- published: 18 Jun 2011
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- 187700 Zagreb
- 2011 Croatian census
- 24 sata (Croatia)
- A1 (Croatia)
- A2 (Croatia)
- A3 (Croatia)
- A4 (Croatia)
- A6 (Croatia)
- Abkhazia
- Above mean sea level
- Adamovec
- Adriatic Bridge
- Adriatic Sea
- Agglomeration
- Albania
- Albanians
- Alps
- Amsterdam
- Andorra
- Andorra la Vella
- Animafest Zagreb
- Animation
- Ankara
- Apartment
- Archaeology
- Arena Zagreb
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Art Pavilion
- Association football
- Astana
- Athens
- Austria
- Austrian German
- Avant-garde music
- Avenue Road
- Azerbaijan
- Bachelor's degree
- Bajakovo
- Baku
- Balkans
- Ballpoint pen
- Ban Jelačić Square
- Ban of Croatia
- Banski dvori
- Barracks
- Basketball
- Beach volleyball
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Belgrade
- Beli Manastir
- Belišće
- Belovar
- Benkovac
- Berlin
- Bern
- Beyoncé Knowles
- Bjelovar
- Blaguša
- Blato, Zagreb
- Bob Dylan
- Bocce
- Bolivia
- Bologna
- Border checkpoint
- Bosniaks
- Botinec
- Bowling
- Bratislava
- Brebernica
- Bregana
- Brezovica, Zagreb
- Brod-Posavina County
- Brussels
- Bubonic plague
- Bucharest
- Budapest
- Budenec
- Buenos Aires
- Bulgaria
- Bundek
- Bus
- Bus lane
- Buzin
- Béla IV of Hungary
- Capital (political)
- Capital city
- Cargo aircraft
- Central Europe
- Central government
- Cerje, Zagreb
- Cetinje
- Chemical industry
- China
- Chinese ceramics
- Chişinău
- Cibona Tower
- City district
- City of San Marino
- Clergy
- Coin collecting
- Commuter town
- Concurrency (road)
- Constituent country
- Copenhagen
- Copyright
- Cottage cheese
- Counties of Croatia
- Crikvenica
- Croatia
- Croatia Airlines
- Croatian kuna
- Croatian language
- Croatian Parliament
- Croatian Railways
- Croats
- Crometeo
- CROTRAM
- Crown Dependencies
- Crystal
- Curb (road)
- Custard
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Dalmatia
- Daruvar
- David Bowie
- Daylight saving time
- Deep Purple
- Delo
- Demerje
- Denmark
- Depeche Mode
- Desprim
- Dimmu Borgir
- Dinaric Alps
- Diocese of Zagreb
- Discothèque
- Dobrodol
- Doctorate
- Documentary film
- Dolac Market
- Dom Sportova
- Donji Dragonožec
- Donji grad
- Donji Grad
- Donji Trpuci
- Donji Čehi
- Douglas, Isle of Man
- Drawing
- Drenčec
- Drežnik Brezovički
- Drvar
- Dry season
- Dublin
- Dubrava, Zagreb
- Dubrovnik
- Duck
- Duga Resa
- Dugo Selo
- Dumovec
- Eastern Europe
- Episcopal see
- Equestrianism
- Eric Clapton
- Estonia
- Eternal flame
- Europe
- European Union
- Eurotower (Zagreb)
- Faroe Islands
- Ferrous
- Field hockey
- Fine art
- Finland
- Food industry
- France
- Funicular
- Fusion cuisine
- Gajec, Croatia
- Garešnica
- Gastronomy
- Gasworks
- Georgia (country)
- Germany
- Gibraltar
- Gingerbread
- Glavnica Donja
- Glavnica Gornja
- Glavničica
- Golden Bull of 1242
- Goli Breg
- Goose
- Goranec
- Goričan
- Gornja Dubrava
- Gornji Dragonožec
- Gornji Trpuci
- Gornji Čehi
- Gospić
- Government Buildings
- Gradec, Zagreb
- Grammar school
- Grančari
- Greece
- Grič cannon
- Guernsey
- Gymnasium (school)
- Havidić Selo
- HAVK Mladost
- Helsinki
- Hero City
- High-rise
- Higher education
- Highway
- Highways in Croatia
- Hippodrome
- History of Croatia
- History of Zagreb
- Homeland
- Homeland Bridge
- Horse racing
- Horvati
- HOTO Tower
- Hrašće Turopoljsko
- Hrvatske autoceste
- Hrvatski Leskovac
- Hrvatsko Zagorje
- Hudi Bitek
- Human settlement
- Hungary
- Hunting
- Ice rink
- Ice skating
- Iceland
- Ilica (street)
- Illyrian movement
- Imotski
- Indoor soccer
- Industrial district
- INmusic festival
- International trade
- Interwar period
- Islam in Croatia
- Isle of Man
- Istria County
- Italy
- Ivan Mažuranić
- Ivan Meštrović
- Ivanec
- Ivanić-Grad
- Ivanja Reka
- Jamiroquai
- Janko Kamauf
- Jankomir interchange
- Japan
- Jarun
- Jastrebarsko
- Jersey
- Jesenovec
- Ježdovec
- Jogging
- Josip Bozanić
- Josip Jelačić
- Judiciary
- Julian Alps
- Kallina House
- Kaptol, Zagreb
- Karlovac
- Karlovac County
- Kastav
- Kazakhstan
- Kašina
- Kašinska Sopnica
- Kaštela
- KHL Medveščak Zagreb
- Kiev
- KK Cedevita
- KK Cibona
- KK Zagreb
- Klovićevi dvori
- Knin
- KONČAR Group
- Koprivnica
- Kosovo
- Kraków
- Krapina
- Križevci, Croatia
- Krvavi Most
- Kupa (river)
- Kupinečki Kraljevec
- Kutina
- Kućanec
- Kučilovina
- Kyoto
- La Paz
- Labin
- Lady Gaga
- Lanište, Croatia
- Latvia
- Lauba
- Lauba House
- Levee
- Liber Linteus
- Liechtenstein
- Lika
- Lika-Senj County
- Lipnica
- Lisbon
- List of water sports
- Lithuania
- Ljubljana
- Ljubljanska Avenue
- Local government
- London
- Longyearbyen
- Lotrščak Tower
- Luxembourg
- Luxembourg (city)
- Lučko
- Lučko interchange
- Lužan
- Macelj
- Madrid
- Mainz
- Majoritarianism
- Makarska
- Maksimir
- Maksimir Park
- Mala Mlaka
- Malta
- Mamutica
- Manu Chao
- Mariehamn
- Marin Držić Avenue
- Markovo Polje
- Marshal Tito Square
- Massive Attack
- Master's degree
- Mastodon
- Mayor
- Medvedgrad
- Medvednica
- Melvins
- Metallica
- Metković
- Metropolitan area
- Metropolitan bishop
- Međimurje County
- Meštrović Pavilion
- Milan Bandić
- Mimara Museum
- Miniature golf
- Minority group
- Minsk
- Mirogoj Cemetery
- Mlinci
- Modern history
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Montenegrins
- Montenegro
- Moravče, Croatia
- Moscow
- Municipal services
- Museum
- Music festival
- Narodne novine
- Naselje
- Naïve art
- Našice
- Neanderthal
- Near East
- Neboder
- Necktie
- Neoclassicism
- Netherlands
- New York City
- Nick Cave
- Nicosia
- Nightclub
- Nikola Frankopan
- Nikola Tesla
- Nikola Šubić Zrinski
- Nine Views
- NK Dinamo Zagreb
- NK Zagreb
- North Nicosia
- Northern Cyprus
- Northern Europe
- Norway
- Nova Gradiška
- Novi Marof
- Novi Sad
- Novi Zagreb
- Novi Zagreb – istok
- Novi Zagreb – zapad
- Novska
- Oceanic climate
- Odra, Zagreb
- Odranski Obrež
- Ogulin
- Old Italic alphabet
- Omiš
- Opatija
- Orchestra
- Osijek
- Oslo
- Painting
- Paleolithic
- Pannonian Plain
- Paris
- Parking lot
- Parking space
- Paruževina
- Pasta
- Petrinja
- Peščenica – Žitnjak
- Pharmaceutical drug
- Pittsburgh
- Planina Donja
- Planina Gornja
- Pleso
- Pleternica
- Ploče
- Podgorica
- Podsljeme
- Podsused – Vrapče
- Poland
- Political history
- Poor Clares
- Pop music
- Popovec
- Poreč
- Portal Croatia
- Portugal
- Pottery
- Power station
- Požega, Croatia
- Prague
- Prekvršje
- Prepuštovec
- Prilep
- Primary education
- Pristina
- Prizren
- Public holiday
- Public transport
- Pula
- Radio broadcasting
- Rail transport
- Random House
- Regatta
- Remetinec Roundabout
- Renaissance
- Republic of Ireland
- Republic of Kosovo
- Reykjavík
- Riga
- Rijeka
- RK Zagreb
- Rocket artillery
- Roger Waters
- Rolling Stones
- Roman Empire
- Romania
- Rome
- Rovinj
- Rush hour
- Russia
- Sabre
- Saint Helier
- Saint Peter Port
- Saint Petersburg
- Samobor
- Samoborček
- San Marino
- Sarajevo
- Sava
- School
- Sculpture
- Season
- Secondary education
- Self-governance
- Sepultura
- Serbia
- Serbs
- Sesvete
- Shanghai
- Shopping mall
- Sinj
- Sisak
- Skopje
- Sky Office Tower
- Slatina, Croatia
- Slavonia
- Slavonska Avenue
- Slavonski Brod
- Sljeme
- Slovakia
- Slovenes
- Slovenia
- Snoop Dogg
- Soblinec
- Society of Jesus
- Sofia
- Solin, Croatia
- South Ossetia
- Southern Europe
- Sovereignty
- Spain
- Split (city)
- Split, Croatia
- Sport
- SportsCenter
- Stadion Kajzerica
- Stadion Maksimir
- Standard gauge
- Stara Peščenica
- Starjak
- Stenjevec
- Stepanakert
- Stockholm
- Straw
- Strmec, Zagreb
- Strudel
- Sukhumi
- Sutla
- Svalbard
- Sveti Ivan Zelina
- Sweden
- Swimming pool
- Switzerland
- Table tennis
- Tallinn
- Tatars
- Tatjana Holjevac
- Taxicab
- Tbilisi
- Team handball
- Telecommunication
- Template talk Zagreb
- Template Zagreb
- Tennis
- Tennis court
- Textile industry
- The Prodigy
- Thirty Years' War
- Tilting train
- Time zone
- Tirana
- Tiraspol
- Tkalčićeva Street
- Tourist attraction
- Tradition
- Traffic congestion
- Tram
- Trams in Zagreb
- Transnistria
- Transport in Zagreb
- Trešnjevka
- Trešnjevka – jug
- Trešnjevka – sjever
- Trnje, Zagreb
- Trogir
- Tromsø
- Tskhinvali
- Turkey
- Tórshavn
- TŽV Gredelj
- U2
- Ukraine
- Umag
- Umbrella
- Una (Sava)
- Unemployment
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States
- United States dollar
- University of Zagreb
- Urban area
- UTC+1
- UTC+2
- Utrine, Zagreb
- Vaduz
- Valletta
- Valpovo
- Varaždin
- Varaždin County
- Vatican City
- Velebit
- Velika Gorica
- Veliko Polje, Zagreb
- Velimir Srića
- Vep Zagreb
- Većeslav Holjevac
- Vienna
- Vilnius
- Vinkovci
- Virovitica
- Vjesnik
- Volleyball
- Vrbovec
- Vrgorac
- Vuger Selo
- Vugrovec Donji
- Vugrovec Gornji
- Vukovar
- Vurnovec
- Walnut
- Warsaw
- Water supply
- Western Asia
- Western Europe
- Wicker
- Wine
- Working class
- World Bank Group
- World War I
- World War II
- Yerevan
- Zadar
- Zadar County
- Zadvorsko
- Zagora (Croatia)
- Zagreb
- Zagreb Airport
- Zagreb bypass
- Zagreb Cathedral
- Zagreb City Museum
- Zagreb Commuter Rail
- Zagreb County
- Zagreb crisis
- Zagreb Fair
- Zagreb Film Festival
- Zagreb Funicular
- Zagreb Main Station
- Zagreb Metro
- Zagreb Mosque
- Zagreb Synagogue
- Zagreb Tramway
- Zagreb TV Tower
- Zagrebačka Avenue
- ZagrebDox
- Zagrebtower
- Zagrepčanka
- Zaprešić
- Zidani Most
- Zrinski Bridge
- Åland Islands
- Čakovec
- Črnomerec
- Đakovo
- Đurđekovec
- Šalata
- Šašinovec
- Šibenik
- Šibenik-Knin County
- Šimunčevec
- Šćitarjevo
- Žerjavinec
- Županja
-
1 Ilica Street
1 Ilica Street (Croatian: Neboder u Ilici, Ilički neboder) is a skyscraper located in Ilica Street overlooking Ban Jelačić Square in the Lower Town area of Zagreb, Croatia. In Croatian, the building was known under the generic title Neboder (lit. Skyscraper) as it was the first business skyscraper in the country, but this use is today obsolete.
The building, designed by the trio of Slobodan Jovičić, Josip Hitil and Ivan Žuljević, was built between 1957 and 1958 and was officially inaugurated on 22 August 1959, when Većeslav Holjevac was mayor of Zagreb. It was the tallest building in Yugoslavia at the time of its completion, and it was the first building in the country which featured an aluminium façade (aluminium sheets for the building were manufactured at the Utva aircraft factory in Pančevo). Other notable high-rises built earlier in Zagreb include the nine-story modernist Löwy Building built in 1933 and the so-called Wooden Skyscraper designed by Drago Ibler - but since they were both residential buildings which resembled skyscrapers in design but not in function or size, the sixteen-story 1 Ilica Street is regarded as the first "bonafide skyscraper" built in Zagreb and Yugoslavia.
wn.com/1_Ilica_Street -
Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Abkhaz: Аҧсны́ Apsny, IPA /apʰsˈnɨ/; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti; Russian: Абхазия Abkhaziya) is a disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.
Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny. This status is recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Tuvalu and Vanuatu and also by the partially recognised states of South Ossetia, Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabakh.
The Georgian government and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory. Under Georgia's official designation it is an autonomous republic, called the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, whose government sits in exile in Tbilisi. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory".
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. The wider region formed part of the Soviet Union until 1991. As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate towards the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. This led to the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia that resulted in a Georgian military defeat, de facto independence of Abkhazia and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. In spite of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the status dispute has not been resolved, and despite the long-term presence of a United Nations monitoring force and a Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping operation, the conflict has flared up on several occasions. In August 2008, the sides again fought during the South Ossetia War, which was followed by the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 cease fire agreement and the termination of the UN and CIS missions.[citation needed]
wn.com/Abkhazia -
Adamovec
Adamovec is a village in central Croatia, north of Sesvete and southwest of Sveti Ivan Zelina. It is formally a settlement (naselje) of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. According to the 2001 census, Adamovec counts 984 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 45°54′N 16°10′E / 45.9°N 16.167°E / 45.9; 16.167
wn.com/Adamovec -
Adriatic Bridge
Adriatic Bridge (Croatian: Jadranski most) is a six-lane road and tram bridge over the Sava River in Zagreb, Croatia.
Coordinates: 45°47′0″N 15°57′7″E / 45.783333°N 15.95194°E / 45.783333; 15.95194
wn.com/Adriatic_Bridge -
Albania
Albania (
i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
wn.com/Albania -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] (
listen)) is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution. Amsterdam has a population of 790,654 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of 2,289,762. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.
Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.
wn.com/Amsterdam -
Andorra
Andorra (i/ænˈdɔrə/; Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈdorə], locally: [anˈdɔra]), officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of 468 km2 (181 sq mi) and an estimated population of 84,082 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 ft) above sea level. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.
The Principality was formed in 1278. The role of monarch is exercised jointly by the two co-princes, the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the President of France (the whole state is a part of Diocese of Urgell).
Andorra is a prosperous country mainly because of its tourism industry, which services an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually, and also because of its status as a tax haven. It is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is the de facto currency. The people of Andorra have the 4th highest human life expectancy in the world — 82 years at birth.
wn.com/Andorra -
Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella (Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈdorə ɫə ˈβeʎə], locally: [anˈdɔra la ˈβeʎa]) is the capital of the Principality of Andorra, and is located high in the east Pyrenees between France and Spain. It is also the name of the parish that surrounds the capital.
As of 2011, the city has a population of 22,256, and the urban area, which includes Escaldes-Engordany plus satellite villages, has over 40,000 inhabitants.
The principal industry is tourism, although the country also earns foreign income from being a tax haven. Furniture and brandies are local products. Being at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 ft), it is the highest capital city in Europe and a popular ski resort.
The site of Andorra la Vella (literally, "Andorra the Old") has been settled since prior to the Christian era—notably by the Andosin tribe from the late Neolithic. The state is one of the Marca Hispanica created and protected by Charlemagne in the eighth century as a buffer from the Moorish settlers in the Iberian Peninsula.
wn.com/Andorra_la_Vella -
Ankara
Ankara (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈan.ka.ɾa]; historically known as Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 938 metres (3,077 ft), and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.
Centrally located in Anatolia, Ankara is an important commercial and industrial city. It is the center of the Turkish Government, and houses all foreign embassies. It is an important crossroads of trade, strategically located at the centre of Turkey's highway and railway networks, and serves as the marketing centre for the surrounding agricultural area. The city was famous for its long-haired Angora goat and its prized wool (mohair), a unique breed of cat (Angora cat), Angora rabbits and their prized wool (Angora wool), pears, honey, and the region's muscat grapes.
The historical center of Ankara is situated upon a rocky hill, which rises 150 m (492 ft) above the plain on the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya (Sangarius) river. The city is located at 39°52'30" North, 32°52' East (39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333Coordinates: 39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333), about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul, the country's largest city. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, which is 72 m2 per head.
wn.com/Ankara -
Argentina
Argentinai/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Astana
Astana (Russian/Kazakh: Астана, formerly known as Akmola (Kazakh: Ақмола / Aqmola, until 1998), Целиноград / Tselinograd until 1992) and Akmolinsk (Russian: Акмолинск, until 1961), is the capital and second largest city (after Almaty) of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population of 708,794 as of 1 August 2010. It is located in the north-central portion of Kazakhstan, within Akmola Province, though administrated separately from the province as a federal city area.
The current mayor of Astana is Imangali Tasmagambetov. He was appointed on 4 April 2008.
The word Astana in Kazakh literally means Capital but the word itself originates from Persian Astane (Persian: آستانه means "sublime threshold," "royal porte" implying a royal capital city or a holy shrine town, (from the Persian verb Istadan (آستان) 'to stand' (in respect)), and literally means "threshold" (royal or sacred, where people stand in respect or awe),[citation needed] implying where the court is seated (the capital city) or the body of a sacred person is interred (a shrine town). The city of Turkistan in Kazakhstan that hosts the body of the saint Ahmad Yasavi is also called the "astana" as is the city of Mashhad in Iran that is the burial place of the 8th Shiite Imam Reza. In fact, long before becoming the new capital of Kazakhstan, the city was "an astana," a burial ground of a saint, hence the old name of the city, Ak Mola (Ақмола), "white mausoleum."
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: 
Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Baku
Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı, IPA: [bɑˈcɯ]), sometimes spelled as Baki or Bakou, is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, which projects into the Caspian Sea. The city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Baku's urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people. Officially, about 25 percent of all inhabitants of the country live in the metropolitan city area of Baku.
Baku is divided into eleven administrative districts (raions) and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on islands in the Baku Bay and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 60 km (37 mi) away from Baku. The Inner City of Baku along with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. According to the Lonely Planet's ranking, Baku is also among the world's top ten destinations for urban nightlife.
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Banski dvori
Banski dvori (pronounced [bâːnskiː dvɔ̌ːri], Ban's Court) is the name of the historical building on the west side of St. Mark's Square in Zagreb, Croatia. It is the historical official residence of the Croatian Bans (viceroys). Currently, this building is occupied by the Government of Croatia.
The Banski dvori is a long, two-story baroque building that was built by ban Ignaz Gyulai in first half of 19th century.
The building was the residence of Croatian bans from 1809 until 1918, hence the name banski dvori which means "palace of the ban". In this period, the building also housed the Tabula Banalis and later the Royal Court Table.
In time of World War II in Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945) it served as office of Poglavnik Ante Pavelić and it was called Poglavnikovi dvori (Poglavnik's Residence).
During SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991) it was the official residence of the Presidency of Socialist Republic of Croatia.
In May 1990 it became the official residence of Croatian government.
On October 7, 1991 Banski dvori were damaged in an air strike attributed to Yugoslav People's Army air to ground missiles shot at the building in an attempt to hit Franjo Tuđman, the newly elected president of Croatia, Stipe Mesić, the president of Presidency of Yugoslavia, and Ante Marković, the Yugoslav prime-minister, yet all of them were lucky to survive. The day after that, the Parliament of Croatia declared independence, and this date is currently commemorated as a public holiday in Croatia.
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Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Belgrade
Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/; Serbian: Београд; [beǒɡrad] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. Its name in English translates to White city. The city proper has a population of over 1.1 million, while its metropolitan area has over 1.6 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Southeast Europe.
One of the largest prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved around the area Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region, and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city, naming it Singidūn. It was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus, and awarded city rights in the mid 2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times before it became the capital of King Stephen Dragutin (1282–1316). In 1521 Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of a the Sanjak of Smederevo. It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars. Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. The north of Belgrade remained a Habsburg outpost until 1918, when it was merged into the capital city. As a strategic location, the city was battled over in 115 wars and razed to the ground 44 times. Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia (in various forms of governments) from its creation in 1918, to its final dissolution in 2006.
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Beli Manastir
Beli Manastir is a town and municipality in eastern Croatia. It is the principal town of the Croatian part of Baranja, located in the Osijek-Baranja county.
The name means "white monastery" in Croatian and primarily in Serbian (its name "Beli manastir" as opposed to standard Croatian "Bijeli samostan" reflects the speech of the local Slavic population rather than adhering to specific Croatian or Serbian guidelines). This name was introduced in 1923 during the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and before this it was known as Monoštor in Croatian and Serbian. It is also known as Бели Манастир in Serbian Cyrillic, Pélmonostor in Hungarian and Manoster in German.
Other names formerly used for the town were: Pél, Bell, and Monostor. All names are connected with monasteries that existed in history at this location. The first monastery was built in the 9th century during the rule of Slavic duke Kocelj but was later razed, and all that remained of it was pil (obelisk in English), hence the later Hungarian name Pél, which was a version of the Slavic word.
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Belišće
Belišće (pronounced [bɛ̌liːʃtɕɛ]) is a city in Croatia, located in the region of Slavonia, Osijek-Baranja County, at the altitude of 93 m. The population of the city is 6,493 (2011), with 10,790 in the municipality. In 2001 census, the majority were Croats. This industrial town upon the Drava river lies near the border with Hungary north from here.
Chief occupations are forestry, timber and wood processing, (sawmill, chemical and mechanical wood processing), corrugated fiberboard, metal industry, chemicals and synthetic material processing.
The influential Gutmann family made a significant impact on the Belišće region in the 19th and 20th century. Once vast Slavonian oak forests were mostly replaced with farmland, and a section of the working-class quarters of Salamon H. Gutmann from 1884 became part of the present-day Belišće.
Major recreational activities include angling, rowing kayak and canoe on the Drava, river and its backwaters and hunting in the broader surroundings.
The settlements in the administrative area are:
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Belovar
Belovar is a settlement (naselje) located within the Sesvete city district of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. According to the 2001 census, the settlement has 330 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 45°52′59″N 16°11′02″E / 45.883°N 16.184°E / 45.883; 16.184
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Benkovac
Benkovac is a town and municipality in the interior of Zadar County, Croatia.
Benkovac is located where the plain of Ravni Kotari and the karstic plateau of Bukovica meet, 20 km from the town of Biograd na Moru and 30 km from Zadar. The Zagreb-Split motorway and Zadar-Knin railway pass through the town. It borders the municipalities of Novigrad, Posedarje, Obrovac, Lišane Ostrovičke, Kistanje and Stankovci.
According to the 2001 census, the municipality had 9,786 inhabitants of which 90.4% were Croats and 7.5% Serbs. Before the war in Croatia, Serbs made up about 57%, and Croats about 41%, however Croats only held 18% of the jobs in the local government, which led to high tensions in the 1990s. During the Operation Storm (Oluja), almost all of the Serbs fled, and after the war many Bosnian Croat refugees settled the area.
According to the Austrian Census in 1900, the town of Benkovac consisted of 356 Catholics and 156 Orthodox, with area surrounding Benkovac it included 8,119 Catholics and 5,981 Orthodox. [1] The 1910 census recorded a total of 810 residents, 388 of which were Catholic and 422 Orthodox. Both censuses were conducted according to religion and language (Serbo-Croatian).
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Berlin
Berlin ( /bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Bjelovar
Bjelovar is a city in central Croatia. It is the administrative centre of Bjelovar-Bilogora County. At the 2001 census, there were 41,869 inhabitants, of which 90.51% were Croats. Bjelovar is not an ancient town; it was first mentioned in 1413 and only gained importance when a new fort was built there in 1756, at the command of the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa. The initial role of the city was to defend central Croatia against the Ottoman invasions.
The town had to wait until the end of these wars to be pronounced a free royal town by ban of Ivan Mažuranić in 1874.
In Hungarian, the town is known as Belovár, in German it is known as Belowar, and in Serbian Cyrillic, it is known as Бјеловар.
The oldest Neolithic location in this area is in Ždralovi, a suburb of Bjelovar, where, while building a basement for the house of Josip Horvatić, a dugout was found and identified as belonging to the Starčevo culture (5000 – 4300 BC). Finds from Ždralovi belong to a regional subtype of a late variant of the Neolithic culture. It is designated the Ždralovi facies of the Starčevo culture, or the final-stage Starčevo. There are also relics of the Korenovo culture, Sopot culture, Lasinja culture, and the Vučedol culture.
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Blaguša
Blaguša is a village in Croatia.
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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Bologna
Bologna (Italian pronunciation: [boˈloɲɲa] ( listen); Emilian: Bulåggna pronounced [buˈləɲɲa]; Latin: Bononia) is the principal city (capital) of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy. Bologna is a lively and cosmopolitan Italian college city, with spectacular history, art, cuisine, music, and culture. It is the seventh largest city in terms of population in Italy and it is the heart of a metropolitan area (officially recognized by the Italian government as a metropolitan city) of about 1,000,000 inhabitants. The urban sprawl of Bologna, including nearby Modena, whose metropolises are adjoining, is continuously expanding.
The city, the first settlements of which date back to at least one millennium before Christ, has always been an important urban center, first under the Etruscans (Velzna/Felsina) and the Celts (Bona), then under the Romans (Bononia), then again in the Middle Ages, as a free municipality (for one century it was the fifth largest European city based on population). Home to the oldest university in the world, University of Bologna, founded in 1088, Bologna hosts thousands of students who enrich the social and cultural life of the city. Famous for its towers and lengthy porticoes, Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre (one of the largest in Italy) thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s, on the heels of serious damage done by the urban demolition at the end of the 19th century as well as that caused by wars.
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Botinec
Botinec is a neighborhood located in Novi Zagreb - zapad city district of Zagreb, Croatia. It is famous for having its streets named after famous character from Croatian theater plays and novels. It was founded in 1965 as a refugee camp after the 1964 flood, owing its rectangular street grid to the era of building Novi Zagreb (called Južni Zagreb – Southern Zagreb at the time). It was away from the city and away from Sava River, with barracks meant to serve as a camp only for up to six years, but the houses were eventually bought by the tenants and upgraded. Nonetheless, Botinec remains a neighborhood bearing the scar of the flood. Botinec is divided in two parts: Old Botinec and New Botinec. According to the 2001 census, Botinec had 4,906 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 45°45′19.16″N 15°56′8.33″E / 45.7553222°N 15.9356472°E / 45.7553222; 15.9356472
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Bregana
Bregana (pronounced [brɛɡǎna]) is a settlement (naselje) in the Town of Samobor, Zagreb County, Croatia. According to the 2001 census, the town has 2,518 residents living in an area of 2.81 square kilometers (1.08 sq mi). Together with the nearby settlements of Podvrh and Klokočevec Samoborski, the town's micropolitan area has 3,450 inhabitants.
Together with Macelj and Rupa, Bregana is the main Croatian border crossing with Slovenia. The checkpoint on the Slovenian side of the border is located in a small village called Obrežje. It is the start of the A3 highway which goes to Zagreb and on to Lipovac at the Serbian border in the east. The highway connects to Slovenia's A2 highway, which leads to Ljubljana. There is also a minor border crossing in the town itself, a two-lane road crossing between Bregana and Slovenska vas. A railway crossing between the two countries is located in Harmica near Savski Marof in Brdovec municipality.
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Brussels
Brussels (French: Bruxelles, pronounced [bʁysɛl] ( listen); Dutch: Brussel, pronounced [ˈbrʏ.səɫ] ( listen); German: Brüssel, pronounced [ˈbʁyː.səl]), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (help·info), Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (help·info)), is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union (EU). It is also the largest urban area in Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the municipality of the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium, in addition to the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
Brussels has grown from a 10th-century fortress town founded by a descendant of Charlemagne into a metropolis of more than one million inhabitants. The metropolitan area has a population of over 1.8 million, making it the largest in Belgium.
Since the end of the Second World War, Brussels has been a main centre for international politics. Hosting principal EU institutions as well as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the city has become the polyglot home of numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (Romanian: București pronounced [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ( listen)) is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389Coordinates: 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Since then it has gone through a variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts. Its eclectic architecture is a mix of historical (neo-classical), interbellum (Bauhaus and Art Deco), Communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (Micul Paris). Although many buildings and districts in the historic centre were damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom..
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Budapest
Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/, /ˈbuːdəpɛʃt/ or /ˈbʊdəpɛst/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and the largest city of Hungary, the largest in East-Central Europe and the seventh largest in the European Union. It is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre, sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. According to 2011 Census, Budapest had 1.74 million inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2.1 million due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3.3 million people. The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7 sq mi) within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of west-bank Buda and Óbuda with east-bank Pest.
The history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture in the 15th century. Following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification. It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, when Hungary lost 72% of its former territory, culturally and economically the country became wholly Budapest-dominated. The capital dominates the country both by the size of its population—which dwarfs those of Hungary's other cities Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( /ˈbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /ˈaɪrɪs/,Spanish: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after Greater Sao Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around thirteen million.
The city of Buenos Aires is not a part of Buenos Aires Province, nor is it the Province's capital, but an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are currently neighborhoods of the city). The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Buzin
Buzin is a village in Croatia. It is located just south of the Zagreb bypass and the adjacent D3/A3 interchange is named after it.
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Cetinje
Cetinje (Montenegrin: Цетиње / Cetinje; Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [tsětiɲe]) is a town and Old Royal Capital of Montenegro. It is also a historical and the secondary capital of Montenegro (Приjестоница / Prijestonica), with the official residence of the President of Montenegro. It had a population of 13,991 as of 2011.
It is the centre of municipality (population 16,757 in 2011). The city nestles on a small karst plain surrounded by limestone mountains, including Mt. Lovćen, the Black Mountain from which Montenegro gets its name.
Cetinje is a town of immense historical heritage, founded in the 15th century. It became the center of Montenegrin life and both a cradle of Montenegrin culture and a Serbian Orthodox religious center. It is because of its heritage as a long-term Montenegrin capital that it is today the honorary capital of Montenegro.
In Montenegrin and Serbian the town is known as Цетинѣ / Cetině (archaic) or Цетиње / Cetinje (modern); in Italian as Cettigne; in Greek as Κετίγνη (Ketígni); and in Turkish as Çetince.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cibona Tower
The Cibona Tower in Zagreb, Croatia is a business tower. The address is Trg Dražena Petrovića 3, near the Savska and Kranjčevićeva intersection.
It is 92 meters (307 feet) tall, and it has 25 levels above ground. There is a radio mast on the roof, which increases the height of the tower to 105 meters (350 feet). As of 2007[update], Cibona Tower is ranked 3rd by height (2nd when you include the antenna[citation needed]) in Croatia.
The tower is a part of the complex that comprises lower business objects, a 5,400-seat basketball hall, and an art installation.
The skyscraper is a cylinder, 25 meters (83 ft) in diameter, which reduces its diameter in four stages, and ends up with a radio mast. The facade is derived in dark steel, totally reflective glass, and black granite. The windows are not fixed. The first stage ends up on the 21st floor, second on the 23rd floor, third on the 24th floor, and the fourth on the 25th floor. The rim of the tower is held by the 26 reinforced concrete pylons, which make it resistant to a 7° Richter scale earthquake, and the impact of a smaller airplane.
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City of San Marino
The City of San Marino, also known simply as San Marino, is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino on the Italian peninsula, near the Adriatic Sea. The city has a population of 4,493. It is on the western slopes of San Marino's highest point, Monte Titano.
Although the capital, most of the businesses are in Borgo Maggiore. It is the third largest city in the country, after Dogana and Borgo Maggiore. It borders the San Marino municipalities Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Fiorentino, and Chiesanuova and the Italian municipality San Leo.
Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino is centered here.
Due to its being the capital and previously the only city in San Marino, the history of this city is almost the same as the History of San Marino. For more information on that topic, see that article.
The city was founded by Saint Marinus and several Christian refugees in the year 301. From then on the city became a center of Christian refugees who fled from Roman persecution. As a result, the city become the oldest republic in Europe, for the republic's territory at that time only included the single city of San Marino.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( /ˈkoʊpənheɪɡən/ or /ˈkoʊpənhɑːɡən/; Danish: København pronounced [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn] ( listen), Latin: Hafnia) is the capital of Denmark and its most populous city, with an urban population of 1,213,822 (as of 1 January 2012 (2012 -01-01)[update]) and a metropolitan population of 1,935,746 (as of 1 April 2012 (2012 -04-01)[update]). With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region. Within this region, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö are growing into a combined metropolitan area. Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager.
First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre.
Copenhagen is a major regional centre of culture, business, media, and science, as indicated by several international surveys and rankings (see International rankings below). Life science, information technology and shipping are important sectors, and research & development plays a major role in the city's economy. Its strategic location and excellent infrastructure, with the largest airport in Scandinavia,Kastrup, located 14 minutes by train from the city centre, have made it a regional hub and a popular location for regional headquarters and conventions.
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Crikvenica
Crikvenica (Croatian pronunciation: [ˈtsrikvɛnitsa]; Latin: Ad Turres) is the largest settlement on the coast of the Vinodol coastal area, Croatia, and grew up on an area which was a settlement in the Roman era (a military base) called Ad Turres. Population 7,121 (2001), total municipality population 11,348 with 90% Croats (2001). It is situated at the Adriatic coast, near Rijeka, the capital of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar county in which it resides. In the last twenty years, due to urban expansion of Crikvenica itself, as well as building in the nearby town of Selce, mentioned two merged into one mini-conglomerate.
Towns near Crikvenica include Kraljevica and Novi Vinodolski.
Old Crikvenica is considered to be a village called Kotor, which is located on hill nearby and shares the name with the village.
The town name comes from a church (Croatian: crkva = church - in dialect crikva) of the Pauline Fathers monastery, built by Nikola Frankopan nearby in 1412. Besides the church and the monastery at the mouth of the Dubračina, the nearby port of Grižane grew up. In 1760 the castellan moved from Bribir to Crikvenica and thus it became the centre of the whole Vinodol. In the 19th century Crikvenica became attractive to many tourists, which changed its history. In 1877 a harbour was built in Crikvenica, in 1888 a bathing beach and as early as 1891 the first hotel opened. In 1895 the Hotel Therapia was opened with 120 beds and the Hydrotherapy Institute. In 1902 the Hotel Crikvenica was built, in 1903 the Bellevue and in 1905 the Miramare. In 1906 Crikvenica became officially a health resort. Due to its favourable climate, in the space of just 16 years Crikvenica became the most important resort on the riviera. Today, with Selce, it is one of the most attractive parts of Kvarner coast, and of North Adriatic coast of Croatia in general.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Crown Dependencies
The Crown Dependencies are self-governing possessions of the British Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They comprise the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea.
Being independently administered jurisdictions, none forms part of the United Kingdom nor of the European Union.
"The Crown" is defined differently in each Crown Dependency. In Jersey, statements in the 21st century of the constitutional position by the Law Officers of the Crown define it as the "Crown in right of Jersey", with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in right of Jersey and not to the Crown Estate of the United Kingdom. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the "Crown in right of the Isle of Man" as being separate from the "Crown in right of the United Kingdom". In Guernsey, legislation refers to the "Crown in right of the Bailiwick", and the Law Officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that "The Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey" and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the Monarch, for the governance of these Islands, including the States of Guernsey and legislatures in the other Islands, the Royal Court and other courts, the Lieutenant Governor, Parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council." This constitutional concept is also worded as the "Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey".
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Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Croatian pronunciation: [dǎlmaːt͡sija]; see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia, as does the dalmatic, a Roman Catholic liturgical vestment worn by deacons and bishops.
The name Dalmatia derives from the name of the tribe of the Dalmatae, which is connected with the Illyrian word delme, dele in modern Albanian, meaning "sheep" in English.
In antiquity the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Dalmatia County of Croatia, stretching from Istria in the north to historical Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology.
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Daruvar
Daruvar (Czech: Daruvar, German: Daruwar, Hungarian: Daruvár, Latin: Aqua Balissae, Serbian Cyrillic: Дарувар) is a town in central Croatia, population 9,815 (2001), total municipality population 13,243 (2001).
Daruvar is a spa town, located in the western part of the Croatian plains, on the foothills of the fruitful Papuk mountain, with wine tradition longer than 2200 years, and along the fertile Toplica[disambiguation needed
] river. It is the main political and cultural centre of the Czech national minority in Croatia.
Daruvar is located 125 km from Zagreb, the national capital, and 130 km from Osijek, the main city of Slavonia to the east. The closest cities are: Pakrac, Lipik, Novska, Križevci, Bjelovar, Virovitica.
Daruvar is located in the Bjelovar-Bilogora county. The list of settlements within the city limits is:
Archaeological findings here, (stone axes), could be traced back to the stone age. The history of Daruvar could be traced to the 4th century BC, when the first organized habitation emerged near the warm geothermal spas in today's Daruvar valley. Celtic - Pannonian tribes living here and familiar with water treatments benefiting health, were Iassi, (meaning healers), so called by both Greek and Roman writers.
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Demerje
Demerje is a settlement within the City of Zagreb, Croatia. The settlement is administered as a part of the City of Zagreb. According to national census of 2001, population of the settlement is 634.
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
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Dolac Market
Dolac (pronounced [dɔ̌lat͡s]) is a farmers' market located in Gornji Grad - Medveščak city district of Zagreb, Croatia. Dolac is the most visited and the best known farmer's market in Zagreb, well known for its combination of traditional open market with stalls and a sheltered market below. It is located only a few dozen meters away from the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square, in the middle between the oldest parts of Zagreb, Gradec and Kaptol.
Coordinates: 45°48′51″N 15°58′39″E / 45.81417°N 15.9775°E / 45.81417; 15.9775
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Dom Sportova
Dom Sportova is an indoor sporting arena, located in Zagreb, Croatia. The venue was built in 1972, on Trešnjevka, in the western part of the city. It has 32,000 m² of floorspace, and it features six halls. The seating capacity of the biggest two is 3,100 and 6,400.
It is used for basketball, handball, volleyball, ice hockey, gymnastics, tennis, as well as concerts.
It is the venue for the PBZ Zagreb Indoors men's tennis tournament.
It also hosted The Final tournament of the 1989 European Basketball Championships, in which the home team of Yugoslavia won the Gold medal, the 2000 European Men's Handball Championship and the 2008 European Figure Skating Championships.
The arena is home to Croatia's most successful hockey team KHL Medveščak Zagreb.
Coordinates: 45°48′28″N 15°57′7″E / 45.80778°N 15.95194°E / 45.80778; 15.95194
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Donji Grad
Donji grad (pronounced [dɔ̂ːɲiː ɡrâːd]; English: Lower Town or Downtown) is one of the 17 city districts of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. It is located in the central part of the city and has 45,108 inhabitants (as of 2001[update]). The official name of the district is rarely used, for it is dubbed centar (center) by most of the Zagreb residents.
Donji grad night skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
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Donji grad
Donji grad (pronounced [dɔ̂ːɲiː ɡrâːd]; English: Lower Town or Downtown) is one of the 17 city districts of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. It is located in the central part of the city and has 45,108 inhabitants (as of 2001[update]). The official name of the district is rarely used, for it is dubbed centar (center) by most of the Zagreb residents.
Donji grad night skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
Donji grad skyline
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Drvar
Drvar (Cyrillic: Дрвар) is a town and municipality in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, located on the road between Bosansko Grahovo and Bosanski Petrovac, also near Glamoč. It is administratively part of Canton 10 of the Federation.
Drvar lies in the vast valley, the southeastern part of Bosanska Krajina, between the Osječenica, Klekovača, Vijenca and Šator mountains of the Dinaric Alps. The southeast side of boundary extends from the Šator over Jadovnika, Uilice and descends to Lipovo and the Una River.
This extremely hilly region comprising the town of Drvar and the numerous outlying villages covers approximately 1030 square kilometers/640 square miles. The town itself is mainly spread out from the left side of the river Unac, and its elevation is approximately 480 meters/1574 feet.
Drvar is approximately 120 kilometers from Šibenik, Croatia, 80 kilometers from Bihać, and 125 kilometers to Banja Luka.
The word Drvar stems from the Serbo-Croatian word 'drvo' which means 'wood'. During socialist Yugoslavia, Drvar was named Titov Drvar in honor of Josip Broz Tito.
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Dublin
Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɨn/; locally /ˈdʊbᵊlən/; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", pronounced [blʲaˈklʲiə] or Áth Cliath, [aː klʲiə], occasionally Duibhlinn) is the capital and most populous city of Ireland. The English name for the city is derived from the Irish name Dubhlinn, meaning "black pool". Dublin is situated near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and the centre of the Dublin Region.
Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century; it was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire and the fifth largest in Europe. Dublin entered a period of stagnation following the Act of Union of 1800, but it remained the economic centre for most of the island. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, the new parliament, the Oireachtas, was located in Leinster House. Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State and later the Republic of Ireland.
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Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik (pronounced [dǔbroːʋnik], note that the stress is on the first syllable) is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641 (census 2011). In 1979, the city of Dubrovnik joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has always been based on maritime trade. In the Middle Ages, as the Republic of Ragusa, also known as a Maritime Republic (together with Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Venice and other Italian cities), it became the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a high level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The beginning of tourism in Dubrovnik is often associated with the construction of the late 19th-century luxury hotels in Croatia, such as Grand Hotel (1890) in Opatija and the Hotel Imperial (1897) in Dubrovnik. According to CNNGo, Dubrovnik is among the 10 best medieval walled cities in the world and among the 10 best places in the world for a fairytale proposal of the Valentine's Day. Although Dubrovnik was demilitarised in the 1970s to protect it from war, in 1991, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was besieged by Serb-Montenegrin forces for 7 months and received significant shelling damage.
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Duga Resa
Duga Resa is a town in Karlovac County, Croatia. It is located about 100km east of Rijeka.
The earliest reference to Duga Resa is from the year 1380. There are several theories on how the then-village acquired its name: one is that "resa" is a reference to the town people's folk costumes; another is that it is named from a native plant that grows in the area, both on the land and in the water.
The village soon grew into a town during the industrialization of the area in the late 19th and early 20th century. In the 2001 census, there were 12,114 inhabitants in the municipality, 96% of which were Croats.
In 2011, the total population is 11,164, in the following settlements:
Popular activities include fishing, rafting, hunting, boating, swimming, volleyball, soccer, and biking. The local church St. Peters (Sveti Petar) dates back to the 14th century.
Its geographic location gives the town very hot summers and very cold winters.
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Dugo Selo
Dugo Selo is a town in Zagreb County, Croatia.
Dugo Selo (lit. Long Village) is a 20 km drive from Zagreb city centre.
The town covers an area of 51 km² and it consists of numerous settlements. The summit of the hill Martin Breg is situated in the northern part of the town. Most neighborhoods of Dugo Selo are located on the Martin Breg slopes.
Dugo Selo is usually considered an exurb of Zagreb. It is also a part of Zagreb metropolitan area.
The transportation importance lies in the intersection of railway lines Zagreb-Koprivnica-Budapest and Zagreb-Slavonski Brod-Belgrade. A major railway station is located in the southern part of town.
The main thoroughfare of Dugo Selo is State route D41 (Zagreb-Koprivnica), an east-west heavily traveled two-lane road. Because of the proximity, a substantial amount of inhabitants commute to Zagreb, thereby creating congestion on D41 during peak hours. The congestion on the Dugo Selo's part of D41 is mild. State route D28 used to go through Dugo Selo before the B28 expressway was built.
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Estonia
Estoniai/ɨsˈtoʊniə/ (Estonian: Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and the Russian Federation (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi), and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is closely related to Finnish.
Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic divided into 15 counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. With a population of 1.29 million, it is one of the least-populous members of the European Union, Eurozone and NATO. Estonia has the highest GDP per person among former Soviet republics. Estonia is listed as a "High-Income Economy" by the World Bank and as an "advanced economy" by the International Monetary Fund; the country is an OECD member. The United Nations lists Estonia as a developed country with a Human Development Index of "Very High". The country is also ranked highly for press freedom, economic freedom, democracy and political freedom and education.
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Faroe Islands
Coordinates: 62°00′N 06°47′W / 62°N 6.783°W / 62; -6.783
The Faroe Islands (Faroese: Føroyar pronounced [ˈfœɹjaɹ], Danish: Færøerne Danish pronunciation: [ˈfæɐ̯øːˀɐnə]) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Norway and Iceland. The islands form a self-governing country under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark. The total area is approximately 1,400 km² (540 sq mi) with a 2010 population of almost 50,000 people.
The Faroe Islands has been a self-governing dependency of Denmark since 1948. Over the years, the Faroese have taken control of most domestic matters. Areas that remain the responsibility of Denmark include military defence, police, justice, currency and foreign affairs. The Faroe Islands also has representatives in the Nordic Council as members of the Danish delegation.
The Faroe Islands were associated with and taxed by Denmark and Norway up to 1814, when Norway fell under the rule of Sweden. Scandinavia was in political turmoil following the Sixth Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars, when the Treaty of Kiel granted Denmark control over the Faroes, Iceland and Greenland in 1814. The Danish trade monopoly ended in 1856.
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Garešnica
Garešnica is a town and municipality in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, Croatia. It is part of Moslavina. There are a total of 10,466 inhabitants (census 2011). As of 2001[update], 82% of the inhabitants are Croats.
Garešnica is located in central Croatia at the foot of Moslavačka gora mountain, 17 km (10.56 mi) northeast of Kutina, on the main road Kutina - Veliki Zdenci - Virovitica. It was first mentioned in 1527. The church Visitation of Our Lady was built in 1752 and has still a lot of original inventory.
The town is home to a memorial to its deceased defenders from the Croatian War of Independence.
The following settlements comprise the Garešnica municipality:
Coordinates: 45°34′N 16°56′E / 45.567°N 16.933°E / 45.567; 16.933
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( /dʒɨˈbrɒltər/) is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) and a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was subsequently ceded to Britain "in perpetuity" under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was an important base for the Royal Navy; today its economy is based largely on tourism, financial services, and shipping.
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and again in 2002. Under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the UK Government.
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Goričan
Goričan (Hungarian: Muracsány) is a municipality in Međimurje County, Croatia.
Goričan is the only village belonging to the municipality. Its population in the 2001 census was 3,148. Of the entire population, 3,088 people identified themselves as Croats.
Goričan is located in the eastern part of Međimurje County, near the Croatian-Hungarian border and the Mura. The nearby populated places include the villages of Donji Kraljevec and Hodošan in Međimurje County, as well as the town of Letenye in Hungary. The border checkpoint between Goričan and Letenye is located around 3 kilometres from the centre of the village. The border checkpoint is also the place where the Croatian A4 motorway becomes the Hungarian M7 motorway, or the other way around.
Coordinates: 46°23′N 16°41′E / 46.383°N 16.683°E / 46.383; 16.683
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Gornja Dubrava
Gornja Dubrava (pronounced [ɡôːrɲaː dǔbraʋa]) is one of the districts of Zagreb, Croatia. It is located in the northeastern part of the city and has 61,388 inhabitants (as of 2001[update]).
Coordinates: 45°50′28.05″N 16°3′20.38″E / 45.841125°N 16.0556611°E / 45.841125; 16.0556611
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Gospić
Gospić is a town and municipality in the mountainous and sparsely populated region of Lika, Croatia. It is the administrative centre of Lika-Senj county. Gospić is located near the Lika River in the middle of a karst field.
Gospić is the third smallest seat of a county government in Croatia. Its status as the county capital helped to spur some development in it, but the town as well as the entire region have suffered a constant decrease in population over the last several decades.
The first organized inhabitation of the area was recorded in 1263 as Kaseg or Kasezi. The name Gospić is first mentioned in 1604, which likely originates from the Croatian word for "lady" (gospa) or another archaic form, gospava.
Today's town was built around two Ottoman forts (the towers of Aga Senković and of Aga Alić). The Turkish incursion was repelled by the end of the 17th century and Gospić became an administrative centre of the Lika region within the Military Frontier.
The municipality was the birthplace of such great men as the physicist and engineer Serb Nikola Tesla, pioneer in telegraphy Ferdinand Kovačević and also national thinkers like Ante Starčević.
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Government Buildings
Government Buildings (Irish: Tithe an Rialtais) is a large Edwardian building enclosing a quadrangle on Merrion Street in Dublin, Ireland, in which several key offices of the Government of Ireland are located. Among the offices of State located in the building are:
Parts of the building, which was formerly the Royal College of Science for Ireland, have served as the seat of Irish government since 1922.
The building that was to become Government Buildings was the last major public building built under British rule in Ireland. The foundation stone for the building was laid by King Edward VII in 1904. It was built on the site of a row of Georgian houses that were being controversially demolished one by one as the new building was erected. The building itself was designed by Sir Aston Webb, a British architect who was later to redesign the facade of Buckingham Palace. The final completed building was opened by King George V in 1911.
It may have been intended for use by the Royal College of Science, but it soon attracted the attention of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland's Dublin Castle administration. It was chosen to be the location for the first meeting of the new Parliament of Southern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, in June 1921. The planned State Opening of Parliament proved a fiasco, as only four members of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and a minority of members of the Senate of Southern Ireland turned up. The Houses were adjourned sine die (although under the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 14 January 1922 “a meeting of members of the Parliament elected for constituencies in Southern Ireland” met to ratify the Treaty).
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Grič cannon
The Grič cannon (Croatian: Grički top) is one of the Zagreb landmarks. Since 1 January 1877 the cannon is fired from the Lotrščak Tower on Grič to mark midday. The cannon was to give the sign for exact noon for the bell-ringers of the city's churches.
1st, 2nd and 3rd Grič cannons in Zagreb City Museum
Coordinates: 45°48′52.6″N 15°58′24.8″E / 45.814611°N 15.973556°E / 45.814611; 15.973556
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Guernsey
Guernsey, officially the Bailiwick of Guernsey ( /ˈɡɜrnzi/ GURN-zee; French: Bailliage de Guernesey, IPA: [bajaʒ də ɡɛʁnəzɛ]), is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
The Bailiwick of Guernsey embraces not only all 10 parishes on the Island of Guernsey, but also the islands of Herm, Jethou, and Lihou. Furthermore, the Bailiwick includes Alderney and Sark, which each has its own parliament.
Although its defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom, the Bailiwick of Guernsey is not part of the UK; and while it participates in the Common Travel Area, it is not part of the European Union.
The Bailiwick of Guernsey is included (along with the Bailiwick of Jersey) in the grouping known as the Channel Islands.
The name of Guernsey, as well as that of neighbouring Jersey, is of Old Norse origin. The second element of Guernsey (-ey) is the Old Norse for "island". Guern similar to Spanish "Cuerno", French "Coi(r)n", Dutch "Hoorn", Frisian "Hoarn", Swedish "Hörn", Swiss "Gorn" means "Corner". - Corner Island.
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Helsinki
Helsinki ( listen (help·info); Swedish: Helsingfors, listen (help·info)) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is 596,233 (31 January 2012), making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is located some 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, 300 kilometres (190 mi) west of St. Petersburg, Russia and 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.
The Helsinki Metropolitan Area includes the city of Helsinki and three other cities: Espoo and Vantaa, which immediately border Helsinki to the west and north, respectively; and Kauniainen, which is an enclave within the city of Espoo. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the world's northernmost urban area among those with a population of over one million people, and the city is the northernmost capital of a EU member state. Altogether 1.1 million people, approximately one in five Finns, live in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
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Homeland Bridge
Homeland Bridge (Croatian: Domovinski most) is a 840 meters (2,756 ft) long bridge over Sava River located in southeastern Zagreb, Croatia. Its administrative location is the city district Peščenica - Žitnjak. The bridge carries four lanes connecting the Radnička street between the Petruševec neighborhood in the north and the Kosnica interchange with the Zagreb bypass in the south.
The bridge was built in the mid-2000s and opened in the spring of 2007 after numerous delays. It was formally opened by the Zagreb mayor Milan Bandić and the Minister of construction Marina Matulović-Dropulić.
The bridge is a part of a transportation project to improve and widen the connections of the satellite city Velika Gorica to Zagreb. Nevertheless currently it alone does not achieve this goal, because the access road (Radnička street) towards it has remained narrow, pending reconstruction, and the road afterwards leads only towards the beltway, it does not continue towards Velika Gorica, to the dismay of local residents. The road is supposed to connect Kosnica and Velika Gorica and continue southwards along the route of the D31 state road.
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Horvati
Horvati is a settlement within the City of Zagreb, Croatia. The settlement is administered as a part of the City of Zagreb. According to national census of 2001, population of the settlement is 1,470.
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HOTO Tower
HOTO Business Tower is a skyscraper in Zagreb, Croatia. It was built in 2004 as the first skyscraper after the Croatian War of Independence. It is located to the west of the Savska street, between the Cibona Tower and Zagrepčanka. It's about 64.5 m tall and it has 17 levels.
It was supposed to have 22 levels, and a height of 90 m, but it was scaled down because it lacked parking spaces.
The tower houses the offices of T-Hrvatski Telekom, the Croatian branch of T-com.
HOTO Tower top
HOTO Tower top
HOTO Tower with Cibona
Coordinates: 45°48′07″N 15°57′50″E / 45.80194°N 15.96389°E / 45.80194; 15.96389
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Hrašće Turopoljsko
Hrašće Turopoljsko is a village in Croatia.
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Hrvatski Leskovac
Hrvatski Leskovac is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D1 highway.
Coordinates: 45°45′N 15°54′E / 45.75°N 15.9°E / 45.75; 15.9
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Hrvatsko Zagorje
Hrvatsko Zagorje (pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskɔː zǎːɡɔːrjɛ]) is a region north of Zagreb, Croatia. It comprises the whole area north of Medvednica mountain up to Slovenia in the north and west, and up to the regions of Međimurje and Podravina in the north and east. The population of Zagorje is not recorded as such, as it is administratively divided among Krapina-Zagorje County (total population 142,432), western and central part of Varaždin County (total population 183,730) and northwestern part of Zagreb County (total population 309,696), so the population of Zagorje can be reasonably estimated to exceed 200,000 people.
Croatian people usually refer to this region as "Zagorje", a word which means "upland", "hinterland" or literally "beyond the mountain" (Medvednica). However, due to a nearby Zagorje ob Savi municipality in Slovenia which bears the same name, the Croatian part is disambiguated by being called Hrvatsko zagorje, meaning "Croatian Zagorje".
The town of Krapina is often referred to as the cultural capital of Kajkavian dialect, the north-western dialect of the Croatian language. Every year, the Festival of Kajkavian Song (Festival kajkavske popevke) takes place in Krapina.
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Hudi Bitek
Hudi Bitek (Croatian pronunciation: [xûːdi bîtek]) is a village on the outskirts of Zagreb, Croatia. It is administratively located in the Brezovica city district. The population is 331. Hudi Bitek has been an inhabited settlement since the medieval times.
Coordinates: 45°42′31″N 15°53′41″E / 45.70861°N 15.89472°E / 45.70861; 15.89472
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Iceland
Icelandi/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]) is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island. Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (slaves) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture, and the country was one of the poorest and least developed in the world. Industrialisation of the fisheries and aid from the Marshall Plan brought prosperity in the years after World War II, and by the 1990s it was one of the world's wealthiest countries. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
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Imotski
Imotski (pronounced [ǐmɔtskiː]; Latin: Emona, later Imota) is a small town situated on the northern side of Biokovo massif, Dalmatian hinterland, Croatia. The town population is 4,347 while the total municipal population is 10,213 (2001). Imotski has a very mild and pleasant climate with many sunny days.
The town is located close to the border with Bosnia-Herzegovina, by the town of Posušje. The nearest coastal town is Makarska.
Imotski is known for its medieval fortress on the rocks of Blue Lake. Another phenomenon is the Red Lake which looks like the eye in the scenery. Both lakes are said to be connected with underground channels to the Adriatic Sea.
The town was first mentioned as Imotski for the first time in the 10th century. It was held by the Turks from the fall of Bosnia in 1492 until 1717 when it was captured by the Venetians.
Unlike other towns in the area, Imotski had an educational system which consisted of primary and secondary schools from as early as the beginning of the 20th century. The secondary school was founded in 1912 when Imotski was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man ( /ˈmæn/; Manx: Ellan Vannin, pronounced [ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn]), otherwise known simply as Mann (Manx: Mannin, IPA: [ˈmanɪn]), is a self-governing Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although the United Kingdom does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is ultimately the responsibility of the Crown (that is, in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, and the Manx language, a branch of the Gaelic languages, gradually emerged. In the 9th century, the Norse began to settle there. A Norse-Gaelic culture arose and the island came under Norse control. In 1266, the island became part of Scotland as formalised by the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal overlordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1764 but the island never became part of Great Britain or its successor the United Kingdom and retained its status as an internally self-governing Crown dependency.
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Istria County
Istria County (Croatian: Istarska županija; Italian: Regione istriana) is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the biggest part of the Istrian peninsula (2,820 km2 (1,089 sq mi) out of 3,160 km2 (1,220 sq mi), 89%). The area of the county is called Istra in Croatian and Slovene. The county administrative center is Pazin and the Croatian regional anthem is "Krasna zemljo".
The caves near Pula, Lim fjord, Šandalja and Roumald's cave, house stone age archaeological remains. Less ancient stone age sites, from the period between 6000-2000 BC, can also be found in the area. More than 400 locations are classified as Bronze Age, (1800 - 1000 BC), items. Numerous findings including weapons, tools, and jewelry), which are from the earlier iron era around the beginning of common era.
The Istrian peninsula was known to Romans as the terra magica. Its name is derived from the Histri, an Illyrian tribe who, as accounted by the geographer Strabo, lived in the region. Romans described them as pirates who were hard to conquer due to the difficulty of navigating their territory. After two military campaigns, Roman legions finally subdued them in 177 BC.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Ivanec
Ivanec is a town in northern Croatia, located southwest of Varaždin and east of Lepoglava, north of the mountain Ivanščica.
In the 2011 census, the population of the municipality is 13,765, in the following settlements:
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Ivanja Reka
Ivanja Reka is a neighborhood located in the eastern part of the Peščenica - Žitnjak city district of Zagreb, Croatia. The population is 2,034.
Its main thoroughfare is the Slavonska Avenue. The nearby Ivanja Reka interchange is a major highway interchange of Slavonska Avenue/A3 and the Zagreb bypass, located east of the neighborhood. Ivanja Reka is located east of Resnik.
Ivanja Reka was administratively party of Dugo Selo before 1988, when it was included in the City of Zagreb.
Coordinates: 45°48′7″N 16°7′8″E / 45.80194°N 16.11889°E / 45.80194; 16.11889
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Jastrebarsko
Jastrebarsko (pronounced [jâstrebarsko]; Hungarian: Jaska) is a town in Zagreb County, Croatia.
In 1865, remnants of a Roman settlement were uncovered in Repišće, Klinča Sela, a village in Jastrebarsko metropolitan area. Further archeological investigation in the late 20th century classified them as a villa rustica and a necropolis consisting of six tumuli, both dating to the early Roman Empire period. The remnants are deemed to be the westernmost group of Noric-Pannonian tumuli and they make a very rare occasion of tombstones located directly on top of tumuli, which is in the rest of Croatia recorded only in Donji Čehi. The location of this archeological site on the fluvial terraces of the local Konjava stream is attributed to the peaceful state of the central Roman Empire, which in turn led to formation of settlements in river valleys.
Sveta Marija pod Okićem (English: Saint Mary under Okić) (locally nicknamed Grič), an archeological site located some 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) north of Repišće dating to 4th century, shows a migration from easily accessible locations to steeper hills and creation of isolated walled refugia. This is attributed to the loss of stability in the Pannonian region and in the Empire overall. A necropolis belonging to Sveta Marija was found on the small valley of Popov Dol and small items were excavated therefrom. Those were mostly bronze bracelets and glass chalices, items that Romans buried with their deceased. Two similar sites were found in the vicinity: Pavlovčani and Plešivica pass.
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Jersey
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, French: Bailliage de Jersey ( /ˈdʒɜrzi/, French: [ʒɛʁzɛ]; Jèrriais: Jèrri), is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands that are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq and other rocks and reefs.
Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems.
The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands. Although the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as 'the Channel Islands', they are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a separate relationship to the British Crown from the other Crown Dependencies of Guernsey and the Isle of Man. It is not part of the United Kingdom, and has an international identity separate from that of the UK but the United Kingdom is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey. Jersey is not a part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, being treated as part of the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods.
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Karlovac
Karlovac (Croatian pronunciation: [kâːrlov̞at͡s]) is a city and municipality in central Croatia. According to the preliminary results of the National census held in 2011 the city proper has a population of 46,827, while the municipality has a population of 55,981 inhabitants.
Karlovac is the administrative centre of Karlovac County. The city is located on the Zagreb-Rijeka highway and railway line, 56 km south-west of Zagreb and 130 km from Rijeka.
The city was named for the Archduke of Austria Charles II, which in German is Karlstadt or Carlstadt ("Charles's Town"). It has then been translated into other languages: in Hungarian it is known as Károlyváros, in Italian as Carlostadio, in Latin as Carlostadium.
Karlovac was built from scratch in 1579 in order to strengthen Austria's southern defences against Ottoman encroaches. The establishment of a new city-fortress was a part of the deal between the Protestant nobility of Inner Austria and the archduke Charles II of Austria, in exchange for their religious freedom the nobility agreed to finance the building of a new fortress against the Ottoman Empire. It was founded as a six-pointed star fortress built on the Zrinski estate near the old town of Dubovac at the confluence of the Kupa and Korana rivers. As the city later expanded, the urban area reached as far as the Mrežnica and Dobra rivers. The unique star shape can still be seen around the town. It was originally known as Karlstadt ("Charles's Town" in German), after Archduke Charles II of Austria, upon whose orders construction began on July 13, 1579. The architect of the city was Matija Gambon.
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Karlovac County
Karlovac County (Croatian: Karlovačka županija) is a county in central Croatia, with the administrative center in Karlovac.
The city of Karlovac is another fort from the times of the Military Frontier. It was built as a six-side star fort in the 16th century at the point of confluence of four rivers.
The town blossomed in the 18th and the 19th century after being made a free town, with the development of roads between Pannonian plains to the seaside, and waterways along the Kupa river. The 20th century wasn't so favourably inclined, but the city's recovering, once again making use of its crucial geostrategic point in Croatia.
The county itself extends towards the north to the water springs of Jamnica, and towards the south all the way down to the mountainous regions of Gorski kotar and Lika, in particular to the Bjelolasica mountain which features the largest winter sport recreation center in the country.
The county is situated in the central part of Croatian state territory and covers an area of approximately 3,622 km2 which makes this county one of the largest among 20 counties existing in Croatia. Because of its transit, traffic and geostrategic position, the County of Karlovac is one of the most important in the whole country.
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Kastav
Kastav (Italian: Castua) is a historical town located about 10 km northwest of Rijeka and about 5 km northeast of Opatija in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia.
The total population of Kastav is 10,472 (census 2011).
The census of 2001 had recorded the following settlements:
Kastav was built on an isolated hill 378 meters above sea level. Its historic center, many parks and big forest are attractive to foreign visitors and hikers. The historic walled town contains a church dating from the 13th century which hosts an international music festival each summer.
The Kastav Statute (Croatian: Statut Grada Kastva) was written in 1400, and confirms the status of Croatian city Kastav as an administrative and political centre from the late 14th century.
Because of its unusual but good position Kastav has really hot summers and very cold winters; during the summer temperatures can rise to 37 °C, sometimes even more. In summer evenings Kastav wood is crowded with walkers who come for the fresh air in wood and of sport, athletes who have their summer break but want stay in good shape. In winter Kastav is one of the first places in the Kvarner region to become white with snow.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Kašina
Kašina is a settlement in the City of Zagreb, Croatia, population 1535 (2011 census). It is located around 22 km north-east of the city centre of Zagreb and north of the district Sesvete.
The first mention of Kašina is dated to 1217 in the charter of King Andrew II. The church in Kašina was badly damaged in the 1880 Zagreb earthquake.
Coordinates: 45°55′N 16°11′E / 45.917°N 16.183°E / 45.917; 16.183
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Kaštela
Kaštela (pronounced [kǎʃtɛla]) is a series of seven towns in central Dalmatia, located northwest of Split, west of Solin and east of Trogir, in Croatia. They are part of the Split-Dalmatia county and are treated as a single city with a population of 38,474 (2011), although they are individually between 3,000 and 7,000 residents each.
The Kaštela (which is plural of Kaštel) include:
The Kastela Riviera is a fertile area, about 20 kilometres in length, featuring the first Roman floating docks and 50 places on the long, verdant area, northwest of Split. It is divided into Gornja (upper) and Donja Kastela (lower), and it consists of seven old and two relatively new settlements. The Kastela region with its Mediterranean tone, picturesque landscape and unique composition of natural environment attracted people since prehistoric times. From ancient Greek sailors, Roman patricians, Croatian kings, rulers, Venetian royals to the present sun and sea lovers, as well as mysterious legacies from the past[citation needed].
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ [ˈkɪjiw] ( listen); Russian: Киев) is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press.
Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The name Kiev is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of four legendary founders of the city (brothers Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv, and sister Lybid). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangians rule, the city became a capital of the Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.
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Klovićevi dvori
Klovićevi dvori (Palace of Klović) is an art gallery in Zagreb, Croatia named after the Croatian painter Juraj Julije Klović. It is located in the historic Gornji Grad neighborhood. Two smaller galleries are located within the building, the Galerija Gradec and Kula Lotrščak. The gallery was opened in 1984.
Coordinates: 45°48′55″N 15°58′30″E / 45.81528°N 15.975°E / 45.81528; 15.975
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Knin
Knin (pronounced [knîːn]; Latin and medieval Hungarian: Tinin, Italian: Tenin, Serbian Cyrillic: Книн) is a historical town in the Šibenik-Knin county of Croatia, located near the source of the river Krka at 44°02′18″N 16°11′59″E / 44.03833°N 16.19972°E / 44.03833; 16.19972, in the Dalmatian hinterland, on the railroad Zagreb – Split. Knin rose to prominence twice in history, as a one-time capital of both the Kingdom of Croatia and briefly of the Republic of Serbian Krajina. The city is of extreme importance for infrastructural reasons, as the railroads from the rest of Dalmatia and its cities of Zadar, Split and Šibenik pass through Knin, going north to the capital city of Croatia, Zagreb.
In the vicinity of today's Knin was once a town called Burnum, which served as an Illyrian and Roman military camp in the 1st century BC.
Knin is mentioned for the first time in the 10th century in the history of Constantine Porphyrogenitus as the centre of a parish. A Croatian diocese of Knin was founded 1040 and its jurisdiction extended to the Drava river, with the "Croatian bishop" at its head.
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Koprivnica
Koprivnica (pronounced [kɔ̝̌priːv̞nit͡sa]) is a city in northern Croatia. It is the capital of the Koprivnica-Križevci county. In 2011 the city administrative area had a total population of 30,872, with 23,896 in the city itself. Area :90,94 km²
The list of settlements in the Koprivnica municipality is:
Koprivnica (German: Kopreinitz, Hungarian: Kapronca) is situated at a strategic location – on the slopes of Bilogora and Kalnik from the south and river Drava from the north. Its position enabled it to develop numerous functions for the wider area such as trade, crafts and administration and in the 13th century, Koprivnica became a town settlement. Koprivnica was named after the brook with the same name, which was first mentioned at the beginning of the 13th century during the Hungarian Kingdom.
Koprivnica has a history similar to nearby Varaždin: it was first mentioned in 1272 in a document by prince László IV and declared a free royal town by king Lajos I in 1356, and flourished as a trading place and a military fortress since.
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Kosovo
Kosovo ( /ˈkɒsəvoʊˌ ˈkoʊsəvoʊ/; Albanian: Kosovë, Kosova; Serbian: Косово or Косово и Метохија or Космет, Kosovo or Kosovo i Metohija or Kosmet) is a region in southeastern Europe. In antiquity, it was known as the independent kingdom, and later Roman province, of Dardania. Part of the medieval Serbia, it was then conquered by the Ottoman Empire, later incorporated into Serbia after the First Balkan War and before the constitution of Yugoslavia, later still it became the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija) within Serbia (Serbia then being one of the constituent republics of Yugoslavia). Long-term severe ethnic tensions between Kosovo's Albanian and Serb populations have left Kosovo ethnically divided, resulting in inter-ethnic violence, including the Kosovo War of 1999. Following the Kosovo War, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) relinquished governance of this territory, whose governance was taken over by the United Nations, Kosovo remained legally the sovereign territory of the FRY after the transfer of authority. The partially recognised Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, Republika Kosovo), a self-declared independent state, has de facto control over most of the territory, while North Kosovo, the largest Kosovo Serb enclave, is under the control of institutions of the Republic of Serbia.Serbia does not recognise the unilateral secession of Kosovo and considers it a UN-governed entity within its sovereign territory.
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Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
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Krapina
Krapina is a town in northern Croatia and the administrative centre of Krapina-Zagorje County with a population of 4,482 (2011) and a total municipality population of 12,479 (2011). Krapina is located in the hilly Zagorje region of Croatia, approximately 55 km (34 mi) away from both Zagreb and Varaždin.
The following settlements comprise the Krapina municipality:
In 1899, on a hill called Hušnjak near modern Krapina, the archaeologist and paleontologist Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger found over eight hundred fossil remains belonging to Neanderthals. Moreover, these fossil remains are said to exhibit traces of cannibalism and/or mortuary defleshing. At the site where the Neanderthals were discovered, there is now a park with many statues. These statues include a bear, moose, and a beaver.
Krapina has been known since 1193. It has always been a favourite site for castles and country houses of Croatian and Hungarian rulers.
Today it is a reasonably developed town, boasting its festival kajkavskih popevki sung in the local Kajkavian dialect of the Croatian language.
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Krvavi Most
Krvavi Most ("The Bloody Bridge") is a street in the heart of Zagreb, Croatia. It is named after the former bridge over Medveščak Creek, which was rendered useless after the covering of the creek. Although the bridge became the street, the name stayed because of historical reasons – as a reminder of history and a witness of Zagreb's past.
The bridge gained its scary name because of the constant conflicts happening on its wooden beams between the citizens of the two parts of Zagreb: Gradec and present day Kaptol.
Coordinates: 45°48′53″N 15°58′33″E / 45.8147°N 15.9759°E / 45.8147; 15.9759
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Kutina
Kutina is a city in central Croatia, the largest settlement in the hilly region of Moslavina, in the Sisak-Moslavina county. The town proper has a population of 14,814 (2011), while the total municipality population is 22,815.
The settlement of Kutina was first mentioned in the historical records in 1256.
It is the industrial center of the region with petrochemical industry - Petrokemija d.d., electronic components production - SELK d.d., and a variety of smaller entrepreneurships. There is a long mass-media tradition in Kutina, with Moslavački list [local newspaper] and Radio Moslavina [local radio station]. The initial headquarters of the Nezavisna Televizija (NeT), a regional commercial TV station, were stationed in Voloder near Kutina.
Kutina is widely known for its active youth scene and the alternative-oriented club Baraka. The main attractions are Lonjsko polje nature park, baroque church of Saint Mary of the Snow, old wooden houses called Trijem (eng. Porch) or Čardak, hills of Moslavina with ruins of medieval "burgs".
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Kyoto
Kyoto (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, "Capital City") (Japanese pronunciation: [kʲoːto] ( listen)) is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.
Although archaeological evidence places the first human settlement on the islands of Japan to approximately 10,000 BC, relatively little is known about human activity in the area before the 6th century AD, around which time the Shimogamo Shrine is believed to have been established. During the 8th century, when powerful Buddhist clergy became involved in the affairs of the Imperial government, the Emperor chose to relocate the capital to a region far from the Buddhist influence. Emperor Kammu selected the village of Uda, at the time in the Kadono district of Yamashiro Province, for this honor.
The new city, Heian-kyō (平安京, "tranquility and peace capital"), a scaled replica of the then Tang capital Chang'an, became the seat of Japan's imperial court in 794, beginning the Heian period of Japanese history. Although military rulers established their governments either in Kyoto (Muromachi shogunate) or in other cities such as Kamakura (Kamakura shogunate) and Edo (Tokugawa shogunate), Kyoto remained Japan's capital until the transfer of the imperial court to Tokyo in 1869 at the time of the Imperial Restoration. (Some believe that it is still a legal capital: see Capital of Japan.)
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La Paz
Nuestra Señora de La Paz (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnwes.tɾa seˈɲoɾa ðe la pas]; English: Our Lady of Peace; Aymara: Chuquiago Marka or Chuqiyapu), simply known as La Paz, is the seat of government of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of the La Paz Department, and the second largest city in the country (in population) after Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It is located in the western part of the country in the department of the same name at an elevation of roughly 3,650 m (11,975 ft) (the city is built on steep hills) above sea level, making it the world's highest "de facto" capital city, or administrative capital.
While the official capital of Bolivia is Sucre and it is the seat of Justice, La Paz has more government departments, hence the "de facto" qualifier. The city sits in a "bowl" surrounded by the high mountains of the altiplano.
As it grows, the city of La Paz climbs the hills, resulting in varying elevations from 3,000 to 4,100 m (9,800 to 13,500 ft). Overlooking the city is towering triple-peaked Illimani, which is always snow-covered and can be seen from several spots of the city, including from the neighbor city of El Alto. As of the 2001 census, the city had a population of 877,363.La Paz Metropolitan area, formed by the cities of La Paz, El Alto and Viacha, make the most populous urban area of Bolivia, with a population of 2.3 million inhabitants and surpassing the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
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Labin
Labin (Italian: Albona) is a town in Istria, Croatia, with a town population of 6,884 (2011) and 11,703 in the greater municipality (which also includes the small towns of Rabac and Vinež, as well as a number of smaller villages, such as Crni).
Labin, an Italian speaking town in Istria, was, for long time, the center of Croatia's largest coalmining district, with four mines operated at its height of production. The mine in downtown Labin closed in the 1950s, while the last mine was closed down in 1989. The large, coal-fired power plant in nearby Plomin now has its coal imported from outside sources once the mines were closed.
The famous Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius Illyricus (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575), was born in Labin.
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Latvia
Latviai/ˈlætviə/ (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden. With 2,067,887 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.
The Latvians are a Baltic people, culturally related to the Lithuanians. Together with the Finno-Ugric Livs (or Livonians), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia.Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch. Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finno-Ugric Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history: historical Livonia, times of German (Teutonic Order), Polish-Lithuanian, Swedish, Russian, Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation. Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia) of whom some are non-citizens. Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant, except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which is historically predominantly Roman Catholic.
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Lauba
Lauba is a private-owned contemporary art gallery in the Črnomerec district of Zagreb, Croatia. It houses exhibits from the Filip Trade Collection, a large private collection of works by modern and postmodern Croatian artists. The venue is also used for exhibitions of foreign contemporary artists and for hosting various arts-related events.
The word Lauba comes for a game based around a circular avenue of trees, called a Lauba and it was coined in the minds of a few boys who spent their childhood days in Vrbovec. The aim was to run the entire Lauba without touching the ground. We can probably find its origin in the German word laub, which means leaves. The name was chosen for its personal resonance to the owner of the Filip Trade Collection.
Lauba House is one of the first private spaces on its scale for the display of visual art. The exhibition hall is 1350m2. Although housing the Filip Trade Collection, the space and its organisation do not wish to be limited to the roles of museum or gallery, aiming to initiate international exhibitions and artistic concepts.
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Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (i/ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ LIK-tən-styn; German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein, German pronunciation: [ˈfʏʁstn̩tuːm ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn]) is a doubly landlocked alpine country in Central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz. The biggest town is Schaan. Liechtenstein has the highest gross domestic product per person in the world when adjusted by purchasing power parity, and has the world's lowest external debt. Liechtenstein also has the second lowest unemployment rate in the world at 1.5% (Monaco is first).
Liechtenstein is the smallest yet the richest (by measure of GDP per capita) German-speaking country in the world and the only country to lie entirely within the Alps. It is known as a principality as it is a constitutional monarchy headed by a prince. Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities. Much of its terrain is mountainous, making it a winter sports destination. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterize its landscape both in the south (Oberland, upper land) and in the north (Unterland, lower land). The country has a strong financial sector located in the capital, Vaduz, and has been identified as a tax haven. It is a member of the European Free Trade Association and part of the European Economic Area, the Schengen Area but not of the European Union.
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Lika
Lika (pronounced [lǐːka]) is a mountainous region in central Croatia, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the Plješevica mountain from the northeast. On the north-west end Lika is bounded by Ogulin-Plaški basin, and on the south-east by the Malovan pass. Today most of the territory of Lika (Gospić, Otočac, Brinje, Donji Lapac, Lovinac, Perušić, Plitvička Jezera, Udbina and Vrhovine) is part of Lika-Senj County. Josipdol, Plaški and Saborsko are part of Karlovac County and Gračac is part of Zadar County.
Major towns include Gospić, Otočac, and Gračac, most of which are located in the karst fields of the rivers of Lika, Gacka and others. The Plitvice Lakes National Park is also in Lika.
Byelohravati (or White Croats) originally migrated from White Croatia to Lika in the first half of the 7th century. After the settlement of Croats (according to migrations theories), Lika became part of the Duchy of Littoral Croatia. Lika then became a part of the Kingdom of Croatia in 925, when Duke Tomislav of the Croats received the crown and became King of Croatia.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (i/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
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Ljubljana
Ljubljana (locally: [lʲubˈlʲana] (
listen); German: Laibach, Italian: Lubiana, Latin: Labacum or Aemona) is the capital of Slovenia and its only centre of international importance. It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. With approximately 272,000 inhabitants, it classifies as the only Slovenian large town. Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of the Slavic world with the Germanic and Latin cultures.
For centuries, Ljubljana was the capital of the historical region of Carniola. Now it is the cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative centre of Slovenia, independent since 1991. Its transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position.
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Ljubljanska Avenue
Ljubljanska Avenue is one of most travelled thoroughfares in Zagreb, Croatia. It is a four-lane divided avenue that runs from the Savska Opatovina rotary (located in the western part of the Trešnjevka - sjever district) in the east to the Jankomir interchange with the Zagreb bypass in the west. The road uses the recently upgraded Jankomir bridge over the Sava river and it is fully grade-separated.
The Ljubljanska used to start further east, at the intersection with the Savska Road in the outer city center, but the recently renovated part between Savska Road and Savska Opatovina was renamed to Zagrebačka Avenue.
Coordinates: 45°47′50″N 15°52′55″E / 45.79722°N 15.88194°E / 45.79722; 15.88194
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Longyearbyen
Coordinates: 78°13′N 15°39′E / 78.22°N 15.65°E / 78.22; 15.65
Longyearbyen is the largest settlement and the administrative center of Svalbard, Norway. As of 2008, the town had a population of 2,040. Longyearbyen is located in the valley of Longyeardalen and on the shore of Adventfjorden, a bay of Isfjorden located on the west coast of Spitsbergen. Since 2002, Longyearbyen Community Council has had many of the same responsibilities of a municipality, including utilities, education, cultural facilities, fire department, roads and ports. The town is also the seat of the Governor of Svalbard and is the world's northernmost town.
Known as Longyear City until 1926, the town was established by and named after John Munroe Longyear, whose Arctic Coal Company started coal mining operations in 1906. Operations were taken over by Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani (SNSK) in 1916, which still conducts mining. The town was almost completely destroyed by the German Kriegsmarine on 8 August 1943, but was rebuilt after the Second World War. Traditionally, Longyearbyen was a company town, but most mining operations have moved to Sveagruva since the 1990s, while the town has seen an large increase in tourism and research. This has seen the arrival of institutions such as the University Centre in Svalbard, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and Svalbard Satellite Station. The community is served by Svalbard Airport, Longyear and Svalbard Church.
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Lotrščak Tower
The Lotrščak Tower (Croatian: Kula Lotrščak) is a fortified tower located in Zagreb, Croatia, in old part of town called Gradec or Gornji grad (English: Upper town). The tower, which dates to the 13th century, was built to guard the southern gate of the Gradec town wall. The name is derived from Latin campana latrunculorum 'thieves' bell', referring to a bell hung in the tower in 1646 to signal the closing of the town gates.
In the 19th century a fourth floor and windows were added to the Lotrščak Tower and a canon was placed on the top, called the Grič cannon. The canon is fired every day at noon.
Coordinates: 45°48′53″N 15°58′23″E / 45.81472°N 15.97306°E / 45.81472; 15.97306
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg (i/ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ LUKS-əm-burg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg, Dutch: Groothertogdom Luxemburg), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland ("good country") in the south. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi). A representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is ruled by a grand duke. It is now the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The country has a highly developed economy, with the world's highest GDP (nominal) per capita according to the IMF. Its historic and strategic importance dates back to its founding as a Roman era fortress site and Frankish count's castle site in the Early Middle Ages. It was an important bastion along the Spanish Road when Spain was the principal European power influencing the whole western hemisphere and beyond in the 16th–17th centuries.
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Lučko
Lučko is a neighborhood in Novi Zagreb - zapad district of Zagreb, Croatia, located south of the Sava and southwest of the city center, near the Lučko interchange that connects the Zagreb-Karlovac motorway, the Zagreb bypass and the old road to Karlovac. The population is 2,841 (census 2001). The main industries are construction, trade and food industries.
Lučko dates from the 18th century, when it noted as the village with a river crossing - the name derives from the Croatian word for "harbor". The oldest church in the village is dated 1779. In the census of 1991, Lučko had 2,013 inhabitants.
The Lučko Airport (ICAO: LDZL) is one of the oldest buildings in Lučko and the main reason for establishment of Lučko as a neighborhood. In 1947, after the Second World War, Lučko airport became the main airport of Zagreb, replacing the yet older Borongaj airport. It held that title until 1959, when the Zagreb Airport (IATA: ZAG, ICAO: LDZA) was built near Pleso.
The previous primary airport is now home to sports planes and the Croatian special police elite Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit, as well as the military helicopter airbase.
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Macelj
Macelj (pronounced [mât͡sɛʎ]) is the name of a village and a forest in northern Croatia bordering on Slovenia. There is an official border crossing in Macelj, and the end of the A2 highway. The villages are administratively divided into Gornji Macelj (Upper), population 204, and Donji Macelj (Lower), population 565.
At the end of World War II in 1945, the forests near Macelj were the location of the Macelj massacre.
Macelj hosts the most frequently congested border crossing in Croatia on the Slovenian border. The Slovenian village opposite Macelj is Gruškovje.
Coordinates: 46°16′N 15°51′E / 46.267°N 15.85°E / 46.267; 15.85
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Madrid
Madrid (English /məˈdrɪd/, Spanish: [ma'ðrid]) is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third largest in the European Union after London and Paris. The city spans a total of 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi).
The city is located on the Manzanares river in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid (which comprises the city of Madrid, its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages); this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political centre of Spain. The current mayor is Ana Botella from the People's Party (PP).
Madrid urban agglomeration has the 3rd largest GDP in the European Union and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the major financial centre of Southern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Spanish companies, such as Telefónica, Iberia or Repsol. Madrid is the most touristic city of Spain, the fourth-most touristic of the continent, and is the 10th most livable city in the world according to Monocle magazine, in its 2010 index. Madrid also ranks among the 12 greenest European cities in 2010. Madrid is currently a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics.
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Makarska
Makarska (Italian: Macarsca; German: Macharscha; Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [mâkarskaː]) is a small town on the Adriatic coastline of Croatia, about 60 km (37 mi) southeast of Split and 140 km (87 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik. It has a population of 13,716 residents. Administratively Makarska has the status of a town and it is part of the Split-Dalmatia County.
It is a tourist centre, located on a horseshoe shaped bay between the Biokovo mountains and the Adriatic Sea. The city is noted for its palm-fringed promenade, where fashionable cafes, bars and boutiques overlook the pretty harbour where many pleasure craft are moored. Adjacent to the beach are several large capacity hotels as well as a camping ground.
The center of Makarska is an old town with narrow stone-paved streets, a main church square where there is a flower and fruit market, and a Franciscan monastery that houses a sea shell collection featuring a giant clam shell.
Makarska is the center of the Makarska Riviera, a popular tourist destination under the Biokovo mountain. It stretches for 60 km (37 mi) between the towns of Brela and Gradac. In the summertime tens of thousands of tourists flock to the area from Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Sweden, Slovenia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as other countries.
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Maksimir
Maksimir (pronounced [mǎksimiːr]) is one of the neighborhoods of Zagreb, Croatia. Maksimir stadium and Maksimir Park are located in it. It was named after the bishop Maksimilijan Vrhovac.
The center of the Maksimir neighborhood is the Kvaternik Square, named after Eugen Kvaternik and frequently dubbed "Kvatrić". The square has recently been renovated and redesigned to alleviate major traffic congestion. The new square includes an underground parking garage. The local newspaper is called "Maksimir, moj kvart" (English: Maksimir, my neighborhood).
The Maksimir Park is one of the biggest parks in Zagreb. It also contains the Zagreb Zoo, which is the second-largest in Croatia; and five lakes, called the Maksimir lakes.
Coordinates: 45°49′55.76″N 16°1′11.49″E / 45.8321556°N 16.0198583°E / 45.8321556; 16.0198583
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Maksimir Park
Maksimir Park is Zagreb's oldest public park. It forms part of the city's cultural heritage and is a habitat for many different plant and animal species.
Founded in 1787, Maksimir Park was the first large public park in South-Eastern Europe, and predates the majority of Europe's public park foundings. The park was opened in 1794[citation needed] under the initiative of the man for whom it was named, Bishop Maksimilijan Vrhovac of Zagreb (1752 1827). At that time, the park was located on the outskirts of the city, although today it is surrounded by many of the city's neighborhoods.[citation needed] It was formerly a dense forest of hornbeams (Carpinus betulus) and oaks (Quercus robur, and Q. petraea). The remainder of the original forest survives as a girdle to the park, the area in total measuring above 1,005 acres (4.07 km2).
Although the landscaping was first conceived by Bishop Vrhovac in the baroque style, in 1839,[citation needed] Bishop Juraj Haulik (1788–1869), and others redesigned the park. Haulik's vision was very much in line with Biedermeierist notions, and romantic neoclassicism, with elements from historicism; and in emulation of the park at the Laxenburg estate of the Habsburgs.
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Malta
Maltai/ˈmɒltə/, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.
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Mamutica
Coordinates: 45°46′16″N 15°59′41″E / 45.77111°N 15.99472°E / 45.77111; 15.99472
Mamutica is the largest building (by volume) in Zagreb and Croatia, as well as one of the largest apartment blocks in Europe. This apartment complex was built in 1974 in Eastern Novi Zagreb, in the quarter of Travno. It is the Croatian version of the panelák or plattenbau. The building is about 240 m long, 70 m high and has 20 floors. It is home to about 5,000 people. There are 1,212 apartments in the building, and their total cost is €135.7 million.[citation needed]
Mamutica is also the name of a crime TV series broadcast by Croatian Radiotelevision since 2008 (two seasons as of 2010[update]), focusing on police cases being solved in and around the building.
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Mariehamn
Mariehamn (Finnish: Maarianhamina) is the capital of Åland, an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty. Mariehamn is the seat of the Government and Parliament of Åland, and 40% of the population of Åland live in the city. Like all of Åland, Mariehamn is unilingually Swedish-speaking and around 88% of the inhabitants speak it as their native language.
The town was named after Maria Alexandrovna, the Empress consort of Alexander II of Russia. Mariehamn was founded in 1861, around the village of Övernäs, in what was at the time part of the municipality of Jomala. The city has since expanded and incorporated more of Jomala territory. The city is located on a peninsula, and has two important harbours, one located on the western shore and one on the eastern shore. The Western Harbour is an important international harbour with daily traffic to Sweden and mainland Finland. A powerful incentive for Baltic ferries to stop at Mariehamn is that, with respect to indirect taxation, Åland is not part of the EU customs zone and so duty-free goods can be sold aboard. Mariehamn Airport is located in the neighbouring municipality of Jomala, some 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Mariehamn city centre.
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Marin Držić Avenue
Marin Držić Avenue (Croatian: Avenija Marina Držića) is an important north-south avenue in the central-eastern part of Zagreb, Croatia. It is named after Marin Držić, a famous Croatian poet from the 16th century.
It starts at the Petar Krešimir IV Square where it continues south from Pavao Šubić Avenue. It intersects with the Branimirova Avenue, Vukovarska Avenue, Slavonska Avenue (cloverstack interchange), Milka Trnina Street, Sajmišna Road (parclo interchange) and ends at Dubrovnik Avenue (roundabout interchange), continuing south as Sarajevska Road. The avenue carries ZET tram tracks in the median through the entire route. Zagreb's main bus station (Autobusni kolodvor Zagreb) is also located on the avenue.
It passes through city districts Trnje and Novi Zagreb - istok, at parts serving as a border between Trnje and Peščenica - Žitnjak.
Coordinates: 45°48′10″N 15°59′40″E / 45.80278°N 15.99444°E / 45.80278; 15.99444
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Markovo Polje
Markovo Polje is a village in Croatia.
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Marshal Tito Square
Marshal Tito Square (Croatian: Trg maršala Tita) is one of the biggest squares in Zagreb, Croatia. The square is located in Lower Town, with the Croatian National Theatre building at its centre. It is sometimes billed as the "most beautiful square in Zagreb".
The present-day square was formed in the period between 1856 (when the former hospital was built on its northern side) and 1964 (when the Ferimport building was erected on the western side). However, the majority of buildings overlooking the square were built in the late 19th century in the historicist style of architecture.
Marshal Tito square was the first in line of three squares which form the west wing of the so-called Lenuci's horseshoe (Croatian: Lenucijeva potkova), a U-shaped belt of squares and parks designed by engineer Milan Lenuci in the late 19th century which frames the core part of Zagreb's city centre. The east wing of the belt is formed by the King Tomislav, Strossmayer and Zrinski squares, and the west wing by the Marulić, Mažuranić and Marshal Tito squares, with the Botanical Garden connecting the two. The square is home to several cultural and educational institutions and several landmark sculptures.
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Medvedgrad
Medvedgrad (pronounced [mědʋedɡraːd]; Croatian for bear-town or city of bears) is a medieval fortified town located on the south slopes of Medvednica mountain, approximately halfway from the Croatian capital Zagreb to the mountain top Sljeme. For defensive purposes it was built on a hill, Mali Plazur, that is a spur of the main ridge of the mountain that overlooks the city. On a clear day the castle can be seen from far away, especially the high main tower. Below the main tower of the castle is Oltar Domovine (Altar of the homeland) which is dedicated to the fallen Croatian soldiers in the Croatian War of Independence.
The fortress was constructed after the Mongol invasion of 1242 when the city of Zagreb was destroyed and burned to the ground.
It was built by Philippe (de genere Türje), bishop of Zagreb, between 1249 and 1254; later it was owned by bans of Sclavonia. After an earthquake in 1590 the fortress was heavily damaged and abandoned. It remained in ruins till recently when it was partly restored and now offers a panoramic view of the city from an altitude of over 500 meters (1,600 ft).
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Medvednica
Medvednica (pronounced [mɛ̌dʋɛdnit͡sa]) is a mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb and marking the southern border of the historic region of Zagorje. The highest peak, at 1,035 m, is Sljeme. Most of the area of Medvednica is a nature park (park prirode), a type of preservation lesser than a national park. The area of the park is 228.26 square kilometers and about 63% is covered with forest.
The name Medvednica could be translated as "bear mountain", there being other toponyms on the mountain using the kajkavian dialect term medved (standard Croatian "medvjed" = bear), notably Medvedgrad, a medieval castle on its southwestern edges.
Sljeme ([sʎɛ̂mɛ]) (Sleme in kajkavian dialect) means summit, and is a name often used to refer to the entire mountain.
The climate on the Medvednica mountain is typical for Central European mountain ranges. The average annual precipitation is around 1300 mm (Zagreb - Grič 840 mm), also the reason for rich spring wells everywhere. The average annual temperature is around 7°C (Zagreb 12°C). There is a snow cover approximately for 100 days in a year, the thickest being in February, leaving the skiing slopes also covered with artificial snow when necessary. There is much more sunshine during the winter on Medvednica than in Zagreb or Zagorje, so it is not surprising that winter is the most visited season on the Medvednica mountain.
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Metković
Metković is a city in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county of Croatia, located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the river Neretva and on the border with Herzegovina.
The total population of the city (municipality) is 16,929 inhabitants (2011), in the following settlements:
In the census of 2001, the absolute majority of its citizens (96.42%) were Croats.
The city was first mentioned in a 1422 court document as a small farming town. It remained this way until the nineteenth century. During this period the city found renewed investment from the country's Austrian rulers. With the arrival of the area's first post office and school, as well as the increase of trade with the Ottoman Empire, the city began to flourish. In 1875 Emperor Francis Joseph I visited the city.
Metković is located near the ancient Roman settlement of Narona (today Vid). Narona was established as a Roman trading post, after Rome's successful war (Illyrian Wars) with the neighboring Illyrian tribe Daors (ruins of their main city are located near Stolac), and successfully grew until the 3rd century AD. After that it went on a steady decline especially after a large 4th century AD earthquake. Upon the arrival of Slavonic tribes in the mid 6th century AD, the city of Narona was abandoned with most parts being covered under slit that was carried by the river Neretva. Only minor excavations were done, most of them being concentrated on location of Vid.
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Međimurje County
Međimurje County (pronounced [mɛdʑǐmuːrjɛ ]; Croatian: Međimurska županija) is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia, roughly corresponding to the historical and geographical region of Međimurje. Despite being the smallest Croatian county by size, it is the most densely populated one (not including the City of Zagreb). The county seat is Čakovec, which is also the largest city of the county.
The county borders Slovenia in the north-west and Hungary in the east, with about 30 kilometers of Slovenian territory separating it from Austria. The south-eastern corner of the county is near the town of Legrad and the confluence of the Mura into the Drava. The closest cities include Varaždin, Koprivnica and Bjelovar in Croatia, Murska Sobota and Maribor in Slovenia, as well as Nagykanizsa in Hungary and Graz in Austria. The Croatian capital of Zagreb is about 90 kilometers south-west of Čakovec.
There are slopes of the Alpine foothills in the north-western part of the county, the Upper Međimurje, making it suitable for vineyards. The south-eastern part of the county, the Lower Međimurje, touches the flat Pannonian Plain. The flat parts of the region are also largely used for agriculture, which mostly includes fields of cereals, maize and potato, as well as orchards, which are mostly planted with apple trees. There are two major hydroelectric power plants along the southern border of the county, on the Drava River.
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Meštrović Pavilion
Meštrović Pavilion (colloquially known as Džamija, mosque) is a building located on Žrtava Fašizma Square (Victims of Fascism) in central Zagreb, Croatia, designed by Ivan Meštrović and built in 1938, that has served several functions in its lifetime. An art museum before World War II, it was converted into a mosque for Bosniaks under the Independent State of Croatia, to again become the Museum of Revolution in post-war Yugoslavia. As of 2006[update], it serves as a space for exhibitions and concerts. The mosque was eventually built in 1987, in Borovje neighborhood.
Coordinates: 45°48′36″N 15°59′14″E / 45.81°N 15.98722°E / 45.81; 15.98722
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Mimara Museum
The Mimara Museum is an art museum in the city of Zagreb, Croatia. It is situated at the Roosevelt Square, housing the collection by Wiltrud and Ante Topić Mimara. Its full official name is the "Art Collection of Ante and Wiltrud Topić Mimara".
Of the total of 3,700 varied works of art, more than 1,500 exhibits constitute permanent holdings, dating from the prehistoric period up to the 20th century. Some of the most famous exhibits include works by Lorenzetti, Raffaello, Giorgione, Veronese, Caravaggio, Canaletto, 60 paintings by the Dutch masters Van Goyen, Ruisdael, 50 works by the Flemish masters Van der Weyden, Bosch, Rubens, Van Dyck, more than 30 by the Spanish masters Velázquez, Murillo, Goya, some 20 paintings by the German masters Holbein, Liebermann, Leibl, some 30 paintings by the English painters Gainsborough, Turner, Bonington and more than 120 paintings by the French masters Georges de la Tour, Boucher, Chardin, Delacroix, Corot, Manet, Renoir, Degas. The drawings collection holds some 200 drawings by Bronzino, Guardi, Claude Lorrain, Le Brun, Oudry, Greuze, Géricault, Friesz. The museum was opened in 1987. The building itself originates from the 19th century, overseen by a Zagreb architect Kuno Waidmann, and it served as a gymnasium.
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Minsk
Coordinates: 53°54′N 27°34′E / 53.9°N 27.567°E / 53.9; 27.567
Minsk (Russian: Минск, [mʲinsk]; Belarusian: Мінск, pronounced [minsk]) is the capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus; it is also the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk raion (district). It has a population of 1,836,808 inhabitants (2009).
The earliest historic references to Minsk date to the 11th century (1067), when it was noted as a provincial city within the principality of Polotsk. The settlement developed on the rivers. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It received town privileges in 1499.
From 1569, it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. From 1919–1991, after the Russian Revolution, Minsk was the capital of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union.
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Mirogoj Cemetery
The Mirogoj Cemetery (pronounced [mîrɔɡɔːj]) is considered to be one of the most beautiful cemetery parks in Europe and, because of its design, numbers among the more noteworthy landmarks in the City of Zagreb.
The cemetery inters members of all religious groups: Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Protestant, Latter Day Saints and irreligious graves can all be found.
In the arcades are the last resting places of many famous Croatians.
The cemetery was created in 1876 on a plot of land owned by the linguist Ljudevit Gaj. Architect Hermann Bollé designed the main building. The construction of the arcades, the cupolas, and the church in the entryway was begun in 1879. Work was finished in 1929.
It is located today in the Gornji Grad - Medveščak city district, on Mirogojska Road and Hermann Bollé Street.
ZET bus line 106 runs between the cemetery and the Kaptol bus terminal in the heart of Zagreb.
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Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Monaco
Monacoi/ˈmɒnəkoʊ/, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu; Italian: Principato di Monaco; Occitan: Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city state, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. Bordered by France on three sides, with one side bordering the Mediterranean Sea, its center is about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Italy, and is only 15 km (9.3 mi) north east of Nice, France. It has an area of 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi), and a population of 35,986, making Monaco the second smallest and the most densely populated country in the world. Monaco has a land border of only 4.4 km (2.7 mi), a coastline of 4.1 km (2.5 mi), and a width that varies between 1.7 km (1.1 mi) and 349 metres (382 yards). The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires district, which is 161 metres (528 feet) above sea level. Monaco's most populated Quartier is Monte Carlo, and the most populated Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins. After a recent expansion of Port Hercules, Monaco's total area is 2.05 km2 (0.79 sq mi), with new plans to extend the district of Fontvieille, with land reclaimed from the Mediterranean Sea.
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Montenegro
Montenegro (i/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/; or /ˌmɒntɨˈnɛɡroʊ/; Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra] ( listen), meaning "Black Mountain") is a country in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
In the 10th century, there existed three Slavic principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his son Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm, which at the time was part of the Serbian Grand Principality of the Nemanjić dynasty.
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Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Našice
Našice (pronounced Na-shi-tse) is a town in the Osijek-Baranja County of Croatia. It is located on the northern slopes of the Krndija mountain in eastern Slavonia, 51 km southwest of Osijek; elevation 157 m.
Našice is located on the D2 state road Varaždin–Virovitica–Našice–Osijek and the railroad Zagreb–Koprivnica–Osijek. Chief occupations are farming and angling on 11 km² of fishing ground. Major industries include metal processing, cement, (at Našice cement), the stone excavation. Also wood processing, textiles and food.
The city was first mentioned in 1229 under the name of Nekche. The town was a feudal property of the Pejačević family until 1945.
According to the census of 2001, there are 7,894 inhabitants in town, with 16,228 in the entire municipality. 87% of the population are Croats.
The municipality of Našice includes the following settlements:
Rich hunting grounds can be found in the immediate surroundings, and the fishpond Našička Breznica and Lake Lapovac offer fine angling opportunities. Slavonian cuisine and freshwater fish are a part of the gastronomic offerings of the town and its surroundings.
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Near East
The Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that covers different countries for geographers, archeologists, and historians, on the one hand, and for political scientists, economists, and journalists, on the other. The term originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire, which had been settled to the north by the Great Turkish War of the late 17th century, ending with the Treaty of Karlowitz, June 26, 1699. This war determined that Austria, Hungary and the Ukraine would not be in the Ottoman Empire and therefore ultimately would not be Near Eastern.
The term Near East was in use exclusively during the 2nd half of the 19th century. In the 1st half of the 20th century it began to share the geographical stage with the term, Middle East. Since then Near East and Middle East have been approximately synonymous. Near East is used in some historic contexts and Middle East in others with no major semantic difference.
At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople to the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the independence of Greece and various smaller wars of independence resulting in the creation of "the Balkan States". Some of these states were independent and some were still nominally under the Ottomans although occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops. Up until 1912 the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace, which were lost in the two Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
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Nicosia
Nicosia (/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə), known locally as Lefkosia (Greek: Λευκωσία, Turkish: Lefkoşa), is the capital and largest city in Cyprus, as well as its main business center. After the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Nicosia remained the only divided capital in the world, with the southern and the northern portions divided by a Green Line. It is located near the center of the island, on the banks of the Pedieos River.
Nicosia is the capital and seat of government of the Republic of Cyprus. The northern part of the city functions as the capital of the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a disputed breakaway region whose independence is recognized only by Turkey, and which the rest of the international community considers as occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus since the Turkish Invasion in 1974.
Despite the division Nicosia has managed to become a sophisticated and cosmopolitan city, rich in history and culture that combines its historic past with the amenities of a modern city.
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North Nicosia
North Nicosia or Northern Nicosia (Turkish: Lefkoşa Greek: Λευκωσία), is the capital and largest city of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It is the northern half of Nicosia, and governed by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Located on the River Pedieos and situated almost in the center of the island, it is the host for the seat of the government as well as the main business center.
Following the intercommunal violence of the 1960s, the capital of Republic of Cyprus was divided between the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in the south and north respectively in 1963. An attempted coup by the Greek military-junta to unite the island with Greece in 1974 led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
84,893 people live in North Nicosia. North Nicosia is important commercially with many shops, two modern shopping malls, restaurants and entertainment. The city is a trade centre and manufactures textiles, leather, pottery, plastic, and other products. Nicosia is the seat of two Turkish Cypriot Universities.
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Northern Cyprus
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti), commonly called Northern Cyprus, is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the north east, westward to Morphou Bay and Cape Kormakitis (the Kokkina/Erenköy exclave marks the westernmost extent of the area), and southward to the village of Louroujina/Akıncılar. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both states.
Tensions between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot populations in Cyprus culminated in 1974 with a coup d'état, an attempt to annex the island to Greece, and an invasion by Turkey in response. This resulted in the partitioning of the island, the resettlement of many of its inhabitants, and a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
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Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Nova Gradiška
Nova Gradiška is a city located in the Brod-Posavina County of Croatia, population 14,196 (2011). It is located in the historic region of Slavonia, near the border to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The first word in the name means New, and there's also an Old Gradiška nearby, the town of Stara Gradiška.
Nova Gradiška is often referred to as The Youngest City.
The city of Nova Gradiška was founded in 1748 as an outpost in the Military Frontier and was first named Friedrichsdorf in German. Already in 1750 it was renamed to Neu-Gradischka which later became Nova Gradiška in Croatian language. The Hungarian name is Újgradiska.
The first building constructed was the church of Saint Tereza, which is an important monument of baroque architecture in Slavonija. The old core of the town comprises the church of Saint Terezija and the old court and prison from the 18th century.
The town is located near the Croatian most important railway line frequently served by passenger trains. The highway A3 is also passing nearby. Highway and railway are part of the Pan European corridor X. Bus traffic within the town as also suburban traffic is very well developed. There are also direct connections to Požega and nearby crossing to Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the vicinity of a few kilometers.
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Novi Marof
Novi Marof (Kajkavian: Nuovi Narof) is a town in north-western Croatia, located south of Varaždin and east of Ivanec, in the Varaždin county.
The population of the municipality is 13,238 (census 2011), distributed in the following settlements:
The town has memorial markers to:
Coordinates: 46°10′N 16°20′E / 46.167°N 16.333°E / 46.167; 16.333
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Novi Sad
Novi Sad (Serbian Cyrillic: Нови Сад, pronounced [nɔ̝̂v̞iː sâːd] ( listen)) is the second largest city in Serbia, capital of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina, and the administrative centre of the South Bačka District.
According to preliminary results of the latest census in Serbia conducted in October 2011, the urban area of Novi Sad has a population of 221,854, while its municipal area has a population of 335,701. It is located in the southern part of Pannonian Plain, on the border of the Bačka and Srem regions, on the banks of the Danube river and Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal, facing the northern slopes of Fruška Gora mountain.
The city was founded in 1694, when Serb merchants formed a colony across the Danube from the Petrovaradin fortress, a Habsburg strategic military post. In the 18th and 19th centuries, it became an important trading and manufacturing centre, as well as a centre of Serbian culture of that period, earning the nickname Serbian Athens. The city was heavily devastated in the 1848 Revolution, but it was subsequently restored. During the city's long history, it has maintained its multi-cultural identity, with Serbs, Hungarians and Germans being the main ethnic groups. Today, Novi Sad is an industrial and financial centre of the Serbian economy, as well as a major cultural hub.
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Novi Zagreb
Novi Zagreb (literally "New Zagreb") is the part of the city of Zagreb located south of the Sava river, on the way from the Pleso airport to the city center. Novi Zagreb forms a distinct whole because it is separated from the northern part of the city both by the river and by the levees around Sava.
It is mostly residential, consisting of blocks of flats and tower blocks that were built during the Socialist era (1945–1990). Although it is not as prestigious as downtown Zagreb, it has recently been praised for its good road network and abundance of parks.
It is formed by two administrative city districts ('četvrti'): Novi Zagreb - istok (Novi Zagreb - East) and Novi Zagreb - zapad (Novi Zagreb - West).
Expansion of Novi Zagreb was started by the Zagreb mayor Većeslav Holjevac, when he moved the Zagreb Fair from the downtown Savska Road to the southern bank of the Sava river in 1953.
The basketball club KK Zagreb was known as "OKK Novi Zagreb" between 1976 and 1991.
Coordinates: 45°46.4′N 15°58.5′E / 45.7733°N 15.975°E / 45.7733; 15.975
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Novska
Novska is a town in Croatian Slavonia, located between Kutina and Nova Gradiška, southeast of the capital, Zagreb. It has a total population of 13,573 in the following settlements:
In the 2001 census, 89.52% (12,813) of the population were Croats and 5.72% (818) were Serbs.
Novska is the middle point on the railroad Zagreb-Vinkovci. It is known for its steel elbow factory, Metaflex.
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Ogulin
Ogulin (pronounced [ôɡuliːn]) is a town in north-western Croatia, in Karlovac County. It has a population of 8,712 (2001), and a total municipal population of 15,054 (2001). Ogulin is known for its historic stone castle Kula, and the nearby mountain of Klek.
Ogulin's history dates back to the 15th century, where it struggled against the Ottoman Turks.The exact timing of the building of the Ogulin tower has not been established. However, a document issued by Bernardin Frankopan in his town of Modruš at around 1500 A.D. mentioned the borders between Modruš and Vitunj, and this is, at the same time, the first historical mention of Ogulin. Ogulin was named Julija's town on the first geographical map of Croatia, made by the Jesuit cartographer Stjepan Glavač in 1673. Julija's Town is known for the legend of Đula who threw herself into the abyss of the River Dobra because of an unhappy love affair. There is also an explanation for the name of Ogulin. The surrounding woods needed to be cleared for the better defence of the town, so Ogulin received its name because of the resulting bare area ("ogolio" in Croatian) around it. Another explanation speaks also about the name of Ogulin. There were a lot of lime-trees along the road from Ogulin towards Oštarije, and the people used to peel the bark. in order to get bass. Ogulin this time got its name from the verb to peel ("guliti" in Croatian). However, none of these is scientifically confirmed. In the 16th century, it became a military stronghold against the Ottomans.
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Omiš
Coordinates: 43°26′N 16°41′E / 43.433°N 16.683°E / 43.433; 16.683
Omiš (pronounced [ɔ̌miːʃ]) is a town and port in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and is a municipality in the Split-Dalmatia County. The town is situated approximately 25 km (16 mi) south-east of Croatia's second largest city, Split. Its location is where the emerald-green Cetina River meets the Adriatic Sea (Croatian: Jadransko More). Omiš has a population of 15,800 and its area is 266 km² (103 m²).
It is supposed that name of this city, Omiš, developed from Slavic Holm, Hum as translation from Illyrian - Greek word Onaion, Oneon, in meaning "hill" or "place on the hill", but there is also possibility that name of the settlement Onaeum was derived from the name of river which was called Nestos by the Greek colonists in its lower flow, during Antiquity.
Latin names during Ancient Rome were Onaeum, Oeneum, Alminium, and Almissum, during Medieval name was recorded as Olmissium, Almiyssium and from the end of the 15th century, when the city fell to authority of Venetian Republic it was Italian: Almissa.
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Opatija
Opatija (pronounced [ɔpǎtija]; German: Sankt Jakobi; Italian: Abbazia) is a town in western Croatia, just southwest of Rijeka on the Adriatic coast. As of 2001[update], the town proper had a population of 7,850, with the municipality having a total 12,719 inhabitants.
Opatija is situated in the Gulf of Kvarner in a sheltered position at the foot of Učka mountain, with Vojak peak at 1401 m. Opatija is located 90 km from Trieste by rail and 82 km from Pula by road. The city is geographically on the Istrian peninsula, though it is not in Istria county, but Primorje-Gorski Kotar county.
It is a popular summer and winter resort, with average temperatures of 10 °C in winter, and 25 °C in summer. Opatija is surrounded by beautiful woods of bay laurel. The whole sea-coast to the north and south of Opatija is rocky and picturesque, and contains several smaller winter resorts.
Opatija is included in the territory of the Liburni, a pre-Roman Illyrian people. In Roman times, the area was home to several patrician villas connected to the nearby town of Castrum Laureana, the modern Lovran.
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Osijek
Osijek (Croatian: Osijek, Croatian pronunciation: [ɔ̂sijɛ̝ːk]) is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 128,095 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja county. Osijek is located on the right bank of the river Drava, 25 kilometres (16 mi) upstream of its confluence with the Danube, at an elevation of 94 metres (308 ft).
The name was given to the city due to its position on elevated ground which prevented the city being flooded by the local swamp waters. Its name Osijek comes from the Croatian word "oseka" which means "ebb tide".
Due to its past and its history within the Habsburg Monarchy and briefly in the Ottoman Empire and also due to the presence of German and Hungarian minorities throughout its history, Osijek also has (or had) its names in other languages, notably Hungarian: Eszék, German: Esseg or Essegg, Latin: Mursa, Turkish: Ösek. Also spelled Esgek. All those names were adjusted variations to the original Croatian given name. In Roman times Osijek was called Mursa Maior, but its official Roman name was Colonia Aelia Mursa, as it was established by emperor Hadrian.
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Oslo
Oslo (English pronunciation: /ˈɒzloʊ/, OZ-loh,Norwegian pronunciation: [²ʊʃlʊ] ( listen) or [²ʊslʊ]) is the capital of and most populous city in Norway. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 and with Sweden from 1814 to 1905 reduced its influence. After being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Castle during the reign of King Christian IV and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality (formannskapsdistrikt) on 1 January 1838. Following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, when its original Norwegian name was restored.
Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway. The city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for maritime industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to many companies within the maritime sector, some of which are amongst the world's largest shipping companies, shipbrokers and maritime insurance brokers. Oslo is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme.
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Petrinja
Petrinja is a city in central Croatia near Sisak in the historic region of Banovina. The city belongs to Sisak-Moslavina County (Sisačko-moslavačka županija).
The name of Petrinja has its roots in Latin petrus, meaning "stone". It is said that the town existed in Roman era in the area of Zrinska Gora, which is very rich in stone.
West of Petrinja is Petrova gora (Peter's mountain), site of the 1097 Battle of Gvozd Mountain between King Petar Svačić of Croatia and Coloman of Hungary.
The first written trace of Petrinja as an inhabited settlement is the one about the benefits awarded to the inhabitants of Petrinja by the Slavonian duke Koloman in 1240. This old medieval Petrinja belongs to the time of warring with the Turks. In 1592, Petrinja was given a new location with the construction and building of a Turkish fortress at the confluence of the Petrinjčica and the Kupa rivers. The fortress was to serve the Turks in conquering Sisak, Turopolje and Zagreb.
On August 10, 1594, the fortress was first liberated by the Croatian army. Therefore, August 10 has become the day of gratitude towards God and St. Lawrence, and this saint has been chosen for the patron saint of the parish and the town of Petrinja. Over the time, Petrinja has increasingly become the place of the settlement for many craftsmen and merchants whose arrival marks the beginning of the town's development.
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbərɡ/, PITS-burg) is the second largest city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of both Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley. Nationally, it is the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The population of the city in 2010 was 305,704, while that of the seven-county metropolitan area stood at 2,356,285.Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which form the Ohio River. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "the City of Bridges" and "the Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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Planina Donja
Planina Donja is a village-like part of a Zagreb borough in Croatia.
Coordinates: 45°55′37″N 16°05′10″E / 45.92694°N 16.08611°E / 45.92694; 16.08611
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Pleternica
Pleternica is a town in the region of Slavonia, Croatia, 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Požega, in the Požega Valley (Požeška kotlina). The population of the municipality is 11,286, with 3,443 in Pleternica itself (2011).
Pleternica is located at the confluence of the river Londža into the Orljava river, at the foot of the mountain Požeška Gora; elevation 153 m (502 ft).
The place was first mentioned in 1270 under the name Sveti Nikola (St. Nicholas); the first mention under the present name was in 1427.
A small town at the railway junction and the intersection of several roads meets the requirements of transit tourism. The folklore event Lidas traditionally takes place in Pleternica.
The Orljava and the Londža rivers provide angling opportunities. A nice waterfall on the Orljava river near Pleternica is a famous angling and excursion destination.
As of 2011[update] the municipality consists of 38 settlements:
Coordinates: 45°17′N 17°48′E / 45.283°N 17.8°E / 45.283; 17.8
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Ploče
Ploče (pronounced [plɔ̂tʃɛ]; Italian: Porto Tòlero) is a town and a notable seaport in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia.
Ploče is located on the Adriatic coast in Dalmatia just north of the Neretva Delta and is as such the natural seaside endpoint of most north-south routes through the central Dinaric Alps. This makes it the primary seaport used by Bosnia and Herzegovina and the endpoint of the Pan-European corridor 5C.
Čeveljuša is a toponym in Ploče, located to the east of the town, on the intersection of the D8 highway and the D425.
Ploče was named Kardeljevo after the Yugoslav politician Edvard Kardelj between 1950 and 1954 and again between 1980 and 1990.
The locals call their city Ploča.
The total population of Ploče is 10,102 (2011), in the following settlements:
In the 2001 census, the majority of its citizens were Croats at 95.12%.
The Port of Ploče was first mentioned on 6 November 1387, but the building of a larger port was done in recent modern times. Work on the present day harbour first began in 1939 but was destroyed during World War II. It was rebuilt in 1945 and the village of Ploče grew up to 480 inhabitants in 1948. After the Adriatic road and Neretva railway lines were built to the port in the mid-1960s, the town experienced a steady growth.
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Podgorica
Podgorica (/ˈpɒdɡəriːtsə/ POD-gorr-ee-tsə;Montenegrin/Serbian: Podgorica / Подгорица [pǒdgoritsa], lit. "under the small hill") is the capital and largest city of Montenegro.
Podgorica's favourable position at the confluence of the Ribnica and Morača rivers and the meeting point of the fertile Zeta Plain and Bjelopavlići Valley has encouraged settlement. The city is close to winter ski centres in the north and seaside resorts on the Adriatic Sea.
A census in 2011 put the city's population at 150,977. The Podgorica municipality contains 10.4% of Montenegro's territory and 29.9% of its population. It is the administrative centre of Montenegro and its economic, cultural and educational focus.
The name Podgorica means "under the Gorica" in Montenegrin language. Gorica (meaning "little hill" or hillock) is the name of the cypress-covered hill that overlooks the city centre.
Some three kilometres (1.9 miles) north-west of Podgorica lie the ruins of Doclea, a town known in Greek, pre-Roman and Roman times. The Roman Emperor Diocletian came from this region. In later centuries, Romans "corrected" the name to Dioclea, guessing wrongly that an "i" had been lost in vulgar speech. "Duklja" is the later (Slavic) version of that word.
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Podsljeme
Podsljeme (pronounced [pɔ̌dsʎɛmɛ]) is in the foothills of Zagreb's mountain Medvednica and its name means "under Sljeme" (Sljeme is the peak of the Medvednica mountain). It has the status of četvrt (quarter, neighbourhood) and as such has an elected council. The historic Medvedgrad castle is located in the district of Črnomerec, west of Podsljeme.
Podsljeme had 17,744 residents in 2001. Its residents are mainly middle class.
Podsljeme is the elite part of Zagreb with a highly cost per square meter, about 3500 Euros per square meter.
Coordinates: 45°51′41.31″N 15°58′58.51″E / 45.861475°N 15.9829194°E / 45.861475; 15.9829194
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Popovec
Popovec is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D3 highway.
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Poreč
Poreč (Italian: Parenzo; Latin: Parens or Parentium; archaic German: Parenz; Ancient Greek: Παρενθος, Pàrenthos) is a town and municipality on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula, in Istria County, Croatia. Its major landmark is the 6th century Euphrasian Basilica, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
Poreč is almost 2,000 years old, and is set around a harbor protected from the sea by the small island of Saint Nicholas/San Nicolo (St. Nicholas). The town's population of approximately 12,000 resides mostly on the outskirts, while the wider Poreč area has a population of approximately 17,000 inhabitants. The municipal area covers 142 km², with the 37 km long shoreline stretching from the Mirna River near Novigrad to Funtana and Vrsar in the south.
The area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. During the 2nd century BC, Roman Castrum was built on a tiny peninsula with approximate dimensions of 400 × 200 m (1,312.34 ft × 656.17 ft) where the town centre is now. During the reign of Emperor Augustus in the 1st century, it officially became a city and was part of the Roman colony of Colonia Iulia Parentium. In the 3rd century the settlement had an organized Christian community with an early-Christian complex of sacral buildings. The earliest basilica contained the remains of and was dedicated to Saint Maurus of Parentium and dates back to the second half of the 4th century. The floor mosaic from its oratory, originally part of a large Roman house, is still preserved in the garden of the Euphrasian Basilica.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Prague
Prague ( /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and fourteenth largest city in European Union. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of nearly 2.0 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate with warm summers and chilly winters.
Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100 year existence. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was the seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire and after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city played major roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in modern history generally as the principal conurbation in Bohemia and Moravia whose second city is Brno.
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Prilep
Prilep (Macedonian: Прилеп [ˈpriːlɛp] ( listen)) is the fourth largest city in the Republic of Macedonia. It has a population of 66,246 citizens. Prilep is known as "the city under Marko's Towers" because of its proximity to the towers of Prince Marko.
The name of the city in different languages is:
Prilep covers 1,675 km2 (647 sq mi) and is located in the northern Pelagonia plain, in southern Macedonia. Prilep is the seat of a municipality with the same name (Prilep municipality) and is accessed by the M5/E65. It is only 128 km (80 mi) (airline) from the capital Skopje, 44 km (27 mi) from Bitola, and 32 km (20 mi) from Kruševo.
Prilep is a center for high-quality tobacco and cigarettes and the metal processing, electronics, timber, textiles, and food industries. The city also produces a large quantity of Macedonian Bianco Sivec (pure white marble).
Tobacco is one of Prilep's traditional cash crops and prospers in the Macedonian climate. Many of the world's largest cigarette makers, such as Marlboro, West and Camel use Prilep's tobacco in their cigarettes after it is processed in local factories such as Tutunski kombinat Prilep. A Tobacco Institute is established in the city in order to produce new types of tobacco and it was the first example of applying genetics to agriculture in the Balkans.[citation needed].
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Pristina
Pristina, also spelled Prishtina listen (help·info) and Priština (Albanian: Prishtinë or Prishtina, Serbian: Приштина or Priština; Turkish: Priştine) is the capital and largest city of Kosovo. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous municipality and district.
Preliminary results of the 2011 census put the population of Pristina at 198,000. The city has a majority Albanian population, alongside other smaller communities including Bosniaks, Roma and others. It is the administrative, educational, and cultural centre of Kosovo. The city is home to the University of Pristina and is served by the Pristina International Airport.
The name of the city is derived from a Slavic form *Prišьčь, a possessive adjective from the personal name *Prišьkъ, (preserved in the Kajkavian surname Prišek, in the Old Polish personal name Przyszek, and in the Polish surname Przyszek) and the derivational suffix -ina 'belonging to X and his kin'.[citation needed] The name is most likely a patronymic of the personal name *Prišь, preserved as a surname in Polish Przysz and Sorbian Priš, a hypocoristic of the Slavic personal name Pribyslavъ. A false etymology[citation needed] connects the name Priština with Serbo-Croatian prišt (пришт), meaning 'ulcer' or 'tumour', referring to its 'boiling'. However, this explanation cannot be correct, as Slavic place names ending in -ina corresponding to an adjective and/or name of an inhabitant lacking this suffix are built from personal names or denote a person and never derive, in these conditions, from common nouns (SNOJ 2007: loc. cit.). The inhabitants of this city call themselves Prishtinali in local Gheg Albanian or Prištevci (Приштевци) in the local Serbian dialect.
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Prizren
Prizren (Albanian: Prizren or Prizreni; Serbian: Призрен, Prizren, pronounced [prîzrɛn]; Turkish: Prizren, Pürzeyn, Perzerrin) is a historical city located in Kosovo. It is the administrative center of the eponymous municipality and district. The city has a population of around 178,000 (2011 census preliminary results), mostly Albanians. Prizren is located on the slopes of the Šar Mountains (Albanian: Malet e Sharrit) in the southern part of Kosovo. The municipality has a border with Albania and the Republic of Macedonia.
The Roman town of Theranda in Ptolemy's Geography is mentioned in the 2nd century AD. In the 5th century, it is mentioned as being restored in Dardania with the name of Petrizên by Procopius of Caesarea in De aedificiis (Book IV, Chapter 4). Sometimes it is mentioned even in relation to the Justiniana Prima.[citation needed] It is thought that its modern name comes from old Slavic Призрѣнь, from при-зрѣти, indicating fortress which could be seen from afar (compare with Czech Přízřenice or mount Ozren).
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Pula
Pula (pronounced [pǔːla]; Latin: Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea; Italian: Pola; Istro-Romanian: Pola; Chakavian: Pulj, German: Polei, Slovene: Pulj) is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 62,080 (2006). Like the rest of the region, it is known for its mild climate, smooth sea, and unspoiled nature. The city has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. Pula has also been Istria's administrative center since ancient Roman times.
Pula is the largest city in Istria county, with a metropolitan area of 90,000 people. The city itself has 62,080 residents (2005), while the metropolitan area includes Barban (2,802 residents), Fažana (3,050 residents), Ližnjan (2,945 residents), Marčana (3,903 residents), Medulin (6,004 residents), Svetvinčenat (2,218 residents) and Vodnjan (5,651 residents).
Its population density is 1,093.27 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,831.6 /sq mi), ranking Pula fifth in Croatia.
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Remetinec Roundabout
The Remetinec Roundabout (Croatian: Remetinečki rotor, Zapadni rotor or simply Rotor) is a large roundabout in the Novi Zagreb - zapad part of Zagreb, Croatia. Having three lanes, it connects Adriatic Bridge, Jadranska Avenue, Dubrovnik Avenue and Remetinec Road. Inside traffic has the right of way, but the rightmost approaching lanes from the north, east and southwest are separated from the exiting traffic, reducing congestion for those three immediate right turns. The roundabout itself is elevated from the ground level and two tram lines and several pedestrian tracks pass underneath it.
More than 100,000 vehicles per day pass through the roundabout, which is twice its normal capacity. Congestion is particularly severe during the rush hour. Due to the volume of traffic, accidents are almost an everyday occurrence. More than 2700 accidents with 216 injuries were registered in the roundabout between 1997 and 2006, making it one of the city's most dangerous intersections.
A traffic study commissioned by the City of Zagreb in 2007 proposed five reconstruction options. The most favored option is based on construction of two east-west bound tunnels, reducing the load on the roundabout to 38,000 vehicles per day. Construction works are not expected to start before 2011.[dated info]
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
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Reykjavík
Reykjavík (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈreiːcaˌviːk] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city in Iceland.
Its latitude, at 64°08' N, makes it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói Bay. With a population of around 120,000 (and over 200,000 in the Greater Reykjavík Area), it is the heart of Iceland's economic and governmental activity.
Reykjavík is believed to be the location of the first permanent settlement in Iceland, which Ingólfur Arnarson is said to have established around 870 C.E. Until the 18th century, there was no urban development in the city location. The city was founded in 1786 as an official trading town and grew steadily over the next decades, as it transformed into a regional and later national centre of commerce, population, and governmental activities.
The first permanent settlement in Iceland by Norsemen is believed to have been established in Reykjavík by Ingólfur Arnarson around AD 870; this is described in Landnámabók, or the Book of Settlement. Ingólfur Arnarson is said to have decided the location of his settlement using a traditional Viking method; by casting his high seat pillars (Öndvegissúlur) into the ocean when he saw the coastline, then settled where the pillars came to shore. Steam from hot springs in the region is said to have inspired Reykjavík's name, which loosely translates to Smoke Cove (the city is often referred to as the Bay of Smokes or Bay of Smoke) The original name was Reykjarvík with an additional "r" that vanished around 1300.[citation needed]
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Riga
Riga (Latvian: Rīga, pronounced [riːɡa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 657,424 inhabitants ( 2011) Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltic Sea region.[citation needed] The city lies on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of the river Daugava. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies between 1 and 10 metres (3.3 and 33 ft) above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture. The city will be the European Capital of Culture in 2014, along with Umeå in Sweden. The city hosted the 2006 NATO Summit, the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 and the 2006 IIHF Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. It is home to the European Union's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC). Riga is served by Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states.
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Rijeka
Rijeka (Croatian: Rijeka, Croatian pronunciation: [rijɛ̌ːka]; Italian: Fiume) is the principal seaport and the third largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,735 inhabitants (2011). The conurbation, which includes adjacent towns and municipalities of Opatija, Lovran, Mošćenička Draga, Matulji, Kastav, Viškovo, Klana, Kostrena, Čavle, Jelenje, Bakar, and Kraljevica has a population of 213,842 (2011).
Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water Port of Rijeka, the city was fiercely contested, especially between Italy, Hungary, and Croatia, changing hands and demographics many times over centuries. According to the 2001 census data, the overwhelming majority of its citizens (80.39%) are Croats, with Serbs coming in second (6.21%). The Croatian, Slovene and Italian version of the city's name mean river in each of the languages.
Rijeka is the center of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia. The city's economy largely depends on shipbuilding (shipyards "3. Maj" and "Viktor Lenac") and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre "Ivan pl. Zajc", first built in 1765, as well as the University of Rijeka, founded in 1973 but with roots dating back to 1632.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Rome
Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in 1,285.3 km2 (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.7 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.
Rome's history spans two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.
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Rovinj
Rovinj (Istriot: Ruvèigno or Ruveîgno; Italian: Rovigno) is a city in Croatia situated on the north Adriatic Sea with a population of 13,562 (2007). It is located on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula and is a popular tourist resort and an active fishing port. Istriot, a Romance language once widely spoken in this part of Istria, is still spoken by some of the residents. There is a centre of History Research which is an institution of the Council of Europe.
Rovinj is one of nine towns in Istrian County. The climate is Mediterranean. The average temperature is 4.8 °C (40.6 °F) in January and 22.3 °C (72.1 °F) in July. The average annual temperature is 16 °C (60.8 °F). Sea temperature is more than 20 °C (68 °F) from the middle of June to the middle of September. The average annual sea temperature is 16.6 °C (61.9 °F).
From the middle of May to the middle of September the sun shines more than 10 hours a day. The rainfall averages 941 mm a year. The average humidity is 72%. Vegetation is subtropical.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saint Helier
Saint Helier (French language: Saint-Hélier, Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi) is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. St. Helier has a population of about 28,000, roughly 31.2% of the total population of Jersey, and is the capital of the Island (although Government House is situated in St. Saviour). The urban area of the parish of St. Helier makes up most of the largest town in Jersey, although some of the town area is situated in adjacent St. Saviour, with suburbs sprawling into St. Lawrence and St. Clement. The greater part of St. Helier is predominantly rural.
The parish covers a surface area of 4.1 square miles (10.6 km2), being 9% of the total land area of the Island (this includes reclaimed land area of 494 acres (2.00 km2) or 200 ha).
The parish crest is two crossed gold axes on a blue background, symbolising the martyrdom of Helier and the sea.
It is thought that the site of St. Helier was settled at the time of the Roman control of Gaul.
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Saint Peter Port
Saint Peter Port is the capital of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in 2001 was 16,488. In Guernésiais and in French, historically the official language of Guernsey, the name of the town and its surrounding parish is St Pierre Port. The "port" distinguishes this parish from Saint Pierre Du Bois.
As well as being a parish, St. Peter Port is a small town consisting mostly of steep narrow streets and steps on the overlooking slopes. It is known that a trading post/town has existed here since before Roman times, the pre-Christian name of which has not survived into the modern era.
The post code for addresses in this parish starts with GY1.
People from St. Peter Port, were nicknamed "les Villais" (the townspeople) or "cllichards" in Guernésiais.
St. Peter Port is located on the East coast of Guernsey. It borders St Sampson's in the North, The Vale in the North-West, St Andrew's in the West and St Martin's in the South.
The land in the North and by the harbour is low lying but in the South, the land gets much higher (but not as high as St Martin's or the Forest). This means that there are quite a few cliffs on the coast between Havelet and Fermain.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
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Samobor
Samobor (pronounced [sâmɔ̝bɔ̝ːr]) is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia. It is part of the Zagreb metropolitan area.
Samobor is located west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of the Samobor hills (Croatian: Samoborsko gorje), the eastern part of Žumberak Mountain, in the Sava River valley.
In the 2011 Croatian census, the total population of the administrative territory of Samobor was 37,607, distributed in the following settlements:
The city government, court, police, health service, and a post office are part of the Samobor infrastructure.
Samobor has existed as a free royal town since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV.
One of the chief industries in Samobor is crystal cutting, acclaimed in Europe and all over the world.
Many well-known Croats were born or lived in Samobor. Such notable personalities are:
Samobor is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, catering to anglers, hunters and hikers. The town's beautiful surroundings and vicinity to the capital have supported this tourist tradition to the present day. In 1846, Samobor was paid a visit by the composer Franz Liszt, who at that time was visiting Zagreb during one of his numerous concert tours. Liszt came to Samobor to see his friend Ferdo Livadić, in his lodgings at the Livadić mansion, which is today the town museum. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Livadić mansion came under the ownership of a Jewish family named Daničić. They were forced to leave as a result of the Nazi invasion in 1941. Shortly after this, the mansion was confiscated by the newly formed Independent State of Croatia and never returned to the Daničić family.
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San Marino
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino (i/sæn məˈriːnoʊ/ san-mə-REE-noh; Italian: Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a state situated on the Italian Peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi) with an estimated population of over 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
San Marino is the oldest surviving sovereign state and constitutional republic in the world, as the continuation of the monastic community founded on 3 September 301, by stonecutter Marinus of Rab. Legend has it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony of Arba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued a decree calling for the reconstruction of the city walls of Rimini, which had been destroyed by Liburnian pirates.
The constitution of San Marino, enacted in 1600, is the world's oldest constitution still in effect. The country's economy mainly relies on finance, industry, services and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP (per capita), with a figure comparable to some of the more developed Italian regions, such as Lombardy and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. San Marino is considered to have a highly stable economy, with one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt and a budget surplus.
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево) (pronounced [sǎrajɛʋɔ]) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated population of over 311,161 people within its administrative limits. It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton, which has a population of 438,757. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.
Sarajevo is the leading social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its region-wide influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts contribute to its status as Bosnia and Herzegovina's major economic center.
The city is historically famous for its traditional cultural and religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries. Due to this long and rich history of religious and cultural variety, Sarajevo is often called the "Jerusalem of Europe" or "Jerusalem of the Balkans". It was, until recently in the 20th century, the only major European city to have a mosque, cathedral, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighborhood.
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Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
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Sesvete
Sesvete(pronounced [sɛ̂sv̞ɛtɛ]) is one of the districts of Zagreb, Croatia. It is located in the eastern part of the city and has 59,212 inhabitants (as of 2001).
The Sesvete district includes the following local government units (Croatian: mjesni odbori), some of which are also individual settlements:
Coordinates: 45°49′37.49″N 16°6′40.26″E / 45.8270806°N 16.1111833°E / 45.8270806; 16.1111833
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Sinj
Sinj (pronounced [sîːɲ]) is a town in the continental part of Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia. The town itself has a population of 11,448, while the population of the administrative municipality which includes surrounding villages is 24,832 (2011).
Sinj is the center of an area known as Cetinska krajina, a group of settlements situated on a fertile karstic field (Sinjsko polje) through which the river Cetina passes. Sinj lies between four mountains: Svilaja, Dinara, Kamešnica and Visoka. Those mountains give Sinj its specific submediterranean climate (hotter summers and colder winters).
The town grew around an ancient fortress held by the Ottomans from 16th until the end of 17th century, and the Franciscan monastery with the church of Our Lady of Sinj (Gospa Sinjska), a place of pilgrimage.
The anniversary of the last victory over the Ottoman army in 1715 is celebrated yearly in the beginning of August by Sinjska alka, an equestrian competition in which ceremonially dressed horsemen try to hit a small ring (alka) with their lance while galloping.
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Sisak
Sisak (pronounced [sǐːsak]) is a city in central Croatia. The city's population in 2011 was 33,049, with a total of 49,699 in the administrative region and it is also the administrative centre of the Sisak-Moslavina county. Sisak is located at the confluence of the Kupa, Sava, and Odra rivers, 57 km (35 mi) southeast of the Croatian capital Zagreb.
Prior to the invasion by the Roman Empire, the region was Celtic and the city there was named Segestica.
In German the town is known as Sissek, in Hungarian as Sziszek, Latin as Siscia, in Serbian Cyrillic as Сисак, and in Slovene as Sisek
Sisak is usually considered to be where the Posavina (Sava basin) begins, with an elevation of 99 m.
Sisak is Croatia's biggest river port and a centre of river shipping industry (Dunavski Lloyd). Sisak lies on the main road Zagreb-Sisak-Petrinja (M12.2) and the railroad Zagreb-Sisak-Sunja.
The long history of urban life here (around 2,500 years) as well the extremely favourable position on the confluence of three rivers, (the Sava, the Kupa and the Odra), have made Sisak an important town in the history of Croatia.
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Skopje
Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, [ˈskɔpjɛ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282 the town was part of the Serbian realm and its capital city since 1346. In 1392 the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Ottoman control over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture. In 1912 the city was conquered by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was part of Axis powers. In 1944 it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake. In 1991 it became the capital city of independent Macedonia.
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Sky Office Tower
Sky Office Tower is a future dual business tower, elliptically shaped, located in Zagreb, Croatia, north of the Zagrebačka Avenue, near the intersection with Zagrebačka cesta. The office tower is currently under construction, as of 2011[update]. It is one of the few high-rise construction projects in Zagreb that persisted throughout the economic crisis in 2010.
The tower will feature 22 floors above the ground and a number of underground floors. The whole project is set to cost 76 million euros.
The tower was originally planned to have 29 floors and be 108 meters high, becoming the tallest skyscraper in Zagreb and the whole of Croatia. The plan has since been revised to 22 floors, although it is still possible for Sky Office Tower to build to 29 floors, developer has stated that it might build 29 floor tower if the funds are there.
Total of 706 parking spaces — 659 in the garage and 47 in out door space. Access to the underground garages is provided via two entry-exit ramps, which are heated against freezing. Underground levels with parking and handy storage areas, are directly linked to the office spaces.
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Slavonia
Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. Slavonia consists of five counties—Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia, although the territory of the counties includes Baranja, and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The five counties comprise territory of 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles) and a population of 806,192. The largest city in the region is Osijek, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Požega. Slavonia has undergone considerable demographic changes, reflecting the course of its political history and conquests. It is located in the Pannonian Basin, largely bordered by the Danube, Drava and Sava rivers. The western part of the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys, and the mountains and hills surrounding the Požega valley; the highest among them is 984-metre (3,228 ft) Psunj. The eastern part of the region largely consists of plains. Slavonia enjoys a moderately warm and rainy continental climate, with relatively low precipitation.
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Slavonska Avenue
Slavonska Avenue (Croatian: Slavonska avenija) is a controlled-access avenue in Zagreb, Croatia. It is the longest street in Zagreb, being 18 km (11 mi) long. It mostly has a 70 km/h (43 mph) speed limit, although the speed is limited to 100 km/h (62 mph) on a short section near the Ivanja Reka interchange with the Zagreb bypass and to 130 km/h (81 mph) on the section between the Ivanja Reka interchange and Zagreb city limits. In 2007 the avenue was proclaimed to be the most accident-prone road in Zagreb.
The avenue is an important east-west arterial road. Starting at the interchange with Savska Road, it intersects, featuring mainly two and three-level interchanges, several other main Zagreb throughfares (sorted eastbound): Croatian Fraternal Union Avenue, Marin Držić Avenue, Vjekoslav Heinzel Avenue, Gospić Road, Ljudevit Posavski Road and the Zagreb bypass. Slavonska Avenue does not have any tram lines, although most lines in Zagreb pass over or under the avenue.
Slavonska Avenue used to be a part of the ex-Yugoslav Highway "Bratstvo i jedinstvo" and as such it was divided into two different avenues: Brotherhood and Unity Avenue (Av. bratstva i jedinstva) and Beogradska Avenue (Beogradska avenija). The "Brotherhood and Unity" Avenue was the stretch between Savska Street and Marin Držić Avenue and the Beogradska Avenue was the part east of Marin Držić Avenue to Vjekoslav Heinzel Avenue. After the construction of Zagreb bypass, the definition of the avenue was expanded to the Ivanja Reka interchange.
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Slavonski Brod
Slavonski Brod (Croatian pronunciation: [slǎv̞ɔ̝ːnskiː brɔ̝̂ːd]) is a city in Croatia, with a population of 59,507 in 2011. The city was known as Marsonia in the Roman Empire, and as Brod na Savi 1244–1934. It is the sixth largest city in Croatia, after Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek and Zadar. Located in the region of Slavonia, it is the centre of Brod-Posavina County, and a river port on the Sava river. It is 197 km southeast of Zagreb and at an elevation of 96 m. Although 'brod' is the word 'ship' in modern Croatian, the city's name bears witness to an older meaning - 'water crossing', 'ford'. In 2009, the city was awarded "The most beautiful city in Croatia" award, given annually by the Croatian National Tourist Board. Across the Sava lies the city of Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as Bosanski Brod.
The city developed at the strategically important crossing over the Sava river towards Brod in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is an important intersection of the Posavina part of the highway and a railway junction, since it is located on the highway linking Zagreb–Lipovac–Belgrade (E70, A3) and the Zagreb–Vinkovci–Belgrade railway. The ship port 'Brod' on the Sava river is under construction.
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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakiai/sloʊˈvɑːkiə/ or /sləˈvækiə/; Slovak: Slovensko (help·info), long form Slovenská republika (help·info)) is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration period. In the course of history, various parts of today's Slovakia belonged to Samo's Empire (the first known political unit of Slavs), Principality of Nitra (as independent polity, as part of Great Moravia and as part of Hungarian Kingdom), Great Moravia, Kingdom of Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Habsburg Empire, and Czechoslovakia. A separate Slovak state briefly existed during World War II, during which Slovakia was a dependency of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944. From 1945 Slovakia once again became a part of Czechoslovakia. The present-day Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
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Slovenia
Slovenia (i/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.
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Soblinec
Soblinec is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D3 highway.
Coordinates: 45°51′50″N 16°09′14″E / 45.86389°N 16.15389°E / 45.86389; 16.15389
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Sofia
Sofia (Bulgarian: София, pronounced [ˈsɔfijɐ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 15th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.2 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.
Prehistoric settlements were excavated in the centre of the present city, near the royal palace, as well as in outer districts Slatina and Obelya. The well-preserved town walls (especially their substructures) date back before the 7th century BC, when Thracians established their city around a mineral spring, which exists to the present day. Sofia has had several names in the different periods of its existence. Its ancient name, Serdika or Serdica, derives from the local Celtic tribe of the serdi who inhabited the region since the 1st century BC. Serdica was a Roman capital during the tetrarchic system of government. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the major commercial centres of the Bulgarian Empire, along with Tarnovo. Sofia's population remained small until 1879, when it was declared a capital of the Principality of Bulgaria after the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
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South Ossetia
South Ossetia ( /əˈsɛtiə/ə-SET-ee-ə or /ɒˈsiːʃə/o-SEE-shə; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samxret Oseti; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya) or Tskhinvali Region (Georgian: ცხინვალის რეგიონი, Tsxinvalis regioni; Russian: Цхинвальский регион, Tskhinvalskiy region) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
South Ossetians declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling themselves the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to retake the region by force. This led to the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War. Georgian fighting against those controlling South Ossetia occurred on two other occasions, in 2004 and 2008. The last conflict led to the 2008 South Ossetia war, during which Ossetian and Russian forces gained full, de facto control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Stara Peščenica
Stara Peščenica (Croatian pronunciation: [stâra peʃtʃěnitsa]) is a neighborhood located in the northwestern corner of the Peščenica – Žitnjak administrative city district of Zagreb, Croatia. It is bordered by Zvonimirova Street and the J. F. Kennedy Square on the north, Budakova Street on the east, railway (later Branimirova Avenue) on the south and Vjekoslav Heinzel Avenue on the west. It has a population of 6,432.
The neighborhood's name (translated to English as Old Peščenica) correctly displays it both as the oldest part of what is today Peščenica - Žitnjak district, and having a rich history.
Stara Peščenica began as a village in the vicinity of Zagreb in the 19th century. After the Mošinsky's 1902 annexation of Lašćina and Žitnjak municipalities into the City of Zagreb, and urban sprawl encompassing areas east of Heinzel Avenue, poor settlements sprang up north of the railway exiting the city. One of these settlements was Stara Peščenica, growing along the namesake street. The other one was Naselak, a street, which over time became engulfed by Stara Peščenica. Though, most of the houses are still standing to date, to which the neighborhood owes an anachronous appearance.
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Stenjevec
Stenjevec is one of the districts of Zagreb, Croatia. It is located in the western part of the city and has 51,849 inhabitants (as of 2011[update]).
Coordinates: 45°48′19.37″N 15°52′39.14″E / 45.8053806°N 15.8775389°E / 45.8053806; 15.8775389
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Stepanakert
Stepanakert (Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ; called Khankendi (Azerbaijani: Xankəndi) by Azerbaijan) is the largest city and capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a de facto independent republic, though is internationally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan. The city population comprises about 53,000 ethnic Armenians.
According to medieval Armenian sources, the settlement was first mentioned as Vararakn (Վարարակն, meaning "rapid spring" in Armenian) which it remained until it was renamed Khankendi in 1847. Azerbaijani sources generally say that the settlement was founded in the late eighteenth century by a Karabakh khan, and was thus called Khankendi (Turkic for "the khan's village").
In 1923 Khankendi was renamed Stepanakert by the Soviet government to honor Stepan Shahumyan, ethnic Armenian leader of the 26 Baku Commissars, and, after the Shusha pogrom had resulted in major destruction at Shusha, the former regional capital, Stepanakert was made the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. In time, Stepanakert grew to become the region's most important city (a status it received in 1940). Its population rose from 10,459 in 1939 to 33,000 in 1978.
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Stockholm
Stockholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkːˈhɔlm, ˈstɔkːˈɔlm, ˈstɔkːɔlm]( listen to the second one)) is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 864,324 in the municipality (2010), 1.4 million in the urban area (2010), and around 2.1 million in the 6,519 km2 (2,517.00 sq mi) metropolitan area (2010). As of 2010, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population.
Founded no later than c. 1250, possibly as early as 1187, Stockholm has long been one of Sweden's cultural, media, political, and economic centres. Its strategic location on 14 islands on the south-central east coast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago, has been historically important. Stockholm has been nominated by GaWC as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-. In The 2008 Global Cities Index, Stockholm ranked 24th in the world, 10th in Europe, and first in Scandinavia. Stockholm is known for its beauty, its buildings and architecture, its abundant clean and open water, and its many parks. It is sometimes referred to as Venice of the North.
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Sukhumi
Sukhumi (Abkhaz: Аҟәа, Aqwa; Georgian: სოხუმი, Sokhumi; Russian: Сухум or Сухуми, Sukhum or Sukhumi) is the capital of Abkhazia, a disputed region on the Black Sea coast. The city suffered heavily during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict in the early 1990s.
In Abkhaz, the city is known as Аҟәа (Aqwa) which according to native tradition signifies water. In Georgian, the city is known as სოხუმი (Sokhumi) or აყუ (Aqu), in Megrelian as აყუჯიხა (Aqujikha), and in Russian as Сухум (Sukhum) or Сухуми (Sukhumi).
The etymology of the name Sokhumi is disputed. The medieval Georgian sources knew the town as Tskhumi (ცხუმი). Later, under the Ottoman control, the town was known in Turkish as Suhum-Kale, which can be derived from the earlier Georgian form Tskhumi or can be read to mean 'water-sand fortress'. Tskhumi in turn is supposed to be derived from the Svan language word for 'hot', or the Georgian word for 'hornbeam tree'. The competing etymologies have been used as putative evidence in the argument over the ethnicity of Sukhumi's historical inhabitants.[citation needed]
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Svalbard
Svalbard (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈsʋɑlbɑɖ]) is an archipelago in the Arctic, constituting the northernmost part of Norway. It is located north of mainland Europe, midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude (inside the Arctic Circle), and from 10° to 35° east longitude. Spitsbergen is the largest island, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. The administrative center is Longyearbyen, and other settlements include the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research community of Ny-Ålesund and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. The archipelago is administered by the Governor of Svalbard.
The islands were first used as a whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries, after which they were abandoned. Coal mining started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities were established. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 Svalbard Act made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. This act also established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol are the only mining companies remaining on the islands. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries. Two major research facilities are the University Centre in Svalbard and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear serves as the main gateway to the rest of Europe.
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Sveti Ivan Zelina
Sveti Ivan Zelina is a town in the Zagreb county, Croatia.
Sveti Ivan Zelina is north-east from Zagreb, connected:
In the 2011 Croatian census, the total population of the administrative territory of Sveti Ivan Zelina was 15,990, divided in the following settlements:
From 1947 to 1990, during the communist regime, the town was known as Zelina.
Iskra company is one of the most important companies in Sveti Ivan Zelina.
Elementary and high-school are in Sveti Ivan Zelina.
The wine-house is at the central square of Sveti Ivan Zelina.
There is swimming pool in Sveti Ivan Zelina.
Coordinates: 45°53′N 16°26′E / 45.883°N 16.433°E / 45.883; 16.433
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Tallinn
Tallinn (/ˈtɑːlɪn/ or /ˈtælɪn/,Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ]) is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) with a population of 416,470. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is ranked as a global city and has been listed among the top 10 digital cities in the world. The city was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with Turku, Finland.
Tallinn is the oldest capital[clarification needed] in Northern Europe. The city was known as Reval from the 13th century until the 1920s.
In 1154 a town called Qlwn or Qalaven (possible derivations of Kalevan or Kolyvan) was put on the world map of the Almoravid by the Muslim cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as a small town like a large castle among the towns of Astlanda. It has been suggested that the Quwri in Astlanda may have denoted the predecessor town of today's Tallinn.
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Tbilisi
Tbilisi (Georgian: თბილისი [tʰb̥ilisi] ( listen)) is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi (ტფილისი) and it was officially known as Tpilisi (in Georgian) or Tiflis (in Russian) until 1936. The city covers an area of 726 km2 (280 sq mi) and has 1,480,000 inhabitants.
Founded in the 5th century by Vakhtang Gorgasali, the monarch of Georgia's precursor Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has served, with various intervals, as Georgia's capital for nearly 1500 years and represents a significant industrial, social, and cultural center of the country. Located near the southeastern edge of Europe, Tbilisi's proximity to lucrative east-west trade routes often made the city a point of contention between various rival empires throughout history and the city's location to this day ensures its position as an important transit route for global energy and trade projects. Tbilisi's varied history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, classical, and Soviet structures.
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Tirana
Tiranai/tɨˈrɑːnə/ (indefinite form in Albanian: Tiranë, in the region sub-dialect of Gheg Albanian: Tirona) is the capital and the largest city of Albania. Modern Tirana was founded as an Ottoman town in 1614 by Sulejman Bargjini, a local ruler from Mullet, although the area has been continuously inhabited since antiquity. Tirana became Albania's capital city in 1920 and has a population of 400,000 , with metro area population of 763,634 . The city is host to public institutions and private universities, and is the center of the political, economical, and cultural life of the country.
The Municipality of Tirana is located at (41.33°N, 19.82°E) in Tirana District, Tirana County on the river Ishëm, about 32 kilometers (20 mi) inland. Tirana's average altitude is 110 meters (360 ft) above sea level and its highest point measures 1,828 m (5,997.38 ft) at Mali me Gropa. The city is mostly surrounded by hills, with Dajti Mountain on the East and a slight valley opening on the North-West overlooking the Adriatic Sea in the distance. The Tiranë river also runs through the city, whereas the Lanë river is a brook. The city borders the surrounding municipalities of Paskuqan, Dajt, Farkë, Vaqarr, Kashar, and Kamëz. It also contains a total of four artificial lakes: the Tirana Artificial Lake around which was built the Big Park, Paskuqani Lake, Farka Lake, and Tufina Lake. Tirana is on the same parallel as Naples, Madrid, Istanbul, and New York, and on the same meridian as Budapest and Kraków.
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Tiraspol
Tiraspol ( /tɪˈræspəl/, Romanian pronunciation: [tiˈraspol]; Russian and Ukrainian: Тирасполь) is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria). The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production.
The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian generalissimo Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups. The city celebrates its anniversary every year on October 14.
The toponym consists of two words: Τύρας, Tyras — the ancient Greek name for the Dniester River, and polis, i.e., a city.[citation needed]
Tyras, also spelled Tiras, was a colony of the Greek city Miletus, probably founded about 600 BCE, situated some 10 km. from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times in the 2nd century BCE, it fell under the dominion of indigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the Getae about 50 BCE.
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Tkalčićeva Street
Tkalčićeva Street (Croatian: Tkalčićeva ulica, formally: Ivan Tkalčić Street, Ulica Ivana Tkalčića) is a street in the Zagreb, Croatia city center. Extending from the vicinity of the central Ban Jelačić Square to its northern end at the Little Street (Croatian: Mala ulica), the street flows between the Gornji Grad in the west and Nova Ves in the east. The street is officially within the Gornji Grad - Medveščak city district, constituting the former "August Cesarec" commune (abolished in 1994). According to the 2001 Croatian census, the street has 1,591 inhabitants.
Centuries before the today's street emerged, the route of Tkalčićeva Street was covered by the Medveščak creek. Medveščak (at that time also called Crikvenik or Cirkvenik) had been the center of Zagreb industry since the early days of the city, spawning numerous watermills. The watermills caused the development of Zagreb industry, leading in turn to the construction of Zagreb's first cloth, soap, paper and liquor factories and, later, animal skin industry. The watermills were often the subject of feuds between the twin cities, Kaptol and Gradec. A 1392 peace treaty forbade construction of new watermills along the shared city border, between today's southern end of Medvedgradska Street and Ban Jelačić Square, leaving only two mills within the city. Both mills were owned by a Cistercian monastery. However, they were both razed during the 1898 covering of the creek.
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Transnistria
Transnistria (also called "Trans-Dniestr" or "Transdniestria") is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine. Since its declaration of independence in 1990, and especially after the War of Transnistria in 1992, it is governed as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as "Pridnestrovie"), a state with limited recognition which claims the territory to the east of the river Dniester, the city of Bender and its surrounding localities located on the west bank. The Republic of Moldova does not recognize the secession and considers the territories controlled by the PMR to be part of Moldova's autonomous region of Stînga Nistrului ("Left Bank of the Dniester").
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Trešnjevka
Trešnjevka is a large neighbourhood in the western part of the city of Zagreb, Croatia.
It is administratively divided into two districts:
Coordinates: 45°47′39″N 15°56′39″E / 45.79404°N 15.944164°E / 45.79404; 15.944164
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Trogir
Trogir (Latin: Tragurium ; Greek: Τραγύριον or Τραγούριον,Trogkir; Italian: Traù; Hungarian: Trau) is a historic town and harbour on the Adriatic coast in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, with a population of 12,995 (2001) and a total municipality population of 13,322 (2001). The historic city of Trogir is situated on a small island between the Croatian mainland and the island of Čiovo. It lies 27 kilometres west of the city of Split.
Since 1997, the historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
In the 3rd century BC, Tragurion was founded by Greek colonists from the island of Vis, and it developed into a major port until the Roman period. The name comes from the Greek "tragos" (male goat). Similarly, the name of the neighbouring island of Bua comes from the Greek "voua" (herd of cattle). The sudden prosperity of Salona deprived Trogir of its importance. During the migration of Slavs the citizens of the destroyed Salona escaped to Trogir. From the 9th century on, Trogir paid tribute to Croatian rulers. The diocese of Trogir was established in the 11th century (abolished in 1828; it is now part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska) and in 1107 it was chartered by the Hungarian-Croatian king Coloman, gaining thus its autonomy as a town.
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Tromsø
Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsø] (listen); Northern Sami: Romsa;Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Tromsø.
Tromsø city is the ninth largest urban area in Norway by population, and the seventh largest city in Norway by population. It is the largest city and the largest urban area in Northern Norway, and the second largest city and urban area in Sápmi (following Murmansk). Most of Tromsø, including the city centre, is located on the small island of Tromsøya in the county of Troms, 350 kilometres (217 mi) inside the arctic circle. Substantial parts of the urban area are also situated on the mainland to the east, and on parts of Kvaløya - a large island to the west. Tromsøya is connected to the mainland by the Tromsø Bridge and the Tromsøysund Tunnel, and to the island of Kvaløya by the Sandnessund Bridge. The city is warmer than most other places located on the same latitude, due to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream.
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Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; Georgian: ცხინვალი [t͡sxinvali]; Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба listen (help·info), Tskhinval or Ch'reba; Russian: Цхинвал(и)), is the capital of South Ossetia, a disputed region which has been recognised as an independent Republic by Russia and another four UN members, and is regarded by Georgia and all other UN member states de jure as a region within Georgian sovereign territory.
It is located on the Great Liakhvi River approximately 100 km (62 mi) northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi.
The name of Tskhinvali is derived from the Georgian Krtskhinvali (Georgian: ქრცხინვალი), literally meaning "the land of hornbeams", which is the historical name of the city. From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri (Georgian: სტალინირი), after Joseph Stalin. Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final "i", which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian (unofficial) name of the city is Chreba.
The area around the present-day Tskhinvali was first populated back in the Bronze Age. The unearthed settlements and archaeological artifacts from that time are unique in that they reflect influences from both Iberian (east Georgia) and Colchian (west Georgia) cultures with possible Sarmatian elements.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Tórshavn
Tórshavn (IPA: [ˈtʰɔuʂhaun]; Danish: Thorshavn) is the capital and largest town of the Faroe Islands. It is located in the southern part on the east coast of Streymoy. To the north west of the town lies the 347-metre (1,138 ft) high mountain Húsareyn, and to the southwest, the 350-metre (1,150 ft) high Kirkjubøreyn. The city proper has a population of 13,000 (2008), and the greater urban area a population of 19,000.
The Vikings established their parliament on the Tinganes peninsula in 850 CE, thus Tórshavn was made capital of Faroe Islands and has remained so ever since. All through the Middle Ages the narrow peninsula jutting out into the sea made up the main part of Tórshavn. Sources do not mention a built-up area in Tórshavn until after the Protestant Reformation in 1539. Early on, Tórshavn became the center of the monopoly trade, thereby being the only legal place for the islanders to sell and buy goods. In 1856, the trade monopoly was abolished and the islands were left open to free trade. The town has grown rapidly ever since the turn of the 20th century into the undisputed administrative, economic and cultural center of the Faroes.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Umag
Umag (Croatian pronunciation: [ûmaɡ]; Italian: Umago) is a coastal city in Istria, Croatia. The city hosts the yearly Croatia Open ATP tennis tournament on clay courts.
It is the westernmost city of Croatia, and the municipality includes Savudrija which is westernmost point of Croatia.
Umag has a population of 7,769 (2001), total municipal population 12,901 (2001). Like many other towns in Istria, Umag has a multi-ethnic population. Croats comprise an absolute majority with 59.6%; Italians 18.3%, Serbs 3.8%, Slovenes 2.2%, Bosniaks 1.7%, Albanians 1.3% and those regionally declared (as Istrians) make up the final 1.57%.
Umag was mentioned for the first time in the 7th century by an anonymous citizen from Ravenna, but had already existed in Roman times. Proof of that is found in the numerous remains of Roman retreats, the so-called villa rustica uncovered all along the coast. The town's history is closely linked to the settlement of Sipar whose ruins can be found on the narrow cape, six kilometres north of Umag. In the 9th century the fortified settlement of Sipar was devastated by invaders, the Neretva pirates. However, after this unfortunate incident Umag grew in significance thanks also to its location, a small islet separated from the mainland with a narrow channel. It was actually this location to safeguard the settlement from the continuous invasions throughout the centuries. The Roman period of relative prosperity was substituted by one of insecurity caused primarily by frequent invasions, outbreaks of plague, cholera, and malaria. The number of its dwellers declined rapidly. Umag became part of the reigns of Odoacre, Theodoric and was ruled by the Longobards too.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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University of Zagreb
The University of Zagreb (Croatian: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Latin: Universitas Studiorum Zagrabiensis) is the biggest Croatian university and the oldest continuously operating university in the area covering Central Europe south of Vienna and all of Southeastern Europe. As of 2011, University of Zagreb is ranked among 500 Best Universities of the world by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.
The beginnings of the later university date back to 23 September 1669 when Emperor and King Leopold I Habsburg issued a decree granting the establishment of the Jesuit Academy of the Royal Free City of Zagreb. According to that document the study of philosophy in Zagreb acquired a formal and legal status as Neoacademia Zagrabiensis and officially became a public institution of higher education.
The academy was run by the Jesuits for more than a century until the order was dissolved by Pope Clement XIV in 1773. Under a new leadership in 1772 the academy enrolled a total of 200 students.
In 1776 Empress and Queen Maria Theresa issued a decree founding the Royal Academy of Science (Latin: Regia Scientiarum Academia). It consisted of three studies or faculties of philosophy, theology, and law. The former political-cameral studies became part of the newly established faculty of law, and thus were integrated into the academy. Each of the faculties of the Royal Academy of Sciences had several chairs teaching one or several courses.
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Vaduz
Vaduz (German pronunciation: [faˈduːts] or [faˈdʊts]) is the capital of the principality of Liechtenstein and the seat of the national parliament. The town, located along the Rhine, has about 5,100 inhabitants (as of 2009[update]), most of whom are Roman Catholic. Its cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Vaduz.
Although Vaduz is the best-known town internationally in the principality, it is not the largest: neighbouring Schaan has a larger population.
Vaduz is said to be mentioned in historic 12th-century manuscripts as Farduzes. It is, however, commonly believed to have been founded circa 1322 by the Counts of Werdenberg. In 1322 a mention of the castle is made, which was sacked by the Swiss in 1499 during the Swabian War. The entire town was also destroyed.
In the 17th century the Liechtenstein family was seeking a seat in the Imperial diet, the Reichstag. However, since they did not hold any territory that was directly under the Imperial throne, they were unable to meet the primary requirement to qualify.
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Valletta
Valletta is the capital of Malta, colloquially known as Il-Belt (English: The City) in Maltese. It is located in the central-eastern portion of the island of Malta, and the historical city has a population of 6,966. The name "Valletta" is traditionally reserved for the historic walled citadel that serves as Malta's principal administrative district. However, Valletta, like many historical city centres, forms part of a larger continuous urban agglomeration; this is often referred to as "Greater Valletta."
Valletta contains buildings from the 16th century onwards, built during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, also known as Knights Hospitaller. The city is essentially Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture in selected areas, though World War II left major scars on the city. The City of Valletta was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
The city is named for Jean Parisot de la Valette, who succeeded in defending the island from an Ottoman invasion in 1565. The official name given by the Order of Saint John was Humilissima Civitas Valletta — The Most Humble City of Valletta, or Città Umilissima in Italian. The bastions, curtains and ravelins along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches, led the ruling houses of Europe to give the city its nickname Superbissima — 'Most Proud'.
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Valpovo
Valpovo is a town in Slavonia, Croatia. It is close to the Drava river in the region of Slavonia, 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Osijek. The population of Valpovo is 7,396, with a total of 11,570 in the municipality.
In Hungarian the town is known as Valpó, in German as Walpowo, and in Turkish as Valpo.
The settlements in the municipal area of Valpovo are:
In the census of 2001, the absolute majority were Croats.
Officials in the communist Yugoslav regime established a camp for Germans which operated from 1945 to 1946.
Economy is based on farming, livestock breeding, forestry, wood and timber and foodstuffs industries; close to the town are oil and natural gas deposits. Valpovo lies on a regional road that connects it to Osijek and Donji Miholjac, as well a road to Belišće and to Bizovac through Ladimirevci.
Located close to the banks of the Drava river (5 km), Valpovo was an ancient dwelling of feudal families. Major tourist attraction include important cultural and historical heritage, (remains of a mediaeval fortification, the old brickwork bridge, churches) and a landscaped park, protected as a horticultural monument. Prandau-Normann Castle: Count Normann-Ehrenfels and Baron Prandau-Hilleprandt had a magnificent castle that was rebuilt seven times. They planted 121 herbal sorts on 250.000 square meters. Valpovo's park is one of the most beautiful in Slavonia.
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Varaždin
Varaždin (Croatian pronunciation: [v̞âraʒdiːn] Hungarian: Varasd, German: Warasdin, Kajkavian: Varažljin) is a city in North Croatia, 81 km (50 mi) north of Zagreb on the highway A4. The total population is 47,055, with 38,746 on 34.22 km2 (13.21 sq mi) of the city settlement itself (2011). The centre of Varaždin county is located near the Drava river, at 46°18′43″N 16°21′40″E / 46.312°N 16.361°E / 46.312; 16.361. It's mainly known for its baroque buildings, textile, food and IT industry.
In Hungarian the town is known as Varasd, and in Latin as Varasdinum, and in German as Warasdin.
The total population of the city is 47,055 and it includes the following settlements:
The total area is 59.45 km2 (22.95 sq mi) (2001).
The first written reference to Varaždin, whose historical name is Garestin, was on 20 August 1181, when King Béla III mentioned the nearby thermal springs (Varaždinske Toplice) in a legal document.
Varaždin was declared a free royal borough in 1209 by the Hungarian King Andrew II. The town became the economic and military centre of northern Croatia. Due to Turkish raids, the town was structured defensively around the old fortress, and acquired the shape of a typical medieval Wasserburg. In the early 13th century, the Knights Hospitaller (Croatian: Ivanovci) came to Varaždin, where they built the church and a monastery.
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Varaždin County
Varaždin County (Croatian: Varaždinska županija) is a county in northern Croatia. It is named after its county seat, the city of Varaždin.
In addition to the city of Varaždin, the county includes the towns of Ivanec, Ludbreg, Lepoglava, Novi Marof and Varaždinske Toplice, as well as 22 municipalities. The county covers an area of 1,261 square kilometres (487 sq mi) and had a population of 183,730 in the 2001 census.
Varaždin County borders Slovenia to the northwest, Međimurje County to the north, Krapina-Zagorje County to the southwest, Zagreb County to the south, and Koprivnica-Križevci County to the southeast, with a small portion of the latter separating it from Hungary.
The Drava flows along the northern border of the county. There are three reservoirs on the river – Lake Ormož, Lake Varaždin and Lake Dubrava. All of them are partially located within the county. Another river flowing through the county is the Bednja, which also confluences with the Drava within the county. There are also the mountains of Ivanščica (also known as Ivančica) and Kalnik.
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Vatican City
Vatican Cityi/ˈvætɨkən ˈsɪti/, or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (pronounced [ˈstaːto della t͡ʃitˈta del vatiˈkaːno]), is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of just over 800. This makes Vatican City the smallest independent state in the world by both area and population.
Vatican City State was established in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, signed by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Vatican City State is distinct from the Holy See, which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. Ordinances of Vatican City are published in Italian; official documents of the Holy See are issued mainly in Latin. The two entities have distinct passports: the Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City State issues normal passports. In each case very few passports are issued.
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Velika Gorica
Velika Gorica (Croatian pronunciation: [ʋêlikaː ɡǒritsa]) is the largest and most populous city in Zagreb County, Croatia. The city itself has a population of 31,341, while the municipality has a population of 63,511 inhabitants (2011).
Velika Gorica is the centre of the historical Turopolje region.
The name of the city consists of two words. First one, "Velika", is an adjective, meaning big or great. Second one is "Gorica" which is in standard Croatian deminutive of word "gora", meaning hill. But in local Kajkavian dialect, "gorica" means vineyard, hence literally translated city's name is Big Vineyard. That is because this area was wine producing since ancient times.
Velika Gorica also has (or had) its names in other languages, notably Hungarian: Nagygoricza and German: Gross-Gorica.
The City of Velika Gorica, located 16 km (9.94 mi) south of Zagreb, is the centre of an area covering 552 square kilometers. Up until 1990 Velika Gorica had the status of a municipality and after that it became a part of Zagreb. Velika Gorica gained city status in 1995. The area of the old Municipality of Velika Gorica was split into three municipalities – Kravarsko, Orle and Pokupsko.
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Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Vilnius
Vilnius ([ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 554,060 (838, 852 together with Vilnius County) as of 2011. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County. The first known written record of Vilnius as the Lithuanian capital is known from Gediminas' letters in 1323. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies.
The name of the city originated from the Vilnia River. The city has also been known by many derivate spellings in various languages throughout its history. The most notable non-Lithuanian names for the city include: Polish: Wilno, Belarusian: Вiльнюс, Вiльня, German: Wilna, Latvian: Viļņa, Russian: Вильнюс, Yiddish: ווילנע (Vilne). An older Russian name was Вильна / Вильно (Vilna/Vilno), although Вильнюс (Vilnius) is now used. The names Wilno, Wilna and Vilna have also been used in older English, German, French and Italian language publications. The name Vilna is still used in Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Hebrew.
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Vinkovci
Vinkovci (pronounced [v̞îːnkɔːv̞t͡si]) is a city in Croatia, in the Vukovar-Syrmia County. In the 2011 census, the total population of the city was 35,375, making it the largest town of the county. Surrounded by many large villages, it is a local transport hub, particularly because of its railways.
The site of Vinkovci (German: Winkowitz, Hungarian: Vinkovce, Latin: Colonia Aurelia Cibalae) was inhabited well before the Roman period The area of the town has been inhabited continually from the Neolithic period. Under the Romans the town was known as Colonia Aurelia Cibalae and was the birthplace of Roman emperors Valentinian I and Valens. The Roman thermal bath is still preserved underground as are several other Roman buildings located near the center of today's Vinkovci.
It was part of Ottoman Empire between 1526 and 1687 and was managed in Sirem sanjak (Its center was Dimitrofça) in Budin Eyalet. It was captured by Habsburg Empire in 1687 and was left to her according to Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Habsburg rule lasted until 1918.
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Virovitica
Virovitica (pronounced [ʋirɔʋǐtit͡sa]) is a Croatian town near the Croatian-Hungarian border. It is situated near the Drava river and belongs to the historic region of Slavonia. Virovitica has a population of 14,663, with 21,327 people in the municipality (census 2011). It is also the capital of Virovitica-Podravina county.
Virovitica has also historically been known by the names Wirowititz/Virovititz and Wirowitiza (German), Viroviticza, Verewitiza, Verowitiza, Verowtiza, Verőce (Hungarian) and Varaviza (Italian).
The following settlements comprise the administrative area of the city of Virovitica:
Virovitica has a monument dedicated to fallen members of the Home Guard.
The patron saint of Virovitica is St. Rocco (Sv. Rok), celebrated every August 16.
Virovitica is twinned with:
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Vjesnik
Vjesnik is a Croatian daily newspaper, published in Zagreb. Through its history, it has been considered a newspaper of record.
The paper was originally printed as a monthly publication by the League of Communists of Croatia starting in 1940. During World War II, while Croatia was under occupation of Nazi Germany, the paper served as the primary media publication of the Partisan resistance movement. The August 1941 edition of the paper featured the statement "Smrt fašizmu, sloboda narodu" (transl. "Death to fascism, freedom to the people") which was afterwards accepted as the official slogan of the entire resistance movement and was often quoted in post-war Yugoslavia.
In 1990, after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, Vjesnik came under the control of Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), the ruling Croatian party. Starting at that time, Vjesnik was seen as taking a pro-government editorial stance, even changing its name in 1992 to Novi Vjesnik (novi means new) in an attempt to distance itself from any perceived resemblance to the previous communist government newspaper. The name, however, proved to be unpopular and was changed back that same year.
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Vrbovec
Vrbovec is city in Zagreb county, Croatia, lying to the northeast of the capital Zagreb.
The town of Vrbovec lies to the north-east of Zagreb, either 32 km (20 mi) along the highway A4 (Zagreb - Sv.Helena), and then B28 expressway (Sv. Helena - Vrbovec) or 40 km (25 mi) by the old state road, Zagreb - Dugo Selo - Bjelovar, and by train through direction Zagreb - Vrbovec - Koprivnica - Hungary.
In the 2011 Croatian census, the total population of the administrative territory of Vrbovec was 14,802, in the following settlements:
In 2001, 97,36% of the population were Croats.
City government, court, police, health and postal services are the part of infrastructure of Vrbovec. The current mayor since 2005 is Vladimir Bregović, who succeeded Zlatko Herček, mayor from 2001 to 2005.
Vrbovec was first mentioned in written documents dated April 21, 1244. The document today lies in the Archbishop's archive in Zagreb, in serial Privilegialia. It was published by Croatian-Hungarian King Bela III (IV), where feudal field was given to the countman Junk, the son of Izak from Ravno (village), whose right are confirmed from the Koloman (brother of King Bela). The countman Junk was the higher officer at Križevci's county.
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Vrgorac
Vrgorac (pronounced [ʋř̩ɡorats], Italian: Vergorazza) is a town in Croatia in the Split-Dalmatia County.
The total population of Vrgorac is 6,501 (census 2011), in the following settlements:
In the 2001 census, 99% of the population were Croats.
Coordinates: 43°12′N 17°22′E / 43.2°N 17.367°E / 43.2; 17.367
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Vukovar
Vukovar (pronounced [v̞ûkɔv̞aːr]) is a city in eastern Croatia, and the biggest river port in Croatia located at the confluence of the Vuka river and the Danube. Vukovar is the center of the Vukovar-Syrmia County. The city's registered population was 26,716 in the 2011 census, with a total of 28,016 in the municipality.
The name Vukovar means "the town on the river Vuka" ('Vuko' from the river Vuka, and 'vár' from the Hungarian word for 'castle'). The name of the river Vuka itself originates from the Slavic word 'vuk', meaning 'wolf'. In Serbian Cyrillic, the town is known as Вуковар, in Hungarian as Vukovár or Valkóvár, in German as Wukowar, and in Turkish as Vukovar.
It is located 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Vinkovci, 36 km (22 mi) southeast of Osijek with the elevation of 108 m (354 ft). Vukovar is located on the main road D2 Osijek—Vukovar—Ilok and on the Vinkovci—Vukovar railway (and road D55).
The city is spread out along the Danube river, and Vukovar proper is in the southeast while Borovo Naselje forms a distinct unit in the northwest.
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Vurnovec
Vurnovec is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D29 highway.
Coordinates: 45°53′24″N 16°08′10″E / 45.89°N 16.13611°E / 45.89; 16.13611
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
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Yerevan
Coordinates: 40°11′00″N 44°31′00″E / 40.183333°N 44.516667°E / 40.183333; 44.516667
Yerevan (Armenian: Երևան, Armenian pronunciation: [jɛɾɛˈvɑn]) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the thirteenth in the history of Armenia.
The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century BC, with the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by king Argishti I at the western extreme of the Ararat plain. After World War I, Yerevan became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as thousands of survivors of the Armenian Genocide settled in the area. The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century as Armenia became one of the fifteen republics in the Soviet Union. In fifty years, Yerevan was transformed from a town of a few thousand residents within the Russian Empire, to Armenia's principal cultural, artistic, and industrial center, as well as becoming the seat of national government.
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Zadar
Zadar (see historical names) is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Zadar is a historical center of Dalmatia as well as the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zadar.
In antiquity, Iadera and Iader, the much older roots of the settlement's names were hidden, the names being most probably related to a hydrographical term. It was coined by an ancient Mediterranean people and their Pre-Indo-European language. They transmitted it to later settlers, the Liburnians. The name of the Liburnian settlement was first mentioned by a Greek inscription from Pharos (Stari grad) on the island of Hvar in 384 BC, where the citizens of Zadar were noted as Ίαδασινοί (Iadasinoi). According to the Greek source Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax the city was Ίδασσα (Idassa), probably a vulgar Greek form of the original Liburnian name.
During Antiquity the name was often recorded in sources in Latin in two forms: Iader in the inscriptions and in the writings of classic writers, Iadera predominantly among the late Antiquity writers, while usual ethnonyms were Iadestines and Iadertines. The accent was on the first syllable in both Iader and Iadera forms, which influenced the early-Medieval Dalmatian language forms Jadra, Jadera and Jadertina, where the accent kept its original place.
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Zadar County
Zadar County (Croatian: Zadarska županija) is a county in Croatia, it encompasses northern Dalmatia and southeastern Lika. Its center is the city of Zadar.
According to the 2001 census, Zadar County has population of 162,045. Croats make up the majority with 93.30% of the population, while Serbs, Bosniaks, Albanians and Italians form the remainder.
Among the largest towns in the county of Zadar are: Zadar, Benkovac, Bibinje, Biograd, Nin, Obrovac and Pag.
The county of Zadar includes the islands of Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman and most of Pag, as well as a number of other, smaller islands. It also features the Paklenica national park.
The county's area is 7,854 km2, 3,642 km2 is land, which accounts for 6.4 % of the territory of Croatia. The sea area of the County is 3,632 km2 (around 12% of the territorial waters) and the insular area is 580 km2, with more than 300 smaller and larger islands (Zadar archipelago). The length of its coastline (including the islands) is 1,300 km.
The county's population is 200,936 (accounting for 4.5 % of the total Croatia's population), of which 129,000 people live in the coastal area, 21,000 on islands and 50,000 in the County's inland.
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Zagreb
Zagreb (Croatian pronunciation: [zǎːɡrɛb]) is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m (400 ft) above sea level. In the last official census of 2011, the population of the settlement of Zagreb was 686,568, while the total population of its administrative area was 792,875. The wider Zagreb metropolitan area includes the City of Zagreb and the separate Zagreb County with a population of 317,642, bringing the total metropolitan area population up to 1,110,517. It is the only metropolitan area in Croatia with a population of over one million.
Its favourable geographic position in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin, which extends to the Alpine, Dinaric, Adriatic and Pannonic regions, provides an excellent connection for traffic between Central Europe and the Adriatic Sea. The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia. Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies and almost all government ministries.
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Zagreb Airport
Zagreb Airport (IATA: ZAG, ICAO: LDZA), also known as Pleso Airport (pronounced [plɛ̂sɔ]) after the nearby suburb of Pleso, is the main international airport of Croatia and also a Croatian Air Force and Air Defence major fighter jet base. Located 10 km (6.2 mi) from Zagreb Central Station in Zagreb, it served 2,319,098 passengers in 2011 and is the primary hub for Croatian flag carrier Croatia Airlines. Expansion of the airport is due to start in 2012.
The first airfield in Zagreb was built in 1909 near the western city neighbourhood of Črnomerec. It was used by Slavoljub Eduard Penkala for the airplanes he designed. In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made a landing in Borongaj Airfield (east of Zagreb) after his successful crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. The airfield began serving passenger traffic on 15 February 1928. On 1 April 1947, commercial services were moved to a former airbase near the village of Lučko, southwest of the city. At its peak in 1959, Lučko served 167,000 passengers.
On 20 April 1962, flight services were once again moved, this time to the current location near the suburb of Pleso in the southeast. It first opened with a 2,500 m (8,200 ft) long runway and 1,000 m2 (11,000 sq ft) terminal. A new 5,000 m2 (54,000 sq ft) terminal was built in 1966, as well as the apron expansion. In 1974, the runway was extended to its current 3,252 m (10,669 ft), and the terminal expanded to its current 12,000 m2 (130,000 sq ft).
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Zagreb bypass
Zagreb bypass (Croatian: obilaznica, zaobilaznica), is an U-shaped motorway partially encircling Zagreb, Croatia. The largest part by far, between Jankomir and Ivanja Reka interchanges, has been built between 1977 and 1979, while Ivanja Reka - Sveta Helena section has been built between 1996 and 1999. The bypass is 48.9 kilometres (30.4 mi) long, tracing around the city from the northwestern suburb of Zaprešić to Sveta Helena in the northeast. The bypass crosses Sava River twice and comprises a bridge across the Sava-Odra floodwater overflow canal. As the busiest sections between Jankomir and Buzin interchanges carry traffic volume of approximately 45,000 AADT, it is the most heavily used motorway sector in Croatia.
Zagreb bypass is not designated as a separate motorway with a distinct motorway number, rather it consists of sections of three motorways:
Those motorway sections are concurrent with sections of the D1 and D3 state roads as well as European routes E59, E65, E70 and E71.
The bypass currently comprises four traffic lanes along its entire length, with an emergency lane in each direction. In its current form, the Zagreb bypass has a small number of interchanges spaced widely apart. For example the current Zaprešić interchange extends a trip from Zaprešić to Zagreb via the bypass by 4.5 km (2.8 mi). The last new interchange was built in 2007/2008 at Kosnica in the southeast, to connect the Homeland Bridge and Zagreb via Radnička cesta (Ž1029).
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Zagreb City Museum
Zagreb City Museum or Museum of the City of Zagreb (Croatian: Muzej grada Zagreba) located in 20 Opatička Street, was established in 1907 by the Association of the Brethren of the Croatian Dragon (Croatian: Braća hrvatskoga zmaja). It is located in a restored monumental complex (Popov toranj, the Observatory, Zakmardi Granary) of the former Convent of the Poor Clares, of 1650. The Museum deals with topics from the cultural, artistic, economic and political history of the city spanning from Roman finds to the modern period. The holdings comprise 75,000 items arranged systematically into collections of artistic and mundane objects characteristic of the city and its history.
Coordinates: 45°49′6″N 15°58′30″E / 45.81833°N 15.975°E / 45.81833; 15.975
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Zagreb County
Zagreb County (Croatian: Zagrebačka županija) is a county in central Croatia. It surrounds – but does not contain – the nation's capital Zagreb, which is a separate territorial unit. For that reason, it is often nicknamed "Zagreb ring". According to the 2011 census, the county has 317,642 inhabitants.
The Zagreb County once included the city of Zagreb, but in 1997 they separated, when the City was given a special status. Although separated from Zagreb City County both administratively and territorially, it still remains closely linked with it.
Zagreb County borders on Krapina-Zagorje County, the city of Zagreb and Varaždin County in the north, Bjelovar-Bilogora County in the east, Sisak-Moslavina County in the south and Karlovac County in the southwest.
Zagreb County is divided into 9 towns and 25 municipalities.
Current Župan: Stjepan Kožić (HSS)
The county assembly is composed of 45 representatives, organized as follows:
Coordinates: 45°44′56″N 15°34′16″E / 45.749°N 15.571°E / 45.749; 15.571
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Zagreb Fair
Zagreb Fair (Croatian: Zagrebački velesajam) is a complex of exhibition pavilions in Zagreb, Croatia. The company which operates the venue carries the same name.
The Zagreb Fair is the main venue in Zagreb for trade shows and fairs. Every year more than 25 specialised events are held at the venue, attended by more than 6,000 participants from 50 countries. Apart from trade fairs it is also used as a convention center.
History of trade fairs in Zagreb dates back to 1242 when the Hungarian king Bela IV issued a Golden Bull declaring Zagreb a free royal city and granting it the right to hold fairs. The first international exhibition in Zagreb was held in 1864. The Zagreb Fair was also the first fair held in post-WWII Yugoslavia in 1947. In 1956 it was relocated to the newly constructed Novi Zagreb part of the city south of the river Sava.
Coordinates: 45°46′40″N 15°58′12″E / 45.77778°N 15.97°E / 45.77778; 15.97
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Zagreb Funicular
The Zagreb Funicular (Croatian: Zagrebačka uspinjača) is the funicular in Zagreb operated by ZET, situated in Tomić Street, connecting the Ilica Street (Donji Grad) with Strossmayerovo šetalište (Strossmayer promenade) to the north (Gornji Grad). Its 66-metre (217 ft) track makes it one of the shortest public-transport funiculars in the world. The funicular was built in 1890 and has been in operation since April 23, 1893. Initially it had steam engines, which were substituted with electrical in 1934. Having in mind that it kept its original shape, constructional and most of the technical properties, it was given legal protection as a monument of culture.
It has two cars for 28 passengers each (16 seated and 12 standing places). The cars are 5640 mm long, and weigh 5,05 tons when empty. Each can carry 2240 kg. The electrical engine is in the northern (upper) station. It has a power output of 28.5 kW, operates on 400 V direct current, at 720 revolutions per minute. The funicular runs on 1200 mm gauge rails, track length is only 66 m, but height difference is 30.5 m and inclination 52%. This makes it one of the shortest, but also one of the steepest funiculars in the world. It runs at a speed of 1.5 m/s, needing 55 seconds to cross the distance.
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Zagreb Mosque
Zagreb mosque is the largest mosque in Croatia. Within mosque operates cultural center and Islamic Secondary School "Dr. Ahmed Smajlović". The construction began in 1981 and mosque was completed 1987. In 1983 in visit to Islamic Community in Zagreb came to sultan of Sharjah Sultan bin Mohamed Al-Qasimi who was donated 2 500 000 $ for the construction of mosque.
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Zagreb Synagogue
The Zagreb Synagogue (Croatian: Zagrebačka sinagoga) was the main place of worship for the Jewish community of Zagreb in modern-day Croatia, from its construction in 1867 in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Austrian Empire, until its demolition by the fascist authorities in 1941 in the Axis-aligned Independent State of Croatia.
The Moorish Revival synagogue was located on modern-day Praška Street and has been the only purpose-built Jewish house of worship in the history of the city. It was one of the city's most prominent public buildings, as well as one the most esteemed examples of synagogue architecture in the region.
Since the 1980s, plans have been made to rebuild the synagogue in its original location, but due to various political circumstances, very limited progress has been made. Today's main disagreements which inhibit the construction of a new synagogue are concerning involvement of Jewish organizations in the reconstruction, and the design and character of the new building.
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Zagreb TV Tower
Zagreb TV Tower is a 169 metre (563 ft) tall TV tower built of reinforced concrete on the summit of the 1035 metre (3450 ft) tall mountain Medvednica near Zagreb, Croatia.
Zagreb TV Tower was built in 1973. It is not open for the public, although in a 75-metre (246 ft) level there is space for a foreseen tower restaurant.
On September 16, 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, the tower was a target of a Yugoslav army air attack. The guided missile hit caused significant damage to the TV equipment and temporary interruption of the broadcast. It was repaired a few years later.
There are some speculations about the opening of the tower restaurant, as a part of the "Sljeme" project, which includes building of the new ski-tracks, and an extension of the cable car line.
Zagreb TV Tower from the distance
Zagreb TV Tower top
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Zagrebačka Avenue
Zagrebačka Avenue is an important east-west avenue in western Zagreb, Croatia. It is a dual carriageway with three lanes in each direction that starts as a continuation of the Slavonska Avenue under the intersection with the Savska Road, ending at the Savska Opatovina roundabout.
It was previously part of Ljubljanska Avenue, which used to span from the Jankomir interchange to Savska Road in the outer city center, but in 2006 a part of Ljubljanska Avenue was widened and separated from the old avenue to be named to Zagrebačka Avenue at the proposal of Mayor Milan Bandić. After the widening some previous intersections were replaced with interchanges, such as the Savska Opatovina rotary (technically a roundabout interchange) or the Srednjaci street ramp (formerly an intersection with traffic lights). Not all intersections were converted to interchanges, though, and Bandić was publicly criticized because of that problem.
Coordinates: 45°47′38″N 15°56′19″E / 45.79389°N 15.93861°E / 45.79389; 15.93861
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Zagrebtower
Coordinates: 45°48′00″N 16°00′27″E / 45.8°N 16.0075°E / 45.8; 16.0075 Zagrebtower is a skyscraper in Zagreb, Croatia, located in the neighborhood of Kanal, on the Radnička Road. It was completed in late 2006.
It is an elliptical, 22-story, 84-meter (276 ft) office tower with adjacent 8-story office building which includes an underground parking garage. The complex includes a total of 26,000 m2 (280,000 sq ft) of available office space.
Zagrebtower
Zagrebtower top
Zagrebtower bottom-up
Zagrebtower facade
Zagrebtower facade
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Zagrepčanka
Zagrepčanka is a business tower located in Zagreb, Croatia. The address is Savska 41, on the Savska Road and Vukovar Avenue intersection.
Zagrepčanka is ranked 1st by height (1st when you include the antenna) in Croatia. It is 94.6 meters (310 feet) tall, and it has 27 levels. There is a radio mast on the roof, which increases the height of the tower to 109 meters (363 feet). There are two underground levels, used for parking spaces. It's served by six elevators. The skyscraper is a part of the complex, which includes a lowrise 3 level business objects, an art installation, and a fountain.
The tower has three parts. The center part has 26 floors, the west wing has 21 floor, and the east wing has 19 floors. The facade is derived in white marble, and a reflective green glass. There are 23 three-apses protrusions, which run from the 25th to 26th floor. The center wing has 24 support beams, and the side wings have 23 beams. The side wings are hyperbolically curved over the vertical axis.
The tower was built in 1976 by architects Slavko Jelinek and Berislav Vinković.
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Zaprešić
Zaprešić (pronounced [zâːpreʃitɕ]) is a city in Zagreb County in Croatia. Its population is 19,574 inhabitants for the city proper, and over 51,000[citation needed] for its seven-municipality metropolitan area. Zaprešić is the third-largest, and most densely populated division of the county. It is located northwest of the Croatian capital Zagreb, and near the Slovenian border. It is centered on plains north of the Sava River, and is bordered by Medvednica Mountain to the east, and the Marija Gorica Hills to the west.
The first human settlement in, and near Zaprešić dates from the Neolithic, and several Roman roads were constructed in the area. The first records of the modern town date from 1334. Since that date, the town's history includes being a part of a feudal estate to operating the first meat packaging plant in Croatia. However, it was not formally established as a city until 1995. The city is governed by a mayor, a city government of seven members (upper house), and a city council of nineteen members (lower house). The current ruling party is the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), and the current mayor is Željko Turk. Zaprešić has its own fire department, but police coverage is provided by the city of Zagreb. Komunalno poduzeće Zaprešić manages all utilities except electricity. Tap water in Zaprešić is of high quality.
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Zidani Most
Zidani Most (literally, 'stone bridge') is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies at the confluence of the Sava and the Savinja Rivers. The area was traditionally part of the Lower Styria region. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja statistical region. It is an important railway station and junction.
Although there was a bridge in the area already in 20 BCE, in the Roman period, the place is named after the bridge over the Sava that was built by the order of Leopold VI, Duke of Austria in 1224 and destroyed by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1442, during his clashes with the Counts of Celje. The current stone bridge over the Savinja was built in 1815–1820.
The local church, built in the eastern part of the settlement known as Vila, is dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and belongs to the Parish of Marija Širje. It was built in 1920.
Coordinates: 46°05′10″N 15°10′12″E / 46.08611°N 15.17°E / 46.08611; 15.17
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Åland Islands
The Åland Islands (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈoːland], Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) form an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. They are situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia and form an autonomous, demilitarised, monolingually Swedish-speaking region of Finland. The islands collectively constitute the smallest region of Finland, with only 0.49% of its land area, and 0.50% of its population.
Åland comprises Fasta Åland (the "Main Island," with 90% of the population), together with an archipelago to the east that comprises over 6,500 skerries and islands. Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Sweden by 38 kilometres (24 mi) of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish Archipelago Sea. Åland's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket, which it shares with Sweden.
Because of the autonomous status of the Åland Islands, the powers exercised at the provincial level by representatives of the central state administration in the rest of Finland are largely exercised by the Government of Åland in Åland.
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Čakovec
Čakovec (pronounced [t͡ʃâkɔ̝v̞et͡s]) is a city in northern Croatia, located around 90 kilometres north of Zagreb, the Croatian capital. Čakovec is both the county seat and largest city of Međimurje County, the northernmost, smallest and most densely populated Croatian county.
The city administrative area of Čakovec includes the following settlements:
The adjacent villages of Belica, Nedelišće, Pribislavec, Strahoninec and Šenkovec are seats of separate municipalities, although they are all located within 5 kilometres of the city's centre.
The total population of the city's metropolitan area, with all of the aforementioned villages is approximately 45,000.[citation needed]
In the 2001 census, the city of Čakovec had a population of 15,790 within its limits, which is a slight decrease from 1991 census in which it was populated by 15,999 people. With its surrounding suburbs included it had a population of 30,455 as of 2001 census.
The city's present day population primarily consists of ethnic Croats at 93%, with the largest minority being Roma at 3.6% of the municipality. Other ethnic groups are Serbs, Hungarians, Slovenes and Albanians. Today's population is estimated to be around 20,000 people within the city limits.
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Črnomerec
Črnomerec (Croatian pronunciation: [tʃr̩nɔmɛ̌ːrɛts]) is one of the city districts of Zagreb, Croatia. It is located in the western part of the city and has 38,762 inhabitants.
Archeological findings from Donja Kustošija show evidence of early stone age settlements on this area, some 35.000 years ago. There are even more artifacts from Roman period, including Roman road from mountain Medvednica to river Sava via this area.
Črnomerec was first mentioned as Village Černomerci near Chapel of Holy Spirit in 14th century, as the biggest village near city (of Zagreb). This ancient Chapel of Holy Spirit was abandoned after Jesuit order was dismissed (1773). It was destroyed in 1810 when lightning struck hit it while used as ammunition depot for nearby army barracks.
For centuries the Črnomerec Stream was border of Zagreb city area, with malta (toll gate) on it. All vehicles entering the city area were due to pay maltarina, as well as peasants bringing their produce to be sold at city's markets. Local legend says that the district's name derives from toll officers that were clad in black (črno means black, and merec person that measures).
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Đakovo
Đakovo (pronounced [d͡ʑâkɔ̝v̞ɔ̝]) is a town in the region of Slavonia, Croatia. Đakovo is the centre of the fertile and rich Đakovo region (Croatian: Đakovština).
Đakovo is located 37 km (23 mi) to the southwest of Osijek and 34 km (21 mi) southeast of Našice; elevation 111 m.
It is located near the motorway A5/E73, at the intersection of the state road D7 to Osijek, the arterial roads D38 to Požega, D46 to Vinkovci and the connecting road D515 to Našice.
The railroad Ploče–Sarajevo–Vrpolje–Osijek–Budapest runs through the city.
There is a total of 27,798 residents in the municipality (census 2011), in the following individual settlements:
Chief occupations include farming, livestock breeding, leather and wool processing; horse selection centre; major industries are wood processing (furniture), textiles, chemicals and food processing, building material, printing and tourism.
The Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul in Đakovo is the town's most famous landmark and the most important sacral object, not only in Đakovo but also throughout the whole region of Slavonia. The Cathedral was built 1866-1882 under Josip Juraj Strossmayer, then the bishop of the Đakovo and Srijem Catholic diocese. The landscaped park from the 19th century near the bishop's palace is a horticultural monument under special protection as well as the nearby Small Park (Mali Park) dating from the turn of the 19th/20th century.
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Đurđekovec
Đurđekovec is a very green settlement in the City of Zagreb, Croatia, population 700 (2011). It is located around 9 km north-east of the city centre of Zagreb and adjacent to the Medvednica mountains.
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Šalata
Šalata (Croatian pronunciation: [ʃalǎta]) is an upper-class residential neighborhood in Zagreb, Croatia. It is administratively part of the Gornji Grad - Medveščak city district in the northern part of Zagreb and it has a population of 1,929.
Šalata houses the Šalata Sport and Recreation Center (ŠRC Šalata) and the University Hospital Centre Zagreb (KBC Zagreb). The neighborhood is located east of Medveščak Road, the main thoroughfare of its parent city district, on the gentle slopes of the Medvednica. Due to its hilly nature, Šalata is approximately 40 to 70 meters (130 to 230 ft) above downtown Zagreb.
The residents of Šalata are close to almost all major events outside the neighborhoods due to their proximity to both the old city cores of Gornji Grad and Kaptol, and the current center, Donji Grad. Šalata is praised for great views of the city because of its higher altitude in relation to the rest of the city and its position on some of the southernmost hills of Medvednica. Due to these factors, real estate in Šalata is expensive and Šalata has become home to many influential people from the political, musical and sports scene in Croatia.
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Šašinovec
Šašinovec is a village in Croatia.
Coordinates: 45°51′N 16°10′E / 45.85°N 16.167°E / 45.85; 16.167
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Šibenik
Šibenik (Croatian pronunciation: [ʃîbe̞niːk]) is a historic town in Croatia, located in central Dalmatia where the river Krka flows into the Adriatic Sea. Šibenik is a political, educational, transport, industrial and tourist center of Šibenik-Knin county.
In Croatian, the town is known as Šibenik, in Latin as Sebenicum, in Italian as Sebenico, in Hungarian as Sibenik, in Albanian as Shibeniku, and in German as Sibennig.
Unlike other cities along the Adriatic coast, which were established by Greeks, Illyrians and Romans, Šibenik was founded by Croats. Excavations of the castle of Saint Michael, have since proven that the place was inhabited long before the actual arrival of the Croats. It was mentioned for the first time under its present name in 1066 in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV and, for a period of time, it was a seat of this Croatian King. For that reason, Šibenik is also called "Krešimirov grad" (Krešimir's city). It is the oldest native Croatian town on the eastern shores of the Adriatic.
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Šćitarjevo
Šćitarjevo (sometimes spelled Ščitarjevo) is a settlement (naselje) officially in the Town of Velika Gorica, Croatia, located near the Zagreb bypass and the recently built Homeland Bridge. Its main tourist attraction and cultural site is Andautonia, an archeological site with remains of a Roman city.
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Žerjavinec
Žerjavinec is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D3 highway.
Coordinates: 45°52′N 16°10′E / 45.867°N 16.167°E / 45.867; 16.167
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Županja
Županja is a city in eastern Slavonia, Croatia, located 254 km east of Zagreb. It is administratively part of the Vukovar-Syrmia county. It is inhabited by 12,185 people (2011).
Županja lies on the Sava river opposite Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is the site of a border-crossing bridge with the mostly Croat town of Orašje in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The A3 highway Zagreb-Slavonski Brod-Belgrade passes north of it, and the city is also reachable by a local railroad from Vinkovci as well as the state road D55.
The 2001 census recorded 96.45% Croats in the municipality. At the time the total population included 2,608 people living in Štitar, a village located immediately to the north, that is no longer part of the same municipality.
Memorial
Županja,City Centre
Županja
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Albanians
Albanians (Albanian: Shqiptarët) are an ethnic group native to Albania and neighbouring countries. In the context of an ethnicity, they are commonly referred to as ethnic Albanians to distinguish the group from the use of the term Albanians as referring to citizens of Albania. They speak the Albanian language. More than half of all Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo. The Albanian diaspora also exists in a number of other countries.
While the exonym Albania for the general region inhabited by the Albanians does hark back to Classical Antiquity, the name was lost within the Albanian language, the Albanian endonym being shqiptar, from the term for the Albanian language, shqip, a derivation of the verb shqiptoj "to utilize a correct Albanian pronunciation ". This theory pertains to Hahn and it holds that perhaps the word is ultimately a loan from Latin excipio. Thus, the Albanian endonym, like Slav and others, is in origin a term for "those who speak [intelligibly, the same language]". However another plausible theory has been advanced by Maximilian Lambertz to explain the endonym as derived from the Albanian noun shqype or shqiponjë (eagle), which, according to Albanian folk etymology, denoted a bird totem dating from the times of Skanderbeg, as displayed on the Albanian flag.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Beyoncé Knowles
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (née Beyoncé Giselle Knowles; September 4, 1981), known mononymously as Beyoncé ( /biˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say), is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she enrolled in various performing arts schools and was first exposed to singing and dancing competitions as a child. Knowles rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the R&B girl group Destiny's Child, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time.
During the hiatus of Destiny's Child, Knowles released her debut solo album, Dangerously in Love, in 2003, which spawned two number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100—"Crazy in Love" and "Baby Boy"—and became one of the most successful albums of that year, earning her a then record-tying five Grammy Awards. Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in 2005, Knowles released her second solo album, B'Day, in 2006, which spawned the top 10 singles "Déjà Vu", "Irreplaceable" and "Beautiful Liar". Her third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), spawned the hit singles "If I Were a Boy", "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", "Halo" and "Sweet Dreams". The album helped Knowles earn six Grammys in 2010, breaking the record for most Grammy Awards won by a female artist in one night. Knowles' fourth solo album, 4 (2011), became her fourth consecutive number one album on the Billboard 200 as a solo artist. This made her the third artist in history to have her first four studio albums debut atop the chart.
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Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan ( /ˈdɪlən/), born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist. He has been an influential figure in popular music and culture for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was an informal chronicler and a seemingly reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of Dylan's early songs, such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'", became anthems for the US civil rights and anti-war movements. Leaving his initial base in the culture of folk music behind, Dylan's six-minute single "Like a Rolling Stone" has been described as radically altering the parameters of popular music in 1965. However, his recordings employing electric instruments attracted denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement.
Dylan's lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie,Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, as well as the music and performance styles of Buddy Holly and Little Richard, Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres. His recording career, spanning fifty years, has explored numerous distinct traditions in American song—from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and swing.
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Bosniaks
The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bosnian: Bošnjak, pl: Bošnjaci, pronounced [bɔːˈʃɲaːtsi]) are a South Slavic ethnic group, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a smaller minority also present in other lands of the Balkan Peninsula especially in Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their historic tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional adherence to Islam since the 15th and 16th centuries, common culture and language. In the English-speaking world, Bosniaks are also referred to as Bosnian Muslims or simply Bosnians. Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an official ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam. The term Bosnian is used to denote all inhabitants of Bosnia regardless of ethnic origin.
Bosniaks are a South Slavic people. Nonetheless, it has been proposed, based on genetic signatures, that their roots also date back to pre-Slavic inhabitants of the Dinaric region, effectively predating many modern European homogenous ethnic groups. There are well over two million Bosniaks living in the Balkans today, with an estimated additional million settled and living around the world.[citation needed] Several instances of ethnic cleansing and genocide have had a tremendous effect on the territorial distribution of the population. Partially due to this,[citation needed] a notable Bosniak diaspora exists in a number of countries, including Austria, Germany, Australia, Sweden, Turkey, Canada and the United States. Both within the region and throughout the world, Bosniaks are often noted for their unique culture, which has been influenced by both eastern and western civilizations and schools of thought over the course of their history.
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Béla IV of Hungary
Béla IV (English: /ˈbɛlə/; 1206–1270), King of Hungary (1235–70) and of Croatia (1235–70), duke of Styria 1254–58. One of the most famous kings of Hungary, he distinguished himself through his policy of strengthening of the royal power following the example of his grandfather Bela III, and by the rebuilding Hungary after the catastrophe of the Mongolian invasion in 1241. For this reason he is called by the Hungarians "the second founder of our country".
Béla was the eldest son of King Andrew II of Hungary and his first wife, Gertrude of Merania. Upon Pope Innocent III's request, the ecclesiastic and temporal dignitaries of the Kingdom of Hungary took an oath before his birth that they would accept him as his father's successor.
The infant Béla was probably present when a group of conspirators murdered his mother on 28 September 1213. Following the murder, his father ordered only the execution of the conspirators' leader and forgave the other members of the group, which resulted in Béla's emerging antipathy against his father.
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Croats
Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Peru, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which has been influenced by a number of other neighbouring cultures through the ages. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean where, at the same time, Croats have made their own contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic with minor groups of Protestants, Muslims, Orthodox, Jews and secular non religious atheists and agnostics. Their language is Croatian.
Croatia is the nation state of the Croats, while in the adjacent Bosnia and Herzegovina they are one of the three constituent peoples alongside Bosniaks and Serbs.
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David Bowie
David Bowie ( /ˈboʊ.i/ BOH-ee; born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947) is an English musician, actor, record producer and arranger. A major figure for over four decades in the world of popular music, Bowie is widely regarded as an innovator, particularly for his work in the 1970s. He is known for his distinctive voice and the intellectual depth and eclecticism of his work.
Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in July 1969, when his song "Space Oddity" reached the top five of the UK Singles Chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with the flamboyant, androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. Bowie's impact at that time, as described by biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture." The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona proved merely one facet of a career marked by continual reinvention, musical innovation and striking visual presentation.
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Dimmu Borgir
Dimmu Borgir ( /ˌdɪmuː ˈbɔrɡɪər/) is a Norwegian black metal band from Oslo, Norway, formed in 1993. Dimmu Borgir means "dark cities" or "dark castles/fortresses" in Icelandic, Faroese and Old Norse. The name is derived from a volcanic formation in Iceland, Dimmuborgir. The band has been through numerous line-up changes over the years; guitarist Silenoz and vocalist Shagrath are the only founding members remaining.
Dimmu Borgir was founded in 1993 by Shagrath, Silenoz, and Tjodalv, the band released an EP in 1993 entitled Inn i evighetens mørke ("Into the Darkness of Eternity" in English). This short EP sold out within weeks, and the band followed up with the 1994 full length album For All Tid ('For All Time' in English) This album featured vocal contributions by Vicotnik of Ved Buens Ende and Dødheimsgard and Aldrahn of Dødheimsgard and Zyklon-B. The initial lineup consisted of Shagrath playing drums with Tjodalv on guitar and Silenoz contributing lead vocals. This line-up changed before the release of Stormblåst (translates to "Storm Blown") on Cacophonous Records in 1996, an album considered by many to be their finest. It is also the last album which features all lyrics written and sung in Norwegian. This album was criticized by Allmusic because of bad sound quality and inaccessibility to wide audience.
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Eric Clapton
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, (born 30 March 1945) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.
In the mid 1960s, Clapton departed from the Yardbirds to play blues with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. In his one-year stay with Mayall, Clapton gained the nickname "Slowhand". Immediately after leaving Mayall, Clapton formed Cream, a power trio with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop." For most of the 1970s, Clapton's output bore the influence of the mellow style of J.J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley. His version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" helped reggae reach a mass market. Two of his most popular recordings were "Layla", recorded by Derek and the Dominos, another band he formed and Robert Johnson's "Crossroads", recorded by Cream. A recipient of seventeen Grammy Awards, in 2004 Clapton was awarded a CBE for services to music. In 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers.
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Ivan Mažuranić
Ivan Mažuranić (pronounced [ǐv̞an maʒǔranitɕ]; 11 August 1814 – 4 August 1890) was a Croatian poet, linguist and politician—probably the most important figure in Croatia's cultural life in the mid-19th century. Mažuranić served as Ban of Croatia-Slavonia between 1873 and 1880.
His realistic assessment of strengths and weaknesses of Croatia's position between the hammer of Austrian bureaucracy and the anvil of Hungarian expansionist nationalism served his country invaluably in times of political turmoil. Mažuranić is best remembered for the "triple accomplishment"—contributions in economics, linguistics, and poetry.
Mažuranić was born into a well-to-do yeoman family in Novi Vinodolski in northern coastal Croatia. He became a man of many abilities: he spoke 9 languages and was well versed in astronomy and mathematics.
Mažuranić was the first Croatian ban not to hail from old nobility, as he was born a commoner. He was a member of the People's Party.
He accomplished the Croatian transition from a semifeudal legal and economic system to a modern civil society similar to those emerging in other countries in central Europe.
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Ivan Meštrović
Ivan Meštrović (Croatian: [ǐʋan mɛ̂ʃtrɔʋit͡ɕ] ( listen); August 15, 1883 – January 16, 1962) was a Croatian sculptor and architect born in Vrpolje, Croatia (then Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, an autonomous kingdom within the Austro-Hungarian Empire). He is renowned as possibly the greatest sculptor of religious subject matter since the Renaissance, the first living person to have a one man show at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
He was born in a small village in Vrpolje. He spent his childhood in Otavice, a small village located on edge of Petrovo field in Dalmatian hinterland. At the age of sixteen, a master stone cutter from Split Pavle Bilinić noticed his talent and he took him as an apprentice. His artistic skills were improved by studying the monumental buildings in the city and his education at the hands of Bilinić's wife, who was a high-school teacher. Soon, they found a mine owner from Vienna who paid for Meštrović to move there and be admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts. He had to quickly learn German from scratch and adjust to the new environment, but he persevered and successfully finished his studies.
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Janko Kamauf
Janko Kamauf was the last city magistrate of Gradec and the first mayor of Zagreb, Croatia. He saw the unification of Gradec, Kaptol and several surrounding villages into Zagreb by ban Josip Jelačić in 1850 and remained the city mayor until 1857.
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Josip Bozanić
Josip Bozanić (born March 20, 1949) is a Croatian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the eighth and current Archbishop of Zagreb, having previously served as Bishop of Krk from 1989 to 1997. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2003.
Josip Bozanić was born in Rijeka, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), to Ivan Bozanić and Dinka Valković. He attended the minor seminary of Pazin, and the Theological Faculties of Rijeka and Zagreb, where he obtained a Master's degree in theology. He was ordained to the priesthood on June 29, 1975 by Bishop Karmelo Zazinović, to whom Bozanić then served as private secretary until 1976.
He was a parish priest for three years before furthering his studies in Rome from 1979 to 1985. He earned a licentiate in dogmatic theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and a licentiate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University.
Upon his return to Yugoslavia, he served as chancellor (1986–1987) and vicar general (1987–1989) of the Diocese of Krk. He also taught dogmatic theology and canon law at the Theological Institute of Rijeka from 1988 to 1997.
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Josip Jelačić
Count Josip Jelačić of Bužim (16 October 1801, Peterwaradein – 20 May 1859, Zagreb; also spelled Jellachich, Jellačić or Jellasics, in German: Joseph Graf Jelačić von Bužim) was the Ban of Croatia between 23 March 1848 and 19 May 1859. He was a member of the House of Jelačić and a noted army general, remembered for his military campaigns during the Revolutions of 1848 and for his abolition of serfdom in Croatia.
The son of Croatian Baron Franjo Jelačić Bužimski (or in other documents, Franz Freiherr Jelačić von Bužim) (1746 – 1810) a lieutenant Field Marshal and Austrian mother Anna Portner von Höflein, Jelačić was born in the town of Petrovaradin, at the time part of the Slavonian Krajina in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Empire, which encompasses present Vojvodina, in Serbia. He was educated in Vienna at the Theresian Military Academy, where he received a versatile education, showing particular interest in history and foreign languages. He entrained in the Austrian army on 11 March 1819 with the rank of lieutenant Vinko Freiherr von Knežević Regiment, named for his uncle. He was fluent in all South-Slavic languages, as well as German, Italian, and French.
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Lady Gaga
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.
Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.
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Manu Chao
Manu Chao (born José-Manuel Thomas Arthur Chao on June 21, 1961), is a French singer of Spanish roots (Basque and Galician). He sings in French, Spanish, English, Italian, Galician, Arabic and Portuguese and occasionally in other languages. Chao began his musical career in Paris, busking and playing with groups such as Hot Pants and Los Carayos, which combined a variety of languages and musical styles. With friends and his brother Antoine Chao, he founded the band Mano Negra in 1987, achieving considerable success, particularly in Europe. He became a solo artist after its breakup in 1995, and since then tours regularly with his live band, Radio Bemba.
Chao was born to Spanish parents. His mother, Felisa Ortega, is from Bilbao, Basque country and his father, writer and journalist Ramón Chao, is from Vilalba, Galicia. They emigrated to Paris to avoid Francisco Franco's dictatorship—Manu's grandfather had been sentenced to death. Shortly after Manu's birth, the Chao family moved to the outskirts of Paris, and Manu spent most of his childhood in Boulogne-Billancourt and Sèvres. As he grew up he was surrounded by many artists and intellectuals, most of whom were acquaintances of his father. Chao cites much of his childhood experience as inspiration for some songs.
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Milan Bandić
Milan Bandić (Croatian pronunciation: [mǐlan bâːndit͡ɕ] ( listen), born 22 November 1955) is an influential and controversial Croatian politician currently (as of 2011) serving his fourth term as mayor of Croatia's capital, Zagreb. Between 2000 and 2009, he was a prominent member of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP). In 2007, he unsuccessfully ran for party president. However, he remained one of the main rivals of current party president Zoran Milanović. On 5 November 2009 he announced his intention to run for president, in violation of the party's bylaws (which led to his expulsion from the party). On 10 January 2010 he lost the Croatian presidential election to SDP official candidate Ivo Josipović in a runoff.
Although described in 2002 as the SDPs most popular politician for the "famous 24 hours he devotes to the service of Zagrebchanins", he has also gained notoriety for a number of actions and statements he has made as mayor. Bandić is viewed as a hands-on mayor because of his ambition and the number of projects related to Zagreb he has undertaken. He is widely credited for the renovation of Ljubljanska Avenue (now Zagrebačka Avenue), for his work on the Arena Zagreb and the Homeland Bridge (which opened during his third term).
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Nick Cave
Nicholas Edward "Nick" Cave (born 22 September 1957) is an Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer and occasional film actor.
He is best known for his work as a frontman of the critically acclaimed rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, established in 1983, a group known for its eclectic influences and musical styles. Before that, he had fronted the group The Birthday Party in the early 1980s, a band renowned for its highly gothic, challenging lyrics and violent sound influenced by free jazz, blues, and post-punk. In 2006, he formed the garage rock band Grinderman that released its debut the following year. Cave's music is generally characterised by emotional intensity, a wide variety of influences and lyrical obsessions with religion, death, love and violence.
Upon Cave's induction into the ARIA Hall of Fame, ARIA Awards committee chairman Ed St John said, “Nick Cave has enjoyed—and continues to enjoy—one of the most extraordinary careers in the annals of popular music. He is an Australian artist like Sidney Nolan is an Australian artist—beyond comparison, beyond genre, beyond dispute."
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Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, and futurist. He was an important contributor to the use of commercial electricity, and is best known for developing the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on the theories of electromagnetic technology discovered by Michael Faraday. Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio.
Born in the village of Smiljan (now part of Gospić, present day Croatia), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen. Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio and as the eventual victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America. He pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In the United States during this time, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891, and aspired to intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.
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Nikola Šubić Zrinski
Nikola Šubić Zrinski (Croatian pronunciation: [nǐkɔla ʃûbitɕ zrîːɲskiː] or Miklós Zrínyi (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmikloːʃ ˈzriːɲi]) (Zrin, 1508 – Szigetvár, September 7, 1566), was a Croatiannobleman and general in service of Habsburg Monarchy, ban of Croatia from 1542 to 1556, and member of the Zrinski noble family. He was known across Europe for his involvement with the Battle of Szigetvár and is today seen as a hero by both Hungarians and Croatians.
Nikola was born in 1508 as the son of Nikola III Zrinski and Jelena Karlović (sister of future Croatian ban Ivan Karlović) He distinguished himself at the siege of Vienna in 1529, and in 1542 saved the imperial army from defeat before Pest by intervening with 400 Croats, for which service he was appointed ban of Croatia. In 1542 he routed an Ottoman force at the Battle of Somlyo.
In 1543 he married Catherine (Katarina) Frankopan, a sister of Count Stjepan Frankopan Ozaljski ("Stephen Frankopan of Ozalj" in English), who placed the whole of her vast estates at his disposal. She bore him many children, among which was his successor Juraj IV Zrinski. The king Ferdinand I gave him large possessions in Hungary and Croatia, and henceforth the Zrinskis–Zrínyis became as much Magyar as Croatian magnates.
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Roger Waters
George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. He was a founder member of the progressive rock band Pink Floyd, serving as bassist and co-lead vocalist. Following the departure of bandmate Syd Barrett in 1968, Waters became the band's lyricist, principal songwriter and conceptual leader. The band subsequently achieved worldwide success in the 1970s with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals and The Wall. Although Waters' primary instrument in Pink Floyd was the bass guitar, he also experimented with synthesisers and tape loops and played rhythm guitars in recordings and in concerts. Amid creative differences within the group, Waters left Pink Floyd in 1985 and began a legal battle with the remaining members over their future use of the group's name and material. The dispute was settled out of court in 1987, and nearly eighteen years passed before he performed with Pink Floyd again. It is estimated that as of 2010, the group have sold over 200 million albums worldwide, including 74.5 million units sold in the United States.
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Serbs
The Serbs (Serbian: Срби, Srbi, pronounced [sr̩̂bi]) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs live mainly in Serbia and the disputed territory of Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form significant minorities in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in Romania, Hungary, Albania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. There is also a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German-speaking countries, including Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1.8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%). Outside Europe, there are significant Serbian communities in the United States (198,000 Serbian plus additional 326,000 "Yugoslav" nationals),Canada (72,690 in 2006) and Australia (95,000 in 2006).
The Serbs are a Slavic people, specifically of the South Slavic subgroup, which has its origins in the 6th and 7th century communities developed in Southeastern Europe (see Great Migration). Slav raids on Eastern Roman territory are mentioned in 518, and by the 580s they had conquered large areas referred to as Sclavinia (transl. Slavdom, from Sklavenoi – Σκλαυηνοι, the early South Slavic tribe which is eponymous to the current ethnic and linguistic Indo-European people). In 649, Constantine III relocates conquered Slavs "from the Vardar" to Gordoservon (Serb habitat). Among communities part in the Serb ethnogenesis are the Romanized Paleo-Balkan tribes of Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, Celts, Greek colonies and Romans.
wn.com/Serbs -
Slovenes
The Slovenes, Slovene people, Slovenians, or Slovenian people (Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki, singular Slovenka), living primarily in Slovenia in South-Central Europe, are the northernmost South Slavic people. The language the Slovenes speak is Slovene, a South Slavic language with significant similarities to the West Slavic languages. Recognised Slovene minorities are present in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, and there are significant Slovene expatriate communities in the United States and Canada, the European countries, Argentina, and Australia.
Most Slovenes today live within the borders of the independent Slovenia (2,007,711 est. 2008). There are autochthonous Slovene minorities in northeastern parts of Italy (estimated at 83,000 – 100,000), southern Austria (24,855), Croatia (13,200) and Hungary (3,180). Slovenes are recognized as national minorities in all four countries with which Slovenia shares a land border (Austria, Croatia, Hungary and Italy).
wn.com/Slovenes -
Snoop Dogg
Calvin Cordozar Broadus, Jr. (born October 20, 1971), better known by his stage name Snoop Dogg (formerly known as Snoop Doggy Dogg), is an American rapper, record producer, and actor. Snoop is best known as a rapper in the West Coast hip hop scene, and for being one of Dr. Dre's most notable protégés. Snoop Dogg was a Crip gang member while in high school. Shortly after graduation, he was arrested for cocaine possession and spent six months in Wayside County Jail. His music career began in 1992 after his release when he was discovered by Dr. Dre. He collaborated on several tracks on Dre's solo debut, The Chronic and on the titular theme song to the film Deep Cover.
Snoop's debut album Doggystyle, was released in 1993 under Death Row Records making a debut at No.1 on both the Billboard 200 and R&B charts. Selling almost a million copies in the first week of its release, Doggystyle quickly became certified 4× platinum in 1994 and spawned several hit singles, including "What's My Name" and "Gin & Juice". In 1994, Snoop released a soundtrack on Death Row Records for the short film Murder Was The Case, starring himself. In early 1996, Snoop Dogg was cleared of charges over his bodyguard's 1993 murder of Philip Woldemariam. His second album, late 1996's Tha Doggfather, also debuted at No.1 on both charts with "Snoop's Upside Ya Head" as the lead single. The album sold only half as well, being certified double platinum in 1997.
wn.com/Snoop_Dogg -
Tatars
Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar / Татарлар, sometimes spelled Tartars) are a Turkic people, numbering around 7 million. The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of 5.5 million, 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan, 1 million in the republic of Bashkortostan and other 2.5 million in different regions of Russia. Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.
The Tatars originated with the Tatar confederation in the north-eastern Gobi desert in the 5th century. After subjugation in the 9th century by the Khitans, they migrated southward. In the 13th century Mongol Empire, they were subjugated under Genghis Khan and reassigned once again particularly by his son Jochi. Under the leadership of his grandson Batu Khan, they moved westwards, forming part of the Golden Horde which dominated the Eurasian steppe during the 14th and 15th centuries. In Europe, they were assimilated by the local populations or their name spread to the conquered peoples: Kipchaks, Kimaks and others; and elsewhere with Uralic-speaking peoples, as well as with remnants of the ancient Greek colonies in the Crimea and Caucasians in the Caucasus.
wn.com/Tatars -
The Prodigy
The Prodigy are an English electronic dance music group formed by Liam Howlett in 1990 in Braintree, Essex. Along with Fatboy Slim, The Chemical Brothers, and other acts, The Prodigy have been credited as pioneers of the big beat genre, which achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s and 2000s. They have sold over 25 million records worldwide. The group has won numerous music awards throughout their career, including two Brit Awards—winning Best British Dance Act twice, three MTV Video Music Awards, two Kerrang! Awards, five MTV Europe Music Awards, and have twice been nominated for Grammy Awards.
The group's brand of music makes use of various styles ranging from rave, hardcore techno, industrial, and breakbeat in the early 1990s to big beat and electronic rock with punk vocal elements in later times. The current members include Liam Howlett (keyboardist and composer), Keith Flint (dancer and vocalist), and Maxim (MC and vocalist). Leeroy Thornhill (dancer and very rarely a live keyboardist) was a member of the band from 1990 to 2000, as was a female dancer and vocalist called Sharky who left the group during their early period. The Prodigy first emerged on the underground rave scene in the early 1990s, and have since then achieved immense popularity and worldwide renown.
wn.com/The_Prodigy -
Većeslav Holjevac
Većeslav Holjevac (August 22, 1917 – July 11, 1970) was a Croatian and Yugoslav soldier and communist politician.
Holjevac was born in Karlovac, at the time in Austria-Hungary. He joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1939. Following Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and establishment of Independent State of Croatia, Holjevac was active in resistance movement and in July 1941 he was one of the founders of Partisan units in Kordun and Banovina regions of Croatia. He served as political commisar of Partisan units in that region until the end of war.
After the war Holjevac served in many important posts in Tito's Yugoslavia.
For his war service he received the title of People's Hero of Yugoslavia on Jul 23, 1951. The following year he was named mayor of Zagreb, a post he held until 1963. As such, he is credited with many important construction projects that modernised the city, most notably the creation of Novi Zagreb. He also successfully lobbied for establishment of Zagreb trade fair. Because of that Holjevac became one of the most popular mayors in Zagreb history and one of the most respected Communist-era politicians.[citation needed]
wn.com/Većeslav_Holjevac -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
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What song are you listening to? ZAGREB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:19
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Asking random people in Zagreb with headphones on what song they are listening to. Inspired by a project by Tyler Cullen from New York, check it out here: www.youtube.com Subtitles in English are available! Pitali smo nasumične prolaznike u Zagrebu sa slušalicama koju pjesmu trenutno...
http://wn.com/What_song_are_you_listening_to?_ZAGREB
Asking random people in Zagreb with headphones on what song they are listening to. Inspired by a project by Tyler Cullen from New York, check it out here: www.youtube.com Subtitles in English are available! Pitali smo nasumične prolaznike u Zagrebu sa slušalicama koju pjesmu trenutno...
Welcome To Zagreb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:58
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
VOLOVCICA PRODUCTIONS REPRESENTS: Welcome to Zagreb, the capital city of the Republic of Croatia. Zagreb is an old Central European city. For centuries it has been a focal point of culture and science, and now of commerce and industry as well. It lies on the intersection of important routes...
http://wn.com/Welcome_To_Zagreb
VOLOVCICA PRODUCTIONS REPRESENTS: Welcome to Zagreb, the capital city of the Republic of Croatia. Zagreb is an old Central European city. For centuries it has been a focal point of culture and science, and now of commerce and industry as well. It lies on the intersection of important routes...
- published: 28 Oct 2007
- views: 68729
- author: slobodanavijacima22
ZAGREB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Zagreb is the capital of the Republic of Croatia. It is a town which is likable with its greenery, and tidy streets. The architecture of the city can be compared with Central European towns as Vienna, Maribor or Prague are. Present Zagreb has developed from two medieval settlements. The first written document of the city dates from 1094 when a diocese was founded on Kaptol.
http://wn.com/ZAGREB
Zagreb is the capital of the Republic of Croatia. It is a town which is likable with its greenery, and tidy streets. The architecture of the city can be compared with Central European towns as Vienna, Maribor or Prague are. Present Zagreb has developed from two medieval settlements. The first written document of the city dates from 1094 when a diocese was founded on Kaptol.
- published: 28 Apr 2007
- views: 21052
- author: smokeboxweb
Zagreb Chamber Music Festival: Smetana Piano Trio - 3rd mov.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:31
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Susanna Yoko Henkel (violin), Monika Leskovar (cello) and Milana Chernyavska (piano) perform Bedrich Smetana's Piano Trio in G minor op. 15 at the Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2007 (October 19th 2007) - www.zagreb-festival.com http Here you can see the third movement: Finale - Presto
http://wn.com/Zagreb_Chamber_Music_Festival_Smetana_Piano_Trio_3rd_mov
Susanna Yoko Henkel (violin), Monika Leskovar (cello) and Milana Chernyavska (piano) perform Bedrich Smetana's Piano Trio in G minor op. 15 at the Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2007 (October 19th 2007) - www.zagreb-festival.com http Here you can see the third movement: Finale - Presto
- published: 10 Jan 2008
- views: 70086
- author: thespotmusic
Stoka - Ja sam Zagreb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
kupi MP3/CD www.cedeterija.hr Stoka - Ja sam Zagreb album: Pogodi ko se beko Aquarius Records/Morris studio, 2010. redatelj: Saša Jurić - SASSCH SASSCH production
http://wn.com/Stoka_Ja_sam_Zagreb
kupi MP3/CD www.cedeterija.hr Stoka - Ja sam Zagreb album: Pogodi ko se beko Aquarius Records/Morris studio, 2010. redatelj: Saša Jurić - SASSCH SASSCH production
- published: 21 Dec 2010
- views: 186480
- author: aquariusrecordshr
Umek - Zagreb (Original Mix) [1605]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:18
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Buy at: www.beatport.com
http://wn.com/Umek_Zagreb_Original_Mix_1605_
Leonard Cohen - Who by Fire (Zagreb 2010)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Performed live on 25th July 2010 at Arena in Zagreb, Croatia. 3:02 - The beginning of the song. Setlist: Dance Me to the End of Love The Future Ain't No Cure for Love Bird on the Wire Everybody Knows In My Secret Life Who by Fire Heart with No Companion Waiting for the Miracle Anthem (The Flood intro) Second Set Tower of Song Suzanne Sisters of Mercy The Gypsy's Wife The Partisan Boogie Street Hallelujah I'm Your Man Take This Waltz Encore: So Long, Marianne First We Take Manhattan Encore 2: Famous Blue Raincoat If It Be Your Will Closing Time Encore 3: I Tried to Leave You
http://wn.com/Leonard_Cohen_Who_by_Fire_Zagreb_2010
Performed live on 25th July 2010 at Arena in Zagreb, Croatia. 3:02 - The beginning of the song. Setlist: Dance Me to the End of Love The Future Ain't No Cure for Love Bird on the Wire Everybody Knows In My Secret Life Who by Fire Heart with No Companion Waiting for the Miracle Anthem (The Flood intro) Second Set Tower of Song Suzanne Sisters of Mercy The Gypsy's Wife The Partisan Boogie Street Hallelujah I'm Your Man Take This Waltz Encore: So Long, Marianne First We Take Manhattan Encore 2: Famous Blue Raincoat If It Be Your Will Closing Time Encore 3: I Tried to Leave You
- published: 26 Jul 2010
- views: 114462
- author: apis38
noćna mora - jarane, di je zagreb? (1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
jaran i remzo traže zagreb
http://wn.com/noćna_mora_jarane,_di_je_zagreb?_1_3
U2 Zagreb 2009-08-10 I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For w/ Stand By Me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
www.u2gigs.com - U2 performing I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For during their 360 degrees world tour in Zagreb on August, 10th, 2009.
http://wn.com/U2_Zagreb_2009-08-10_I_Still_Haven't_Found_What_I'm_Looking_For_w_Stand_By_Me
www.u2gigs.com - U2 performing I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For during their 360 degrees world tour in Zagreb on August, 10th, 2009.
- published: 10 Aug 2009
- views: 53371
- author: U2006com
Snow troubles in Zagreb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Snow troubles in Zagreb - If you try to get out the snow, do not turn your steering wheel to the end!
http://wn.com/Snow_troubles_in_Zagreb
Snow troubles in Zagreb - If you try to get out the snow, do not turn your steering wheel to the end!
- published: 14 Jan 2013
- views: 19609
- author: opivopipopi
Mozart: Sinfonia concertante, K 364 - 2. Andante @ Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:56
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Sinfonia concertante for violin, viola and orchestra in E-flat major, K 364 (320d) - 2. Andante Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Maxim Rysanov - viola Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra Live at the 5th Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival, October 12, 2010 more info @ www.zagreb-festival.com
http://wn.com/Mozart_Sinfonia_concertante,_K_364_2_Andante_@_Zagreb_International_Chamber_Music_Festival
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Sinfonia concertante for violin, viola and orchestra in E-flat major, K 364 (320d) - 2. Andante Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Maxim Rysanov - viola Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra Live at the 5th Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival, October 12, 2010 more info @ www.zagreb-festival.com
- published: 09 Mar 2011
- views: 25421
- author: thespotmusic
GRAFFITI JAM 2010 - Zadar vs. Zagreb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:53
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
T-mobile event "Graffiti Jam" in Zadar 2010 gave us the oppertunity to battle. This was just a RESPECT-BATTLE; 2steps crew/Floorshakers/D-Point (Zadar) & Royal Crest (Rotterdam) vs. Jebachi Majke crew/Megablast OCR 85'/Gipsy Maffia(Zagreb) DemianRX.webs.com http Royal-Crest.webs.com and of course.. Thank you for subscribing
http://wn.com/GRAFFITI_JAM_2010_Zadar_vs_Zagreb
T-mobile event "Graffiti Jam" in Zadar 2010 gave us the oppertunity to battle. This was just a RESPECT-BATTLE; 2steps crew/Floorshakers/D-Point (Zadar) & Royal Crest (Rotterdam) vs. Jebachi Majke crew/Megablast OCR 85'/Gipsy Maffia(Zagreb) DemianRX.webs.com http Royal-Crest.webs.com and of course.. Thank you for subscribing
- published: 17 Apr 2011
- views: 3725
- author: DemianRX
Schubert Quintet in C, D 956 - 2. Adagio - Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:47
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Schubert Quintet in C, D 956 - 2. Adagio live at the Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2008 Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Stefan Milenkovich - violin Guy Ben-Ziony - viola Giovanni Sollima - cello Monika Leskovar - cello view this video in full length at: www.zagreb-festival.com and http
http://wn.com/Schubert_Quintet_in_C,_D_956_2_Adagio_Zagreb_International_Chamber_Music_Festival_2008
Schubert Quintet in C, D 956 - 2. Adagio live at the Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2008 Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Stefan Milenkovich - violin Guy Ben-Ziony - viola Giovanni Sollima - cello Monika Leskovar - cello view this video in full length at: www.zagreb-festival.com and http
- published: 18 Jan 2009
- views: 177441
- author: thespotmusic
Mozart: Sinfonia concertante, K 364 - 1. Allegro maestoso @ Zagreb Int. Chamber Music Festival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:27
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Sinfonia concertante for violin, viola and orchestra in E-flat major, K 364 (320d) - 1. Allegro maestoso Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Maxim Rysanov - viola Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra Live at the 5th Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival, October 12, 2010 more info @ www.zagreb-festival.com
http://wn.com/Mozart_Sinfonia_concertante,_K_364_1_Allegro_maestoso_@_Zagreb_Int_Chamber_Music_Festival
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Sinfonia concertante for violin, viola and orchestra in E-flat major, K 364 (320d) - 1. Allegro maestoso Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Maxim Rysanov - viola Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra Live at the 5th Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival, October 12, 2010 more info @ www.zagreb-festival.com
- published: 09 Mar 2011
- views: 49422
- author: thespotmusic
Mouseferatu (Zagreb Film) / SFV Acid, Granmasmitza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Mouseferatu (Zagreb Film, Darko Cesar, 1988), SFV Acid, Granmasmitza.
http://wn.com/Mouseferatu_Zagreb_Film_SFV_Acid,_Granmasmitza
Mouseferatu (Zagreb Film, Darko Cesar, 1988), SFV Acid, Granmasmitza.
- published: 28 Jun 2012
- views: 915
- author: Thenhappened
Roger Waters The Wall - Mother, Arena, Zagreb 13.4.2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Roger Waters (The Wall) performing "Mother" at Arena (Zagreb, Croatia) on 13.4.2011. For more videos and photos visit www.limpidgreen.com Recorded with Sony HDR-XR550VE.
http://wn.com/Roger_Waters_The_Wall_Mother,_Arena,_Zagreb_1342011
Roger Waters (The Wall) performing "Mother" at Arena (Zagreb, Croatia) on 13.4.2011. For more videos and photos visit www.limpidgreen.com Recorded with Sony HDR-XR550VE.
- published: 14 Apr 2011
- views: 40428
- author: sotelonij
Dinamo Zagreb vs Arsenal London 08.08.2006
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Dinamo_Zagreb_vs_Arsenal_London_08082006
noćna mora - jarane, di je zagreb? (2/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
jaran i remzo traže zagreb
http://wn.com/noćna_mora_jarane,_di_je_zagreb?_2_3
Dream Home in Zagreb | Euromaxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
The house of Croatian lawyer Vinka Nobilo Maravic is ultra-modern, yet blends in nicely with the surrounding forest. The main level features 500 square meters of living space for the living room, dining room and kitchen. The house is surrounded by glass walls for spectacular views of the Croatian capital. Maravic's home also overlooks the estate of former Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito.
http://wn.com/Dream_Home_in_Zagreb_|_Euromaxx
The house of Croatian lawyer Vinka Nobilo Maravic is ultra-modern, yet blends in nicely with the surrounding forest. The main level features 500 square meters of living space for the living room, dining room and kitchen. The house is surrounded by glass walls for spectacular views of the Croatian capital. Maravic's home also overlooks the estate of former Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito.
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 1802
- author: deutschewelleenglish
Tchaikovsky Piano Trio - 1. Pezzo Elegiaco (PART 1) - Zagreb Chamber Music Festival 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:44
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovski - Piano trio in a minor, op. 50 1. Pezzo Elegiaco (Part 1 of 2) Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Monika Leskovar - cello Ian Fountain - piano live at the Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2008 more at: www.zagreb-festival.com and http
http://wn.com/Tchaikovsky_Piano_Trio_1_Pezzo_Elegiaco_PART_1_Zagreb_Chamber_Music_Festival_2008
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovski - Piano trio in a minor, op. 50 1. Pezzo Elegiaco (Part 1 of 2) Susanna Yoko Henkel - violin Monika Leskovar - cello Ian Fountain - piano live at the Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2008 more at: www.zagreb-festival.com and http
- published: 18 Jan 2009
- views: 78308
- author: thespotmusic
ZAGREB, ZAGREB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare.. Zagreb, Zagreb, otvaraj vrata parkova sna, Zagreb, Zagreb, tisuce zelja nosim ti ja.. Zagreb, Zagreb, najljepsu pjesmu pjevat cu ja, Zagreb, Zagreb, najdrazi meni si grad... Mnoge tajne Gornjeg grada, svaka klupa pricat zna, mnogo sunca svakog dana, u tvom krilu zelim ja... Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare.. Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare.. Zagreb, Zagreb, otvaraj vrata parkova sna, Zagreb, Zagreb, tisuce pozdrava nosim ti ja.. Zagreb, Zagreb, najljepsu pjesmu pjevat cu tad, Zagreb, Zagreb, najdrazi meni si grad... Mnoge tajne Gornjeg grada, svaka klupa pricat zna, mnogo sunca svakog dana, u tvom krilu zelim ja... Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare..
http://wn.com/ZAGREB,_ZAGREB
Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare.. Zagreb, Zagreb, otvaraj vrata parkova sna, Zagreb, Zagreb, tisuce zelja nosim ti ja.. Zagreb, Zagreb, najljepsu pjesmu pjevat cu ja, Zagreb, Zagreb, najdrazi meni si grad... Mnoge tajne Gornjeg grada, svaka klupa pricat zna, mnogo sunca svakog dana, u tvom krilu zelim ja... Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare.. Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare.. Zagreb, Zagreb, otvaraj vrata parkova sna, Zagreb, Zagreb, tisuce pozdrava nosim ti ja.. Zagreb, Zagreb, najljepsu pjesmu pjevat cu tad, Zagreb, Zagreb, najdrazi meni si grad... Mnoge tajne Gornjeg grada, svaka klupa pricat zna, mnogo sunca svakog dana, u tvom krilu zelim ja... Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi na obale Save, Vracam se Zagrebe tebi, tebi pod zidine stare..
- published: 15 May 2009
- views: 114807
- author: foskica
MARK LANEGAN - Hangin' Tree (Live at Zagreb 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Mark Lanegan Band - Hangin' Tree . Blues Funeral Tour,Zagreb-Croatia,24.11-2012
http://wn.com/MARK_LANEGAN_Hangin'_Tree_Live_at_Zagreb_2012
Mark Lanegan Band - Hangin' Tree . Blues Funeral Tour,Zagreb-Croatia,24.11-2012
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 823
- author: TheTonibuc
ORANGE GOBLIN - Red Tide Rising (Live at Zagreb,14.01.2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Orange Goblin - Red Tide Rising ,Zagreb (Željezničar),14.01.2012. Song from the album 'A Eulogy for the Damned'.
http://wn.com/ORANGE_GOBLIN_Red_Tide_Rising_Live_at_Zagreb,14012012
Orange Goblin - Red Tide Rising ,Zagreb (Željezničar),14.01.2012. Song from the album 'A Eulogy for the Damned'.
- published: 15 Jan 2012
- views: 1895
- author: TheTonibuc
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: AP / BP
16 Jan 2013
IN what could be the first spillover from France's intervention in Mali, Islamist militants attacked and occupied a natural gas complex partly operated by energy company BP in southern Algeria. Two foreigners were killed and dozens of others, including Americans, were taken hostage ... It said it was holding 41 foreigners, including seven Americans ... Recommended Coverage. Al-Qaeda seize hostages in Algeria. End of sidebar ... . ....(size: 7.4Kb)
noodls
17 Jan 2013
(Source. Delegation of the European Commission in Zagreb, Croatia) 16.01.2013 ... The meeting took place in the context of the regular dialogue between the EU Ambassadors accredited in Croatia and high-level Croatian State officials ... These issues increasingly important for economic recovery of Croatia ... This noodl was issued by Delegation of the European Commission in Zagreb, Croatia and was initially posted at www.delhrv.ec.europa.eu....(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
17 Jan 2013
(Source. FIBA - International Basketball Federation) ... The Czech Republic's leading player, Eva Viteckova, scored 21 points for ZVVZ USK Prague as they survived at home against Novi Zagreb, 91-88. Zagreb closed the gap to 89-88 when Croatia international Sandra Mandir, another player who should be at the EuroBasket Women, scored on a put-back with just 50 seconds remaining ... FIBA. distributed by ... (noodl. 17229961) ....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
17 Jan 2013
(Source. Delta Air Lines Inc). 1-800-323-2323. 24 hours 7 days a week. Domestic Reservation 1-800-221-1212. 24 hours 7 days a week. Disability Assistance(US). 1-404-209-3434. 24 hours 7 days a week. 1-800-241-4141. 24 hours 7 days a week. 1-800-323-2323. 24 hours 7 days a week. 1-888-750-3284. 24 hours 7 days a week. Phone. 1-404-773-0305. Hours. Mon-Fri, 8am-7pm ET (except on U.S. holidays). Delayed, Lost or Damaged Baggage ... Zagreb City ... Zagreb City ... Fax....(size: 17.2Kb)
Houston Chronicle
17 Jan 2013
PRWeb . January 17, 2013. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1 ... Javits Convention Center in New York City. New York, NY (PRWEB) January 17, 2013 ... The Select Italy group will include Select Italy’s President Andrea Sertoli and Maja Gudelj, Select Italy’s Croatian travel expert, who will be presenting Select Croatia powered by Select Italy alongside the Zagreb Tourist Board and Croatian National Tourist Board ... Tweet. PRWeb ... Most Read ... ....(size: 12.8Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
Newstrack India
16 Jan 2013
Business Insider
16 Jan 2013
The Washington Post
16 Jan 2013
10 at home in Washington. Her husband, Evan Kraft, confirmed her death. Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post. With the support of the nonprofit organization World Learning, Ms ... Ms ... She began this in 2003 and continued until shortly before her death, based initially in Zagreb, Croatia, and since 2010 in Washington ... Before working in the Balkans, Ms ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. Ice Hockey Australia - Australia Ice Hockey Federation Inc) ... He also played for HC's U20 team where he racked up 26-18-44 in 27 games ... IHA's National Senior Team is looking forward to having Nathan with them again at the 2013 World Senior Division II Group A Championship in Zagreb, Croatia. distributed by....(size: 1.9Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. Sabor Republike Hrvatske). France to ratify Croatia's EU Accession Treaty Thursday. Zagreb - France will be the first country to ratify Croatia's Treaty of Accession with the European Union in 2013 and the debate and voting are on the agenda of the National Assembly on Thursday. ... Leko is also scheduled to hold talks with the head of the Croatian-French Friendship Group Patrick Bloch ... distributed by....(size: 2.6Kb)
Bloomberg
16 Jan 2013
Serbia’s central bank probably will leave borrowing costs unchanged as a December slowdown in inflation and the strengthening dinar may prompt policy makers to temporarily refrain from a fourth consecutive increase ... Nine expect a quarter-point increase and one sees a quarter-point cut ... “We think this is just a pause, not an end to interest rate increases,” said Andrej Knez, an analyst at Zagreb-based Hypo Alpe- Adria-Bank DD ... 11 ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
U~T San Diego
16 Jan 2013
Redacción deportes, 15 ene (EFE) ... Shiffrin, ganadora también en los eslalon de Aare (Suecia) y Zagreb, se impuso en el nocturno de Flachau por delante de la sueca Frida Hansdotter, segunda a 85 centésimas, y la finlandesa Tanja Poutiainen, tercera a 1.10. Poutiainen es desde hoy, con 32 años y 284 días, la esquiadora más veterana en lograr un podio en un eslalon de la Copa del Mundo ... Clasificación del eslalon de Flachau.. .1 ... .2 ... .3 ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. Delta Air Lines Inc). 1-800-323-2323. 24 hours 7 days a week. Domestic Reservation 1-800-221-1212. 24 hours 7 days a week. Disability Assistance(US). 1-404-209-3434. 24 hours 7 days a week. 1-800-241-4141. 24 hours 7 days a week. 1-800-323-2323. 24 hours 7 days a week. 1-888-750-3284. 24 hours 7 days a week. Phone. 1-404-773-0305. Hours. Mon-Fri, 8am-7pm ET (except on U.S. holidays). Delayed, Lost or Damaged Baggage ... Zagreb City ... Zagreb City ... Fax....(size: 17.2Kb)
For other uses, see Zagreb (disambiguation).
| Zagreb | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| City of Zagreb Grad Zagreb |
|||
|
|||
 within Croatia (light yellow) |
|||
| Coordinates: 45°49′0″N 15°59′0″E / 45.816667°N 15.983333°E / 45.816667; 15.983333Coordinates: 45°49′0″N 15°59′0″E / 45.816667°N 15.983333°E / 45.816667; 15.983333 | |||
| Country | Croatia | ||
| County | City of Zagreb | ||
| RC diocese | 1094 | ||
| Free royal city | 1242 | ||
| Unified | 1850 | ||
| Subdivisions | 17 districts 70 settlements |
||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-Council | ||
| • Mayor | Milan Bandić | ||
| • City Council |
Eight parties/lists
|
||
| Area[1] | |||
| • City | 641 km2 (247 sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 162.22 km2 (62.63 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 3,719 km2 (1,436 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation[2] | 158 m (518 ft) | ||
| Highest elevation | 1,035 m (3,396 ft) | ||
| Lowest elevation | 122 m (400 ft) | ||
| Population (2011)[3][4] | |||
| • City | 792,875 | ||
| • Density | 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 686,568 | ||
| • Urban density | 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 1,110,517 | ||
| • Metro density | 300/km2 (770/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | HR-10000 | ||
| Area code | +385 1 | ||
| Vehicle registration | ZG | ||
| Website | zagreb.hr | ||
Zagreb (Croatian pronunciation: [zǎːɡrɛb]) is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m (400 ft) above sea level. In the last official census of 2011, the population of the settlement of Zagreb was 686,568,[3] while the total population of its administrative area was 792,875.[4] The wider Zagreb metropolitan area includes the City of Zagreb and the separate Zagreb County with a population of 317,642, bringing the total metropolitan area population up to 1,110,517. It is the only metropolitan area in Croatia with a population of over one million.[5]
Its favourable geographic position in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin, which extends to the Alpine, Dinaric, Adriatic and Pannonic regions, provides an excellent connection for traffic between Central Europe and the Adriatic Sea. The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia. Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies and almost all government ministries.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Zagreb
See also: History of Croatia
The oldest settlement in the urban area of Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, now Šćitarjevo, which dates back to the 1st century AD.[6] The first recorded appearance of the name Zagreb is dated to 1094, at which time the city existed as two different city centers: the smaller, eastern Kaptol, inhabited mainly by clergy and housing Zagreb Cathedral, and the larger, western Gradec, inhabited mainly by farmers and merchants. Gradec and Zagreb were united in 1851 by ban Josip Jelačić, who was credited for this, with the naming the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square in his honour. During the period of former Yugoslavia, Zagreb remained an important economic centre of the country, and was the second largest city. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Zagreb became the capital of Croatia.
Etymology[link]
The name Zagreb appears to have been first recorded in 1134 in a document relating to the establishment of the Zagreb bishopric around 1094, although the origins of the name Zagreb are less clear. The Croatian word "zagrabiti" translates approximately to "to scoop", which forms the basis of some legends. One Croat legend says that a Croat ban (viceroy) was leading his thirsty soldiers across a deserted region. He drove his sabre into the ground in frustration and water poured out, so he ordered his soldiers to dig for water. The idea of digging or unearthing is supported by scientists who suggest that the settlement was established beyond a water-filled hole or graba and that the name derives from this.[7]
According to another old legend, a city ruler was thirsty and ordered a girl named Manda to take water from Lake Manduševac (nowadays a fountain in Ban Jelačić Square), using the sentence: "Zagrabi, Mando!" which means, Scoop it up, Manda!.[8]
Some sources suggest that the name derives from the term 'za breg' or 'beyond the hill'. The hill may well have been the river bank of the River Sava (the modern Croatian word "breg" or "brijeg", meaning "hill", originally meant "river bank"), which is believed to have previously flowed closer to the city centre. Another possible origin is the term "za grabom", meaning "behind the moat", as the city was heavily fortified since its beginnings.
During Austrian rule, Zagreb was more commonly known outside of Croatia by its Austrian German name Agram.[9] In today's German, name Zagreb prevails.
Early Zagreb[link]
The history of Zagreb dates as far back as 1094 A.D when the Hungarian King Ladislaus founded a diocese. Alongside the bishop's see, the canonical settlement Kaptol developed north of Zagreb Cathedral, as did the fortified settlement Gradec on the neighbouring hill; the border between the two being the Medveščak stream. Today the latter is Zagreb's Upper Town (Gornji Grad) and is one of the best preserved urban nuclei in Croatia. Both settlements came under Tatar attack in 1242. As a sign of gratitude for offering him a safe haven from the Tatars the Croatian and Hungarian King Bela IV bestowed Gradec with a Golden Bull, which offered its citizens exemption from county rule and autonomy, as well as its own judicial system.
16th to 18th century[link]
There were numerous connections between the Kaptol diocese and the free sovereign town of Gradec for both economic and political reasons, but they weren't known as an integrated city, even as Zagreb became the political centre and the capital of Croatia and Slavonia. In 1557, the Croatian Parliament, representing both Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, first convened at Gradec. Zagreb was chosen as the seat of the Ban of Croatia in 1621 under ban Nikola Frankopan.
At the invitation of the Croatian Parliament, the Jesuits came to Zagreb and built the first grammar school, the St. Catherine's Church and monastery. In 1669, they founded an academy where philosophy, theology and law were taught, the forerunner of today's University of Zagreb.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Zagreb was badly devastated by fire and the plague. In 1776, the royal council (government) moved from Varaždin to Zagreb and during the reign of Joseph II Zagreb became the headquarters of the Varaždin and Karlovac general command.[10]
19th to early 20th century[link]
In the 19th century, Zagreb was the centre of the Croatian National Revival and saw the erection of important cultural and historic institutions. In 1850, the town was united under its first mayor - Janko Kamauf.[11]
The first railway line to connect Zagreb with Zidani Most and Sisak was opened in 1862 and in 1863 Zagreb received a gasworks. The Zagreb waterworks was opened in 1878.
After the 1880 Zagreb earthquake, up to the 1914 outbreak of World War I, development flourished and the town received the characteristic layout which it has today. The first horse-drawn tram was used in 1891. The construction of the railway lines enabled the old suburbs to merge gradually into Donji Grad, characterised by a regular block pattern that prevails in Central European cities. This bustling core hosts many imposing buildings, monuments, and parks as well as a multitude of museums, theatres and cinemas. An electric power plant was built in 1907.
Since 1 January 1877, the Grič cannon is fired daily from the Lotrščak Tower on Grič to mark midday.
The first half of the 20th century saw a considerable expansion of Zagreb. Before World War I, the city expanded and neighbourhoods like Stara Peščenica in the east and Črnomerec in the west were created. After the war, working-class districts such as Trnje emerged between the railway and the Sava, whereas the construction of residential districts on the hills of the southern slopes of Medvednica was completed between the two World Wars.
In the 1920s, the population of Zagreb increased by 70 percent — the largest demographic boom in the history of the town. In 1926, the first radio station in the region began broadcasting out of Zagreb, and in 1947 the Zagreb Fair was opened.[12]
During World War II, Zagreb became the capital of the Independent State of Croatia, which was backed by the Germans and Italians. The city capitulated to the Partisans at war's end.
Modern Zagreb[link]
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The area between the railway and the Sava river witnessed a new construction boom after World War II. After the mid-1950s, construction of new residential areas south of the Sava river began, resulting in Novi Zagreb (Croatian for New Zagreb), originally called "Južni Zagreb" (Southern Zagreb).[13] The city also expanded westward and eastward, incorporating Dubrava, Podsused, Jarun, Blato and other settlements. The cargo railway hub and the international airport Pleso were built south of the Sava river. The largest industrial zone (Žitnjak) in the south-eastern part of the city represents an extension of the industrial zones on the eastern outskirts of the city, between the Sava and the Prigorje region. Zagreb also hosted the Summer Universiade in 1987.[14]
In 1991, it became the capital of the country following secession from Second Yugoslavia. During the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence, it was a scene of some sporadic fighting surrounding its JNA army barracks, but escaped major damage. In May 1995, it was targeted by Serb rocket artillery in two Zagreb rocket attacks which killed seven civilians.
An urbanised area connects Zagreb with the surrounding districts of Sesvete, Zaprešić, Samobor, Dugo Selo and Velika Gorica; Sesvete was the first and the closest one to become a part of the agglomeration and is already included in the City of Zagreb for administrative purposes.[15]
Area and population development[link]
| Year | Area (km2) |
Population (inside city limits at that time) |
Population (inside today's city limits) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1368 | 2,810[nb 1] | |||
| 1742 | 5,600[nb 1] | |||
| 1805 | 7,706[nb 2] | |||
| 1850 | 16,036 | |||
| 1857 | 16,657 | 48,266 | ||
| 1869 | 19,857 | 54,761 | ||
| 1880 | 30,830 | 67,188 | ||
| 1890 | 3.33 | 40,268 | 82,848 | |
| 1900 | 64.37 | 61,002 | 111,565 | |
| 1910 | 64.37 | 79,038 | 136,351 | |
| 1921 | 64.37 | 108,674 | 167,765 | |
| 1931 | 64.37 | 185,581 | 258,024 | |
| 1948 | 74.99 | 279,623 | 356,529 | |
| 1953 | 235.74 | 350,829 | 393,919 | |
| 1961 | 495.60 | 430,802 | 478,076 | |
| 1971 | 497.95 | 602,205 | 629,896 | |
| 1981 | 1,261.54 | 768,700 | 723,065 | |
| 1991 | 1,715.55 | 933,914 | 777,826 | |
| 2001 | 641.36 | 779,145 | 779,145 | |
| The data in column 3 refers to the population in the city borders as of the census in question. Column 4 is calculated for the territory now defined as the City of Zagreb (Narodne Novine 97/10).[16] | ||||
Climate[link]
The climate of Zagreb is classified as an oceanic climate (Cfb in Köppen climate classification system), near the boundary of the humid continental climate. Zagreb has four separate seasons. Summers are warm, and winters are cold, without a discernible dry season. The average temperature in winter is −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) and the average temperature in summer is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F). Particularly, the end of May gets very warm with temperatures rising above 30 °C (86 °F), doing so on an average of 17 days each summer.[17]
Snowfall is common in the winter months, from December to March, and rain and fog are common in fall (October to December).[18] Highest recorded temperature ever was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in July 1950, and lowest was −27.3 °C (−17.1 °F) in February 1956.[17]
| Climate data for Zagreb | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
22 (72) |
26 (79) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.4 (92.1) |
37.6 (99.7) |
40.4 (104.7) |
39.8 (103.6) |
32.8 (91.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
40.4 (104.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.2 (43.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
1.3 (34.3) |
10.70 (51.26) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4 (24.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
0.9 (33.6) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.3 (−11.7) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−27.5 (−17.5) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 48.6 (1.913) |
41.9 (1.65) |
51.6 (2.031) |
61.5 (2.421) |
78.8 (3.102) |
99.3 (3.909) |
81.0 (3.189) |
90.5 (3.563) |
82.7 (3.256) |
71.6 (2.819) |
84.8 (3.339) |
63.8 (2.512) |
856.1 (33.705) |
| Avg. rainy days | 10.8 | 10.0 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 10.9 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 137.1 |
| Avg. snowy days | 6 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 23 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 59.4 | 95.7 | 140.1 | 175.4 | 234.0 | 243.7 | 281.0 | 256.0 | 186.7 | 130.8 | 65.6 | 44.9 | 1,913.3 |
| Source no. 1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[17] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Zagreb
Zagreb is the largest city in Croatia. Most people live in the city proper. The official 2001 census counted 779,145 residents,[20][21] although by 2006 that number had grown to 804,900, according to the city government estimates.[22]
The city population was estimated at 791,100 in 2009.[20]
Zagreb metropolitan area population is slightly above 1.2 million inhabitants,[23] as it includes the Zagreb County.[24] In 1997, the City of Zagreb itself was given special County status, separating it from Zagreb County,[25] although it remains the administrative center of both.
The majority of its citizens are Croats making up 92% of the city's population (2001 census). The same census records 60,066 residents belonging to ethnic minorities. Such ethnic minorities comprise: 18,811 Serbs (2.41%), 8,030 Muslims by nationality (1.02%), 6,389 Albanians (0.83%), 6,204 Bosniaks (0.80%), 3,946 Roma (0.55%), 3,225 Slovenes (0.41%), 2,315 Macedonians (0.27%), 2,131 Montenegrins (0.27%), together with other smaller minor ethnic communities, especially the historically present Germans.[26]
City districts[link]
The city districts (Croatian: gradska četvrt) are:[4][27]
| No. | District | Area (km²) | Population (2011) | Population (2001) | Population density (2001) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Donji Grad | 3.01 | 37,123 | 45,108 | 14,956.2 |
| 2. | Gornji Grad - Medveščak | 10.12 | 31,279 | 36,384 | 3,593.5 |
| 3. | Trnje | 7.37 | 42,126 | 45,267 | 6,146.2 |
| 4. | Maksimir | 14.35 | 49,448 | 49,750 | 3,467.1 |
| 5. | Peščenica - Žitnjak | 35.30 | 56,446 | 58,283 | 1,651.3 |
| 6. | Novi Zagreb - istok | 16.54 | 59,227 | 65,301 | 3,947.1 |
| 7. | Novi Zagreb - zapad | 62.59 | 58,025 | 48,981 | 782.5 |
| 8. | Trešnjevka - sjever | 5.83 | 55,342 | 55,358 | 9,498.6 |
| 9. | Trešnjevka - jug | 9.84 | 66,595 | 67,162 | 6,828.1 |
| 10. | CČrnomerec | 24.33 | 39,040 | 38,762 | 1,593.4 |
| 11. | Gornja Dubrava | 40.28 | 62,221 | 61,388 | 1,524.1 |
| 12. | Donja Dubrava | 10.82 | 36,461 | 35,944 | 3,321.1 |
| 13. | Stenjevec | 12.18 | 51,849 | 41,257 | 3,387.3 |
| 14. | Podsused - Vrapče | 36.05 | 45,771 | 42,360 | 1,175.1 |
| 15. | Podsljeme | 60.11 | 19,249 | 17,744 | 295.2 |
| 16. | Sesvete | 165.26 | 70,633 | 59,212 | 358.3 |
| 17. | Brezovica | 127.45 | 12,040 | 10,884 | 85.4 |
| TOTAL | 641.43 | 792,875 | 779,145 | 1,214.9 |
Settlements[link]
The city itself is not the only standalone settlement in the City of Zagreb administrative area - there are a number of smaller villages attached to it whose population is tracked separately:[3]
- Adamovec, population 980
- Belovar, population 381
- Blaguša, population 593
- Botinec, population 9
- Brebernica, population 49
- Brezovica, population 604
- Budenec, population 323
- Buzin, population 1,042
- Cerje, population 409
- Demerje, population 723
- Desprim, population 378
- Dobrodol, population 1,206
- Donji Čehi, population 227
- Donji Dragonožec, population 574
- Donji Trpuci, population 427
- Drenčec, population 131
- Drežnik Brezovički, population 637
- Dumovec, population 910
- Đurđekovec, population 772
- Gajec, population 321
- Glavnica Donja, population 552
- Glavnica Gornja, population 225
- Glavničica, population 229
- Goli Breg, population 409
- Goranec, population 446
- Gornji Čehi, population 368
- Gornji Dragonožec, population 295
- Gornji Trpuci, population 87
- Grančari, population 216
- Havidić Selo, population 57
- Horvati, population 1,502
- Hrašće Turopoljsko, population 1,202
- Hrvatski Leskovac, population 2,659
- Hudi Bitek, population 441
- Ivanja Reka, population 1,799
- Jesenovec, population 462
- Ježdovec, population 1,699
- Kašina, population 1,535
- Kašinska Sopnica, population 243
- Kučilovina, population 216
- Kućanec, population 229
- Kupinečki Kraljevec, population 1,948
- Lipnica, population 207
- Lučko, population 3,024
- Lužan, population 723
- Mala Mlaka, population 622
- Markovo Polje, population 425
- Moravče, population 664
- Odra, population 1,851
- Odranski Obrež, population 1,585
- Paruževina, population 634
- Planina Donja, population 553
- Planina Gornja, population 249
- Popovec, population 943
- Prekvršje, population 817
- Prepuštovec, population 321
- Sesvete, population 54,494
- Soblinec, population 969
- Starjak, population 221
- Strmec, population 644
- Šašinovec, population 678
- Šimunčevec, population 275
- Veliko Polje, population 1,655
- Vuger Selo, population 278
- Vugrovec Donji, population 440
- Vugrovec Gornji, population 356
- Vurnovec, population 201
- Zadvorsko, population 1,302
- Zagreb, population 686,568
- Žerjavinec, population 556
Economy[link]
Most important branches of industry are: production of electric machines and devices, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, food and drink processing. Zagreb is international trade and business centre, and the transport crossroad of Central Europe.[28]
According to 2008 data,the city of Zagreb has the highest PPP and nominal gross domestic product per capita in Croatia at $32,185 and $27,271 respectively, compared to the Croatian averages of $ 18,686 and $15,758.[29]
As of July 2008, the average monthly net salary in Zagreb was 6,228 kuna, about $1,356 (Croatian average is 5,234 kuna, about $1,140).[30] In 2006, the average unemployment rate in Zagreb was around 8.6%.[1]
34% of companies in Croatia have headquarters in Zagreb, and 38.4% of Croatian workforce works in Zagreb, including almost all banks, utility and public transport companies.
Companies in Zagreb create 52% of total turnover and 60% of total profit of Croatia in 2006 as well as 35% of Croatian export and 57% of Croatian Import.[31][32]
Cityscape[link]
The most important historical high-rise constructions are Neboder on Ban Jelačić Square, Cibona Tower (1987) and Zagrepčanka (1976) on Savska Street, Mamutica in Travno (Novi Zagreb - istok district, built in 1974) and Zagreb TV Tower on Sljeme (built in 1973).
In the 2000s, the city council approved a new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, Eurotower, HOTO Tower and Zagrebtower. Other new skyscrapers are also in construction or planned, notably the Sky Office Tower. In Novi Zagreb, the neighbourhoods of Blato and Lanište expanded significantly, including the Zagreb Arena and the adjoining business centre.[33]
Due to a long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4-8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica.[34]
Metropolitan administration[link]
According to the Constitution, the city of Zagreb, as the capital of Croatia, has special status. As such, Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of both city and county. The city administration bodies are the city assembly as the representative body and mayor and the city government as the executive body. The members of the city assembly are elected at direct elections. Prior to 2009, the mayor was elected by the city assembly. It was changed to direct election in 2009. They elect the mayor and members of the city government by majority vote. The city government has 11 members elected on mayor’s proposal by the city assembly by majority vote. The mayor is the head of city government and has two deputies. The city administrative bodies are composed of 12 city offices, 3 city bureaus and 3 city services. They are responsible to the mayor and the city government. Local government is organized in 17 city districts represented by City District Councils. Residents of districts elect members of councils.[35]
City government[link]
See also: List of mayors of Zagreb
The current mayor of Zagreb is Milan Bandić (elected with the support of SDP, but has since become an independent, losing membership in his party).
The city assembly is composed of 51 representatives. As of 2009[update], the member parties/lists are:
- Social Democratic Party of Croatia (21)
- Croatian Democratic Union (7)
- Croatian People's Party (5)
- Independent list Velimir Srića (5)
- Independent list Tatjana Holjevac (4)
- Croatian Peasant Party (4)
- Croatian Party of Pensioners (3)
- Croatian Social Liberal Party (2)
Elections[link]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Zagreb
Highways[link]
Further information: Highways in Croatia
Zagreb is the hub of four major Croatian highways. Until a few years ago, all Croatian highways either started or ended in Zagreb.[citation needed]
The highway A6 was upgraded in October 2008 and leads from Zagreb to Rijeka, crossing 146.5 kilometers (91.0 mi) and forming a part of the Pan-European Corridor Vb. The upgrade coincided with the opening of the bridge over the Mura river on the A4 and the completion of the Hungarian M7, which marked the opening of the first freeway corridor between Rijeka and Budapest.[36] The A1 starts at the Lučko interchange and concurs with the A6 up to the Bosiljevo 2 interchange, connecting Zagreb and Split (As of October 2008[update] Vrgorac). A further extension of the A1 up to Dubrovnik is under construction. Both highways are tolled by the Croatian highway authorities Hrvatske autoceste and Autocesta Rijeka - Zagreb.
Highway A3 (formerly named Bratstvo i jedinstvo) was the showpiece of Croatia in the SFRY. It is the oldest Croatian highway. A3 forms a part of the Pan-European Corridor X. The highway starts at the Bregana border crossing, bypasses Zagreb forming the southern arch of the Zagreb bypass and ends at Lipovac near the Bajakovo border crossing. It continues in Southeast Europe in the direction of Near East. This highway is tolled except for the stretch between Bobovica and Ivanja Reka interchanges.
Highway A2 is a part of the Corridor Xa.[37] It connects Zagreb and the frequently congested Macelj border crossing, forming a near-continuous motorway-level link between Zagreb and Western Europe.[38] Forming a part of the Corridor Vb, highway A4 starts in Zagreb forming the northeastern wing of the Zagreb bypass and leads to Hungary until the Goričan border crossing. It is the least used highway around Zagreb.
The railway and the highway A3 along the Sava river that extend to Slavonia (towards Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Osijek and Vukovar) are some of the busiest traffic corridors in the country.[39] The railway running along the Sutla river and the A2 highway (Zagreb-Macelj) running through Zagorje, as well as traffic connections with the Pannonian region and Hungary (the Zagorje railroad, the roads and railway to Varaždin - Čakovec and Koprivnica) are linked with truck routes.[40] The southern railway connection to Split operates on a high-speed tilting trains line via the Lika region (renovated in 2004 to allow for a five-hour journey); a faster line along the Una river valley is currently in use only up to the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[40][41]
Roads[link]
The city has an avenue network with several main arteries up to ten lanes wide and Zagreb bypass, a congested four-lane highway encircling most of the city. There is much congestion in the city centre during the rush hour and a daytime parking problem. Finding a parking space is supposed to be made somewhat easier by the construction of new underground multi-story parking lots (Importanne Center, Importanne Gallery, Lang Square, Tuškanac, Kvaternik Square, Klaić Street, etc.). The busiest roads are the main east-west artery, former Highway "Brotherhood and Unity", consisting of Ljubljanska Avenue, Zagrebačka Avenue and Slavonska Avenue; and the Vukovarska Avenue, the closest bypass of the city centre. The avenues were supposed to alleviate traffic problem, but most of them are today gridlocked at rush hour and others, like Branimirova Avenue are gridlocked for the whole day.
See also: Zagreb bypass
Bridges[link]
As of 2007[update], Zagreb has seven road traffic bridges across the river Sava, and they all span both the river and the levees, making them all by and large longer than 200 m (660 ft). In downstream order, these are:
| Name (English) | Name (Croatian) | Year Finished | Type of bridge | Road that goes over | Other Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Podsused Bridge | Podsusedski most | 1982 | Two-lane road bridge with a commuter train line (not yet completed) | Samoborska Road | Connects Zagreb to its close exurbs by old road to Samobor, the fastest route to Bestovje and Strmec. |
| Jankomir Bridge | Jankomirski most | 1958, 2006 (upgrade) | Four lane road bridge | Ljubljanska Avenue | Connects Ljubljanska Avenue to the Jankomir interchange and Zagreb bypass. |
| Adriatic Bridge | Jadranski most | 1981 | Six lane road bridge (also carries tram tracks) | Adriatic Avenue | The most famous bridge in Zagreb. The bridge spans from Savska Street in the north to the Remetinec Roundabout in the south. |
| Sava Bridge | Savski most | 1938 | Pedestrian since the construction of the Adriatic Bridge | Savska Road | The official name at the time of building was New Sava bridge, but it is the oldest still standing bridge over Sava. The bridge is known among experts due to some construction details.[42] |
| Liberty Bridge | Most slobode | 1959 | Four lane road bridge | Većeslav Holjevac Avenue | It used to hold a pair of bus lanes, but due to the increasing individual traffic and better tram connections across the river, those were converted to normal lanes. |
| Youth Bridge | Most mladosti | 1974 | Six lane road bridge (also carries tram tracks) | Marin Držić Avenue | Connects eastern Novi Zagreb to the districts of Trnje, Peščenica, Donja Dubrava and Maksimir. |
| Homeland Bridge | Domovinski most | 2007 | Four-lane road bridge (also carries two bicycle and two pedestrian lanes; has space reserved for light railroad tracks) | Radnička (Workers') Road | This bridge is the last bridge built on Sava to date; it links Peščenica via Radnička street to the Zagreb bypass at Kosnica. It is planned to continue towards Zagreb Airport at Pleso and Velika Gorica, and on to state road D31 going to the south. |
There are also two rail traffic bridges across the Sava, one near the Sava bridge and one near Mičevec, as well as two bridges that are part of the Zagreb bypass, one near Zaprešić (west), and the other near Ivanja Reka (east).
Two additional bridges across the river Sava are proposed: Jarun Bridge and Bundek Bridge.
Public transportation[link]
File:Citaro kaptol.jpg
ZET bus on route 106
Public transportation in the city is organized in several layers: the inner parts of the city are mostly covered by trams, the outer suburbs are linked with buses, while some suburban areas are accessible by commuter rail.
The public transportation company ZET (Zagrebački električni tramvaj, Zagreb Electric Tram) operates trams, all inner bus lines, and the most of the suburban bus lines, and it is subsidized by the city council.
The national rail operator Croatian Railways (Hrvatske željeznice, HŽ) runs a network of suburban trains in the metropolitan Zagreb area, and it is a government-owned corporation.
The funicular (uspinjača) in the historic part of the city is a tourist attraction.
Taxis are readily available through a network of around a thousand vehicles,[43] but is not particularly popular among the residents because the prices are significantly higher than in other Croatian cities.
Tram network[link]
Main article: Trams in Zagreb
Zagreb has an extensive tram network with 15 day and 4 night lines covering much of the inner- and middle-suburbs of the city. The first tram line was opened on September 5, 1891 and trams have been serving as a vital component of Zagreb mass transit ever since. Trams usually travel at speeds of 30–70 km/h (19-44 mph), but slow considerably during rush hour. The network is unique as it operates mostly at the curb.
An ambitious program is currently underway to replace old trams with the new and modern ones built mostly in Zagreb by companies Končar elektroindustrija and, to a lesser extent, by TŽV Gredelj. Dubbed "TMK 2200", 70 trams have been delivered in 2005–2007 period, and delivery of additional 70 trams is contracted and already started.[44]
Suburban rail network[link]
Main article: Zagreb Commuter Rail
The commuter rail network in Zagreb has existed since 1992. In 2005, suburban rail services were increased to a 15-minute frequency serving the middle and outer suburbs of Zagreb, primarily in the east-west direction and to the southern districts. This has enhanced commuting opportunity.[45]
A new link to the nearby town of Samobor has been announced and is due to start construction in 2009. This link will be standard-gauge and tie in with normal Croatian Railways operations. The previous narrow-gauge line to Samobor called Samoborček was closed in the 1970s.[46]
Air traffic[link]
Main article: Zagreb Airport
Zagreb Airport (IATA: ZAG, ICAO: LDZA), known as 'Pleso Airport' is the main Croatian international airport, a 17 km (11 mi) drive southeast of Zagreb in the suburb of Pleso. The airport is also the main Croatian airbase featuring a fighter squadron, helicopters, as well as military and freight transport aircraft.[47]
Zagreb also has a second, smaller airport, Lučko (ICAO: LDZL). It is home to sports airplanes and a Croatian special police unit, as well as being a military helicopter airbase. Lučko used to be the main airport of Zagreb from 1947 to 1959.[48]
A third, small grass airfield, Buševec, is located just outside Velika Gorica. It is primarily used for sports purposes.[49]
Cultural sites[link]
Museums[link]
File:Mimara2.jpg
Mimara Museum at night
Zagreb's numerous museums reflect the history, art and culture not only of Zagreb and Croatia, but also of Europe and the world. Around thirty collections in museums and galleries comprise more than 3.6 million various exhibits, excluding church and private collections.
The Archaeological Museum (19 Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square) collections, today consisting of nearly 450,000 varied archaeological artifacts and monuments, have been gathered over the years from many different sources. These holdings include evidence of Croatian presence in the area.[50] The most famous are the Egyptian collection, the Zagreb mummy and bandages with the oldest Etruscan inscription in the world (Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis), as well as the numismatic collection.
Modern Gallery (Croatian: Moderna galerija) holds the most important and comprehensive collection of paintings, sculptures and drawings by 19th and 20th century Croatian artists. The collection numbers more than 10,000 works of art, housed since 1934 in the historic Vranyczany Palace in the centre of Zageb, overlooking the Zrinjevac Park. A secondary gallery is the Josip Račić Studio at Margaretska 3.[51]
Croatian Natural History Museum (1 Demetrova Street) holds one of the world's most important collection of Neanderthal remains found at one site.[52] These are the remains, stone weapons and tools of prehistoric Krapina man. The holdings of the Croatian Natural History Museum comprise more than 250,000 specimens distributed among various collections.
Technical Museum (18 Savska Street) was founded in 1954 and it maintains the oldest preserved machine in the area, dating from 1830, which is still operational. The museum exhibits numerous historic aircraft, cars, machinery and equipment. There are some distinct sections in the museum: the Planetarium, the Apisarium, the Mine (model of mines for coal, iron and non-ferrous metals, about 300 m (980 ft) long), and the Nikola Tesla study.[53][54]
Museum of the City of Zagreb (20 Opatička Street) was established in 1907 by the Association of the Braća Hrvatskog Zmaja. It is located in a restored monumental complex (Popov toranj, the Observatory, Zakmardi Granary) of the former Convent of the Poor Clares, of 1650.[55] The Museum deals with topics from the cultural, artistic, economic and political history of the city spanning from Roman finds to the modern period. The holdings comprise over 80,000 items arranged systematically into collections of artistic and mundane objects characteristic of the city and its history.
Arts and Crafts Museum (10 Marshal Tito Square) was founded in 1880 with the intention of preserving the works of art and craft against the new predominance of industrial products. With its 160,000 exhibits, the Arts and Crafts Museum is a national-level museum for artistic production and the history of material culture in Croatia.[56]
Ethnographic Museum (14 Ivan Mažuranić Square) was founded in 1919. It lies in the fine Secession building of the one-time Trades Hall of 1903. The ample holdings of about 80,000 items cover the ethnographic heritage of Croatia, classified in the three cultural zones: the Pannonian, Dinaric and Adriatic.[57]
Mimara Museum (5 Roosevelt Square) was founded with a donation from Ante "Mimara" Topić and opened to the public in 1987. It is located in a late 19th century neo-Renaissance palace.[58] The holdings comprise 3,750 works of art of various techniques and materials, and different cultures and civilizations.
Croatian Museum of Naïve Art (works by Croatian primitivists at 3 Ćirilometodska Street) is one of the first museums of naïve art in the world. The museum holds works of Croatian naïve expression of the 20th century. It is located in the 18th century Raffay Palace in the Gornji Grad. The museum holdings consist of almost 2000 works of art - paintings, sculptures, drawings and prints, mainly by Croatians but also by other well-known world artists.[59] From time to time, the museum organizes topics and retrospective exhibitions by naïve artists, expert meetings and educational workshops and playrooms.
The Museum of Contemporary Art was founded in 1954. Its new building hosts a rich collection of Croatian and international contemporary visual art which has been collected throughout the decades from the nineteenfifties till today. The museum is located in the center of Novi Zagreb, opened in 2009. The old location, 2 St. Catherine's Square, is part of the Kulmer Palace in the Gornji Grad.[60]
Other museums and galleries
Valuable historical collections are also found in the Croatian School Museum, the Croatian Hunting Museum, the Croatian Sports Museum, the Croatian Post and Telecommunications Museum, the HAZU (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) Glyptotheque (collection of monuments), and the HAZU Graphics Cabinet.
The The Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters (11 Zrinski Square) offers permanent holdings presenting European paintings from the 14th to 19th centuries,[61] and the Ivan Meštrović Studio, (8 Mletačka Street) with sculptures, drawings, lithography portfolios and other items, was a donation of this great artist to his homeland The Museum and Gallery Center (4 Jesuit Square) introduces on various occasions the Croatian and foreign cultural and artistic heritage. The Art Pavilion (22 King Tomislav Square) by Viennese architects Hellmer and Fellmer who were the most famous designers of theaters in Central Europe is a neo-classical exhibition complex and one of the landmarks of the downtown. The exhibitions are also held in the impressive Meštrović building on Žrtava Fašizma Square — the Home of Croatian Fine Artists. The World Center "Wonder of Croatian Naïve Art" (12 Ban Jelačić Square) exhibits masterpieces of Croatian naïve art as well as the works of a new generation of artists. The Modern Gallery (1 Hebrangova Street) comprises all relevant fine artists of the 19th and 20th centuries.
The Museum of Broken Relationships at 2 Ćirilometodska holds people's mementos of past relationships.[62][63][64] It is the first private museum in the country.[65]
Lauba House (23a Baruna Filipovića) presents works from Filip Trade Collection, a large private collection of modern and contemporary Croatian art and current artistic production.[66][67]
Events[link]
Zagreb has been, and is, hosting some of the most popular mainstream artists, such as Rolling Stones, U2, Eric Clapton, Deep Purple, Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Roger Waters, Depeche Mode, Prodigy, Beyoncé, Nick Cave, Jamiroquai, Manu Chao, Massive Attack, Metallica, Snoop Dogg, Lady Gaga as well as some of world most recognized underground artists such as Dimmu Borgir, Sepultura, Melvins, Mastodon and many more. This is mostly recognized because of the city's location, and its good traffic relations with other neighbouring capital cities in that part of Europe. This is the effort of Zagreb community to increase the percentage of tourist visits during the summer time, as Croatia, in generally, is a popular destination for many people around the globe during the vacation period.
Performing arts[link]
There are about 20 permanent or seasonal theaters and stages. The Croatian National Theater in Zagreb was built in 1895 and opened by emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. The most renowned concert hall is named "Vatroslav Lisinski", after the composer of the first Croatian opera was built in 1973.
Animafest, the World Festival of Animated Films, takes place every even-numbered year, and the Music Bienniale, the international festival of avant-garde music, every odd-numbered year. It also hosts the annual ZagrebDox documentary film festival. The Festival of the Zagreb Philharmonic and the flowers exhibition Floraart (end of May or beginning of June), the Old-timer Rally annual events. In the summer, theater performances and concerts, mostly in the Upper Town, are organized either indoors or outdoors. The stage on Opatovina hosts the Zagreb Histrionic Summer theater events.
Zagreb is also the host of Zagrebfest, the oldest Croatian pop-music festival, as well as of several traditional international sports events and tournaments. The Day of the City of Zagreb on November 16 is celebrated every year with special festivities, especially on the Jarun lake near the southwestern part of the city.
Education[link]
Further information: List of high schools in Zagreb
There are 136 primary schools and 100 secondary schools including 30 gymnasiums.[68][69] There are 5 public higher education institution and 9 private professional higher education schools.[70]
University[link]
Main article: University of Zagreb
Further information: List of universities in Croatia
Founded in 1669, the University of Zagreb is the oldest in Croatia and one of the largest and oldest universities in the Southeastern Europe. Ever since its foundation, the university has been continually growing and developing and now consists of 28 faculties, three art academies, the Teacher Academy and the Croatian Studies Center. More than 200,000 students have attained the Bachelor's degree at the university, which has also assigned 18,000 Master's and 8,000 Doctor's degrees. [71]
As of 2011, University of Zagreb is ranked among 500 Best Universities of the world by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.
Religious organisations[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
The Archdiocese of Zagreb is a metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Croatia, serving as its religious centre. The current Archbishop is Josip Cardinal Bozanić. The Catholic Church is the largest religious organisation in Zagreb, Catholicism being the predominant religion of Croatia, with over 1.1 million adherents.[72] Zagreb is also the Episcopal see of the Metropolitan of Zagreb, Ljubljana and all of Italy of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Islamic religious organisation of Croatia has the see in Zagreb. Current president is Mufti Ševko Omerbašić. A mosque used to be located at the Žrtava Fašizma Square, but it was relocated to the neighborhood of Borovje in Peščenica. Mainstream Protestant churches have also been present in Zagreb - Evangelical (Lutheran) Church and Reformed Christian (Calvinist) Church.
Surroundings[link]
The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since the prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the Veternica cave from the Paleolithic and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of Ščitarjevo.
The picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and gingerbread products.
The Medvednica Mountain (Croatian: Zagrebačka gora), with its highest peak Sljeme (1,035 m), provides a panoramic view of metropolitan Zagreb, the Sava and the Kupa valleys, and the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first World Ski Championship tournament.
From the summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as Velebit Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering Julian Alps in neighboring Slovenia. There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts and a chairlift.
The old Medvedgrad, a recently restored medieval burg built in the 13th century, represents a special attraction of Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also has the Shrine of the Homeland, a memorial with an eternal flame, where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for homeland in its history, customarily on national holidays. Travel agencies organize guided excursions to the surroundings as well as sightseeing in Zagreb itself.
Tourism[link]
File:Esplanade25.jpg
Hotel Esplanade/Regent
Zagreb is an important tourist center, not only in terms of passengers travelling from Western and Central Europe to the Adriatic Sea, but also as a travel destination itself. Since the end of the war, it has attracted close to a million visitors annually, mainly from Austria, Germany and Italy. However, the city has even greater potential as many tourists that visit Croatia skip Zagreb in order to visit the beaches along the Croatian Adriatic coast and old historic Renaissance cities such as Dubrovnik, Split, and Zadar. There are many interesting things for tourists in Zagreb, for example, the two statues of Saint George, one at the Marshal Tito Square, the other at Kamenita vrata, where the image of Virgin Mary is said to be only thing that hasn't burned in the 17th century fire. Also, there is an art installation starting in Bogovićeva street, called Nine Views. Most of the people don't know what the statue Prizemljeno sunce (The Grounded Sun) is for, so they put graffiti or signatures on it, but it's actually the Sun scaled down, with many planets situated all over Zagreb in relative scale with the Sun.
The historical part of the city to the north of Ban Jelačić Square is composed of the Gornji Grad and Kaptol, a medieval urban complex of churches, palaces, museums, galleries and government buildings that are popular with tourists on sightseeing tours. The historic district can be reached on foot, starting from Jelačić Square, the center of Zagreb, or by a funicular on nearby Tomićeva Street.
In 2010 more than 600,000[73] tourists visited the city, with a 10%[74] increase seen in 2011.
Souvenirs and gastronomy[link]
Numerous shops, boutiques, store houses and shopping centers offer a variety of quality clothing. Zagreb's offerings include crystal, china and ceramics, wicker or straw baskets, and top-quality Croatian wines and gastronomic products.
Notable Zagreb souvenirs are the tie or cravat, an accessory named after Croats who wore characteristic scarves around their necks in the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century and the ball-point pen, a tool developed from the inventions by Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, an inventor and a citizen of Zagreb.
Many Zagreb restaurants offer various specialities of national and international cuisine. Domestic products which deserve to be tasted include turkey, duck or goose with mlinci (a kind of pasta), štrukli (cottage cheese strudel), sir i vrhnje (cottage cheese with cream), kremšnite (custard slices in flaky pastry), and orehnjača (traditional walnut roll).
Recreation and sports[link]
There are several sports and recreational centers in Zagreb. Recreational Sports Center Jarun, situated on Jarun Lake in the southwest of the city, has fine shingle beaches, a world-class regatta course, a jogging lane around the lake, several restaurants, many night clubs and a discothèque. Its sports and recreation opportunities include swimming, sunbathing, waterskiing, angling and other water sports, but also beach volleyball, football, basketball, handball, table tennis, and minigolf.
Dom Sportova, a sport center in northern Trešnjevka features six halls. The largest two can accommodate 7,358[75] and 3,900 people, respectively. This center is used for basketball, handball, volleyball, hockey, gymnastics, tennis, and many others. It is also used for concerts.
Arena Zagreb was finished in 2008. The 24,000-seat arena[76] hosted the 2009 World Men's Handball Championship. The Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall seats 5,400 people. Alongside the hall is the 94-meter (308 ft) high glass Cibona Tower. Sports Park Mladost, situated on the embankment of the Sava river, has an Olympic-size swimming pool, smaller indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a sunbathing terrace, 16 tennis courts as well as basketball, volleyball, handball, football and field hockey courts. A volleyball sports hall is within the park.
Sports and Recreational Center Šalata, located in Šalata, only a couple hundred meters from the Jelačić Square, is most attractive for tennis players. It comprises a big tennis court and eight smaller ones, two of which are covered by the so-called "balloon", and another two equipped with lights. The center also has swimming pools, basketball courts, football fields, a gym and fitness center, and a four-lane bowling alley. Outdoor ice skating is a popular winter recreation. There are also several fine restaurants within and near the center.
Maksimir Tennis Center, located in Ravnice east of downtown, consists of two sports blocks. The first comprises a tennis center situated in a large tennis hall with four courts. There are 22 outdoor tennis courts with lights. The other block offers multipurpose sports facilities: apart from tennis courts, there are handball, basketball and indoor football grounds, as well as track and field facilities, a bocci ball alley and table tennis opportunities.
Recreational swimmers can enjoy a smaller-size indoor swimming pool in Daničićeva Street, and a newly opened indoor Olympic-size pool at Utrine sports center in Novi Zagreb. Skaters can skate in the skating rink on Trg Sportova (Sports Square) and on the lake Jarun Skaters' park. Hippodrome Zagreb offers recreational horseback riding opportunities, while horse races are held every weekend during the warmer part of the year.
The 38,923[77]-seat Maksimir Stadium, last 10 years under renovation, is located in Maksimir in the northeastern part of the city. The stadium is part of the immense Svetice recreational and sports complex (ŠRC Svetice), south of the Maksimir Park. The complex covers an area of 276,440 m2 (68 acres). It is part of a significant Green Zone, which passes from Medvednica Mountains in the north toward the south. ŠRC Svetice, together with Maksimir Park, creates an ideal connection of areas which are assigned to sport, recreation and leisure.
The latest larger recreational facility is Bundek, a group of two small lakes near the Sava in Novi Zagreb, surrounded by a partly forested park. The location had been used prior to the 1970s, but then went to neglect until 2006 when it was renovated.
Some of the most notable sport clubs in Zagreb are: NK Dinamo Zagreb, KHL Medveščak Zagreb, RK Zagreb, KK Cibona, KK Zagreb, KK Cedevita, NK Zagreb, HAVK Mladost and others.
International relations[link]
Twin towns — Sister cities[link]
Zagreb is twinned with the following towns and cities:[78]
Partner cities[link]
The city has partnership arrangements with:
See also[link]
- 187700 Zagreb
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb
- Crometeo
- Eurovision Song Contest 1990
- List of mayors of Zagreb
- Zagreb County
- Zagreb County (former)
- List of radio stations in Zagreb
- Category:Buildings and structures in Zagreb
- Category:Former counties of Croatia
- Zagreb Stock Exchange
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
- Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA. ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. http://books.google.com/?id=VZweAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008, while Serbia claims it as part of its own sovereign territory. Its independence is recognised by 91 UN member states.
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "City of zagreb 2006". City of Zagreb, Statistics Department. http://www.zagreb.hr/zgstat/o_zagrebu_stat.html. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ (in Croatian and English) (PDF) Statistički ljetopis Grada Zagreba 2007.. 2007. ISSN 1330-3678. http://www1.zagreb.hr/zgstat/documents/Ljetopis%202007/STATISTICKI%20LJETOPIS%202007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b c "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, First Results by Settlements" (in Croatian and English) (HTML). Statistical Reports (Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics) (1441). June 2011. ISSN 1332-0297. http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/htm/H11_Zup11_0000.html. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
- ^ a b c "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, First Results by Settlements - City of Zagreb - Population by districts" (in Croatian and English) (HTML). Statistical Reports (Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics) (1441). June 2011. ISSN 1332-0297. http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/htm/H11_Zup11_1111.html. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, First Results by Settlements - Enumerated persons, households and housing units" (in Croatian and English) (HTML). Statistical Reports (Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics) (1441). June 2011. ISSN 1332-0297. http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/htm/e11_RH.html. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ "The Roman town of Andautonia". Andautonia Archaeological Park. http://www.andautonia.com/eng/english.html. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
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- ^ Maretić, Mirko (2008-01-10). "O imaginarnim kartama Južnog= Novog Zagreba" (in Croatian). Zarez (№ 222). http://www.zarez.hr/222/z_socijalna.html. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
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- ^ Pupačić, Tomislav (2004-09-20). "Nagibni vlakovi više nisu nagibni" (in Croatian). Vjesnik. http://ns1.vjesnik.com/html/2004/09/20/Clanak.asp?r=unu&c=1. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ Neven Crnobrnja (2006). "Bridges across the Sava River in Zagreb" (in Croatian). Građevinar (Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatski savez građevinskih inženjera) 57 (12). http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=14235. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ^ "About Radio Taxi Zagreb". Radio Taxi Zagreb. http://www.radio-taksi-zagreb.hr/en/about-us/. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ^ "Predstavljen 71. niskopodni tramvaj" (in Croatian). Zagrebački električni tramvaj (ZET). 2007-12-27. Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20071231084927/http://www.zet.hr/vijesti/novosti/predstavljen-71-niskopodni-tramvaj.aspx. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ Vojković, Ana Marija (2008-08-01). "Zagreb kupuje 18 vlakova za brži prigradski promet" (in Croatian). 24 sata. http://www.24sata.hr/index.php?cmd=show_clanak&tekst_id=73771. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
- ^ "Uskoro Samoborček i novi prigradski vlakovi" (in Croatian) (PDF, 134 KB). Zagrebački komunalni vjesnik (№ 362): 11. 2007-11-28. ISSN 1845-4968. http://193.198.60.202/komunalni/arhiva/362/str11.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ "Zagreb International Airport terminal". http://www.zagreb-life.com/travel/travel.php. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
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- ^ Kosović, Vedran (1999-10-10). "Usprkos teškoćama leti se dalje" (in Croatian). Vjesnik. http://www.vjesnik.com/Html/1999/10/10/Clanak.asp?r=zag&c=2. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ "The History and Activities of the Archeological Museum". Archived from the original on 2006-05-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20060518052905/http://www.amz.hr/eng/page.asp?id=muzej&sub=2&url=povijest. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ "Modern Gallery". Moderna Galerija. http://www.moderna-galerija.hr. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
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- ^ "About Strossmayer's Old Masters Gallery". http://www.mdc.hr/strossmayer/eng/povijest.html. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
- ^ Museum of Broken Relationships
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- ^ Museum of Broken Relationships: New York Times report
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- ^ People and Art House Lauba
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- ^ "Primary schools". Republic of Croatia, Ministry of science, education and sports. http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2236. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
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- ^ "Zagreb in brief". City of Zagreb. http://www.zagreb.hr/default.aspx?id=1125. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
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- ^ "Broj turista najvise porastao u Zagrebu". kigo.hr. http://www.kigo.hr/tekst/11098.html. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
- ^ "Dom Športova". Sport-dvorane-zagreb.hr. http://www.sport-dvorane-zagreb.hr/ds.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Leonard Cohen | |
|---|---|
 Leonard Cohen in 2008. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Leonard Norman Cohen |
| Born | (1934-09-21) 21 September 1934 (age 77) Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genres | Folk, folk rock, rock, pop rock, spoken word, synthpop |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, poet, novelist |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, synthesizer |
| Years active | 1956-present |
| Labels | Columbia |
| Associated acts | Sharon Robinson, Jennifer Warnes, Phil Spector, John Lissauer |
Leonard Norman Cohen, CC GOQ (born 21 September 1934) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, poet, and novelist. His work often explores religion, isolation, sexuality, and interpersonal relationships.[1] Cohen has been inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is also a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honour.
While giving the speech at Cohen's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2008, Lou Reed described Cohen as belonging to the "highest and most influential echelon of songwriters."[2]
Contents
|
Early life[link]
Cohen was born on 21 September 1934 in Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, into a middle-class Jewish family. He attended Roslyn Elementary School. His mother, Marsha Klinitsky,[3] of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry, emigrated from Lithuania while his great-grandfather emigrated from Poland.[4][5] He grew up in Westmount on the Island of Montreal. His grandfather was Lyon Cohen, founding president of the Canadian Jewish Congress. His father, Nathan Cohen, who owned a substantial Montreal clothing store, died when Cohen was nine years old. On the topic of being a Kohen, Cohen has said that, "I had a very Messianic childhood." He told Richard Goldstein in 1967. "I was told I was a descendant of Aaron, the high priest."[6] Cohen attended Westmount High School, beginning in 1948 where he was involved with the Student Council and studied music and poetry.[7] He became especially interested in the poetry of Federico Garcia Lorca.[7] As a teenager, he learned to play the guitar, and formed a country-folk group called the Buckskin Boys. Although he initially played a regular acoustic guitar as a teenager, he soon switched to playing a classical guitar after meeting a young Spanish flamenco guitar player who taught him "a few chords and some flamenco."[7]
Poetry and novels[link]
In 1951, Cohen enrolled at McGill University, where he became president of the McGill Debating Union and won the Chester MacNaughton Prize for Creative Writing for a series of four poems titled "Thoughts of a Landsman." He graduated in 1955 with a B.A. degree.[7] His literary influences during this time included William Butler Yeats, Irving Layton, Walt Whitman, Federico Garcia Lorca and Henry Miller.[8] His first published book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies (1956), was published by Louis Dudek (who taught poetry at McGill and was a mentor to Cohen) as the first book in the McGill Poetry Series while Cohen was still an undergraduate student. The book contained "poems written largely when Cohen was between the ages of fifteen and twenty," and Cohen dedicated the book to his late father.[7] The famous and influential Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye wrote a review of the book in which he gave Cohen "restrained praise."[7]
After completing an undergraduate degree, Cohen spent a term in McGill's law school and then a year (1956-7) at the School of General Studies at Columbia University. Cohen described his graduate school experience as "passion without flesh, love without climax".[9] Consequently, Cohen left New York and returned to Montreal in 1957, working various odd jobs and focusing on the writing of fiction and poetry, including the poems for his next book, The Spice-Box of Earth (1961), which was the first book that Cohen published through the Canadian publishing company McClelland & Stewart. Fortunately, his father's will provided him with a modest trust income, sufficient to allow him to pursue his literary ambitions for the time, and The Spice-Box of Earth was successful in helping to expand the audience for Cohen's poetry, helping him reach out to the poetry scene in Canada, outside the confines of McGill University. The book also helped Cohen gain critical recognition as an important new voice in Canadian poetry. One of Cohen's biographers, Ira Nadel, stated that "reaction to the finished book was enthusiastic and admiring. . .[noting that] the critic Robert Weaver found it powerful and declared that Cohen was 'probably the best young poet in English Canada right now.'"[7]
Cohen continued to write poetry and fiction throughout much of the 1960s and preferred to live in quasi-reclusive circumstances after he bought a house on Hydra, a Greek island in the Saronic Gulf. While living and writing on Hydra, Cohen published the poetry collection Flowers for Hitler (1964), and the novels The Favourite Game (1963) and Beautiful Losers (1966). His novel The Favourite Game was an autobiographical bildungsroman about a young man who discovers his identity through writing. Beautiful Losers received a good deal of attention from the Canadian press and stirred up controversy because of a number of sexually graphic passages.[7] In 1966 Cohen also published Parasites of Heaven, a book of poems. Both Beautiful Losers and Parasites of Heaven received mixed reviews and sold few copies.[7]
Subsequently, Cohen published less, with major gaps, concentrating more on recording songs. In 1978, he published his first book of poetry in many years, Death of a Lady's Man (not to be confused with the album he released the previous year with the similar title, Death of a Ladies' Man). It wasn't until 1984 that Cohen published his next book of poems, Book of Mercy, which won him the Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry. The book contains 50 prose-poems, influenced by the Bible, Torah, and Zen-Buddhist writings. Cohen himself referred to the pieces as "prayers".[citation needed]
In 1993, Cohen published Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, and in 2006, after 10 years of delays, additions and rewritings, Book of Longing. During the late 1990s and 2000s, many of his poems were first published on his fan website The Leonard Cohen Files [10][11]
Cohen's writing process, as he told an interviewer in 1998, is "...like a bear stumbling into a beehive or a honey cache: I'm stumbling right into it and getting stuck, and it's delicious and it's horrible and I'm in it and it's not very graceful and it's very awkward and it's very painful and yet there's something inevitable about it."[12]
In 2011, Cohen was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for literature.
Recording career[link]
1960s and 1970s[link]
In 1967, disappointed with his lack of financial success as a writer, Cohen moved to the United States to pursue a career as a folk music singer-songwriter. During the 1960s, he was a fringe figure in Andy Warhol's "Factory" crowd. Warhol speculated that Cohen had spent time listening to Nico in clubs and that this had influenced his musical style.[13] His song "Suzanne" became a hit for Judy Collins and was for many years his most covered song. After performing at a few folk festivals, he came to the attention of Columbia Records representative John H. Hammond. At this time, Cohen recorded at least one demo acetate (possibly for some subsidiary of Polygram[14]), supported by his close companion at the time, Joni Mitchell.
Cohen's first album was Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967). Although Hammond was originally supposed to produce the record, he became sick and was replaced by the producer John Simon.[7] Unfortunately, Simon and Cohen clashed over instrumentation and mixing. Cohen wanted the album to have a spare sound, but Simon felt that the songs could benefit from arrangements that included strings and horns. According to biographer Ira Nadel, although Cohen was able to make changes to the mix, some of Simon's additions "couldn't be removed from the four-track master tape."[7] Nevertheless, the album became a cult favorite in the US, as well as in the UK, where it spent over a year on the album charts.[15] Several of the songs on that first album were covered by other popular folk artists, including James Taylor, and Judy Collins. Cohen followed up that first album with Songs from a Room (1969) (featuring the often-recorded "Bird on the Wire") and Songs of Love and Hate (1970). Both of these albums were produced in Nashville by famed producer Bob Johnston, who helped Cohen achieve the sparer sound that he'd been after on his first album; Johnston also joined Cohen on two subsequent live tours, playing organ and piano.[16]
In 1970, Cohen toured for the first time, with dates in the United States, Canada and Europe, and appeared at the Isle of Wight Festival. He toured again in Europe and Israel in 1972 with some of the same band-mates, including Charlie Daniels and his producer Bob Johnston. Both tours were represented on the Live Songs LP, while Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 was released in 2009. The 1972 tour was also filmed by Tony Palmer; the film Bird on a Wire (with which Cohen was unhappy) was shown re-cut under Cohen's guidance in 1974, but released only in 2010, reconstructed according to Palmer's original version.
In 1971, Cohen's music was used in the soundtrack to Robert Altman's film McCabe & Mrs. Miller. When Cohen was on a stay in Nashville, Altman phoned to ask permission to use some tracks off Songs of Leonard Cohen. Coincidentally, earlier that same day, Cohen had seen Altman's then-current film Brewster McCloud in a local theater. He hadn't paid attention to the credits so when Altman asked permission to use Cohen's songs in his new film, Cohen had to ask him who he was. Altman mentioned his hit film MASH, but Cohen had never heard of it. When Altman mentioned his lesser-known Brewster McCloud, Cohen replied, "Listen, I just came out of the theater. I saw it twice. You can have anything of mine you want!"[7]
Beginning around 1974, Cohen's collaboration with pianist and arranger John Lissauer created a live sound praised by the critics. They toured together in 1974 in Europe, and in US and Canada in late 1974 and early 1975, in support of Cohen's record New Skin for the Old Ceremony. In late 1975 Cohen performed a short series of shows in the US and Canada with a new band, in support of his Best Of release. However, none of the recordings from the three live tours with John Lissauer were ever officially released.
In 1976 Cohen, now without Lissauer, embarked on a new major European tour, with a new band and major changes in his sound and arrangements, again, in support of his The Best of Leonard Cohen release (in Europe retitled as Greatest Hits). One of the band members was Laura Branigan, and the set-list included unreleased songs "Everybody's Child" (a.k.a. "Blessed Is the Memory") and "Storeroom" (both released as bonus tracks to 2007 reissue of Songs of Leonard Cohen), and the new song "Do I Have to Dance All Night?" (which was released as a single with the song "The Butcher" in a single available in Europe only).[17] From April to July, Cohen gave 55 shows, including his first appearance at the famous Montreux Jazz Festival.
After the European tour of 1976, Cohen again attempted a new change in his style and arrangements - his new 1977 record, Death of a Ladies' Man (one year later, in 1978, Cohen also released a volume of poetry with the coyly revised title, Death of a Lady's Man), was co-written and produced by Phil Spector, known as the inventor of the "wall of sound" technique, which backs up pop music with many layers of instrumentation, an approach very different from Cohen's usually minimalist instrumentation. The recording of the album was fraught with difficulty—Spector reportedly mixed the album in secret studio sessions, and Cohen said Spector once threatened him with a crossbow. Cohen thought the end result "grotesque,"[18] but also "semi-virtuous."[19] The record was released by Spector's label, Warner, and was returned to Columbia's Cohen catalogue in the late 1980s. Cohen did not take part in the album's promotion, but in his tours of 1979, 1980 and 1985, he performed two songs from the album, "Memories" and "Iodine". However, Cohen chose not to include any of the album's songs on his later compilations More Best of Leonard Cohen and The Essential Leonard Cohen.
In 1979, Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs, which blended his acoustic style with jazz and Oriental and Mediterranean influences. Beginning with this record, praised in 2001 by Cohen as his favourite,[citation needed] Cohen began to co-produce his albums. Produced by Cohen and Henry Lewy (Joni Mitchell's sound engineer), Recent Songs included performances by Passenger, an Austin-based jazz-fusion band that met Cohen through Mitchell. The band helped Cohen create a new sound by featuring instruments like the oud, the Gypsy violin and the mandolin. The album was supported by Cohen's major tour with the new band, and Jennifer Warnes and Sharon Robinson on the backing vocals, in Europe in late 1979, and again in Australia, Israel and Europe in 1980. The tour was filmed by Harry Rasky as The Song of Leonard Cohen, and the film was broadcast on television in 1980.[citation needed] Cohen also gave a couple of major TV appearances in 1979, including German's ZDF television.[citation needed] In 2000 Columbia released an album of live recordings of songs from the 1979 tour, entitled Field Commander Cohen: Tour of 1979; the album (with a different track list) was originally rejected by the label in 1980.
During 1970s, Cohen toured twice with Jennifer Warnes as a back-up singer (in 1972 and 1979). Warnes would become a fixture on Cohen's future albums, receiving full co-vocals credit on Cohen's 1985 album Various Positions (although the record was released under Cohen's name, the inside credits say "Vocals by Leonard Cohen and Jennifer Warnes"). In 1987, she recorded an album of Cohen songs, Famous Blue Raincoat.[20]
1980s[link]
In early 1980s, Cohen co-wrote the rock musical film Night Magic with Lewis Furey, starring Carole Laure and Nick Mancuso (voice-over by Furey); the LP was released in 1985. At that time, Cohen also worked on an unfinished album of his poetry recitations with producer Henry Lewy, before turning back to John Lissauer. Lissauer produced Cohen's next record Various Positions, which was released in late 1984. The LP included "Dance Me to the End of Love", which was promoted by Cohen's first video clip, directed by French photographer Dominique Issermann, and the frequently covered "Hallelujah". Columbia declined to release the album in the United States. Cohen supported the release of the album with his biggest tour to date, in Europe and Australia, and with his first tour in Canada and United States since 1975. Anjani Thomas, who would become Cohen's partner, and a regular member of Cohen's recording team, joined his touring band. The band performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival, and the Roskilde Festival. They also gave a series of highly emotional and politically controversial concerts in Poland, which was under martial law and performed the song "The Partisan," regarded as the hymn of the Polish Solidarity movement.[21] During the 80s, almost all Cohen's songs were performed in Polish language by Maciej Zembaty.[22]
In 1986, Cohen appeared in the episode "French Twist" of the TV series Miami Vice. In 1987, Jennifer Warnes's tribute album Famous Blue Raincoat helped restore Cohen's career in the US. The following year he released I'm Your Man, which marked a drastic change in his music. Synthesizers ruled the album and Cohen's lyrics included more social commentary and dark humor. The album, self-produced by Cohen, remains one of Cohen's most acclaimed albums, and was promoted by iconic black and white video shot by Dominique Issermann at the beach of Normandy. Cohen supported the record with series of television interviews, and an extensive tour of Europe, Canada and US. Many shows were broadcast on European and US television and radio stations, while Cohen performed for the first time in his career on PBS's Austin City Limits show; he also performed at the Roskilde Festival again, among other dates.[23] The tour gave the basic structure to typical Cohen's concert which he used in his tours in 1993, 2008–09 and 2010. The selection of performances from the late 1980s was released in 1994 on Cohen Live. None of the concerts was released in its entirety, although some were bootlegged. Parts of one of three Royal Albert Hall concerts were used in BBC documentary The Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, which was released on laser disc and video tape.
1990s[link]
The use of the album track "Everybody Knows" (co-written by Sharon Robinson) in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume helped expose Cohen's music to a younger audience. The song also featured prominently in fellow Canadian Atom Egoyan's 1994 film, Exotica. In 1992, Cohen released The Future, which urges (often in terms of biblical prophecy) perseverance, reformation, and hope in the face of grim prospects. Three tracks from the album - "Waiting for the Miracle", "The Future" and "Anthem" - were featured in the movie Natural Born Killers, which helped Cohen reach a younger audience in the United States.
As with I'm Your Man, the lyrics on the The Future were dark, and made references to political and social unrest. The title track is reportedly a response to the L.A. unrest of 1992. Cohen promoted the album with two music videos, for "Closing Time" and "The Future", and supported the release with the major tour through Europe, United States and Canada, with the same band as in his 1988 tour, including a second appearance at the PBS's Austin City Limits. Some of the Scandinavian shows were broadcast live on the radio. The selection of performances, mostly recorded on the Canadian leg of the tour, was released on 1994 Cohen Live album, but none of the new songs from the album itself were included in the live album.
In 1993 Cohen also published his book of selected poems and songs, Stranger Music, on which he had worked since 1989. It includes a number of new poems from the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In 1997, Cohen oversaw the selection and release of More Best of Leonard Cohen album, which included a previously unreleased track, "Never Any Good", and an experimental piece "The Great Event". The first was left over from Cohen's unfinished mid-1990s album, which was announced to include songs like "In My Secret Life" (already recited as song-in-progress in 1988) and "A Thousand Kisses Deep",[24] both later re-worked with Sharon Robinson for 2001 album Ten New Songs.
In 1994, Cohen retreated to the Mt. Baldy Zen Center near Los Angeles, beginning what became five years of seclusion at the center.[20] In 1996, Cohen was ordained as a Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk and took the Dharma name Jikan, meaning "silence". He served as personal assistant to Kyozan Joshu Sasaki Roshi. Japanese songwriter and poet Masato Tomobe stated he admires Cohen and this made him better recognized in Japan around this time.
Although around 2000 there was a public impression that Cohen would not resume recording or publishing, he returned to Los Angeles in May 1999. He began to contribute regularly to The Leonard Cohen Files fan website, emailing new poems and drawings from Book of Longing and early versions of new songs, like "A Thousand Kisses Deep" in September 1998[25] and Anjani Thomas's story sent on 6 May 1999, the day they were recording "Villanelle for our Time"[26] (released on 2004 Dear Heather album). The section of The Leonard Cohen Files with Cohen's online writings has been titled "The Blackening Pages".[27]
2000s[link]
[edit] Post-monastery records: Ten New Songs, Dear Heather and Anjani's Blue Alert
After two years of production, Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs, featuring a heavy influence from producer and co-composer Sharon Robinson. The album, recorded at Cohen's and Robinson's home studios, includes the song "Alexandra Leaving", a transformation of the poem "The God Abandons Antony", by the Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy. The album was a major hit for Cohen in Canada and Europe, and he supported it with the hit single "In My Secret Life" and accompanying video shot by Floria Sigismondi.
In October 2004, Cohen released Dear Heather, largely a musical collaboration with jazz chanteuse (and current romantic partner) Anjani Thomas, although Sharon Robinson returned to collaborate on three tracks (including a duet). As light as the previous album was dark, Dear Heather reflects Cohen's own change of mood - he has said in a number of interviews that his depression has lifted in recent years, which he attributed to Zen Buddhism. In an interview following his induction into the Canadian Songwriters' Hall of Fame, Cohen explained that the album was intended to be a kind of notebook or scrapbook of themes, and that a more formal record had been planned for release shortly afterwards, but that this was put on ice by his legal battles with his ex-manager. He decided not to promote the album at all, but in 2005 he released a home video accompanying the song "Because Of", shot by his daughter Lorca Cohen, while there were no official album singles.
Blue Alert, an album of songs co-written by Anjani and Cohen, was released on 23 May 2006 to positive reviews. Sung by Anjani, who according to one reviewer "...sounds like Cohen reincarnated as woman...though Cohen doesn't sing a note on the album, his voice permeates it like smoke."[28] The album includes a recent musical setting of Cohen's "As the mist leaves no scar", a poem originally published in The Spice-Box of Earth in 1961 and adapted by Phil Spector as "True Love Leaves No Traces" on Death of a Ladies' Man album. Blue Alert also included Anjani's own version of "Nightingale", performed by her and Cohen on his Dear Heather, as well the country song "Never Got to Love You", apparently made after an early demo version of Cohen's own 1992 song "Closing Time". During the 2010 tour, Cohen was closing his live shows with the performance of "Closing Time" which included the recitation of verses from "Never Got to Love You". The title song, "Blue Alert", and "Half the Perfect World" were covered by Madeleine Peyroux on her 2006 album Half the Perfect World, while the third covered song, "Crazy To Love You", was included in the albums Japanese edition.
Before embarking on his 2008-2010 world tour, and without finishing the new album which has been in work since 2006 (new song, "The Street", was recited by Cohen in 2006 on KCRW radio, and he also played two new songs from demo tape, "Book of Longing" and "Puppets"[29]), Cohen contributed few tracks to other artists' albums - new version of his own "Tower of Song" was performed by him, Anjani Thomas and U2 in 2006 tribute film Leonard Cohen I'm Your Man (the video and track were included on the film's soundtrack and released as B-side of U2's single "Window in the Skies", reaching No 1 in Canadian Singles Chart), in 2007 he recited "The Sound of Silence" on album Tribute to Paul Simon: Take Me to the Mardi Gras and "The Jungle Line" by Joni Mitchell, accompanied by Herbie Hancock on piano, on Hancock's Grammy-winning album River: The Joni Letters, while in 2008 he recited the poem "Since You've Asked" on album Born to the Breed: A Tribute to Judy Collins.
2005 financial issues[link]
On 8 October 2005, Cohen alleged that his longtime former manager, Kelley Lynch, misappropriated over US $5 million from Cohen's retirement fund leaving only $150,000.[30][31] Cohen was sued in turn by other former business associates.[30] These events placed him in the public spotlight, including a cover feature on him with the headline "Devastated!" in Canada's Maclean's magazine.[31] In March 2006, Cohen won a civil suit and was awarded US $9 million by a Los Angeles County superior court. Lynch, however, ignored the suit and did not respond to a subpoena issued for her financial records.[32] As a result it has been widely reported that Cohen may never be able to collect the awarded amount.[33] In 2007, US. District Judge Lewis T. Babcock dismissed a claim by Cohen for more than US $4.5 million against Colorado investment firm Agile Group, and in 2008 he dismissed a defamation suit that Agile Group filed against Cohen.[34] Cohen has been under new management since April 2005.
[edit] Book of Longing
Cohen's book of poetry and drawings, Book of Longing, was published in May 2006; in March a Toronto-based retailer offered signed copies to the first 1500 orders placed online. All 1500 sold within hours. The book quickly topped bestseller lists in Canada. Around the time of the release, RJ Smith wrote an essay about Cohen in Poetry magazine, in which he noted, "The pieces in Book of Longing are casual, but never so casual that the old horndog doesn’t have muscle or bite."[35] On 13 May 2006, Cohen made his first public appearance in thirteen years, at an in-store event at a bookstore in Toronto. Approximately 3000 people turned up for the event, causing the streets surrounding the bookstore to be closed. He sang two of his earliest and best-known songs: "So Long, Marianne" and "Hey, That's No Way To Say Goodbye", accompanied by the Barenaked Ladies and Ron Sexsmith. Also appearing with him was Anjani, the two promoting her new CD along with his book.[36]
In 2006, Philip Glass composed music to Cohen's 2006 book of poetry Book of Longing. Following the series of live performances which included Glass on keyboards, Cohen's recorded spoken text, four voices (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor, and bass-baritone), and other instruments, and as well the screenings of Cohen's artworks and drawings, Glass' label Orange Mountain Music released a double CD with the recording of the work, entitled Book of Longing. A Song Cycle based on the Poetry and Artwork of Leonard Cohen.[37]
2008-2010 World Tour[link]
2008 tour[link]
13 January 2008, Cohen quietly announced a long-anticipated concert tour.[38] The tour, Cohen's first in 15 years, began 11 May in Fredericton, New Brunswick to wide critical acclaim, and was extended until Winter of 2010.[39] The schedule of the first leg in Summer of 2008 encompassed Canada and Europe, including performances at The Big Chill,[40] the Montreal Jazz Festival, and on the Pyramid Stage at the 2008 Glastonbury Festival on 29 June 2008.[41] His performance at Glastonbury was hailed by many as the highlight of the festival,[42] and his performance of "Hallelujah" as the sun went down received a rapturous reception and a lengthy ovation from a packed Pyramid Stage field.[43] He also played two shows in London's O2 Arena, and in Dublin he gave a "milestone concert", while in Dublin he was the first performer to play an open air concert at IMMA (Royal Hospital Kilmainham) ground, performing there on 13, 14 and 15 June 2008. In 2009, the performances were awarded Ireland's Meteor Music Award as the best international performance of the year.
In September, October and November 2008, Cohen gave a marathon tour of Europe, including stops in Austria, Ireland, Poland, Romania, Italy, Germany, and Scandinavia. In London, he played two more shows at the O2 Arena and two additional shows at the Royal Albert Hall.
[edit] Live in London
On 21 March 2009, Cohen released Live in London, recorded on 17 July 2008 at London's O2 Arena and released on DVD and as a two-CD set. The album contains 25 songs and is over two-and-a-half hours long. It was the first official DVD in Cohen's recording career. The quotation on the album referred to one hundred five-star reviews the tour gained in the international press in 2008.
2009 tour[link]
The third leg of Cohen's World Tour 2008-2009 encompassed New Zealand and Australia from 20 January to 10 February 2009.[44] In January 2009, The Pacific Tour first came to New Zealand. Simon Sweetman in The Dominion Post (Wellington) of 21 January wrote "It is hard work having to put this concert in to words so I'll just say something I have never said in a review before and will never say again: this was the best show I have ever seen." The Sydney Entertainment Centre show on 28 January sold out rapidly, which motivated promoters to announce a second show at the venue. The first performance was well-received, and the audience of 12,000 responded with five standing ovations. In response to hearing about the devastation to the Yarra Valley region of Victoria in Australia, Cohen donated $200,000 to the Victorian Bushfire Appeal in support of those affected by the extensive Black Saturday bushfires that razed the area just weeks after his performance at the Rochford Winery in the A Day on the Green concert.[45] Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper reported: "Tour promoter Frontier Touring said $200,000 would be donated on behalf of Cohen, fellow performer Paul Kelly and Frontier to aid victims of the bushfires."[46]
On 19 February 2009, Cohen played his first American concert in fifteen years at the Beacon Theatre in New York City.[47] The show, showcased as the special performance for fans, Leonard Cohen Forum members and press, was the only show in the whole three-year tour which was broadcast on the radio (NPR) and available as the free podcast.
The North American Tour of 2009 opened on 1 April and included the performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on Friday, 17 April 2009, in front of one of the largest outdoor theatre crowds in the history of the festival. His performance of Hallelujah was widely regarded as one of the highlights of the festival, thus repeating the major success of the 2008 Glastonbury appearance. The performance has been included on 2010 Songs from the Road live release. During this leg, Cohen regularly performed new song, "Lullaby".
On 1 July 2009, Cohen started his marathon European tour, his third in two years. The itinerary mostly included sport arenas and open air Summer festivals in Germany, UK, France, Spain, Ireland (the show at O2 in Dublin won him the second Meteor Music Award in a row), but also performances in Serbia in the Belgrade Arena, in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, and again in Romania. On 3 August, Cohen gave an open air show at the Piazza San Marco in Venice.
On 18 September 2009, on the stage at a concert in Valencia, Spain, Cohen suddenly fainted halfway through performing his song "Bird on the Wire", the fourth in the two-act set list; Cohen was brought down backstage by his band members and then admitted to local hospital, while the concert was suspended.[48] It was reported that Cohen had stomach problems, and possibly food poisoning.[49] Three days later, on 21 September, on his 75th birthday, he performed in Barcelona. The show, last in Europe in 2009 and rumoured to be the last European concert ever, attracted many international fans, who lighted the green candles honouring Cohen's birthday, leading Cohen to give a special speech of thanks for the fans and Leonard Cohen Forum.
The last concert of this leg was held in Tel Aviv, Israel, on 24 September, three days after Cohen's 75th birthday, at Ramat Gan Stadium. The event was surrounded by public discussion due to a cultural boycott of Israel proposed by a number of musicians.[50] Nevertheless, tickets for the Tel Aviv concert, Cohen's first performance in Israel since 1980, sold out in less than 24 hours.[51] It was announced that the proceeds from the sale of the 47,000 tickets would go into a charitable fund in partnership with Amnesty International and would be used by Israeli and Palestinian peace groups for projects providing health services to children and bringing together Israeli veterans and former Palestinian fighters and the families of those killed in the conflict.[52] However, on 17 August 2009, Amnesty International released a statement saying they were withdrawing from any involvement with the concert and its proceeds.[53] Amnesty International later stated that its withdrawal was not due to the boycott but "the lack of support from Israeli and Palestinian NGOs."[54] The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) led the call for the boycott, claiming that Cohen was "intent on whitewashing Israel's colonial apartheid regime by performing in Israel."[55] On 24 September at the Ramat Gan concert, Cohen was highly emotional about the Israeli-Palestinian NGO Bereaved Families for Peace. He mentioned the organization twice, saying "It was a while ago that I first heard of the work of the 'Bereaved Parents for Peace'. That there was this coalition of Palestinian and Israeli families who had lost so much in the conflict and whose depth of suffering had compelled them to reach across the border into the houses of the enemy. Into the houses of those, to locate them who had suffered as much as they had, and then to stand with them in aching confraternity, a witness to an understanding that is beyond peace and that is beyond confrontation. So, this is not about forgiving and forgetting, this is not about laying down one's arms in a time of war, this is not even about peace, although, God willing, it could be a beginning. This is about a response to human grief. A radical, unique and holy, holy, holy response to human suffering. Baruch Hashem, thank God, I bow my head in respect to the nobility of this enterprise."[56] At the end of the show he blessed the crowd by the Priestly Blessing, a Jewish blessing offered by Kohanim. Cohen's surname derives from this Hebrew word for priest, thus identifying him as a Kohen.[57]
The sixth leg of the 2008-2009 world tour went again to US, with fifteen shows in October and November, with the "final" show in San Jose. The final leg included two new songs, "Feels So Good" and "The Darkness". But at that point, Cohen's "World Tour 2010" was already announced with the European dates in March.
The 2009 world tour earned a reported $9.5 million, putting Cohen at number 39 on Billboard magazine's list of the year's top musical "money makers."[58]
Live releases[link]
On 14 September 2010, Sony Music released a live CD/DVD album, Songs from the Road, showcasing Cohen's 2008 and 2009 live performances. The previous year, Cohen's performance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Music Festival was released as a CD/DVD combo. The DVD version included interviews with Kris Kristofferson and others.
2010 tour[link]
Cohen's 2008-2009 world tour was prolonged into 2010. Originally scheduled to start in March, the first dozen of the original European dates were postponed to September and October due to Cohen's lower-back injury.[59] Officially billed as the "World Tour 2010", the tour started on 25 July 2010 in Arena Zagreb, Croatia, where in the week of the show 16 of Cohen's albums simultaneously entered the Croatian Top 40,[60] while Cohen's work was presented by the translation of Book of Mercy, two of Cohen's biographies, and with selection of poems in major literary magazine Quorum, while there was also the translation of Linda Hutcheon's work on Cohen's literary output. In December 2010, the national daily newspaper Vjesnik ranked Cohen's show among the five most important cultural event in Croatia in 2010, in the poll among dozen of intellectuals and writers; it was the only event ranked which was not actually Croatian.[61] The tour continued through August, with stops in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Scandinavia, and Ireland, where on 31 July 2010 Cohen performed at Lissadell House in County Sligo. It was Cohen’s eighth Irish concert in just two years after a hiatus of more than 20 years.[62] On 12 August, Cohen played the 200th show of the tour in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden, where he had already played in October 2008; the show was four hours long.
The Fall leg of the European tour started in early September with an open-air show in Florence, Italy, and continued through Germany, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Austria, where Cohen performed at the famous open-air opera stage of Römersteinbruch bei St. Margarethen im Burgenland, and then continued with dates in France, Poland, Russia (Moscow's State Kremlin Palace), Slovenia and Slovakia.[63] In Slovenia's brand new Arena Stožice, Cohen accepted Croatia's Porin music award for best foreign live video programme, which he won for his Live in London DVD.[64] Cohen's last European show was held in Sibamac Arena, in Bratislava, Slovakia. The shows in late September and October were performed without Sharon Robinson, who left this tour leg due to heavy illness; the setlist omitted songs co-written by her, but old Cohen standards were added instead.
The third leg of the 2010 tour started on 28 October in New Zealand and continued in Australia, including an open-air concert at Hanging Rock near Melbourne. It was the first show ever organised at the site. The tour finished with seven special dates added in Vancouver, Portland, Victoria and Oakland, with two final shows in Las Vegas' The Colosseum at Caesars Palace on 10 and 11 December. The very last concert on 11 December was the 246th show on the world tour which started on 11 May 2008.
The world tour 2010 was covered daily on the Flickr photo blog which was edited by Cohen's road manager, entitled Notes from the Road.
2010s[link]
In August 2011, Cohen completed work on the studio album, Old Ideas, with producer Ed Sanders.[65][66] The album was released on 27 January 2012.[67] The lyric for the song "Going Home" was originally published as a poem in The New Yorker magazine in January 2012, prior to the record's release.[68] The album received uniformly positive reviews from publications like Rolling Stone,[69] the Chicago Tribune,[70] and The Guardian.[71] At a record release party for the album in January 2012, Cohen spoke with The New York Times reporter Jon Pareles who states that "mortality was very much on his mind and in his songs [on this album]." Pareles goes to characterize the album as "an autumnal album, musing on memories and final reckonings, but it also has a gleam in its eye. It grapples once again with topics Mr. Cohen has pondered throughout his career: love, desire, faith, betrayal, redemption. Some of the diction is biblical; some is drily sardonic."[72]
"Hallelujah"[link]
Main article: Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
"Hallelujah" was first released on Cohen's studio album Various Positions in 1984. While the song initially had limited success it found greater popular acclaim through a cover by John Cale in 1991, which later formed the basis for a cover by Jeff Buckley. In recent years "Hallelujah" has been performed by almost 200 artists in various languages.[73] Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA); the Canadian Recording Industry Association; the Australian Recording Industry Association; and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry show that, prior to late 2008, more than five million copies of the song sold in compact-disc format. It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary and been featured in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs.[74]
Themes[link]
Recurring themes in Cohen's work include love, sex, religion, depression, and music itself. He has also engaged with certain political themes, though sometimes ambiguously so. "Suzanne" mixes a wistful type of love song with a religious meditation, themes that are also mixed in "Joan of Arc". "Famous Blue Raincoat" is from the point of view of a man whose marriage has been broken by his wife's infidelity with his close friend, and is written in the form of a letter to that friend. "Everybody Knows" is about sexual relationships during the AIDS crisis of the 1980s in which "the naked man and woman are just a shining artifact of the past."
Cohen is Jewish, and he has drawn from Jewish religious and cultural imagery throughout his career. Examples include "Story of Isaac", and "Who by Fire", the words and melody of which echo the Unetaneh Tokef, an 11th-century liturgical poem recited on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. Broader Jewish themes sound throughout the album Various Positions. "Hallelujah," which has music as a secondary theme, begins by evoking the biblical King David composing a song that "pleased the Lord" and continues with references to Bathsheba and Samson. The lyrics of "Whither Thou Goest", performed by him and released in his album Live in London, are adapted from the Bible (Ruth 1:16-17, King James Version). "If It Be Your Will" also has a strong air of religious resignation.
Having suffered from depression during much of his life (although less so recently), Cohen has written much (especially in his early work) about depression and suicide. Beautiful Losers and "Seems So Long Ago, Nancy" are about suicide; darkly comic "One of Us Cannot Be Wrong" mentions suicide; "Dress Rehearsal Rag" is about a last-minute decision not to commit suicide. An atmosphere of depression pervades "Please Don't Pass Me By" and "Tonight Will Be Fine." As in the aforementioned "Hallelujah," music itself is the subject of "Tower of Song," "A Singer Must Die," and "Jazz Police."
Themes of political and social justice also recur in Cohen's work, especially in later albums. In "Democracy," he both acknowledges political problems and celebrates the hopes of reformers: "from the wars against disorder/ from the sirens night and day/ from the fires of the homeless/ and the ashes of the gay/ Democracy is coming to the USA." He has made the observation in "Tower of Song" that "the rich have got their channels in the bedrooms of the poor/ And there's a mighty judgment coming." In the title track of The Future he recasts this prophecy on a pacifist note: "I've seen the nations rise and fall/ …/ But love's the only engine of survival." In "Anthem", he promises that "the killers in high places [who] say their prayers out loud/ [are] gonna hear from me."
War is an enduring theme of Cohen's work that—in his earlier songs and early life—he approached ambivalently. Challenged in 1974 over his serious demeanor in concerts and the military salutes he ended them with, Cohen remarked, "I sing serious songs, and I'm serious onstage because I couldn't do it any other way...I don't consider myself a civilian. I consider myself a soldier, and that's the way soldiers salute."[75] In "Field Commander Cohen" he imagines himself as a soldier of sorts, socializing with Fidel Castro in Cuba—where he had actually visited at the height of US-Cuba tensions in 1961, allegedly sporting a Che Guevara-style beard and military fatigues. This song was written immediately following Cohen's front-line stint with the Israeli air force, the "fighting in Egypt" documented in a passage of "Night Comes On." In 1973, Cohen, who had traveled to Jerusalem to sign up on the Israeli side in the Yom Kippur War, had instead been assigned to a USO-style entertainer tour of front-line tank emplacements in the Sinai Desert, coming under fire.
Deeply moved by encounters with Israeli and Arab soldiers, he left the country to write "Lover Lover Lover." This song has been interpreted as a personal renunciation of armed conflict, and ends with the hope his song will serve a listener as "a shield against the enemy." He would later remark, "'Lover, Lover, Lover' was born over there; the whole world has its eyes riveted on this tragic and complex conflict. Then again, I am faithful to certain ideas, inevitably. I hope that those of which I am in favour will gain."[76] Asked which side he supported in the Arab-Israeli conflict, Cohen responded, "I don't want to speak of wars or sides ... Personal process is one thing, it's blood, it's the identification one feels with their roots and their origins. The militarism I practice as a person and a writer is another thing.... I don't wish to speak about war."[77]
His recent politics continue a lifelong predilection for the underdog, the "beautiful loser." Whether recording "The Partisan", a French Resistance song by Anna Marly and Emmanuel d'Astier, or singing his own "The Old Revolution," written from the point of view of a defeated royalist, he has throughout his career expressed in his music sympathy and support for the oppressed. Although Cohen's fascination with war is often as a metaphor for more general cultural and personal issues, as in "New Skin for the Old Ceremony," by this measure his most militant album.
Cohen blends pessimism about political/cultural issues with humour and, especially in his later work, with gentle acceptance. His wit contends with his stark analysis as his songs are often verbally playful and cheerful. In "Tower of Song" the famously raw-voiced Cohen sings ironically that he was "born with the gift of a golden voice." The generally dark "Is This What You Wanted?" contains playful lines "You were the whore and the beast of Babylon/ I was Rin Tin Tin." In concert he often plays around with his lyrics ("If you want a doctor/ I'll examine every inch of you" from "I'm Your Man" sometimes becomes "If you want a Jewish doctor..."). He may introduce one song by using a phrase from another song or poem—for example, introducing "Leaving Green Sleeves" by paraphrasing his own "Queen Victoria," "This is a song for those who are not nourished by modern love."
Cohen has also recorded such love songs as Irving Berlin's "Always" or the more obscure soul number "Be for Real" (originally sung by Marlena Shaw).
Personal life[link]
Romantic relationships[link]
Leonard Cohen lived at Hydra, Greece in 1960 with Marianne C. Stang Jensen Ihlen (born in Norway 1935), and the song "So long Marianne" was written to and about her. Their relationship lasted for most of the 1960s.
Cohen had a relationship beginning in the 1970s with the Los Angeles artist Suzanne Elrod, with whom he has two children: a son, Adam, born in 1972, and a daughter, Lorca, named after poet Federico García Lorca, born in 1974. Adam Cohen began a career as a singer-songwriter in the mid-1990s and fronts a band called Low Millions, while Lorca took the part in her father's tour team during the 2008-2010 world tour as photographer and videographer. She also shot Cohen's video for the song "Because Of" in 2004, while her "Backstage Sketch" was included on Cohen's 2010 DVD Songs from the Road. She has directed and shot video clips for The Webb Sisters and Kamila Thompson. On 2 February 2011, Lorca gave birth to a daughter, Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen in a co-parenting relationship with biological father Rufus Wainwright and his partner, Jorn Weisbrodt.[78]
Cohen has said that "cowardice" and "fear" prevented him from ever actually marrying Elrod.[79][80] Elrod took the cover photograph on Cohen's Live Songs album and is pictured on the cover of the Death of a Ladies' Man album. She is also the "Dark Lady" of Cohen's 1978 book Death of a Lady's Man. Cohen and Elrod split up in 1979.
"Suzanne", one of his best-known songs, refers to Suzanne Verdal, the former wife of his friend, the Québécois sculptor Armand Vaillancourt, rather than Elrod.[81]
In the 1980s, Cohen was in a relationship with the French photographer Dominique Issermann, who shot his first two music videos for the songs "Dance Me To The End Of Love" and "First We Take Manhattan." Today Issermann is most famous for her photo sessions with Carla Bruni[82] and for her fashion photography for magazines like Elle; in 2010 she was the official photographer of Cohen's world tour. Her photographs were used for the covers of his 1993 book Stranger Music and his album More Best of Leonard Cohen and for the inside booklet of Cohen's 1988 record I'm Your Man (which is dedicated to Issermann with words: "All these songs are for you, D. I.").[83]
In the 1990s, Cohen was romantically linked to actress Rebecca De Mornay.[84] De Mornay co-produced Cohen's 1992 album The Future, which is also supposedly dedicated to her with an inscription which quotes Rebecca's coming to the well from the Book of Genesis chapter 24[85] and giving drink to Eliezer's camels, after he prayed for the help; Eliezer ("God is my help" in Hebrew) is Cohen's Hebrew name, and Cohen sometimes referred to himself as "Eliezer Cohen" or even "Jikan Eliezer."[86]
In the 2000s, Cohen has been romantically involved with Anjani Thomas. Together they wrote the album Blue Alert in 2006, produced by Cohen. Thomas co-produced and co-wrote some songs on Cohen's 2004 album Dear Heather and was involved in the recording of Cohen's 2012 record, Old Ideas.
Religious beliefs and practices[link]
Cohen is described as an observant Jew in an article in The New York Times:
Mr. Cohen keeps the Sabbath even while on tour and performed for Israeli troops during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. So how does he square that faith with his continued practice of Zen? "Allen Ginsberg asked me the same question many years ago," he said. "Well, for one thing, in the tradition of Zen that I've practiced, there is no prayerful worship and there is no affirmation of a deity. So theologically there is no challenge to any Jewish belief."[87]
Cohen has been involved with Buddhism since the 1970s and was ordained a Buddhist monk in 1996; however he is still religiously Jewish: "I'm not looking for a new religion. I'm quite happy with the old one, with Judaism."[88]
In his concert in Ramat Gan, Israel, on 24 September 2009, Cohen spoke Jewish prayers and blessings to the audience in Hebrew. He opened the show with the first sentence of Ma Tovu. At the middle he used Baruch Hashem, and he ended the concert reciting the blessing of Birkat Cohanim.[89]
Since the late 1970s Cohen has been associated with Buddhist monk and teacher Kyozan Joshu Sasaki (a.k.a. Roshi), regularly visiting him at Mount Baldy Zen Center and serving him as personal assistant during Cohen's own reclusion into Mt. Baldy monastery in the 1990s. Roshi appears as regular motif or addressee in Cohen's poetry, especially in the Book of Longing, and also took part in 1997 documentary about Cohen's monastery years, Leonard Cohen: Spring 1996. Cohen's 2001 album Ten New Songs is dedicated to Joshu Sasaki.
Cultural references[link]
Cohen is mentioned in the Nirvana song "Pennyroyal Tea" from the band's 1993 release, In Utero. Kurt Cobain wrote, "Give me a Leonard Cohen afterworld/ So I can sigh eternally." Cohen, after Cobain's suicide, was quoted as saying "I'm sorry I couldn't have spoken to the young man. I see a lot of people at the Zen Centre, who have gone through drugs and found a way out that is not just Sunday school. There are always alternatives, and I might have been able to lay something on him."[90]
Awards, titles and honours[link]
- 1964 the Québec Literary Competition Prize (awarded 1923-70 by the Province of Québec) The Favourite Game (Cohen's first novel)
- 1968 Governor General's Award (English language poetry or drama) for Selected Poems 1956–1968. (Refused)
- 1970 Honorary degree from Dalhousie University
- 1984 The Golden Rose, the main award at the international television festival Rose d'Or in Montreux, for I am a Hotel, made-for-TV short musical film written by Cohen and based on his songs.
- 1985 Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry for Book of Mercy
- 1986 Genie Award for Best Original Song for "Angel Eyes" from Night Magic (with Lewis Furey)
- 1988 Columbia Records Crystal Globe Award from CBS for I'm Your Man. The award is for artists who sell more than five million copies of an album in foreign territories
- 1989 Nominated for Juno Awards for Canadian Entertainer of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year
- 1991 Officer of the Order of Canada
- 1991 Induction into the Juno/Canadian Music Hall of Fame
- 1991 Nominated for a Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year.
- 1992 Honorary degree from McGill University, Montreal.
- 1993 Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year. The video for Closing Time, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, won for Best Video. He was also nominated as Producer of the Year (with co-producer Leanne Ungar, for "Closing Time").
- 1993 Governor General's Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement.
- 1994 Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year and was nominated for the Juno Award for Album of the Year (for The Future). The video for The Future, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, was nominated for Juno Award for Best Video.
- 1996 Ordained a Rinzai Buddhist monk.
- 2001 Nagroda Muzyczna Fryderyk, the annual Polish music award, for best foreign album (Ten New Songs).
- 2002 Nominated for Juno Award as Best Songwriter Cohen (with Sharon Robinson) for "Boogie Street", "In My Secret Life", and "You Have Loved Enough").
- 2002 Nominated for the Juno Award for Best Video for "In My Secret Life", directed by Floria Sigismondi. Ten New Songs nominated for Best Pop Album, and he was nominated for Best Artist.
- 2002 SNEP Award Cohen for more than 100,000 copies sold of Ten New Songs in France.
- 2003 Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour.[91]
- 2004 Inclusion in Canada Reads 2005 with Beautiful Losers
- 2005 Induction into the Canadian Folk Music Walk of Fame.
- 2006 Induction into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2007 Grammy for Album of the Year as a featured artist on Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters.[92]
- 2008 Induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[93]
- 2008 Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.[94]
- 2009 Long Listed for the Polaris Music Prize for Live in London [95]
- 2009 Nominated for Mojo Honours Lists for Best Live Act category.[96]
- 2009 Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2008 show in Dublin's IMMA's Royal Hospital Kilmainham.
- 2010 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
- 2010 A second Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2009 show in Dublin's O2.
- 2010 Porin Award in Croatia in category of foreign video programme, for his Live in London DVD.[97]
- 2010 Induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2011 Glenn Gould Prize[98]
- 2011 Prince of Asturias Awards, Literature, Spain
- 2012 Inaugural PEN Award for Song Lyrics of Literary Excellence. Chuck Berry received same award.[99][100]
Discography[link]
Main article: Leonard Cohen discography
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Songs of Leonard Cohen | 27 December 1967 |
| Songs from a Room | April 1969 |
| Songs of Love and Hate | March 1971 |
| New Skin for the Old Ceremony | August 1974 |
| Death of a Ladies' Man | November 1977 |
| Recent Songs | September 1979 |
| Various Positions | December 1984 |
| I'm Your Man | February 1988 |
| The Future | 24 November 1992 |
| Ten New Songs | 9 October 2001 |
| Dear Heather | 26 October 2004 |
| Old Ideas | 31 January 2012 |
Poetry[link]
- Six Montreal Poets. New York: Folkways Records, 1957.[101]
Tribute albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Famous Blue Raincoat | 1987 |
| I'm Your Fan | 1991 |
| Tower of Song | 1995 |
| Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man | 2006 |
| Cohen - The Scandinavian Report | 2009 |
Publications[link]
Collections: poems and songs[link]
- Let Us Compare Mythologies. Montreal: Contact Press [McGill Poetry Series], 1956.[102] reissued 2007
- The Spice-Box of Earth. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1961.[102]
- Flowers for Hitler. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1964.[102]
- Parasites of Heaven. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1966.[102]
- Selected Poems 1956–1968. New York, Toronto: Viking, McClelland & Stewart, 1968.[102]
- The Energy of Slaves. London,Toronto: Cape, McClelland and Stewart, 1972. ISBN 0-7710-2204-2 ISBN 0771022034 New York: Viking, 1973.[102]
- Selected Poetry of Leonard Cohen. Penguin Classics, 1978.[102]
- Death of a Lady's Man. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978. ISBN 0-7710-2177-1 London, New York: Viking, Penguin, 1979.[102] - reissued 2010
- Book of Mercy.London: Cape, 1984.[102] - reissued 2010
- Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs. London, New York, Toronto: Cape, Pantheon, McClelland & Stewart, 1993.[102] ISBN 0-7710-2230-1
- The Lyrics of Leonard Cohen. London, Omnibus, 1998.[102] ISBN 0-7119-7141-2 2nd edition, 2009.
- God is Alive. Magic is Afoot. Sarah Perkins and Ian Jackson illus. Toronto: Stoddart, 2000.[102] ISBN 0-7737-6180-2
- Book of Longing. London, New York, Toronto: Penguin, Ecco, McClelland & Stewart, 2006.[102] (poetry, prose, drawings) ISBN 978-0-7710-2234-0
- Poems and Songs (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets) 2011
Novels[link]
- The Favorite Game. London, New York, Toronto: Secker & Warburg, Viking P, McClelland & Stewart, 1963.[102] Reissued as The Favourite Game. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1994. ISBN 978-0-7710-9954-0
- Beautiful Losers. New York, Toronto: Viking Press, McClelland & Stewart, 1966. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1991. ISBN 978-0-7710-9875-8 McClelland & Stewart [Emblem], 2003.[102] ISBN 978-0-7710-2200-5
Film and television[link]
- Cohen was the subject of the 1965 documentary Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen, directed by Donald Brittain and Don Owen and produced by the National Film Board of Canada. This film, which pre-dates Cohen's career as a songwriter, explores his career as a well-known Canadian poet.[103] Cohen also appeared in Owen's 1967 film The Ernie Game, which was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.[104]
- Cohen's music also appeared the following year in the 1966 NFB animated short Angel.
- In 1968 Cohen performed on the BBC, both on the Julie Felix Show and in his own special, split into two thirty minute shows. The first clip still exists, while the second is only available as a bootleg CD.[105]
- Cohen makes a cameo appearance performing "The Stranger Song" in the Canadian film The Ernie Game (1968), which is based on the stories of Bernard Cole Spencer.
- Cohen's music was popular among the directors of the New German Cinema, and appeared in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore (1971) and Werner Herzog's Stroszek (1977).
- Cohen's 1970 performance at the Isle of Wight Festival was filmed by Murray Lerner, but remained unreleased until 2009 when it was released as Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970, and included Lerner's 2009 documentary material.
- Robert Altman's 1971 western McCabe and Mrs. Miller used three Cohen songs on its soundtrack, as well the instrumental parts of The Stranger Song performed by Cohen. Multiple record singles were released during the film's distribution.[106]
- In 1972, Cohen's European tour was filmed by British director Tony Palmer; the re-edited material appeared in 1974 under the title Bird On a Wire and exists only as a bootleg VHS tape. Palmer's authorised and restored film was released in 2010.[107]
- In October 1979, Cohen recorded a show for German TV show RockPop Special, available only as a bootleg. The show is often rebroadcast by the German satellite TV channel 3Sat.[108]
- The Song Of Leonard Cohen, a 1980 documentary by Harry Rasky, featuring Irving Layton, includes highlights from Cohen's 1979 European tour and tracks from the LP Recent Songs.
- In 1983, Cohen wrote and starred in made-for-TV short musical film I am a Hotel, based on his songs. It won the Golden Rose award at the Rose d'Or television festival in Montreux in 1984.
- In 1985, Cohen co-wrote and co-composed Night Magic (starring Carole Laure) with fellow Quebecker, Lewis Furey.
- Cohen is subject of the BBC documentary Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, filmed during his 1988 tour.[109]
- Cohen appeared as villain Francois Zolan in the "French Twist" episode of the American television series Miami Vice (season 2, episode 17), originally broadcast on 21 February 1986.
- In 1988, Spanish TV station RTE televised the full version of Cohen's show in San Sebastian, 20 May, later aired in number of European countries and still rerun on the Spanish TV. It remains the only completely televised Cohen show.
- In 1989, Cohen gave his first major performance on US television on Austin City Limits[110] (recorded in November 1988). He performed for the show again in July 1993. Both programs have been often rebroadcast by the PBS.
- "Everybody Knows" and "If It Be Your Will" play prominent parts in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume
- Three of Cohen's songs from his album The Future ("Waiting for the Miracle", "Anthem", and "The Future") are used in Oliver Stone's 1994 film Natural Born Killers. Songs from this album have also appeared in the films Wonder Boys (2000), starring Michael Douglas and The Life of David Gale (2003), starring Kevin Spacey.
- In 1994, Cohen narrated NFB-produced documentary The Tibetan Book of the Dead.
- Cohen's years at the Mt. Baldy Zen Centre were the subject of 1997 French documentary Leonard Cohen: Spring 96 by Armelle Brusq, released on DVD in 2009.
- In 2001, Cohen's song Hallelujah was used on the soundtrack of Shrek, in a version by John Cale.
- The Favourite Game (Le Jeu de l'ange), based on his novel of the same title, was released in Canada in 2003.
- Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man was released in 2006. It features a 2005 tribute concert to Cohen, "Came So Far For Beauty", held at the Sydney Opera House and produced by Hal Willner. The film, directed by Lian Lunson, has appearances by Nick Cave, Beth Orton, Antony of Antony and the Johnsons, Rufus and Martha Wainwright, and a performance of "Tower of Song" by Cohen and U2. The film also features Cohen recalling significant parts of his life and career.
- Cohen is the subject of a two-part documentary, Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1934-1977 (2007) and Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1978-2006 (2008), available separately on DVD.
See also[link]
- Music of Canada
- List of Quebec musicians
- Music of Quebec
- Culture of Quebec
- List of people with depression
References[link]
- ^ de Melo, Jessica (11 December 2009). "Leonard Cohen to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2010 Grammys". Spinner Canada. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nmaflNd4. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame press release, "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Announces its Inductees for 2008," 13 December 2007. http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement
- ^ The International Whos Who 2004 retrieved 22 April 2012
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (24 May 1985). The Midday Show With Ray Martin. with Ray Martin. ABC. Sydney. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/raymartin1985.php. Retrieved 1 October 2008. "My – my mother was from Lithuania which was a part of Poland and my great-grandfather came over from Poland to Canada.".
- ^ Leonard Cohen Biography : Leonard Cohen was born to a Polish father and a Lithuanian-Jewish mother in Quebec in 1934.
- ^ Williams, P. (n.d.) Leonard Cohen: The Romantic in a Ragpicker's Trade
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nadel, Ira B. Various Position: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Pantheon Books: New York, 1996.
- ^ Adria, Marco, "Chapter and Verse: Leonard Cohen," Music of Our Times: Eight Canadian Singer-Songwriters (Toronto: Lorimer, 1990), p. 28.
- ^ Nadel, Ira Bruce (1996). Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Toronto: Random House. p. 51. http://books.google.com/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=passion+without+flesh+leonard+cohen&source=bl&ots=IiIQ4fcaoP&sig=rjJ-dP0y3rzuFCPq6mK9aa8tgkM&hl=en&ei=v91_TpeiDufiiALNrYW6Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ The Leonard Cohen Files
- ^ The Blackening Pages
- ^ Iyer, Pico (22 October 2001). "Listening to Leonard Cohen | Utne Reader". Utne.com. http://www.utne.com/Spirituality/Leonard-Cohen-Interview-at-Buddhist-Monk-Mountain-Retreat.aspx. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Warhol, Andy: Popism. Orlando: Harcourt Press, 1980.
- ^ "• View topic - Please help identify this acetate master". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1207. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ "Sixties crooner Leonard Cohen makes comeback concert tour". London Evening Standard. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nlWizAPg. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ Louis Black, "First We Take Berlin", Austin Chronicle, 2007, http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=11798
- ^ Pictures of various European records with recording
- ^ de Lisle, T. (2004)Hallelujah: 70 things about Leonard Cohen at 70
- ^ Fitzgerald, J. (2001) Beautiful loser, beautiful comeback. The National Post, 24 March 2001.
- ^ a b Rohter, Larry (24 February 2009). "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/arts/music/25cohe.html. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ WARSAW 1985 by Daniel Wyszogrodzki, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/warsaw85.html
- ^ Covers by Maciej Zembaty, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/cover4.html
- ^ "Tour of 1988 in Europe". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/88.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ News and Future Plans, 1995 http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/news0.html
- ^ A Thousand Kisses Deep, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/kisses.html
- ^ "Anjani Thomas". Leonardcohenfiles.com. 18 May 1999. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/anjani.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ The Blackening Pages, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mirror.html
- ^ (n.d.) "blue alert 2006" - Reviews.
- ^ Book of Longing (Song) & Puppets-YouTube (KCRW Demo Version) http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=22253&p=238048
- ^ a b Glaister, Dan (8 October 2005). "Cohen stays calm as $5m disappears". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/08/usa.topstories3. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ a b Macklem, Katherine; Gillis, Charlie; Johnson, Brian D. (22 August 2005). Leonard Cohen Goes Broke. MacLean's. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012813. Retrieved 19 Sept. 2011, available from The Canadian Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
- ^ "Leonard Cohen awarded $9 million in civil suit". CTV.ca. 2 March 2006. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060302/leonard_cohen_060302/20060302?hub=Canada. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen 'unlikely' to recover stolen millions: Funds taken by ex-manager going to be hard to recover". NME. 3 March 2006. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/22406. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Defamation Suit Against Songwriter Cohen Is Dropped (Update2)". Bloomberg News. 17 June 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=aYT7tI_tphK4&refer=canada. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- ^ Smith, RJ. "Man of the Moment." Poetry
- ^ (2006) "Cohen returns to limelight with bestselling book" CBC Online. Sunday, 14 May 2006.
- ^ Book of Longing - Philip Glass and Leonard Cohen, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/glassCD.html
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen: TOUR 2008". Leonardcohenforum.com. 13 January 2008. http://leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=10031&sid=522ff761187a6889ff88870fd90c5dcd. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "2008 Tour schedule". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=26&t=10365. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen reveals details of world tour | News". Nme.Com. 11 March 2008. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/35054. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury headliners revealed". BBC News. 8 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_7234000/7234884.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury 2008 - Leonard Cohen". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/glastonbury/2008/artists/leonardcohen/?comment=response. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury says 'Hallelujah' to Leonard Cohen". Nme.com. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/37738. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View forum - The Pacific Tour 2009". leonardcohenforum.com. 2009. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewforum.php?f=31. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Swash, Rosie (10 February 2009). "Leonard Cohen donates £90,000 to Australian bushfire victims". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/10/leonard-cohen-australian-bushfire-donation. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen donates concert profits to bushfire relief fund". Herald Sun. 11 February 2009. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25037004-5012974,00.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Dazzles At New York Tour Warm-Up". http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/leonard-cohen-dazzles-at-new-york-tour-warm-1003943330.story. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen OK after fainting on stage". CBC News. 19 September 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2009/09/19/cohen-collapse.html. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen collapses on stage". BBC News. 19 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8264447.stm. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Kliger, Rachelle (13 July 2009). "Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off". mideast.jpost.com (Jerusalem Post). http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1246443798463&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen's blessed summer finale". Jerusalem Post. 26 September 2009. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1253820682564&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ "Haaretz on proceeds from Tel Aviv concert". 2 August 2009. http://www.haaretz.com/news/leonard-cohen-s-tel-aviv-concert-sells-out-in-a-day-1.281246. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ "Amnesty International and the Leonard Cohen Fund for Reconciliation, Tolerance and Peace" (PDF). Public document. Amnesty International. 17/Aug/2009. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/025/2009/en/4f6becdc-e532-4f64-a755-c598a6c16e91/mde150252009en.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ A concert for tolerance and peace? For shame! by Chris Selley, National Post, 8 September 2009.
- ^ Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off by Rachelle Kliger, Jerusalem Post, 13 July 2009.
- ^ "Cohen laudes the Bereaved Families for Peace". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLGWXsAp7GA. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Cohen blesses crowd with the Priestly Blessing". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wo9WrFRI0xY. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Music's Top 40 Money Makers". Billboard. 26 February 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/money-makers-page-1-1004071200.story. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen postpones European tour after injury". Nme.com. 6 February 2010. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/49613. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard's 16 albums in Croatian Top 40". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=22807. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Najveci kultruni dogadjaji u Hrvatskoj 2010. godine http://www.vjesnik.hr/pdf/2010/12/28/18A18.PDF (in Croatian)
- ^ "Leonard Cohen at Lissadell House". Lissadellhouse.com. http://www.lissadellhouse.com/cohen.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ by jarkko » 2 November 2009, 7:56 pm (2 November 2009). "Leonard Cohen Tour Dates 2010". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=19806. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen receives the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=253034#p253034. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Re: Leonard Cohen Talks About First New Album of the Decade, by Jarkko Arjatsalo http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=266822#p266822
- ^ "OLD IDEAS - THE NEW ALBUM - January 31, 2012". Leonardcohenforum.com. 22 August 2011. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=282835#p282835. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ Leonard Cohen website
- ^ "Leonard Cohen’s “Going Home”". Culture Desk (The New Yorker). 16 January 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/01/leonard-cohens-going-home-new-song.html. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ By Joe Levy (2012-01-26). "Old Ideas | Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/old-ideas-20120126. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ Kot, Greg (24 January 2012). "Album review: Leonard Cohen, 'Old Ideas'". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-24/entertainment/chi-leonard-cohen-album-review-old-ideas-reviewed-20120124_1_leonard-cohen-album-review-12th-studio-album. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Costa, Maddy (26 January 2012). "Leonard Cohen: Old Ideas – review". Culture > Music (London: The Guardian). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/jan/26/leonard-cohen-old-ideas-review?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (29 January 2012). "Final Reckonings, a Tuneful Fedora and Forgiveness". Music (The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/arts/music/leonard-cohen-reckons-with-god-in-old-ideas.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Arjatsalo, J., Riise, A., & Kurzweil, K. (11 July 2009). A Thousand Covers Deep: Leonard Cohen Covered by Other Artists. The Leonard Cohen Files. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ^ Appleyard, Bryan (9 January 2005)."Hallelujah! — One Haunting Ballad Has Been the Soundtrack to Many Lives Recently. But Why? Bryan Appleyard on Leonard Cohen’s Uber-Song". The Times.
- ^ "1974 Interview from "Leonard Cohen" by Manzano". Webheights.net. 12 October 1974. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/spain1.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ (2001) "Cohen: Lover Lover Lover est né là-bas... Le monde entier a les yeux rivés sur ce conflit tragique et complexe. Alors, je suis fidèle à certaines idées, forcément. J'espère que ceux dont je suis partisan vont gagner.." L'Express, France, 04 octobre 2001
- ^ (1974)[1] 1974 in Barcelona, Spain. Published in 'Leonard Cohen' by Alberto Manzano, published in 1978.
- ^ "For Immediate Release:". News Archive. www.rufuswainwright.com. 02 February 2011. http://www.rufuswainwright.com/news/RW_Archive.aspx#2b042ae6-9780-44dc-8358-c8e038aa81b6:640386. Retrieved 2012-02-20. "Darling daughter Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen was born on February 2, 2011 in Los Angeles, California to proud parents Lorca Cohen, Rufus Wainwright and Deputy Dad Jorn Weisbrodt."
- ^ "Transcript of Stina Lundberg's Interview in Paris, 2001". Webheights.net. 2001. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/sl2001.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,12102,1305765,00.html. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "The Story of Suzanne". BBC Radio 4 interview with Suzanne Verdal McCallister (leonardcohenfiles.com). 6 June 1998. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/verdal.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ "Dominique Issermann". Carla Bruni-Sarkozy. 1 May 2010. http://www.carlabrunisarkozy.org/en/dominique-issermann/. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1988 for the album, 2012 for the website). "I'm Your Man" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album8.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1 June 1993). "Knowing Rebecca de Mornay Like Only Leonard Cohen Can". Interview magazine. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/priv1.htm. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1992 for the album, 2012 for the website). "The Future" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). A Record by Leonard Cohen. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album9.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ The Online Jewish Book Community (JBooks.com) (June 2006). "Book of Longing (Review)". Reviews & Articles. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/bookoflonging/reviews12.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ See Larry Rohter, "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual." The New York Times, 25 February 2009. For an extended discussion of the Jewish mystical and Buddhist motifs in Cohen's songs and poems, see Elliot R. Wolfson, "New Jerusalem Glowing: Songs and Poems of Leonard Cohen in a Kabbalistic Key," Kabbalah: A Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts 15 (2006): 103-152.
- ^ "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?" The Guardian. 17 September 2004.
- ^ "Cohen using Jewish prayers and blessings in Hebrew in his concert in Israel". Forward.com. http://www.forward.com/articles/115181/. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/sep/17/2.
- ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. Order of Canada citation. Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 26 May 2010
- ^ Leopold, Todd (4 February 2008). "Herbie Hancock rides on the 'River'". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/04/herbie.hancock/index.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ "Indictees for 2008". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201220931/http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement/. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Quarante-neuf personnalités nommées ou promues dans l'Ordre national du Québec" (in French). Government of Quebec. 3 June 2008. http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.qc.ca/salle-de-presse/communiques/2008/juin/2008-06-03-en.shtml. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "CBC Radio3 Announces Polaris Prize Longlist", 15 June 2009
- ^ MOJO Honours List 2009: Nominees Announced
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen wins the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=21769&p=229671. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Glenn Gould Prize. Arts Journal
- ^ "Chuck Berry, Leonard Cohen Get First PEN Songwriting Awards". RollingStone Music. 28 February 2012. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/chuck-berry-leonard-cohen-get-first-pen-songwriting-awards-20120227. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ Shanahan, Mark; Goldstein, Meredeth (26 February 2012). "Leonard Cohen and Chuck Berry celebrated at the JFK Library". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/Boston/names/2012/02/leonard-cohen-and-chuck-berry-celebrated-the-jfk-library/pme86jnpLDKP4XYIMJi3XN/index.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "F.R. Scott: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, 7 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Search results: Leonard Cohen, Open Library, Web, 10 May 2011.
- ^ "''Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen''". Nfb.ca. 5 May 2010. http://www.nfb.ca/film/ladies_and_gentlemen_mr_leonard_cohen. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "IMDB.com: Awards for The Ernie Game". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060375/awards. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ "''Leonard Cohen BBC-TV Summer 1968''". Likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com. 31 August 2007. http://likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com/2007/08/leonard-cohen-bbc-tv-summer-1968.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "McCabe and Mrs. Miller". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mccabe.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Bird on a Wire DVD". Leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com. 13 May 2010. http://leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Rockpop Special". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/rockpop.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Songs from the life of Leonard Cohen". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/bbc-life.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Austin City Limits, 1988 & 1993". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/austin.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Cohen, Leonard (1993), Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-2230-1, http://books.google.ca/books?id=9jHBP53SgjkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Ratcliff, Maurice (1999), The complete guide to the music of Leonard Cohen, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-7508-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=JJseVKmKtqwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Scobie, Stephen (2000), Intricate preparations: writing Leonard Cohen, ECW Press, ISBN 1-55022-433-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=MASx22brbYMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Nadel, Ira (1997), Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen' (1st ed.), University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-71732-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Various%20Positions%3A%20A%20Life%20of%20Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Hofmann, Philipp (2010), Corporeal Cartographies: The Body in the Novels of Leonard Cohen, Lit Publishing House, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/3-643-11035-0|3-643-11035-0]], http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-11035-0
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leonard Cohen |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Leonard Cohen |
- Official website
- The Leonard Cohen Files
- Bird on a Wire (1972) at TCM Movie Morlocks
- Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews, Vol. 33 (Fall/Winter, 1993). The Proceedings of the Leonard Cohen Conference, Red Deer College, 22-24 Oct. 1993.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cohen, Leonard Norman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | 21 September 1934 |
| Place of birth | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Roger Waters | |
|---|---|
 Roger Waters in The O2 Arena (London) in 2008 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | George Roger Waters |
| Born | (1943-09-06) 6 September 1943 (age 68) Great Bookham, Surrey, England, United Kingdom |
| Genres | Progressive rock, psychedelic rock, art rock, hard rock, opera |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, composer, producer |
| Instruments | Bass guitar, vocals, guitar, synthesiser, clarinet, trumpet |
| Years active | Since 1964 |
| Labels | Capitol, Columbia, Sony, Harvest |
| Associated acts | Pink Floyd, The Bleeding Heart Band, Sigma 6 |
| Website | roger-waters.com |
| Notable instruments | |
George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. He was a founder member of the progressive rock band Pink Floyd, serving as bassist and co-lead vocalist. Following the departure of bandmate Syd Barrett in 1968, Waters became the band's lyricist, principal songwriter and conceptual leader. The band subsequently achieved worldwide success in the 1970s with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals and The Wall. Although Waters' primary instrument in Pink Floyd was the bass guitar, he also experimented with synthesisers and tape loops and played rhythm guitars in recordings and in concerts. Amid creative differences within the group, Waters left Pink Floyd in 1985 and began a legal battle with the remaining members over their future use of the group's name and material. The dispute was settled out of court in 1987, and nearly eighteen years passed before he performed with Pink Floyd again. It is estimated that as of 2010, the group have sold over 200 million albums worldwide, including 74.5 million units sold in the United States.
Waters' solo career includes three studio albums: The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking (1984), Radio K.A.O.S. (1987) and Amused to Death (1992). In 1986, he contributed songs and a score to the soundtrack of the animated movie When the Wind Blows based on the Raymond Briggs' book of the same name. In 1990, he staged one of the largest and most elaborate rock concerts in history, The Wall – Live in Berlin, with an official attendance of 200,000. In 1996, he was inducted into the US and the UK Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pink Floyd. He has toured extensively as a solo act since 1999 and played The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety for his world tours of 2006–2008. In 2005, he released Ça Ira, an opera in three acts translated from Étienne and Nadine Roda-Gils' libretto based on the early French Revolution. On 2 July 2005, he reunited with Pink Floyd bandmates Nick Mason, Richard Wright and David Gilmour for the Live 8 global awareness event; it was the group's first appearance with Waters in 24 years.
In 2010, he began The Wall Live, a worldwide tour that features a complete performance of The Wall. During this tour, at The O2 Arena in London on 12 May 2011, Gilmour and Mason once again appeared with Waters, Gilmour performing "Comfortably Numb", and Gilmour and Mason joining Waters for "Outside the Wall".
He has been married four times and has three children. In 2004 he became engaged to actress and filmmaker Laurie Durning; the pair married in 2012.
Contents |
Early years (1943–1964)[link]
George Roger Waters was born on 6 September 1943, the younger of two boys,[1] to Mary and Eric Fletcher Waters, in Great Bookham, Surrey.[2] His father, the son of a coal miner and Labour Party activist, was a schoolteacher, a devout Christian, and a Communist Party member.[3] In the early years of the Second World War, his father was a conscientious objector who drove an ambulance during the Blitz.[3] He later changed his stance on pacifism and joined the British Army, and as an officer of the 8th Royal Fusiliers was killed at Anzio in Italy, declared missing or presumed dead on 18 February 1944,[4] when Roger was five months old.[5] Following her husband's death, Mary, also a teacher, moved with her two sons to Cambridge, and raised them there.[6] His earliest memory is of the VJ Day celebrations.[7] Mary died in 2009 at the age of 96.
Waters attended Morley Memorial Junior School in Cambridge, and later the Cambridgeshire High School for Boys (now Hills Road Sixth Form College) with Roger Barrett (later to be known as Syd),[8] while his future musical partner, David Gilmour, lived nearby on the city's Mill Road, and attended The Perse School.[9] At 15 Waters was chairman of the Cambridge Youth Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (YCND),[10] having designed its publicity poster and participated in its organisation.[11] Though he was a keen sportsman and a highly regarded member of the high school's cricket and rugby teams,[12] his educational experience was lacking; according to Waters, "I hated every second of it, apart from games. The regime at school was a very oppressive one ... the same kids who are susceptible to bullying by other kids are also susceptible to bullying by the teachers."[13] Whereas Waters knew Barrett and Gilmour from his youth in Cambridge, he met future Pink Floyd founder members Nick Mason and Richard Wright in London at the Regent Street Polytechnic (later the University of Westminster) school of architecture, where he enrolled in 1962,[1] after a series of aptitude tests indicated he was well-suited to that field, though he had initially considered a career in mechanical engineering.[14]
Subsequent personal life[link]
In 1969, Waters married his childhood girlfriend and "girl next door"[7] Judy Trim, a successful potter; she was shown on the gatefold sleeve of the original release of Ummagumma, but excised from subsequent CD reissues.[15] They had no children together and were divorced in 1975.[2] She later remarried; and died on 9 January 2001.[16] In 1976 he married Lady Carolyne Christie,[2] the niece of the Marquess of Zetland. His marriage to Christie produced a son, Harry Waters, a musician who has played keyboards with his father's touring band since 2006,[17] and a daughter, the model India Waters.[18] Through Harry, he has grandchildren.[7] Christie and Waters were divorced in 1992.[2] In 1993 he married Priscilla Phillips;[19] their marriage ended in 2001. In 2004 he became engaged to actress and filmmaker Laurie Durning, and the two wed on 14 January 2012.[20]
Pink Floyd (1965–1985)[link]
Main article: Pink Floyd
Formation and Barrett-led period[link]
By September 1963, Waters and Mason were losing interest in their studies[21] and they moved into the lower flat of Stanhope Gardens, owned by Mike Leonard, a part-time tutor at the Regent Street Polytechnic.[22] Waters, Mason and Wright first played music together in the autumn of 1963,[23] in a group formed by vocalist Keith Noble and bassist Clive Metcalfe.[24] The group usually called themselves Sigma 6, but they also used the name the Meggadeaths.[11] Waters played rhythm guitar and Mason played drums, Wright played on any keyboard he could arrange to use,[25] and Noble's sister Sheilagh provided an occasional vocal accompaniment.[23] In the early years the band performed during private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of Regent Street Polytechnic.[26]
When Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own group in September 1963,[27] the remaining members asked Barrett and guitar player Bob Klose to join.[28] By January 1964, the group became known as the Abdabs, or the Screaming Abdabs.[28] During the autumn of 1964, the band used the names Leonard's Lodgers, Spectrum Five, and eventually, the Tea Set.[29] Sometime during the autumn of 1965, the Tea Set began calling itself the Pink Floyd Sound, later, the Pink Floyd, and by early 1966,[30] Pink Floyd.[31]
By early 1966 Barrett was Pink Floyd's front-man, guitarist, and songwriter.[32] He wrote or co-wrote all but one track of their debut LP The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, released in August 1967.[33] Waters contributed the song "Take Up Thy Stethoscope and Walk" (his first sole writing credit) to the album.[34] However, by late 1967, Barrett's deteriorating mental health and increasingly erratic behaviour,[35] rendered him "unable or unwilling"[36] to continue in his capacity as Pink Floyd's singer-songwriter and lead guitarist.[33] Working with Barrett eventually proved too difficult, so in early March 1968 Pink Floyd met with managers Peter Jenner and Andrew King of Blackhill Enterprises to discuss the band's future. Barrett agreed to leave Pink Floyd, and the band "agreed to Blackhill's entitlement in perpetuity" with regard to "past activities".[37] The band's new manager Steve O'Rourke made a formal announcement about the departure of Barrett and the arrival of David Gilmour in April 1968.[38]
Waters-led period[link]
Filling the void left by Barrett's departure in March 1968, Waters began to chart Pink Floyd's artistic direction. He became the principal songwriter, lyricist, and co-lead vocalist (along with Gilmour, and at times, Wright), and would remain the band's dominant creative figure until his departure in 1985.[39] He wrote the lyrics to the five Pink Floyd albums preceding his own departure, starting with The Dark Side of the Moon (1973) and ending with The Final Cut (1983), while exerting progressively more creative control over the band and its music. Every Roger Waters studio album since The Dark Side of the Moon has been a concept album[40] With lyrics written entirely by Waters, The Dark Side of the Moon was one of the most commercially successful rock albums of all time. It spent 736 straight weeks on the Billboard 200 chart until July 1988 and sold over 40 million copies worldwide. It was continuing to sell over 8,000 units every week as of 2005.[41] According to Pink Floyd biographer Glen Povey, Dark Side is the world's second best-selling album, and the United States' 21st best-selling album of all time.[42]
Waters produced thematic ideas that became the impetus for the Pink Floyd concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), and The Wall (1979)—written largely by Waters—and The Final Cut (1983)—written entirely by Waters.[43] He referred or alluded to the cost of war and the loss of his father throughout his work, from "Corporal Clegg" (A Saucerful Of Secrets, 1968) and "Free Four" (Obscured By Clouds, 1972) to "Us and Them" from The Dark Side of the Moon, "When the Tigers Broke Free", first used in the feature film, The Wall (1982), later included with "The Fletcher Memorial Home" on The Final Cut, an album dedicated to his father.[44] The theme and composition of The Wall was influenced by his upbringing in an English society depleted of men after the Second World War.[45]
I think things like "Comfortably Numb" were the last embers of mine and Roger's ability to work collaboratively together.
“
”
David Gilmour[46]
The double album The Wall was written almost entirely by Waters and is largely based on his life story,[47] and having sold over 23 million RIAA certified units in the US as of 2010, is one of the top three best-selling albums of all-time in America, according to RIAA.[48] Pink Floyd hired Bob Ezrin to co-produce the album, and cartoonist Gerald Scarfe to illustrate the album's sleeve art.[49] The band embarked on The Wall Tour of LA, New York, London and Dortmund. The last band performance of The Wall was on 16 June 1981, at Earls Court London, and this was Pink Floyd's last appearance with Waters until the band's brief reunion at 2 July 2005 Live 8 concert in London's Hyde Park, 24 years later.[50]
In March 1983, the last Waters–Gilmour–Mason collaboration, The Final Cut, was released. The album was subtitled: "A requiem for the post-war dream by Roger Waters, performed by Pink Floyd".[51] Waters is credited with writing all the lyrics as well as all the music on the album. His lyrics to the album were critical of the Conservative Party government of the day and mention Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher by name.[52] At the time Gilmour did not have any material for the album, so he asked Waters to delay the recording until he could write some songs, but Waters refused.[53] According to Mason, after power struggles within the band and creative arguments about the album, Gilmour's name "disappeared" from the production credits, though he retained his pay.[54] Rolling Stone magazine gave the album five stars, with Kurt Loder calling it "a superlative achievement"[55] and "art rock's crowning masterpiece".[56] Loder viewed the work as "essentially a Roger Waters solo album".[57]
Amidst creative differences within the group, Waters left Pink Floyd in 1985, and began a legal battle with the remaining band members regarding their continued use of the name and material.[58] In December 1985 Waters "issued a statement to EMI and CBS invoking the 'Leaving Member' clause" on his contract. In October 1986, he initiated High Court proceedings to formally dissolve the Pink Floyd partnership. In his submission to the High Court he called Pink Floyd a "spent force creatively".[59] Gilmour and Mason opposed the application and announced their intention to continue as Pink Floyd. Waters claims to have been forced to resign much like Wright some years earlier, and he decided to leave Pink Floyd based on legal considerations, stating " ... because, if I hadn't, the financial repercussions would have wiped me out completely."[60] In December 1987, an agreement between Waters and Pink Floyd was reached.[58] According to Mason:
| “ | We eventually formalised a settlement with Roger. On Christmas Eve, 1987, ... David and Roger convened for a summit meeting on the houseboat [the Astoria] with Jerome Walton, David's accountant. Jerome painstakingly typed out the bones of a settlement. Essentially—although there was far more complex detail—the arrangement allowed Roger to be freed from his arrangement with Steve [O'Rourke], and David and me to continue working under the name Pink Floyd. In the end the court accepted Jerome's version as the final and binding document and duly stamped it.[61] | ” |
Waters was released from his contractual obligation with O'Rourke, and he retained the copyrights to The Wall concept and his trademarked inflatable pig.[62] The Gilmour-led Pink Floyd released two studio albums: A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987), and The Division Bell (1994). As of 2006, it is estimated that Pink Floyd have sold over 200 million albums worldwide,[63] including 74.5 million RIAA certified units sold in the US.[64]
Solo career (1984 on)[link]
1984–1996[link]
Following the release of The Final Cut, Waters embarked on a solo career that produced three concept albums and a movie soundtrack. In 1984, he released his first solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, a project about a man's dreams across one night that dealt with Waters' feelings about his failed marriage to Judy Trim, sex, and the pros and cons of monogamy and family life versus "the call of the wild".[65] In the end the character, Reg, chooses love and matrimony over promiscuity. The album featured guitarist Eric Clapton, jazz saxophonist David Sanborn, and artwork by Scarfe.[65] Rolling Stone's Kurt Loder described The Pros And Cons of Hitch Hiking as a "strangely static, faintly hideous record",[66] Rolling Stone rated the album a "rock bottom" one star."[65] Years later, Mike DeGagne of Allmusic praised the album for its, "ingenious symbolism" and "brilliant use of stream of consciousness within a subconscious realm", rating it four out of five stars.[67] Waters began touring the new album aided by Clapton, a new band, new material, and a selection of Pink Floyd favourites. Waters débuted his tour in Stockholm on 16 June 1984. Poor ticket sales plagued the tour,[68] and some of the larger venues had to be cancelled. By his own estimate, he lost £400,000 on the tour.[69] In March 1985, Waters went to North America to play smaller venues with the Pros and Cons Plus Some Old Pink Floyd Stuff — North America Tour 1985. The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking has been certified Gold by the RIAA.[70]
In 1986, Waters contributed songs and a score to the soundtrack of the animated movie When the Wind Blows, based on the Raymond Briggs book of the same name. His backing band featuring Paul Carrack was credited as The Bleeding Heart Band.[71] In 1987, Waters released Radio K.A.O.S., a concept album based on a mute man named Billy from an impoverished Welsh mining town who has the ability to physically tune into radio waves in his head. Billy first learns to communicate with a radio DJ, and eventually to control the world's computers. Angry at the state of the world in which he lives, he simulates a nuclear attack. Waters followed the release with a supporting tour also in 1987.[72]
In November 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, and in July 1990 Waters staged one of the largest and most elaborate rock concerts in history,[73] The Wall – Live in Berlin, on the vacant terrain between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate. The show reported an official attendance of 200,000, though some estimates are as much as twice that, with approximately one billion television viewers.[74] Leonard Cheshire asked him to do the concert to raise funds for charity. Waters' group of musicians included Joni Mitchell, Van Morrison, Cyndi Lauper, Bryan Adams, Scorpions, and Sinéad O'Connor. Waters also used an East German symphony orchestra and choir, a Soviet marching band, and a pair of helicopters from the US 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron. Designed by Mark Fisher, the Wall was 25 metres tall and 170 metres long and was built across the set. Scarfe's inflatable puppets were recreated on an enlarged scale, and although many rock icons received invitations to the show, Gilmour, Mason, and Wright, did not.[75] Waters released a concert double album of the performance which has been certified platinum by RIAA.[70]
In 1990, Waters hired manager Mark Fenwick and left EMI for a worldwide deal with Columbia. He released his third studio album, Amused to Death, in 1992. The record is heavily influenced by the events of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the Gulf War, and a critique of the notion of war becoming the subject of entertainment, particularly on television. The title was derived from the book Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman. Patrick Leonard, who had also worked on A Momentary Lapse of Reason, co-produced the album. Jeff Beck played lead guitar on many of the album's tracks, which were recorded with an impressive cast of musicians at ten different recording studios.[76] It is Waters' most critically acclaimed solo recording, garnering some comparison to his previous work with Pink Floyd.[77] Waters described the record as a, "stunning piece of work", ranking the album with Dark Side Of The Moon and The Wall as one of the best of his career.[78] The album had one hit, the song "What God Wants, Pt. 1", which reached number 35 in the UK in September 1992 and number 5 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the US.[79] Amused to Death was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry.[80] Sales of Amused to Death topped out at around one million and there was no tour in support of the album. Waters would first perform material from it seven years later during his In the Flesh tour.[81] In 1996, Waters was inducted into the US and UK Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pink Floyd.[82]
1999–2004[link]
In 1999, after a nearly 12-year hiatus from touring, and a 7-year absence from the music industry, Waters embarked on the In the Flesh Tour, performing both solo and Pink Floyd material. The tour was a financial success in the US and though Waters had booked mostly smaller venues, tickets sold so well that many of the concerts were upgraded to larger ones.[83] The tour eventually stretched across the world and would span three years. A concert film was released on CD and DVD, named In the Flesh Live. During the tour, he played two new songs "Flickering Flame" and "Each Small Candle" as the final encore to many of the shows. In June 2002, he completed the tour with a performance in front of 70,000 people at the Glastonbury Festival of Performing Arts, playing 15 Pink Floyd songs and five songs from his solo catalogue.[83]
Miramax announced in mid-2004 that a production of The Wall was to appear on Broadway with Waters playing a prominent role in the creative direction. Reports stated that the musical contained not only the original tracks from The Wall, but also songs from Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here and other Pink Floyd albums, as well as new material.[84] On the night of 1 May 2004, recorded extracts from the opera, including its overture, were played on the occasion of the Welcome Europe celebrations in the accession country of Malta. Gert Hof mixed recorded excerpts from the opera into a continuous piece of music which was played as an accompaniment to a large light and fireworks display over Grand Harbour in Valletta.[85] In July 2004, Waters released two new tracks on the Internet: "To Kill the Child", inspired by the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and "Leaving Beirut", "inspired by his travels in the Middle East as a teenager".[86] The lyrics to "Leaving Beirut" are highly critical of former US President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
2005–present[link]
In July 2005, Waters reunited with Mason, Wright, and Gilmour for what would be their final performance together at the 2005 Live 8 concert in London's Hyde Park, Pink Floyd's only appearance with Waters since their final performance of The Wall at Earls Court London 24 years earlier.[87] They played a 23-minute set consisting of "Speak to Me/Breathe"/"Breathe (Reprise)", "Money", "Wish You Were Here", and "Comfortably Numb". Waters told the Associated Press that while the experience of playing with Pink Floyd again was positive, the chances of a bona fide reunion would be "slight" considering his and Gilmour's continuing musical and ideological differences.[88] Though Waters had differing ideas about which songs they should play, he "agreed to roll over for one night only",[89] Gilmour told the Associated Press, "The rehearsals convinced me it wasn't something I wanted to be doing a lot of. There have been all sorts of farewell moments in people's lives and careers which they have then rescinded, but I think I can fairly categorically say that there won't be a tour or an album again that I take part in. It isn't to do with animosity or anything like that. It's just that ... I've been there, I've done it."[90] In November 2005, Pink Floyd were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame by Pete Townshend of The Who.[91]
In September 2005, he released Ça Ira (pronounced [sa iˈʁa], French for "it will be fine"; Waters added the subtitle, "There is Hope"), an opera in three acts translated from the late Étienne Roda-Gil's French libretto based on the historical subject of the French Revolution.[92] Ça Ira was released as a double CD album, featuring baritone Bryn Terfel, soprano Ying Huang and tenor Paul Groves.[93] Set during the early French Revolution, the original libretto was co-written in French by Roda-Gil and his wife Nadine Delahaye. Waters had begun rewriting the libretto in English in 1989,[94] and said about the composition: "I've always been a big fan of Beethoven's choral music, Berlioz and Borodin ... This is unashamedly romantic and resides in that early 19th-century tradition, because that's where my tastes lie in classical and choral music."[95] Waters appeared on television to discuss the opera, but the interviews often focused instead on his relationship with Pink Floyd, something Waters would "take in stride", a sign Pink Floyd biographer Mark Blake believes to be, "a testament to his mellower old age or twenty years of dedicated psychotherapy".[95] Ça Ira reached number 5 on the Billboard Classical Music Chart in the United States.[96]
In June 2006, he commenced The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour, a two-year, world-spanning effort that began in Europe in June and North America in September. The first half of the show featured both Pink Floyd songs and Waters' solo material, while the second half included a complete live performance of the 1973 Pink Floyd album The Dark Side of the Moon, the first time in over three decades that Waters had performed the album. The shows ended with an encore from the third side of The Wall. He utilised elaborate staging by concert lighting designer Marc Brickman complete with laser lights, fog machines, flame throwers, psychedelic projections, and inflatable floating puppets (Spaceman and Pig) controlled by a "handler" dressed as a butcher, and a full 360-degree quadraphonic sound system was used. Nick Mason joined Waters for The Dark Side of the Moon set and the encores on select 2006 tour dates.[97] Waters continued touring in January 2007 in Australia and New Zealand, then Asia, Europe, South America, and back to North America in June.
In March 2007, the Waters song, "Hello (I Love You)" was featured in the science fiction film The Last Mimzy. The song plays over the film's end credits. He released it as a single, on CD and via download, and described it as, "a song that captures the themes of the movie, the clash between humanity's best and worst instincts, and how a child's innocence can win the day".[98] He performed at California's Coachella Festival in April 2008 and was to be among the headlining artists performing at Live Earth 2008 in Mumbai, India in December 2008,[99] but that concert was cancelled in light of the 26 November terrorist attacks in Mumbai.[100]
_-_01.jpg)
He confirmed the possibility of an upcoming solo album which "might be called" Heartland, and has said he has numerous songs written (some already recorded) that he intends to release when they are a complete album.[101] In June 2010, Waters released a cover of "We Shall Overcome", a protest song derived from the refrain of a gospel hymn published by Charles Albert Tindley in 1901. He performed with David Gilmour at the Hoping Foundation Benefit Evening in July 2010.[102] The four-song set included: "To Know Him Is to Love Him", which was played in early Pink Floyd sound checks, followed by "Wish You Were Here", "Comfortably Numb", and "Another Brick in the Wall (Part Two)".[103]
In September 2010, he commenced The Wall Live tour, an updated version of the original Pink Floyd shows, featuring a complete performance of The Wall.[104] According to Cole Moreton of the Daily Mail, "The touring version of Pink Floyd's The Wall is one of the most ambitious and complex rock shows ever ...",[105] and it is estimated that the tour cost £37 million to stage.[105] Waters told the Associated Press that The Wall Tour will likely be his last, stating: "I'm not as young as I used to be. I'm not like B.B. King, or Muddy Waters. I'm not a great vocalist or a great instrumentalist or whatever, but I still have the fire in my belly, and I have something to say. I have a swan song in me and I think this will probably be it."[106] At the O2 Arena in London on 12 May 2011, Gilmour and Mason once again appeared with Waters and Gilmour performing "Comfortably Numb", and Gilmour and Mason joining Waters for "Outside the Wall".[107]
Activism[link]
After the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and subsequent tsunami disaster, Waters performed "Wish You Were Here" with Eric Clapton during a benefit concert on the American network NBC.[108] He was outspoken against the Hunting Act of 2004, and performed a concert for, and attended marches supporting, the Countryside Alliance. Waters explained:
I've become disenchanted with the political and philosophical atmosphere in England. The anti-hunting bill was enough for me to leave England. I did what I could, I did a concert and one or two articles, but it made me feel ashamed to be English. I was in Hyde Park for both the Countryside Alliance marches. There were hundreds of thousands of us there. Good, honest English people. That's one of the most divisive pieces of legislation we've ever had in Great Britain. It's not a case of whether or not I agree with fox hunting, but I will defend to the hilt their right to take part in it.[86]
In October 2005, he clarified: "I come back to the UK quite often. I didn't leave as a protest against the hunting ban; I was following a child in the wake of a divorce."[109] After leaving Britain, he moved to Long Island in New York with his fiancé Laurie Durning.[110] In July 2007, he played on the American leg of the Live Earth concert, an international multi-venue concert aimed at raising awareness about global climate change, featuring the Trenton Youth Choir and his trademarked inflatable pig. Waters told David Fricke why he thinks The Wall is still relevant today:
The loss of a father is the central prop on which [The Wall] stands. As the years go by, children lose their fathers again and again, for nothing. You see it now with all these fathers, good men and true, who lost their lives and limbs in Iraq for no reason at all. I've done Bring The Boys Back Home in my encore on recent tours. It feels more relevant and poignant to be singing that song now than it did in 1979.[111]
In 2007, Waters became a spokesman for Millennium Promise, a non-profit organisation that helps fight extreme poverty and malaria. He wrote an opinion piece for CNN in support of the topic.[112] Waters has been outspoken about Middle Eastern politics and in June 2009, he openly opposed the Israeli separation barrier, calling it an "obscenity" that "should be torn down".[113] In December 2009, Waters pledged his support to the Gaza Freedom March[114] and in March 2011, he announced that he had joined the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement against Israel.[115]
Equipment and instruments[link]
Waters' primary instrument in Pink Floyd was the electric bass guitar. He briefly played a Höfner bass but replaced it with a Rickenbacker RM-1999/4001S,[28] until 1970 when it was stolen along with the rest of the band's equipment in New Orleans. He began using Fender Precision Basses in 1968, originally alongside the Rickenbacker, and then exclusively after the Rickenbacker was lost in 1970. First seen at a concert in Hyde Park, London in July 1970, the black P-Bass was rarely used until April 1972 when it became his main stage guitar and as of 2 October 2010, the basis for a Fender Artist Signature model.[116] Waters endorses RotoSound Jazz Bass 77 flat-wound strings.[117] Throughout his career he has used Selmer, WEM, Hiwatt and Ashdown amplifiers but has recently settled on using Ampeg for the last few major tours, also employing delay, tremolo, chorus, stereo panning and phaser effects in his bass playing.[118]
Waters experimented with the EMS Synthi A and VCS 3 synthesisers on Pink Floyd pieces such as "On the Run",[119] "Welcome to the Machine",[120] and "In the Flesh?"[121] He played electric and acoustic guitar on Pink Floyd tracks using Fender, Martin, Ovation and Washburn guitars.[118] He played electric guitar on the Pink Floyd song "Sheep", from Animals,[122] and acoustic guitar on several Pink Floyd recordings, such as "Pigs on the Wing 1 & 2", also from Animals,[123] "Southampton Dock" from The Final Cut,[124] and on "Mother" from The Wall.[125] A Binson Echorec 2 echo effect was used on his bass-guitar lead track "One of These Days".[126] Waters has also played clarinet and trumpet during concert performances of "Outside the Wall".[127]
Discography[link]
Main article: Roger Waters discography
See also: Pink Floyd discography
- Music from The Body (with Ron Geesin) (1970)
- The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking (1984)
- When the Wind Blows (various artists soundtrack) (1986)
- Radio K.A.O.S. (1987)
- The Wall – Live in Berlin (1990)
- Amused to Death (1992)
- In the Flesh – Live (2000)
- Flickering Flame: The Solo Years Volume 1 (2002)
- Ça Ira (2005)
Citations[link]
- ^ a b Povey 2008, p. 320
- ^ a b c d Fitch 2005, p. 335
- ^ a b Blake 2008, p. 13
- ^ "Casualty Details". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2099066. Retrieved 1 Feb 2012.
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 13–14
- ^ Manning 2006, pp. 5–6
- ^ a b c "Desert Island Discs, Roger Waters". BBC Radio 4. 29 May 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011j39v. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Watkinson & Anderson 1991, p. 15
- ^ Watkinson & Anderson 1991, p. 18
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 12–13
- ^ a b Povey 2008, p. 13
- ^ Watkinson & Anderson 1991, p. 23
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 14–19
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 36
- ^ Mabbett 2010, p. 50
- ^ Cooper, Emmanuel (25 January 2001). "Judy Trim". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/judy-trim-728769.html. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ Povey 2008, pp. 335–339
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 258
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 348
- ^ MacNeil, Jason. "Roger Waters Marries Laurie Durning, Talks of 'Clinging to Pink Floyd Trademark'". spinner.com. http://www.spinner.com/2012/01/19/roger-waters-marries-laurie-durning-pink-floyd/. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 40
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 20
- ^ a b Mason 2005, p. 17
- ^ Manning 2006, p. 13
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 17–18
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 13–18
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 18
- ^ a b c Povey 2008, p. 14
- ^ Povey 2008, pp. 18, 28
- ^ Povey 2008, p. 32
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 30–37
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 87
- ^ a b Mason 2005, pp. 87–107
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 91
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 90–114
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 129
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 105
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 106
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 106–107, 160–161, 265, 278
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 3, 9, 113, 156, 242, 279, 320, 398
- ^ Titus, Christa; Waddell, Ray (2005). "Floyd's 'Dark Side' Celebrates Chart Milestone". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/news/floyd-s-dark-side-celebrates-chart-milestone-1002463719.story#/news/floyd-s-dark-side-celebrates-chart-milestone-1002463719.story. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ Povey 2008, p. 345
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 265–269
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 294
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 294–295, 351
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 275
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 260
- ^ "RIAA GOLD & PLATINUM Top 100 Albums". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTop100. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 260–261
- ^ Povey & Russell 1997, p. 185
- ^ Povey 2008, p. 230
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 294–299
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 295
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 264–270
- ^ Schaffner 1991, p. 262
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 300
- ^ Loder, Kurt (14 April 1983). "Pink Floyd: The Final Cut (Toshiba)". Rolling Stone.com. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/3045/22114. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ a b Povey 2008, pp. 240–241
- ^ Povey 2008, pp. 221, 237, 240–241, 246
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 312–313
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 293–294
- ^ Manning 2006, pp. 139
- ^ Manning 2006, p. V
- ^ "Top Selling Artists". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ a b c Schaffner 1991, pp. 272–273
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 305–306
- ^ DeGagne, Mike. "The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r21602. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 332–333
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 309
- ^ a b "RIAA Certifications". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Roger%20Waters&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Fitch 2005, p. 36
- ^ Manning 2006, p. 131
- ^ Povey & Russell 1997, pp. 246–247
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 346
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 342–347
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 348–349
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 347–352
- ^ Manning 2006, pp. 141, 252
- ^ "Roger Waters: Billboard Singles". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/roger-waters-p5795/charts-awards/billboard-singles. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
- ^ "BPI Certifications". British Phonographic Industry. http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Povey 2008, pp. 323–324
- ^ "Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Pink Floyd". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. http://rockhall.com/inductees/pink-floyd/timeline/. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ a b Povey 2008, pp. 329–334
- ^ "Pink Floyd's Wall Broadway bound". BBC News. 5 August 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3539908.stm. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Povey 2008, p. 334
- ^ a b Blake 2008, p. 391
- ^ Povey 2008, pp. 237, 266–267
- ^ Shaffner 1991, p. 308
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 382–383
- ^ "Gilmour says no Pink Floyd reunion". MSNBC. 9 September 2008. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26628516. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 386
- ^ Tsioulcas, Anastasia (27 August 2005). Waters' New Concept. Billboard. p. 45. http://books.google.com/?id=-BIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=ca+ira+Nadine+Roda-Gil#v=onepage&q=ca%20ira%20Nadine%20Roda-Gil&f=false. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ Povey 2008, pp. 324–325
- ^ Manning 2006, p. 256
- ^ a b Blake 2008, p. 392
- ^ "Roger Waters: Ca Ira". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts#/artist/roger-waters/chart-history/5989?f=900&g=Albums&sort=date. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ Povey 2008, pp. 319, 334–338
- ^ "Reminder – Pink Floyd Rock Icon Roger Waters Records "Hello (I Love You)", an Original Song for New Line Cinema's "The Last Mimzy"". Marketwire. January 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200701/ai_n17103978/. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "Pink Floyd's Roger Waters to join Bon Jovi at Live Earth India". NME News. 21 November 2008. http://www.nme.com/news/roger-waters/41209. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Michaels, Sean (1 December 2008). "Live Earth India cancelled after Mumbai attacks". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/dec/01/live-earth-india-cancelled. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ Brown, Mark (25 April 2008). "Read the complete Roger Waters interview". Rocky Mountain News. http://blogs.rockymountainnews.com/rocky_mountain_music/2008/04/read_the_complete_roger_waters.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ Youngs, Ian (15 October 2010). "Pink Floyd may get back together for charity". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11556101. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ^ Kreps, David (12 July 2010). "Pink Floyd's Gilmour and Waters Stun Crowd With Surprise Reunion". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/pink-floyds-gilmour-and-waters-stun-crowd-with-surprise-reunion-20100712. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ Jones, Rebecca (27 May 2010). "Pink Floyd's Roger Waters revisits The Wall". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8707442.stm. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ^ a b Moreton, Cole (7 November 2010). "Backstage with Roger Waters as he prepares for The Wall spectacular $60 million live show". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1327045/Roger-Waters-Backstage-prepares-The-Wall-live-show.html?ito=feeds-newsxml. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ Butler, Will (12 April 2010). "Roger Waters Revisits 'The Wall' For Final Anniversary Tour". NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/allsongs/2010/04/roger_waters_revisits_the_wall.html. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
- ^ "Pink Floyd bandmates reunite at Roger Waters concert". www.viagogo.com. 16 May 2011. http://www.viagogo.co.uk/News/Pink-Floyd-bandmates-reunite-at-Roger-Waters-concert/_A-1710. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ "Stars lend a hand for tsunami relief". MSNBC. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/6828271. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Roger Waters: French Revolution". The Independent. 4 October 2005. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/roger-waters-french-revolution-509524.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ Blake 2008, pp. 391–392
- ^ Fricke 2009, p. 74
- ^ Waters, Roger (11 June 2007). "Waters: Something can be done about extreme poverty". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/06/08/waters.commentary/index.html. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ Thil, Scott (2 June 2009). "Roger Waters to Israel: Tear Down the Wall". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/underwire/2009/06/roger-waters-to-israel-tear-down-the-wall/. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ "EXCLUSIVE...Pink Floyd's Roger Waters Speaks Out in Support of Gaza Freedom March, Blasts Israeli-Egyptian "Siege" of Gaza". Democracy Now!. 30 December 2009. http://www.democracynow.org/2009/12/30/roger_waters. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ Goodman, Amy (6 March 2011). "Roger Waters voices support for Israel boycott". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/culture/roger-waters-voices-support-for-israel-boycott-1.347411. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ "Roger Waters Precision Bass". Fender.com. http://www.fender.com/products/search.php?partno=0147000306. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ "Rotosound Endorsees". Rotosound. http://www.rotosound.com/endorsees.php. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ a b Fitch 2005, pp. 416–430, 441–445
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 169
- ^ Fitch 2005, p. 324
- ^ Fitch & Mahon 2006, p. 71
- ^ Fitch 2005, p. 285
- ^ Fitch 2005, pp. 241–242
- ^ Fitch 2005, p. 295
- ^ Fitch 2005, p. 213
- ^ Mabbett 1995, p. 39
- ^ Fitch 2005, p. 232
Sources[link]
- Blake, Mark (2008). Comfortably Numb: The Inside Story of Pink Floyd (1st US paperback ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81752-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=hKXhLoWCPQ8C&dq.
- Fitch, Vernon (2005). The Pink Floyd Encyclopedia (Third ed.). London: Collector's Guide Publishing, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-894959-24-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=HNkiAQAAIAAJ&q.
- Fitch, Vernon; Mahon, Richard (2006). Comfortably Numb-A History of "The Wall" - Pink Floyd 1978–1981 (1st ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida: PFA Publishing, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-9777366-0-7.
- Fricke, David (December 2009). "Roger Waters: Welcome to my Nightmare ... Behind The Wall". Mojo Magazine (London: Emap Metro) 193: pp.68–84.
- Mabbett, Andy (1995). The complete guide to the music of Pink Floyd (1st UK paperback ed.). London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-4301-8.
- Mabbett, Andy (2010). Pink Floyd – The Music and the Mystery (1st UK paperback ed.). London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84938-370-7.
- Manning, Toby (2006). The Rough Guide to Pink Floyd (1st US paperback ed.). London: Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84353-575-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=yHsZAQAAIAAJ&q.
- Mason, Nick (2005). Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd (1st US paperback ed.). San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-4824-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=idOGghPNM6UC&dq.
- Povey, Glen (2008). Echoes: the complete history of Pink Floyd (2nd UK paperback ed.). London: 3C Publishing Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-9554624-1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=qnnl3FnO-B4C&dq.
- Povey, Glen; Russell, Ian (1997). Pink Floyd: in the flesh, the complete performance history (1st US paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-9554624-0-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=KrOPQni4yTsC&dq.
- Scarfe, Gerald (2010). The Making of Pink Floyd: The Wall (1st US paperback ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81997-1.
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1991). Saucerful of Secrets: the Pink Floyd odyssey (1st US paperback ed.). New York: Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-385-30684-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=xfqremepxrkC&dq.
- Watkinson, Mike; Anderson, Pete (1991). Crazy diamond: Syd Barrett & the dawn of Pink Floyd (1st UK paperback ed.). London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84609-739-3.
Further reading[link]
- Di Perna, Alan (2002). Guitar World Presents Pink Floyd. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-03286-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=nQ1f7Vasrv8C&dq.
- Fitch, Vernon (2001). Pink Floyd: The Press Reports 1966–1983. Ontario: Collector's Guide Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-896522-72-2.
- Harris, John (2005). The Dark Side of the Moon: The Making of the Pink Floyd Masterpiece. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-81342-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=8ioY6m4EHKkC&dq.
- Hiatt, Brian (September 2010). Back to The Wall. 1114. Rolling Stone. pp. pp. 50–57.
- MacDonald, Bruno (1997). Pink Floyd: through the eyes of ... the band, its fans, friends, and foes. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80780-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=b7J3K2snuhAC&dq.
- Mabbett, Andy; Mabbett, Miles (1994). Pink Floyd : the visual documentary. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-1444-5.
- Miles, Barry (1982). Pink Floyd: A Visual Documentary by Miles. New York: Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-399-41001-7.
- Simmons, Sylvie (December 1999). "Pink Floyd: The Making of The Wall". Mojo Magazine (London: Emap Metro) 73: pp. 76–95.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Roger Waters |
Media related to Roger Waters at Wikimedia Commons
- Roger Waters Official website
- Roger Waters Facebook page to support The Wall live tour 2010–2012
- Roger Waters Tour and Tickets 2012
- Roger Waters Blog
- Roger Waters companies grouped at OpenCorporates
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Waters, Roger |
| Alternative names | Waters, George Roger |
| Short description | British Musician |
| Date of birth | 6 September 1943 |
| Place of birth | Surrey, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Mark Lanegan | |
|---|---|
| Lanegan performing live in 2009. Lanegan performing live in 2009. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mark William Lanegan |
| Born | (1964-11-25) November 25, 1964 (age 47) Ellensburg, Washington, United States |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Genres | Alternative rock, psychedelic rock, grunge, blues |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, vocalist |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, violin, keyboard, drum machine |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Labels | Sub Pop, Beggars Banquet, 4AD |
| Associated acts | Screaming Trees, Queens of the Stone Age, Isobel Campbell, Soulsavers, The Gutter Twins, Mad Season |
| Website | marklanegan.com |
Mark Lanegan (born November 25, 1964) is an American alternative rock musician and singer-songwriter. Born and raised in Ellensburg, Washington, Lanegan began his musical career in 1985, forming the grunge band Screaming Trees with Gary Lee Conner, Van Conner and Mark Pickerel. During his time in the band, Lanegan also started a low-key solo career and released his first solo studio album, The Winding Sheet, in 1990. Since 1990, he has released a further six studio albums and has received critical recognition and moderate commercial success.
Lanegan has also collaborated with various artists and bands throughout his career. Following the dissolution of The Screaming Trees in 2000, he became a member of Queens of the Stone Age and is featured on three of the band's albums—Rated R (2000), Songs for the Deaf (2002) and Lullabies to Paralyze (2005). Lanegan also formed The Gutter Twins with Greg Dulli in 2003, released three collaboration albums with former Belle and Sebastian singer Isobel Campbell, and contributed to releases by Melissa Auf der Maur, Martina Topley Bird, Creature with the Atom Brain, Bomb the Bass, Soulsavers and Mad Season.
Lanegan has a distinctive baritone voice that has been described "as scratchy as a three-day beard yet as supple and pliable as moccasin leather"[1] and compared to Tom Waits.[2]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
In 1996, during an interview for Pacific Northwest periodical "The Rocket", he said that he drove a combine.[3] It is known that he came from a 'dysfunctional' family that he tried to avoid, and was heavily into drugs by the age of 18, having already been arrested and sentenced to one year's imprisonment for drug-related crimes.[4] He managed to get out of jail by taking a year-long rehab course. Around this time he met and befriended Van Conner with whom he would eventually form the Screaming Trees. At this point his relationship with the Conner brothers was restricted to talking about music and working for their parents' electronics hardware store.
Musical career[link]
Screaming Trees (1985–2000)[link]
Along with Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Nirvana, Screaming Trees were part of Seattle's emerging grunge scene in the early 1990s. The band was formed in 1985 by Mark Lanegan, guitarist Gary Lee Conner, bassist Van Conner and Mark Pickerel.[5] Mark Pickerel would later be replaced with Barrett Martin. Lanegan said "I was such a shitty drummer that they made me sing."[3] The band signed to Sub Pop, releasing the Other Worlds EP in 1985 (Originally available only in a cassette format, the album was re-released on CD and LP by SST Records in 1987).[5] Though the band was being courted by major labels, in 1985 they signed to Velvetone records to release their debut album, Clairvoyance.[5] Musically the album is a combination of psychedelic music and hard rock, while it bears many similarities to early grunge.[5]
In 1987, the band released their second effort, and their first for SST Records, Even If and Especially When.[5] After the release of the album in 1987 the band began working on the American indie circuit, playing shows across the US.[5] Their follow up album was Invisible Lantern released in 1988. Buzz Factory was the fourth full-length album by Screaming Trees and their final record released through SST released in 1989.
In 1991, the band released their fifth effort, and their first for a major label.[5] Uncle Anesthesia was released in 1991 and was produced by Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell.[5] Uncle Anesthesia included the single "Bed of Roses", which gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations. The song peaked at number 23 on the modern rock tracks and was the first Screaming Trees release to chart.[6] Barrett Martin replaced previous drummer Pickerel and the new line up recorded Sweet Oblivion in 1992.[5]
Sweet Oblivion was the band's breakout album and included the singles "Nearly Lost You", "Dollar Bill", "Butterfly", and "Shadow of the Season". The two first singles gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations, while the video for "Nearly Lost You" became an MTV and alternative radio hit in the fall of 1992, thanks to the momentum of the Singles soundtrack. "Nearly Lost You" peaked at number 5 on the Modern Rock Tracks and number 50 in the United Kingdom and was the first single to chart outside the United States.[5] Sweet Oblivion sold a total of 300,000 copies in the United States.[5] Although the Screaming Trees were viewed as one of the finest bands on the Seattle scene, they never drew the commercial attention that Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden had garnered.
The band's final album (recorded after in-fighting and uncertainty over the quality of the music the band was recording had brought about a hiatus[3]), Dust was released in 1996. The album spawned several singles, including "All I Know", and "Dying Days" and peaked at number 134 on the Billboard 200 and number 39 on the Canadian album chart which was the first Screaming Trees album to chart outside the United States. Despite consistently favorable reviews, the album did not match the commercial success of Sweet Oblivion. Following the Dust tour in the United States, Screaming Trees took another hiatus for Lanegan to begin his work on his third solo album, Scraps at Midnight. The band headed back into the studio in 1999 and recorded several demos and shopped them around to labels, but no label was willing to take them on.[5] The band played a few surprise shows in early 2000 and following a concert to celebrate the opening of Seattle's Experience Music Project, the band surprisingly announced their official breakup.[5]
Solo work and other projects[link]
In 1990, Lanegan released his first solo album, The Winding Sheet via label Sub Pop (which at the time was home to friends Nirvana as well as Soundgarden and The Afghan Whigs). Lanegan had intimated that the album came around following a Leadbelly project he was working on with Mark Pickerel, Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic.[3][7] The project was short lived and eventually other musicians became involved in the evolution to the debut solo record. From the Leadbelly sessions a version of "Where Did You Sleep Last Night?" appeared on The Winding Sheet ("Ain't It a Shame", is available on the Nirvana box set With the Lights Out.[7]) Cobain also supplied backing vocals on "Down in the Dark" on Lanegan's debut.[8] The majority of the album was recorded with Pickerel on drums, Mike Johnson (who would later go on to play bass with Dinosaur Jr) on guitar, Steve Fisk on piano and organ, and Jack Endino on bass.[7]
The second record, 1994's Whiskey for the Holy Ghost, was a far more cohesive recording, with such ethereal songs as "The River Rise", "Kingdoms of Rain", "Riding the Nightingale" and "Beggar's Blues".[7] Taking nearly three years to make, the album came close to not seeing the light of day as Lanegan was set to throw the master tapes in a pond outside of the recording studio, only to be stopped by Producer Jack Endino at the last moment.[7] ("Kingdoms of Rain" was re-recorded on the collaboration album with "Soulsavers" in 2007 and released as a single).
In 1995, Lanegan appeared on the album Above by Mad Season. The project was fronted by friend Layne Staley (Alice in Chains) and was formed in late 1994 by Staley, Mike McCready of Pearl Jam, Barrett Martin of Screaming Trees and John Baker Saunders of The Walkabouts. Lanegan appeared on "Long Gone Day" and "I'm Above".[9] In 1998, Scraps at Midnight was released. The album was recorded the previous winter at Joshua Tree, California and produced by long-time friend and collaborator Mike Johnson.[7]
The fourth studio album was released in 1999. The album began life as B-Sides for singles from Scraps at Midnight (two tracks from the sessions appear on the single Hotel). Liking the way the sessions were shaping up, a few more were added and the recording was entitled I'll Take Care of You. The album features covers of songs by prominent folk, R&B and punk artists such as Tim Hardin, Booker T. and the MGs and friend Jeffrey Lee Pierce, as well as country icon Buck Owens.[7] Also in 1999, Lanegan participated in the tribute album for Moby Grape co-founder, Skip Spence, who was terminally ill.[10]
In 2001, he released his fifth studio album, Field Songs. The album featured friend Duff McKagan, as well as major contributions from Soundgarden's bassist, Ben Shepherd.[11] 2003 saw him appear on Greg Dulli's The Twilight Singers record Blackberry Belle, sharing lead vocal duties on the epic closing track, "Number Nine". This would be the first in many collaborations with Dulli and The Twilight Singers.[12]
On his latest solo album, Bubblegum (2004), Lanegan was joined by a cadre of prominent artists, including P. J. Harvey, Josh Homme and Nick Oliveri of Queens of the Stone Age, Greg Dulli of The Afghan Whigs and Twilight Singers, Dean Ween of Ween, and Duff McKagan and Izzy Stradlin, previously of Guns N' Roses.[13] Also appearing on Bubblegum is Lanegan's ex-wife, Wendy Rae Fowler now in We Fell to Earth .[14] The favorably reviewed album is his most commercially successful to date, reaching number 39 on Billboard's Top Independent Albums chart.[6] Some would assume this is due to the appearance of several prominent musical figures, although the album did receive glowing review by critics.[14]
Queens of the Stone Age (2000–2005)[link]
Lanegan's first appearance on a Queens of the Stone Age album was on Rated R. Lanegan sang lead vocals on "In the Fade", background vocals on "Leg of Lamb", "Autopilot" and "I Think I Lost My Headache". Rated R became a commercial success and became the first Queens of the Stone Age album to chart.
Shortly after the release of Field Songs, Lanegan became a full-time member of Queens of the Stone Age. Lanegan appeared on the 2002 release entitled Songs for the Deaf, once again singing lead on the tracks "Song for the Dead", "Hangin' Tree", and "God Is on the Radio". The album became the band's big breakthrough and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA.[15] He also toured in support for the album over the next two years.[16] Mark toured full-time as a third vocalist for Queens of the Stone Age for support of Songs for the Deaf.[16] Joining his friend Joshua Homme, who supported the Screaming Trees as their touring guitarist in 1996. The album received two Best Hard Rock Performance Grammy nominations for singles "No One Knows" (2003),[17] and "Go with the Flow" (2004).[18]
In 2005, Lanegan released his last album with Queens of the Stone Age entitled Lullabies to Paralyze where he sang lead vocals on "This Lullaby". The album was delayed during 2004 because of some changes to the line-up: bassist Nick Oliveri was fired and on-off vocalist Mark Lanegan went on tour to support Bubblegum.[19] Lanegan would later appear for the support of the album.[20] Lanegan left the tour for a while, citing exhaustion, but would return to finish the tour with the band.[20]
Lanegan told Christina Fuoco of Live Daily "My relationship with these guys is one of the most satisfying that I've had". "It's great to play with, essentially, my best friends."[20] When he was asked about the difference between Screaming Trees and Queens of the Stone Age he said "It's all rock 'n' roll to me. A band is a band. They're really not that radically different. It's all rock music."[20] Lanegan has continued to work with Queens of the Stone Age even after leaving the band. In 2007, he appeared on their album, Era Vulgaris, contributing background vocals to the track "River in the Road".
Collaboration with Isobel Campbell (2004–Present)[link]
In April 2004, Lanegan released an EP with former Belle & Sebastian vocalist Isobel Campbell, titled Time Is Just the Same. They would later release a single entitled "Ramblin' Man" for their collaboration album Ballad of the Broken Seas. Campbell wrote and recorded the majority of the album's tracks in Glasgow, with Lanegan adding vocals in Los Angeles. The record was well-received by critics who likened the duo to Nick Cave and Kylie Minogue.[21]
In addition to providing vocals, Lanegan also wrote the track "Revolver" with Campbell. The album was nominated for the 2006 Mercury Prize.[22] Lanegan and Campbell played four UK concerts in January 2007, with the London date being moved to a larger venue as a result of high demand for tickets. When making the decision to make a follow-up to Ballad of the Broken Seas, Campbell stated:
It was because he kinda disappeared for a year but in my heart I wanted to do another one because as soon as we’d finished Ballad of the Broken Seas I was writing new songs and I was like; "Oh God, I’ve got to get Mark to sing these."
After a concert with Lanegan in January 2007, Campbell asked Lanegan if he would consider making a new album, Lanegan replied: "in a heartbeat". This time Lanegan flew to Glasgow to record the new album at the end of March for nine days to record the songs Campbell had written. After working with Lanegan Campbell stated: "It is his classic, effortless American voice that I love". Campbell also stated that "I think I was playing about with that a lot so there’s a few of what Mark would call raunchy songs and a few ballads too".[23] The album, Sunday at Devil Dirt, was released on May 5, 2008 with the track "Who Built the Road" being the only single released from it.
A third collaborative album with Campbell was released on August 16, 2010 entitled Hawk. The pair toured to promote the album, including a set at All Tomorrow's Parties, 10–12 December 2010 (Bowlie 2) curated by Belle & Sebastian and shows in Australia in 2011.[24]
The Gutter Twins (2003–2009)[link]
Main article: The Gutter Twins
The Gutter Twins is the long awaited collaboration between Mark Lanegan and former Afghan Whigs/current Twilight Singers vocalist Greg Dulli. Working on a collaborative album since at least 2003, the pair first played as The Gutter Twins in Rome in September, 2005.[25]
Saturnalia was released on March 4, 2008 on Sub Pop, a label both Dulli and Lanegan have worked with before. The duo's first tour commenced on February 14, 2008 in New York City and continued in March and April throughout Europe and the United States.[26]
The album was a big hit and Blast Magazine's Liz Raftery ended up praising the album calling it "an audial descent into the dark emotions that often lurk beneath the surface."[27] The album's highest position was at number 7 in Belgium. The album also peaked at number 117 on the Billboard 200. That means that Saturnalia is the first album since Screaming Trees' Dust that has charted at the Billboard 200 with Mark as a permanent band member.[6][28] On September 2, 2008, The Gutter Twins released an EP called "Adorata" exclusively on iTunes. Adorata contains 8 tracks, most of them are covers, but also two Gutter Twins-songs that never made it to the album.
Collaborations (2006–present)[link]
Lanegan has appeared on three releases with The Twilight Singers (Blackberry Belle, She Loves You and A Stitch in Time). In 2006, Lanegan toured with the band in Europe and Israel, which later expanded to include the United States.[29] In 2008, Lanegan collaborated with Tim Simenon on a track entitled "Black River" which appeared on Simenon's fourth album under his Bomb the Bass moniker, Future Chaos.[30]
In 2007, English electronica duo Soulsavers' album It's Not How Far You Fall, It's the Way You Land featured Lanegan on 8 out of 10 album tracks.[31] As well as appearing as vocalist, the tracks "Revival", "Ghosts of You and Me", "Paper Money" and "Jesus of Nothing" are credited as written by Mark Lanegan and Soulsavers.[31] The album also features a re-working of "Kingdoms of Rain", which was initially released on Lanegan's second solo album, Whiskey for the Holy Ghost. "Revival" and "Kingdoms of Rain" were released as singles from the album.[31] Soulsavers recorded the tracks in England in 2005 and 2006, with Lanegan recording the vocal parts at Conway Studios in Los Angeles.[31]
In 2009, Soulsavers again enlisted Lanegan with him contributing vocals for several tracks on their third studio album Broken.[32] This led to a significant run of touring in support of the album, beginning on September 6, in Portland, Oregon.[33] Following the tour of the United States, Lanegan continued to perform with them throughout their extensive run of European shows. These varied between headline gigs and slots in support of Depeche Mode.[34] Having completed touring duties for Soulsavers, Lanegan announced a solo European tour. Shows focused specifically on his solo back catalogue, having not done so since touring finished in support of Bubblegum.[35]
Also in 2009, Lanegan followed in Josh Homme's footsteps in collaborating with UNKLE, the British electronic act masterminded by James Lavelle. He contributed his vocals to "Another Night Out", the final track of the album Where Did the Night Fall (released in May 2010). The album was UNKLE's fifth regular studio album.
On August 12, 2010, Mark Lanegan re-joined Queens of The Stone Age on stage at the Nokia Club in Los Angeles, where he sang four encore songs with the band. The concert was put together to raise funds for Eagles of Death Metal bassist Brian O'Connor, who was diagnosed with cancer a few months prior to the event.
In 2011, Lanegan's music was featured in a trailer and end credits for the video game Rage[36] and the soundtrack for the film The Hangover Part II. Lanegan's most recent solo album, Blues Funeral, was released in February 2012.[37] Josh Homme, Alain Johannes, and Martyn LeNoble contributed to the creation of the album.[38][39]
Discography[link]
Main article: Mark Lanegan discography
- The Winding Sheet (1990)
- Whiskey for the Holy Ghost (1994)
- Scraps at Midnight (1998)
- I'll Take Care of You (1999)
- Field Songs (2001)
- Bubblegum (2004)
- Blues Funeral (2012)
References[link]
- ^ Matthew Murphy (August 29, 2004). "Mark Lanegan: Bubblegum | Album Reviews | Pitchfork". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/4679-bubblegum-with-mark-lanegan-band/. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "MP3 At 3PM: Mark Lanegan Band". Magnet. January 3, 2012. http://www.magnetmagazine.com/2012/01/03/mp3-at-3pm-mark-lanegan-band/. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Screaming Trees". timeforlight.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616094451/http://www.timeforlight.com/articles_rocket.html. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Lester, Paul (2006-12-08). "Guardian - The Gutter Twins". London: The Guardian. http://music.guardian.co.uk/rock/story/0,,1966667,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Allmusic - Screaming Trees". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5379. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ a b c "Artist Chart History - Mark Lanegan/Screaming Trees/The Gutter Twins/QotSA". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/searchResult.jsp?configType=BBCOM_SIMPLEDEFAULT&pubList=Billboard&an=bbcom&action=Submit&kw=&exposeNavigation=true&keyword=mark+lanegan&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&submit=Submit&searchType=ARTICLE_SEARCH. Retrieved 2008-06-24. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Allmusic". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4725. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Allmusic - The Winding Sheet". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r11359. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Allmusic - Mad Season". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p141703. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ More Oar: A Tribute to the Skip Spence Album (Birdman, 1999). The album is composed of cover versions of songs from Spence's only solo album, Oar (Columbia, 1969). Lanegan contributed his version of Spence's "Cripple Creek". Lanegan collaborator Greg Dulli also participated in the tribute, contributing his version of Spence's "Dixie Peach Promenade (Yin For Yang)".
- ^ "Allmusic - Field Songs". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r528823. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Allmusic - The Twilight Singers". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p442958. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Billboard- Bubblegum". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1900175. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ a b "Allmusic - Bubblegum". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r701542. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "RIAA Certifications". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ a b "Billboard - Queens of the Stone Age and Mark Lanegan". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1900175. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "45th Grammy Awards". Rockonthenet. http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/grammys.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ "46th Grammy Awards". Rockonthenet. http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2004/grammys.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ "Nick Oliveri, Mark Lanegan Leave Queens Of The Stone Age". VH1. 2004-02-12. http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1484974/20040211/queens_stone_age.jhtml. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
- ^ a b c d "Mark Lanegan biography". Musicianguide. 2004-02-12. http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608004654/Mark-Lanegan.html. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
- ^ "Allmusic - Ballad of the Broken Seas". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r821669. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ "Arctic Monkeys win Mercury prize". BBC. 2006-09-05. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5315452.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
- ^ "Campbell on Lanegan". BBC. 2006-09-05. http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/news/20080611_lanegan.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "The Village Voice - The Gutter Twins". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0811,the-yin-yang-twi,374106,22.html. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Billboard - New Tour Dates". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003678691. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Blast magazine - Separated at birth". Blast magazine. http://blastmagazine.com/2008/04/the-gutter-twins-separated-at-birth/. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Summerskiss - The Gutter Twins New tour dates and new single". Summerskiss. http://www.summerskiss.com/category/gutter-twins/. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "The Twilight Singers and an interview with Mark Greg". Pitchforkmedia. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/49608-interview-the-gutter-twins. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ "New Bomb The Bass (Feat. Mark Lanegan) Video – "Black River" (Stereogum Premiere)". Stereogum. 2009-01-21. http://stereogum.com/47081/new_bomb_the_bass_feat_mark_lanegan_video_black_ri/video/. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ a b c d "Allmusic - Soulsavers". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p590511. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ Michaels, Sean (2010-03-13). "Mark Lanegan and Bonnie 'Prince' Billy for new Soulsavers album". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jun/04/mark-lanegan-soulsavers-album. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ "News: Soulsavers, Tour In Support of New Album, Broken". Comfortcomes. 2010-03-13. http://www.comfortcomes.com/2009/08/25/news-soulsavers-tour-in-support-of-new-album-broken/. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
- ^ "Soulsavers Release New Video & Announce Tour With Depeche Mode". Altsounds. 2010-03-13. http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/112257-soulsavers-release-new-video-and-announce-tour-with-depeche-mode.html. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ^ "Mark Lanegan announces solo European tour and ticket details". NME. 2010-03-13. http://www.nme.com/news/mark-lanegan/50115. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ New Mark Lanegan track featured in RAGE trailer Mark Lanegan: Official Website. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
- ^ Mark Lanegan & Alain Johannes begin work on new album Antiquiet. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
- ^ Former Jane's Addiction & Porno for Pyros Bassist to Play on Mark Lanegan's new album GrungeReport. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
- ^ Josh Homme to play on Mark Lanegan's new solo album GrungeReport. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Lanegan, Mark |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1964-11-25 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
