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A short film is any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. No consensus exists as to where that boundary is drawn: the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as "an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less, including all credits".^[1] The term featurette originally applied to a film longer than a short subject, but shorter than a standard feature film.

The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing. An industry term, it carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term. Short films can be professional or amateur productions. Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals. Short films are often made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget, no budget at all, and in rare cases big budgets. Short films are usually funded by film grants, non profit organizations, sponsor, or out of pocket funds. These films are used by indy filmmakers to prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies, or film studios. Short films do qualify for Academy Awards if screened in Los Angeles.

History[link]

William Garwood starred in numerous short films, many of which were only 20 minutes in length

Longer films and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the early days of film. However, comedy short films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D.W. Griffith's, "Birth of Nation" . By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from categories such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, and newsreel.

Short comedies were especially popular, and typically came in a serial or series (such as the Our Gang movies, or the many outings of Charlie Chaplin's Little Tramp character). Even though there was often no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films but nevertheless very popular (comedians such as Laurel and Hardy, Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton all 'graduated' from shorts to features).

Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, as did newsreels. Virtually all major film production companies had units assigned to develop and produce shorts, and many companies, especially in the silent and very early sound era, produced mostly or only short subjects.

In the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, a cartoon and little else. With the rise of the double feature as a cinema programming format, 2-reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, and halved his popular Our Gang films to one reel. By the 1940s, he'd moved out of short films altogether (though MGM continued the Our Gang shorts until 1944).

Later shorts include George O'Hanlon's Joe McDoakes movies, and the animated work of studios such as Walt Disney Productions, Leon Schlesinger Productions/Warner Bros. Cartoons, Walter Lantz and Fleischer / Famous Studios. By the mid 1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work.

Cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros., one of the most prolific of the golden era, shut down its studio permanently in 1969. Woody Woodpecker was the last of the "golden era" cartoons to end, shutting down in 1972. The Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 (and thus having spent its entire existence in the limited animation era) and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, and even the existing theatrical shorts were being secondarily syndicated to television stations.

Modern era[link]

A few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along each of its feature films during its initial theatrical run since 1995 (producing shorts permanently since 2001).^[2] Since Disney acquired Pixar in 2005, Disney has also produced animated shorts since 2007 with the Goofy short How to Hook Up Your Home Theater and produced a series of live action ones featuring The Muppets for viewing on YouTube as viral videos to promote the 2011 movie of the same name.

Dreamworks Animation often produces a short sequel to include in the special edition video releases of major features, and are typically of a sufficient length to be broadcast as a TV special. Warner Brothers often includes old animated shorts from its considerable library, connected only thematically, on the DVD releases of classic WB movies.

Shorts International and Magnolia Pictures organize an annual release of Academy Award nominated short films in theatres across the US, UK, Canada and Mexico throughout February / March.

Shorts are occasionally broadcast as filler when a feature film or other work doesn't fit the standard broadcast schedule. ShortsTV was the first television channel dedicated to short films.

However, short films generally rely on festival exhibition to reach an audience. Such movies can also be distributed via the Internet. Certain websites which encourage the submission of user-created short films, such as YouTube and Vimeo^[3] have attracted large communities of artists and viewers. Sites like FILMSshort and the BBC Film Network focus on showcasing curated shorts.

Short films are a typical first stage for new professional filmmakers. But professional actors and crews still choose to create short films as alternative form of expression. Short film making is growing in popularity as equipment becomes cheaper and more amateurs are making movies. "Prosumer" or semi-professional cameras now cost under USD$3,000, and free or low-cost software is widely available that is capable of video editing, post-production work and DVD authoring.

Tropfest is the world's largest short film festival and is generally regarded as one of the most prestigious. Tropfests now take place in Australia (its birthplace), Arabia, the US and elsewhere. Originating in 1993, Tropfest is often credited as being at least partially responsible for the recent popularity of short films internationally.

Short shorts[link]

Short short films are sometimes considered as a category of their own. The International Festival of Very Shorts is a festival based in Paris, which shows only movies less than three minutes long. Filminute, the international one-minute film festival, has presented and promoted a collection of one-minute films across multiple media since September 2006.

See also[link]

• List of animated short series
• List of independent short films
• List of short live-action films
• List of short subjects by Hollywood studio
• Movieola: The Short Film Channel
• The Journal of Short Film
• Tropfest

References[link]

External links[link]

• VideoGp.Net | The Video Graphics Portal
• pabarabanum.com
• FILMSshort.com | The Greatest Short Films
• Platform for media students to produce their own short-films, documentaries
• Short Films at the Open Directory Project
• British Film Institute: "Writing Short Films" by Phil Parker screenonline, website of the British Film Institute

Dan Trachtenberg
On location, shooting The Totally Rad Show
Born	(1981-05-11) May 11, 1981 (age 31)
Occupation	Podcast host, director, writer
Website
http://dantrachtenberg.com/

Dan Trachtenberg is a filmmaker and video podcast host from the Philadelphia suburbs who currently resides in the Los Angeles metro area. He is one of the three hosts of The Totally Rad Show and a former co-host of Geekdrome. Both programs are hosted at Revision3. In addition to working on Internet shows, Trachtenberg is the writer/director of the 2003 short film Kickin' and the director of various television commercials and public service announcements.

Directing[link]

Trachtenberg has directed commercials for Lexus, Nike, and Coca Cola. In April, 2008, he joined Tight Films,^[1] for which he collaborated with Matt Wolf on an alternate reality game for Hellboy II: The Golden Army."

He directed the internet show, "Ctrl+Alt+Chicken."

On August 23, 2011, Trachtenberg released the short film, Portal: No Escape.^[2] Based on the video game, Portal, the film drew more than one million views within its first day on YouTube.^{[citation needed]} Within two months, the number of viewers surpassed six million.^{[citation needed]}

On October 13, 2011, slashfilm.com announced that Trachtenberg would be directing a science fiction action heist film for Universal Pictures and writer Chris Morgan (Wanted, Fast Five, 47 Ronin).^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Dan Trachtenberg at the Internet Movie Database

He Said was the name used by Wire member Graham Lewis for his solo record releases in the 1980s.

Background[link]

The first He Said album titled Hail was released by Mute Records in October 1986. It was produced by Graham Lewis and John Fyer^[1] and recorded at Blackwing Studios in London.^[2] Collaborators on the album included fellow Wire member Bruce Gilbert and musician Brian Eno, who played a Yamaha DX7 synthesiser on the track I Fall into Your Arms.^[2] Two singles were released from the initial album, including Pump and Only One I. The CD release included the September single release, Pulling 3g's / Pale Feet.^[1]

In July 1988 Mute released the single Could You, again produced by Lewis and Fryer. This single was included on the last He Said album titled Take Care which was released by Mute the following year.^[1]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Hail (Mute Records 1986)
• Take Care (Mute Records 1989)

Singles[link]

• Only One I (1985)
• Pump (1986)
• Pulling 3g's / Pale Feet (1986)
• Could you? (1988)

References[link]

Jamie DeWolf
[[File: Jamie DeWolf |frameless|alt=]]
Birth name	Jamie Kennedy
Born	October 28, 1977 United States
Nationality	American
Field	slam poet, spoken word comedian
Works	Solo Poems: Judas Son Grim Fairy Tale Born Blameless Bumpin Uglies Talk Hard Rebels Without Applause with The Suicide Kings: Fun Times (w/Geoff Trenchard)
Awards	2003 San Francisco Bay Guardian "Best of the Bay" award Grand Slam Winner National Poetry Slam

Career[link]

Jamie DeWolf (born 1977) is an American slam poet and spoken word comedian. Slam Poet. Film-Maker. Prankster. Playwright. Teacher.


JAMIE DEWOLF is a slam poet, stand up comedian, teaching artist and filmmaker from Oakland, CA. ^[1] He is best known for his work with the slam poetry trio, The Suicide Kings, hosting Tourettes Without Regrets at the Oakland Metro OperaHouse, and for his work on the NPR show Snap Judgment''. DeWolf is a critically acclaimed writer, poet, editor, producer, photographer, and director. DeWolf appeared on HBO’s Def Poetry.^[2] He continues to teach the art of slam poetry and drama at the Youth Empowerment School, a high school in East Oakland, California.^{[2] [3]} In 1999, DeWolf (formerly known as Jamie Kennedy) won his way onto seven slam teams every year he’s competed and has since become a National Poetry Slam Champion, the Oakland and Berkeley Grand Slam Champion, a YouthSpeaks Mentor, a featured performer on HBO’s Def Poetry Jam, and has performed and lead writing workshops at over 90 universities, high schools and juvies across the U.S, to Moscow, Russia and San Quentin Penitentiary. His work has been featured on 60 Minutes, UPN and NPR. As a member of The Suicide Kings performance trio (with Geoff Trenchard and Rupert Estanislao), they’ve toured the country with acts as diverse as Sage Francis and The Dwarves and in 2006 were the recipients of the National Performance Network Creation Commission to write “In Spite of Everything”, described as ”a poignant, chilling knockout of a play…that beautifully incorporates their visceral verse into the brutal narrative to a school shooting.” The play premiered at the Hip Hop Theater Festival in 2007 and was chosen as one of the “top ten” plays of the year by East Bay Express the same year. As the great grandson of the cult of Scientology’s founder L. Ron Hubbard, he remains a vocal critic of the cult on national radio, and was the host of the first anti-Scientology summit in Clearwater, Florida, widely considered to be the “Mecca” for the Church. As a film-maker, he’s the writer and director of the shorts Safe, Chasing Charlamagne, Hickman Homes: Certified Beasts, Ricochet in Reverse, a short invoking Columbine going backwards, and is currently finishing his full length feature film SMOKED, a dark comedy crime caper revolving around a cannabis club robbery starring the Suicide Kings, made in conjunction with M.O.S.S Productions. He’s just released an EP with poetry, music, and recorded clips of his family's history Vaude Villain and has begun work on his next two screenplays. He currently resides in Oakland, CA.

Family[link]

Formerly Jamie Kennedy, DeWolf took his mother's maiden name in 2006 to avoid confusion with actor and a fellow comedian Jamie Kennedy.^[4] DeWolf is the great-grandson of L. Ron Hubbard;^[1] being the grandson of Hubbard's son Ronald DeWolf.^[5] DeWolf told the San Francisco Chronicle in 2001 that his mother and girlfriend were visited by Scientology agents, who asked about his comments on Scientology in his poetry and his appearance at a November 2000 benefit for the Lisa McPherson Trust in Clearwater, Florida.^[5] The poetry piece was titled: "Judas' Son".^[1] Initially, the Scientology agents told DeWolf's mother that they were fellow poets, but DeWolf later remarked: "My mom knew from the moment they started talking that they were Scientologists, which they admitted to."^[1] DeWolf was quoted as saying: "They can't shut me up."^[5] Of his own views on Scientology and his great-grandfather, DeWolf remarked in the East Bay Express: "Scientology is the most brilliantly engineered pyramid scam I've ever seen. L. Ron Hubbard -- you can never say that he was an idiot, by any means. He was very intelligent, very sort of evil, malicious; a sort of overman, his will against the world."^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

Scientology portal

• Jamie DeWolf at the Internet Movie Database
• Jamie DeWolf on Myspace
• Jamie DeWolf on Facebook