Ottomány) and Sălacea. The Ottomány culture, a local middle Bronze Age culture (2100-1700 BC), takes its name from the village of Otomani.
Coordinates: 47°28′N 22°19′E / 47.467°N 22.317°E / 47.467; 22.317

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Sălard
Sălard (Hungarian: Szalárd) is a commune in Bihor County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Hodoş (Jákóhodos), Sălard and Sântimreu (Hegyközszentimre).

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Tarcea
Tarcea (Hungarian: Értarcsa) is a commune located in Bihor County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Adoni (Éradony), Galoşpetreu (Gálospetri) and Tarcea. At the 2002 census, it had 2706 inhabitants, of whom 77% were Hungarians, 16.8% Romanians and 6.1% Roma. 51.7% were Reformed, 20% Roman Catholic, 12.6% Romanian Orthodox, 9.2% Greek-Catholic and 5.2% Baptist.
Coordinates: 47°27′N 22°11′E / 47.45°N 22.183°E / 47.45; 22.183

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Tileagd
Tileagd (Hungarian: Mezőtelegd) is a large commune located in Bihor County, western Romania. It is composed of six villages: Bălaia, Călătani, Poşoloaca, Tileagd, Tilecuş and Uileacu de Criş.
It is on the picturesque road between Oradea and Cluj-Napoca, 23 kilometres from Oradea.The closest town to Tileagd is Aleşd, 12 km away. Tileagd is served by three CFR trains daily from Oradea, which continue to Aleşd, Huedin and Cluj-Napoca.
Its Hungarian name originates in the word telek which means "plot" in English with a "d" affixture. The first written record about the village was made in a warrant of 1294's copy of 1572 under the name Thelegd and then its name emerged in 1773 as Mező-Telegd.
At the beginning of the 13th century, a group of Székelys lived in the area, having moved from Udvarhelyszék. They were called Székelys of Telegd and the first name of Székelyudvarhely which is the centre of the area they moved was Telegd. In 1291, here moved the founder of the Thelegdy family. In 1688, at the verge of the village, Imre Thököly's Kuruc army was defeated by general Heissler. With building a railway line, animal and feed commerces started thriving as of 1870. Later then, many new industrial, financial and other institutions were founded; for example, the first bank "Mezőtelegd vidéki Takarékpénztár Rt" in 1890, and at the beginning of the 20th century, oil refinery and its neighborhood a works were built.

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Timișoara
Timișoara (Romanian pronunciation: [timiˈʃo̯ara] ( listen); German: Temeswar, also formerly Temeschburg or Temeschwar, Hungarian: Temesvár, Serbian: Темишвар/Temišvar, Turkish: Temeşvar) is the capital city of Timiș County, in western Romania. One of the largest Romanian cities, with a population of 303,708 inhabitants (the third most populous city in the country, as of 2011), and considered the informal capital city of the historical region of Banat, Timișoara is the main social, economic and cultural center in the western part of Romania.
Timișoara lies at an altitude of 95 m on the southeast edge of the Banat plain, part of the great Panonia plain. The rich black soil and relatively low water table make this a fertile agricultural region.
Due to the hydrography projects undertaken in the 18th century, the city no longer lies on the Timiș River, but on the Bega canal. This is a relatively active seismic area, and earthquakes up to 6 on the Richter scale have been recorded.
Timișoara was first mentioned as a place in either 1212 or 1266. The territory later to be known as Banat was conquered and annexed by the Kingdom of Hungary in 1030. Timișoara grew considerably during the reign of Charles I, who, upon his visit here in 1307, ordered the construction of a royal palace. Timișoara's importance also grew thanks to its strategic location, which facilitated control over the Banat plain. John Hunyadi established a permanent military encampment here, and moved here together with his family. In 1552, Ahmed Pasha conquered the city with a 16,000 Ottomans and transformed it into a capital city in the region. The local military commander, Stefan Losonczy, was captured and beheaded on July 27, 1552 after resisting the Ottoman invasion with just over 2,300 men.^{[citation needed]}

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Tinca
Tinca is a commune in the south-central part of Bihor County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Belfir, Gurbediu, Girişu Negru, Râpa and Tinca.
It was first mentioned as a village in a Papal document in 1338.
It is known locally for its magnesium and calcium-rich mineral water springs.
The average elevation is 130 meters.
Rainfall is about 750 mm / 29 inches a year.
Tinca village had a population of 4,343 in 2002, of which:
Coordinates: 46°46′00″N 21°57′00″E / 46.7667°N 21.95°E / 46.7667; 21.95

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Toboliu
Toboliu (Hungarian: Vizesgyán) is a commune located in Bihor County, Romania. Established in 2007 when it was split from Girişu de Criş Commune, it is composed of two villages, Cheresig and Toboliu.
Coordinates: 47°02′N 21°44′E / 47.033°N 21.733°E / 47.033; 21.733

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Tulca
Tulca (Hungarian: Tulka) is a commune in Bihor county, in the Western Plains of Romania. It is located 12 kilometers from the city of Salonta and is composed of two villages, Căuaşd and Tulca. Most of the population is Romanian, but there are small minorities of Hungarians and Roma.
Coordinates: 46°47′N 21°47′E / 46.783°N 21.783°E / 46.783; 21.783

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Tulcea
Tulcea (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtult͡ʃe̯a]; Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian: Тулча, Tulcha; Greek: Aegyssus, Turkish: Hora-Tepé or Tolçu) is a city in Dobrogea, Romania. It is the administrative center of Tulcea county, and has a population of 92,379 as of 2007. One village, Tudor Vladimirescu, is administered by the city.
Tulcea was founded in the 7th century BC^{[citation needed]} under the name of Aegyssus, mentioned in the documents of Diodorus of Sicily (3rd century BC). In his Ex Ponto, Ovid recorded a local tradition that ascribed its name to a mythical founder, Aegisos the Caspian.
After the fights from 12-15 B.C., the Romans conquered the town. They rebuilt it after their plans, their technique and architectural vision, reorganizing it. The fortified town was mentioned as late as the 10th century, in documents such as Notitia Episcopatuum or De Thematibus.
Under Byzantine rule beginning with the 5th century CE, the town was abandoned by the first half of the 7th century due to the Barbarian invasions. The former settlement's territory fell under the rule of the Bulgarian Empire (681-c.1000; 1185-14th century). Inhabitation was restored in the second half of the 10th century, as the Byzantines built a fortress on the spot after reconquering the region. The fortress was soon destroyed in 1064 by an attack of the Uzes, however some inhabitation continued. A settlement, larger than the one in the 11th century, is archaeologically attested beginning with the 14th century. The Ottoman rule was imposed around 1420, and would last for the following four centuries.

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Târgu Jiu
Târgu Jiu (also spelled Tîrgu Jiu; Romanian pronunciation: [ˌtɨrɡu ˈʒiw]) is the capital of Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is situated on the Southern Sub-Carpathians, on the banks of the river Jiu. Eight villages are administered by the city: Bârseşti, Drăgoeni, Iezureni, Polata, Preajba Mare, Româneşti, Slobozia and Ursaţi.
The city takes its name from the river "Jiu", which runs through it. In antiquity, there was a Dacian village in around the location of today's city surrounded by forests. After the Roman conquests of Oltenia (101-102), military units were stationed around the roads that connected different important routes at the time. During the digging of the Târgu Jiu - Rovinari railroad, mosaics, coins, ceramics and Roman bricks were found in the south-eastern part of the city. This and ancient testimonies support the idea that Târgu Jiu was a commercial town (a vicus) while under the Roman Empire's rule. A very important route that connects the Danube to Transylvania runs through the city, so historians believe that part of the Roman Army under Trajan's leadership stayed and then passed in the actual location of the city.

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Târgu Mureș
Târgu Mureș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtɨrɡu ˈmureʃ]; Hungarian: Marosvásárhely pronounced [ˈmɒroʃvaːʃaːrhɛj]; German: Neumarkt am Mieresch) is the seat of Mureș County in the north-central part of Romania. As of 2011 the city had a population of 153,609 inhabitants, being the 12th largest Romanian city.
The current Romanian name of the city, Tîrgu Mureş, is the equivalent of the Hungarian Marosvásárhely with both meaning "market on the Mureș (Maros) [River]" In Romanian, târg means "market" and, in Hungarian, vásárhely means "marketplace". The Hungarian Marosvásárhely is sometimes shortened to Vásárhely.
The first written reference to the city was in the Latin Novum Forum Siculorum in 1332 followed by mention as Sekulvasarhel (modern Hungarian: Székelyvásárhely), meaning "new market of the Székelys", in 1349.^{[citation needed]} Other Latin names for the town included Agropolis and Areopolis.
In 1616, Gabriel Bethlen gave the name Marosvásárhely to the newly upgraded royal free city. The Romanian name for the city, Oşorhei was a phonetic derivation from Vásárhely while the German name for the town, Neumarkt am Mieresch (also shortened to Neumarkt or Marktstadt; in Transylvanian Saxon, Nai Mark or Nai Muark), is a translation of Marosvásárhely.

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Tămăşeu
Tămăşeu is a commune located in Bihor County, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Niuved, Parhida, Satu Nou and Tămăşeu.
Coordinates: 47°13′N 21°56′E / 47.217°N 21.933°E / 47.217; 21.933

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Tărcaia
Tărcaia (Hungarian: Köröstárkány) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,076 people. It is composed of four villages: Mierag, Tărcaia, Tărcăiţa and Totoreni.
Tărcaia lies along the river bank of Crişul Negru River in the southeastern part of Bihor County, around 65 km south-east of Oradea and 4 km south of Beiuş.
It has a complex political history with periods of Ottoman rule, periods of Habsburg Monarchy, Principality of Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Romania. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary up until the Romanian army arrived in the village between regrettable circumstances.
On April 19, 1919, the invading Romanian army and Romanian paramilitary groups murdered and robbed 91 Hungarian villagers in Tărcaia. The Romanians summoned the locals to the center of the village, where they fired on them with machine-guns. Since then the village has been part of Romania ,which was acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.

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Tăuteu
Tăuteu is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 4,319 people. It is composed of five villages: Bogei, Chiribiş, Ciutelec, Poiana and Tăuteu.
Coordinates: 47°16′N 22°20′E / 47.267°N 22.333°E / 47.267; 22.333

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Uileacu de Beiuş
Uileacu de Beiuş (Hungarian: Belényesújlak) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,404 people. It is composed of four villages: Forău (Belényesforró), Prisaca (Gyepüpataka), Vălanii de Beiuş (Belényesvalány) and Uileacu de Beiuş.
Coordinates: 46°41′00″N 22°14′00″E / 46.6833°N 22.2333°E / 46.6833; 22.2333

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Ukraine
Ukraine (ⁱ/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.

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University of Oradea
The University of Oradea (Romanian: Universitatea din Oradea) is a public University, located in Oradea, in North-Western Romania.
With its four colleges and 18 faculties, has a total of 123 fields of study for undergraduates and 151 post-graduate specialisation degrees. The University employs 2,003 people, of which 1,237 are teaching personnel, and over 35,000 students (including part-time students and those engaging in distance learning).
The University of Oradea is collaborating with 214 universities, institutes and companies from 31 countries.^{[citation needed]} It is integrated in the European Union's Socrates and Erasmus programs. There are over 800 international students enrolled in various Faculties.^{[citation needed]}
The University of Oradea has three lecture halls, each with 640 seats, 22 amphitheatres with a total of 1940 seats, as well as 60 lecture and seminar rooms. The facilities of the university in addition have a 200-seat dining hall and two dormitories for boarding students. The new library is still under construction which, when completed, will be one of the largest in Romania.^{[citation needed]} The university has an additional facility at Stâna de Vale, in the Apuseni mountains of Bihor county, which includes accommodations as well as educational and recreational facilities.

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Vadu Crişului
Vadu Crişului is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,248 people. It is composed of four villages: Birtin, Topa de Criş, Tomnatic and Vadu Crişului.
Coordinates: 46°59′N 22°31′E / 46.983°N 22.517°E / 46.983; 22.517

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Valea lui Mihai
Valea lui Mihai (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈvale̯a luj miˈhaj]; Hungarian: Érmihályfalva) is a town in Romania.
It is located around 66 km north-east of Oradea, 9 km from the Hungarian border in Bihor County, western Transylvania, Romania.
In 1312, under Charles I, it was allowed new trade privileges and then in 1459 was also allowed tax benefits privileges for its citizens. Later it was part of the Ottoman Empire, which resulted in its depopulation, but the inhabitants subsequently returned. Thereafter, it was part of the Habsburg Monarchy up until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. Then it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary.
After break-up of Austria-Hungary in 1918/1920, the town became part of Romania. As a result of the Second Vienna Award it returned to Hungary between 1940 and 1945. Since then it has been part of Romania. It was declared a town on three separate occasions: in 1844, 1930 and 1989.
According to the last census from 2002 there were 10,324 people living within the city.

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Vaslui
Vaslui (Romanian pronunciation: [vasˈluj]), a city in eastern Romania, is the seat of Vaslui County, in the historical region of Moldavia.
The city administers five villages: Bahnari, Brodoc, Moara Grecilor, Rediu and Viişoara.
Archaeological surveys prove that the territory of Vaslui was inhabited since Neolithic. From the 14th century onwards, it developed the provincial town of Vaslui, with a population that varied strongly in the following centuries. The name of Vaslui appears first in a Polish document from 1375, referring to Koriat's son George. The name Vaslui was also mentioned in 1435, in connection with the accession of Prince Iliaş to the Moldavian throne. The town was burned to the ground in 1439 and 1440, when Tatars invaded Moldavia.
The peak of its importance was in the 15th century, when it was a second-rank capital of Moldavia, during the reign of Stephen the Great, with a population closer to that of the neighbour Iaşi. In 1475, Prince Stephen won his greatest battle against the Ottoman Empire in the Vaslui area. Once the Moldavian capital was moved from Suceava to Iaşi and the southern town of Bârlad became an administrative center of southern Moldavia, Vaslui declined for about three centuries to a local borough (târg).

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Vașcău
Vaşcău (Hungarian: Vaskoh) is a town in Bihor County, western Transylvania, Romania. It administers five villages: Câmp, Câmp-Moţi, Coleşti, Vărzarii de Jos and Vărzarii de Sus.
According to the last census from 2002 there were 2,854 people living within the city.
Of this population, 98.2% are ethnic Romanians and 1.8% others.

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Velenţa
Velenţa (Romanian pronunciation: [veˈlentsa], Hungarian: Váradvelence) is a quarter, or district, in eastern Oradea, Romania. The quarter is crossed by the E60 European Road, and has retained much of its old buildings, escaping the massive Communist urbanisation programme.
Its name Velence means Venice in Hungarian, as this settlement served as the home for the venetian builders who worked on the expansion of the Fortress. It was legally considered a separate town until 1872, when it merged with Orasu Nou (Hungarian: Várad-Újváros), Olosig (Hungarian: Várad-Olaszi) and Subcetate (Hungarian: Várad-Váralja) to form Nagyvárad (Oradea-Mare).

Coordinates: 47°03′N 21°56′E / 47.05°N 21.933°E / 47.05; 21.933

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Venice
Venice (Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] ( listen), Venetian: Venexia [veˈnɛsja]; (Latin: Venetia) is a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. It is located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. The city in its entirety is listed as World Heritage Site, along with its lagoon.
Venice is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazioni of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) (population 1,600,000).

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Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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Vârciorog
Vârciorog (Hungarian: Vércsorog) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,283 people. It is composed of four villages: Fâşca, Surducel, Şerghiş and Vârciorog.
Coordinates: 46°58′N 22°18′E / 46.967°N 22.3°E / 46.967; 22.3

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Wallonia
Wallonia (French: Wallonie [wa.lɔ.ni], German: Wallonie(n), Dutch: Wallonië [wɐˈloːnɪə] ( listen) or [βɐˈloːnɪə], Walloon: Walonreye) is the predominantly French-speaking southern region of Belgium. It is governed as the Walloon Region, which makes up 55% of the territory of Belgium but with only a third of its population. Contrary to the situation in Flanders, the Walloon Region was not merged with the French Community of Belgium, a political level responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education. The small German-speaking minority in the east forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium, which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues. The demonym for Wallonia is Walloon.
During the industrial revolution, Wallonia trailed only the United Kingdom in industrialization, capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron. This brought the region wealth, and, from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th centuries, Wallonia was the more prosperous half of Belgium. Since World War II, however, the importance of heavy industry has greatly declined, and the Flemish Region surpassed Wallonia in wealth as Wallonia economically declined. Wallonia now suffers from high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders. The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of political conflict in Belgium.

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Zalău
Coordinates: 47°11′N 23°3′E / 47.183°N 23.05°E / 47.183; 23.05
Zalău (Romanian pronunciation: [zaˈləw]; German: Zillenmarkt or Waltenberg, Hungarian: Zilah) is the seat of Sălaj County, Transylvania, Romania. In 2004, its estimated population was 62,900.
Zalău is situated in the area inhabited by "Free Dacians", 8 km (5.0 mi) away from the historical landmark of Porolissum, a well-preserved Roman Castrum with an imposing fortress, an amphitheater, temples, houses and a customs house in the ancient Roman province of Dacia. Zalău was the crossing point between Central Europe and Transylvania, along the so-called "Salt Route".
Archaeological discoveries revealed evidence of human existence in this area since the Neolithic, approx. 6500 years ago. Dacian coins found in archaeological perimeters of the city central area and on the Valea Mâții, west of the city, plus important items belonging to Roman culture, are evidence of free Dacian continuity in this area and of developing economic relations with the Roman ancient city of Porolissum.

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Şinteu
Şinteu (Slovak: Nová Huta; Hungarian: Sólyomkővár) is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 1,287 people. It is composed of four villages: Huta Voivozi (Stará Huta; Almaszeghuta), Socet (Huta Sočet; Forduló), Şinteu and Valea Târnei (Židáreň; Hármaspatak). 98.2% of the inhabitants are Slovaks, and 98.6% of them are Roman Catholic.
Coordinates: 47°09′N 22°29′E / 47.15°N 22.483°E / 47.15; 22.483

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Şoimi
Şoimi is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,912 people. It is composed of eight villages: Borz, Codru, Dumbrăviţa de Codru, Pocluşa de Beiuş, Sânnicolau de Beiuş, Şoimi, Ursad and Urviş de Beiuş.
Coordinates: 46°41′N 22°07′E / 46.683°N 22.117°E / 46.683; 22.117

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Ţeţchea
Ţeţchea is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,063 people. It is composed of four villages: Hotar, Subpiatră, Telechiu and Ţeţchea.
Coordinates: 47°03′N 22°19′E / 47.05°N 22.317°E / 47.05; 22.317

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Ștei
Ștei (Hungarian: Vaskohsziklás) is a town in Bihor County, western Transylvania, Romania. Between 1958 and 1996, it was named Dr. Petru Groza, after the Romanian socialist leader who had died in 1958.
The town was founded in 1952, near a village of the same name, as an industrial centre for the grinding of uranium mined in nearby Băița (serving the intensive mining development set as an imperative by the Romanian Communist regime).
According to the last census from 2002 there were 8,637 people living within the city.
Of this population, 95.8% are ethnic Romanians, while 3.7% are ethnic Hungarians and 0.5% others.

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Andrew II of Hungary
Andrew II the Jerosolimitan (Hungarian: Jeruzsálemi II András/Endre, Ukrainian: Андрій II, Croatian: Andrija II. Arpadović, Slovak: Ondrej II., Serbian: Андрија II) (c. 1177 – 21 September 1235) was King of Hungary (1205–1235) and Croatia (1205–1235). He was the younger son of King Béla III of Hungary, who invested him with the government of the Principality of Halych. However, the boyars of Halych rebelled against his rule and expelled the Hungarian troops. Following their father's death, Andrew continuously conspired against his brother, King Emeric of Hungary who had to grant him the government of Croatia and Dalmatia. When his brother and his infant son died, Andrew ascended the throne and started to grant royal domains to his partisans. He participated in the Fifth Crusade but he could not achieve any major military success. He was obliged to issue the Golden Bull confirming the privileges of the noblemen of Hungary and later he was also obliged to confirm the special privileges of the clergy. During his long reign, the central power and royal authority potentially weakened. He had several quarrels with his sons.

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Bernát Friedmann
Bernhard Friedmann, or Friedmann Bernát (October 10, 1843, Oradea - October 14, 1925, Budapest) was a Hungarian Jewish jurist and criminal lawyer.
He studied law at the "Rechtsakademie" there and at the University of Budapest. He won general sympathy through his manly conduct in connection with the notorious Tisza-Eszlár trial.

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Charles I of Hungary
Charles I (1288 – 16 July 1342), also known as Charles Robert (Caroberto), was the first King of Hungary and Croatia (1308–42) of the House of Anjou. He was also descended from the old Hungarian Árpád dynasty. His claim to the throne of Hungary was contested by several pretenders. Nevertheless, although he was only a child when his grandfather, King Charles II of Naples sent him to Hungary in 1300, Charles would strengthen his rule in the kingdom against his opponents and the powerful magnates following a long series of internal struggles. Charles also carried out numerous important political and economical reforms: he established the so called honor system which made the powerful barons dependent of his favour, and he introduced new coins with a consistently high purity of gold. Charles's foreign policy largely stemmed from dynastic alliances. His most successful achievement was the mutual defense union with Poland and Bohemia against the Habsburgs. Charles also endeavoured to enforce his or his descendants' claim to the Kingdom of Naples, but he could achieve only sham results. Nevertheless, he was one of the most successful rulers of the Kingdom of Hungary whose efforts established his successor's achievements.

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Ede Szigligeti
Ede Szigligeti (8 March 1814 – 1878) was a Hungarian dramatist.
He was born József Szathmáry, at Nagyvárad-Olaszi (presently Oradea, Romania). His parents would have made him a priest; he wanted to be a great doctor; finally he entered the office of an engineer. But his heart was already devoted to the drama and, on 15 August 1834, despite the prohibition of his tyrannical father, he actually appeared upon the stage at Budapest. His father thereupon forbade lim to bear his name in future, and the younger Szathmary henceforth adopted instead the name of Ede Szigligeti, the hero of one of Sandor Kisfaludy's romances.
He supported himself for the next few years precariously enough, earning as le did little more than twelve florins a month, but at the same time he sedulously devoted himself to the theatre and sketched several plays, which differed so completely from the "original" plays then in vogue (The Played-out Trick actually appeared upon the boards) that they attracted the attention of such connoisseurs as Vorosmarty and Bajza who warmly encouraged the young writer. In 1840 the newly founded Hungarian Academy crowned his five-act drama Rosa, the title-role of which was brilliantly acted by Rosa Laborfalvy, the great actress, who subsequently married Maurus Jokai.

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Elemér Berkessy
Elemér Berkessy (20 June 1905 – 7 July 1993), also referred to as Emilio Berkessy or Emil Berkessy, was a Hungarian footballer and coach. As a player Berkessy played for both Ferencvárosi TC and Hungary.
He then moved to Western Europe, first in the newly founded Division 1 with RC Paris, before moving to FC Barcelona, and coming back to end his player career in France with Le Havre AC of Division 2.
After his playing career, he became a coach, most notably in Italy with Vicenza Calcio, A.S. Biellese 1902,Rosignano Calcio and Spain with Real Zaragoza, RCD Espanyol and Sabadell. He also became the first foreign manager in the Football League in 1954 with Grimsby Town F.C..

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Eliezer Berkovits
Eliezer Berkovits (8 September 1908, Nagyvarad – 20 August 1992), was a rabbi, theologian, and educator in the tradition of Orthodox Judaism.
Berkovits received his rabbinical training first under Rabbi Akiva Glasner, son of Rabbi Moshe Shmuel Glasner, the Dor Revi'i, including semicha, and then at the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin as a disciple of Rabbi Yechiel Weinberg, the great master of Jewish law in that generation, and received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Berlin. He served in the rabbinate in Berlin (1934–39), in Leeds, England (1940–46), in Sydney, Australia (1946–50), and in Boston (1950–58). In 1958 he became chairman of the department of Jewish philosophy of the Hebrew Theological College in Skokie. At the age of 67, he and his family immigrated to Israel in 1976 where he taught and lectured until his death in 1992.
Berkovits wrote 19 books in English, Hebrew, and German, and lectured extensively in those languages. His writings deal with basic issues of faith, spirituality and law in the creative dialogue between religion and modernity, with an emphasis on halakha in the State of Israel and on halakha relating to marriage and women. His thought is in essence a philosophy of morality and history for contemporary society.

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Emanoil Gojdu
Emanuil Gojdu (Gozsdu Manó in Hungarian; February 9, 1802, Nagyvárad, Hungary (now Oradea, Romania)—February 3, 1870, Pest-Buda, Hungary) was a Romanian lawyer in the Austrian Empire.
Gojdu was born to an Aromanian family that originated in Moscopole. He studied at the high school in his native town and then graduated in law in Budapest, Bratislava and Vienna, becoming both a lawyer and a politician in 1824. He was a supporter of the rights of the Romanians in Transylvania and Hungary.
In his will, dating from 1869, he left his wealth to "the Romanian Orthodox people of Hungary and Transylvania" and it was administered by a foundation which bore his name and functioned between 1870 and 1917, one which awarded thousands of scholarships to Transylvanian Romanians. Among the students who received such scholarships were Traian Vuia, Octavian Goga, Constantin Daicoviciu, Petru Groza and Victor Babeş.
In 1918, the headquarters of the foundation was moved to Sibiu, which became part of Romania, although its assets (mostly buildings) remained in Hungary. According to the 247th article of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, Hungary was supposed hand over the assets to Romania. However, and despite several agreements between Hungary and Romania in 1924, 1930 and 1937, this was never done.

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Emerich Jenei
Emerich Jenei or Imre Jenei (also known as Emeric Jenei or Ienei; 22 March 1937) is a Romanian former football player and coach. He is considered one of Romania's best coaches, alongside Ştefan Kovács, Mircea Lucescu, and Anghel Iordănescu.
On 25 March 2008, he was decorated by the president of Romania, Traian Băsescu with Ordinul "Meritul Sportiv" — (The Order "The Sportive Merit") class II with one barret for his part in winning the 1986 European Cup Final.
Jenei was born in Agriş, Arad County, to ethnic Hungarian parents. As a child, he moved with his family to Losonc (now Lučenec, Slovakia), because his father did not want to serve in the Romanian army. Later his father became a Hungarian soldier, but following the end of the war he did not come back and Jenei with his mother moved back to Arad. Two years after they resettled in their old home, Jenei's father, who was held in captivity, unexpectedly returned. Not much later Jenei's mother died when he was only 12 years old.
Before his professional football career, Jenei wanted to become a lawyer. He made his debut playing for Flamura Roşie Arad — now UT Arad, in the Romanian Liga I. In 1957, at age 20, he signed with Steaua club in Bucharest (1957). He played for Steaua until 1969, when he left Romania to play in Turkey for Kayserispor. He had reached the age of 32, when Romania's Communist authorities would allow few players to move abroad. In 1971, Jenei retired as player and became a coach. During his career as a footballer, he won 12 caps for Romania's national team (between 1959 and 1964).

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Endre Ady
Endre Ady (November 22, 1877 - January 27, 1919) was a Hungarian poet.
Ady was born in Érmindszent, Szilágy County (part of Austria-Hungary at the time; now a village in Satu Mare County, Romania, called Adyfalva in Hungarian and Ady Endre in Romanian). He belonged to an impoverished Calvinist noble family. Endre was the second of three children, although the eldest of the three, a girl named Ilona had died at an early age.
Between 1892-1896, he attended the Calvinist College in Zalău. Since 1957, in the front of the school, there is a statue of Ady Endre, built by Balaskó Nándor. In the newspaper "Szilágy" from Zalău, Ady Endre published his first poem on March 22, 1896.
Afterwards, he studied Law at the Reformed College in Debrecen. After finishing his studies, he became a journalist, and published his first poems in a volume called Versek (Poems) in 1899. He soon became tired of Debrecen (the town later became the symbol of backwardness in his poetry) and moved to Nagyvárad (today Oradea, Romania), a city with rich cultural life. In the articles written in 1902 for Nagyváradi Napló Ady paid a close attention to the social features of his time. "Wesselényi and a poor peasant! Perhaps unwittingly, master Fadrusz has carved a satire" he wrote referring to the opening of the Wesselényi Monument.

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Endre Kabos
Endre Kabos (November 5, 1906 - November 4, 1944), born in Nagyvárad, Hungary, was a Hungarian sabre fencer. He won the Individual Sabre gold medal at the Slovakian Championships in 1938 and took his first medal at the European Championships, Individual silver, in 1930. He followed this with multiple gold medals, as an individual and as part of teams, in those annual contests. He took four Olympic medals for Hungary, both as an individual and part of the Hungarian team, in 1932 and 1936.
Jewish, Kabos was interred for at least five months in a forced labor camp during World War II, Kabos escaped to fight with the Hungarian underground. While the reports as to the cause of his death vary, at least one indicates that he was defending the Margit Bridge when he died.
Kabos was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1986.

wn.com/Endre_Kabos
Gabriel Báthory
Gabriel Báthory (Hungarian: Báthory Gábor) (15 August 1589 – 27 October 1613) was Prince of Transylvania from 1608 to his death in 1613.
Gabriel was born at Nagyvárad, in Hungary (today Oradea, Romania) as the son of Stephen Báthory (1553-1601), from Somlyo branch of the Hungarian Báthory family, and his first wife Susanna Bebek of Pelsocz (d. 1595). His uncles were Balthasar Báthory and Cardinal Andrew Báthory, who had both briefly reigned over Transylvania.
When Gabriel was born, his grand cousin Sigismund had just assumed the government of Transylvania. At the end of his turbulent reign, which saw him retire four times, Transylvania in 1601 came under direct Habsburg rule, represented by the cruel military governor Giorgio Basta.
When the military commander Stephen Bocskay raised the flag of rebellion against the Habsburgs, Gabriel sided with him. Bocskay drove Basta out of Transylvania and, in 1605, was elected Prince by a diet. Bocskay was recognized as Prince by the Habsburg in the Treaty of Vienna of 1606, but died in the same year.

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Georg von Peuerbach
Georg von Peuerbach (also Purbach, Peurbach, Purbachius, his real surname is unknown) (born May 30, 1423 in Peuerbach near Linz – April 8, 1461 in Vienna) was an Austrian astronomer, mathematician and instrument maker.
About the year 1440 Peuerbach received the degree of master of philosophy and the free arts, cum insigni laude, at the University of Vienna. His teacher in mathematics was probably Johann von Gmunden.
In 1448 Peuerbach went on a trip to Italy for the sake of study. There, Giovanni Bianchini of Ferrara and Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, then in Rome, became interested in the young man and induced him to lecture on astronomy at the University of Ferrara. He refused offers of professorships at Bologna and Padua, and also the appointment as court astronomer to King Ladislaus of Hungary, but went back to Vienna in 1450 to teach. He lectured on philology and classical literature. His scientific teaching was done chiefly in private, his most famous pupil being Johann Müller of Königsberg, later known as Regiomontanus.

wn.com/Georg_von_Peuerbach
Georges Politzer
Georges Politzer (3 May 1903–23 May 1942) was a French philosopher and Marxist theoretician of Hungarian origin, affectionately referred to by some as the "red-headed philosopher" (philosophe roux). He was a native of Oradea, a city in present-day Romania.
Politzer was already a militant by the time of his involvement in the Hungarian insurrection of 1919. He went into exile at age seventeen following the failure of the Hungarian Soviet Republic led by Béla Kun when the country fell under the rule of the repressive government of Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy.
He settled in Paris in 1921 after meeting Freud and Sándor Ferenczi in Vienna. Five years later, he had read through all the major academic works, up to the philosophy collection. He joined the French Communist Party sometime between 1929 and 1931.
At the beginning of the 1930s, the Communist Party founded the Workers University of Paris (l'Université Ouvrière de Paris) which lasted until dissolution by German occupation in 1939. During his tenure at the university, Politzer was entrusted with and given charge of a course on dialectical materialism.

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Iuliu Bodola
Gyula Bodola; 26 February 1912 – 12 March 1993) was a Romanian-Hungarian footballer who played international football for both of those nations. He played at both the 1934 FIFA World Cup and 1938 FIFA World Cup. Bodola played club football for Clubul Atletic Oradea, Venus Bucureşti, Ferar Cluj-Napoca and MTK. In November 2008, the name of the Municipal Stadium in Oradea was named after him, becoming the Stadionul Iuliu Bodola. He was the top scorer of the Romanian First League in the 1938-1939 and 1939-1940 seasons. Since 1946 he lived in Budapest.
Bodola was a very prolific scorer for Romania. He was the top goalscorer of the 1929-1931 (first) edition of the Balkan Cup (which Romania won). He scored 7 goals for his country in that tournament alone.

wn.com/Iuliu_Bodola
John Zápolya
John Zápolya (Croatian: Ivan Zapolja, Hungarian: Szapolyai János or Zápolya János, Romanian: Ioan Zápolya, Slovak: Ján Zápoľský, Serbian: Jovan Zapolja/Јован Запоља; 2 February 1487 – 22 July 1540) was King of Hungary (as John I) from 1526 to 1540. His rule was disputed by Archduke Ferdinand I, who also claimed the title King of Hungary between 1526 and 1540. He was the voivode of Transylvania before his coronation.

wn.com/John_Zápolya
Lajos Bíró
Lajos Bíró (born Lajos Blau) (22 August 1880 – 9 September 1948) was a Hungarian novelist, playwright, and screenwriter who wrote many films from the early 1920s through the late 1940s. He was born in Nagyvárad, Austria-Hungary (now Oradea, Romania) and eventually moved to the United Kingdom where he worked as a scenario chief for London Film Productions run by Alexander Korda. He died in London on 9 September 1948 of a heart attack.
In 1929, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Writing for The Last Command, but lost to Ben Hecht for Underworld, the only other nomination in this category.

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Michael Haydn
Johann Michael Haydn (help·info) (14 September 1737 – 10 August 1806) was an Austrian composer of the classical period, the younger brother of Joseph Haydn.
Johann Michael Haydn was born in 1737 in the Austrian village of Rohrau, Austria near the Hungarian border. His father was Mathias Haydn, a wheelwright who also served as "Marktrichter", an office akin to village mayor. Haydn's mother Maria, née Koller, had previously worked as a cook in the palace of Count Harrach, the presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician, who during the journeyman period of his career had taught himself to play the harp, and he also made sure that his children learned to sing; for details see Mathias Haydn.
Michael's early professional career path was paved by his older brother Joseph, whose skillful singing had landed him a position as a boy soprano in the St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna where he worked as a chorister, under the direction of Georg Reutter. Other singers in that choir included Johann Georg Albrechtsberger and Franz Joseph Aumann, both composers with whom Haydn later traded manuscripts. The early 19th century author Albert Christoph Dies, reporting from Joseph's late-life reminiscences, says the following:

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Péter Pázmány
Péter Pázmány de Panasz (4 October 1570 – 19 March 1637) was a Hungarian philosopher, theologian, catholic cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman. He was an important figure in the Counter-Reformation in Royal Hungary.
His most important legacy was his creation of the Hungarian literary language. As an orator he was dubbed "the Hungarian Cicero in the purple". In 1867, a street in Vienna, the Pazmanitengasse, was named after him.
Péter Pázmány was born in Nagyvárad (today Oradea, Romania) and was educated there and in Kolozsvár, which is where he converted from the Calvinist Reformed Church of Hungary to Roman Catholicism in 1583, partly under the influence of his stepmother. In 1587 he entered the Jesuit Order. Pázmány went through his probation at Kraków, took his degree in Vienna, studied theology at Rome, and finally completed his academic course at the Jesuit college in Graz. In 1601 he was sent to the Order's establishment at Sellye (today Šaľa, Slovakia) , where his eloquence and dialectic won hundreds to Catholicism, including many of the noblest families. Prince Miklós Esterházy and Pál Rákóczi were among his converts.

wn.com/Péter_Pázmány
Renáta Tolvai
Renáta Tímea Tolvai, known professionally as Reni Tolvai (born 24 March 1991, Oradea, Romania) is a Romanian singer of Hungarian origin, dancer and model, who won the 5th Megasztár-Hungarian Pop Idol in 2010. She is famous for her style, her beautiful voice and her Hungarian pronunciation.
Born to an ethnic Hungarian family in Oradea, Tolvai started singing when she was two years old. She attended the Modern Music Professional in the Francisc Hubic Art School in her native city. She then studied at the city's Emanuil Gojdu High School, graduating in 2011. Her favourite singer and idol was Aretha Franklin.
She performed on the Euroregion Song Contest, where she won first prize. She sang at the Mamaia Festival in 2009, coming in second. She then won the Hungarian Megasztár in 2010, consequently winning Hungarian Voice of the Year. Her first solo song, Hagylak menni, appeared with a music video in the summer of 2011, on 8 August.
She sang the Hungarian song voice of Jewel in a computer-animated musical comedy, called Rio.

wn.com/Renáta_Tolvai
Romani people
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to the Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies).
They are known collectively in the Romani language as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect concerned) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms.
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France.
The Americas are also home to large numbers of Romani. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; 800,000 in Brazil, to which Kale were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the New World.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.

wn.com/Romani_people
Romanians
The Romanians (dated: Rumanians or Roumanians; in Romanian: români pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] or — historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism — rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania.
The Romanian people are a nation in the meaning of ethnos (Romanian: etnie), defined by the sense of sharing a common Romanian culture, descent, and having Romanian as mother tongue, as well as by citizenship or by being subjects to the same country. The Romanian citizenship law legislated in March 1991 establishes the rights of second and third generation descendants of Romanian citizens to obtain a Romanian citizenship, if they speak fluent Romanian and are able to demonstrate sufficient knowledge in Romanian history and culture. 89.4 percent of Romania's people declared themselves as Romanians at the 2002 Romanian Census.
In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries.

wn.com/Romanians
Sigismund Báthory
Sigismund Báthory (Hungarian: Báthory Zsigmond, Romanian: Sigismund Bathory) (1572 – March 27, 1613) was Prince of Transylvania.
Hailing from the Báthory family's Somlyó branch, he was the son of Christopher Báthory, Voievod of Transylvania, and nephew of Stephen Báthory, King of Poland. He was elected prince in his father's lifetime, but being quite young at his fathers death, the government was entrusted to a regency.
In 1588 he attained his majority, and joined the league of Christian princes against the Turk. The obvious danger of such a course caused no small anxiety in the principality, and the diet of Torda (today Turda) even went so far as to demand a fresh coronation oath from Sigismund. Upon his refusal to render it, the members threatened him with deposition. Ultimately Bathory got the better of his opponents, and executed all whom he got into his hands (1595).
In 1595, at Gyulafehérvár (today Alba Iulia), Sigismund Bathory signed a treaty with Michael the Brave, the Voivod of Wallachia, in which Wallachia came under sovereignty of Transylvania, requiring to Sigismund to send aid to Michael the Brave for fighting the Ottomans.

wn.com/Sigismund_Báthory
Yehuda Amital
Yehuda Amital (Hebrew: יהודה עמיטל‎, born Yehuda Klein; October 31, 1924 – July 9, 2010) was an Orthodox rabbi, the Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion and a former member of the Israeli cabinet.
Amital was born in Oradea in Romania. When Germany occupied the area in 1944, the Nazis sent his entire family to Auschwitz where they were killed. Amital was sent to a labor camp, thus surviving the Holocaust. He remained in the labor camp for eight months, and was liberated on October 4, 1944 by the Soviet Army. After his liberation he made his way to Bucharest, from where he travelled to Palestine, arriving on December 11, 1944.
After a short stay at the Atlit detainee camp, he made his way to Jerusalem, where he studied at Hebron Yeshiva, receiving semicha from Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer. He also learned with Rabbi Yaakov Moshe Charlop, a student of Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Kook. Around this time he joined the Haganah.
After learning at Hebron he moved to Pardes Hanna in order to learn at Kletzk Yeshiva. While learning at the yeshiva, he married Miriam, the daughter of the Rosh Yeshiva, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Meltzer, and the granddaughter of Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer. When the yeshiva relocated to Rehovot, Amital followed, settling in Rehovot until he moved to Jerusalem in the 1960s.

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Ödön Beöthy
Ödön Beöthy (1796 - 1854), Hungarian deputy and orator, was born in Nagyvárad, Hungary (today Oradea, Romania), his father being a retired officer and deputy lord-lieutenant of the county of Bihar.
At the age of sixteen he served in the war against Napoleon, and was present at the great battle of Leipzig. Like so many others of his compatriots, he picked up Liberal ideas abroad. He was sent to parliament by his county in 1826 and again in 1830, but did not become generally known till the session of 1832–1836, when along with Ferenc Deák he, as a liberal Catholic, defended the Protestant point of view in the mixed marriages question. He was also an energetic advocate of freedom of speech. After parliament rose he carried his principles to their logical conclusion by marrying a Protestant lady and, being denied a blessing on the occasion by an indignant bishop, publicly declared that he could very well dispense with such blessings.
In 1841 he was elected deputy lord-lieutenant of his county to counteract the influence of the lord-lieutenant, Lajos Tisza, and powerfully promoted the popular cause by his eloquence and agitation. After 1843 the conservatives succeeded in excluding him both from parliament and from his official position in the county; but during the famous March Days (1848) he regained all his authority, becoming at the same time a commander of militia, a deputy and lord-lieutenant. At the first session of the Upper House (5 July 1848), he moved that it should be radically reformed, and during the war of Independence he energetically served the Hungarian government as a civil commissioner and lord justice.

wn.com/Ödön_Beöthy

Oradea in 1919 on Chopin's Etude Op. 10 No. 3 in E major 'Tristesse'

Images of Oradea, Romania, in 1919. This movie is about the beauty of a city, to which con...

published: 21 May 2006

author: viosnake

Nelu Oradea

Oradea Nelu de la Oradea Rogerius Oradea Rogerius Oradea Smecheri Om mort...

published: 23 Aug 2012

author: Byga Dragonu

ORADEA - 1994 - NAGYVARAD

ORADEA - 1994 - NAGYVARAD...

published: 06 Sep 2010

author: saboletti

BLAGA DE LA ORADEA

ETNO DANCE...

published: 15 Oct 2009

author: FOCUS STUDIO

Oradea, Romania

Oradea, Romania. Music: George Enescu - Rapsodia Romana All pictures in the video clip are...

published: 13 Mar 2008

author: blinder00

Butoiul de Aur, Restaurant in Oradea

Oradea (Romanian pronunciation: [oˈrade̯a]; German: Großwardein, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, Hun...

published: 13 Aug 2012

author: Horia Maries

Live Willy De La Oradea - Tiganeasca .wmv

Live Willy De La Oradea - Tiganeasca...

published: 21 Nov 2009

author: Eduard Toth

Dacian de la Oradea Viata mea 2009 COOL !!!!! FULL CLIP

ROMANIAN MUSIC...

published: 25 Oct 2009

author: Dacian de la Oradea

willy de la oradea live proba

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photo: AP / Ugarit News via AP video

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!"

Amid a Bloody War, Syrian Videos Show a Glimpse of Fun

The New York Times

09 Feb 2013

BEIRUT, Lebanon — The video has gone viral in recent days. Syrian government soldiers, in camouflage gear, carrying rocket-propelled grenades and brandishing rifles, mugging for the camera while dancing in a circle to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Enlarge This Image. Ugarit News, via Associated Press. In a video posted online, Syrian soldiers chant and dance to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Related. U.N ... Twitter List ... Raw ... ....(size: 8.2Kb)

photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb

File - Palestinian Salafis "al-Qaeda" burning U.S. and Israeli flags as they burn an image of U.S. President Barack Obama during a protest against what they said was a film being produced in the U.S. that was insulting to the Prophet Mohammad in Rafah in southern Gaza Strip on September 14, 2012.

Tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring

Mail Guardian South Africa

10 Feb 2013

A protester holds a banner reading "Be careful Mr President Hollande, Tunisia is not Mali" at a demonstration in Tunis on February 9. (AP). More Coverage. Late last year, largely unnoticed in the West, Tunisia's president, Moncef Marzouki, gave an interview to Chatham House's The World Today ... "We didn't realise how dangerous and violent these Salafists could be ... They are a tiny minority within a tiny minority ... Threats ... ....(size: 13.5Kb)

photo: AP / Jerome Delay

A Malian soldier takes cover behind a truck during exchanges of fire with jihadists in Gao, northern Mali, Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013.

Militants Battle Malian and French Troops in Liberated Town

The New York Times

10 Feb 2013

DAKAR, Senegal — Gunfire rang out in the streets of the strategic city of Gao in northern Mali on Sunday, two weeks after French troops appeared to have chased radical Islamists out of the city, which is at the edge of the desert and is the largest population center in the north. Multimedia. Interactive Feature. Turmoil in the Sahara. Related. Mali War Shifts as Rebels Hide in High Sahara (February 10, 2013) ... Twitter List ... Mr ...   ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)

photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez

Nigeria supporters root for their team as it plays Costa Rica during the FIFA U20 World Cup soccer tournament in Victoria, Canada, Sunday, July 1, 2007. Decked out in green-and-white striped toques and matching T-shirts, 90 members of the Nigeria Football Supporters' Club followed their men's youth team all the way from western Africa to Victoria for the tournament.

Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams

FourFourTwo

10 Feb 2013

Top scorer Emenike fails to make final for Nigeria. Africa Cup of Nations 7 minutes ago. Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams. Africa Cup of Nations 21 minutes ago. Blatter angry with UEFA over declaration on FIFA reforms. Rest of Europe 1 hours ago. Mali bank on Keita to deliver first World Cup place. Africa Cup of Nations 1 hours ago. Nigeria start favourites in African Nations Cup final ... Rest of Europe Yesterday, 22.28....(size: 6.8Kb)

photo: AP / Elaine Thompson

A Boeing 777-367 (ER) Cathay Pacific jet is guided to a parking spot by a marshaller at Paine Field Tuesday, Feb. 5, 2013, in Everett, Wash.

Boeing 787 on test flight, 1st since grounding

Jakarta Post

10 Feb 2013

Boeing sent a 787 up on a test flight Saturday, the first since the new airliner was grounded three weeks ago because of a battery fire ... The plan was to spend two and a half hours in the air ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

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Shareholder Update (European Convergence Development Company plc)

noodls

01 Feb 2013

(Source. European Convergence Development Company plc) European Convergence Develop. CoPLC. . ECDC plc. Shareholder Update. 1st February 2013 ... Economic Overview ... Bulgaria ... Romania ... ... Oradea Shopping Centre. The Oradea construction bank loan facility is fully drawn ... The restructuring of the existing facility has received credit committee approvals, although the lenders have delayed finalisation until completion of the Oradea re-structuring....(size: 29.6Kb)

A Traveler In The Foreign Service: A Guy's Road Trip To Transylvania

Gadling

24 Jan 2013

The roadside villages en route to Oradea defined unremitting rural poverty, but the soul crushing Soviet era apartment blocks that dominated the gloomy outskirts of Oradea seemed even worse. The center of Oradea looked more promising, but even the colorful baroque buildings all seemed to be in need of a coat of paint. Oradea had been part of the ......(size: 9.9Kb)

DoubleTree by Hilton Welcomes its First Guests in Spain (Hilton Hotels Corporation)

noodls

24 Dec 2012

(Source. Hilton Hotels Corporation) ... December 24, 2012 . This information originated in U.K. English ... Rob Palleschi, global head, DoubleTree by Hilton, said, "At the end of a year which has seen a number of new DoubleTree by Hilton hotels open in exciting European destinations including; Zagreb, Croatia; Oradea, Romania; and three in London, it's exciting to be celebrating our first hotel in Spain ... (noodl....(size: 8.2Kb)

Hilton Worldwide opens first DoubleTree in Spain

The Business Review

21 Dec 2012

Washington Business Journal by Greg Bianco, Broadcaster/Web Producer. Date. Friday, December 21, 2012, 12.43pm EST ... “At the end of a year which has seen a number of new DoubleTree by Hilton hotels open in exciting European destinations including; Zagreb, Croatia; Oradea, Romania; and three in London, it’s exciting to be celebrating our first hotel in Spain,” said Rob Palleschi, global head of DoubleTree by Hilton ... Industries. ... Comments ... .....(size: 7.3Kb)

DoubleTree by Hilton Welcomes its First Guests in Spain

Business Wire

21 Dec 2012

Stunning Catalan Golf Resort the Location of DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel & Spa Emporda ... Rob Palleschi, global head, DoubleTree by Hilton, said, “At the end of a year which has seen a number of new DoubleTree by Hilton hotels open in exciting European destinations including; Zagreb, Croatia; Oradea, Romania; and three in London, it’s exciting to be celebrating our first hotel in Spain ... About DoubleTree by Hilton ... Contacts ... or ... ....(size: 12.0Kb)

4G Internet boosts tablets in Romania (Orange SA)

noodls

19 Dec 2012

(Source. Orange SA). After France, Spain, Armenia, Moldova and Belgium, Orange is continuing to roll out its 4G network in Europe. In Romania, the first special offer for tablets was launched on December 12 in Bucharest ... Arad, Baia Mare, Braşov, Bucharest, Câmpia Turzii, Cluj, Codlea, Constanţa, Iaşi, Mangalia, Oradea, Satu Mare, Săcele, Sibiu, Târgu Mureş, Timişoara, Tulcea and Zalău. 4G is the technology of the future ... distributed by....(size: 3.6Kb)

Test Prep Company Owner Extradited from Latvia on Charges of Stealing Questions from Medical Licensing Exam (FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation)

noodls

06 Nov 2012

On December 2, 2007, Kuka applied via the Internet to take the USMLE in Milan, Italy, falsely stating that she had graduated from the University of Oradea, an accredited medical school in Romania, with a doctorate in medicine ... of Oradea's medical school to enable her to take the exam and gain access to, steal, and reproduce the live test questions....(size: 5.8Kb)

PR 70 - Montenegro, Serbia and Hungary lead after two rounds (FINA - Fédération Internationale de Natation)

noodls

06 Nov 2012

PR 70 - Montenegro, Serbia and Hungary lead after two rounds. 2012 ... Montenegro, Serbia and Hungary currently top their respective group with two victories each ... In Group C, nine-time Olympic champion Hungary edged Romania in Oradea, 12-9 before winning by just one goal (6-5) over world number one Italy at home, in Szekesfehervar ... GROUP A - Croatia, Greece, Turkey, Montenegro. GROUP B - Spain, Germany, Serbia ... distributed by....(size: 2.7Kb)

HIRSCH Servo AG: Results for Fiscal 2011/12 (Hirsch Servo AG)

noodls

31 Oct 2012

The HIRSCH Servo Group reports that the economic situation in the 2011/12 fiscal year proved to be worse than originally predicted for the industry. In the period under review, total revenue fell by 7.4 percent to €85.8 million (PY. €92.6 million) ... minus €0.5 million) ... €76.0 million) ... €39.8 million) ... 607) ... This figure also includes the remaining capital expenditure for the EPS packaging plant in Oradea/Romania opened in September 2011 ... in %....(size: 18.5Kb)

PR 67 - European men’s teams get ready for preliminary round (FINA - Fédération Internationale de Natation)

noodls

30 Oct 2012

PR 67 - European men's teams get ready for preliminary round. 2012. Moscow (RUS), October 30, 2012 - The 2013 season of the FINA Men's Water Polo World League kicks off tomorrow with the first home and away games of the three European groups ... In Group C, Italy will play against Russia in Savona and Romania will face Hungary in Oradea ... - more info ... (noodl....(size: 2.6Kb)

Half Yearly Report (European Convergence Development Company plc)

noodls

28 Sep 2012

European Convergence Develop. CoPLC. 28 September 2012 EuroPean convergence development company plc ... For further information please contact. ... The two developments in Oradea and Iasi appear to be proceeding well though each are at a different stage of their respective developments. The Board were very pleased to be told that the Proton Loan agreement for Argo Real Estate Opportunities Fund was concluded successfully. ... Oradea ... -....(size: 111.0Kb)

DoubleTree by Hilton Welcomes Romanian City Of Oradea to Global Portfolio (Hilton Hotels Corporation) (Hilton Hotels Corporation)

noodls

27 Sep 2012

DoubleTree by Hilton Welcomes Romanian City Of Oradea to Global PortfolioUpscale DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea opens its doors to guests with warm welcome & legendary chocolate chip cookies at check-in ... DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea opens following a major investment by owner SIF Banat Crisana and SC Calipso SA ... The DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea is located at 9 Aleea Strandului, Oradea, Romania, 410051....(size: 9.6Kb)

DoubleTree by Hilton anunta deschiderea unui nou hotel în Oradea (Hilton Hotels Corporation) (Hilton Hotels Corporation)

noodls

27 Sep 2012

Oradea, ROMÂNIA - DoubleTree by Hilton anunţă deschiderea celui de-al doilea hotel pe care îl deţine în România, situat în Oradea. DoubleTree by Hilton, un brand hotelier internaţional, ce deţine în prezent peste 300 de hoteluri în toată lumea, le oferă oaspeţilor săi din Oradea servicii complete, de cea mai bună calitate ... DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea se află pe Aleea Strandului, nr 9....(size: 10.8Kb)

timeline:
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2011)

Oradea
Nagyvárad

— County capital —

Flag

Coat of arms

Oradea

Location of Oradea

Coordinates: 47°04′20″N 21°55′16″E / 47.07222°N 21.92111°ECoordinates: 47°04′20″N 21°55′16″E / 47.07222°N 21.92111°E

Romania

County capital

Government

• Mayor

Ilie Gavril Bolojan (National Liberal Party)

Area

• County capital

156.2 km² (60.3 sq mi)

Population ^[1]

• County capital

206,614

• Density

1,172/km² (3,040/sq mi)

• Metro

249,746

Time zone

EET (UTC+2)

• Summer (DST)

EEST (UTC+3)

Website

http://www.oradea.ro/

Oradea (Romanian pronunciation: [oˈrade̯a]; German: Großwardein, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, Hungarian pronunciation: [nɒɟvaːrɒd], colloquially also Várad, former Turkish: Varat, Yiddish: גרויסווארדיין Groysvardeyn) is the capital city of Bihor County, in the Crișana region of north-western Romania. According to the 2002 census, the city has a population of 206,614, making it the 11th largest city in Romania. The wider Oradea metropolitan area has a total population of 249,746.

Geography [link]

The city lies at the meeting point of the Crișana plain and the Crișul Repede's basin. It is situated 126 meters above sea level, surrounded on the north-eastern part by the hills of Oradea, part of the Șes hills. The main part of the settlement is situated on the floodplain and on the terraces situated down the river Crișul Repede. Oradea is famous for its thermal springs. The river Crişul Repede crosses the city right in the center, providing it with a picturesque beauty. Its output depends on the season; the dykes near Tileagd have partly controlled it ever since they were built in the early 1980s.

Climate data for Oradea
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	1.4 (34.5)	4.7 (40.5)	10.7 (51.3)	16.9 (62.4)	22.1 (71.8)	24.9 (76.8)	27.1 (80.8)	26.8 (80.2)	23.0 (73.4)	17.1 (62.8)	9.3 (48.7)	3.4 (38.1)	15.62 (60.11)
Average low °C (°F)	−5.2 (22.6)	−2.7 (27.1)	1.0 (33.8)	5.5 (41.9)	10.1 (50.2)	12.9 (55.2)	14.2 (57.6)	13.9 (57.0)	10.8 (51.4)	5.9 (42.6)	1.9 (35.4)	−2.4 (27.7)	5.49 (41.89)
Precipitation mm (inches)	39.5 (1.555)	30.3 (1.193)	36.5 (1.437)	44.9 (1.768)	63.4 (2.496)	90.5 (3.563)	69.1 (2.72)	55.2 (2.173)	39.9 (1.571)	37.9 (1.492)	46.6 (1.835)	49.4 (1.945)	603.2 (23.748)
Source: Administrația Natională de Meteorologie^[2]

History [link]

Varadinum (Oradea) in a 1617 engraving by Braun & Hogenberg

Main article: History of Oradea

Oradea, 12 km from the Hungarian border, dates back to a small 10th century castle, while its bishopric was founded during the 11th century by King Ladislaus I of Hungary. The first documented mention of its name was in 1113 under the Latin name Varadinum. The city flourished during the 13th century. The Citadel of Oradea, the ruins of which remain today, was first mentioned in 1241 during the Mongol invasion. The 14th century was one of the most prosperous periods in the city's life. Statues of St. Stephen, Emeric and Ladislaus (before 1372) and the equestrian sculpture of St. Ladislaus (1390) were erected in Oradea. St. Ladislaus' fabled statue was the first proto-renaissance public square equestrian in Europe. Bishop Andreas Báthori (1329–1345) rebuilt the cathedral in Gothic style. From that epoch dates also the Hermes, now preserved at Györ, which contains the skull of King Ladislaus, and which is a masterpiece of the Hungarian goldsmith's art.

Georg von Peuerbach worked at the Observatory of Varadinum, using it as the reference or prime meridian of Earth in his Tabula Varadiensis, published posthumously in 1464.

In 1474 the city was devastated by the Turks. It was not until the 16th century that Oradea started growing as an urban area. The Peace of Várad was concluded between Ferdinand I and John Zápolya here on February 4, 1538, in which they mutually recognized each other to be king. In the 18th century, the Viennese engineer Franz Anton Hillebrandt planned the city in the Baroque style and, starting from 1752, many landmarks were constructed such as the Roman Catholic Cathedral and the Bishop's Palace, presently the Muzeul Țării Crișurilor ("The Museum of the Criș-es land").

After the Ottoman invasion of Hungary in the 16th century, the city was administered at various times by the Principality of Transylvania, the Ottoman Empire, and the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1598, the fortress was besieged and, on August 27, 1660, Oradea fell to the Turks and became the capital of Varat Province. This eyalet had Varat (Oradea), Salanta, Debreçin (formerly part of Budin and Eğri Eyalets), Halmaș, Sengevi and Yapıșmaz sanjaks. The siege is described in detail by Szalárdy János in his contemporary chronicle. The city was seized by the Habsburg-led German-Hungarian-Croatian forces in September 1692. The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 played an important role in the city's history. It was the home of largest Hungarian arms factory while Debrecen was the temporary seat of the Hungarian government.

In the second half of the 19th century literary nicknames for the town included "Hungarian Compostela", "Felix civitas", "Paris on the River Pece", "the City of Tomorrow", "Athens on the Körös", and "the City of Yesterday". These nicknames are not widely used today, although "Paris on the River Pece" is still utilized sometimes.

As a consequence of Hungary's role in World War I, the Treaty of Trianon awarded Oradea to the Kingdom of Romania. Under the Second Vienna Award brokered by Hitler and Mussolini in 1940, Hungary reoccupied North Transylvania, including Oradea, but, being on the losing side again, had to relinquish claims to it under the Treaty of Paris concluded on February 10, 1947.

In 1925 the status of municipality was given to Oradea dissolving its former civic autonomy. Under the same ordinance its name was changed from Oradea Mare ("Great" Oradea) to simply Oradea.

Ethnic tensions sometimes ran high in the area in the past but the different ethnic groups now generally live together in harmony, thriving on each other's contributions to modern culture. There are many mixed Romanian-Hungarian families in Oradea, with children assimilating into both of their parents' cultures and learning to speak both languages.

After December 1989, Oradea aims to achieve greater prosperity along with other towns in Central Europe. Both culturally and economically, Oradea's prospects are inevitably tied to the general aspiration of Romanian society to freedom, democracy and a free market economy, with varied initiatives in all fields of endeavor. Due to its specific character, Oradea is one of the most important economic and cultural centers of Western Romania and of the country in general, and one of the great academic centers, with a unique bilingual dynamic.

Politics [link]

After the 2008 local government elections the mayor is Ilie Gavril Bolojan (National Liberal Party). Deputy-mayors are: Florica Cherecheș (National Liberal Party) and Rozália Ibolya Biró (Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania). The local administration is governed by a coalition formed by the National Liberal Party and the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania.

Since June 2008 the party composition of the Municipal Council of Oradea has been the following:

	Party	Seats	Succeeding Council
	National Liberal Party	10
	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania	7
	Democratic-Liberal Party	7
	Social Democratic Party	3

Demographics [link]

Year	Population	%±	Romanian	Hungarian
Historical population of Oradea^[3]^[4]
1787	9,790	—	n/a	n/a
1830	19,091	95%	n/a	n/a
1857	22,443	17.5%	n/a	n/a
1880	31,324	39.5%	6.5%	86.8%
1900	47,018^[5]	50.1%	n/a	n/a
1912 census	64,169	36.4%	5.6%	91%
1930 census	82,687	28.8%	27.1%	51.5%
1948 census	82,282	−0.4%	32.8%	63.8%
1956 census	98,950	20.2%	35.9%	59%
1966 census	122,534	23.8%	46%	51.3%
1977 census	170,531	39.1%	53.9%	44%
1992 census	222,741	30.6%	64.7%	33.3%
2002 census	206,614	−7.2%	70.3%	27.5%
2011 census	183,123	−11.3%	72.6%	24.5%

As of 2011 census data, Oradea has a population of 183,123, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.^[1]

The ethnic makeup is as follows:^[6]

Romanians: 132,945 (72.60%)
Hungarians: 44,892 (24.51%)
Roma: 2,129 (1.16%)
Other: 1.73%

Jewish community [link]

This section incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.

The chevra kadisha ("holy society") was founded in 1735, the first synagogue in 1803, and the first communal school in 1839. Not until the beginning of the 19th century were Jews permitted to do business in any other part of the city, and even then they were required to return at nightfall to their own quarter. In 1835 permission was granted to live in any part of the city.

The Jewish community of Oradea became divided into Orthodox and Reform congregations. While the members of the Reform congregation still retained their membership in the chevra kadisha, they started to use a cemetery of their own in 1899. In the early 20th century, the Jews of Oradea had won prominence in the public life of the city. There were Jewish manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, physicians and farmers; the chief of police (1902) was a Jew; and in the municipal council, the Jewish element was proportionately represented. The community possessed, in addition to the hospital and chevra kadisha, a Jewish women's association, a grammar school, a trade school for boys and girls, a yeshiva, a soup kitchen etc.

According to the Center for Jewish Art:

The Oradea Jewish community was once the most active both commercially and culturally in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1944, twenty-five thousand Oradean Jews were deported to concentration camps by the Nazis, thus decimating this vital community. Only three hundred Jews reside in Oradea today. In the center of the city, on the river bank and towering over other buildings in the area, is the large Neolog Temple Synagogue built in 1878. The unusual cube-shaped synagogue with its large cupola is one of the largest in Romania. Inside there is a large organ and stucco decorations. In 1891, the Orthodox community also built a complex of buildings including two synagogues and a community center.^[7]

Descendants of the pre-Holocaust hasidic rabbinate in Oradea established a synagogue in the Willowbrook area of Staten Island, New York. The synagogue maintains both a traditional hasidic Nusach Sefard and a Nusach Ashkenaz service, the latter of which operates under the name Bais Medrash Igud Avreichim of Groisverdain (the Yiddish pronunciation of Grosswardein).

Quarters [link]

Map of the current 30 districts

Before 1848, Oradea was made up of 4 separate towns: Várad-Újváros (Villa Nova, former Vicus Szombathely), Várad-Olaszi (Villa Latinorum Varadiensium, "olasz" meaning Italian), Várad-Velence (Vicus Venetia), Várad-Váralja (Civitas Waradiensis). The names Vicus Venetia, Villa Latinorum, Vicus Bolognia, Vicus Padua and others refer to the French, Walloons and Italian inhabitants who settled in the 13th century.

Today the city is made up of the following districts called quarters (cartiere in Romanian, negyedek in Hungarian):

Centru Oradea (city centre);
Nufărul;
Rogerius;
Velenţa;
Ioşia;
Ioşia Nord;
Oncea;
Salca;

The quarter named Vie is also known as Podgoria. "Vie" and "Podgorie" mean the same thing in Romanian: vineyard.

Districts of Oradea
Oradea \| Vie \| Nufărul \| Rogerius \| Velenţa \| Cantemir \| Ioşia
See also: Bihor \| Romania

Economy [link]

Oradea has long been one of the more prosperous cities in Romania, due mainly to its location on the Hungarian border, making it a gateway towards Western Europe. The per capita GDP of Oradea is approximately 150% of the Romanian average.^[8] After 1989, due to its important base of consumers, Oradea enjoyed an economic renewal, not so much in industry but rather in the services sector such as trade and tourism.

Despite this, a survey by Capital Magazine named Oradea as the least dynamic city in Romania with a population over 150,000, falling behind its neighbors Cluj-Napoca, Arad and Timişoara. In particular, the city was criticized for high taxes, poor infrastructure and a lack of a clear development strategy.^[9]

Oradea has an unemployment rate of 6.0%, slightly lower than the Romanian average but much higher than Bihor County's average of around 2%. Oradea currently produces around 63% of the industrial production of Bihor County while accounting for 34.5% of the population of the county. Its main industries are furniture, textiles and clothing, footwear and food processing. Oradea economy is sustained largely by small and medium business and the property taxes paid by citizens.

Transport [link]

Main article: Transport in Oradea

File:ULF in Oradea.JPG

Oradea Ultra Low Floor tram

The public transport network is run by OTL, a municipal agency. It is made up of three tram lines (1R, 1N, 2, 3R, 3N) and 17 local bus lines (numbered from 10 to 26), and an international suburban one to Biharkeresztes, Hungary. The city has four train stations: Central, West, East and Episcopia Bihor (Bihor Abbey). The West Station is located in the quarter of Ioşia, the Central station (called simply Oradea) is located closer to the city center, near the quarter of Vie, while the East station is located in Velenţa.

Oradea is served by Oradea International Airport, which has flights from major Romanian cities as well as some cities in northern Italy.

Education [link]

Oradea is one of the main education centers of Romania. The city is home to the University of Oradea, one of the largest and most modern universities in the country. There are also several private universities, one being Agora University, a modern academic institution founded in 2000. Emanuel University, a Baptist school, also exists in the city since 2002.^[10] One of the oldest private universities in Romania is also situated in Oradea. The Sulyok István Reform College was founded in the spring of 1990 by the Királyhágómelléki Reform Church. In 1999 the school became entirely independent from the Protestant Theology College of Cluj-Napoca and changed its name to Partium Christian University. It presently operates with 12 faculties and a student body of 1400; the language of instruction is Hungarian.

Sports [link]

FC Bihor, founded in 1958, is the city's representative in the Romanian football system, currently playing in Liga II. It is, indirectly, the successor to the historic Clubul Atletic Oradea (CA Oradea), founded in 1910. Famously, after the annexation of Northern Transylvania by Hungary during WW II, the football club played in the Hungarian Championship under the Hungarian translation Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club (NAC), and won the championship at the end of the 1943-1944 season. CA Oradea is one of only two football clubs who played and won national championships in two countries (the other one is SK Rapid Wien).

During the communist years a series of clubs represented the city in the 1st, 2nd and briefly in the 3rd division, under the names Libertatea, IC Oradea, Progresul, Crişul, CS Oradea and Crişana, with varying degrees of success, but winning only one Romanian Cup title, won by Progresul in 1956. The current FC Bihor Oradea has been playing primarily in Liga II; club colors are red and blue, and the logo includes the year 1902, when the first football match was played in Oradea in Réday Park. The most famous players who wore the white-and-green jersey of earlier teams from Oradea were Francisc Ronnay, Iuliu Bodola - who played international football for both Hungary and Romania in the 30's - and Elemér Berkessy. Oradea's 18,000 seat football stadium bears Bodola's name today.

Architecture [link]

Oradea's architecture is a mix of Communist-era apartment buildings, mainly in the outer quarters, and beautiful historical buildings that are remnants of the era when the city was part of Austria-Hungary. In addition to many Baroque buildings, Oradea is remarkable for its particularly rich collection of Art Nouveau architecture.

During the Communist period and in the first years of Romania's post-Communist transition, many of the historical buildings became derelict or were deteriorating. After 2002, when Romania entered into an economic boom, many historical buildings in the city were restored to their previous state and currently the city gives off a very historic and well-maintained feel.

Attractions [link]

File:CrisulRepede.JPG

Crişul Repede river, with Continental Hotel and Olympic Swimming Pool in the background

Oradea City Hall

The beautiful city centre is worth visiting, as are the Băile Felix health spas, accessible by bus and located just outside the city.

Other sites worth visiting are:

Baroque Palace of Oradea – today Muzeul Ţării Crişurilor, a wonderful Baroque museum with 365 famous windows. It was the Roman Catholic bishop's palace until 1945, when the Communist regime took the building into public ownership. It was returned to the Roman Catholic Church in 2003. Its collection includes many fossils of dinosaurs and birds from the bauxite mines at Cornet-Brusturi.
Catedrala barocă – the biggest Baroque cathedral in Romania,
Cetatea Oradea - Oradea's Fortress, with a pentagonal shape, is a fortification with walls of rock on some portions and wood towers situated at the gate and at the corners.^[11]
Biserica cu Lună – a church unique in Europe, with an astronomical clock depicting the phases of the moon,
Pasajul Vulturul Negru – the "Black Eagle Palace" (or "Eagle Palace") shopping galleria, named after its famous stained glass eagle in the ceiling
Ady Endre Museum - a museum dedicated to one of the greatest Hungarian poets and a native son,
Teatrul de Stat – the State Theatre in the heart of the city, plans for which were designed by two Austrian architects who had built around 100 theaters and opera houses in Europe by the end of the 19th century,
Str. Republicii – one of the most beautiful streets of Transylvania, displaying a great number of Art Nouveau buildings,
There are also some 100 religious sites of different denominations in Oradea, including three synagogues (only one still in use) and the biggest Baptist church in Eastern Europe.

International relations [link]

Twin towns — Sister cities [link]

Oradea is twinned with:

Ceyrat, France Coslada, Spain Debrecen, Hungary Givatayim, Israel	Ivano-Frankivs'k, Ukraine^[12] Košice, Slovakia Linköping, Sweden Mantova, Italy Diamantina, Brazil

Metropolitan area [link]

Main article: Oradea metropolitan area

Gallery [link]

The Ferdinand Square
The Faculty of Medicine
The Black Eagle Palace
Baroque Roman Catholic cathedral
The Crişul Repede river

Famous people [link]

Endre Ady - one of the greatest Hungarian poets
Yehuda Amital- rabbi & former member of Israeli cabinet
Iuliu Baratky
Gabriel Báthory prince of Transylvania
Sigismund Báthory prince of Transylvania
Ödön Beöthy
Lajos Bíró
Eliezer Berkovits
Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
Bernát Friedmann
Georg von Peuerbach
Michael Haydn
Ladislaus I of Hungary
Endre Kabos
Péter Pázmány cardinal
Georges Politzer
Ede Szigligeti
Julia Varady
Nandor Wagner
Emanoil Gojdu
Mircea Maliţa
Emerich Jenei
Popa Kinga - Visionary leader of Romania's LearningEnterprises.org
Ioan Pop de Popa
Renáta Tolvai - singer, the winner of the Hungarian Megasztár 2010 and the owner of the Hungarian Voice of the Year in 2010
dr.Schlauh Lőrinc cardinal rom cat.
dr.Hosszú László vicarius generalis rom .cat

Sources [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oradea

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b "2011 Census" (in Romanian). INSSE. February 02, 2012. http://www.bihor.insse.ro/phpfiles/Comunicat%20-%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011.pdf. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
^ "Medii lunare multianuale 1961–1990" (in romanian). Administrația Natională de Meteorologie (Romanian National Administration of Meteorology). http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=475. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
^ Varga E. Statistică recensăminte după limba maternă, respectiv naționalitate
^ Structura etno-demografică a României la recensământul din 2002
^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
^ [1]
^ "Uncovering and Documenting Jewish Art and Architecture in Western Romania". Center for Jewish Art. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Summer 1998. http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/CJA/NL14-Romania.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
^ Zona metropolitană Oradea - Prezentare multimedia
^ De ce pierde viteza Oradea? (Why is Oradea losing speed?), Evenimentul Zilei
^ Home page of Emanuel University
^ Cetatea Oradea Wikipedia
^ "Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська" (in Ukrainian). mvk.if.ua. http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/. Retrieved 7 March 2010.

External links [link]

University of Oradea Info Website - Made by Medicine Faculty Students (English)
Oradea Town Hall (Romanian)
Oradea Online (Romanian)
Várad cultural magazine (Hungarian)
Nagyvárad.lap.hu - Oradea portal links in Hungarian language (Hungarian)
Nagyvárad.ro (Hungarian)
Pictures of Oradea
Oradea Flickr Group
Pictures and maps of the Fortress
Varadinum, the Fortress of Oradea
The tram in Oradea
View from the City Hall Tower with a Webcamera
University of Oradea
Reasons to invest in Oradea (English)
Oradea in YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe

v t e Bihor County, Romania

Cities	Oradea (county seat) Beiuş Marghita Salonta

Towns	Aleșd Nucet Săcueni Ștei Valea lui Mihai Vașcău

Communes	Abram Abrămuț Aştileu Auşeu Avram Iancu Balc Batăr Biharia Boianu Mare Borod Borş Bratca Brusturi Budureasa Buduslău Bulz Bunteşti Căbeşti Câmpani Căpâlna Cărpinet Cefa Ceica Cetariu Cherechiu Chişlaz Ciuhoi Ciumeghiu Cociuba Mare Copăcel Criştioru de Jos Curăţele Curtuişeni Derna Diosig Dobreşti Drăgăneşti Drăgeşti Finiş Gepiu Girişu de Criş Hidişelu de Sus Holod Husasău de Tinca Ineu Lăzăreni Lazuri de Beiuş Lugaşu de Jos Lunca Mădăras Măgeşti Nojorid Olcea Oşorhei Paleu Pietroasa Pocola Pomezeu Popeşti Răbăgani Remetea Rieni Roşia Roşiori Săcădat Sălacea Sălard Sâmbăta Sânmartin Sânnicolau Român Sântandrei Sârbi Şimian Şinteu Şoimi Spinuş Şuncuiuş Suplacu de Barcău Tămăşeu Tărcaia Tarcea Tăuteu Ţeţchea Tileagd Tinca Toboliu Tulca Uileacu de Beiuş Vadu Crişului Vârciorog Viişoara

v t e Cities in Romania by population

1,000,000+	Bucharest

250,000+	Cluj-Napoca · Timișoara · Iași · Constanța

100,000+	Craiova · Galați · Brașov · Ploiești · Oradea · Brăila · Pitești · Arad · Sibiu · Bacău · Târgu Mureș · Baia Mare · Buzău · Botoșani

complete list · municipalities · metropolitan areas · counties

v t e County seats of Romania (alphabetical order by county)

Alba Iulia • Arad • Piteşti • Bacău • Oradea • Bistriţa • Botoşani • Braşov • Brăila • Buzău • Reşiţa • Călăraşi • Cluj-Napoca • Constanţa • Sfântu Gheorghe • Târgovişte • Craiova • Galaţi • Giurgiu • Târgu Jiu • Miercurea Ciuc • Deva • Slobozia • Iaşi • Bucharest • Baia Mare • Drobeta-Turnu Severin • Târgu Mureş • Piatra Neamţ • Slatina • Ploieşti • Satu Mare • Zalău • Sibiu • Suceava • Alexandria • Timișoara • Tulcea • Vaslui • Râmnicu Vâlcea • Focşani Bucharest (national capital)

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Ernie Haase

Background information
Born	(1964-12-12) December 12, 1964 (age 47) Cynthiana, Indiana
Origin	Newburgh, Indiana
Genres	Christian music, Southern Gospel
Years active	1980s - present
Associated acts	Cathedral Quartet Old Friends Quartet Ernie Haase and Signature Sound

Ernie Haase (born December 12, 1964 in Cynthiana, Indiana, grew up in Newburgh^[1]). He is best known as the former tenor singer of the Southern gospel group The Cathedrals (Ret 1999). After the Cathedrals' retirement, Haase became the founder of Ernie Haase and Signature Sound.^[2]

1 The Cathedrals
2 Ernie Haase and Signature Sound
3 Personal life
4 References
5 External links

The Cathedrals [link]

The Cathedrals' bass singer, George Younce witnesses Haase' performance and invited him to join the Cathedrals as their tenor.^[3]

Ernie Haase and Signature Sound [link]

After the Cathedral Quartet retired in 1999, he embarked upon a solo career for several years. In addition to his solo concerts, he performed from 2001 through 2003 with Jake Hess, Wesley Pritchard, and George Younce in the Old Friends Quartet. After the Old Friends Quartet disbanded due to the ill health of George Younce and Jake Hess, Haase founded the group, Signature Sound. The group was rebranded, "Ernie Haase and Signature Sound", to avoid confusion with other similarly named groups and also as a way to take advantage of Haase's popularity as the final tenor for the Cathedral Quartet.^[4]

Personal life [link]

Ernie Haase married George Younce's third daughter Lisa in 1990 after a brief courtship.^[5]

References [link]

^ http://ssqfan.com/bios/erine-haase-bio/ Ernie Haase biography
^ Haase, Ernie. "Ernie Haase history with the Cathedrals". Ernie Haase. Ernie Haase. http://www.ssqfan.com/ErnieHaaseBio.htm. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Sound, Signature. "Ernie Haase History". Ernie Haase and Signature Sound. Ernie Haase. http://erniesigsound.com/index.htm?id=3239&sid=3205. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Haase, Ernie. "Haase developes Signature Sound". Haase forms Signature Sound. New Release Tuesday. http://www.newreleasetuesday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=585. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Haase, Lisa. "Haase marries George Younce' daughter". Haase. Ernie Haase. http://www.erniehaase.com/bio_ernie_haase.html. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

External links [link]

Ernie Haase & Signature Sound website

Persondata
Name	Haase, Ernie
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	December 12, 1964
Place of birth	Cynthiana, Indiana, USA
Date of death
Place of death

This Southern Gospel-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Haase

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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