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![TIESTO Club Life College Invasion Tour [Tucson, AZ] Official After Movie 12/05/2012](http://web.archive.org./web/20130301083501im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/uDWGtg0iC74/default.jpg "THE OFFICIAL AFTERMOVIE FOR TIESTO Club Life College Invasion Tour at AVA Amphitheater in Tucson, AZ on Wednesday December 5th 2012. Featuring: ZEDD, and ALLURE Presented by: THE BIG ROOM GROUP, RELENTLESS BEATS, and PRIME SOCIAL GROUP. Video created by: Jake Kitaeff @jkitaeff and Brad Wong @hiimynameisbrad Tracklist: Tiesto and Showtek -")
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Alice Springs
Alice Springs is the third largest town in the Northern Territory, Australia. Popularly known as "the Alice" or simply "Alice", Alice Springs is situated in the geographic centre of Australia near the southern border of the Northern Territory. The site is known as Mparntwe to its original inhabitants, the Arrernte, who have lived in the Central Australian desert in and around what is now Alice Springs for thousands of years. Alice Springs has a population of 27,481 people, which makes up 12 percent of the territory's population. Alice averages 576 metres (1,890 ft) above sea level;[citation needed] the town is nearly equidistant from Adelaide, South Australia and Darwin.[citation needed]
The town of Alice Springs straddles the usually dry Todd River on the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges. The region where Alice Springs is located is known as Central Australia, or the Red Centre, and is an arid environment consisting of several different deserts. In Alice Springs, temperatures can vary dramatically with an average maximum temperature in summer of 35.6 °C (96.1 °F), and an average minimum temperature in winter of 5.1 °C (41.2 °F).
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Almaty
Almaty (Kazakh: Алматы / Almatı / الماتى , i.e. "city of apples" or "city of apple trees", under the Russian Empire from 1867 to 1921 known by the Russian name of Верный, Vierny, i.e. "the Faithful," and under the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1993 known as Alma-Ata (Russian: Алма́-Ата́, from the Kazakh алма/alma, i.e. "apple", and ата/ata, i.e. "grandfather"), is the former capital of Kazakhstan and the nation's largest city, with a population of 1,348,500 (at 1 September 2008). This represents approximately 9% of the country's population.
Almaty was the capital of the Kazakh SSR from 1929 to 1991 and of independent Kazakhstan from 1991 to 1997. Despite losing its status as the capital to Astana in 1997, Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan. The city is located in a mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan.
From 1927 to 1936, Almaty was the capital of Kazakh ASSR. From 1936 to 1991, it was the capital of Kazakh SSR. From 1991 to 1997, it was the capital of Kazakhstan. Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan. The city is located in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau (or Zailiysky Alatau) in the extreme south-east and has a peculiar, relatively mild climate regime with a difficult environmental situation. Since the city is located in a tectonically active area there is a constant possibility of the earthquakes, most of which do not represent any significant danger or cause damage. However, Almaty has a record of some large destructive earthquakes too.
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Arizona
Arizona (
i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
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Arizona Strip
The Arizona Strip is the part of the U.S. state of Arizona lying north of the Colorado River. The difficulty of crossing the Grand Canyon causes this region to have more natural connections with southern Utah and Nevada than with the rest of Arizona.
The Strip is very typical of the American West in its red-rock canyon country, and the aridity of the climate, which leads to the predominance of sagebrush vegetation. However, the first European settlers were witness to great stretches of grassland in such areas as House Rock Valley which are returning under better ranching practices. The land is also dotted with juniper trees, moving into pinyon pine and juniper forests, and eventually ponderosa pines, spruce, firs, and aspen in the higher elevations such as the Kaibab Plateau.
It has been divided between Coconino County in the east (west of Kanab Creek) and Mohave County in the west. The only significant settlements are Fredonia on Kanab Creek and Colorado City (the Strip's largest community) on the Utah border to the northwest (see also Hildale, Utah). In the extreme west on the Virgin River is the small settlement of Littlefield just off Interstate 15. However, the Strip provides the only route accessing the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, and numerous service communities catering to tourists exist along the Strip's main routes heading south from Jacob Lake.
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Arizona Sun Corridor
The Arizona Sun Corridor, shortened Sun Corridor, is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of Arizona. The Sun Corridor is equivalent to Indiana in size and population; unlike Indiana, it will add another Indiana's worth of residents by 2040. The largest metropolitan areas are the Phoenix metropolitan area - Valley of the Sun - and the Tucson metropolitan area. The regions' populace is nestled in the valley of a desert environment. Like Southern California, the urban area extends into Mexico.
Its population is composed of a total of four metropolitan areas: Phoenix, Tucson, Prescott and Nogales. Out of these, two are metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 residents: the Phoenix metropolitan area with 4,192,887 residents and the Tucson metropolitan area with 1,020,200 residents. The Arizona Sun Corridor is made up of all of Maricopa, Pinal and Pima counties, along with parts of Yavapai, Santa Cruz and Cochise counties. It is home to over 86 percent of Arizona's population.
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Arizona Territory
The Arizona Territory was an organized territory of the United States that existed between 1863 and 1912, as well as a territory of the Confederate States of America that existed from 1861 to 1865. The two territories were overlapping but not identical in boundary. As such, they played a significant role in the western campaign of the American Civil War.
See: Arizona Territory (CSA)
After the expansion of the New Mexico Territory in 1853 by the Gadsden Purchase, proposals for a division of the territory and the organization of a separate Territory of Arizona in the southern half of the territory were advanced as early as 1856. The first proposals for the Arizona Territory were not based on the current north-south division, but rather a division along an east-west line.
The proposals arose from concerns about the effectiveness of the territorial government of in Santa Fe to effectively administer the newly acquired southern portions of the territory [1].
The first proposal dates from a conference held in Tucson that convened on August 29, 1856. The conference issued a petition to the U.S. Congress, signed by 256 people, requesting organization of the territory and elected Nathan P. Cooke as the territorial delegate to Congress. In January 1857, the bill for the organization of the territory was introduced into the United States House of Representatives, but the proposal was defeated on the grounds that the population of the proposed territory was yet too small. Later a similar proposal was defeated in the Senate. The proposal for creation of the territory was controversial in part because of the perception that the New Mexico Territory was under the influence of southern sympathizers who were highly desirous of expanding slavery into the southwest.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (
/ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
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Baltimore
Baltimore ( /ˈbɒltɨmɔr/, colloquially /ˈbɔl.mɔr/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is located in the central area of the state along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The independent city is often referred to as Baltimore City to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County.
Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic United States and is situated closer to Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy.
At 620,961 residents in 2010, Baltimore's population has decreased by one-third since its peak in 1950. The Baltimore Metropolitan Area has grown steadily to approximately 2.7 million residents in 2010; the 20th largest in the country. Baltimore is also a principal city in the larger Baltimore–Washington combined statistical area of approximately 8.4 million residents.
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Biosphere 2
Coordinates: 32°34′43.60″N 110°51′02.14″W / 32.578778°N 110.8505944°W / 32.578778; -110.8505944
Biosphere 2 is an Earth systems science research facility owned by the University of Arizona. Its current mission is to serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching and life-long learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe. It is a 3.14-acre (12,700 m2) structure originally built to be an artificial, materially-closed ecological system in Oracle, Arizona (US) by Space Biosphere Ventures, a joint venture whose principal officers were John P. Allen, inventor and Executive Director, and Margret Augustine, CEO. Constructed between 1987 and 1991, it was used to explore the complex web of interactions within life systems in a structure that included five areas based on biomes and an agricultural area and human living/working space to study the interactions between humans, farming and technology with the rest of nature. It also explored the possible use of closed biospheres in space colonization, and allowed the study and manipulation of a biosphere without harming Earth's. The name comes from Earth's biosphere, Biosphere 1. Earth's life system is the only biosphere currently known. Funding for the project came primarily from the joint venture's financial partner, Ed Bass' Decisions Investment, and cost $200 million from 1985 to 2007, including land, support research greenhouses, test module and staff facilities.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ (
listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Camp Grant Massacre
Coordinates: 32°50′54″N 110°42′17″W / 32.848305°N 110.704654°W / 32.848305; -110.704654
The Camp Grant Massacre, on April 30, 1871, was an attack on Pinal and Aravaipa Apaches who surrendered to the United States Army at Camp Grant, Arizona, along the San Pedro River. The massacre led to a series of battles and campaigns fought between the Americans, the Apache, and their Yavapai allies, which continued into 1875. The most notable being General George Crook's Tonto Basin Campaign of 1872 and 1873.
Some historians feel the reduction of Indian hostilities in the region had triggered fears of economic crisis in Tucson, since the Federal government was reducing funds for pacifying and controlling hostile tribes, mostly Apaches. Merchants who survived on the "blankets for peace" economy, were afraid that their source of income would soon be lost. In early 1871, in order to bolster public support for increased hostilities and increased federal funding of "gifts" to the Apaches, several Arizonans, including prominent Tucson merchant Sam Hughes, allegedly staged mock raids on isolated settlements. One of these settlements was in Aravaipa Canyon.
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Castile and León
Castile and León (English /kæˈstiːl ən leɪˈoʊn/; Spanish: Castilla y León [kasˈtiʎa i leˈon] ( listen); Leonese: Castiella y Llión [kasˈtjeʎa i ʎiˈoŋ]; Galician: Castela e León [kasˈtɛla e leˈoŋ]) is an autonomous community in north-western Spain. It was so constituted in 1983 and it comprises the historical regions of León and Old Castile (Spanish: Castilla la Vieja). It is the largest autonomous community in Spain, covering an area of 94,223 square kilometres (36,380 sq mi) with an official population of around 2.5 million (2005).
The organic law of Castile and León, under the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the region's Statute of Autonomy. The statute lays out the basic laws of the region and defines a series of essential values and symbols of the inhabitants of Castile and León, such as their linguistic patrimony (the Castilian language, which English speakers commonly refer to simply as Spanish, as well as Leonese and Galician), as well as their historic, artistic, and natural patrimony. Other symbols alluded to are the coat of arms, flag, and banner; there is also allusion to a regional anthem, though as of 2009 none has been adopted. April 23 is designated Castile and León Day, commemorating the defeat of the comuneros at the Battle of Villalar during the Revolt of the Comuneros, in 1521.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cleveland
Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
As of the 2010 Census, the city proper had a total population of 396,815 and was the 45th largest city in the United States, and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2011 ranked as the 28th largest in the United States with 2,068,283 people. Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2011 had a population of 2,871,084, and ranked as the country's 15th largest.
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Coconino Plateau
The Coconino Plateau is found south of the Grand Canyon and north—northwest of Flagstaff, in northern Arizona of the Southwestern United States.
The Coconino Plateau lies south of Grand Canyon Village and the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Coconino County, and primarily north of Interstate 40 and east of Arizona State Route 64. Much of it is protected within the Kaibab National Forest.
The native plant vegetation in the forest areas varies by elevation and exposure. Principal tree species are Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, Pinyon pine, and Juniper. They provide cover and food for a diversity of wildlife. As elevation decreases, trees give way to Bitter brush - Purshia tridentata and Sagebrush - Artemisia tridentata.
A view of the plateau can be seen from the top of Kendrick Peak, at 10,418 feet (3,175 m) above sea level, located northwest of Flagstaff.
The Coconino Plateau is home to the Kendrick Mountain Wilderness area. The plateau has many hiking trails, including the Beale Road Historic Trail and Bull Basin and Pumpkin Trails.
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Colorado Plateau
The Colorado Plateau, also called the Colorado Plateau Province, is a physiographic region of the Intermontane Plateaus, roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. The province covers an area of 337,000 km2 (130,000 mi2) within western Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, southern and eastern Utah, and northern Arizona. About 90% of the area is drained by the Colorado River and its main tributaries: the Green, San Juan, and Little Colorado.
The Colorado Plateau is largely made up of deserts, with scattered areas of forests. In the southwest corner of the Colorado Plateau lies the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. Much of the Plateau's landscape is related, in both appearance and geologic history, to the Grand Canyon. The nickname "Red Rock Country" suggests the brightly colored rock left bare to the view by dryness and erosion. Domes, hoodoos, fins, reefs, goblins, river narrows, natural bridges, and slot canyons are only some of the additional features typical of the Plateau.
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County Roscommon
County Roscommon (Irish: Contae Ros Comáin) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the town of Roscommon. Roscommon County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 63,896 according to the 2011 census.
Roscommon is the 11th largest of the 32 counties of Ireland by area and the fifth least-populous county in Ireland. It has the second least population density after Leitrim. It is the third largest of Connacht’s five counties by size and fourth largest in terms of population. The county borders every other Connacht county (Galway, Mayo, Sligo and Leitrim). In 2008, a news report said that statistically, Roscommon has the longest life expectancy of any county on the island of Ireland.Lough Key in north Roscommon is noted for having thirty-two islands. The Geographical centre of Ireland is located in the county.
Roscommon comes from the Irish Ros meaning a wooded, gentle height and Comán, the name of the county's famous saint and the first bishop of the see. Rathcroghan was home to the Kings of Connacht and then to the High Kings of Ireland.
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Dallas
Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/) is the third-largest city in the state of Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex is the largest metropolitan area in the South and fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Divided between Collin, Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties, the city had a population of 1,197,816 in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau.
The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area (the DFW MSA) that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of 6,371,773. The metroplex economy is the sixth largest in the United States, with a 2010 gross metropolitan product of $374 billion.
Dallas was founded in 1841 and was formally incorporated as a city in February 1856. The city's economy is primarily based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, computer technology, energy, healthcare and medical research, transportation and logistics. The city is home to the third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas and a major city in the American South, Dallas is the main core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States that lacks any navigable link to the sea.
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Denver
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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Detroit
Detroit ( /diˈtrɔɪt/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan, and the seat of Wayne County. It is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people, and serves as a major port on the Detroit River connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the French explorer, adventurer, and nobleman Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac.
In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and ranked as the 18th most populous city in the United States. The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area with a population of 4,296,250 for the six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area, the United States' eleventh-largest, and a population of 5,218,852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census. The Detroit–Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.
Known as the world's traditional automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport,The D, D-Town, Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings), Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"), and The 313 (its telephone area code) Detroit became known as the "great arsenal of democracy" for its support of the U.S. role among the Allied powers during World War II.
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El Con Mall
El Con Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in the city of Tucson, Arizona, United States. Originally opened in 1960 as an outdoor shopping center, it is the oldest shopping mall in the Tucson area. It features J. C. Penney, Ross Dress For Less, Target, Burlington Coat Factory, Century Theatres and The Home Depot as its anchor stores. An additional anchor space, last occupied by Macy's, has been vacant since 2008. El Con Mall is classified as a dead mall, because it is largely vacant. Besides the mall's anchor stores, only a handful of stores remain open, although several store and restaurants have opened on the periphery in the past five years. Because of the center's low occupancy rate, it is slated to be demolished and reverted to an open-air complex, although no official announcement has been made on the mall's redevelopment.
El Con Mall opened in 1960 as the first mall in Tucson, Arizona, adjacent to the El Conquistador Hotel. Although initial plans called for the hotel to be part of the mall itself, these plans were later scrapped. An outdoor mall at the time of its opening, El Con Mall was anchored by the local department store Levy's, and chain stores Montgomery Ward and Woolworth. In 1967, the former El Conquistador Hotel space was demolished, and a new Levy's store was built on its site. Steinfeld's moved from its historic Stone and Pennington downtown location into Levy's former store at the shopping center's NE corner. New Goldwater's (1978) and J. C. Penney (1971) stores were built along a connecting link, and the mall was enclosed. Joseph Kivel, developer of El Con Mall, later opened another shopping mall, what is now Park Place, in 1975. After his death in 1995, his interest in both malls was left to his two sons. In 1996, Park Mall was sold to General Growth Properties.
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Fiesole
Fiesole is a town and comune of the province of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany, on a famously scenic height above Florence, 8 km (5 mi) NE of that city. According to the 2003 census, its population was 14,100.
Fiesole (Etruscan Viesul, Viśl, Vipsul) was probably founded in the 9th-8th century BC, as it was an important member of the Etruscan confederacy, as may be seen from the remains of its ancient walls.
The first recorded mention on the town dates to 283 BC, when the town, then known as Faesulae, was conquered by the Romans. In pagan antiquity it was the seat of a famous school of augurs, and every year twelve young men were sent thither from Rome to study the art of divination. Sulla colonized it with veterans, who afterwards, under the leadership of Gaius Mallius, supported the cause of Catilina.
Fiesole was the scene of Stilicho's great victory over the Germanic hordes of the Vandals and Suevi under Radagaisus in 406. During the Gothic War (536-53) the town was several times besieged. In 539 Justinus, the Byzantine general, captured it and razed its fortifications.
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Fort Lowell
Fort Lowell was a United States Army post active from 1873 to 1891 on the outskirts of Tucson, Arizona. Fort Lowell was the successor to Camp Lowell, an earlier Army installation. The Army chose a location just south of the confluence of the Tanque Verde and Pantano creeks, at the point where they form the Rillito River, due to the year-round supply of water during that period. The Hohokam natives had chosen the site centuries earlier, presumably for the same reason. To this day, shards of Hohokam pottery can still be found in the area. The Army claimed a military reservation that encompassed approximately eighty square miles and extended east toward the Rincon Mountains.
The fort played a pivotal role during the Apache Wars, providing additional protection for the Tucson area. Far too large and well-manned to be attacked directly, Fort Lowell provided supplies and manpower for outlying military installations. During its eighteen years of operation, the fort averaged thirteen officers and 239 enlisted men. Among the units present during this period were the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th Cavalry Regiments, as well as the 1st, 8th, and 12th Infantry Regiments.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Hermosillo
Hermosillo (Spanish pronunciation: [eɾmoˈsiʎo], formerly called Santísima Trinidad del Pitic and Presidio del Pitic) is a city and municipality located centrally in the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. It is the capital and main economic center for the state and region. It contains almost all of the state's manufacturing and has thirty percent of its population. The major manufacturing sector is automobiles, which was begun in the 1980s, when Ford built the Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly Plant. The municipality is large, encompassing over 3,800 other communities and reaching to the shores of the Gulf of California. Here, Bahía Kino (Kino Bay) is a major tourism draw for the municipality with plans to expand its tourism infrastructure.
Evidence of the area's first inhabitants date back 3,000 years, much of which are from a site called the San Dieguito Complex, located in the El Pinacate Zone. Evidence of agriculture dates back 2,500 years. In the pre-Hispanic era, this area was inhabited by the Seri, Tepoca, and Pima peoples.
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Hotel Congress
The Hotel Congress is a historic building located in downtown Tucson, Arizona. It was built in 1919 in conjunction with the musical venue Rialto Theatre, which sits across the street. The rear of the building faces the historic Amtrak station, built by Southern Pacific in 1907. In addition to being a hotel, the Hotel Congress building also houses a restaurant, bar and music venue.
The Hotel is known for being the site of the capture of bank robber John Dillinger in 1934. After a series of bank robberies, the Dillinger Gang arrived in Tucson to hide out. On January 22, 1934, a fire started in the basement and spread up to the third floor, where the gang resided under aliases. After the desk clerk contacted them through the switchboard the gang escaped by aerial ladders. On the request of the gang, two firemen retrieved their luggage, identifying who they were. In the film "Most Wanted" the exterior and lobby of the "Hotel Rodgers" located in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin were used.
The Hotel Congress building was added to the National Historic Register in 2003. The Hotel Congress received a Fodor's Choice distinction in 2006 and again in 2008.
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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ (abbreviated Indy /ˈɪndi/) is the capital of the US state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 829,718. It is Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, is the 12th largest city in the U.S., the second largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
For much of its history, Indianapolis has oriented itself around government and industry, particularly manufacturing. Today, Indianapolis has a much more diversified economy, contributing to the fields of education, health care, and finance. Tourism is also a vital part of the economy of Indianapolis, and the city plays host to numerous conventions and sporting events. Of these, perhaps the most well known is the annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA U.S. Nationals. Other major sporting events include the Brickyard 400 and the Men's and Women's NCAA Basketball Tournaments. 2012 marked the first time Indianapolis hosted the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XLVI was played at Lucas Oil Stadium, on February 5, 2012 in Downtown Indianapolis. Also held in Lucas Oil Stadium is the Drum Corps International World Championships, and the Music for All Bands of America Grand National Championships.
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Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan or Kurdistan Region (Kurdish: ههرێمی کوردستان, Herêmî Kurdistan; Arabic: إقليم كردستان العراق Iqlīm Kurdistān al-‘Irāq) is an autonomous region of Iraq. It borders Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the west and the rest of Iraq to the south. The regional capital is Arbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr. The region is officially governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.
The establishment of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq dates back to the March 1970 autonomy agreement between the Kurdish opposition and the Iraqi government after years of heavy fighting. The Iran-Iraq war during the 1980s and the Anfal genocide campaign of the Iraqi army devastated the population and nature of Iraqi Kurdistan. Following the 1991 uprising of the Iraqi people against Saddam Hussein, many Kurds were forced to flee the country to become refugees in bordering regions of Iran and Turkey. A northern no-fly zone was established following the First Gulf War in 1991 to facilitate the return of Kurdish refugees. As Kurds continued to fight government troops, Iraqi forces finally left Kurdistan in October 1991, leaving the region to function de facto independently; however, neither of the two major Kurdish parties had at any time declared independence and Iraqi Kurdistan continues to view itself as an integral part of a united Iraq but one in which it administers its own affairs. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent political changes led to the ratification of a new Constitution of Iraq in 2005. The new Iraqi constitution defines Iraqi Kurdistan as a federal entity of Iraq, and establishes Arabic and Kurdish as Iraq's joint official languages.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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João Pessoa
João Pessoa (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w peˈsoɐ]), is the capital city of the state of Paraíba, was founded in 1585 and sometimes called the city where the sun rises first, is a Brazilian city and the easternmost city in the Americas at 34º47'38"W, 7º9'28"S. Local residents call its easternmost point Ponta do Seixas. It is also considered "the second greenest city in the world". The city has more than 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) of forested land, second only to Paris, France. It gained this distinction in 1992, after a survey of urban centres in various countries carried out by the United Nations (source: Embassy of Brazil in the UK). The city is characterized by the juxtaposition of tropical beaches, modern architecture and historic buildings from colonial periods.
João Pessoa is the capital of Paraíba, a state in the northeast region of Brazil and home to some 19th and 20th century Brazilian poets and writers such as Augusto dos Anjos, José Américo de Almeida, José Lins do Rego and Pedro Américo. It took its current name in 1930, in homage to state president (governor) João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, who was assassinated on 26 July of that year. It is the state's largest city, with a population of circa 720,000 (about one sixth of the state's population). Its metropolitan area comprises eight other satellite cities (Bayeux, Cabedelo, Conde, Lucena, and Santa Rita) and about 384,000 people, totalling more than one million inhabitants.
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Kaibab Plateau
The Kaibab Plateau is located in northern Arizona in the United States. The plateau, part of the larger Colorado Plateau, is bordered on the south by the Grand Canyon and reaches an elevation of 9241 feet (2817 m) above sea level. The plateau is divided between Kaibab National Forest and the "North Rim" portion of Grand Canyon National Park. The broad feature is heavily forested with aspen, spruce-fir, ponderosa pine, and Pinyon-juniper woodland, and stands in sharp contrast to the arid lowlands encircling it. Tributary canyons of the Colorado River form the plateau's eastern and western boundaries, and tiers of uplifted cliffs define the northern edges of the landform. The cool forests of the plateau are home to the Kaibab Squirrel, which is endemic to the area. There are other animals such as Deer, Wolves, and more. Winter snowfall is often heavy (sometimes exceeding 200 inches), and this creates good backcountry Nordic skiing and snow camping opportunities.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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KXCI
Coordinates: 32°24′54.00″N 110°42′56.00″W / 32.415°N 110.71556°W / 32.415; -110.71556
KXCI is a "community radio" radio station that serves Tucson, Arizona. KXCI broadcasts on the frequency of 91.3 MHz. Programs include talk shows, music shows and call-in shows. The call letters come from the Roman numeral for 91—XCI.
In the late 1970s, several people began work on the station when it was realized that there was a need for a more eclectic and diverse radio station than many felt was available, and began preliminary work on the idea, which after a frequency search and FCC filings, gained a construction permit in November 1982.
The original idea regarding callsigns was to have a contest to come up with one and see if it was available. However, upon receiving a letter from the FCC regarding the need to select a callsign, a volunteer came up with the 'KXCI' idea, and that was the top submission of five sent to the FCC. Those calls were available and were assigned.
Only one year later, on November 19, 1983, at 7pm, the station went live on the air. After a stunt format of reggae for two days to promote a station benefit concert featuring Eek-A-Mouse, then began a three week promotion called the 'Big Broadcast of 1983. This was a journey in sound from creation through the present and when music that is known came around it went through just about all the genres, ending on December 5th with a live concert at the studios.
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Liupanshui
Liupanshui (simplified Chinese: 六盘水; traditional Chinese: 六盤水; pinyin: Liùpánshuǐ) is a city whose urban area has 251,900 inhabitants in Western Guizhou province in the People's Republic of China. The population of its jurisdictional area (the prefecture-level city) has exceeded 2,830,000 as of 2006, and it is the second largest city in Guizhou. It has an area of 9,926 km².
The city was founded in 1978 as a prefecture-level municipality.
It is known locally as "The Cool City" or "Cool Capital" due to its low average summer temperature.
Its administratively divided to the following county-level jurisdictions:
The general area is significant as the seat of the historic Yelang political entity, a confederation of tribes that dominated parts of modern day Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. The name of the city, Liupanshui (六盘水） is derived by combining the first character of the names each of the city's three constituent counties: Liuzhi (六), Panxian (盘),Shuicheng (水).
Liupanshui is a major rail hub in southwestern China. The Shanghai-Kunming, Liupanshui-Baiguo and Neijiang-Kunming Railways intersect in the city.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Mauritania
Mauritaniai/mɔrɪˈteɪniə/ (Arabic: موريتانيا Mūrītānyā; Berber: Muritanya / Agawej; Wolof: Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; French: Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in West Africa and in the Maghreb. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara (controlled by Morocco) in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the ancient Berber Kingdom of Mauretania, which later became a province of the Roman Empire, even though the modern Mauritania covers a territory far to the south of the old Berber kingdom that had no relation with it. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
The government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.
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McKale Center
McKale Memorial Center is an athletic arena located at 1756 E University Blvd on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. It is primarily used for basketball, but also features state-of-the-art physical training and therapy facilities. Its construction is marked with a large copper cap that has turned brown over time. McKale Center is home to the University of Arizona Wildcats basketball team. The arena opened in February 1973 and has a capacity of 14,545 spectators. It hosted the 1988 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball tournament.
McKale Center was named in honor of J.F. "Pop" McKale, athletic director and coach of all sports at the University of Arizona for a time, a figure at the university from 1914 to 1957. McKale was head basketball coach of Arizona from 1914 to 1921, where he recorded a 49-12 record.
McKale is also credited with giving the university its nickname, the Wildcats. McKale coached the 1914 school football team that played a tough game against California champions Occidental College on Thanksgiving Day, where the press deemed the Arizona team "Wildcats", and McKale ensured that the nickname remained.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Miami
Miami ( /maɪˈæmi/ or /maɪˈæmə/) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city proper in the United States, with a population of 408,568, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. According to the US Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the seventh most populous and fifth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2010, Miami was classified as a Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the 2nd largest U.S. city (after El Paso) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
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Milwaukee
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
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Minneapolis
Minneapolis (pronunciation:i/ˌmɪniːˈæpəlɪs/), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City", is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
As of the 2010 Census, the population of the city of Minneapolis is 382,578. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with approximately 3.3 million residents. The city is abundantly rich in water, with over twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi river, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Among cities of similar densities, Minneapolis has the most dedicated parkland. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing the fifth highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. It has cultural organizations that draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing, and music. The community's diverse population has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and VOLAGs, as well as private and corporate philanthropy.
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Mogollon Plateau
The Mogollon Plateau or Mogollon Mesa ( /mʌɡɨˈjoʊn/ or /moʊɡəˈjoʊn/) is a pine-covered southern plateau section of the larger Colorado Plateau in east-central Arizona. The southern boundary of the plateau is the Mogollon Rim. The Mogollon Plateau is 2,135-2,440 meters high. The plateau lends its name to the Mogollon tribe, part of the Cochise-Mogollan peoples who inhabited this and nearby areas from 5,000 to 2,500 years ago. Their descendants are believed to include the Anasazi.
At the south and southwest of the plateau, bordering the Mogollon Rim numerous lakes occur. At the east near Show Low, Arizona, is Little Mormon Lake, Whipple Lake, Long Lake, and Fool Hollow Lake. At the western plateau region, are Soldier Lake, Tremaine Lake, Soldier Annex Lake, and Stoneman Lake further west. Just south is Blue Ridge Reservoir on East Clear Creek. Eastwards, just west of the center of the plateau, and southwards, adjacent the Rim are: Knoll Lake, Bear Canyon Lake, Woods Canyon Lake, Willow Springs Lake, and Black Canyon Lake; just north of this lake group, on Chevelon Creek (Chevelon Canyon), is Chevelon Canyon Lake. Numerous washes, or creeks trend north on the plateau from the Mogollon Rim; at the west they trend more northeast, towards the Painted Desert region.
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Mogollon Rim
The Mogollon Rim ( /mʌɡɨˈjoʊn/ or /moʊɡəˈjoʊn/) or /mɒɡɒdʒɔːn/) is a topographical and geological feature running across the U.S. state of Arizona. It extends approximately 200 miles (320 km) from northern Yavapai County eastward to near the border with New Mexico.
The Rim is an escarpment defining the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau, and along its central and most spectacular portions is characterized by high limestone and sandstone cliffs, namely the Kaibab Limestone and Coconino Sandstone. It was formed by erosion and faulting, and dramatic canyons have been cut into it, including Fossil Creek Canyon and Pine Canyon. The name Mogollon comes from Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollón, the Spanish Governor of New Mexico from 1712 to 1715.
Much of the land south of the Mogollon Rim lies 4000 to 5000 feet (1,200 to 1,500 meters) above sea level, with the escarpment rising to about 7,000 ft (2,100 m). Extensive Ponderosa Pine forests are found both on the slopes of the Rim and on the plateau north of it. The Mogollon Rim is a major floristic and faunal boundary, with species characteristic of the Rocky Mountains living on the top of the plateau, and species native to the Mexican Sierra Madre Occidental on the slopes below and in the Madrean sky islands (high, isolated mountain ranges) further south.
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Mount Wrightson
Mount Wrightson is the highest point in the area around Tucson, Arizona, United States at an elevation of 9,453 feet (2,881 m.). Mount Wrightson is located in the Santa Rita Mountains 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Tucson in the Coronado National Forest. It was named for William Wrightson, who was a miner and entrepreneur in the region. He was killed in the 1860s by Apaches during the Battle of Fort Buchanan. The mountain is known for the spectacular view from its barren peak, nearly 7,000 feet above Tucson some 30 miles north. Mt. Wrightson’s distinctive pyramid-shaped profile is visible from much of southeastern Arizona and adjoining areas in Mexico.
From grassy, high desert chaparral to mixed conifers with Arizona, Apache, and Chihuahua pines, Arizona madrone, aspen, oak brush, and finally Douglas fir and Ponderosa pine near the summit.
Animals living on Mt. Wrightson include birds (notably ravens high up near the peak), Coues white-tailed deer, black bear, and mountain lion (rare).
The shortest route is the Old Baldy Trail, a steady climb of nearly 4000' over 10 miles round-trip to the exposed summit. The Super Trail, also from the Madera Canyon trailhead, is not as steep but is far longer (20 miles). These two trails intersect at Josephine Saddle (7,080 ft.) halfway to the peak, so hikers can choose one route for the lower path and one route for the upper. To reach the trailhead, take exit 63 off of I-19 south of Tucson, and turn east toward Continental. Turn right on Whitehouse Cyn. Rd, following it until it eventually turns into Madera Canyon Road. Parking is plentiful at and below the trailhead, which is at the end of the road.
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New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
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Northern Arizona
Northern Arizona is an unofficial, colloquially-defined region of the U.S. state of Arizona. It is dominated by the Colorado Plateau, the southern border of which in Arizona is called the Mogollon Rim. In the West lies the Grand Canyon, which was cut by the flow of the Colorado River while the land slowly rose around it. In the central portion lies the Painted Desert, consisting of sedimentary rocks eroded by water and wind, exposing thick, brightly colored layers. In the East are the very large Hopi and Navajo reservations, parts of which overlap, leading to occasional territorial disputes. In this area travelers may tune their radios to hear native-language broadcasts. Flagstaff is the largest and main city of the Northern Arizona region. Kingman, located in the northwest of the state, in Mohave County, may or may not be considered part of Northern Arizona, depending on local opinions. Flagstaff is home to Northern Arizona University and the Lowell Observatory. Much of the territory is parkland, reservations, or other BLM-administered lands. Major attractions in addition to the Grand Canyon include the cliff dwellings of Canyon de Chelly, and Meteor Crater. Northern Arizona also goes by the name Alta Arizona, which means "Upper Arizona" in Spanish.
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Nouakchott
Nouakchott (Arabic: نواكشوط or انواكشوط (believed translation from Berber "The place of the winds", Nawākšūṭ) is the capital and by far the largest city of Mauritania. It is one of the largest cities in the Sahara. The city is the administrative and economic centre of Mauritania.
A tiny fishing town until 1958, Nouakchott was little mentioned during pre-colonial and colonial history. It is possible that the Berber Muslim Almoravids were originally from the area. Despite its name, based on a Berber expression meaning "place of the winds", the city was selected as the capital city for its moderate climate and central location within the country. It did, however, sit on one of the most valuable trade routes to West Africa.
Mauritania was part of the larger French colony of French West Africa, and as such had no capital during the colonial period: Saint-Louis, in Senegal, held that position. In 1957, this small port town was chosen to be the capital of the new country, and an ambitious building program was begun to increase its population to 15,000, starting a year later. In 1958, Mauritania was formed as an autonomous republic in the French Community, and in 1960 it became an independent country, with Nouakchott as its capital.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City (Pawnee: Uukuhuuwasiri ) is the capital and the largest city in the US state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's population, from the 2010 census, was 579,999, with a metro-area population of 1,252,987 . In 2010, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,322,249 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county).
Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center. (These two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively.)
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Old Tucson Studios
Old Tucson Studios is a movie studio and theme park just west of Tucson, Arizona, adjacent to the Tucson Mountains and close to the western portion of Saguaro National Park. Built in 1939 for the movie Arizona, it has been used for the filming of several movies and television westerns since then, such as Little House on the Prairie. Opened to the public in 1960, historical tours are offered about the movies filmed there, along with live cast entertainment featuring stunt shows and shootouts.
Old Tucson Studios was originally built in 1938 by Columbia Pictures on a Pima County-owned site as a replica of 1860s Tucson for the movie Arizona, starring William Holden and Jean Arthur. Workers built more than 50 buildings in 40 days. Many of those structures are still standing.
After Arizona completed filming, the location lay dormant for several years, until the filming of The Bells of St. Mary's (1945), starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman. Other early movies filmed on this set included The Last Round-Up (1947) with Gene Autry and Winchester '73 (1950) with James Stewart and The Last Outpost with Ronald Reagan. The 1950s saw the filming of Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold (1967), and Cimarron (1959) among others.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Portal Arizona
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Pécs
Pécs (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpeːtʃ] ( listen); known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the south-west of the country, close to its border with Croatia. It is the administrative and economical centre of Baranya county. Pécs is also the seat of Roman Catholic Diocese of Pécs.
The city Sopianae was founded by Romans at the beginning of the 2nd century, on an area peopled by Celts and Pannoni tribes. By the 4th century it became the capital of Valeria province and a significant early Christian center. The early Christian necropolis is from this era which became an UNESCO World Heritage Site in December 2000.
Its episcopate was founded in 1009 by Steven I, and the first university in Hungary was founded in Pécs in 1367 by Louis I the Great. (The largest university still resides in Pécs with about 34,000 students). Pécs was formed into one of the cultural and arts center of the country by bishop Janus Pannonius, the great, Hungarian, humanist poet. Pécs has a rich heritage from the age of a 150 year long Ottoman occupation, like the mosque of Pasha Qasim the Victorious on Széchenyi square.
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Raytheon
Raytheon Company is a major American defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics. It was previously involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007. Raytheon is the world's largest producer of guided missiles.
Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. The company has around 72,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of approximately US$25 billion. More than 90% of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from military contracts and, as of 2007, it was the fifth-largest military contractor in the world, and is the fourth largest defense contractor in the United States by revenue.
Raytheon Headquarters was moved from Lexington, Massachusetts to Waltham, Massachusetts on October 27, 2003. The company was previously headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts from 1922–1928, Newton, Massachusetts from 1928–1941, Waltham from 1941–1961, Lexington from 1961–2003, and back to Waltham from 2003 onwards.
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Redington Pass
Redington Pass (el. 1310 m./4300 ft.) is a high mountain pass between the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Rincons in northeast Pima County, Arizona. It is located just east of Tucson. Historically, it was the connection between the farming and ranching areas of Redington along the San Pedro River on the east side of the pass and Tucson on the west side.
The road through Redington Pass is unpaved and the area throughout the pass is a favorite of mountain bikers and all-terrain vehicle riders. The area is also frequented by firearms enthusiasts, as the region contains three unofficial shooting range areas. The west side of the pass near Tanque Verde Falls affords beautiful views overlooking the east side of the city of Tucson, spread out across the Sonoran Desert floor below.
Coordinates: 32°18′27″N 110°36′00″W / 32.3075°N 110.6°W / 32.3075; -110.6
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
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Rincon Mountains
The Rincon Mountains are a significant mountain range east of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, in the United States. The Rincon Mountains are one of five mountain ranges surrounding the Tucson valley. The other ranges include the most prominent, the Santa Catalina Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Tucson Mountains to the west, and the Tortolita Mountains to the northwest. Redington Pass separates the Rincon Mountains from the Santa Catalina Mountains. The Rincon Mountains are generally less rugged than the Santa Catalina Mountains and Santa Rita Mountains. The Rincon Mountains are also included in the Madrean sky island mountain ranges of southeast Arizona, extreme southwest New Mexico, and northern Sonora Mexico.
Rincón is Spanish for corner, denoting the primary shape of the mountain range. Mica Mountain (8,664 feet), the high-point of the Rincons forms the apex, with Rincon Peak (8,482 feet) forming the southern point, and Tanque Verde Peak forming the western point of the corner, along an arc-shaped ridge, the Tanque Verde Ridge. The interior of the corner is Rincon Valley (south and west of Mica Mountain), primarily former ranchland currently being converted to tract housing. Colossal Cave county park, a limestone cave and popular destination, is located on the east end of the Rincon Valley, north of the community of Vail.
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Rita Ranch
Rita Ranch is a masterplanned community located in southeastern Tucson, Arizona. It is home to the Vail School District, one of the top public school districts in Arizona.[citation needed] It borders the small towns of Vail and Corona de Tucson. Many military families from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base live in the area. The population was estimated at 18,925 in 2007 .
Rita Ranch is part of Esmond Station Area Development Plan created in 1986 by the City of Tucson. It was so named that in reference to the historical Esmond Train Station, which was located near the current neighborhoods of Rita Ranch. Between 1890 and 1910, the nation's growing railway system had finally reached the city of Tucson in the Arizona territory. The Southern Pacific Railroad was the first route. In the early 1900's, a rail line was established to connect Tucson to El Paso, Texas. This set of lines ran through present day Rita Ranch, and many of the undeveloped areas still have deteriorating railroad tracks that can be found today. East of the present day intersection of Houghton Road and Old Vail Road, about half a mile down the old Esmond Station Road, lie the remains of Esmond (once called Papago) and its dilapidated train depot, Esmond Station .
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San Antonio
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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San Diego
San Diego /ˌsæn diːˈeɪɡoʊ/ is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the U.S. Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology enclave. The population was 1,301,617 at the 2010 census.
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission of San Diego, founded in 1769, were the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of newly independent Mexico, and in 1850, became part of the United States following the Mexican-American War and the admission of California to the union.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
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Santa Rita Mountains
The Santa Rita Mountains, located about 65 km (40 mi) southeast of Tucson, Arizona, extend 42 km (26 mi) from north to south, then trending southeast. They merge again southeastwards into the Patagonia Mountains, trending northwest by southeast. The highest point in the range, and the highest point in the Tucson area, is Mount Wrightson, with an elevation of 9,453 feet (2,881 m), The range contains Madera Canyon, one of the world's premier birding areas. The Smithsonian Institution's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory is located on Mount Hopkins. The range is one of the Madrean sky islands.
The Santa Rita Mountains are mostly within the Coronado National Forest. Prior to 1908 they were the principal component of Santa Rita National Forest, which was combined with other small forest tracts to form Coronado. Much of the range is protected by the Mount Wrightson Wilderness. The Santa Rita Mountains were severely burned in July 2005 in the Florida Fire.
A large porphyry copper deposit has been identified near the old Helvetia mining district on the north flank of the range. The proposed Rosemont mine would be an open pit operation located about two miles west of mile marker 44 on Arizona State Route 83.
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Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Segovia
Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of Segovia Province in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is situated north of Madrid, 30 minutes by high speed train. The municipality counts some 55,500 inhabitants.
The name of Segovia is of Celtiberian origin. The first inhabitants named the city Segobriga." This name comes from two terms of celtiberian origin, language of the celtic Indo-European branch. Comes from the term Sego, which means «victory» (prefix also present in other cities such as Segeda and Segontia) and the suffix -briga, which would mean «city» or «strength». So it might be translated as "City of the victory" or "Victorious city".
Under the Romans and Arabs, the city was called Segovia (Σεγουβία, Ptolomeo ii. 6. § 56) and Šiqūbiyyah (Arabic شقوبية) respectively.
Segovia is located within the Iberian Peninsula, near Valladolid and the Spanish capital, Madrid.
The province of Segovia is one of nine cities that make up the Autonomous Community of Castile and León. It is neighbored by Burgos and Valladolid to the north, Ávila to the west, Madrid and Guadalajara to the south and Soria to the east. The altitude of the province varies from 750 meters in the extreme northwest to a maximum of 2,430 meters at Peñalara peak.
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Sonora
Sonora (Spanish pronunciation: [so̞ˈno̞ɾa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Sonora (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is located in Northwest Mexico, bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U.S.–Mexico border with the states of Arizona and New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California.
Sonora's natural geography is divided into three parts: the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state; plains and rolling hills in the center; and the coast on the Gulf of California. It is primarily arid or semi-arid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation.
Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the Yaqui and the Seri. It has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef) and mining since the colonial period, and for its status as a border state since the Mexican–American War. After the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory. From the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico.
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Sonoran Desert
The Sonoran Desert is a North American desert which covers large parts of the Southwestern United States in Arizona, California, Northwest Mexico in Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur. It is one of the largest and hottest deserts in North America, with an area of 311,000 square kilometers (120,000 sq mi). The western portion of the United States-Mexico border passes through the Sonoran Desert.
In phytogeography, the Sonoran Desert is within the Sonoran Floristic Province of the Madrean Region in southwestern North America, part of the Holarctic Kingdom of the northern Western Hemisphere. The desert contains a variety of unique and endemic plants and animals, such as the Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) and Organ Pipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi).
The Sonoran desert wraps around the northern end of the Gulf of California, from Baja California Sur (El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve in central and Pacific west coast, Central Gulf Coast subregion on east to southern tip), north through much of Baja California, excluding the central northwest mountains and Pacific west coast, through southeastern California and southwestern and southern Arizona to western and central parts of Sonora.
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Sonoran desert
The Sonoran Desert is a North American desert which covers large parts of the Southwestern United States in Arizona, California, Northwest Mexico in Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur. It is one of the largest and hottest deserts in North America, with an area of 311,000 square kilometers (120,000 sq mi). The western portion of the United States-Mexico border passes through the Sonoran Desert.
In phytogeography, the Sonoran Desert is within the Sonoran Floristic Province of the Madrean Region in southwestern North America, part of the Holarctic Kingdom of the northern Western Hemisphere. The desert contains a variety of unique and endemic plants and animals, such as the Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) and Organ Pipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi).
The Sonoran desert wraps around the northern end of the Gulf of California, from Baja California Sur (El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve in central and Pacific west coast, Central Gulf Coast subregion on east to southern tip), north through much of Baja California, excluding the central northwest mountains and Pacific west coast, through southeastern California and southwestern and southern Arizona to western and central parts of Sonora.
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Southern Arizona
Southern Arizona is a region of the United States comprising the southernmost portion of the State of Arizona. It sometimes goes by the name Baja Arizona, which means "Lower Arizona" in Spanish.
Although Southern Arizona's boundaries are not well-defined, it is generally considered to include all areas south of the Gila River but sometimes only Cochise County, Pima County and Santa Cruz County, anchored by the city of Tucson. Other cities and large towns in Southern Arizona include Ajo, Casa Grande, Gila Bend, Sierra Vista, Yuma, and the border cities of Nogales and Douglas
Furthermore, the populated areas of Southern Arizona include the major U.S. Army post of Fort Huachuca and Davis-Monthan Air Force Base of the U.S. Air Force.
The most major scientific site of Southern Arizona is the set of several astronomical observatories of the Kitt Peak National Observatory, a reasonable distance west-southwest of Tucson.
Southern Arizona is the location of several large National Monuments protecting the scenery, wildlife, and archaeological sites of Southern Arizona, and the Saguaro National Park, which stands on two large sections of land, one west of the Tucson metropolitan area and the other one east of Tucson.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Sulaymaniyah
Sulaymaniyah (Kurdish: سلێمانی / Silêmanî, Ar: السليمانية) is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq. It is the capital of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Sulaymaniyah is surrounded by the Azmar Range, Goizja Range and the Qaiwan Range in the north east, Baranan Mountain in the south and the Tasluje Hills in the west. The city has a semi-arid climate with very hot and dry summers and very cold winters. Sulaymaniyah served as the historic capital of the Kurdish principality of Baban from 1784 to 1850.
The modern city of Sulaymaniyah was founded on 14 November 1784 by the Kurdish prince Ibrahim Pasha Baban who named it after his father Sulaiman Pasha. Because it was founded as the capital of a powerful Kurdish principality, Sulaymaniyah has developed into a large city with a population of about 1.041.490 people. It is the cultural center of the Sorani-speaking Kurds and an important economic center for Iraqi Kurdistan.
The region of Sulaymaniyah was known as Zamwa prior to the foundation of the modern city in 1784. The capital of the Kurdish Baban principality (1649–1850), before Sulaymaniyah was a territory named "Qalachwalan". At the time of the Babani's rule there were major conflicts between the Safavid dynasty and the Ottoman Empire. Qalachuwalan became a battle ground for the two rivals.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Texas Instruments
Coordinates: 32°54′33″N 96°45′04″W / 32.909256°N 96.751054°W / 32.909256; -96.751054
Texas Instruments Inc. (NASDAQ: TXN), known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, which develops and commercializes semiconductor and computer technology. TI is the third largest manufacturer of semiconductors worldwide after Intel and Samsung, the second largest supplier of chips for cellular handsets after Qualcomm, and the largest producer of digital signal processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors, among a wide range of other semiconductor products, including calculators, microcontrollers and multi-core processors.
Texas Instruments was founded in 1951. It emerged after a reorganization of Geophysical Service. This company manufactured equipment for use in the seismic industry as well as defense electronics. TI researched infrared technology in the late 1950s and later made transistors, including the world's first workable silicon transistor, radar systems, guidance and control systems for both missiles and bombs. In 1954, Texas Instruments designed and manufactured the first transistor radio and Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at TI's Central Research Labs. The company produced the first integrated circuit-based computer for the U.S. Air Force in 1961. The hand-held calculator was introduced to the world by TI in 1967.
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Tohono Chul Park
Tohono Chul Park is a 49-acre (198,300 m2) nature preserve in Casas Adobes, a suburb of Tucson, Arizona, United States.
In the 1920s, the entire northwest section of Tucson was considered ideal for growing frost-sensitive citrus and date palms. Maurice Reid owned property from Orange Grove Road to Ina Road and planted it with groves of citrus trees. He introduced black date palms and grapefruit to the property that would become Tohono Chul Park. Groves of citrus trees remained even after Samuel W. Seaney subdivided the area in 1931, calling it Catalina Citrus Estates.
Maurice Reid, acting as realtor for Seaney, sold the future site of Tohono Chul Park to John T. deBlois Wack in 1937. Mr. Wack was an avid polo player from Santa Barbara and a friend of the Reverend George Ferguson, pastor of the newly consecrated St. Philip’s in the Foothills Episcopal Church. Following an afternoon spent drinking mint juleps, the Fergusons and young Gene Reid (future namesake of Tucson’s Reid Park Zoo) escorted the Wacks around the property. The Wacks purchased an 80-acre (323,700 m2) parcel for $16,000 – or $200 an acre (4,000 m²).
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Tortolita Mountains
The Tortolita Mountains (locally, "the Torts") are a minor mountain range located northwest of Tucson, Arizona, USA. With a peak elevation of 4,652 feet , the Tortolita Mountains are situated at the northern boundaries of Oro Valley and Marana, two suburbs of Tucson. Much of the mountain range is protected within the Tortolita Mountain Park, established in 1986 by Pima County and slated for further expansion. Public access to the Park, especially from Marana, has become contentious.
The Tortolita Mountains include extensive cultural resources. Native American peoples known as the Hohokam heavily occupied the area for approximately 700 years beginning around AD 500. In the eastern foothills of the Tortolita Mountains are the ruins of Honeybee Village, a former Hohokam pueblo preserved and maintained by the Town of Oro Valley. Nearby is Honeybee Canyon, a riparian area with one of Pima County's only perennial streams[dubious – discuss], Honeybee Creek. Honeybee Canyon has been the source of conflict between environmentalists and real estate developers, beginning in the 1990s. Resorts, golf courses, and million-dollar homes have been developed near the canyon with significant controversy[citation needed]. Honeybee Canyon Park is a small developed area with restrooms, and is the trailhead for the popular Honeybee Canyon trail.
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Trail Dust Town
Trail Dust Town is a historical outdoor shopping center located in Tucson, Arizona.
Although Trail Dust Town operates as a for-profit shopping mall, on its grounds exists a great number of historical artifacts, including an Allan Herschell merry-go-round, the Fiesta del Presidio carousel, which was manufactured in the 1920s that still contains its original wooden horses and benches.
Trail Dust Town also features a historical museum, the Museum of the Horse Soldier, which chronicles the history of Western cavalry and dragoon units. It is notable for its large display of Western history and military history, including original period costumes, uniforms, weapons, firearms, and ephemera.
The shopping mall was built from the abandoned set of an unfinished Glenn Ford western movie set that was left outside of the populated area of Tucson in the 1950s.
The Trail Dust Town Railroad is a narrow-gauge, motorized train that runs on a looped 24" track. The railroad loads patrons at Trail Dust Town's train depot, which is modeled after the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western station located in Wallace, New York. The engine, named "C. P. Huntington", and numbered 287, pulls two passenger cars around the town and passes through several theme areas, two tunnels, and across several working, but miniature crossings.
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Tucson Mall
Tucson Mall is the largest shopping mall in Tucson, Arizona. Tucson Mall features over 200 stores and two levels of indoor shopping. The mall is owned and managed by General Growth Properties. It is anchored by Forever 21, J. C. Penney, Macy's (formerly Foley's and Robinsons-May), Dillard's, and Sears.
Coordinates: 32°17′20″N 110°58′25″W / 32.28889°N 110.97361°W / 32.28889; -110.97361
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Tucson Mountains
The Tucson Mountains are a minor mountain range west of Tucson, Arizona. The Tucson Mountains, including Wasson Peak, are one of four notable mountain ranges surrounding the Tucson valley. The other ranges include the most prominent, the Santa Catalina Mountains, followed by the Rincon Mountains, and the Santa Rita Mountains.
The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum is located on the west flank of the Tucson Mountains. Much of the range is protected by Saguaro National Park and Tucson Mountain County Park. Old Tucson Studios are located just west of the Tucson Mountains.
Tucson Mountain Park was established April 1929. The Pima County Parks Commission, with C. B. Brown as its chairman, was established to oversee the park. At approximately 20,000 acres (8,100 ha), the park is one of the largest natural resource areas owned and managed by a local government in the U.S. The park has approximately 62 miles (100 km) of non-motorized shared-use trails. The area is popular with hikers, mountain bikers, and equestrians.
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Tucson Raceway Park
Coordinates: 32°2′15″N 110°47′20″W / 32.0375°N 110.78889°W / 32.0375; -110.78889
Tucson Raceway Park is a 3/8-mile paved oval racetrack located at the Pima County Fairgrounds, off Interstate 10 just south of Tucson, Arizona. It is one of only three paved ovals in the state of Arizona (the others are Phoenix International Raceway and Havasu 95 Speedway). The track is currently closed. [1]
The track was built in 1968, originally as a clay oval. [2]
In 1982, International Speedway Corporation bought the facility and paved the racing surface in 1993.
In 2002, ISC sold the track to Deery Sports West, Inc. [3] and it was sold again in 2006 to Dan and Joyce Ruth.
In 2008 the track was sold to Mark Ebert who has made new changes to the track. It is now an ASA Racing track.
TRP currently hosts races in the ASA racing series: Super Late Models, DriveTech Late Models, Street Stocks, Factory Stocks and Pro-4's as well as Hornets and Legends.
Races are almost always held on Saturday night, with practice sessions held on Friday. Thanks to the warm climate in Tucson, the track is able to remain open from February to November, only closing on weekends when there is a Sprint Cup race at Phoenix.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Ansel Adams
Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West, especially in Yosemite National Park.
With Fred Archer, Adams developed the Zone System as a way to determine proper exposure and adjust the contrast of the final print. The resulting clarity and depth characterized his photographs and the work of those to whom he taught the system. Adams primarily used large-format cameras despite their size, weight, setup time, and film cost, because their high resolution helped ensure sharpness in his images.
Adams founded the Group f/64 along with fellow photographers Willard Van Dyke and Edward Weston. Adams's photographs are reproduced on calendars, posters, and in books, making his photographs widely distributed.
Adams was born in the Western Addition of San Francisco, California, to distinctly upper-class parents Charles Hitchcock Adams and Olive Bray Adams. He was an only child and was named after his uncle Ansel Easton. His mother's family came from Baltimore and his maternal grandfather had a successful freight-hauling business, but squandered his wealth in failed mining and real estate ventures in Nevada. The Adams family came from New England, having migrated from the north of Ireland in the early 18th century. His grandfather founded and built a prosperous lumber business, which his father later ran, though his father's natural talents lay more with sciences than with business. Later in life, Adams would condemn that very same industry for cutting down many of the great redwood forests.
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Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo ( /ɒˈɡʌstɨn/ or /ˈɔːɡəstɪn/;Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; November 13, 354 – August 28, 430), also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, St. Austin,St. Augoustinos, Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed, was Bishop of Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba, Algeria). He was a Latin philosopher and theologian from Roman Africa. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity.
According to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine "established anew the ancient Faith." In his early years he was heavily influenced by Manichaeism and afterward by the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in AD 387, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives. He believed that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom, and he framed the concepts of original sin and just war.
When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name), distinct from the material Earthly City. His thoughts profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. Augustine's City of God was closely identified with the Church, the community that worshipped God.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Bob Log III
Bob Log III is an American slide guitar one-man band. During performances, he plays old Silvertone archtop guitars, wears a full body human cannonball suit, and a motorcycle helmet wired to a telephone receiver, which allows him to devote his hands and feet to guitar and drums. The spectacle has been described as a guitar dance party.
He tours over 150 shows a year in more than 30 countries. Bob Log's version of quick Delta blues is a continuation of the sound that Bob Log and Thermos pioneered in the duo Doo Rag. The major differences are: greater emphasis on guitar showmanship, fingerpicking, and one-man-band-style drumming with his feet. Based in Tucson, Arizona, and Melbourne, Australia, he has made tours of North America, Europe, Japan and Australia, Mexico, and Iceland.
Bob Log III was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Arizona. Growing up, Log listened to musical artists such as AC/DC, Screaming Jay Hawkins, Bo Diddley, Hasil Adkins and Chuck Berry, later commenting that "That's what rock'n'roll is to me. You take a guitar, turn it up, make the ladies dance, and have a good time." Bob Log got his first guitar at the age of 11, and by the age of 16 he had moved to slide guitar, playing Delta blues, modeling his slide guitar style on that of Mississippi Fred McDowell. Log began his music career recording and touring with Mondo Guano, a four-piece slide guitar, blues, home-made percussion band based in Tucson, Arizona. Upon leaving Mondo Guano, Log went on to perform as one half of the Delta blues rock duo, Doo Rag, with bandmate Thermos Malling.
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Bob Walkup
Robert E. Walkup (born November 14, 1936, in Ames, Iowa) served as the 40th Mayor of Tucson, Arizona from 1999 to 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Walkup holds a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering from Iowa State University and served in the U.S. Army. Before becoming involved in politics, he was an engineer and executive in the aerospace industry for 35 years. He worked for Rockwell International, Fairchild Republic, and Hughes Aircraft Company.
Walkup also served as the former chairman of the Tucson Economic Council.
Walkup was elected to his current position on November 2, 1999, defeating Democratic former City Councilwoman Molly McKasson and local businessman Bob Beaudry. Benefitting from a split in the Democratic vote, he was sworn into office on December 6, 1999, succeeding two-term Tucson Mayor George Miller, who retired from office as the city's longest serving official. Walkup became the first Republican mayor of Tucson since 1983.
Walkup was re-elected for a second term on November 4, 2003, narrowly defeating Democratic former Mayor Tom Volgy. He was re-elected for a third term on November 6, 2007, defeating a Green Party candidate with 72% of the vote. after the Democrats failed to field a candidate. Walkup announced on February 22, 2011 that he would not seek re-election after his current term ends in December. Democrat Jonathan Rothschild won the election and was sworn into office on December 5, 2011.
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Charles Bolsius
Charles William Bolsius was born in 's-Hertogenbosch, Holland on 23 June 1907. He studied art formally in Europe moving to New Mexico in the early 1930s. He settled in Tucson in 1934 painting, printing, building, and hand carving fine furniture and doors.
His sophisticated artistic sensibly was influenced by German and Dutch expressionists including: Gestel, Thoroop, Kees van Dongen, and Emil Nolde while embracing the scale and environmental tonality of the American West.
He exhibited his art in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and San Francisco. He designed and built numerous modified territorial/pueblo revival buildings in and around Fort Lowell on the edge of Tucson and was a member of many Tucson art organizations.
His wood work can be seen throughout the Fort Lowell Historic District, Arizona State University Kerr House, in homes in Tucson's Catalina Foothills (including the front door of 2540 East Camino La Zorrela), the Church Doors of Sasabe Arizona and the doors to the Our Lady of Sorrows chapel at San Xavier del Bac.
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Edward Weston
Edward Henry Weston (March 24, 1886 – January 1, 1958) was a 20th century American photographer. He has been called "one of the most innovative and influential American photographers…" and "one of the masters of 20th century photography." Over the course of his forty-year career Weston photographed an increasingly expansive set of subjects, including landscapes, still lifes, nudes, portraits, genre scenes and even whimsical parodies. It is said that he developed a "quintessentially American, and specially Californian, approach to modern photography" because of his focus on the people and places of the American West. In 1937 Weston was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship, and over the next two years he produced nearly 1,400 negatives using his 8 × 10 view camera. Some of his most famous photographs were taken of the trees and rocks at Point Lobos, California, near where he lived for many years.
Weston was born in Chicago and moved to California when he was 21. He knew he wanted to be a photographer from an early age, and initially his work was typical of the soft focus pictorialism that was popular at the time. Within a few years, however, he abandoned that style and went on to be one of the foremost champions of highly detailed photographic images.
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Elaine Scruggs
Elaine Scruggs (Non-Partisan), mayor of Glendale, Arizona, relocated from Pasadena, California with her husband Larry in 1971. Scruggs has been serving as mayor of Glendale since 1993.
In 2004 she was elected as chairman of the Maricopa Association of Governments' Transportation Policy Committee which guides transportation investments.
Through her efforts, Glendale was named the first Kids at Hope city in the United States of America.
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Ettore DeGrazia
Ettore "Ted" DeGrazia (June 14, 1909 – September 17, 1982) was an American impressionist, western-pop painter, sculptor, and lithographer. Self-described as "the world's most reproduced artist", DeGrazia is known for his pastel images of Native American children of the American Southwest and other Western scenes.
Born to an Italian copper miner in Morenci, Arizona Territory, DeGrazia's graduation from Morenci High School was delayed to the age of 23 by a four-year family trip to Italy beginning in 1920. In the early 1940s he studied under Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco, assisting with murals at the Palacio Nacional and the Hospital de Jesus. The two artists sponsored an exhibit of his paintings at Palacio de Bellas Artes and the young artist was featured in Mexico City's Hoy Magazine. He returned to the University of Arizona, studying under Katherine Kitt where he received degrees in art and music.
In 1944, DeGrazia built his first gallery from adobe on the corner of Prince and Campbell Road in Tucson, Arizona. In 1951, he started work on what would become the DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun Historic District with the building of the Mission in the Sun and his home near the corner of Swan and Skyline roads. The DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun was built in 1965. Artists and friends who spent time at the new gallery included Thomas Hart Benton, Olaf Wieghorst, Jack Van Ryder, Pete Martinez and Ross Santee. In 2006, the 10-acre (40,000 m2) property, now a museum of DeGrazia's work, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Frank Stilwell
Frank C. Stilwell (1856 - March 20, 1882) was an outlaw Cowboy who murdered at least two men in Cochise County during 1877-1882. For four months he was a deputy sheriff in Tombstone, Arizona Territory for Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan. Stilwell owned interests in several mines and various businesses, including a saloon, a wholesale liquor business, a stage line, and at his death livery stables in Charleston and Bisbee. He was also a partner in a Bisbee area saloon with fellow outlaw Pete Spence.
He was closely involved in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881, and was suspected in the murder of Morgan Earp on March 18, 1882. Two days after Morgan's death, Frank Stilwell was killed by Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp in a Tucson train yard while apparently waiting to ambush the Earps. Arrest warrants were immediately issued for Earp and four others in his posse suspected of murdering Stilwell. Earp left Arizona Territory for Colorado and was never extradited. Wyatt Earp admitted late in his life to killing Stilwell at close range with a shotgun.
wn.com/Frank_Stilwell -
Franz Kline
Franz Jozef Kline (May 23, 1910 – May 13, 1962) was an American painter mainly associated with the Abstract Expressionist movement centered around New York in the 1940s and 1950s. He was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and attended Girard College, an academy in Philadelphia for fatherless boys. He attended Boston University, spent summers from 1956-62 painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and died in New York City of a rheumatic heart disease. He was married to Elizabeth Vincent Parsons, a British ballet dancer.
As with Jackson Pollock and other Abstract Expressionists, he was labeled an "action painter" because of his seemingly spontaneous and intense style, focusing less, or not at all, on figures or imagery, but on the actual brush strokes and use of canvas. For most of Kline's [mature and representative] work, however, as the phrase goes, "spontaneity is practiced". He would prepare many draft sketches – notably, commonly on refuse telephone book pages – before going to make his "spontaneous" work.
wn.com/Franz_Kline -
Gabrielle Giffords
Gabrielle Dee "Gabby" Giffords (born June 8, 1970) is an American politician. As a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, she represented Arizona's 8th congressional district from 2007 until her resignation on January 25, 2012, having been elected to Congress three times. She is the third woman in Arizona's history to be elected to the U.S. Congress. Considered a "Blue Dog" Democrat, her stances on health care reform and illegal immigration were sources of attention for those opposed to her candidacy and have made her a recipient of criticism from various conservative groups. She has described herself as a "former Republican."
Giffords is a native of Tucson, Arizona, and a graduate of Scripps College and Cornell University. Prior to her election to the United States Congress, Giffords served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 2001 until 2003 and the Arizona State Senate from 2003 until 2005, when she resigned to run for the seat held by then-Congressman Jim Kolbe. She also worked as an associate for regional economic development in New York City and as CEO of El Campo Tire Warehouses, a local automotive chain owned by her grandfather. She is married to former astronaut and Space Shuttle Commander Mark E. Kelly.
wn.com/Gabrielle_Giffords -
Greg Stanton
Greg Stanton is an American politician who serves as Mayor of Phoenix. He won the November 8, 2011 runoff election to succeed term-limited mayor Phil Gordon. Stanton, a Democrat and former Phoenix City Council member who represented areas of north Phoenix, defeated Republican political consultant/lobbyist Wes Gullett after a contentious campaign that resulted in large election turnout. Stanton was sworn in as 52nd Mayor of Phoenix in January 2012.
wn.com/Greg_Stanton -
Jackson Pollock
Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956), known as Jackson Pollock, was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his uniquely defined style of drip painting.
During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety. He was regarded as a mostly reclusive artist. He had a volatile personality, and struggled with alcoholism for most of his life. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy.
Pollock died at the age of 44 in an alcohol-related car accident. In December 1956, the year of his death, he was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, and a larger more comprehensive exhibition there in 1967. More recently, in 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London.
In 2000, Pollock was the subject of an Academy Award–winning film Pollock directed by and starring Ed Harris.
wn.com/Jackson_Pollock -
John Clum
John Philip Clum was an Indian agent for the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in the Arizona Territory. He implemented a limited form of self-government on the reservation that was so successful that other reservations were closed and their residents moved to San Carlos. Clum later became the first mayor of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, after its incorporation in 1881. He also founded the still-operating The Tombstone Epitaph on May 1, 1880. He later served in various postal service positions across the United States.
John Clum (September 1, 1851 - May 2, 1932) was born on a farm near Claverack, New York, USA. His parents were William Henry and Elizabeth van Deusen Clum; he had five brothers and three sisters.
In September, 1867, he entered the Hudson River Institute (later known as Claverack College), a military academy in Claverack, New York. He also attended religious services at the Dutch Reformed Church. In September, 1870, enrolled at Rutgers College. He obtained a classical education, studying among other subjects Latin, Greek, Mathematics (including algebra), Natural History (including physiology) and Rhetoric. He was a member of Rutgers' football team. Although Clum was on the team, he did not play on the first intercollegiate game between Rutgers and Princeton on November 6, 1869, but played on the second game in the fall of 1870. Clum’ strenuous activity and competitive athletics left him ill and in his second year of college he was unable to earn enough money to pay his tuition. He returned to his father’s farm in the summer of 1871. Clum read in a newspaper story that the federal War Department in Washington, D.C. was organizing a meteorological service. He applied for and was inducted into the US Army Signal Corps on September 14, 1871 with the rank of Observer Sergeant. Two weeks later he was dispatched to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he became a weather observer.
wn.com/John_Clum -
John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, the 10th most senior United States Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2004 presidential election, but lost to then President George W. Bush.
The son of an Army Air Corps serviceman, Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado. He attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire and went on to graduate from Yale University class of 1966, where he majored in political science. He enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966 and, during 1968-1969, served a four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service he was awarded several combat medals that include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and three Purple Hearts. After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesperson and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam war. During that period, he appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of "war crimes".
wn.com/John_Kerry -
John Roll
John McCarthy Roll (February 8, 1947 – January 8, 2011) was a United States federal judge who had served on the United States District Court for the District of Arizona from 1991 until his death in 2011, and as chief judge of that court from 2006 to 2011. With degrees from the University of Arizona College of Law and University of Virginia School of Law, Roll began his career as a court bailiff in Arizona and became an assistant city attorney of Tucson, Arizona in 1973. Later that year, Roll became a deputy county attorney for Pima County, Arizona until 1980, when he began serving as an assistant United States Attorney for seven years. President George H. W. Bush appointed Roll to a federal judge seat in Arizona after Roll served four years serving as a state-level judge.
Roll died after being shot along with 18 others while attending a constituent outreach event held by U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords in Casas Adobes, near Tucson, Arizona.
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Roll moved to Arizona as a child. He was born into a Roman Catholic family, and attended Salpointe Catholic High School. He received his B.A. from the University of Arizona in 1969, a J.D. from the University of Arizona College of Law in 1972, and an LL.M. from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1990.
wn.com/John_Roll -
Josias Joesler
Josias Thomas Joesler was a Swiss-American Tucson, Arizona architect.
Born in 1895 in Zurich. Joesler’s architectural legacy would come to articulate the romantic revival Tucson style of the first half of the 20th century.
Joesler married his wife Natividad and the two moved to Tucson in 1927.
His major surviving commercial architectural masterpieces are spread throughout the historic Tucson core. Extant buildings are clustered along the Forth Avenue shopping district, the Broadway Shopping center on the corner of County Club and Broadway. The Saint Philips Church and Plaza at Campbell and River Road, St Michael’s Church at 5th and Wilmot and The Ghost Ranch Lodge on Miracle Mile.
Many of his residential buildings are in the Catalina Foothills Estates and in the Historic Blennman-Elm Neighborhood, listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
His buildings utilized traditional southwestern hand crafted decorative motifs including: hand applied plaster, hand hewn beams, colored concrete floors and decorative iron/tin work.
wn.com/Josias_Joesler -
Linda Ronstadt
Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is an American popular music recording artist. She has earned eleven Grammy Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, an ALMA Award, numerous United States and internationally certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum albums, in addition to Tony Award and Golden Globe nominations.
A singer, songwriter, and record producer, she is recognized as a definitive interpreter of songs. Being one of music's most versatile and commercially successful female singers in U.S. history, she is recognized for her many public stages of self-reinvention and incarnations.
With a one-time standing as the Queen of Rock, where she was bestowed the title of "highest paid woman in rock", and known as the First Lady of Rock, she has more recently emerged as music matriarch, international arts advocate and human rights advocate.
Ronstadt has collaborated with artists from a diverse spectrum of genres—including Billy Eckstine,Frank Zappa, Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Carla Bley, The Chieftains, Gram Parsons, Dolly Parton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle and has lent her voice to over 120 albums around the world. Christopher Loudon of Jazz Times noted in 2004, Ronstadt is "Blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation ... rarest of rarities—a chameleon who can blend into any background yet remain boldly distinctive ... It's an exceptional gift; one shared by few others."
wn.com/Linda_Ronstadt -
Lute Olson
Robert Luther "Lute" Olson (born September 22, 1934) is a retired American men's basketball coach. He was most recently head coach at the University of Arizona for a period of 25 years. He was also head coach at the University of Iowa for 9 years and California State University, Long Beach for one season. Olson was known for player development, and many of his former players have gone on to impressive careers in the NBA after having played under him. On October 23, 2008 Olson announced his retirement from coaching. Most recently, he was initiated into the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity by the Gamma Delta chapter at the University of Arizona in 2012.
Olson was born in Mayville, North Dakota of Norwegian-American parentage, and is a graduate of Augsburg College in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Prior to his tenure with the Arizona Wildcats, Olson coached the University of Iowa and Long Beach State basketball teams, Long Beach City College four years, after having coached high school teams in Mahnomen and Two Harbors, Minnesota, and Anaheim and Huntington Beach, California.
wn.com/Lute_Olson -
Mark Rothko
Mark Rothko, born Marcus Rothkowitz (September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970), was a Russian-American painter. He is classified as an abstract expressionist, although he himself rejected this label, and even resisted classification as an "abstract painter".
Mark Rothko (Marcus Rothkowitz, Mark Rotkovich) was born in Dvinsk, Vitebsk Province, Russian Empire (now Daugavpils, Latvia). His father, Jacob Rothkowitz, was a pharmacist and an intellectual, who provided his children with a secular and political, rather than religious, upbringing. Unlike Jews in most cities of Czarist Russia, those in Dvinsk had been spared from violent outbreaks of anti-Semitic pogroms. However, in an environment where Jews were often blamed for many of the evils that befell Russia, Rothko’s early childhood was plagued by fear.
Despite Jacob Rothkowitz's modest income, the family was highly educated, and able to speak Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew. Following Jacob's return to Orthodox Judaism, he sent Marcus, his youngest son, to the cheder at the age of 5, where he studied the Talmud although his elder siblings had been educated in the public school system.
wn.com/Mark_Rothko -
Mexican American
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent. As of July 2009, Mexican Americans make up 10.3% of the United States' population with over 31,689,000 Americans listed as of Mexican ancestry. Mexican Americans comprise 66% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world second only to Mexico itself comprising nearly 22% of the entire Mexican origin population of the world. Canada is a distant third with a Mexican origin population of 37,000 as of 2001 although increasing to 61,505 as of 2006. In addition, as of 2008 there were approximately 7,000,000 undocumented Mexicans living in the United States which if included in the count would increase the US share to over 28% of the world's Mexican origin population (Note that some of the undocumented would be captured in the US Census count depending on their willingness to provide information). Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California and Texas. Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans, especially Spaniards.
wn.com/Mexican_American -
Monument Valley
Monument Valley (Navajo: Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii, meaning valley of the rocks) is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of vast sandstone buttes, the largest reaching 1,000 ft (300 m) above the valley floor. It is located on the Arizona-Utah state line (around 36°59′N 110°6′W / 36.983°N 110.1°W / 36.983; -110.1), near the Four Corners area. The valley lies within the range of the Navajo Nation Reservation, and is accessible from U.S. Highway 163.
The area is part of the Colorado Plateau. The floor is largely siltstone of the Cutler Formation, or sand derived from it, deposited by the meandering rivers that carved the valley. The valley's vivid red color comes from iron oxide exposed in the weathered siltstone. The darker, blue-gray rocks in the valley get their color from manganese oxide.
The buttes are clearly stratified, with three principal layers. The lowest layer is Organ Rock shale, the middle de Chelly sandstone and the top layer is Moenkopi shale capped by Shinarump siltstone. The valley includes large stone structures including the famed Eye of the Sun.
wn.com/Monument_Valley -
Morgan Earp
Morgan Seth Earp (April 24, 1851 – March 18, 1882) was the younger brother of Deputy U.S. Marshals Virgil and Wyatt Earp. Morgan was a deputy of Virgil's and all three men were the target of repeated death threats made by outlaw Cowboys who were upset by the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. This conflict eventually led to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, during which Morgan was wounded. All three lawmen along with Doc Holliday were charged by Ike Clanton, who fled the gunfight, for murdering brothers Tom and Frank McLaury along with his own brother Billy Clanton. During a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer exonerated the men, concluding they had been performing their duty.
Virgil was gravely wounded in an ambush on December 28, 1881, and Morgan was assassinated on March 18, 1882 by a shot through the window of a door while he was playing billiards. The Cowboys suspected were left off on technicalities or for lack of evidence. Wyatt Earp felt he could not rely on civil justice and decided to take matters into his own hands. He concluded that only way to deal with Morgan's murderers was to kill them. Wyatt assembled a posse that included their brother Warren Earp and set out on a vendetta to kill those they felt were responsible.
wn.com/Morgan_Earp -
Pete Spence
Pete Spence (1852–1914), suspected of robbery in 1878 in Goliad County, Texas, changed his name from Elliot Larkin Ferguson. He was later a suspect in a stagecoach robbery outside Bisbee, Arizona and was known for his association with outlaw Cowboys Frank and Tom McLaury and Ike and Billy Clanton of Tombstone, Arizona Territory. Spence was also a suspect in the assassination of Morgan Earp.
In the 1880 Tombstone census he gave his age as age 28, born in Texas, and listed his occupation as stock raiser. He was also reported as having been born in Louisiana in 1850. Little is known his youth, but he enlisted in the Texas Rangers under Captain Wallace in 1874.
Ferguson was wanted for robbery in Goliad Co., Texas in 1878 and left the area for the Arizona Territory near Bisbee and Tombstone where he began using the name of Peter M. Spencer. He was one of a number of outlaws from Texas who sought sanctuary on the American frontier and the wild west. Locally known as Cowboys, Tombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary, "A Cowboy is a rustler at times, and a rustler is a synonym for desperado—bandit, outlaw, and horse thief.".
wn.com/Pete_Spence -
Pie Allen
John Brackett "Pie" Allen (October 22, 1818 – June 13, 1899) was an American prospector, businessman, and politician. Unsuccessful in his efforts as a prospector, he earned his nickname baking pies for settlers and soldiers in Arizona Territory. His business success made him a prominent territorial citizen and he served three terms in the Arizona Territorial Legislature, two terms as Mayor of Tucson, Arizona Territory, and was appointed Arizona Territorial Treasurer for six years.
Allen was born in Maine on October 22, 1818, and educated in Boston, Massachusetts. He moved to the American West as part of the California Gold Rush, arriving in Colorado City, Arizona Territory (now Yuma) in 1857. From there he moved to Gila City to work in the placer fields before arriving in Tucson in 1858.
Upon his arrival in Tucson, Allen gave up his ambition of striking it rich by finding gold. Instead he began baking pies with dried apples and selling them to the local townsfolk and soldiers for a dollar a pie. His pies proved to be quite popular and profits from the endeavor allowed him to open a general store. His skill as a baker also earned him the nickname "Pie".
wn.com/Pie_Allen -
Rose Cabat
Rose Cabat was born in 1914 in the Bronx, NY. Rose Cabat is an American studio ceramicist, classified as part of the Mid-Century modern movement, living in Arizona, who is best known for her innovative glazes upon small porcelain pots called 'feelies' often in the shape of onions and figs, and bowls. At age 95 she is the oldest known actively practicing pottery artist in America.
Rose Cabat was born in New York City in 1914 in the Bronx, and married her childhood sweetheart Erni Cabat in 1936. She began working in ceramics in 1940 after her husband Erni brought home some clay from his job as an assistant to Vally Wiselthier an art deco ceramicist who was making pieces for General Ceramics in Keasbey, New Jersey. Originally, Erni, a graphic artist who had trained at the Cooper Union, had brought home clay from his workplace under Vally Wiselthier in order to make some dinner plates which he would later decorate. Rose recalled her love of clay which began in kindergarten and began working on making pottery. After seeing her preliminary pieces Erni gave Rose a membership at Greenwich House, in the Village where Rose learned how to use a potter's wheel.
wn.com/Rose_Cabat -
Ted Ramirez
Ted Ramírez is Tucson's official troubadour as proclaimed by Tucson's Mayor and Council on December 17, 2001. The event was well attended and most notably by, Arizona folk music legends Travis Edmonson and Dolan Ellis. Ted is the recipient of the prestigious Arizona Culture Keeper Award presented in 2004 and is currently the Artist in Residence at the Tubac Presidio Historic Park located close to the US/Mexico Border in Southern Arizona.
Born and raised in Tucson, Arizona, Ted is a direct descendant of the first Spanish families to settle in what is now the State of Arizona.
Ted is a musician, singer and songwriter performing a collection of authentic folk songs from Mexico and the American Southwest. He is the founder of the Santa Cruz River Band one of the region's most celebrated, and now retired musical groups. He is the creator of the popular statewide radio program "Sounds of Arizona", the program aired for ten years on KSAZ 580AM. Currently, Ted is actively recording and performing as a solo concert artist.
wn.com/Ted_Ramirez -
Virgil Earp
Virgil Walter Earp (July 18, 1843–October 19, 1905) fought in the Civil War. He was U.S. Deputy Marshal for south-eastern Arizona and Tombstone City Marshal at the time of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the Arizona Territory. Two months after the shootout in Tombstone, outlaw Cowboys ambushed Virgil on the streets of Tombstone, shattering his left arm, leaving him maimed for life. His brother Morgan Earp was assassinated in March and Virgil left Tombstone for Colton, California to live with his parents and recuperate. When 16 years old, Virgil was married in Pella, Iowa. While Earp served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, his wife received a false report that he had died and, so, moved to Oregon with her parents. Virgil did not see her or his daughter again for 37 years. He married two more times.
Virgil held a variety of jobs throughout his life, though he primarily worked in law enforcement. His younger brother Wyatt, who spent most of his life as a gambler, became better known as a lawman because of writer Stuart N. Lake's fictionalized 1931 biography Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal and later portrayals of him in movies and fiction as Old West's "toughest and deadliest gunmen of his day."
wn.com/Virgil_Earp -
Wyatt Earp
Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was an American investor and law enforcement officer who served in several Western frontier towns. He was also at different times a farmer, teamster, bouncer, saloon-keeper, miner and boxing referee. He is best known for his part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral during which three outlaw Cowboys were killed. The 30-second gunfight defined the rest of his life. Earp's modern-day reputation is that of the Old West's "toughest and deadliest gunman of his day."
Earp spent his early life in Iowa. His first wife Urilla Sutherland Earp died while pregnant less than a year after they married. Within the next two years he was arrested, sued twice, escaped from jail, then was arrested three more times for "keeping and being found in a house of ill-fame". He landed in the cattle boomtown of Wichita, Kansas where he became a deputy marshal for one year and developed a solid reputation as a lawman. In 1876 he followed his brother James to Dodge City, Kansas where he became an assistant marshal. In the winter of 1878 he went to Texas to gamble where he met John Henry "Doc" Holliday whom Earp credited with saving his life.
wn.com/Wyatt_Earp
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Te Amo Tanto
- Some Kind Of Chill
- Away
- Diventa Blu
- Splintering
- Old Man With Bad Back Climbing Up Staircase (What Happened To My Daydream?)
- David
- Waking Up
- Surviving The Savior
- Somersby
- Stay With Who You Know
- Thru The Soot
- On Judgement Day
- When Do You Play
- Baby
- Boy in Your Backyard
- Motorcycle Ways
- Take da Keys
- Betty Blue
- Motorcycle Ways (demo)
- My Elefant Is Dying (demo)
- Los Antiguos Caminos del retorno a Simon Bolívar (demo)
- Baby (en vivo en el hochos bar)
- Videocam (en vivo en el 86)
- Feel the Wind (ensayo)
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Tucson, Arizona (Gazette) - Dan Fogelberg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
A music video tribute to Dan Fogelberg who died of prostate cancer last Dec. 16, 2007.
http://wn.com/Tucson,_Arizona_Gazette_Dan_Fogelberg
A music video tribute to Dan Fogelberg who died of prostate cancer last Dec. 16, 2007.
Tucson, Arizona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Things you'll see around Tucson including some of the animals at the Sonoran Desert Museum.
http://wn.com/Tucson,_Arizona
Things you'll see around Tucson including some of the animals at the Sonoran Desert Museum.
- published: 23 Mar 2008
- views: 27143
- author: exlamb
Life In Color - Tucson, AZ - END Tour - 11/02/12 - Feat. Nervo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
Life In Color - Tucson, AZ - END Tour - 11/02/12 - Feat. Nervo. For more information, please visit www.lifeincolor.com
http://wn.com/Life_In_Color_Tucson,_AZ_END_Tour_11_02_12_Feat_Nervo
Life In Color - Tucson, AZ - END Tour - 11/02/12 - Feat. Nervo. For more information, please visit www.lifeincolor.com
- published: 27 Jan 2013
- views: 3786
- author: LifeInColorTV
TIESTO Club Life College Invasion Tour [Tucson, AZ] Official After Movie 12/05/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:40
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
THE OFFICIAL AFTERMOVIE FOR TIESTO Club Life College Invasion Tour at AVA Amphitheater in Tucson, AZ on Wednesday December 5th 2012. Featuring: ZEDD, and ALLURE Presented by: THE BIG ROOM GROUP, RELENTLESS BEATS, and PRIME SOCIAL GROUP. Video created by: Jake Kitaeff @jkitaeff and Brad Wong @hiimynameisbrad Tracklist: Tiesto and Showtek - "Hell Yeah" Tiësto & Allure - "Pair of Dice Zedd ft.Matthew Koma- "Spectrum" Tiesto- "Maximal Crazy"
http://wn.com/TIESTO_Club_Life_College_Invasion_Tour_Tucson,_AZ_Official_After_Movie_12_05_2012
THE OFFICIAL AFTERMOVIE FOR TIESTO Club Life College Invasion Tour at AVA Amphitheater in Tucson, AZ on Wednesday December 5th 2012. Featuring: ZEDD, and ALLURE Presented by: THE BIG ROOM GROUP, RELENTLESS BEATS, and PRIME SOCIAL GROUP. Video created by: Jake Kitaeff @jkitaeff and Brad Wong @hiimynameisbrad Tracklist: Tiesto and Showtek - "Hell Yeah" Tiësto & Allure - "Pair of Dice Zedd ft.Matthew Koma- "Spectrum" Tiesto- "Maximal Crazy"
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 7531
- author: N9NEFest
Gross Skies On a Sunny Day ~ in Tucson, AZ 2/27/2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
First thing this morning, around 9 AM, I posted this Facebook status with a picture of the pretty, clear blue sky: www.facebook.com I also made mention that it seemed a perfect day for spraying (chemtrails). Perhaps it was? Because by 1:00 PM the sky was a soupy mix of artificial clouds, some of which I filmed being made in the making. It should be noted the forecast only called for sunshine, no mention of any haze or cloud cover (because they weren't REAL clouds). I'm open to the possibility that this might be caused by atmospheric conditions vs. aircraft emissions. But, it is apparent either way, that the airplanes are MAKING clouds - and those clouds are blocking the sun (and whatever other adverse affects that may cause/bring.) me-ow.
http://wn.com/Gross_Skies_On_a_Sunny_Day_~_in_Tucson,_AZ_2_27_2013
First thing this morning, around 9 AM, I posted this Facebook status with a picture of the pretty, clear blue sky: www.facebook.com I also made mention that it seemed a perfect day for spraying (chemtrails). Perhaps it was? Because by 1:00 PM the sky was a soupy mix of artificial clouds, some of which I filmed being made in the making. It should be noted the forecast only called for sunshine, no mention of any haze or cloud cover (because they weren't REAL clouds). I'm open to the possibility that this might be caused by atmospheric conditions vs. aircraft emissions. But, it is apparent either way, that the airplanes are MAKING clouds - and those clouds are blocking the sun (and whatever other adverse affects that may cause/bring.) me-ow.
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 1405
- author: Sheilaalien
Mysterious Booms Shake Tucson, AZ - KVOA Live Feb. 27, 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
I only caught the tail end of this live broadcast but at this moment it's all still a mystery. Stay tuned for my next upload which will include police scanner audio from the incident. You can see the massive chemtrailing that took place here in Tucson today on my Facebook page facebook.com
http://wn.com/Mysterious_Booms_Shake_Tucson,_AZ_KVOA_Live_Feb_27,_2013
I only caught the tail end of this live broadcast but at this moment it's all still a mystery. Stay tuned for my next upload which will include police scanner audio from the incident. You can see the massive chemtrailing that took place here in Tucson today on my Facebook page facebook.com
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 2898
- author: Sheilaalien
World's Largest Flash Mob - Tucson, Arizona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
We are a part of the world's largest simultaneous Flash Mob(this was just one of the over 300 flash mobs happening in North America at the same time)! Tucson in the house! This is inspired by Alfonso Ribeiro (Carlton from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air). The 90 Day Challenge is the world's #1 Health challenge. If you want to lose weight, build muscle, tone up or just live a healthier lifestyle...join us in the Body by Vi 90 Day Challenge! gettingfitin90.bodybyvi.com Be sure to check out all the other cities!
http://wn.com/World's_Largest_Flash_Mob_Tucson,_Arizona
We are a part of the world's largest simultaneous Flash Mob(this was just one of the over 300 flash mobs happening in North America at the same time)! Tucson in the house! This is inspired by Alfonso Ribeiro (Carlton from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air). The 90 Day Challenge is the world's #1 Health challenge. If you want to lose weight, build muscle, tone up or just live a healthier lifestyle...join us in the Body by Vi 90 Day Challenge! gettingfitin90.bodybyvi.com Be sure to check out all the other cities!
- published: 21 Apr 2012
- views: 4555
- author: Themop75
Man vs. Food - Tucson, AZ. / S02 E18
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:32
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Adam Richman eats his way across America. All rights belong to their respective owners, i am just somebody uploading what he likes :-) Enjoy & please like my channel...
http://wn.com/Man_vs_Food_Tucson,_AZ_S02_E18
Adam Richman eats his way across America. All rights belong to their respective owners, i am just somebody uploading what he likes :-) Enjoy & please like my channel...
- published: 03 Jan 2013
- views: 5055
- author: TheYehaa12
Gun Buyback: Tucson, AZ Jan 8, 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Today is January 8, 2013 this marks the anniversary of an atrocity that happened here in Tucson, AZ when a crazy person attempted to murder one of our national representatives and in the process hurt and killed some people before being stopped by others in attendance The numbers are in: 200 guns turned in 30 guns sold to the private buyers who showed up !! This obviously creates much tension any emotion in the community and not wanting to miss an opportunity to exploit the situation, one of our local representatives decided to stage an event, that has strategically been termed a "gun buyback" ($50 gift card from a supermarket) This was Tucson's first gun buyback and everything seemed to go smoothly. There were between 20 - 50 people at a time in line to drop off firearms, a few dozen more people willing to buy firearms, and at least a dozen news reporters, people with cameras and camera crews Someone counted 114 uniformed officers, the TPD mobile command center, bicycle patrols, motorcycles, of course cruisers and a moving truck with a "big blue bin" in the back for firearms In my opinion people that showed up to drop off their firearms had no interests in money or the compensation of the gift card, so they didn't even cross the parking lot to inquire if their require arms were of value I've watched for almost an hour as the rock to firearms from the drop off table to the bin to be destroyed. I was not surprised that most of the rifles were very inexpensive single shot ...
http://wn.com/Gun_Buyback_Tucson,_AZ_Jan_8,_2013
Today is January 8, 2013 this marks the anniversary of an atrocity that happened here in Tucson, AZ when a crazy person attempted to murder one of our national representatives and in the process hurt and killed some people before being stopped by others in attendance The numbers are in: 200 guns turned in 30 guns sold to the private buyers who showed up !! This obviously creates much tension any emotion in the community and not wanting to miss an opportunity to exploit the situation, one of our local representatives decided to stage an event, that has strategically been termed a "gun buyback" ($50 gift card from a supermarket) This was Tucson's first gun buyback and everything seemed to go smoothly. There were between 20 - 50 people at a time in line to drop off firearms, a few dozen more people willing to buy firearms, and at least a dozen news reporters, people with cameras and camera crews Someone counted 114 uniformed officers, the TPD mobile command center, bicycle patrols, motorcycles, of course cruisers and a moving truck with a "big blue bin" in the back for firearms In my opinion people that showed up to drop off their firearms had no interests in money or the compensation of the gift card, so they didn't even cross the parking lot to inquire if their require arms were of value I've watched for almost an hour as the rock to firearms from the drop off table to the bin to be destroyed. I was not surprised that most of the rifles were very inexpensive single shot ...
- published: 09 Jan 2013
- views: 19413
- author: GunWebsites
Mysterious Loud Booms Tucson Arizona 2-27-2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
You Yube: www.youtube.com TUCSON (KGUN9-TV) - Numerous reports have come in from all over the city about a "boom," where the ground shook. We are still working to find out what the source of this was. The US Geological Survey shows seismic data registering in Tucson at the time most people say they felt the boom. See the chart here. Spokesman with the Mount Lemmon SkyCenter Adam Block was outside in Midtown when he heard the boom. He says it is probably not a meteor because he did not see a light in the sky, which would be the main meteor determinant. His wife also reported hearing the boom far on the east side off of Speedway and Harrison. Deputy Tom Peine with the Pima County Sheriff's Department says the cause is currently unknown but will notify KGUN9 if the department finds out what it was. Capt. Barret Baker of the Tucson Fire Department says dispatchers have received more than 100 calls in regards to the boom. Peine also said he has checked with numerous agencies, including local mines, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Luke Air Force Base, the Pinal Army National Guard, Tucson International Airport, Southwest Gas, El Paso Gas and Tucson Electric Power and so far none have any information on what the source of the boom was. Stay with KGUN9 for updates on this situation.
http://wn.com/Mysterious_Loud_Booms_Tucson_Arizona_2-27-2013
You Yube: www.youtube.com TUCSON (KGUN9-TV) - Numerous reports have come in from all over the city about a "boom," where the ground shook. We are still working to find out what the source of this was. The US Geological Survey shows seismic data registering in Tucson at the time most people say they felt the boom. See the chart here. Spokesman with the Mount Lemmon SkyCenter Adam Block was outside in Midtown when he heard the boom. He says it is probably not a meteor because he did not see a light in the sky, which would be the main meteor determinant. His wife also reported hearing the boom far on the east side off of Speedway and Harrison. Deputy Tom Peine with the Pima County Sheriff's Department says the cause is currently unknown but will notify KGUN9 if the department finds out what it was. Capt. Barret Baker of the Tucson Fire Department says dispatchers have received more than 100 calls in regards to the boom. Peine also said he has checked with numerous agencies, including local mines, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Luke Air Force Base, the Pinal Army National Guard, Tucson International Airport, Southwest Gas, El Paso Gas and Tucson Electric Power and so far none have any information on what the source of the boom was. Stay with KGUN9 for updates on this situation.
- published: 01 Mar 2013
- views: 79
- author: Qronos16
Metal Arts Village Tucson Arizona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
First things first Thanks must go out to Brookee Lin who wrote the song So Insane, she is a local talent right here in Tucson. Steve Kimble owner of Metal Arts Village happen to hire my good friend of many years Terry Barkacs to build his dream of a multi studio creative environment where fellow metal and artistic artisans can create and pull their resources to create some of the most beautiful pieces from metal sculptures down to stained glass all in one of community. You can reach the metal arts village at the address below. go to www.metalartsvillage.com to take a better look at the many artists. More video to come from Metal arts. Also go to www.barkacsindustries.com to check out more of his many talents. Thanks Must go out to Brookee Lin who wrote the song So Insane. 3230 N. Dodge Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85716 (in the Ft. Lowell Furniture and Arts District) 520.975.9792
http://wn.com/Metal_Arts_Village_Tucson_Arizona
First things first Thanks must go out to Brookee Lin who wrote the song So Insane, she is a local talent right here in Tucson. Steve Kimble owner of Metal Arts Village happen to hire my good friend of many years Terry Barkacs to build his dream of a multi studio creative environment where fellow metal and artistic artisans can create and pull their resources to create some of the most beautiful pieces from metal sculptures down to stained glass all in one of community. You can reach the metal arts village at the address below. go to www.metalartsvillage.com to take a better look at the many artists. More video to come from Metal arts. Also go to www.barkacsindustries.com to check out more of his many talents. Thanks Must go out to Brookee Lin who wrote the song So Insane. 3230 N. Dodge Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85716 (in the Ft. Lowell Furniture and Arts District) 520.975.9792
- published: 16 Feb 2013
- views: 98
- author: Moprosportsmedia
2411 W Paine, Tucson, AZ 85745 home for sale, real estate in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
2411 W Paine Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 2411wpaine.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $139900 This home is immaculte and shows pride of ownership! Beautiful tile throughout. Spacious open floor plan. Corner lot. His and hers closet in MaBd. LOTS of storage space throughout. Fantastic floor plan very open. Nice back yard with covered patio perfect for entertaining. A MUST SEE!
http://wn.com/2411_W_Paine,_Tucson,_AZ_85745_home_for_sale,_real_estate_in_Tucson,_AZ
2411 W Paine Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 2411wpaine.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $139900 This home is immaculte and shows pride of ownership! Beautiful tile throughout. Spacious open floor plan. Corner lot. His and hers closet in MaBd. LOTS of storage space throughout. Fantastic floor plan very open. Nice back yard with covered patio perfect for entertaining. A MUST SEE!
- published: 04 Feb 2013
- views: 3
- author: edgelistingpro
233 N Desert Park, Tucson, AZ 85745 home for sale, real estate in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
233 N Desert Park Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 233ndesertpark.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $159900 This small community os located near the Tucson Mountains. Excellent proximity to Starr Pass Golf Resort, U of A, Pima West campus, and hospitals. Covenient access to downtown Tucson entertainment and night life. Split floor plan, lots of cabinets, and plenty of counter space. Naturail light throughout, spacious MB beautiful tile throughout. Great back yard with mountain views and covered patio. This home is immaculate.
http://wn.com/233_N_Desert_Park,_Tucson,_AZ_85745_home_for_sale,_real_estate_in_Tucson,_AZ
233 N Desert Park Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 233ndesertpark.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $159900 This small community os located near the Tucson Mountains. Excellent proximity to Starr Pass Golf Resort, U of A, Pima West campus, and hospitals. Covenient access to downtown Tucson entertainment and night life. Split floor plan, lots of cabinets, and plenty of counter space. Naturail light throughout, spacious MB beautiful tile throughout. Great back yard with mountain views and covered patio. This home is immaculate.
- published: 04 Feb 2013
- views: 10
- author: edgelistingpro
Live Concert in Tucson, AZ 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
http://wn.com/Live_Concert_in_Tucson,_AZ_2012
772 W Drexel, Tucson, AZ 85706 home for sale, real estate in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:41
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
772 W Drexel Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 772wdrexel.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $35000 3 bedrooms 2 bath with a nice size back yard. Conveniently located, close to I-10, schools and shopping. Completely remodeled in 2007 including new roof. Hurry! At this price it will not last long!
http://wn.com/772_W_Drexel,_Tucson,_AZ_85706_home_for_sale,_real_estate_in_Tucson,_AZ
772 W Drexel Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 772wdrexel.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $35000 3 bedrooms 2 bath with a nice size back yard. Conveniently located, close to I-10, schools and shopping. Completely remodeled in 2007 including new roof. Hurry! At this price it will not last long!
- published: 04 Feb 2013
- views: 5
- author: edgelistingpro
2852 E Edison, Tucson, AZ 85716 home for sale, real estate in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
2852 E Edison Get Prequalified: stinson520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 2852eedison-1.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties stinson520.edgelistingpro.com Price $175000 Gorgeous newer constructed home in historic Blenman-Elm neighborhood. Bright and open great room with high ceilings, tiled kitchen and bathrooms, and excellent layout. Even includes a garage! Southwestern architecture with nicely landscaped yard. Centrally located close to UofA. This is an excellent find and is priced to sell! Don't pass this one up!
http://wn.com/2852_E_Edison,_Tucson,_AZ_85716_home_for_sale,_real_estate_in_Tucson,_AZ
2852 E Edison Get Prequalified: stinson520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 2852eedison-1.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties stinson520.edgelistingpro.com Price $175000 Gorgeous newer constructed home in historic Blenman-Elm neighborhood. Bright and open great room with high ceilings, tiled kitchen and bathrooms, and excellent layout. Even includes a garage! Southwestern architecture with nicely landscaped yard. Centrally located close to UofA. This is an excellent find and is priced to sell! Don't pass this one up!
- published: 04 Feb 2013
- views: 7
- author: edgelistingpro
4058 E Holladay, Tucson, AZ 85706 home for sale, real estate in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
4058 E Holladay Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 4058eholladay.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $30000 Great opportunity to own a 3bd 2ba home on a large lot. Conveniently located near I-10, schools, parks, hospitals and major shopping centers. A MUST SEE!!!
http://wn.com/4058_E_Holladay,_Tucson,_AZ_85706_home_for_sale,_real_estate_in_Tucson,_AZ
4058 E Holladay Get Prequalified: spears520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 4058eholladay.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties spears520.edgelistingpro.com Price $30000 Great opportunity to own a 3bd 2ba home on a large lot. Conveniently located near I-10, schools, parks, hospitals and major shopping centers. A MUST SEE!!!
- published: 04 Feb 2013
- views: 9
- author: edgelistingpro
Snow Day in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:59
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Snowfall in Tucson, February 20, 2013. Though lots of snow falls in the surrounding mountains, it is rare to get this much in the city.
http://wn.com/Snow_Day_in_Tucson,_AZ
Snowfall in Tucson, February 20, 2013. Though lots of snow falls in the surrounding mountains, it is rare to get this much in the city.
- published: 27 Feb 2013
- author: Tonyvideoguy
Dio Melo Feb 2013 Music and Arts Tucson Az Rock Candy Cover
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Dio Melo of Dominion Performing Rock Candy by Montrose,Tucson Az Music and Arts,music store Feb 10th 2013 Thank You Chris!
http://wn.com/Dio_Melo_Feb_2013_Music_and_Arts_Tucson_Az_Rock_Candy_Cover
Dio Melo of Dominion Performing Rock Candy by Montrose,Tucson Az Music and Arts,music store Feb 10th 2013 Thank You Chris!
- published: 10 Feb 2013
- views: 11
- author: NIGHTCRAWLERMUSICLLC
10160 E Karen Place, Tucson, AZ 85748 home for sale, real estate in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
10160 E Karen Place Get Prequalified: stinson520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 10160ekarenplace.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties stinson520.edgelistingpro.com Price $129000 Wonderful 4br Home In Beautiful East Point Subdivision.Cul-de-sac Lot,Vaulted Ceilings,Covered Patio,Large Yard,Block Wall,Large Kitchn,Open Floor Plan. Close to schools, shopping, entertainment and public transportation.
http://wn.com/10160_E_Karen_Place,_Tucson,_AZ_85748_home_for_sale,_real_estate_in_Tucson,_AZ
10160 E Karen Place Get Prequalified: stinson520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 10160ekarenplace.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties stinson520.edgelistingpro.com Price $129000 Wonderful 4br Home In Beautiful East Point Subdivision.Cul-de-sac Lot,Vaulted Ceilings,Covered Patio,Large Yard,Block Wall,Large Kitchn,Open Floor Plan. Close to schools, shopping, entertainment and public transportation.
- published: 03 Feb 2013
- views: 5
- author: edgelistingpro
920 N Jerrie, Tucson, AZ 85711 home for sale, real estate in Tucson, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
920 N Jerrie Get Prequalified: stinson520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 920njerrie-1.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties stinson520.edgelistingpro.com Price $85000 Short sale has been started and being negotiated with our in house short sale negotiator. Great home located in convenient Central Tucson and close to everything. Open and airy flow plan with private back yard. Central Tucson locale-close to U of A, shopping, Davis Monthan Air Force bace, schools and public transportation.
http://wn.com/920_N_Jerrie,_Tucson,_AZ_85711_home_for_sale,_real_estate_in_Tucson,_AZ
920 N Jerrie Get Prequalified: stinson520.edgelistingpro.com More Property Detail: 920njerrie-1.edgelistingpro.com View Other Properties stinson520.edgelistingpro.com Price $85000 Short sale has been started and being negotiated with our in house short sale negotiator. Great home located in convenient Central Tucson and close to everything. Open and airy flow plan with private back yard. Central Tucson locale-close to U of A, shopping, Davis Monthan Air Force bace, schools and public transportation.
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- views: 6
- author: edgelistingpro
Caspian - Concrescence (Live at Club Congress, Tucson, AZ - 27 February, 2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Caspian, Junius and North played a great show at Club Congress, and I recorded this. Sound quality is listenable thanks to the MagicLantern Canon firmware and a little Adobe Audition. Recorded on a Canon T2i using an f/1.8 50mm. Also, Sycamore from the same concert: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Caspian_Concrescence_Live_at_Club_Congress,_Tucson,_AZ_27_February,_2013
Caspian, Junius and North played a great show at Club Congress, and I recorded this. Sound quality is listenable thanks to the MagicLantern Canon firmware and a little Adobe Audition. Recorded on a Canon T2i using an f/1.8 50mm. Also, Sycamore from the same concert: www.youtube.com
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 29
- author: Steve M
Stone Sour - Do Me A Favor (First Time Ever Live) - Rialto Theatre Tucson - 2/12/13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Stone Sour performing Do Me A Favor at the Rialto Theatre in Tucson Arizona. This is the first time ever this song as been performed live!!!
http://wn.com/Stone_Sour_Do_Me_A_Favor_First_Time_Ever_Live_Rialto_Theatre_Tucson_2_12_13
Stone Sour performing Do Me A Favor at the Rialto Theatre in Tucson Arizona. This is the first time ever this song as been performed live!!!
- published: 14 Feb 2013
- views: 12604
- author: 24nlee48
photo: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013
Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Michael Sohn
28 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict pledged his "unconditional reverence and obedience" to his successor Thursday, then left the Vatican as the first Roman Catholic Church leader to resign in 600 years. Benedict flew from the Vatican by helicopter to the papal residence of Castel Gandolfo near Rome, several hours before his eight-year papacy was to end officially at 8 p.m., local time (1900 UTC) ... Peter's Square after he left ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
27 Feb 2013
Russian President Vladimir Putin told the country's top brass on Wednesday to drastically upgrade the armed forces in the next few years as part of response to attempts by the United States and NATO to "tip the strategic balance" in the world. In his address to Russia's defense ministry and top military officials, Putin said Russia is witnessing "insistent attempts" to change that balance and complained about U.S ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Effrain Lopez
26 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. During the 19th and early 20th centuries developments in technology vastly transformed warfare. The age of machine guns, steam-powered battle ships, and tanks replaced the era of flintlock muskets, sailing wooden ships, and cannonballs. But these new and more lethal innovations also altered humanity and political systems ... World War I and II ... They will subversively disrupt entire societies....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: US Coast Guard / PO1 Matthew Belson
27 Feb 2013
A senior BP executive has told a US court that the oil giant was not solely responsible for the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton must also bear portions of the blame for the explosion and resulting spill, Lamar McKay said. The trial, in New Orleans, will determine liability for the spill ... It has also paid $7.8bn in a settlement with people and businesses affected. 'Team effort' ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
01 Mar 2013
2013 Arizona Wine Travel Card gives travelers to the Tucson golf resort a special discount. Tucson, AZ (PRWEB) February 28, 2013 ... The 2013 Arizona Wine Travel Card features discounts to Arizona’s top wineries and dozens of destinations for travelers to explore ... The Wyndham Canoa Ranch Resort is 30 miles south of Tucson, Arizona, and convenient to Reid Park Zoo, San Xavier Mission, Tucson Botanical Gardens and the University of Arizona....(size: 2.9Kb)
U~T San Diego
01 Mar 2013
San Diego baseball fans will be flocking to Arizona this month to check out the Padres during spring training ... Book at www.thescottsdaleresort.com/resort_deals/arizona-spring-training-baseball. The Westward Look Wyndham Grand Resort & Spa in Tucson is offering a deal just for U-T readers ... Not into baseball or madness? Go for the Desert Diva (Cowgirl Up!) package at Tanque Verde Ranch in Tucson....(size: 3.7Kb)
Business Journal
01 Mar 2013
Arizona Gov ... Tempe, AZ Market Manager - Tucson, AZ (8354) MarketSource . Tucson, AZ ... Top Phoenix business leaders weigh in Sequestration could cost Arizona 49,000 jobs CenturyLink rolling out Prism TV in Chandler, Gilbert Significant economic growth on the horizon for Arizona, U.S. Sequestration could spur defense contractors out of Arizona for politically friendlier states Arizona still a nuclear state with Palo Verde pumping out power....(size: 6.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
01 Mar 2013
Tucson, AZ (PRWEB) February 28, 2013 SAVVi, the retail division of TM International, has announced that its Skin Couture line of sophisticated, commitment-free body art will be available in ULTA Beauty stores in time for spring ... The series fits well into ULTA Beauty’s unique line of products that provide affordable indulgence to our customers.” ... All Skin Couture products are designed and produced at our Tucson, Arizona headquarters ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Examiner
01 Mar 2013
The month closes with a bang each year with the conclusion of three of the winter's largest events--the San Angelo (TX) Rodeo, the San Antonio (TX) Stock Show and Rodeo and La Fiesta de los Vaqueros (the Tucson Rodeo)--within 24 hours of each other ... The Arizona ropers took third in San Antonio and added some cash from Tucson to move from outside the top 20 all the way to second in the team roping standings....(size: 9.2Kb)
The Examiner
01 Mar 2013
I received my Cooking Club magazine today and there was a priceless hint in it that came from a reader/member named Lois Laine (really) ... I like this idea ... I shop mainly at those two stores so that is where I see them, but there are many Tucson supermarket chains that I don't visit often, so look wherever you shop ... But it is what it is ... Margot Fernandez, Tucson Cooking Examiner. Margot Fernandez is a retired educator who lives in Tucson ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
01 Mar 2013
Scientific Technologies Corporation (STC) partnered with The Healing Hands Foundation (THHF) to provide epidemiological services for the THHF 2012 surgical mission to the town of Patzún, Guatemala. Dr ... Tucson, Arizona (PRWEB) February 28, 2013 Dr. Simpson, of Scientific Technologies Corporation (STC), joined The Healing Hands Foundation (THHF) on a surgical mission to Guatemala this past November ... As part of the mission, STC’s Dr ... Dr ... Dr ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
01 Mar 2013
Vending Supply, the premier manufacturer of US-made temporary tattoos and stickers for flat vending machines, has released two exciting new temporary tattoo and sticker lines for spring ... Tucson, AZ (PRWEB) February 28, 2013 ... The first spring 2013 releases include new designs from the Bullseye Tattoo series. ... About Vending Supply ... The company designs and manufactures all of its products in Tucson, AZ and serves many markets....(size: 3.1Kb)
Star Telegram
01 Mar 2013
The Texas Rangers beat the the Cleveland Indians 10-0 in MLB spring training baseball in Surprise, Arizona, Thursday, February 28, 2013 ... The Texas Rangers beat the Cleveland Indians 10-0 in MLB spring training baseball in Surprise, Arizona, Thursday, February 28, 2013 ... The Texas Rangers beat the Cleveland Indians 10-0 in MLB spring training baseball in Surprise, Arizona, Thursday, February 28, 2013....(size: 6.6Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
01 Mar 2013
The leading pain management clinic Phoenix and Scottsdale trust, Arizona Pain Specialists, is now opening a new office in Phoenix ... Phoenix, AZ (PRWEB) February 28, 2013 The leading pain management clinic Phoenix and Scottsdale trust, Arizona Pain Specialists, is now opening a new office in Phoenix ... Arizona Pain accepts over ... Arizona Pain Specialists....(size: 1.8Kb)
noodls
01 Mar 2013
PHOENIX, AZ --DJ Quinlan, the acting Executive Director of the Arizona Democratic Party, released the following statement. ... Within hours of the announcement that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) would move several hundred low priority non-criminal detainees from detainment to electronic monitoring, many high profile Arizona Republicans are seeking to raise money and gain publicity off of the news....(size: 2.7Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
01 Mar 2013
The freshmen were freshmen in name only in a 79-74 overtime victory over Arizona State that left UCLA temporarily tied for first place with Oregon in the Pac-12 Conference ... UCLA plays 11th-ranked Arizona on Saturday. Freshmen Jordan Adams, Kyle Anderson and Shabazz Muhammad combined for 64 of the 79 points against Arizona State ... He used his 6-foot-9, 275-pound frame to muscle around Arizona State's 7-2 center, Jordan Bachynski....(size: 5.7Kb)
noodls
01 Mar 2013
New this year, visitors can learn about historic technologies from the Pioneer Days of Arizona such as cotton spinning, weaving, and cooking ... Ancient Technology Day is also an official Arizona Scitech Festival event and thanks to a grant from Phoenix Suns Charities, the 2013 event will include live entertainment spanning the history of Arizona by The Gila River Basket Dancers, Radio Healer, and the Arizona Territorial Brass Band....(size: 2.4Kb)
"Tucson" redirects here. For other uses, see Tucson (disambiguation).
| Tucson, Arizona | |
|---|---|
| — City — | |
 |
|
| Nickname(s): The Old Pueblo, Optics Valley | |
 |
|
 Tucson, Arizona
|
|
| Coordinates: 32°13′18″N 110°55′35″W / 32.22167°N 110.92639°W / 32.22167; -110.92639Coordinates: 32°13′18″N 110°55′35″W / 32.22167°N 110.92639°W / 32.22167; -110.92639 | |
| Country | United States |
| County | Pima |
| Government | |
| • Type | Council-manager government |
| • Mayor | Jonathan Rothschild |
| Area | |
| • City | 227.0 sq mi (588.0 km2) |
| • Land | 226.7 sq mi (587.2 km2) |
| • Water | 0.3 sq mi (0.8 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,389 ft (728 m) |
| Population (2010-11) | |
| • City | 520,116 |
| • Density | 2,793.6/sq mi (1,078.8/km2) |
| • Urban | 720,425 |
| • Metro | 989,569 |
| • Demonym | Tucsonan |
| • | T-Loc |
| Time zone | MST (UTC-7) |
| Area code | 520 |
| FIPS code | 04-77000 |
| Website | www.tucsonaz.gov |
| 1 Urban = 2000 Census | |
Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn/ TOO-son) is the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and is the home to University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116,[1] while the 2011 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan area was 989,569.[2] Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, which both anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is [3] located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.
Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Tanque Verde, Tortilita, New Pascua, Sahuarita and Vail. Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south.
The English name Tucson derives from the Spanish name of the city, Tucsón [tukˈson], which was borrowed from the O'odham name Cuk Ṣon [tʃʊk ʂɔːn], meaning "(at the) base of the black [hill]", a reference to an adjacent volcanic mountain. Tucson is sometimes referred to as "The Old Pueblo."
History[link]
Main article: History of Tucson, Arizona
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona by about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 4,000 years ago.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting animals. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated by archaeologists as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems as well as their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 miles (12 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the then flowing Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "A" mountain. The Spanish subsequently established a walled fortress, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of Mexico after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Tucson was captured by the Mormon Battalion during the Mexican-American War, but later returned to Mexican control. Tucson was not included in the Mexican Cession – it was following the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 that Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control of the community until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue operations, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]
From August 1861, until mid-1862, Tucson was the western capital of the Confederate Arizona Territory, the eastern capital being Mesilla. In 1862 the California Column drove the Confederate forces out of Arizona. Tucson and all of what is now Arizona was part of New Mexico Territory until 1863, when it became part of the new Arizona Territory. From 1867 to 1877, Tucson was the capital of Arizona Territory. Southern Arizona was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase, by the United States from Mexico on June 8, 1854. 1877, the Tucson was incorporated, making Tucson the oldest incorporated city in American people's land of Arizona. From 1877 to 1878, the Tucson area suffered from a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notably, however, were the two robberies committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton.[4] Brazelton held-up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately seventeen miles northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers held-up and Brazelton would eventually be tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878 in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River three miles south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate.[4] Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp.[5] :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few friends he could trust and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson train station and killed him on the train tracks.[6] After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more Cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.
In 1885, the University of Arizona, was founded as a land-grant college on over-grazed ranch land between Tucson and Fort Lowell. In 1890, Asians made up 4.2% of the city's population.[7]
By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.
In 1912, when Arizona statehood became reality, the total number of different flags that had flown over Tucson now numbered five, American, Spanish, Mexican, Confederate, and the State of Arizona. [8]
During the territorial and early statehood periods, Tucson was Arizona's largest city and commercial center, while Phoenix was the seat of state government (beginning in 1889) and agriculture. The establishment of Tucson Municipal Airport increased its prominence. Between 1910 and 1920 Phoenix surpassed Tucson in population, and has continued to outpace Tucson in growth. In recent years, both Tucson and Phoenix have experienced among the highest growth rates in the United States.
Geography[link]
According to the United States Census Bureau, as of 2010 the City of Tucson has a land area of 226.71 square miles (587.2 km2).
The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (728 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport).[9] Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157-foot (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687-foot (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 feet (2,881 m) above sea level.
Tucson is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States. The city is located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 1,020,200. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase.
The city is located on the Santa Cruz River, formerly a perennial river but now a dry river bed for much of the year that floods during significant seasonal rains.
Interstate 10, which runs southeast to northwest through town, connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California, and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts", although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour.
Downtown and Central Tucson[link]
Similar to many other cities in the Western U.S., Tucson was developed on a grid plan starting in the late 19th century, with the city center at Stone Avenue and Broadway Boulevard. While this intersection was initially near the geographic center of Tucson, that center has shifted as the city has expanded far to the east, development to the west being effectively blocked by the Tucson Mountains. An expansive city covering substantial area, Tucson has many distinct neighborhoods.
Tucson's earliest neighborhoods, some of which are now covered by the Tucson Convention Center, or TCC, include:
- El Presidio,[10] Tucson's oldest neighborhood
- Barrio Histórico,[11] also known as Barrio Libre
- Armory Park, directly south of downtown
- Barrio Anita,[12] named for an early settler and located between Granada Avenue and Interstate 10
- Barrio Tiburón, now known as the Fourth Avenue arts district – designated in territorial times as a red-light district
- Barrio El Jardín, named for an early recreational site, Levin's Gardens
- Barrio El Hoyo, named for a lake that was part of the gardens. Before the TCC was built, El Hoyo (Spanish for pit or hole) referred to this part of the city, which was inhabited mainly by Mexican-American citizens and Mexican immigrants.
- Barrio Santa Rosa, dating from the 1890s, now listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places
Other historical neighborhoods near downtown include:
- Feldman's, named for an early resident photographer (with the streets "Helen" and "Mabel" named for his daughters)[13]
- Menlo Park, situated west of downtown, adjacent to "A Mountain" more correctly called Sentinel Peak
- Iron Horse, east of Fourth Avenue and north of the railroad tracks, named for its proximity
- West University, located between the University of Arizona and downtown
- Pie Allen, located west and south of the university near Tucson High School and named for John Brackett "Pie" Allen, a local entrepreneur and early mayor of Tucson
- Sam Hughes, located east of the University of Arizona and named after an instigator/hero of the Camp Grant Massacre
At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, downtown Tucson is undergoing a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project is Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years.[14][15] Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot[16] and "Locomotive #1673", built in 1900. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District.[17] Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, which is set just northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks.
Attractions downtown include the Hotel Congress designed in 1919, the Art Deco Fox Theater designed in 1929, the Rialto Theatre opened in 1920, and St. Augustine Cathedral completed in 1896.[18] Included on the National Register of Historic Places is the old Pima County Courthouse, designed by Roy W. Place in 1928.[19] The El Charro Café, Tucson's oldest restaurant, also operates its main location downtown.[20]
As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtown also have many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. The El Con Mall is also located in the eastern part of midtown.
The University of Arizona, chartered in 1885, is located in midtown and includes Arizona Stadium and McKale Center. Historic Tucson High School (designed by Roy Place in 1924) featured in the 1987 film Can't Buy Me Love, the Arizona Inn (built in 1930), and the Tucson Botanic Gardens are also located in Central Tucson.
Tucson's largest park, Reid Park is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett. Despite this, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways in the late 1990s.
Central Tucson is bicycle-friendly. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, N. Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path.
Southern Tucson[link]
South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of one square mile, completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which including bright outdoor murals many of which have been painted over due to city policy.[21][22][23]
The South side of the city of Tucson is generally considered to be the area of approximately 25 square miles (65 square kilometers) north of Los Reales Road, south of 22nd Street, east of I-19, west of Davis Monthan Air Force Base and southwest of Aviation Parkway. Much of Tucson's Mexican-American population live on the south side. The Tucson International Airport and Tucson Electric Park are also located here.[citation needed]
Western Tucson[link]
A combination of urban and suburban development, the West Side is generally defined as the area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains, and includes the International Wildlife Museum, Sentinel Peak and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa. Moving past the Tucson Mountains you are in the area commonly referred to as "west of" Tucson. A large undulating plain extending into the Altar Valley, rural residential development predominates, but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West, the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park.
On Sentinel Peak (also known as "'A' Mountain"), just west of downtown, there is a giant "A" in honor of the University of Arizona. Starting in about 1910, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the "A", which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted it black.[citation needed] This was followed by a paint scuffle where the "A" was painted various colors until the city council intervened. It is now red, white and blue except when it is white or another color decided by a biennial election. Because of the three-color paint scheme often used, the shape of the A can be vague and indistinguishable from the rest of the peak. The top of Sentinel Peak, which is accessible by road, offers an outstanding scenic view of the city looking eastward. A parking lot located near the summit of Sentinel Peak was formerly a popular place to watch sunsets or view the city lights at night.
Northern Tucson[link]
North Tucson includes the urban neighborhoods of Amphitheater and Flowing Wells. Usually considered the area north of Fort Lowell Road, north Tucson includes some of Tucson's primary commercial zones (Tucson Mall and the Oracle Road Corridor). Many of the city's most upscale boutiques, restaurants, and art galleries are also located on the north side including St. Philip's Plaza. The Plaza is directly adjacent to the historic St. Philip's in the Hills Episcopal Church (built in 1936).
Also on the north side is the suburban community of Catalina Foothills, located in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of the city limits. This community includes among the area's most expensive homes, sometimes multi-million dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road, east of Oracle Road, and west of Sabino Creek. Some of the Tucson area's major resorts are located in the Catalina Foothills, including the Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort. La Encantada, an upscale outdoor shopping mall, is also in the Foothills.
The DeGrazia Gallery of the Sun near the intersection of Swan Road and Skyline Drive. Built by artist Ted DeGrazia starting in 1951, the 10-acre (40,000 m2) property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and features an eclectic chapel, an art gallery and a free museum.
The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.
The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords, and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona, John Roll and five other people on January 8, 2011 occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.
Many of the Tucson area's golf courses and resorts are located in this area, including the Hilton El Conquistador Golf & Tennis Resort in Oro Valley, the Omni Tucson National Resort & Spa, and Westward Look Resort. The Ritz Carlton at Dove Mountain, the second Ritz Carlton Resort in Arizona, which also includes a golf course, opened in the foothills of the Tortolita Mountains in northeast Marana in 2009. Catalina State Park and Tortolita Mountain Park are also located in the Northwest area.
Eastern Tucson[link]
East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city, developed between the 1950s and the 1970s,[citation needed] with developments such as Desert Palms Park. It is generally classified as the area of the city east of Swan Road, with above-average real estate values relative to the rest of the city. The area includes urban and suburban development near the Rincon Mountains. East Tucson includes Saguaro National Park East. Tucson's "Restaurant Row" is also located on the east side, along with a significant corporate and financial presence. Restaurant Row is sandwiched by three of Tucson's storied Neighborhoods: Harold Bell Wright Estates, named after the famous author's ranch which occupied some of that area prior to the depression; the Tucson Country Club, and the Dorado Country Club. Tucson's largest office building is 5151 East Broadway in east Tucson, completed in 1975. The first phases of Williams Centre, a mixed-use, master-planned development on Broadway near Craycroft Road, were opened in 1987. Park Place, a recently renovated shopping center, is also located along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road).
Near the intersection of Craycroft and Ft. Lowell Roads are the remnants of the Historic Fort Lowell. This area has become one of Tucson's iconic neighborhoods. The Fort abandoned at the end of the 19th century was rediscovered by a trio of artists in the 1930s.[citation needed] The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the Fort – transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples. Their woodwork, plaster treatment and sense of proportion drew on their Dutch heritage and New Mexican experience.[citation needed] This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National register of Historic Places. Each year in February the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the San Pedro Chapel.[citation needed]
Situated between the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Rincon Mountains near Redington Pass northeast of the city limits is the affluent community of Tanque Verde. The Arizona National Golf Club, Forty-Niners Country Club, and the historic Tanque Verde Guest Ranch are also in northeast Tucson.
Southeast Tucson continues to experience rapid residential development. The area includes Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road. It is the home of Santa Rita High School, Chuck Ford Park (Lakeside Park), Lakeside Lake, Lincoln Park (upper and lower), The Lakecrest Neighborhoods, and Pima Community College East Campus. The Atterbury Wash with its access to excellent bird watching is also located in the Southeast Tucson area. The suburban community of Rita Ranch houses many of the military families from Davis-Monthan, and is near the southeastern-most expansion of the current city limits. Close by Rita Ranch and also within the city limits lies Civano, a planned development meant to showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles. While the houses certainly meet that goal, other aspects of the development have been less successful.[citation needed]
Mount Lemmon[link]
Mount Lemmon, the highest peak of the Santa Catalina Mountains, reaches an elevation of 9,157 feet (2,791 m) above sea level. The mountain is named after 19th Century botanist Sara Lemmon. She was the first documented European to ascend to the peak and was purportedly guided by local Tohono O'odham up through Babad Do'ag (the O'odham name for the Santa Catalina Mountains).[24] Lemmon botanized extensively along the way, including collecting the plant Tagetes lemmoni which is now called the Mount Lemmon marigold.
Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles (40 km) and the entire mountain range is one of Tucsonans biggest vacation spots for cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing. Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven. In Summerhaven, visitors will find log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails. Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant.
Mt. Lemmon Sky Center, which is located at a Steward Observatory site known as 'Sky Island', sits 9,152 feet (2,790 m) in altitude on the summit of Mt. Lemmon. As one of the Southwestern United States's 27 unique Sky Islands,[25] this science learning facility is open to the public.[26]
Climate[link]
Tucson has hot summers and temperate winters. However, Tucson is almost always cooler and wetter than Phoenix because of its higher elevation.
Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen Bwh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Though Tucson receives more precipitation than most other locations with desert climates, it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration in spite of receiving 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water.[27] A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.
The most obvious difference of climate from most other inhabited regions is the hot and sunny climate. This difference is a major contributing factor to a rate of skin cancer that is at least 3 times higher than in more northerly regions.[28] Media reports heat related deaths increasing among illegal immigrants in and around Tucson. Heatstroke related deaths have been recorded since 1999 in the Pima County Area.[29]
Summer is characterized by daytime temperatures that exceed 100 °F (37 °C) and overnight temperatures between 66 °F (19 °C) and 85 °F (29 °C). Early summer is characterized by low humidity and clear skies; mid-summer and late summer are characterized by higher humidity, cloudy skies and frequent rain.
The monsoon can begin any time from mid-June to late July, with an average start date around July 3. It typically continues through August and sometimes into September.[30] During the monsoon, the humidity is much higher than the rest of the year. It begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which can cause flash floods. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes. Large areas of the city do not have storm sewers, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares, usually for no longer than a few hours. A few underpasses in Tucson have "feet of water" scales painted on their supports to discourage fording by automobiles during a rainstorm.[31] Arizona traffic code Title 28-910, the so-called "Stupid Motorist Law", was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways. If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place, motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $2000 for costs involved in rescuing them.[32] Despite all warnings and precautions, however, three Tucson drivers have drowned between 2004 and 2010.
The weather in the fall is much like that during spring: dry, with cool nights and warm to hot days. Temperatures above 100 degrees occur into early October. Average daytime highs of 84 °F (28 °C), with overnight lows of 55 °F (13 °C), are typical in the fall, with mean daily temperatures falling more rapidly from October to December.
Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 °F (18 °C) and 75 °F (24 °C), with overnight lows between 30 °F (−1 °C) and 44 °F (7 °C). Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s, but this is typically limited to only a very few nights. Although rare, snow has been known to fall in Tucson, usually a light dusting that melts within a day.
Early spring is characterized by gradually rising temperatures and several weeks of vivid wildflower blooms beginning in late February and into March. Daytime average highs range from 72 °F (23 °C) in March to 88 °F (31 °C) in May with average overnight lows in March of 45 °F (7 °C) and in May of 59 °F (15 °C).
At the University of Arizona, where records have been kept since 1894, the record maximum temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995, and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 150.1 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 26.4 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. Average annual precipitation is 11.15 in (283 mm) . There is an average of 49 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1905 with 24.17 in (614 mm) and the driest year was 1924 with 5.07 in (129 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.56 in (192 mm) in July 1984. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 4.16 in (106 mm) on October 1, 1983. Annual snowfall averages 0.7 in (1.8 cm). The most snow in one year was 7.2 in (18 cm) in 1987. The most snow in one month was 6.00 in (15.2 cm) in January 1898 and March 1922.[33]
At the airport, where records have been kept since 1930, the record maximum temperature was 117 °F (47 °C) on June 26, 1990, and the record minimum temperature was 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 4, 1949. There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. Average annual precipitation is 11.59 inches (294 mm). Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 53 days. The wettest year was 1983 with 21.86 inches (555 mm) of precipitation, and the driest year was 1953 with 5.34 inches (136 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 7.93 inches (201 mm) in August 1955. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.93 inches (100 mm) on July 29, 1958. Snow at the airport averages only 1.1-inch (2.8 cm) annually. The most snow received in one year was 8.3 inches (21 cm) and the most snow in one month was 6.8 inches (17 cm) in December 1971.[34]
| Climate data for Tucson, Arizona (Tucson Int'l), 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 88 (31) |
92 (33) |
99 (37) |
104 (40) |
111 (44) |
117 (47) |
114 (46) |
112 (44) |
107 (42) |
102 (39) |
94 (34) |
85 (29) |
117 (47) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 65.5 (18.6) |
68.6 (20.3) |
74.2 (23.4) |
82.2 (27.9) |
91.7 (33.2) |
100.2 (37.9) |
99.8 (37.7) |
97.4 (36.3) |
94.5 (34.7) |
84.9 (29.4) |
73.5 (23.1) |
64.9 (18.3) |
83.12 (28.40) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 39.8 (4.3) |
42.3 (5.7) |
46.2 (7.9) |
52.1 (11.2) |
60.5 (15.8) |
68.0 (20.0) |
74.5 (23.6) |
73.4 (23.0) |
68.7 (20.4) |
57.3 (14.1) |
46.1 (7.8) |
39.4 (4.1) |
55.69 (13.16) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 6 (−14) |
17 (−8) |
20 (−7) |
27 (−3) |
32 (0) |
43 (6) |
49 (9) |
55 (13) |
43 (6) |
26 (−3) |
19 (−7) |
10 (−12) |
6 (−14) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 0.93 (23.6) |
0.85 (21.6) |
0.73 (18.5) |
0.31 (7.9) |
0.23 (5.8) |
0.20 (5.1) |
2.25 (57.2) |
2.39 (60.7) |
1.28 (32.5) |
0.88 (22.4) |
0.57 (14.5) |
0.93 (23.6) |
11.56 (293.6) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 0.3 (0.8) |
0.2 (0.5) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.1 (0.3) |
0.6 (1.5) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 4.9 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 4.7 | 52.9 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 260.4 | 259.9 | 319.3 | 357.0 | 399.9 | 396.0 | 344.1 | 334.8 | 315.0 | 306.9 | 264.0 | 244.9 | 3,802.2 |
| Source no. 1: NOAA,[35] The Weather Channel (Records)[36] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1961−1990)[37] | |||||||||||||
Environmental Issues[link]
Sustainability[link]
Davis-Monthan AFB is locally leading the way with a 3.3 Megawatt (MW) ground-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are located in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the Defense Department after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010 to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwest side of the base.[38]
Global Solar Energy, which is located at the University of Arizona's science and technology park, is one of the planet's largest CIGS solar fields at 750 kilowatts.[39][40][41]
Perhaps the biggest sustainability problem is potable water supply. Household water use comprises the principal consumption of the water supply, with agriculture a close second. Like golf courses, agricultural lands are turning toward reclaimed water. Mining and other industrial water uses combined accounted for about a 15 percent of water use in 1997.[42] Massive drawing down of groundwater resources over the last 100 years has occurred, visible as ground subsidence in some residential areas.[citation needed]
To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation effort, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than 300 miles (480 km) across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of "recharged" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out.[43] Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.[44]
Water[link]
More than 100 years ago, the Santa Cruz River flowed nearly year-round through Tucson. This supply of water has slowly disappeared, causing Tucson to seek alternative sources.
In 1881, water was pumped from a well on the banks of the Santa Cruz River and flowed by gravity through pipes into the distribution system.[citation needed]
Tucson currently draws water from two main sources: Central Arizona Project (CAP) water and groundwater. In 1992, Tucson Water delivered CAP water to some customers that was referred to as being unacceptable due to discoloration, bad odor and flavor, as well as problems it caused some customers' plumbing and appliances. Tucson's city water currently consists of CAP water mixed with groundwater.
In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer.[45] Additional study is scheduled to determine the amount of water that is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially during the summer. The City of Tucson already provides reclaimed water to its inhabitants, but it is only used for "applications such as irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses."[46] These resources have been in place for more than 27 years, and deliver to over 900 locations.[47]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1850 | 400 |
|
|
| 1860 | 915 | 128.8% | |
| 1870 | 3,215 | 251.4% | |
| 1880 | 7,007 | 117.9% | |
| 1890 | 5,150 | −26.5% | |
| 1900 | 7,531 | 46.2% | |
| 1910 | 13,193 | 75.2% | |
| 1920 | 20,292 | 53.8% | |
| 1930 | 32,506 | 60.2% | |
| 1940 | 35,752 | 10.0% | |
| 1950 | 45,454 | 27.1% | |
| 1960 | 212,892 | 368.4% | |
| 1970 | 262,933 | 23.5% | |
| 1980 | 330,537 | 25.7% | |
| 1990 | 405,371 | 22.6% | |
| 2000 | 486,699 | 20.1% | |
| 2010 | 520,116 | 6.9% | |
| sources:[48][49] | |||
According to the 2010 American Census Bureau, the racial composition of Tucson was as follows:
- White: 69.7% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 47.2%)
- Black or African American: 5.0%
- Native American: 2.7%
- Asian: 2.9%
- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.2%
- Some other race: 17.8%
- Two or more races: 3.4%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 41.6%; Mexican Americans made up 36.1% of the city's population.[50]
Source:[51]
As of the census[52] of 2010, there were 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,500.1 inhabitants per square mile (965.3/km²). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 1,076.7 per square mile (415.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White, 5.0% Black or African-American, 2.7% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.6% of the population.[53] Non-Hispanic Whites were 47.2% of the population in 2010,[53] down from 72.8% in 1970.[54]
There were 192,891 households out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the inner-city, the population has 24.6% under the age of 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,981, and the median income for a family was $37,344. Males had a median income of $28,548 versus $23,086 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,322. About 13.7% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.6% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.
Politics and government[link]
Pima County supported John Kerry 53% to 47% in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,[55] and Barack Obama 54% to 46% in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.[56] In the latter year, Pima was the only county to vote against Arizona's gay marriage ban.[57]
In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. The Tucson area is divided into two federal Congressional districts (the seventh and eighth of Arizona), one that in 2000 contained a vast majority of Democratic voters and the other a bare majority of Republicans. The city center is in the 7th District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the north and east are in the 8th District, vacant as of January, 2012. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue. [58]
City government[link]
Tucson follows the "weak mayor" model of the council-manager form of local government. The 6-member city council holds exclusive legislative authority, and shares executive authority with the mayor, who is elected by the voters independently of the council. An appointed city manager, meanwhile, is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the city.
Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms, and none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2011), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2009).
Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly-financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.
Jonathan Rothschild (D) was sworn into office on December 5, 2011, succeeding long-time mayor Robert E. Walkup (R), who was elected mayor on November 2, 1999.[59] Walkup was preceded by George Miller (D), 1991–1999; Tom Volgy (D), 1987–1991; Lew(is) Murphy (R), 1971–1987; and Jim Corbett (D), 1967–1971.
Economy[link]
Much of Tucson's economic development has been centered on the development of the University of Arizona, which is currently the second largest employer in the city. Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, located on the southeastern edge of the city, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of the US Army Intelligence Center (Fort Huachuca, the largest employer in the region in nearby Sierra Vista), has led to the development of a significant number of high-tech industries, including government contractors, in the area. The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South / Southeast regions of the country.
The City of Tucson, Pima County, the State of Arizona and the private sector have all made commitments to create a growing, healthy economy with advanced technology industry sectors as its foundation. Raytheon Missile Systems, Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit Inc., Universal Avionics, Sunquest Information Systems, Sanofi-Aventis, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname "Optics Valley".[60]
Tourism is another major industry in Tucson, bringing in $2 billion-a-year and over 3.5 million visitors annually due to Tucson's numerous resorts, hotels, and attractions.[61]
One of the major annual attractions is the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show, and the associated shows, all held generally in the first two weeks of February. These associated shows (such as gems, jewelry, beads, fossils) are held throughout the city, with 43 different shows in 2010. This makes Tucson the largest such show in the world.
In addition to vacationers, a significant number of winter residents, or "snowbirds", are attracted by Tucson's mild winters and contribute to the local economy. Snowbirds often purchase second homes in Tucson and nearby areas, contributing significantly to the property tax base.
In general there are also a number of middle-class and upper-class Sonorans, who travel from Mexico to Tucson to purchase goods that are not readily available in Mexico.[citation needed]
Arts and culture[link]
Annual cultural events and fairs[link]
Tucson Gem and Mineral Show[link]
The Tucson Gem & Mineral Show is one of the largest gem and mineral shows in the world and has been held for over 50 years. The Show is only one part of the gem, mineral, fossil, and bead gathering held all around Tucson in over 45 different sites.[62] The various shows run from late-January to mid-February with the official Show lasting two weeks in February.
Tucson Folk Festival[link]
For the past 25 years the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages in one of the largest free festivals in the country. All stages are within easy walking distance. Organized by the Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association,[63] volunteers make this festival possible. Arizona's only community radio station KXCI 91.3-FM, is a major partner, broadcasting from the Plaza Stage throughout the weekend. In addition, there are numerous workshops, events for children, sing-alongs, and a popular singer/songwriter contest. Musicians typically play 30-minute sets, supported by professional audio staff volunteers. A variety of food and crafts are available at the festival, as well as local micro-brews. All proceeds from sales go to fund future festivals.
Fourth Avenue Street Fair[link]
_and_Navy_Operational_Support_Center_Tucson_take_part_in_the_annual_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg)
There are two Fourth Avenue Street Fairs, in December and late March/early April, staged between 9th Street and University Boulevard, that feature arts and crafts booths, food vendors and street performers. The fairs began in 1970 when Fourth Avenue, which at the time had half a dozen thrift shops, several New Age bookshops and the Food Conspiracy Co-Op, was a gathering place for hippies, and a few merchants put tables in front of their stores to attract customers before the holidays.
These days the street fair has grown into a large corporate event, with most tables owned by outside merchants. It hosts mostly traveling craftsmen selling various arts such as pottery, paintings, wood working, metal decorations, candles, and many others.
TAWN Fall Festival[link]
For over twenty years, the Tucson Area Wiccan-Pagan Network (TAWN) has hosted Fall Fest, an all-day autumn celebration for the Pagan community.[64] Generally held on the weekend nearest to the Wiccan holiday of Mabon (the autumn equinox) and usually held in the open air, Fall Fest often draws hundreds of participants from many pagan religions, some traveling from as far away as Phoenix or even other states.
The Tucson Rodeo (Fiesta de los Vaqueros)[link]
Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or rodeo week. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as "the world's largest non-mechanized parade".[65] The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day. The exception to this is Presidio High, which doesn't get either. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States.
Tucson Meet Yourself[link]
Every October for the past 30 years, Tucson Meet Yourself[66] has presented the faces of Tucson's many ethnic groups. For one weekend, dancing, singing, artwork, and food from more than 30 different ethnicities are featured in the downtown area. All performers are from Tucson and the surrounding area, in keeping with the idea of "meeting yourself."
All Souls Procession Weekend[link]
All Souls Procession is one of the largest festivals in Tucson as well it is one of the largest Day of the Dead celebrations in North America.[citation needed] Celebrated since 1990, it is held on the first Sunday in November. Modeled on the Mexican holiday Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), it combines elements of African, Anglo, Celtic, and Latin American culture. It is organized and funded by the non profit arts organization, Many Mouths One Stomach.
Cultural and other attractions[link]
Cultural and other attractions include:
- Arizona Historical Society
- The Fremont House is an original adobe house in the Tucson Community Center that was saved while one of Tucson's earliest barrios was razed as urban renewal.[citation needed]
- Fort Lowell Museum
- Mission San Xavier del Bac
- Old Tucson Studios, built as a set for the movie Arizona, is a movie studio and theme park for classic Westerns.
- The Tucson Museum of Art was established as part of an art school, the Art Center, which was founded by local Tucson artists including Rose Cabat[67]
- The University of Arizona Art Museum includes works by Franz Kline, Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko as part of the Edward J. Gallagher Memorial Collection, a tribute to a young man who was killed in a boating accident. The museum also includes the Samuel H. Kress Collection of European works from the 14th to 19th centuries and the C. Leonard Pfeiffer Collection of American paintings.
- Center for Creative Photography, a leading museum with many works by major artists such as Ansel Adams and Edward Weston.
- International Wildlife Museum, which is five miles (8 km) west of Interstate 10, maintains an exhibition of over four-hundred different species from around the globe.[68][69]
- The DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun is an iconic Tucson landmark in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains.[citation needed]
- Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum is a combined zoo, museum, and botanical garden, devoted to indigenous animals and plants of the Sonoran Desert.
- Titan Missile Museum is located about 25 miles (40 km) south of the city on I-19. This is a Cold War era Titan nuclear missile silo (billed as the only remaining intact post-Cold War Titan missile silo) turned tourist stop.
- Pima County Fair
- Trail Dust Town is an outdoor shopping mall and restaurant complex that was built from the remains of a 1950 western movie set.
- Museum of the Horse Soldier
- Jewish Heritage Center Tucson
- Tucson Chinese Cultural Center
Shops in Summerhaven on Mount Lemmon offer such items as jewelry and other gifts, pizza, and delicious fresh-fruit pies. The legacy of the Aspen Fire can be seen in charred trees, rebuilt homes, and melted beads incorporated into a sidewalk.
Fourth Avenue, located near the University of Arizona, is home to many shops, restaurants, and bars, and hosts the annual 4th Avenue Street Fair every December and March. University Boulevard, leading directly to the UA Main Gate, is also the center of numerous bars, retail shops, and restaurants most commonly frequented by the large student population of the UA.
El Tiradito is a religious shrine in the downtown area. The Shrine dates back to the early days of Tucson. It's based on a love story of revenge and murder. People stop by the Shrine to light a candle for someone in need, a place for people to go give hope.
The Biosphere 2, is a 3.14 acre educational facility, designed to mimic a tropical or sub-tropical climate-controlled environment.[70]
Literary arts[link]
The number of accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) in Tucson is too numerous to mention.[original research?] Some are associated with the University of Arizona, but many are independent writers who have chosen to make Tucson their home. The city is also rich in literary organizations,[citation needed] particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Among them are Chax Press, publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions. The University of Arizona Poetry Center is one of the leading academic sites for poetry in the nation,[citation needed] and, in addition to its sizable poetry library, it presents readings, conferences, and workshops.
Performing arts[link]
Theater groups include the Arizona Theatre Company, which performs in the Temple of Music and Art, a mirror image of the Pasadena Playhouse; and Arizona Onstage Productions, a not-for-profit theater company devoted to musical theater. In 2004, the NY based Nederlander Organization also opened a local operation. Broadway in Tucson presents the touring reproductions of many Broadway style events at the Tucson Music Hall.
Music[link]
Musical groups include the Tucson Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1929; and Arizona Opera, founded as the Tucson Opera Company in 1971.
Mariachi music is popular and influential in Tucson, and the city is home to a large number of Mariachi musicians and singers. Mariachi is celebrated annually at the Tucson International Mariachi Conference. There is also a yearly Norteño Festival in the enclave city of South Tucson.
Tucson has a small but committed independent music scene, nearly all of which is concentrated in the city's downtown area. Bob Log III, Flagrante Delicto, God of the Sea, Calexico, Overcast Off, Giant Sand, Hipster Daddy-O and the Handgrenades, The Bled, Salvador Duran, Linda Ronstadt and Tucson's official troubadour Ted Ramirez are among the prominent musical artists based in Tucson. Local performers also receive some airplay (and occasionally play live) on the community radio station KXCI. The Tucson Area Music Awards, or TAMMIES, are an annual event.[71]
Sports[link]
The University of Arizona Wildcats sports teams, most notably the men's basketball and women's softball teams have strong local interest. The men's basketball team, formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach Lute Olson and currently coached by Sean Miller, has made 25 straight NCAA Tournaments and won the 1997 National Championship. Arizona's Softball team has reached the NCAA National Championship game 12 times and has won 8 times, most recently in 2007. The university's swim teams have gained international recognition, with swimmers coming from as far as Japan and Africa to train with the coach Frank Busch who has also worked with the U.S. Olympic swim team for a number of years. Both men and women's swim teams recently won the NCAA National Championships. web|url=http://news.collegemedianetwork.com/search/Arizona+Icecats |title=College News Updates |publisher=College Media Networks |date= |accessdate=2012-01-22}}</ref>
The Tucson Padres began play at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011. They are the AAA affiliate of the San Diego Padres. The team, formerly known as the Portland Beavers, was temporarily relocated to Tucson from Portland while awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido.[72][73] Legal issues derailed the plans to build the Escondido stadium, so the future location and ownership are uncertain as of December 2011.[74]
The Tucson Sidewinders, a triple-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks, won the Pacific Coast League championship and unofficial AAA championship in 2006. The Sidewinders played in Tucson Electric Park and were in the Pacific Conference South of the PCL. The Sidewinders were sold in 2007 and moved to Reno, Nevada after the 2008 season. They now compete under the name of the Reno Aces.
The United States Handball Association Hall of Fame is located in Tucson.
The Tucson Thunder Kats are an expansion indoor football team in the American Indoor Football Association that is set to join the league and begin playing in 2011. The Thunder Kats will play their home games at the Tucson Convention Center. Women's football also has a stronghold in Tucson, as there are currently two teams in the area. The Tucson Monsoon are a member of the Independent Women's Football League where they have played since their inception in 2006. Beginning in 2011, the Arizona She-Devils will begin play in Tucson as a member of the Women's Spring Football League.
Tracks include Tucson Raceway Park and Rillito Downs. Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona. Rillito Downs is an in-town destination on weekends in January and February each year. This historic track held the first organized quarter horse races in the world, and they are still racing there. Unfortunately, the racetrack is threatened by development.
The city has more than 120 parks, including Reid Park Zoo. There are five public golf courses located in Tucson. Several scenic parks and points of interest are also located nearby, including the Tucson Botanical Gardens, Tohono Chul Park, Saguaro National Park, Sabino Canyon, and Biosphere 2 (just north of the city, in the town of Oracle).
Mt. Lemmon, 25 miles (40 km) north (by road) and over 6,700 feet (2,000 m) above Tucson, is located in the Coronado National Forest. Outdoor activities in the summer include hiking, birding, rock climbing, picnicking, camping, sky rides at Ski Valley, fishing and touring. In the winter, skiing and/or sledding is sometimes available at the southernmost ski resort in the continental United States. Summerhaven, a community near the top of Mt. Lemmon, is also a popular destination.
The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually. Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the League of American Bicyclists. The city is known for its winter cycling opportunities. Both road and mountain biking are popular in and around Tucson with trail areas including Starr Pass and Fantasy Island.
Media[link]
There is one major daily newspaper in Tucson, the morning Arizona Daily Star. There are also several weekly newspapers, including the Tucson Weekly (an "alternative" publication), Inside Tucson Business, and the Explorer. The Downtown Tucsonan, Tucson Lifestyle Magazine, "Lovin' Life News", DesertLeaf, and Zócalo Magazine are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona's student newspaper, and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper.
The Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 68th largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,310 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.).[75] The major television networks serving Tucson are: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KTTU 18 (My Network TV), and KWBA 58 (The CW). KUAT-TV 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona (as is sister station KUAS 27).
Education[link]
Post-secondary education[link]
- University of Arizona: established in 1885; the second largest university in the state in terms of enrollment with over 36,000 students.
- Pima Community College has ten campuses.
- Arizona State University, College of Public Programs, School of Social Work, Tucson Component has for over 30 years conferred Bachelor's of Social Work (BSW) and Master's of Social Work (MSW) degrees to those who have earned them at their Tucson Campus.
- Tucson College has one Tucson campus.
- Brown Mackie College has one Tucson campus.
- University of Phoenix has four Tucson campuses.
- The Art Institute of Tucson has one campus.
- Prescott College has a Tucson branch campus.
- Northern Arizona University has a Tucson branch campus.
- Arizona School of Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine.[76]
- The Art Center Design College has two Tucson campus
Primary and secondary schools[link]
Main article: List of primary and secondary schools in Tucson, AZ
Primarily, students of the Tucson area attend public schools in the Tucson Unified School District (TUSD). TUSD has the second highest enrollment of any school district in Arizona, behind Mesa Unified School District in the Phoenix metropolitan area. There are also many publicly funded charter schools with a specialized curriculum.[77]
Transportation[link]
Public transit[link]
Further information: Sun Tran
Local public transit in Tucson is provided by Sun Tran, which operates a network of bus routes. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005 and serves the major part of the Tucson metropolitan area. Construction of a 3.9-mile (6.3 km) modern streetcar line is planned, as part of a Regional Transportation Authority plan approved by area voters in May 2006.[78]
Old Pueblo Trolley operates weekend heritage streetcar service between the Fourth Avenue Business District and the University of Arizona. The service extended south, into the downtown district, as part of the Fourth Avenue underpass reconstruction project.
Tucson Modern Streetcar[link]
Further information: Sun Link
The Tucson Modern Streetcar is a project that is currently under construction. Once completed, the Tucson Modern Streetcar route will connect major activity centers such as the University of Arizona, University Main Gate business district, 4th Avenue business district, Congress Avenue Shopping and Entertainment district, and the Mercado District.The project is projected to be finished in mid-2013 with the service beginning in late 2013.[79]
The project is geared towards not only connectivity, but potential retail, office and residential development, called transit-oriented development. The hope for this development is based off the success that was achieved in the Portland Streetcar Alignment.
The streetcar will be integrated with all existing forms of public transit, including the Sun Tran and University of Arizona’s Cat Tran service. Payment for the streetcar will be under a card swipe fare system. One streetcar will hold approximately 130 people. The streetcar will be all electric.
Job creation was a large reason why the project came about. A projected 1,200 new jobs will be created as a direct result of project construction, and 1,650 in roughly 20 industries will be created as a result of construction activities. Along with that, an additional 1,480 long-term jobs will be created due to the streetcar. The project is part of the Buy America movement to maximize economic benefits in the United States. [80]
Other[link]
Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS) is Tucson's public airport and is located six miles (10 km) south of Tucson's central business district. TIA is the second largest commercial airport in Arizona, providing nonstop flights to 17 destinations throughout the United States. Due to the active presence of the Arizona Air National Guard at the site, the airport is much busier than most other airports that have the same level of civilian traffic.
Interstates 10 and 19 are the only two Interstate highways in the metropolitan area. State highway 210 is a shorter freeway that links downtown with the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. Tucson does not have a beltway system as other similarly-sized cities do.
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Tucson three times weekly in both directions, operating its Sunset Limited between Orlando, Florida and Los Angeles, California and Texas Eagle between Chicago and Los Angeles.
Cyclists are common in Tucson due to compatible climate, extensive commuter bike routes, off-road mountain biking trails, and bike facilities throughout the city. The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) was established to serve in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. Tucson was given a gold rating for bicycle friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists[81] in late April 2006.
Sister cities[link]
Tucson has twelve sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:
Fiesole, Tuscany, Italy
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Almaty, Kazakhstan
County Roscommon, Ireland
Liupanshui, China
Nouakchott, Mauritania
Pécs, Hungary
Segovia, Castile and León, Spain
Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Taichung City, Taiwan
Trikala, Greece
João Pessoa, Brazil
See also[link]
- List of people from Tucson, Arizona
- List of tallest buildings in Tucson
- Davis-Monthan Air Force Base
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Pima County, Arizona
- Optics Valley
- Tucson Garbage Project
- 2011 Tucson shooting
- Sons of Tucson
References[link]
- ^ "Fact Finder". U.S. Census. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ a b Wright, Erik J. (October 2010). "'"Yes, Here I am Again! Tucson's Prize Bandit of 1878: William W. Brazelton'". Wild West History Association: Journal 3(5): 43–48.
- ^ Barra, Alan (December 1998). Who Was Wyatt Earp?. 49. American Heritage Magazine. http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/8/1998_8_76.shtml.
- ^ "Another Assassination Frank Stilwell Found Dead this Morning Being Another Chapter in the Earp-Clanton Tragedy". Tombstone, Arizona. March 27, 1882. p. 4. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84021939/1882-03-27/ed-1/seq-4.
- ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
- ^ "Feliz Cumpleaños (Happy Birthday) Tucson! - Carolyn's Community". Tucsoncitizen.com. 2010-08-20. http://tucsoncitizen.com/community/2010/08/20/feliz-cumpleanos-happy-birthday-tucson/. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ "KTUS Tucson International Airport Tucson, Arizona, USA". Airnav.com. http://www.airnav.com/airport/TUS. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ Tucsonpresidiotruste.org[dead link]
- ^ Barrio historico Tucson. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Barrio Anita Historic District. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Images of America: Early Tucson, by Anne I. Woosley and the Arizona Historical Society; (c) 2008 Arcadia Publishing; ISBN 0-7385-5646-7
- ^ By Rob O’Dell Arizona Daily Star (2010-10-29). "Azstarnet.com". Azstarnet.com. http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_b255ce66-e3a3-11df-aefc-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ "Kvoa.com". Kvoa.com. 2010-06-23. http://www.kvoa.com/news/rio-nuevo-town-hall-packed/. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ Arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in Tucson on the east side. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Tucson Neighbourhoods, Locations and Districts: Locations in Tucson Area, AZ, USA". Tucson.world-guides.com. http://www.tucson.world-guides.com/tucson_districts.html. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ Tucson, U.S.A. | Emporis.com. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Arizona Heritage Traveler – Public Buildings – Pima County Courthouse.[dead link]
- ^ El Charro Café. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Arizonaguide.com, retrieved 12-14-2010
- ^ IMG.groundspeak.com, retrieved 12-14-2010
- ^ CMS3.tucsonaz.gov, retrieved 12-14-2010
- ^ Santa Catalina Mountains, Moon Handbooks: Arizona. Retrieved 2010-03-12
- ^ University of Arizona Opens Sky Center To Public (Press Release at VisitTucson.org). Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ About us, Mt. Lemmon Sky Center. Retrieved 12-16-10
- ^ McKnight & Hess, pp. 212 ff, "Climate Zones and Types: Dry Climates (Zone B)".
- ^ Trends in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers in southeastern Arizona, 1985–1996. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Springerlink.com". Springerlink.com. http://www.springerlink.com/. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ NWS Tucson Office Monsoon tracker. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Two underpasses leading towards downtown Tucson from the north, at Sixth Avenue and Stone Avenue, have such "feet of water" scales.
- ^ Arizona State Legislature, ARS 28-910, Liability for emergency responses in flood areas; definitions. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Tucson University of Arizona, Arizona – Climate Summary. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Tucso WSO AP, Arizona – Climate Summary. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=twc. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Tucson, AZ". http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USAZ0247. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Tucson". http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/tucson_e.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
- ^ This story was written by 050910. "D-M awards solar photovoltaic utility contract to SunEdison". Dm.af.mil. http://www.dm.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123222163. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ Globalsolar.com, retrieved 12-15-10
- ^ Uatechpark.org, retrieved 12-15-10
- ^ Cadmium telluride solar cell, retrieved 12-15-10
- ^ University of Arizona water sustainability report. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Clearwater Frequently Asked Questions | The Official Website for the City of Tucson, Arizona". Cms3.tucsonaz.gov. http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/water/clearwater_faqs. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ "Tucson Water’s Long Range Water Resource Planning". City of Tucson. http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/files/water/docs/coloradoriver.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ "Tucson's Water Heritage", City of Tucson. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Reclaimed Water". City of Tucson. 2012. http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/water/reclaimed. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "Reclaimed Water". City of Tucson. 2012. http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/water/reclaimed. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 16.
- ^ "Subcounty population estimates: Arizona 2000–2007" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-03-18. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2007-4.csv. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ "Factfinder.census.gov". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0477000&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G2000_B03001. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "Tucson city, Arizona – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006-2008". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0477000&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ a b "Tucson (city), Arizona". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0477000.html.
- ^ "Arizona - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html.
- ^ CNN.com Election 2004. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Local and National Election Results. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ 2008 General Election. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Post Office Location – TUCSON." United States Postal Service. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Mayor Profile. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Fischer, Alan D. "Optics Valley: Can Tucson stay king of the hill?" Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Long, Levy J. (October 10, 2006). "Luxury labels: Tiffany, Louis Vuitton could inspire more high-end retailers to try Tucson." Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Tucson Gem and Mineral Society. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ The Tucson Folk Festival homepage. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "TAWN history". http://tawn.org/TAWN%20History.pdf.
- ^ "The Tucson Rodeo Parade". http://www.tucsonrodeoparade.com/Pages001/Parade.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Tucson Meet Yourself, Tucson Festival, Tucson Folk Arts, Tucson Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Regan, Margaret."Ninety and Nimble". Tucson Weekly. Tucson, Arizona. October 7, 2004.
- ^ Thewildlifemuseum.org, retrieved 12-15-10
- ^ Thewildlifemuseum.org, retrieved 12-15-10
- ^ B2science.org, retrieved 2010-12-15
- ^ "Critics' Choice Awards: Best Band or Artist: Calexico". Tucson Weekly. June 29, 2006. http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/critics-choice-awards/Content?oid=1084553. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Finley, Patrick (2011-12-29). "Tucson Padres owner to look at selling team". Arizona Daily Star. http://azstarnet.com/sports/baseball/professional/minor/tucson-padres-new-california-stadium-deal-looks-unlikely/article_8ee8ffec-3254-11e1-85ad-001871e3ce6c.html. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ Trotto, Sarah (2011-04-16). "TUCSON PADRES NOTEBOOK: Moorad: Kino may be a long-term option". Arizona Daily Star. http://azstarnet.com/sports/baseball/professional/mlb/tucson-padres-notebook-moorad-kino-may-be-a-long-term/article_dcf103af-640e-558f-b448-550b3ebe84fb.html#ixzz1kCCYAMFN. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ Finley, Patrick (2011-12-30). "Tucson Padres: Club sale likely after Calif. ruling". Arizona Daily Star. http://azstarnet.com/sports/baseball/professional/minor/tucson-padres-club-sale-likely-after-calif-ruling/article_158a551f-b295-58ef-ad5d-5d71fa50f7b5.html. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ Holmes, Gary. "Nielsen Reports 1.1% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2006–2007 Season." Nielsen Media Research. August 23, 2006. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Arizona School of Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ The Arizona Daily Star annual survey of private and charter schools.[dead link]
- ^ "Federal Transit Administration Gives Approval to the Tucson Modern Streetcar Project" (Press release). Tucson Department of Transportation. October 1, 2009. http://dot.tucsonaz.gov/news/details.cfm?id=604. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ http://www.tucsonstreetcar.com/
- ^ http://www.dot.gov/buyamerica/
- ^ "League Names New Bicycle Friendly Communities". 2006-04-24. http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/042406_press.php. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
Further reading[link]
- Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1888, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530–1888. The History Company, San Francisco.
- Cooper, Evelyn S., 1995, Tucson in Focus: The Buehman Studio. Arizona Historical Society, Tucson. (ISBN 0-910037-35-3).
- Dobyns, Henry F., 1976, Spanish Colonial Tucson. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 0-8165-0546-2).
- Drachman, Roy P., 1999, From Cowtown to Desert Metropolis: Ninety Years of Arizona Memories. Whitewing Press, San Francisco. (ISBN 1-888965-02-9).
- Fontana, Bernard L., 1996, Biography of a Desert Church: The Story of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Smoke Signal, Tucson Corral of the Westerners.
- Hand, George, 1995, Whiskey, Six-Guns and Red-Light Ladies. High Lonesome Books, Silver City, New Mexico. (ISBN 0-944383-30-0).
- Hand, George, 1996, The Civil War in Apacheland. High Lonesome Books, Silver City, New Mexico. (ISBN 0-944383-36-X).
- Harte, John Bret, 2001, Tucson: Portrait of a Desert Pueblo. American Historical Press, Sun Valley, California. (ISBN 1-892724-25-1).
- Henry, Bonnie, 1992, Another Tucson. Arizona Daily Star, Tucson. (ISBN 0-9607758-2-X).
- Kalt III, William D., 2007, Tucson Was a Railroad Town., VTD Rail Publishing, Tucson. (ISBN 978-0-9719915-4-5).
- Logan, Michael F. Desert Cities: The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson. (2006). 240 pp.
- McIntyre, Allan J. and the Arizona Historical Society, 2008, The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta., Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 978-0-7385-5633-8).
- Moisés, Rosalio, 2001, The Tall Candle: The Personal Chronicle of a Yaqui Indian. University of Nebraska Press. (ISBN 0-8032-0747-6).
- Painter, Muriel Thayer, 1971, A Yaqui Easter. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 0-8165-0168-8). Read online.
- Ronstadt, Edward E. (editor), 1993, Borderman: The Memoirs of Federico Jose Maria Ronstadt. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. (ISBN 0-8263-1462-7) Read online.
- Schellie, Don, 1968, Vast Domain of Blood: The Story of the Camp Grant Massacre. Westernlore Press, Tucson.
- Sheaffer, Jack and Steve Emerine, 1985, Jack Sheaffer's Tucson, 1945–1965. Arizona Daily Star, Tucson. (ISBN 0-9607758-1-1).
- Sheridan, Thomas E., 1983, Del Rancho al Barrio: The Mexican legacy of Tucson. Arizona Historical Society, Tucson.
- Sheridan, Thomas E., 1992, Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854–1941. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 0-8165-1298-1).
- Sonnichsen, C. L., 1987, Tucson: The Life and Times of an American City. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. (ISBN 0-8061-2042-8).
- Woodward, Richard B. (January 3, 2010). "36 Hours in Tucson, Ariz.". The New York Times. http://travel.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/travel/03hours.html. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- Woosley, Anne I. and the Arizona Historical Society: 2008, Early Tucson. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 0-7385-5646-7).
- www.amstucson.org
External links[link]
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- Official government website
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Arizona. For other uses, see Arizona (disambiguation).
| State of Arizona | |||||
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| Nickname(s): The Grand Canyon State; The Copper State |
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| Motto(s): Ditat Deus | |||||
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| Official language(s) | English | ||||
| Spoken language(s) | English 72.58%[1] Spanish 21.57%[1] Navajo 1.54%[1] |
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| Demonym | Arizonan[2] | ||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Phoenix | ||||
| Largest metro area | Phoenix Metropolitan Area | ||||
| Area | Ranked 6th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 113,990[3] sq mi (295,234 km2) |
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| - Width | 310 miles (500 km) | ||||
| - Length | 400 miles (645 km) | ||||
| - % water | 0.35 | ||||
| - Latitude | 31° 20′ North to 37° North | ||||
| - Longitude | 109° 03′ West to 114° 49′ West | ||||
| Population | Ranked 16th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 6,482,505 (2011 est)[4] | ||||
| - Density | 57/sq mi (22/km2) Ranked 33rd in the U.S. |
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| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Humphreys Peak[5][6][7] 12,637 ft (3852 m) |
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| - Mean | 4,100 ft (1250 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Colorado River at the Sonora border[6][7] 72 ft (22 m) |
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| Admission to Union | February 14, 1912 (48th) | ||||
| Governor | Jan Brewer (R) | ||||
| Secretary of State | Ken Bennett (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Arizona Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | John McCain (R) Jon Kyl (R) |
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| U.S. House delegation | Five Republicans and three Democrats (list) | ||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - Most of state | Mountain: UTC-7 | ||||
| - Navajo Nation | Mountain: UTC-7/-6 | ||||
| Abbreviations | AZ Ariz. US-AZ | ||||
| Website | www.az.gov | ||||
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| The Flag of Arizona. | |
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| Animate insignia | |
| Amphibian | Arizona Tree Frog |
| Bird(s) | Cactus Wren |
| Butterfly | Two-tailed Swallowtail |
| Fish | Apache trout |
| Flower(s) | Saguaro Cactus blossom |
| Mammal(s) | Ring-tailed Cat |
| Reptile | Arizona Ridge-Nosed Rattlesnake |
| Tree | Palo verde |
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| Inanimate insignia | |
| Colors | Blue, Old Gold |
| Firearm | Colt Single Action Army revolver |
| Fossil | Petrified wood |
| Gemstone | Turquoise |
| Mineral | Fire Agate |
| Rock | Petrified wood |
| Ship(s) | USS Arizona |
| Slogan(s) | The Grand Canyon State |
| Soil | Casa Grande |
| Song(s) | "Arizona March Song" "Arizona" (alternate) |
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| Route marker(s) | |
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| Released in 2008 | |
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| Lists of United States state insignia | |
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. Arizona has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, and it has one point in common with the southwestern corner of Colorado. Arizona has a 389-mile (626 km)-long international border with the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California.
Arizona is the most populous landlocked state of the United States, ranking slightly ahead of Tennessee as of 2011. In addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, several national forests, national parks, and national monuments are located in Arizona. About one-quarter of Arizona[8] is federal land that serves as the home of the Navajo Nation; the Hopi tribe; the Tohono O'odham; the Apache tribe; the Yaqui peoples; and various Yuman tribes, such as the Yavapai people, the Quechan people, and the Hualapai people.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The general consensus is that the name of the state comes from an earlier Spanish name, Arizonac, derived from the O'odham name alĭ ṣonak, meaning “small spring”, which initially applied only to an area near the Mexican silver mining camp of Planchas de Plata, Sonora.[9][10][11][12] This is supported by the fact that that area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the O'odham language.[13] Other possible origins that have been proposed are the Spanish phrase árida zona (“arid zone”), shortened to “Arizona” or the Basque phrase aritz ona (“the good oak”).[14][15][16]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Arizona
- See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, and national forests.
Arizona is located in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state in area, after New Mexico and before Nevada. Of the state's 113,998 square miles (295,000 km2), approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land and Native American reservations.
Arizona is best known for its desert landscape, which is rich in xerophyte plants such as the cactus. It is also known for its climate, which presents exceptionally hot summers and mild winters. Less well known is the pine-covered high country of the Colorado Plateau in the north-central portion of the state, which contrasts with the desert Basin and Range region in the southern portions of the state (see Arizona Mountains forests).
File:MOGOLLONRIM AZ17.jpg
View from Mogollon Rim
Like other states of the Southwest, Arizona has an abundance of topographical characteristics in addition to its desert climate. Mountains and plateaus are found in more than half of the state. Despite the state's aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest,[17] a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The largest stand in the world of Ponderosa pine trees is contained in Arizona.[18]
The Mogollon Rim, a 1,998-foot (609 m) escarpment, cuts across the central section of the state and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau, where the state experienced its second worst forest fire ever in 2002.
Arizona belongs firmly within the Basin and Range region of North America. The region was shaped by prehistoric volcanism, followed by the cooling-off and related subsidence.
The Grand Canyon is a colorful, steep-sided gorge, carved by the Colorado River, in northern Arizona. The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park—one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area, visiting on numerous occasions to hunt mountain lion and enjoy the scenery.
The canyon was created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years, and is about 277 miles (446 km) long, ranges in width from 4 to 18 miles (6 to 29 km) and attains a depth of more than 1 mile (1.6 km). Nearly 2 billion years of the Earth's history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateaus have uplifted.
Arizona is home to one of the most well-preserved meteorite impact sites in the world. The Barringer Meteorite Crater (better known simply as “Meteor Crater”) is a gigantic hole in the middle of the high plains of the Colorado Plateau, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Winslow. A rim of smashed and jumbled boulders, some of them the size of small houses, rises 150 feet (46 m) above the level of the surrounding plain. The crater itself is nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and 570 feet (170 m) deep.
Arizona is one of two states that does not observe Daylight Saving Time, except in the Navajo Nation, located in the northeastern region of the state. The other state is Hawaii.
Climate[link]
Due to its large area and variations in elevation the state has a wide variety of localized climate conditions. In the lower elevations, the climate is primarily desert, with mild winters and hot summers. Typically, from late fall to early spring, the weather is mild, averaging a minimum of 60 °F (16 °C). November through February are the coldest months with temperatures typically ranging from 40–75 °F (4–24 °C), although occasional frosts are not uncommon. About midway through February, the temperatures start to rise again with warm days, and cool breezy nights. The summer months of June through September bring a dry heat ranging from 90–128 °F (32–53 °C), with occasional high temperatures exceeding 128 °F (53 °C) having been observed in the desert area.[19] Arizona’s all time record high is 128 °F (53 °C) recorded at Lake Havasu City on June 29, 1994, and July 5, 2007; the all time record low of −40 °F (−40 °C) was recorded at Hawley Lake on January 7, 1971.
Due to the primarily dry climate, large temperature swings often occur between day and night in less developed areas of the desert. The swings can be as large as 50 °F (28 °C) in the summer months. In the state’s urban centers, the effects of local warming result in much higher measured nighttime lows than in the recent past.
Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7 inches (323 mm),[20] which comes during two rainy seasons, with cold fronts coming from the Pacific Ocean during the winter and a monsoon in the summer.[6] The monsoon season occurs towards the end of summer. In July or August, the dewpoint rises dramatically for a brief period. During this time, the air contains large amounts of water vapor. Dewpoints as high as 81 °F (27 °C)[21] have been recorded during the Phoenix monsoon season. This hot moisture brings lightning, thunderstorms, wind, and torrential, if usually brief, downpours. These downpours often cause flash floods, which can turn deadly. In an attempt to deter drivers from crossing flooding streams, the Arizona Legislature enacted the Stupid Motorist Law. It is rare for tornadoes and hurricanes to occur in Arizona, but there are records of both occurring.
The northern third of Arizona is a plateau at significantly higher altitudes than the lower desert, and has an appreciably cooler climate, with cold winters and mild summers. Extremely cold temperatures are not unknown; cold air systems from the northern states and Canada occasionally push into the state, bringing temperatures below 0 °F (−18 °C) to the northern parts of the state.
Indicative of the variation in climate, Arizona is the state which has both the metropolitan area with the most days over 100 °F (38 °C) (Phoenix), and the metropolitan area in the lower 48 states with nearly the most days with a low temperature below freezing (Flagstaff).[22]
History[link]
Main article: History of Arizona
File:Grand Canyon, Bryce, Capitol Reef Trip 281.jpg
The North Rim of the Grand Canyon
Marcos de Niza, a Spanish Franciscan, explored parts of the area in 1539 and met some of its original native inhabitants, probably the Sobaipuri. The expedition of Spanish explorer Coronado entered the area in 1540–1542 during its search for Cíbola. Father Kino was the next European in the region. A member of the Society of Jesus, he led the development of a chain of missions and converted many of the Indians to Christianity in the Pimería Alta (now southern Arizona and northern Sonora) in the 1690s and early 18th century. Spain founded presidios (“fortified towns”) at Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775. When Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821, what is now Arizona became part of the Territory of Nueva California, also known as Alta California.[23] In the Mexican–American War (1847), the U.S. occupied Mexico City and pursued its claim to much of northern Mexico, including what later became Arizona. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) specified that the sum of US$15 million in compensation (equivalent to about $403 million in 2012[24]) be paid to the Republic of Mexico.[25] In 1853, the land below the Gila River was acquired from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona was administered as part of the Territory of New Mexico until southern New Mexico seceded[26] from the Union as the Confederate Territory of Arizona on March 16, 1861. Arizona was recognized as a Confederate Territory by presidential proclamation of Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862. This is the first official use of the name. Arizona supported the Confederate cause with men, horses, and supplies. Formed in 1862 Arizona Scout Companies fought with the Confederate Army throughout the war. Arizona has the farthest recorded Western engagement of the war, the Battle of Picacho Pass. A new Arizona Territory, consisting of the western half of New Mexico Territory was declared in Washington, D.C., on February 24, 1863. The new boundaries would later form the basis of the state.
Although names, including “Gadsonia”, “Pimeria”, “Montezuma” and “Arizuma” had been considered for the territory,[27] when President Lincoln signed the final bill, it read “Arizona”, and the name became permanent. (Montezuma was not the Aztec Emperor, but the sacred name of a divine hero to the Pima people of the Gila River Valley, and was probably considered—and rejected—for its sentimental value before the name “Arizona” was settled upon.)
Brigham Young sent Mormons to Arizona in the mid-to-late 19th century. They founded Mesa, Snowflake, Heber, Safford and other towns. They also settled in the Phoenix Valley (or “Valley of the Sun”), Tempe, Prescott, and other areas. The Mormons settled what became northern Arizona and northern New Mexico, but these areas were located in a part of the former New Mexico Territory.
During the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, a few battles were fought in the Mexican towns just across the border from Arizonan border settlements. Throughout the revolution, Arizonans were enlisting in one of the several armies fighting in Mexico. The Battle of Ambos Nogales in 1918, other than Pancho Villa’s 1916 Columbus Raid in New Mexico, was the only significant engagement on U.S. soil between American and Mexican forces. The battle resulted in an American victory. After U.S. soldiers were fired on by Mexican federal troops, the American garrison then launched an assault into Nogales, Mexico. The Mexicans eventually surrendered after both sides sustained heavy casualties. A few months earlier, just west of Nogales, an Indian War battle occurred, thus being the last engagement in the American Indian Wars which lasted from 1775 to 1918. The participants in the fight were U.S. soldiers stationed on the border and Yaqui Indians who were using Arizona as a base to raid the nearby Mexican settlements, as part of their wars against Mexico.
Arizona became a U.S. state on February 14, 1912. This resulted in the end to the territorial colonization of Continental North America. Arizona was the 48th state admitted to the U.S. and the last of the contiguous states to be admitted.
Cotton farming and copper mining, two of Arizona’s most important statewide industries, suffered heavily during the Great Depression, but it was during the 1920s and 1930s that tourism began to be the important Arizonan industry it is today. Dude ranches, such as the K L Bar and Remuda in Wickenburg, along with the Flying V and Tanque Verde in Tucson, gave tourists the chance to experience the flavor and life of the “old West”. Several upscale hotels and resorts opened during this period, some of which are still top tourist draws to this day; they include the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in central Phoenix (opened 1929) and the Wigwam Resort on the west side of the Phoenix area (opened 1936).
Arizona was the site of German and Italian POW camps during World War II and Japanese-American internment camps. The camps were abolished after World War II. The Phoenix area site was purchased after the war by the Maytag family (of major home appliance fame), and is currently the site of the Phoenix Zoo. A Japanese-American internment camp was located on Mount Lemmon, just outside of the state’s southeastern city of Tucson. Another POW camp was located near the Gila River in eastern Yuma County. Because of wartime fears of Japanese invasion of the west coast, all Japanese-American residents in western Arizona were required to reside in the war camps.
Arizona was also home to the Phoenix Indian School, one of several federal institutions designed to forcibly assimilate Native American children into Anglo-American culture. Children were often enrolled into these schools against the wishes of their parents and families. Attempts to suppress native identities included forcing the children to cut their hair and take on English names.[28]
Arizona’s population grew tremendously after World War II, in part because of the development of air conditioning, which made the intense summers more comfortable. According to the Arizona Blue Book (published by the Arizona Secretary of State’s office each year), the state population in 1910 was 294,353. By 1970, it was 1,752,122. The percentage growth each decade averaged about 20% in the earlier decades and about 60% each decade thereafter.
The 1960s saw the establishment of retirement communities, special age-restricted subdivisions catering exclusively to the needs of senior citizens who wanted to escape the harsh winters of the Midwest and the Northeast. Sun City, established by developer Del Webb and opened in 1960, was one of the first such communities. Green Valley, south of Tucson, was another such community and was designed to be a retirement subdivision for Arizona’s teachers. Many senior citizens arrive in Arizona each winter and stay only during the winter months; they are referred to as snowbirds.
In March 2000, Arizona was the site of the first legally binding election to nominate a candidate for public office ever held over the internet.[29] In the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary, under worldwide attention, Al Gore defeated Bill Bradley, and voter turnout increased more than 500% over the 1996 primary.
Three ships named USS Arizona have been christened in honor of the state, although only USS Arizona (BB-39) was so named after statehood was achieved.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Arizona
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Arizona was 6,482,505 on July 1, 2011, a 1.42% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[4]
Arizona remained sparsely settled for most of the 19th century.[30] The 1860 census reported the population of “Arizona County” to be 6,482, of whom 4,040 were listed as “Indians”, 21 as “free colored” and 2,421 as “white”.[31][32] In 1980, the Census Bureau reported Arizona's population as 16.2% Hispanic, 5.6% Native American, and 74.5% non-Hispanic white.[33] As of 2006, Arizona had an estimated population of 6,166,318.[34] Arizona’s continued population growth puts an enormous stress on the state’s water supply.[35]
The population of metropolitan Phoenix increased by 45.3% from 1991 through 2001, helping to make Arizona the second fastest growing state in the U.S. in the 1990s (the fastest was Nevada).[36] As of January 2012, the population of the Phoenix area is estimated to be over 4.3 million.
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Arizona had a population of 6,392,017. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 73.0% White (57.8% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 4.1% Black or African American, 4.6% Native American and Alaska Native, 2.8% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 11.9% from Some Other Race, and 3.4% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 29.6% of the state’s population.[37]
Arizona’s five largest ancestry groups, as of 2009, were:[38]
Arizona is home to the largest number of speakers of Native American languages in the 48 contiguous states, with over 85,000 individuals speaking Navajo,[1] and 10,403 persons reporting Apache as the language spoken at home in 2005.[1] Arizona’s Apache County has the highest concentration of speakers of Native American Indian languages in the United States.[39]
In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 7.9% of the population. This was the second highest percentage of any state in the U.S.[40][41]
Religion[link]
As of the year 2000, the RCMS[42] reported that the three largest denominational groups in Arizona were Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant and Mainline Protestant. The Roman Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Arizona (at 974,883), followed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 251,974 members reported and the Southern Baptist Convention, reporting 138,516 adherents. The religious body with the largest number of congregations is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (with 805 congregations[43]) followed by the Southern Baptist Convention (with 323 congregations).
According to a 2007 survey conducted by The Pew Forum, the religious affiliation of the people of Arizona were:[44]
- Protestant– 40%
- Mainline – 15%
- Evangelical – 23%
- Other Protestant – 2%
- Roman Catholic – 25%
- Unaffiliated – 22%
- LDS (Mormon) – 4%
- Jehovah Witness – 1%
- Jewish – 1%
- Buddhist – 1%
- Other Religions – 4%
- Don't Know/Refused – 2%
LGBT[link]
A November 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 44% of Arizona voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 45% opposed it and 12% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 72% of respondents supported legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 40% supporting same-sex marriage, 32% supporting civil unions, 27% opposing all legal recognition and 1% not sure.[45]
Economy[link]
The 2011 total gross state product was $259 billion. This figure gives Arizona a larger economy than such countries as Ireland, Finland, and New Zealand. The composition of the state's economy is moderately diverse; although health care, transportation and the government remain the largest sectors. The hub of economic output remains in the phoenix metropolitan area accounting for approximately 74% of the states domestic product. Arizona’s projected $1.5 billion deficit for fiscal year 2012, one of the largest in the country, behind such states as Texas, California, Michigan, and Florida, to name a few.[46][47]
The state’s per capita income is $40,828, ranking 39th in the U.S. The state had a median household income of US$50,448, making it 22nd in the country and just below the U.S. national median.[48] Early in its history, Arizona’s economy relied on the “five C’s”: copper (see Copper mining in Arizona), cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate (tourism). At one point, Arizona was the largest producer of cotton in the country. Copper is still extensively mined from many expansive open-pit and underground mines, accounting for two-thirds of the nation’s output.
Employment[link]
The state government is Arizona’s largest employer, while Wal-Mart is the state’s largest private employer, with 17,343 employees (2008). As of June 2010, the state’s unemployment rate was 9.6%.[49]
Nearly 70 percent of the land in Arizona is owned by the U.S. government, which leases a portion of the public domain to ranchers or miners.
Largest employers[link]
According to the Arizona Republic, the largest private employers in the state as of 2010 were:[50]
| Rank | Company | Employees | Industry |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. | 30,000 | Discount retailer |
| 2 | Banner Health | 28,353 | Health care |
| 3 | Wells Fargo & Co. | 14,000 | Financial services |
| 4 | Bank of America Corp. | 13,000 | Financial services |
| 5 | McDonald's Corp. | 12,770 | Food service |
| 6 | Apollo Group Inc. | 12,000 | Educational services |
| 7 | Kroger Co. | 12,000 | Grocery stores |
| 8 | Raytheon Co. | 11,500 | Defense (missile manufacturing) |
| 9 | JP Morgan Chase & Co. | 10,500 | Financial services |
| 10 | Honeywell International Inc. | 9,716 | Aerospace manufacturing |
| 11 | Intel Corp. | 9,700 | Semiconductor manufacturing |
| 12 | Target Corp. | 9,300 | Discount retailer |
| 13 | US Airways | 8,926 | Airline |
| 14 | Catholic Healthcare West | 8,291 | Health care |
| 15 | Home Depot Inc. | 8,000 | Retail home improvement |
| 16 | Walgreen Co. | 7,750 | Retail drugstores |
| 17 | Safeway Stores Inc. | 7,500 | Grocery stores |
| 18 | American Express Co. | 7,465 | Financial services |
| 19 | Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. | 7,000 | Mining |
| 20 | Pinnacle West Capital Corp. | 6,900 | Electric utility |
| 21 | Bashas' | 6,641 | Grocery stores |
| 22 | Scottsdale Healthcare | 6,556 | Health care |
| 23 | UA Healthcare | 6,000 | Health care |
| 24 | Circle K Corp. | 5,690 | Convenience stores |
| 25 | General Dynamics | 5,026 | Defense, information systems and technology |
| 26 | Boeing Co. | 4,800 | Aerospace manufacturing |
| 27 (tie) | Carondelet Health Network | 4,690 | Health care |
| 27 (tie) | Mayo Foundation | 4,522 | Health care |
| 29 | CVS Caremark Corp. | 4,500 | Pharmaceutical services (including retail drugstores) |
| 30 | Salt River Project | 4,346 | Utility supplier |
| 31 | Costco Inc. | 4,151 | Membership warehouse club/discount retailer |
| 32 | Abrazo Health Care | 4,089 | Health care |
| 33 | Albertsons Inc. | 4,000 | Grocery stores, retail drugstores |
| 34 | FedEx Corp. | 3,918 | Courier, logistics services |
| 35 | Southwest Airlines Co. | 3,857 | Airline |
| 36 | Marriott International | 3,522 | Resorts and hotels |
| 37 | CenturyLink, Inc. | 3,200 | Telecommunications |
| 38 | United Parcel Service | 3,170 | Package delivery |
| 39 | John C. Lincoln Health Network | 3,166 | Health care |
| 40 | USAA | 3,045 | Financial services |
| 41 | Charles Schwab & Co. Inc. | 3,001 | Financial services |
| 42 | Freescale Semiconductor | 3,000 | Semiconductor manufacturing |
| 43 | IBM Corp. | 3,000 | Technology services |
| 44 | Cox Communications Inc. | 2,997 | Telecommunications |
| 45 | TMC HealthCare | 2,966 | Health care |
| 46 | Verizon Wireless | 2,901 | Mobile network operator |
| 47 | Cigna HealthCare of AZ | 2,865 | Health care |
| 48 | Grand Canyon University | 2,818 | Educational services |
| 49 | Starbucks Coffee Co. | 2,783 | Food service |
| 50 | Go Daddy Group Inc. | 2,754 | Domain name registry/Web hosting service |
In southern Arizona, the top ten largest public employers, as of 2011, were:[51]
| Ranking | Institution/Agency | Employees (2011) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | University of Arizona | 10,481 |
| 2 | State of Arizona | 8,866 |
| 3 | Davis–Monthan Air Force Base | 8,462 |
| 4 | Tucson Unified School District | 6,709 |
| 5 | U.S. Army Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca | 6,225 |
| 6 | Pima County | 6,403 |
| 7 | City of Tucson | 4,930 |
| 8 | Tohono O'odham Nation | 4,350 |
| 9 | United States Border Patrol | 3,530 |
| 10 | Pinal County | 2,340 |
Taxation[link]
Arizona collects personal income taxes in five brackets: 2.87%, 3.20%, 3.74%, 4.72% and 5.04%. The state transaction privilege tax is 6.6%; however, county and municipal sales taxes generally add an additional 2%.
The state rate on transient lodging (hotel/motel) is 7.27%. The state of Arizona does not levy a state tax on food for home consumption or on drugs prescribed by a licensed physician or dentist. However, some cities in Arizona, including Phoenix at 2%, do levy a tax on food for home consumption.
All fifteen Arizona counties levy a tax. Incorporated municipalities also levy transaction privilege taxes which, with the exception of their hotel/motel tax, are generally in the range of 1-to-3%. These added assessments could push the combined sales tax rate to as high as 10.7%.
| Single | Tax Rate | Joint | Tax Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 – $10,000 | 2.870% | 0 – $20,000 | 2.870% |
| $10,000 – $25,000 | 3.200% | $20,001 – $50,000 | 3.200% |
| $25,000 – $50,000 | 3.740% | $50,001 – $100,000 | 3.740% |
| $50,000 – $150,001 | 4.720% | $100,000 – $300,001 | 4.720% |
| $150,001 + | 5.040% | $300,001 + | 5.040% |
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Arizona
Highways[link]
Interstate Highways[link]
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Interstate 8 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 10 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 15 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 17 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 19 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 40
U.S. Routes[link]
U.S. Route 60 | 
U.S. Route 64 | 
U.S. Route 70 | 
U.S. Route 89 | 
U.S. Route 66
U.S. Route 91 | 
U.S. Route 93 | 
U.S. Route 95 | 
U.S. Route 160 | 
U.S. Route 163
U.S. Route 180 | 
U.S. Route 191 | 
U.S. Route 466 | 
U.S. Route 491
Main interstate routes include Interstate 17, and Interstate 19 running north-south, Interstate 40, Interstate 8, and Interstate 10 running east-west, and a short stretch of Interstate 15 running northeast/southwest through the extreme northwestern corner of the state. In addition, the various urban areas are served by complex networks of state routes and highways, such as the Loop 101, which is part of Phoenix’s vast freeway system.
Public transportation, Amtrak, and intercity bus[link]
The Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems. Yuma and Flagstaff also have public bus systems. Greyhound Lines serves Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma, and several smaller communities statewide.
A light rail system, called Valley Metro Rail, has recently been completed in Phoenix; it connects Central Phoenix with the nearby cities of Mesa and Tempe. The system officially opened for service in December 2008.
In May 2006, voters in Tucson approved a Regional Transportation Plan (a comprehensive bus transit/streetcar/roadway improvement program), and its funding via a new half-cent sales tax increment. The centerpiece of the plan is a light rail streetcar system (possibly similar to the Portland Streetcar in Oregon) that will travel through the downtown area, connecting the main University of Arizona campus with the Rio Nuevo master plan area on the western edge of downtown.[52]
Amtrak Southwest Chief route serves Northern AZ, stopping at Winslow, Flagstaff, Williams and Kingman. The Texas Eagle and Sunset Limited routes serve South-Central Arizona, stopping at Tucson, Maricopa, Yuma and Benson. Phoenix's Amtrak service was canceled in 1996, and now an Amtrak bus runs between Phoenix and the station in Maricopa.
Aviation[link]
See also: List of airports in Arizona
Airports with regularly scheduled commercial flights include: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX) in Phoenix (the largest airport and the major international airport in the state); Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS) in Tucson; Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA) in Mesa; Yuma International Airport (IATA: NYL, ICAO: KNYL) in Yuma; Prescott Municipal Airport (PRC) in Prescott; Flagstaff Pulliam Airport (IATA: FLG, ICAO: KFLG) in Flagstaff, and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (IATA: GCN, ICAO: KGCN, FAA: GCN), a small, but busy, single-runway facility providing tourist flights, mostly from Las Vegas. Phoenix Sky Harbor is currently 7th busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft movements, and 17th for passenger traffic.[53][54]
Other significant airports without regularly scheduled commercial flights include Scottsdale Municipal Airport (IATA: SCF, ICAO: KSDL) in Scottsdale, and Deer Valley Airport (IATA: DVT, ICAO: KDVT, FAA: DVT) home to two flight training academies and the Nation's busiest general aviation airport.[55]
Law and government[link]
See also: Arizona Constitution, United States congressional delegations from Arizona, List of Arizona Governors, Political party strength in Arizona, and Arizona Revised Statutes
Capitol complex[link]
The state capital of Arizona is Phoenix. The original Capitol building, with its distinctive copper dome, was dedicated in 1901 (construction was completed for $136,000 in 1900), when the area was still a territory. Phoenix became the official state capital with Arizona's admission to the union in 1912.
The House of Representatives and Senate buildings were dedicated in 1960, and an Executive Office Building was dedicated in 1974 (the ninth floor of this building is where the Office of the Governor is located). The original Capitol building was converted into a museum.
The Capitol complex is fronted and highlighted by the richly landscaped Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, named after Wesley Bolin, a governor who died in office in the 1970s. Numerous monuments and memorials are on the site, including the anchor and signal mast from the USS Arizona (one of the U.S. Navy ships sunk in Pearl Harbor), a granite version of the Ten Commandments, and the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
State legislative branch[link]
The Arizona Legislature is bicameral (like the legislature of every other state except Nebraska) and consists of a thirty-member Senate and a 60-member House of Representatives. Each of the thirty legislative districts has one senator and two representatives. Legislators are elected for two-year terms.
Each Legislature covers a two-year period. The first session following the general election is known as the first regular session, and the session convening in the second year is known as the second regular session. Each regular session begins on the second Monday in January and adjourns sine die (terminates for the year) no later than Saturday of the week in which the 100th day from the beginning of the regular session falls. The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, by rule, may extend the session up to seven additional days. Thereafter, the session can only be extended by a majority vote of members present of each house.
The current majority party is the Republican Party, which has held power in both houses since 1993.
Arizona state senators and representatives are elected for two year terms and are limited to four consecutive terms in a chamber, though there is no limit on the total number of terms. When a lawmaker is term-limited from office, it is not uncommon for him or her to run for election in the other chamber.
The fiscal year 2006–07 general fund budget, approved by the Arizona Legislature in June 2006, is slightly less than $10 billion. Besides the money spent on state agencies, it also includes more than $500 million in income- and property tax cuts, pay raises for government employees, and additional funding for the K–12 education system.
State executive branch[link]
Arizona’s executive branch is headed by a governor, who is elected to a four-year term. The governor may serve any number of terms, though no more than two in a row. Arizona is one of the few states that does not maintain a governor’s mansion. During office the governors reside within their private residence, and all executive offices are housed in the executive tower at the state capitol. The current governor of Arizona is Jan Brewer (R). She assumed office after Janet Napolitano had her nomination by Barack Obama for Secretary of Homeland Security confirmed by the United States Senate.[56] Arizona has had four female governors including the current Governor Jan Brewer, more than any other state.
Other elected executive officials include the Secretary of State, State Treasurer, State Attorney General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Mine Inspector and a five member Corporation Commission. All elected officials hold a term of four years, and are limited to two consecutive terms (except the office of the state mine inspector, which is exempt from term limits).
Arizona is one of seven states that do not have a specified lieutenant governor. The secretary of state is the first in line to succeed the governor in the event of death, disability, resignation, or removal from office. The line of succession also includes the attorney general, state treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Since 1977, four secretaries of state and one attorney general have risen to Arizona's governorship through these means.
Current elected officials[link]
- Governor of Arizona: Jan Brewer (R)
- Secretary of State: Ken Bennett (R)
- Attorney General: Tom Horne (R)
- State Treasurer: Doug Ducey (R)
- Superintendent of Public Instruction: John Huppenthal (R)
- State Mine Inspector: Joe Hart (R)
- Corporation Commissioners: Gary Pierce (R), Brenda Burns (R), Bob Stump (R), Sandra D. Kennedy (D), and Paul Newman. (D)
State judicial branch[link]
The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in Arizona. The court currently consists of one chief justice, a vice chief justice, and three associate justices. Justices are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a bi-partisian commission, and are re-elected after the initial two years following their appointment. Subsequent re-elections occur every six years. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction in death penalty cases, but almost all other appellate cases go through the Arizona Court of Appeals beforehand. The court has original jurisdiction in a few other circumstances, as outlined in the state constitution. The court may also declare laws unconstitutional, but only while seated en banc. The court meets in the Arizona Supreme Court Building at the capitol complex (at the southern end of Wesley Bolin Plaza).
The Arizona Court of Appeals, further divided into two divisions, is the intermediate court in the state. Division One is based in Phoenix, consists of sixteen judges, and has jurisdiction in the Western and Northern regions of the state, along with the greater Phoenix area. Division Two is based in Tucson, consists of six judges, and has jurisdiction over the Southern regions of the state, including the Tucson area. Judges are selected in a method similar to the one used for state supreme court justices.
Each county of Arizona has a superior court, the size and organization of which are varied and generally depend on the size of the particular county.
Counties[link]
 |
This section appears to contradict itself about the population total (which does not match detail). Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2012) |
Arizona is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. As of 1983 there were 15 counties in the state, ranging in size from 1,238 square miles (3,210 km2) to 18,661 square miles (48,330 km2).
| Arizona Counties | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County name | County seat | Year founded | 2010 population[57] | Percent of total | Area (sq. mi.) | Percent of total |
| Apache | St. Johns | 1879 | 71,518 | 1.12 % | 11,218 | 9.84 % |
| Cochise | Bisbee | 1881 | 131,346 | 2.05 % | 6,219 | 5.46 % |
| Coconino | Flagstaff | 1891 | 134,421 | 2.10 % | 18,661 | 16.37 % |
| Gila | Globe | 1881 | 53,597 | 0.84 % | 4,796 | 4.21 % |
| Graham | Safford | 1881 | 37,220 | 0.58 % | 4,641 | 4.07 % |
| Greenlee | Clifton | 1909 | 8,437 | 0.13 % | 1,848 | 1.62 % |
| La Paz | Parker | 1983 | 20,489 | 0.32 % | 4,513 | 3.96 % |
| Maricopa | Phoenix | 1871 | 3,817,117 | 59.72 % | 9,224 | 8.09 % |
| Mohave | Kingman | 1864 | 200,186 | 3.13 % | 13,470 | 11.82 % |
| Navajo | Holbrook | 1895 | 107,449 | 1.68 % | 9,959 | 8.74 % |
| Pima | Tucson | 1864 | 980,263 | 15.34 % | 9,189 | 8.06 % |
| Pinal | Florence | 1875 | 375,770 | 5.88 % | 5,374 | 4.71 % |
| Santa Cruz | Nogales | 1899 | 47,420 | 0.74 % | 1,238 | 1.09 % |
| Yavapai | Prescott | 1865 | 211,033 | 3.30 % | 8,128 | 7.13 % |
| Yuma | Yuma | 1864 | 195,751 | 3.06 % | 5,519 | 4.84 % |
| Totals: 15 | 6,392,017 | 113,997 | ||||
Federal representation[link]
Arizona's two United States Senators are John McCain (R), the 2008 Republican Presidential Nominee, and Jon Kyl (R).
Arizona's representatives in the United States House of Representatives are Paul A. Gosar (R-1), Trent Franks (R-2), Ben Quayle (R-3), Ed Pastor (D-4), David Schweikert (R-5), Jeff Flake (R-6), and Raul Grijalva (D-7). Arizona gained a ninth seat in the House of Representatives due to redistricting based on Census 2010.
Political culture[link]
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 53.60% 1,230,111 | 45.12% 1,034,707 |
| 2004 | 54.87% 1,104,294 | 44.40% 893,524 |
| 2000 | 50.95% 781,652 | 44.67% 685,341 |
| 1996 | 44.29% 622,073 | 46.52% 653,288 |
| 1992 | 38.47% 572,086 | 36.52% 543,050 |
| 1988 | 59.95% 702,541 | 38.74% 454,029 |
| 1984 | 66.42% 681,416 | 32.54% 333,854 |
| 1980 | 60.61% 529,688 | 28.24% 246,843 |
| 1976 | 56.37% 418,642 | 39.80% 295,602 |
| 1972 | 61.64% 402,812 | 30.38% 198,540 |
| 1968 | 54.78% 266,721 | 35.02% 170,514 |
| 1964 | 50.45% 242,535 | 49.45% 237,753 |
| 1960 | 55.52% 221,241 | 44.36% 176,781 |
See also: Elections in Arizona, Political party strength in Arizona
From statehood through the late 1940s, Arizona was primarily dominated by the Democratic Party. During this time period, the Democratic candidate for the presidency carried the state each election, with the only exceptions being the elections of 1920, 1924 and 1928—all three of which were national Republican landslides.
Since the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, however, the state has voted consistently Republican in national politics, with the Republican candidate winning it in most presidential elections. Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan won Arizona by particularly large margins. The sole exception to this trend was the victory of Democrat Bill Clinton in 1996. Clinton also came within about a percentage point of gaining Arizona's electoral votes in 1992. However, the closest loss by a Democrat was by Lyndon Johnson in 1964, who lost the state by slightly over 5,000 votes to Senator Barry Goldwater, an Arizona native. This was also the most closely contested state in that year's presidential election.
In recent years, the Republican Party has also dominated Arizona politics in general. The fast-growing Phoenix and Tucson suburbs became increasingly friendly to Republicans from the 1950s onward. During this time, many "Pinto Democrats," or conservative Democrats from rural areas, became increasingly willing to support Republicans at the state and national level. While the state normally supports Republicans at the federal level, Democrats are often competitive in statewide elections, as in 2006, when Janet Napolitano was handily reelected the state's governor.
On March 4, 2008, John McCain effectively clinched the Republican nomination for 2008, becoming the first presidential nominee from the state since Barry Goldwater in 1964.
Arizona politics are dominated by a longstanding rivalry between its two largest counties, Maricopa County and Pima County--home to Phoenix and Tucson, respectively. The two counties have almost 75 percent of the state's population and cast almost 80 percent of the state's vote. They also elect a substantial majority of the state legislature.
Maricopa County is home to almost 60 percent of the state's population, and most of the state's elected officials live there. It has voted Republican in every presidential election since 1948. This includes the 1964 run of native son Barry Goldwater; he would not have carried his home state had it not been for a 20,000-vote margin in Maricopa County. Similarly, while McCain won Arizona by eight percentage points in 2008, the margin would have likely been far closer if not for a 130,000-vote margin in Maricopa County.
In contrast, Pima County, home to Tucson, and most of southern Arizona have historically been more Democratic. While Tucson's suburbs lean Republican, they hold to a somewhat more moderate brand of Republicanism than is common in the Phoenix area.
Arizona rejected a same-sex marriage ban in a referendum as part of the 2006 elections. Arizona was the first state in the nation to do so. Same-sex marriage was already illegal in Arizona, but this amendment would have denied any legal or financial benefits to unmarried homosexual or heterosexual couples.[58] In 2008, Arizona voters passed Proposition 102, an amendment to the state constitution to define marriage as a union of one man and one woman, though by a narrower majority than similar votes in a number of other states.[59]
In 2010, Arizona passed the toughest illegal immigration legislation in the nation, igniting a fierce debate between supporters and detractors of the law.[60]
Important cities and towns[link]
See also: List of localities in Arizona, List of cities in Arizona (by population), and List of Arizona counties
Phoenix, located in Maricopa County, is the largest city in Arizona and also the state capital. Other prominent cities in the Phoenix metro area include Mesa (the third largest city in Arizona), Glendale, Peoria, Chandler, Sun City, Sun City West, Fountain Hills, Surprise, Gilbert, El Mirage, Avondale, Tempe, Tolleson and Scottsdale, with a total metropolitan population of just over 4.3 million.[61]
With a metro population of just over one million, Tucson is the state's second largest city, and is located in Pima County, approximately 110 miles (180 km) southeast of Phoenix. It is home to the University of Arizona.
The Prescott metropolitan area includes the cities of Prescott, Sedona, Cottonwood, Camp Verde and numerous other towns spread out over the 8,123 square miles (21,000 km2) of Yavapai County area. With 212,635 residents, this cluster of towns forms the third largest metropolitan area in the state. The city of Prescott (population 41,528) lies approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Situated in pine tree forests at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,700 m), Prescott enjoys a much cooler climate than Phoenix, with average summer highs in the upper 80s Fahrenheit and winter temperatures averaging 50 °F (10 °C).
Yuma is center of the third largest metropolitan area in Arizona. It is located near the borders of California and Mexico. It is one of the hottest cities in the United States with the average July high of 107 °F (42 °C). (The same month's average in Death Valley is 115 °F (46 °C).) The city also features sunny days about 90% of the year. The Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 160,000. Yuma also attracts many winter visitors from all over the United States.
Flagstaff is the largest city in northern Arizona, and is situated at an elevation of nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m). With its large Ponderosa Pine forests, snowy winter weather and picturesque mountains, it is a stark contrast to the desert regions typically associated with Arizona. It sits at the base of the San Francisco Peaks the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona, with Humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet (3,851 m). Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to numerous tourist attractions including: Grand Canyon National Park, Sedona, and Oak Creek Canyon. Historic U.S. Route 66 is the main east-west street in the town. The Flagstaff metropolitan area is home to 134,421 residents and the main campus of Northern Arizona University.
Lake Havasu City known as "Arizona's playground" resides on the Colorado river and is named after Lake Havasu. Lake Havasu City has a population of about 53,000 people. It is famous for huge spring break parties, sunsets and the London Bridge. Lake Havasu City was founded by Robert P. McCulloch in 1963. It has 2 colleges, Mohave Community College and ASU.
Education[link]
Elementary and secondary education[link]
Public schools in Arizona are separated into about 220 local school districts which operate independently, but are governed in most cases by elected county school superintendents; these are in turn overseen by the Arizona State Board of Education (a division of the Arizona Department of Education) and the state Superintendent of Public Instruction (elected in partisan elections every even-numbered year when there is not a presidential election, for a four-year term). In 2005, a School District Redistricting Commission was established with the goal of combining and consolidating many of these districts.
Higher education[link]
Arizona is served by three public universities: The University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University. These schools are governed by the Arizona Board of Regents.
Private higher education in Arizona is dominated by a large number of for-profit and "chain" (multi-site) universities.[62] Only one traditional (single-site, non-profit, four-year) private college exists in Arizona (Prescott College).[63] Arizona has a wide network of two-year vocational schools and community colleges. These colleges were governed historically by a separate statewide Board of Directors but, in 2002, the state legislature transferred almost all oversight authority to individual community college districts.[64] The Maricopa County Community College District includes 11 community colleges throughout Maricopa County and is one of the largest in the nation.
Public universities in Arizona[link]
- Arizona State University, (Sun Devils) Tempe/Phoenix/Mesa
- Northern Arizona University, (Lumberjacks) Flagstaff/Yuma
- University of Arizona, (Wildcats) Tucson/Sierra Vista and UA Agricultural Center in Yuma
Private colleges and universities in Arizona[link]
|
Community colleges[link]
Sports[link]
Professional sports teams in Arizona include:
| Club | Sport | League | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona Cardinals | Football | National Football League | 2 (1925, 1947) |
| Arizona Diamondbacks | Baseball | Major League Baseball | 1 (2001) |
| Phoenix Coyotes | Ice hockey | National Hockey League | 0 |
| Phoenix Suns | Basketball | National Basketball Association | 0 |
| Arizona Rattlers | Arena Football | Arena Football League | 2 (1994, 1997) |
| Arizona Sundogs | Ice hockey | Central Hockey League | 1 (2007–08) |
| Phoenix Mercury | Basketball | Women's National Basketball Association | 2 (2007, 2009) |
| Arizona Storm | Indoor Soccer | Professional Arena Soccer League | 0 |
| Phoenix Monsoon | Soccer | National Premier Soccer League | 0 |
| FC Tucson | Soccer | USL Premier Development League | 0 |
| Tucson Padres | Baseball | Pacific Coast League | 0 |
| Yuma Scorpions | Baseball | Golden Baseball League | 1 (2007) |
Due to its numerous golf courses, Arizona is home to several stops on the PGA Tour, most notably the Phoenix Open, held at the TPC of Scottsdale, and the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship at the Ritz-Carlton Golf Club in Marana.
With three state universities and several community colleges, college sports are also prevalent in Arizona. The intense rivalry between Arizona State University and the University of Arizona predates Arizona's statehood, and is the oldest rivalry in the NCAA.[65] The thus aptly named Territorial Cup, first awarded in 1889 and certified as the oldest trophy in college football,[66] is awarded to the winner of the “Duel in the Desert,” the annual football game between the two schools. Arizona also hosts several bowl games in the Bowl Championship Series. The Fiesta Bowl, originally held at Sun Devil Stadium, will now be held at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale. The University of Phoenix Stadium was also home to the 2007 BCS National Championship Game and hosted Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008. The Insight Bowl is also held at Sun Devil Stadium.
Besides being home to spring training, Arizona is also home to two other baseball leagues, Arizona Fall League and Arizona Winter League. The Fall League was founded in 1992 and is a minor league baseball league designed for players to refine their skills and perform in game settings in front of major and minor league baseball scouts and team executives, who are in attendance at almost every game. The league got exposure when Michael Jordan started his time in baseball with the Scottsdale Scorpions. The Arizona Winter League, founded in 2007, is a professional baseball league of four teams for the independent Golden Baseball League. The games are played in Yuma at the Desert Sun Stadium, but added two new teams in the California desert, and one more in Sonora for the 2008 season.
Spring training[link]
Arizona is a popular location for Major League Baseball spring training, as it is the site of the Cactus League. The only other location for spring training is in Florida with the Grapefruit League. The Los Angeles Dodgers have a new spring training facility in Phoenix owned by Glendale which opened in 2009, making them the 14th team in Arizona. Spring training has been somewhat of a tradition in Arizona since 1947 (i.e. the Cleveland Indians in Tucson until 1991, and the San Diego Padres in Yuma until 1992) despite the fact that the state did not have its own major league team until the state was awarded the Diamondbacks in Phoenix as an expansion team. The state hosts the following teams:
- Arizona Diamondbacks in Salt River Fields.
- Chicago Cubs in HoHoKam Park of Mesa.
- Chicago White Sox in Camelback Ranch-Glendale of Phoenix.
- Cincinnati Reds in Goodyear Ballpark.
- Cleveland Indians in Goodyear Ballpark.
- Colorado Rockies in Salt River Fields.
- Kansas City Royals in Surprise Stadium, but also in Sun Cities Park near Youngtown.
- Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in Tempe Diablo Stadium
- Los Angeles Dodgers in Camelback Ranch-Glendale of Phoenix.
- Milwaukee Brewers in Maryvale Baseball Park of Phoenix.
- Oakland Athletics in Phoenix Municipal Stadium, but also in Indian School Park in Scottsdale.
- San Diego Padres in Peoria Sports Complex.
- San Francisco Giants in Scottsdale Stadium, but also in Papago Park of Phoenix.
- Seattle Mariners in Peoria Sports Complex, but also in Chandler.
- Texas Rangers in Surprise Stadium.
Art and culture[link]
Visual arts and museums[link]
See also: List of museums in Arizona
Phoenix Art Museum, located on the historic Central Avenue corridor in Phoenix, is the Southwest’s largest collection of visual art from across the world. The museum displays international exhibitions along side the Museum’s collection of more than 18,000 works of American, Asian, European, Latin American, Western American, modern and contemporary art, and fashion design. With a community education mandate since 1951, Phoenix Art Museum holds a year-round program of festivals, live performances, independent art films and educational programs. The museum also has PhxArtKids, an interactive space for children; photography exhibitions through the Museum’s partnership with the Center for Creative Photography; the landscaped Sculpture Garden and dining at Arcadia Farms.
Arizona is a recognized center of Native American art, with a number of galleries showcasing historical and contemporary works. The Heard Museum, also located in Phoenix, is a major repository of Native American art. Some of the signature exhibits include a full Navajo hogan, the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection containing 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the Barry Goldwater Collection of 437 historic Hopi kachina dolls, and an exhibit on the 19th century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum has about 250,000 visitors a year.
Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac are known as a budding artist colonies, and small arts scenes exist in the larger cities and near the state universities.
Film[link]
See also: List of films shot in Arizona
File:Monumentvalleyaz.jpg
Monument Valley in the northeastern part of the state is famous for its scenery and Hollywood Western films.
Several major Hollywood films, such as Billy Jack, U Turn, Waiting to Exhale, Just One of the Guys, Can't Buy Me Love, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, The Scorpion King, The Banger Sisters, Used Cars, and Raising Arizona have been made there (as indeed have many Westerns). The 1993 science fiction movie Fire in the Sky, which was actually based on a reported alien abduction in the town of Snowflake, was set in Snowflake, but filmed in the Oregon towns of Oakland, Roseburg, and Sutherlin.
The climax of the 1977 Clint Eastwood film The Gauntlet takes place in downtown Phoenix. The final segments of the 1984 film Starman take place at Meteor Crater outside Winslow. The Jeff Foxworthy comedy documentary movie Blue Collar Comedy Tour was filmed almost entirely at the Dodge Theatre. Arguably one of the most famous examples could be Alfred Hitchcock's classic film Psycho. Not only was some of the film shot in Phoenix, but the main character is from there as well.
Some of the television shows filmed or set in Arizona include The New Dick Van Dyke Show, Medium, Alice, The First 48, Insomniac with Dave Attell, COPS, and America's Most Wanted. The 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, for which Ellen Burstyn won the Academy Award for Best Actress, and also starred Kris Kristofferson, was set in Tucson, the TV sitcom Alice, which was based on the movie was set in Phoenix. Also the movie, Twilight was filmed in Phoenix at the beginning and the end of the movie.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Arizona
Arizona is prominently featured in the lyrics of many Country and Western songs, such as Jamie O'Neal's hit ballad "There Is No Arizona". George Strait's "Oceanfront Property" uses "ocean front property in Arizona" as a metaphor for a sucker proposition. The line "see you down in Arizona Bay" is used in a Tool song in reference to the possibility that L.A. will one day fall into the ocean.
"Arizona" was the title of a popular song recorded by Mark Lindsay. Arizona is also mentioned by the hit song "Take It Easy" written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and performed by the Eagles. The song includes the lines:
- Well, I'm a standin' on a corner in Winslow, Arizona,
- and such a fine sight to see
- It's a girl, my Lord, in a flatbed Ford,
- slowin' down to take a look at me
Arizona's budding music scene is helped by emerging bands, as well as some well-known artists. The Gin Blossoms, Chronic Future, Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers, Jimmy Eat World, Caroline's Spine, and others began their careers in Arizona. Also, a number of punk bands got their start in Arizona, including JFA, The Feederz, Sun City Girls, The Meat Puppets, The Maine, and more recently Authority Zero.
Arizona also has its share of singers and other musicians. Singer, songwriter and guitarist Michelle Branch is from Sedona. Chester Bennington, the lead vocalist of Linkin Park, Bob Stubbs a former member and drummer of the band Social Distortion lives in Arizona, and mash-up artist DJ Z-Trip are both from Phoenix. One of Arizona's better known musicians would be shock rocker Alice Cooper, who helped define the genre. Maynard James Keenan, the lead singer of the bands, Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer, calls the town of Jerome his current home. Other notable singers include country singer Marty Robbins, folk singer Katie Lee, Fleetwood Mac's Stevie Nicks, CeCe Peniston, Rex Allen, 2007 American Idol winner Jordin Sparks, and Linda Ronstadt.
Arizona is also known for its heavy metal scene, centered in and around Phoenix, which includes bands such as Job for a Cowboy, Knights of the Abyss, Eyes Set To Kill, blessthefall, and Abigail Williams. The band Soulfly calls Phoenix home and Megadeth lived in Phoenix for about a decade.
Miscellaneous topics[link]
Notable people[link]
Some famous Arizonans involved in politics and government are:
- Former United States Secretary of Transportation Mary Peters
- Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
- Former Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist
- Former U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini
- Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio
- Former Graham County Sheriff Richard Mack
- National Education Association President Dennis Van Roekel
- Junior Republican Senator Jon Kyl, current Senate Minority Whip, the No.2 Republican in the Senate.
- Presidential candidate (2000), (2008) and Senior Republican Senator John McCain
- Presidential candidate (1964) and former U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater
- Former Governor, Secretary of the Interior, and Presidential candidate (1988) Bruce Babbitt
- Presidential candidate (1976) and former Arizona congressman Mo Udall and his brother Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall
- Former U.S. Senator Carl Hayden
- Former United States Solicitor General Rex E. Lee.
- Former Governor and Secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama Administration Janet Napolitano
Arizona notables in culture and the arts include:
- Labor leader and civil rights pioneer Cesar Estrada Chavez was from San Luis, near Yuma
- Actors Emma Stone and Gail Edwards
- Author Zane Grey
- Architect Frank Lloyd Wright
- Film director Steven Spielberg grew up in Scottsdale, as did David Spade and Wonder Woman star Lynda Carter
- Musicians Chester Bennington of Linkin Park (Phoenix), Alice Cooper (Phoenix), Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac (Phoenix), Maynard James Keenan of Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer (Jerome), Linda Ronstadt (Tucson), Michelle Branch (Sedona)
- Musicians in the bands Meat Puppets (Phoenix/Tempe), Authority Zero (Mesa), Gin Blossoms (Tempe), Chronic Future (Scottsdale), Jimmy Eat World (Mesa), The Format (Glendale), and Stellar Kart (Phoenix).
- Poet Jim Simmerman of Flagstaff
- Frederick Sommer an artist/photographer moved to Tucson in 1931 and lived in Prescott from 1935–1999
For a complete list, see List of people from Arizona.
State symbols[link]
- Arizona state amphibian: Arizona Treefrog (Hyla eximia)
- Arizona state bird: Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus)
- Arizona state butterfly: Two-tailed Swallowtail (Papilio multicaudata)
- Arizona state colors: Federal Blue and old gold
- Arizona state fish: Arizona Trout (Oncorhynchus gilae apache)
- Arizona state flag: Flag of the State of Arizona
- Arizona state flower: Saguaro blossom (Carnegiea gigantea)
- Arizona state fossil: Petrified wood
- Arizona state gemstone: Turquoise
- Arizona state mammal: Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)
- Arizona state motto: Ditat Deus (Latin God enriches)
- Arizona state neckwear: Bola tie
- Arizona state reptile: Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi)
- Arizona state seal: Great Seal of the State of Arizona
- Arizona state slogan: Grand Canyon State
- Arizona state songs: "Arizona March Song" (by Margaret Rowe Clifford) and "Arizona" (by Rex Allen, Jr.)[67]
- Arizona state tree: Blue Palo Verde (Parkinsonia florida)
- Arizona state gun: Colt Single Action Army revolver
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
- List of people from Arizona
- List of places in Arizona
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e 2005 American Community Survey. Retrieved from the data of the MLA, 2010-07-13
- ^ "Arizona – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2007-04-25. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arizona. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "2010 Census State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Frisco". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=FQ0624. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ All about Arizona. sheppardsoftware.com. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 47
- ^ Kitt, E. O.; Pearce, T. M. (1952). "Arizona Place Name Records". Western Folklore 11 (4): 284–287. DOI:10.2307/1496233. edit
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Arizona". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Arizona. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ McClintock, James (1916). Arizona, Prehistoric, Aboriginal, Pioneer, Modern: The Nation’s Youngest Commonwealth within a Land of Ancient Culture. Chicago: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co.
- ^ Saxton, Dean, Saxton, Lucille, & Enos, Susie. (1983). Dictionary: Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press
- ^ Thompson, Clay (2007-02-25). "A sorry state of affairs when views change". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on 2007-08-01. http://www.azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0225clay0225.html. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ Jim Turner. "How Arizona did NOT Get its Name". Arizona Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2007-08-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5QmUx03F4. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ Donald Garate, 2005, "Arizonac, a twentieth-century myth", Journal of Arizona History 46(2), pp. 161–184
- ^ "Hardwood Forest Foundation: Experience: Arizona". Hardwoodforest.org. http://www.hardwoodforest.org/hff.asp?ID1=Experience&ID2=Arizona. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Prescott Overview". Ncsu.edu. 2002-05-15. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.ncsu.edu/project/wildfire/Arizona/prescott/prescott.html. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "Arizona Climate". Desert Research Institute, Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, Nevada. 2001-12-07. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/ARIZONA.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Climate Assessment for the Southwest (December 1999). "The Climate of the Southwest". University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012202434/http://ispe.arizona.edu/climas/pubs/CL1-99.html. Retrieved 2006-03-21.
- ^ "History for Phoenix, AZ". Weather Underground. August 31, 2006. http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KPHX/2011/7/1/CustomHistory.html?dayend=31&monthend=8&yearend=2011&req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA.
- ^ "''Mean number of Days with Minimum Temperature Below 32F'' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Retrieved March 24, 2007". Lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov. 2008-08-20. http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/min32temp.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Timothy Anna et al., Historia de México. Barcelona: Critica, 2001, p. 10.
- ^ Staff. Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2012. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ Mexican-American War as accessed on March 16, 2007 at 7:33 MST AM
- ^ "Arizona Ordinance of secession presented by the Col. Sherod Hunter Camp 1525, SCV, Phoenix, Arizona". Members.tripod.com. 2007-07-23. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://members.tripod.com/~azrebel/page9.html. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ http://www.pima.gov/cmo/sdcp/Archives/reports/Cult.html Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ "Archaeology of the Phoenix Indian School". Archaeology.org. 1998-03-27. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/phoenix/. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ Arizona Democrats authorize Internet Voting for March 11 Advisory Primary
- ^ Arizona (state, United States). Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ "Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990.[dead link]" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau.[dead link].
- ^ Census.gov Arizona - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990
- ^ "Arizona - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html.
- ^ "Table 1: Estimates of Population Change for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico and State Rankings: July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006". 2006 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. December 22, 2006. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070110093142/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2006/statepopest_table1.xls. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- ^ "Arizona at a crossroads over water and growth". The Arizona Republic. March 9, 2008.
- ^ "Ranking Tables for Metropolitan Areas: 1990 and 2000." United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved on July 8, 2006.
- ^ American FactFinder - Results
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "Arizona – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007-2009". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-gc_url=null&-tree_id=3309&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=04000US04&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Arizona has most Indian language speakers. upi.com Accessed 2011-12-12.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (April 30, 2010). "New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot". Washington Post (Washington, DC): pp. A4. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2010/04/29/GR2010042904397.html?sid=ST2010042905051. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ second to Nevada with 8.8% in 2010
- ^ "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/04_2000.asp. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Facts and Statistics USA-Arizona". lds.org. http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states/state/arizona. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey" (PDF). The Pew Forum. 2008-02. http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ AZ pro-civil unions, remembers Goldwater fondly
- ^ Arizona budget deficit labeled country's worst, The Business Journal of Phoenix Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=711
- ^ "News Release" (PDF). http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2010/pdf/spi0310.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
- ^ "Arizona Republic 100: State's biggest employers." Arizona Republic.
- ^ "Southern Arizona Major Employers." Tucson Regional Economic Opportunities.
- ^ "Tucson: Streetcar Plan Wins With 60% of Vote". Lightrailnow.org. http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_tuc_2006-05b.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ World's busiest airports by traffic movements
- ^ World's busiest airports by passenger traffic
- ^ "Deer Valley Airport". Phoenix.gov. http://deervalleyairport.com/index.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "Ariz. GOP would gain if Napolitano gets Obama post". Associated Press. KTAR. November 20, 2008. http://ktar.com/?nid=6&sid=994469. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Table 1. The Counties and the Most Populous Incorporated Places in 2010 in Arizona: 2000 and 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
- ^ "Arizona stands alone against marriage ban – Queer Lesbian Gay News". Gay.com. http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006/11/07/2. Retrieved 2010-07-25. [dead link]
- ^ Ban on gay unions solidly supported in most of Arizona[dead link]
- ^ Archibold, Randal C. (2010-04-23). "Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on Immigration". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Phoenix Business Journal, Sep. 2, 2011, page 4
- ^ College Navigator – Arizona National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education
- ^ College Navigator – Four-Year Schools in Arizona National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education
- ^ 2002 Legislature – HB 2710, which later became ARS 15-1444
- ^ Knauer, Tom (2006-11-22). "What is the Territorial Cup?". The Wildcat Online. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20081008121108/http://media.wildcat.arizona.edu/media/storage/paper997/news/2006/11/22/UaVsAsu/What-Is.The.Territorial.Cup-2507222.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ (PDF) Official 2007 NCAA Division I Football Records Book. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-06-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080625010623/http://www.ncaa.org/library/records/football/football_records_book/2007/2007_d1_football_records_book.pdf.
- ^ Kids' Page - Arizona State Songs
Further reading[link]
- Bayless, Betsy, 1998, Arizona Blue Book, 1997–1998. Phoenix, Arizona.
- McIntyre, Allan J., 2008, The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 978-0-7385-5633-8).
- Miller, Tom (editor), 1986, Arizona: The Land and the People. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 978-0-8165-1004-7).
- Officer, James E., 1987, Hispanic Arizona, 1536–1856. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 978-0-8165-0981-2).
- Thomas, David M. (editor), 2003, Arizona Legislative Manual. In Arizona Phoenix, Arizona, Arizona Legislative Council. Google Print. Retrieved January 16, 2006.
- Trimble, Marshall, 1998, Arizona, A Cavalcade of History. Treasure Chest Publications, Tucson, Arizona. (ISBN 978-0-918080-43-1).
- Woosley, Anne I., 2008, Early Tucson. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 978-0-7385-5646-8).
External links[link]
| Find more about Arizona on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
Official state government website[link]
Other references[link]
- Arizona State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Arizona Regional Accounts Data
- Arizona Demographic Data from FedStats
- Community profiles[dead link] from Arizona Department of Commerce
- Arizona Indicators, state's central resource for information on a wide range of topics
- Energy Data & Statistics for Arizona
- Arizona State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arizona state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arizona
- Arizona State Facts
- Arizona Classifieds
- Morrison Institute for Public Policy, independent research and analysis center for Arizona public policy and issues
- Arizona at Ballotpedia
- Arizona at Judgepedia
- Arizona at Sunshine Review
- Arizona at the Open Directory Project
Geographic data related to Arizona at OpenStreetMap
Tourism information[link]
- Official Arizona Office of Tourism
- Arizona Game & Fish Department (Hunting, Boating & Fishing)
- Arizona State Parks
- American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- Lake Havasu Arizona's playground
- Arizona Open Directory Project DMOZ
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Nevada | Utah | Colorado | |
| California |  |
New Mexico | ||
 Arizona: Outline • Index East |
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| Baja California | Sonora Mexico |
| Preceded by New Mexico |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on February 14, 1912 (48th) |
Succeeded by Alaska |
Coordinates: 34°N 112°W / 34°N 112°W / 34; -112lez:Аризона
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| Dan Fogelberg | |
|---|---|
 Fogelberg in 1974. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Daniel Grayling Fogelberg |
| Born | (1951-08-13)August 13, 1951 Peoria, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 16, 2007(2007-12-16) (aged 56) Deer Isle, Maine, U.S. |
| Genres | Rock, folk rock, soft rock |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass, piano, mandolin |
| Years active | 1968–2007 |
| Labels | Columbia, Epic, Giant, Mailboat |
| Associated acts | Fools Gold, Tim Weisberg |
| Website | danfogelberg.com |
Daniel Grayling "Dan" Fogelberg (August 13, 1951 – December 16, 2007) was an American singer-songwriter, composer, and multi-instrumentalist, whose music was inspired by sources as diverse as folk, pop, rock, classical, jazz, and bluegrass music. He is best known for his 1980 hit "Longer" and his 1981 hit "Leader of the Band".
Contents |
Early life and family[link]
Dan Fogelberg, the youngest of three sons, was born in Peoria, Illinois, the son of Margaret (née Irvine), a classically trained pianist, and Lawrence Peter Fogelberg, a high school band director, who spent most of his career at Peoria's Woodruff High School and Pekin High School.[1] Dan Fogelberg's mother was a Scottish immigrant, and his father was of Swedish descent.[2] His father would later be the inspiration for the song, "Leader of the Band". Using a Mel Bay course book, Dan taught himself to play a Hawaiian slide guitar that his grandfather gave to him; he also learned to play the piano. At age 14 he joined a band, The Clan, which covered The Beatles. His second band was another cover combo, The Coachmen, who in 1967 released two singles, written by Fogelberg, on Ledger Records: "Maybe Time Will Let Me Forget" and "Don't Want To Lose Her."
Early musical career[link]
After graduating from Woodruff High School in 1969, Fogelberg studied theater arts and painting at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, while playing in local campus venues with the folk-rock band, "The Ship".[3] He began performing as a solo acoustic player in area coffeehouses, including the Red Herring Coffeehouse, where he made his first solo recordings as part of a folk festival recording in 1971. He was discovered that year by Irving Azoff. Fogelberg and Azoff—who started his music-management career promoting another Champaign-Urbana act, REO Speedwagon—moved to California to seek their fortunes. Azoff sent Fogelberg to Nashville to hone his skills, where he became a session musician and recorded his first album, with producer Norbert Putnam. In 1972, Fogelberg released his debut album Home Free to lukewarm response. He performed as an opening act for Van Morrison. Fogelberg's second effort was much more successful—the 1974 Joe Walsh–produced album Souvenirs and its song "Part of the Plan" became Fogelberg's first hit.
Marriages[link]
Fogelberg was married three times: to Maggie Slaymaker, a dancer from Nashville, from 1982–1985; to Anastasia Savage, a nurse and artist from Louisiana, from 1991–1996; and to musician Jean Marie Mayer, from April 7, 2002 until his death in late 2007.[4][5][6] He had no children by any of his marriages.
Musical career[link]
After Souvenirs, Fogelberg released a string of gold and platinum albums, including Captured Angel (1975) and Nether Lands (1977), and found commercial success with songs such as "The Power of Gold." His 1978 Twin Sons of Different Mothers was the first of two collaborations with jazz flutist Tim Weisberg. 1979's Phoenix reached the Top 10, with "Longer" becoming a #2 pop hit (and wedding standard) in 1980. The track peaked at #59 in the UK Singles Chart - his sole entry in that listing.[7] The album reached #42 in the UK Albums Chart, likewise Fogelberg's only entry there.[7] This was followed by a Top 20 hit "Heart Hotels."
The Innocent Age, released in October 1981, was Fogelberg's critical and commercial peak. This double-album song cycle included four of his biggest hits: "Leader of the Band," "Hard to Say," "Run for the Roses," and "Same Old Lang Syne," based on a real-life accidental meeting with a former girlfriend. Fogelberg drew inspiration for The Innocent Age from Thomas Wolfe's novel Of Time and the River. A 1982 greatest hits album contained two new songs, both of which were released as singles: "Missing You" and "Make Love Stay." In 1984, he released the album Windows and Walls, containing the singles "The Language of Love" and "Believe in Me".
Fogelberg released High Country Snows in 1985. Recorded in Nashville, it showcased his, and some of the industry's best, talent in the bluegrass genre. Vince Gill, Ricky Skaggs, Doc Watson, Jerry Douglas, David Grisman, Chris Hillman, and Herb Pedersen were among those who contributed to the record. In a world he defined as "life in the fast lane," Fogelberg described the music as "life in the off-ramp." In late 1985, Fogelberg switched gears and took to the road with a group of musician friends, including Joe Vitale and Rick Rosas, playing blues in small clubs throughout Colorado as Frankie and the Aliens, covering songs by Cream and Muddy Waters, among others.[8] 1987 heralded a return to rock with Exiles, an album that contained a song, "What You're Doing," a throwback to the old Stax Records sound made famous in Memphis during the 1960s. While touring in New England early in 1988, he came across an issue of Nine-O-One Network Magazine, which was published in Memphis, and he called the publisher, James L. Dickerson, and an interview resulted that landed him on the cover of the April 1988 issue. Known for his many relationship songs, he confessed that he hadn't had a lot of relationships and wrote based on his observations of other people's relationships.
River of Souls, released in 1993, was Fogelberg's last studio album for Sony Records. In 1997, Portrait encompassed his career with four discs, each highlighting a different facet of his music: "Ballads," "Rock and Roll," "Tales and Travels", and "Hits." In 1999, he released a Christmas album, with his release of First Christmas Morning, and in 2003, Full Circle showcased a return to the folk-influenced 1970s soft rock style of music.
Final years[link]
In May 2004, Fogelberg was diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer. He underwent therapy and achieved a partial remission, which did not eliminate his cancer but reduced it and stopped its spread. On August 13, 2005, his 54th birthday, Fogelberg announced the success of his cancer treatments. He said that he had no immediate plans to return to making music but was keeping his options open. After battling prostate cancer for three and a half years, Fogelberg succumbed to the disease at the age of 56, on December 16, 2007, at his home in Deer Isle, Maine with wife Jean by his side.[9]
Soon after his death, his widow announced that a song written and recorded for her by Fogelberg for Valentine's Day 2005, "Sometimes a Song", would be sold on the Internet and that all proceeds would go to the Prostate Cancer Foundation. The song was released on Valentine's Day 2008 and was also included in a collection of eleven previously unpublished songs (nine originals) on a CD released in September 2009 titled Love In Time.[10]
In tribute to Fogelberg and the entire Fogelberg family, the city of Peoria renamed Abington Street in the city's East Bluff neighborhood "Fogelberg Parkway". The street runs along the east side of Woodruff High School, Fogelberg's alma mater, and where his father was a teacher and bandleader. "Fogelberg Parkway" ends at the intersection of N. Prospect and Frye, which is the location of the convenience store where Fogelberg ran into his old high school sweetheart one Christmas Eve, a chance encounter made famous in the song "Same Old Lang Syne"[9]
In the fall of 2009, the Peoria City Council granted permission to a group of Dan Fogelberg fans to begin fund-raising efforts to create a permanent memorial to Fogelberg in his hometown of Peoria. The memorial garden, placed in Riverfront Park, was dedicated in a ceremony held on August 28, 2010.[9]
Discography[link]
Main article: Dan Fogelberg discography
References[link]
- ^ "Biography". treehouse.org. http://www.treehouse.org/fogelberg/biography.html. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ Lyons, Dee (1987-06-26). "DAN FOGELBERG: SINGER TO SHINE AT STARFEST". The Dallas Morning News. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3CF439607F165&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
- ^ First person
- ^ "Dan Fogelberg". nndb.com. http://www.nndb.com/people/137/000025062/. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ "DAN FOGELBERG BIOGRAPHY". sing365.com. http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Dan-Fogelberg-Biography/C6036D58E537441148256AAB002148FE. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ "Dan Fogelberg - Biography". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1199245/bio. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 206. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
- ^ "St. Petersburg Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u70MAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UGYDAAAAIBAJ&dq=fogelberg%201985&pg=4746%2C3492537. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ a b c "Dan Fogelberg - A Tribute To A Native Son of Peoria, Illinois". dfpeoria.com. http://dfpeoria.com/. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ "Dan Fogelberg Official Website". danfogelberg.com. http://danfogelberg.com/infosometimesasong.html. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dan Fogelberg |
- Dan Fogelberg.com - official website
- Dan Fogelberg at Find a Grave
- The Power of Gold video used in the ABC 1980 Olympics
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fogelberg, Daniel Grayling |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Singer-songwriter, Musician |
| Date of birth | August 13, 1951 |
| Place of birth | Peoria, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | December 16, 2007 |
| Place of death | Maine, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
