Coordinates: 31°57′8″S 115°51′32″E / 31.95222°S 115.85889°E / -31.95222; 115.85889
- "Perth, Australia" redirects here. For the town in Tasmania, see Perth, Tasmania. For other uses, see Perth (disambiguation).
Perth (
/ˈpɜrθ/)[7] is the capital and largest city of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia. The Perth metropolitan area has an estimated population of 1.74 million.[1]
The metropolitan area is located in the South West Division of Western Australia, between the Indian Ocean and a low coastal escarpment known as the Darling Range. The central business district and suburbs of Perth are situated on the banks of the Swan River. Shortly after the establishment of the port settlement of Fremantle, Perth was founded on 12 June 1829 by Captain James Stirling as the political centre of the Swan River Colony. As the business and administration centre for the resource-rich state, Perth has grown consistently.[8]
Perth became known worldwide as the "City of Light" when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut John Glenn passed overhead while orbiting the earth on Friendship 7 in 1962.[9][10] The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the Space Shuttle in 1998.[11][12] Perth is tied for eighth place in The Economist's 2011 list of the world's most livable cities.[13]
Before European colonisation, the area had been inhabited by the Whadjuk Noongar people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.[14] These Aborigines occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia, living as hunter-gatherers. The wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually, featuring in local mythology, and as a source of food.
Rottnest, Carnac and Garden Islands were also important to the Noongar. About 5,000 years ago the sea levels were low enough that they could walk to the limestone outcrops.
The area where Perth now stands was called Boorloo by the Aboriginals living there at the time of their first contact with Europeans in 1827. Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of the Yellagonga. It is one of several groups based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a larger group of thirteen or more tribes which formed the south west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning "the people" in their language), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun.
On 19 September 2006, the Federal Court of Australia brought down a judgment recognising Noongar native title over the Perth metropolitan area, in the case of Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243.[15] The judgement was overturned on appeal.[16]
The first documented European sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697.[17] Subsequent sightings between this date and 1829 were made by other Europeans, but as in the case of the sighting and observations made by Vlamingh, the area was considered to be inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture which would be needed to sustain a settlement.
Although the British Army had established a base at King George Sound (later Albany) on the south coast of western Australia in 1826 in response to rumours that the area would be annexed by France, Perth was the first full-scale settlement by Europeans in the western third of the continent. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, but was known informally for many years as the Swan River Colony after the area's major watercourse.
On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland, and Western Australia's Foundation Day has since been recognised by a public holiday on the first Monday in June each year. Captain James Stirling, aboard the Parmelia, said that Perth was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed". On 12 August that year, Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship Sulphur, cut down a tree to mark the founding of the town.
It is clear that Stirling had already selected the name Perth for the capital well before the town was proclaimed, as his proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, ended "given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor".[18] The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantle's diary entry for 12 August, which records that they "named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray".[19] Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth,[20][21] in Murray's honour.[22][23][24]
Beginning in 1831, hostile encounters between the British settlers and the Noongar people – both large-scale land users with conflicting land value systems – increased considerably as the colony grew. This violent phase of the region's history culminated in a series of events in which the British overcame the indigenous people, including the execution of the Whadjuk elder Midgegooroo, the death of his son Yagan in 1833, and the Battle of Pinjarra in 1834.
By 1843, when Yellagonga died, his people had begun to disintegrate after having been dispossessed of the land around the main settlement area of Perth. They retreated to the swamps and lakes north of the settlement area including Third Swamp, known to them as Boodjamooling. Boodjamooling continued to be a main camp-site for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region, and was also used by travellers, itinerants, and homeless people. By the gold-rush days of the 1890s they were joined by miners who were en-route to the goldfields.[25]
In 1850, Western Australia was opened to convicts at the request of farming and business people looking for cheap labour.[26] Queen Victoria announced the city status of Perth in 1856.[27]
After a referendum in 1900,[28] Western Australia joined the Federation of Australia in 1901.[27] It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line to Perth (via Kalgoorlie) from the eastern states.
In 1933, Western Australia voted in a referendum to leave the Australian Federation, with a majority of two to one in favour of secession.[28] However, an election held shortly before the referendum had turned out the incumbent "pro-independence" government, replacing it with a government which did not support the independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Agent General of the United Kingdom for independence, where the request was simply ignored.[29]
Perth's growth and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s,[30] has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which produce gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas.[31] Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth.[32]
The nearest city to Perth with a population of more than 500,000 is Adelaide, South Australia, which is 2,104 kilometres (1,307 mi) away. Author Bill Bryson states that Perth is the most remote city on earth,[33] which he justifies by noting that the population of metropolitan Perth is greater than the combined populations of the rest of Western Australia, the Northern Territory and South Australia, west of Adelaide.
However, other measures suggest that Honolulu (population 900,000), which is 3,841 kilometres (2,387 mi) from San Francisco; or Auckland (population 1.5M), which is 2,153 kilometres (1,338 mi) from Sydney, are more isolated.
Perth is geographically closer to both Dili (2,785 kilometres (1,731 mi)) and Jakarta (3,002 kilometres (1,865 mi)) than Sydney (3,291 kilometres (2,045 mi)), Brisbane (3,604 kilometres (2,239 mi)) or Canberra (3,106 kilometres (1,930 mi)).
Main article:
Perth (suburb)The central business district of Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and east, with Kings Park on the western end, while the railway lines form a northern border. This will change in the next few years as a State and Federally funded project named 'The Link' ensures the sinking of a section of the divisive railway line, in addition to the sinking of an existing above-ground bus terminal, will give street-level access from the CBD to Northbridge for the first time in over 100 years. St Georges Terrace is the prominent street of the area with 1.3 million m² of office space in the CBD.[34] Hay Street and Murray Street have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The tallest building in the city is Central Park, which is the seventh tallest building in Australia.[35] The CBD has recently been the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects due for completion, including a 244 m (801 ft) office building for Australian/British mining company BHP Billiton.
Perth skyline, viewed from Mill Point
Perth is set on the Swan River, named after the native black swans in 1697 by Willem de Vlamingh, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's Rottnest Island.[36] Traditionally, this water body has been known by Aboriginal inhabitants as Derbal Yerrigan.[37] The city centre and most of the suburbs are located on the sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain, which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean. The soils of this area are quite infertile. The metropolitan area extends to Yanchep in the north and Rockingham to the south, total distance of approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi). From the coast in the west to Mundaring in the east is a total distance of approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi). The Perth metropolitan area covers 5,386.4 square kilometres (2,079.7 sq mi).[2]
Much of Perth was originally built on a series of freshwater wetlands running from Herdsman Lake in the west through to Claisebrook Cove in the east. It has been estimated that up to 80% of Perth was built on reclaimed wetlands.[38]
The coastal suburbs' placement is advantageous due to proximity to Perth's oceanside location and clean beaches. To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land – largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep bedrock. The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems; the first is made up of the Swan and Canning Rivers. The second is that of the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which discharge into the Peel Estuary at Mandurah.
Perth receives moderate though highly seasonal rainfall, making it the fourth wettest Australian capital city after Darwin, Sydney and Brisbane. Summers are generally hot and dry, lasting from December to late March, with February generally being the hottest month of the year, while winters are relatively cool and wet, making Perth a classic example of a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).[39][40] Summer is not completely devoid of rain with sporadic rainfall in the form of short-lived thunderstorms, weak cold fronts and on very rare occasions decaying tropical cyclones from Western Australia's north-west which can bring significant falls. The highest ever recorded temperature in Perth was 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) on 23 February 1991, although Perth Airport recorded 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on the same day.[41][42] On most summer afternoons a sea breeze, also known as "The Fremantle Doctor", blows from the south-west, providing relief from the hot north-easterly winds. Temperatures often fall below 30 °C (86 °F) a few hours after the arrival of the wind change.[43] Perth is a particularly sunny city for a Mediterranean climate, with an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3200 hours of annual sunshine.[44]
Winters are relatively cool and wet, with most of Perth's annual rainfall falling between May and September. The lowest temperature recorded in Perth was −0.7 °C (30.7 °F) on 17 June 2006.[41] The lowest temperature within the Perth metropolitan area was −3.4 °C (25.9 °F) on the same day at Jandakot Airport.[45]
Though most rainfall occurs during winter, the wettest day ever was on 9 February 1992 when 120.6 millimetres (4.75 in) fell.[41] The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and Southwest Western Australia since the mid-1970s. A significant reduction in winter rainfall has been observed with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer months,[46] such as slow-moving storms on 8 February 1992 which brought 120.6 millimetres (4.75 in) of rain,[47] and a severe thunderstorm on 22 March 2010, which brought 40.2 millimetres (1.58 in) and caused significant damage in the metropolitan area.[48]
| Climate data for Perth, Western Australia (temperatures 1993–2011, extremes 1897–2011, rain data 1876–2011) |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
45.8
(114.4) |
46.2
(115.2) |
42.4
(108.3) |
37.6
(99.7) |
34.3
(93.7) |
28.1
(82.6) |
26.3
(79.3) |
27.8
(82.0) |
32.7
(90.9) |
37.3
(99.1) |
40.3
(104.5) |
44.2
(111.6) |
46.2
(115.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
31.1
(88.0) |
31.4
(88.5) |
29.6
(85.3) |
25.7
(78.3) |
22.5
(72.5) |
19.3
(66.7) |
18.3
(64.9) |
18.9
(66.0) |
20.1
(68.2) |
23.1
(73.6) |
26.4
(79.5) |
28.9
(84.0) |
24.6
(76.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
18.0
(64.4) |
18.2
(64.8) |
16.6
(61.9) |
13.6
(56.5) |
10.5
(50.9) |
8.5
(47.3) |
7.7
(45.9) |
8.0
(46.4) |
9.4
(48.9) |
11.3
(52.3) |
14.2
(57.6) |
16.3
(61.3) |
12.7
(54.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
8.9
(48.0) |
8.7
(47.7) |
6.3
(43.3) |
4.1
(39.4) |
1.3
(34.3) |
−0.7
(30.7) |
0.0
(32.0) |
1.3
(34.3) |
1.0
(33.8) |
2.2
(36.0) |
5.0
(41.0) |
7.9
(46.2) |
−0.7
(30.7) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) |
16.5
(0.65) |
8.9
(0.35) |
18.9
(0.744) |
37.0
(1.457) |
86.9
(3.421) |
133.4
(5.252) |
152.7
(6.012) |
123.1
(4.846) |
87.4
(3.441) |
41.0
(1.614) |
22.7
(0.894) |
10.3
(0.406) |
733.7
(28.886) |
| % humidity |
39 |
38 |
40 |
46 |
50 |
56 |
57 |
54 |
53 |
47 |
44 |
40 |
47 |
| Avg. precipitation days |
2.5 |
2.1 |
4.1 |
6.7 |
11.3 |
15.1 |
17.4 |
15.7 |
15.4 |
8.9 |
6.1 |
3.8 |
109.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
359.6 |
310.8 |
294.5 |
246 |
210.8 |
177 |
186 |
220.1 |
228 |
297.6 |
321 |
359.6 |
3,211 |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology[49][50] |
| Climate data for Fremantle, Western Australia (15km SW of the Perth Metropolitan Area's downtown core, on the coast) |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
42.4
(108.3) |
41.0
(105.8) |
39.4
(102.9) |
35.8
(96.4) |
28.3
(82.9) |
26.3
(79.3) |
25.5
(77.9) |
26.0
(78.8) |
26.8
(80.2) |
36.3
(97.3) |
39.0
(102.2) |
40.0
(104.0) |
42.4
(108.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
27.3
(81.1) |
27.9
(82.2) |
26.4
(79.5) |
23.6
(74.5) |
20.3
(68.5) |
18.1
(64.6) |
17.1
(62.8) |
17.3
(63.1) |
18.5
(65.3) |
20.1
(68.2) |
23.0
(73.4) |
25.4
(77.7) |
22.1
(71.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
17.8
(64.0) |
18.1
(64.6) |
17.0
(62.6) |
14.9
(58.8) |
12.7
(54.9) |
11.1
(52.0) |
10.0
(50.0) |
10.2
(50.4) |
11.0
(51.8) |
12.3
(54.1) |
14.5
(58.1) |
16.5
(61.7) |
13.8
(56.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
11.7
(53.1) |
10.2
(50.4) |
7.4
(45.3) |
5.1
(41.2) |
5.1
(41.2) |
4.0
(39.2) |
3.0
(37.4) |
3.1
(37.6) |
2.2
(36.0) |
5.1
(41.2) |
6.7
(44.1) |
9.4
(48.9) |
2.2
(36.0) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
6.3
(0.248) |
11.3
(0.445) |
16.3
(0.642) |
41.3
(1.626) |
112.8
(4.441) |
165.5
(6.516) |
156.2
(6.15) |
117.7
(4.634) |
69.2
(2.724) |
42.2
(1.661) |
18.2
(0.717) |
11.4
(0.449) |
764.6
(30.102) |
| % humidity |
57 |
57 |
61 |
67 |
73 |
76 |
77 |
73 |
69 |
65 |
60 |
57 |
66 |
| Avg. precipitation days |
2.6 |
2.6 |
4.2 |
7.8 |
14.1 |
17.8 |
19.3 |
17.4 |
14.4 |
10.9 |
6.8 |
3.9 |
121.8 |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology [51] |
| Historical populations |
| Year |
Pop. |
±% |
| 1854 |
4,001 |
— |
| 1859 |
6,293 |
+57.3% |
| 1870 |
8,220 |
+30.6% |
| 1881 |
9,955 |
+21.1% |
| 1891 |
16,694 |
+67.7% |
| 1901 |
67,431 |
+303.9% |
| 1911 |
116,181 |
+72.3% |
| 1921 |
170,213 |
+46.5% |
| 1933 |
230,340 |
+35.3% |
| 1947 |
302,968 |
+31.5% |
| 1954 |
395,049 |
+30.4% |
| 1961 |
475,398 |
+20.3% |
| 1966 |
559,298 |
+17.6% |
| 1971 |
703,199 |
+25.7% |
| 1976 |
805,747 |
+14.6% |
| 1981 |
898,918 |
+11.6% |
| 1986 |
994,472 |
+10.6% |
| 1991 |
1,143,249 |
+15.0% |
| 1996 |
1,244,320 |
+8.8% |
| 2001 |
1,339,993 |
+7.7% |
| 2006 |
1,445,079 |
+7.8% |
| 2008 |
1,546,617 |
+7.0% |
| 2010 |
1,696,062 |
+9.7% |
| Source: ABS |
Significant overseas-born
populations[52]
|
| Country of Birth |
Population
(2006) |
 United Kingdom |
168,483 |
 New Zealand |
33,751 |
 Malaysia |
18,939 |
 Italy |
18,701 |
 South Africa |
18,683 |
 India |
14,007 |
 Singapore |
11,199 |
 Vietnam |
10,081 |
 Ireland |
7,706 |
 China |
7,681 |
 Germany |
7,617 |
 Netherlands |
7,570 |
 Indonesia |
7,392 |
 United States |
5,524 |
One dot represents 100 persons born in the United Kingdom (dark blue), China (red), Italy (light green), Malaysia (dark green), South Africa (brown), Singapore (purple) and Vietnam (yellow), based on 2006 Census.
Perth is Australia's fourth most populous city, having overtaken Adelaide's population in the early 1980s. At the 2006 Census 1,445,079 residents in the Perth statistical area were counted.
In 2006, the largest ancestry groups in the Perth metropolitan areas were: English (534,555 or 28.6%), Australian (479,174 or 25.6%), Irish (115,384 or 6.2%), Scottish (113,846 or 6.1%), Italian (84,331 or 4.5%) and Chinese (53,390 or 2.9%). There were 3,101 Aboriginals in the city (0.2%).[37]
Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British-born residents. At the 2006 Census, 142,424 British-born Perth residents were counted,[53] narrowly behind Sydney (145,261),[54] despite having just 35% of the overall population of Sydney.
The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the twentieth century, when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely Anglo-Celtic in ethnic origin. As Fremantle was the first landfall in Australia for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, Perth started to experience a diverse influx of people, which included Italians, Greeks, Dutch, Germans, Croats, Bosnians, Serbs, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Ukrainians, Macedonians, Turks and many others. The Italian influence in the Perth and Fremantle area has been substantial, evident in places like the "Cappuccino strip" in Fremantle featuring many Italian eateries and shops. In Fremantle the traditional Italian blessing of the fleet festival is held every year at the start of the fishing season. In Northbridge every December is the San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) Festival, which involves a pageant followed by a concert, predominantly in Italian. Suburbs surrounding the Fremantle area such as Spearwood and Hamilton Hill also contain high concentrations of Italians, Croatians and Portuguese. Perth also has a vibrant Jewish community – numbering 5,082 in 2006[52] – who have emigrated primarily from Eastern Europe and more recently from South Africa.
Another more recent wave of arrivals includes European minorities from Southern Africa. The South Africa–born overtook those born in Italy to become the fourth largest birthplace group after 2001. By 2006, there were 18,825 South Africa–born in Perth, accounting for 1.3% of the city's people.[53] Many Afrikaners and Anglo-Africans from South Africa and Zimbabwe emigrated to Perth during the 1980s and 1990s, with the phrase "packing for Perth" becoming associated with South Africans who choose to emigrate abroad, sometimes regardless of the destination.[55] As a result, the city has been described as "the Australian capital of South Africans in exile".[56] The reason for Perth being so popular among white South Africans has often been the location (closer to Africa than other large cities), the vast amount of expansion and space, and the slightly warmer climate compared to other large Australian cities—Perth has a Mediterranean climate like the area around Cape Town, South Africa.
Since the late 1970s, Southeast Asia has become an increasingly important source of migrants, with communities from Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Mainland China, and India all now well-established. There were 53,390 persons of Chinese descent in Perth in 2006 – 2.9% of the city's population.[57] These are supported by the Australian Eurasian Association of Western Australia,[58] which also serves a community of Portuguese-Malacca Eurasian or Kristang immigrants.[59]
The Indian community includes a substantial number of Parsees who emigrated from Bombay – Perth being the closest Australian city to India – and the India-born population of the city at the time of the 2006 census was 14,094 or 0.8%.[57] Perth is also home to the largest population of Anglo-Burmese in the world; many settled here following the independence of Burma in 1948 and the city is now the cultural hub for Anglo-Burmese worldwide.[citation needed] There is also a substantial Anglo-Indian population in Perth, who also settled in the city following the independence of India.
Government House, Western Australia
Perth houses the Parliament of Western Australia and the Governor of Western Australia. At present, 42 of the Legislative Assembly's 59 seats and 18 of the Legislative Council's 36 seats are based in Perth's metropolitan area as of the 2008 state election. Perth is represented by 9 full seats and significant parts of three others in the Federal House of Representatives, with the seats of Canning, Pearce and Brand including some areas outside the metropolitan area. The metropolitan area is divided into over 30 local government bodies, including the City of Perth which administers Perth's central business district.
The state's highest court, the Supreme Court, is located in Perth,[60] along with the District[61] and Family[62] Courts. The Magistrates' Court has six metropolitan locations.[63] The Federal Court of Australia and the Federal Magistrates' Courts occupy the Commonwealth Law Courts building on Victoria Avenue, Perth,[64] which is the also the location for annual Perth sittings of Australia's High Court.[65]
The Metropolitan Region Scheme is the statutory town planning scheme for land use in the Perth metropolitan area, and has been in operation since 1963.[66]
By virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the Western Australian economy, despite the major mining, petroleum and agricultural export industries located elsewhere in the state.[67] Perth’s function as the State’s capital city, its economic base and population size have also created development opportunities for many other businesses oriented to local or more diversified markets.
Perth’s economy has been changing in favour of the service industries since the 1950s. Although one of the major sets of services it provides are related to the resources industry and, to a lesser extent, agriculture, most people in Perth are not connected to either; they have jobs that provide services to other people in Perth.[68]
As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining and agriculture and some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche ship building and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the eastern states or overseas.
Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations where parking, access and traffic congestion were minimal. "The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened."[67]
Industrial estates such as Kwinana, Welshpool and Kewdale were post-war additions contributing to the growth of manufacturing south of the river. The establishment of the Kwinana industrial area was supported by standardisation of the east-west rail gauge linking Perth with eastern Australia. Since the 1950s, heavy industry has dominated the location including an oil refinery, steel-rolling mill with a blast furnace, alumina refinery, power station and a nickel refinery. Another development, also linked with rail standardisation, was in 1968 when the Kewdale Freight Terminal was developed adjacent to the Welshpool industrial area, replacing the former Perth railway yards.[67]
With significant population growth post-WWII,[69] employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs.[67]
The University of Western Australia is located at Crawley.
Perth is home to four public universities: the University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Murdoch University, and Edith Cowan University. There is also one private university, the University of Notre Dame.
The University of Western Australia, which was founded in 1911,[70] is renowned as one of Australia's leading research institutions. The university's monumental neo-classical architecture, most of which is carved from white limestone, is a notable tourist destination in the city. It is the only university in the state to be a member of the Group of Eight, as well as the Sandstone universities. It is also the only university in Western Australia to have produced a Nobel Laureate,[citation needed] in Barry Marshall who graduated MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Science) in 1975 and was awarded a joint Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 2005, together with Robin Warren.
Curtin University (known as Curtin University of Technology until 2010) is Western Australia's largest university by student population, and was known from its founding in 1966 until 1986 as the Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT) and had amalgamated with Western Australian School of Mines and the Muresk Institute. It has a rapidly growing research reputation and is the only Western Australian university to produce PhD recipients of the AINSE gold medal, the highest possible recognition for PhD level science and engineering research excellence in Australia and New Zealand.[71]
Murdoch University was established in the 1970s, and is Australia's largest campus in geographical area (2.27 square kilometres), necessary to accommodate Western Australia's only veterinary school.
Edith Cowan University was established in the early 1990s from the existing Western Australian College of Advanced Education (WACAE) which itself was formed in the 1970s from the existing Teachers Colleges at Claremont, Churchlands, and Mount Lawley. It incorporates the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA).
The University of Notre Dame Australia was established in 1990. Notre Dame was established as a Catholic university with its lead campus in Fremantle and a large campus in Sydney. Its campus is set in the west end of Fremantle, utilising historic port buildings built in the 1890s, giving Notre Dame a distinct European university atmosphere. Though Notre Dame shares its name with the University of Notre Dame in Indiana USA, it is a separate institution, claiming only "strong ties" with its American namesake.[citation needed]
Colleges of TAFE provide trade and vocational training, including certificate- and diploma-level courses. TAFE began as a system of technical colleges and schools under the Education Department, from which they were separated in the 1980s and ultimately formed into regional colleges. Four exist in the Perth metropolitan area: Central Institute of Technology (formerly Central TAFE); West Coast Institute of Training (northern suburbs); Polytechnic West (eastern and south-eastern suburbs; formerly Swan TAFE); and Challenger Institute of Technology (Fremantle/Peel).
Like the other mainland Australian state capital cities, Perth is served by five analogue free to air stations: ABC (now branded as ABC1), Seven, Nine, Ten and SBS, (branded as SBS One). These channels are also broadcast in digital transmission format. Additional digital-only channels available include One HD, ABC2, ABC3, ABC News 24, SBS Two, 7Two, 7mate, GEM HD, Eleven and GO!. Community station, Access 31, closed in August 2008. In April 2010 a new community station, West TV, began transmission (in digital format only).
Foxtel provides a subscription-based satellite and cable television service. Perth has its own local newsreaders on ABC, Seven, Nine and Ten. Seven's weekly presenters are Rick Ardon and Susannah Carr; presenter for Nine is Greg Pearce, and the presenters for Ten are Craig Smart and Narelda Jacobs. The ABC news anchor is Karina Carvalho.
Television shows produced in Perth include local editions of the current affair program Today Tonight, and other types of programming such as The Force. An annual telethon has been broadcast since 1968 to raise funds for charities including Princess Margaret Hospital for Children. The 24 hour Perth Telethon claims to be "the most successful fundraising event per capita in the world"[72] and raised more than A$7.5 million in 2008.
The main newspapers for Perth are The West Australian and The Sunday Times. Localised free community papers cater for each local government area. There are also many advertising newspapers, such as The Quokka. The local business paper is Western Australian Business News.
Radio stations are on AM, FM and DAB+ frequencies. ABC stations include News Radio (585AM), 720 ABC Perth, Radio National (810AM), Classic FM (97.7FM) and Triple J (99.3FM). The 6 local commercial stations are: 92.9, Nova 93.7, Mix 94.5, 96fm, on FM and 882 6PR and 1080 6IX on AM. DAB+ has mostly the same as both FM and AM plus national stations from the ABC/SBS, Radar Radio and Novanation, along with local stations My Perth Digital and HotCountry Perth. Major community radio stations include RTRFM (92.1FM), Sonshine FM (98.5FM),[73] SportFM (91.3FM)[74] and Curtin FM (100.1FM).[75]
The distinctive WA Maritime Museum building on Victoria Quay
Perth Cultural Centre is both an area of central Perth and the collective name for the main buildings of the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Alexander Library, State Records Office and Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts (PICA).
The Perth International Arts Festival is a cultural festival which has been held annually since 1953.
Kings Park, located in central Perth between the CBD and the University of Western Australia, is the largest inner-city park in the world,[citation needed] at 4.06 square kilometres.
Perth Zoo, located in South Perth, houses a variety of Australian and exotic animals from around the globe. The zoo is home to highly successful breeding programs for orangutans and giraffes, and participates in captive breeding and reintroduction efforts for a number of Western Australian species, including the numbat, the dibbler, the chuditch, and the western swamp tortoise.[76]
The Western Australian Museum holds an extensive display of Aboriginal artefacts as well as numerous zoological and social exhibits.
The new (2002) Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle displays maritime objects from all eras and includes a former Royal Australian Navy submarine. It also houses Australia II, the yacht that won the Americas Cup in 1983.
The Art Gallery of Western Australia houses the State Art Collection. It curates and hosts numerous impressive visiting exhibitions, like the 2006 Norman Lindsay exhibition. Additional exhibits occur at PICA and many other smaller venues on a regular basis across Perth.
Main article:
Music of PerthPerth is home to the West Australian Ballet, the West Australian Opera and the West Australian Symphony Orchestra, all of which present regular programmes. The Western Australian Youth Orchestras[77] provide young musicians with performance opportunities in orchestral and other musical ensembles, including the WA Youth Symphonic Band and the WA Youth Chorale.
The Perth Concert Hall is the city's main concert venue and hosts theatre, ballet, opera and orchestral performances. The State Theatre Centre of Western Australia, which was officially opened on 27 January 2011, is home to the Black Swan State Theatre Company and the Perth Theatre Company. This complex is located in Northbridge, and contains three performance spaces: the main 575-seat Heath Ledger Theatre, the Studio Underground and The Courtyard.
Other theatres in Perth include an auditorium within the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (completed in 2005), the historic His Majesty's Theatre and Burswood Dome, which hosts music concerts. Outdoor concerts are held in Kings Park, Subiaco Oval and Members Equity Stadium and the Convention Centre on the foreshore replaces the Burswood Dome until a more satisfactory building is established.
Because of Perth's relative isolation from other Australian cities, overseas artists often exclude it from their Australian tour schedules. This isolation, however, has developed a strong local music scene. Rock groups include Pendulum, John Butler Trio, Eskimo Joe, End of Fashion, Little Birdy, Jebediah, The Sleepy Jackson, The Panics, Karnivool and Birds of Tokyo. Rock concerts held in Perth include the Big Day Out and Soundwave. The city is referenced in a Pavement song, I Love Perth.
Hip-Hop and R&B are presented by Che'Nelle, and Samantha Jade. The Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts provides courses in jazz,[78] which have contributed to development of local performers such as Graham Wood, Troy Roberts and Tom O'Halloran. The WAMI Awards have been acknowledging local music since 1985. Folk music is represented by bands such as The Settlers and the earlier-established Mucky Duck Bush Band, which has regular bush dances in Whiteman Park. The Hayloft in West Perth was the home of WA folk music in the 1970s, succeeded by the Peninsula Hotel in Maylands.
Celebrity musical performers from Perth have included the late AC/DC lead singer Bon Scott, and veteran performer and artist Rolf Harris (also known as "The Boy From Bassendean").
Famous actors and media personalities hailing from Perth include: Heath Ledger, Judy Davis, Melissa George, Jessica Gomes, Sara Groen, Rolf Harris, Rove McManus, Tim Minchin, Russell Napier, Alan Seymour, Sam Worthington, Isla Fisher, Gerard Kennedy, Terry Willesee, Mike Willesee, Roland Rocchiccioli, Liz Harris, Simon Reeve, Lisa McCune,
Perth boasts the internationally regarded Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts of Edith Cowan University, from which many successful actors and broadcasters have launched their careers, including Hugh Jackman, Frances O'Connor, Marcus Graham and William McInnes.
Feature films which feature Perth include Last Train to Freo, Rabbit-Proof Fence, Two Fists, One Heart, Thunderstruck, Bran Nue Dae, and Japanese Story.
Perth is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth and of the Anglican Diocese of Perth. Roman Catholics make up about 23% of the population, and Catholicism is the most common single denomination. Other forms of Christianity, predominantly Anglican, make up approximately 28% of the population. Approximately one in five people from Perth profess to having no religion, with 11% of people are not specific as to their beliefs. Buddhism and Islam each claim more than 20,000 adherents, and Perth is also home to less than 5,000 Latter-day Saints and the Perth Australia Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Perth has one of the larger Jewish populations in Australia, numbering approximately 20,000, with both Orthodox and Progressive Synagogues and a Jewish Day School. The Bahá’í community in Perth numbers around 1500. Hindus are a fast growing community with over 20,000 adherents in Perth. The Divali (festival of lights) celebration in 2009 attracted over 20,000 visitors. There are Hindu temples in Canning Vale, Anketell and a Swaminarayan Temple north of the Swan River.
There are several heritage buildings located in Perth's CBD. Several of these, such as Bishop's House and St George's House have been repurposed for commercial use. Old Perth Boys School is currently undergoing a refurbishment (due to be opened in 2012) as part of the City Square project. A number of the historic buildings are being converted into luxury accommodation and entertainment venues.
The most popular sports are Australian rules football, cricket, hockey, association football (soccer) and netball[citation needed].
The climate of Perth allows for extensive outdoor sporting activity, and this is reflected in the wide variety of sports available to citizens of the city. Perth was host to the 1962 Commonwealth Games and the 1987 America's Cup defence (based at Fremantle). Australian rules football is the most popular spectator sport in Perth – nearly 24% of Western Australians attended matches in 2005.[79]
Perth is home to several professional sporting teams participating in various national competitions:
Perth has hosted numerous state and international sporting events. Ongoing international events include the Hopman Cup during the first week of January at the Burswood Dome, and the final leg of the Red Bull Air Race held on a stretch of the Swan River called Perth Water, using Langley Park as a temporary air field. In addition to these Perth has hosted international Rugby Union games, including qualifying matches for 2003 Rugby World Cup. The 1991 and 1998 FINA World Championships were held in Perth.[80] Several motorsport facilities exist in Perth including Perth Motorplex, catering to drag racing and speedway, and Barbagallo Raceway for circuit racing and drifting. Perth also has two thoroughbred racing facilities: Ascot, home of the Railway Stakes and Perth Cup; and Belmont Park.
Perth Underground Train Station
Aerial view of
Fremantle looking east towards Perth
Perth is served by Perth Airport in the city's east for regional, domestic and international flights and Jandakot Airport in the city's southern suburbs for general aviation and charter flights.
Perth has a road network with three freeways and nine metropolitan highways. The Northbridge tunnel, part of the Graham Farmer Freeway, is the only significant road tunnel in Perth.
Perth metropolitan public transport, including trains, buses and ferries, are provided by Transperth, with links to rural areas provided by Transwa. There are 70 railway stations and 15 bus stations in the metropolitan area. The rail system has recently undergone significant redevelopment, with a new railway line built between Perth and Mandurah which doubled the length of Perth's railways. The railway was opened on 23 December 2007, a year after the original deadline.
Recent initiatives include progressive replacement of the bus fleet and the SmartRider contactless smartcard ticketing system. Perth provides zero-fare bus and train trips around the city centre (the "Free Transit Zone"), including three high-frequency CAT bus routes. Additionally, the rail network has been expanded in the northern and southern suburbs as part of the New MetroRail project.
The Indian Pacific passenger rail service connects Perth with Adelaide and Sydney via Kalgoorlie. The Transwa Prospector passenger rail service connects Perth with Kalgoorlie via several Wheatbelt towns, while the Transwa Australind connects to Bunbury, and the Transwa Avonlink connects to Northam.
Rail freight terminates at the Kewdale Rail Terminal, 15 kilometres south-east of the city centre.
Perth's main container and passenger port is at Fremantle, 19 kilometres south west at the mouth of the Swan River.[81] A second port complex is being developed in Cockburn Sound primarily for the export of bulk commodities.
Reduced rainfall in the region in recent years has lowered inflow to reservoirs by two-thirds over the last 30 years, and affected groundwater levels. Coupled with the city's relatively high growth rate, this had led to concerns that Perth could run out of water in the near future.[82] The Western Australian State Government has responded by introducing mandatory household sprinkler restrictions in the city. The Kwinana Desalination Plant was opened in November 2006, able to supply over 45 gigalitres (10 billion imperial or 12 billion U.S. gallons) of potable water per year;[83][84] its power requirements were met by the construction of the Emu Downs Wind Farm near Cervantes.[85] Consideration was given to piping water from the Kimberley region, but the idea was rejected in May 2006 due primarily to its high cost.[86] Other proposals under consideration included the controversial extraction of an extra 45 gigalitres of water a year from the Yarragadee aquifer in the south-west of the state. However, in May 2007, the state government announced that a second desalination plant will be built at Binningup, on the coast between Mandurah and Bunbury.[87] A trial winter (1 June – 31 August) sprinkler ban was introduced in 2009 by the State Government, a move which the Government later announced would be made permanent.[88] In September 2009 Western Australia's dams reached 50% overall capacity for the first time since 2000.[89]
- Notes
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- ^ a b "3218.0 Population Estimates by Statistical District, 2001 to 2009" (xls). 3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2008–09. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 29 March 2010.
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- ^ "Great Circle Distance between PERTH and MELBOURNE". Geoscience Australia. March 2004. http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=VIC&place1=PERTH&place1long=115.858612&place1lat=-31.951941.
- ^ "Great Circle Distance between PERTH and SYDNEY". Geoscience Australia. March 2004. http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/distancedraw2?rec1=106743&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=PERTH&place1long=115.858612&place1lat=-31.951941.
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- ^ Dortch, Eloise (7 May 2005). "Plan for a second desalination plant". The West Australian (West Australian Newspapers Ltd): p. 1. "A document dated 12 January obtained by The West Australian under Freedom of Information laws shows that the Water Corporation fears Perth will begin running out of water by late 2008 without one of the two developments."
- ^ "Premier opens Australia's first major desalination plant". Water Corporation. 19 November 2006. http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3301. Retrieved 14 April 2007. "When fully operational it will produce on average 130 million litres per day and supply 17 per cent of Perth's needs."
- ^ "Kwinana desalination plant open in months". ABC News Online (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 26 September 2006. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200609/s1748557.htm. Retrieved 14 April 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Water Technology – Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), Kwinana". Water Corporation. 15 November 2007. http://www.water-technology.net/projects/perth/. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ "Kimberley Water Source Project" (PDF). Department of Water. 28 April 2006. http://portal.water.wa.gov.au/portal/page/portal/PlanningWaterFuture/Publications/KimberleyWaterSource/Content/FindingsFactsheetApril2006_000.pdf. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ "Southern Seawater Desalination Project". Water Corporation. http://www.watercorporation.com.au/D/desalination_plant2.cfm. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
- ^ "Winter sprinkler ban made permanent". ABC News. 9 September 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/09/2681052.htm. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
- ^ "Dams at record levels". ABC News. 15 September 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/15/2686535.htm. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
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