- published: 15 Apr 2010
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Bawdsey
Coordinates: 52°00′32″N 1°25′19″E / 52.009°N 1.422°E / 52.009; 1.422
Bawdsey is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, eastern England. Located near Felixstowe, it had an estimated population of 340 in 2007.
Bawdsey Manor is notable as the place where radar research took place early in World War II, before moving to Worth Matravers, which is four miles to the west of Swanage, in May 1940, and from there to Malvern, Worcestershire in 1942.
Bawdsley had both Chain Home and Chain Home Low early warning radar stations during World War II.
The World War Two defences constructed around Bawdsey Point have been documented. They included a number of pillboxes, landmines and flame fougasse installations. The beaches were protected with extensive barriers of scaffolding.
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Cornell University
Cornell University (
/kɔrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL) is a private Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York, United States. It is a private land-grant university, receiving annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge—from the classics to the sciences, and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's motto, a popular 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study."
The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus, with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy. The university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of two private land grant universities, and its seven undergraduate colleges include three private, state-supported statutory or contract colleges. As a land grant college, it also operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York.
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ENIAC
ENIAC ( /ˈɛni.æk/; Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It boasted speeds one thousand times faster than electro-mechanical machines, a leap in computing power that no single machine has since matched. This mathematical power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists. The inventors promoted the spread of these new ideas by conducting a series of lectures on computer architecture.
ENIAC's design and construction was financed by the United States Army during World War II. The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and work on the computer began in secret by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering starting the following month under the code name "Project PX". The completed machine was announced to the public the evening of February 14, 1946 and formally dedicated the next day at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000 (nearly $6 million in 2010, adjusted for inflation). It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.
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Intel
Coordinates: 37°23′16.54″N 121°57′48.74″W / 37.3879278°N 121.9635389°W / 37.3879278; -121.9635389
Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC) is an American multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation headquartered in Santa Clara, California, United States and the world's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel Corporation, founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Integrated Electronics (though a common misconception is that "Intel" is from the word intelligence[citation needed]). Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.
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Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] (
listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
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Watt
The watt ( /ˈwɒt/ WOT; symbol: W) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit, defined as one joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer.
) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance.
The watt is named after the Scottish scientist James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine. The unit was recognized by the Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882. The 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 adopted it for the measurement of power into the International System of Units (SI).
The femtowatt is equal to one quadrillionth (10−15) of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in femtowatts are typically found in reference(s) to radio and radar receivers. For example, meaningful FM tuner performance figures for sensitivity, quieting and signal-to-noise require that the RF energy applied to the antenna input be specified. These input levels are often stated in dBf (decibels referenced to 1 femtowatt). This is 0.2739 microvolt across a 75 ohm load or 0.5477 microvolt across a 300 ohm load; the specification takes into account the RF input impedance of the tuner.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (/zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ/ zim-BAHB-way; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe) is a landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly called Salisbury). Zimbabwe achieved majority rule and internationally recognised independence in April 1980 following a long period of colonial rule and a 15-year period of white-dominated minority rule, instituted after the minority regime’s so-called Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965.
Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona and Ndebele. Zimbabwe began as the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, created from land held by the British South Africa Company. President Robert Mugabe is the head of State and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. Morgan Tsvangirai is the Prime Minister. Mugabe has been in power since the country's internationally recognised independence in 1980.
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Albert Hull
Albert W. Hull (19 April 1880 – 22 January 1966) is most remembered for his early invention of the magnetron.
Albert Wallace Hull was born on a farm in Southington, Connecticut. He was the son of Francis and Lewis Hull. He was the second oldest of 9 brothers, and had an older sister. Despite rural poverty all the brothers completed college, and two others, Thomas and Daniel also pursued lives devoted to science --- medicine and chemistry respectively.
He majored in Greek and after taking one undergraduate course in physics, graduated from Yale University. He taught languages at The Albany Academy before returning to Yale, to take a doctorate in physics. He then undertook research on photoelectricity whilst teaching physics for five years at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
In 1914 Hull joined the General Electric Research Laboratory (GERL) in Schenectady, New York and remained there until his retirement in 1949.
During 1916, Hull began investigation into the use of magnetic control of thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) as an alternative to grid or electrostatic control and he had tested successfully magnetic control by applying a magnetic field parallel to the axis of the tube.
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Alessandro Volta
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Gerolamo Umberto Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italianphysicist known especially for the invention of the battery in the 1800s.
Volta was born in Como, Italy on 18 February 1745. In 1774, he became a physics professor at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularized the electrophorus, a device that produced a static charge. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating in the same principle was described in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Wilcke.
In the years between 1776–78, Volta studied the chemistry of gases. He discovered methane after reading a paper by Benjamin Franklin on "flammable air" and carefully searched for it in Italy. In November, 1776, he found methane at Lake Maggiore, and by 1778 he managed to isolate methane. He devised experiments such as the ignition of methane by an electric spark in a closed vessel. Volta also studied what we now call electrical capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential (V) and charge (Q), and discovering that for a given object, they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt.
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Georg Ohm
Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a Bavarian (German) physicist and mathematician. As a high school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law.
Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant family in Erlangen, Bavaria, (then a part of the Holy Roman Empire)son to Johann Wolfgang Ohm, a locksmith and Maria Elizabeth Beck, the daughter of a tailor in Erlangen. Although his parents had not been formally educated, Ohm's father was a respected man who had educated himself to a high level and was able to give his sons an excellent education through his own teachings. Of the seven children of the family only three survived to adulthood: Georg Simon, his younger brother Martin, who later became a well-known mathematician, and his sister Elizabeth Barbara. His mother died when he was ten.
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Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi (Italian pronunciation: [ɡuʎˈʎɛːlmo marˈkoːni]; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and indeed he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built upon previous experimentation and the commercial exploitation of ideas by others such as Hertz, Maxwell, Faraday, Popov, Lodge, Fessenden, Stone, Bose, and Tesla. As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in 1897, Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi.
Marconi was born in Bologna on April 25, 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian landowner, and his Irish wife, Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford, Ireland and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons. Marconi was educated privately in Bologna in the lab of Augusto Righi, in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. As a child Marconi did not do well in school.Baptized as a Catholic, he was also a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it; however, he still received a Catholic annulment.
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Heinrich Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who clarified and expanded James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light, which was first demonstrated by David Edward Hughes using non-rigorous trial and error procedures. Hertz is distinguished from Maxwell and Hughes because he was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves by engineering instruments to transmit and receive radio pulses using experimental procedures that ruled out all other known wireless phenomena. The scientific unit of frequency — cycles per second — was named the "hertz" in his honor.
Hertz was born in Hamburg, then a sovereign state of the German Confederation, into a prosperous and cultured Hanseatic family. His father, David Gustav Hertz, was a writer and later a senator. His mother was the former Anna Elisabeth Pfefferkorn. His paternal great-grandfather, David Wolff Hertz (1757–1822), fourth son of Benjamin Wolff Hertz, moved to Hamburg in 1793, where he made his living as a jeweller; he and his wife Schöne Hertz (1760–1834) were buried in the former Jewish cemetery in Ottensen. Their first son, Wolff Hertz (1790–1859), was chairman of the Jewish community. Hertz' paternal grandfather, Heinrich David Hertz (1797–1862), was a respected businessman, and his paternal grandmother, Betty Oppenheim, was the daughter of the banker Salomon Oppenheim, from Cologne. Hertz's father and paternal grandparents converted from Judaism to Christianity. His mother's family was Lutheran.
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Jack Kilby
Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005) was an American physicist who took part (along with Robert Noyce) in the realization of the first integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1958. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 2000. He is also the inventor of the handheld calculator and the thermal printer.
Born in Jefferson City, Missouri, Kilby grew up and attended school in Great Bend, Kansas, graduating from Great Bend High School. Road signs at the entrances to the town commemorate his time there, and the Commons Area at Great Bend High School has been named The Jack Kilby Commons Area.
Kilby received his bachelor of science degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he is an honorary member of Acacia Fraternity. In 1947, he received a degree in Electrical Engineering. He obtained his master of science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Extension in Milwaukee, which later became the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1950, while simultaneously working at Centralab in Milwaukee.
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell of GlenlairFRS FRSE (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottishphysicist and mathematician. His most prominent achievement was formulating classical electromagnetic theory. This unites all previously unrelated observations, experiments, and equations of electricity, magnetism, and optics into a consistent theory.Maxwell's equations demonstrate that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field. Subsequently, all other classic laws or equations of these disciplines became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's achievements concerning electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics", after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves and at the constant speed of light. In 1865, Maxwell published A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. It was with this that he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is one of the greatest advances in physics.
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John Ambrose Fleming
Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS (29 November 1849 – 18 April 1945) was an English electrical engineer and physicist. He is known for inventing the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube, the diode, then called the kenotron in 1904. He is also famous for the left hand rule (for electric motors). He was born the eldest of seven children of James Fleming DD (died 1879), a Congregational minister, and his wife, Mary Ann, at Lancaster, Lancashire and baptized on 11 February 1850.
He was a devout Christian and preached on one occasion at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London on the topic of evidence for the resurrection. In 1932, along with Douglas Dewar and Bernard Acworth, he helped establish the Evolution Protest Movement. Having no children, he bequeathed much of his estate to Christian charities, especially those that helped the poor. He was an accomplished photographer and, in addition, he painted watercolours and enjoyed climbing in the Alps.
Ambrose Fleming was born in Lancaster and educated at University College School, London, and University College London. He entered St John's College, Cambridge in 1877, gaining his B.A. in 1881 and becoming a Fellow of St John's in 1883. He went on to Lecture at several universities including the University of Cambridge, the University of Nottingham, and University College London, where he was the first professor of Electrical Engineering. He was also consultant to the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, Swan Company, Ferranti, Edison Telephone, and later the Edison Electric Light Company. In 1892, Fleming presented an important paper on electrical transformer theory to the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London.
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John Bardeen
John Bardeen FRS (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.
The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers to missiles. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second Nobel, are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on LIFE Magazine's list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century."
John Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin on May 23, 1908. He was the second son of Dr. Charles Russell Bardeen and Althea Harmer Bardeen. He was one of five children. His father, Charles Bardeen, was Professor of Anatomy and the first Dean of the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Althea Bardeen, before marrying, had taught at the Dewey Laboratory School and run an interior decorating business; after marriage she was an active figure in the art world.
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John Mauchly
John William Mauchly (August 30, 1907 – January 8, 1980) was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper Eckert, designed ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer made in the United States.
Together they started the first computer company, the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), and pioneered fundamental computer concepts including the stored program, subroutines, and programming languages. Their work, as exposed in the widely read First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (1945) and as taught in the Moore School Lectures (1946), influenced an explosion of computer development in the late 1940s all over the world.
Mauchly was born on August 30, 1907 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland while his father Sebastian Mauchly was a physicist at the Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C. He earned the Engineering Scholarship of the State of Maryland, which enabled him to enroll at Johns Hopkins University in the fall of 1925 as an undergraduate in the Electrical Engineering program. In 1927 he enrolled directly in a Ph.D. program there and transferred to the graduate physics program of the university. He completed his Ph.D. in 1932 and became a professor of physics at Ursinus College near Philadelphia, where he taught from 1933 to 1941. At Ursinus he worked for several years developing a digital electronic computing machine to test the theory that solar fluctuations, sun spots in particular, affect our weather.
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Karl Ferdinand Braun
Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics. Braun contributed significantly to the development of the radio and television technology: he shared with Guglielmo Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Braun was born in Fulda, Germany, and educated at the University of Marburg and received a Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1872. In 1874 he discovered that a point-contact semiconductor rectifies alternating current. He became director of the Physical Institute and professor of physics at the University of Strassburg in 1895.
In 1897 he built the first cathode-ray tube (CRT) and cathode ray tube oscilloscope. CRT technology has been replaced by flat screen technologies (such as liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) and plasma displays) on television sets and computer monitors. The CRT is still called the "Braun tube" in German-speaking countries (Braunsche Röhre) and in Japan (Buraun-kan).
During the development of radio, he also worked on wireless telegraphy. In 1897 Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, and its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention in 1898, and for many years after that he applied himself almost exclusively to the task of solving its problems. Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals. In 1899, he would apply for the patents, Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction colls and Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces.
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Konrad Zuse
Konrad Zuse (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔnʁat ˈtsuːzə]; 1910–1995) was a German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, which became operational in May 1941.
Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer. In 1946, he designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül. In 1969, Zuse suggested the concept of a computation-based universe in his book Rechnender Raum (Calculating Space).
Much of his early work was financed by his family and commerce, but after 1939 he was given resources by the Nazi German government. Due to World War II, Zuse's work went largely unnoticed in the United Kingdom and the United States. Possibly his first documented influence on a US company was IBM's option on his patents in 1946.
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Lee De Forest
Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor with over 180 patents to his credit. De Forest invented the Audion, a vacuum tube that takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies them. De Forest is one of the fathers of the "electronic age", as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics. He is also credited with one of the principal inventions that brought sound to motion pictures.
He was involved in several patent lawsuits and he spent a substantial part of his income from his inventions on the legal bills. He had four marriages and 25 companies, he was defrauded by business partners (as well as defrauding business partners himself), and he was once indicted for mail fraud, but was later acquitted.
He typically signed his name "Lee de Forest."
He was a charter member of the Institute of Radio Engineers, one of the two predecessors of the IEEE (the other was the American Institute of Electrical Engineers).
DeVry University was originally named DeForest Training School, after Lee De Forest, by its founder Dr. Herman A. DeVry, who was a friend and colleague of De Forest's.
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Marcian Hoff
Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff, Jr. (born October 28, 1937 in Rochester, New York), is one of the inventors of the microprocessor. Hoff joined Intel in 1967 as employee number 12, and is credited with coming up with the idea of using a "universal processor" rather than a variety of custom-designed circuits.[citation needed] His insight started the microprocessor revolution in the early 1970s.[citation needed] He is frequently credited with having invented the microprocessor in 1971, although he proposed the architectural idea and an instruction set formulated with Stanley Mazor in 1969. It was Federico Faggin who, in 1970-1971, independently from Hoff, developed the silicon-gate design methodology and did the actual chip design that was essential to the realization of the first microprocessor[citation needed] In 1985, Hoff was named the first Intel Fellow, which is the highest technical position in the company.[citation needed] He stayed in that position until 1988.[citation needed]
He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1958, and he applied for his first two patents based on work done for the General Railway Signal Corp. of Rochester, New York during the summers of his undergraduate study.[citation needed] He then received a National Science Foundation Fellowship to enroll in Stanford University, where he received his master's degree in 1959 and Ph.D. in 1962.[citation needed] As part of his Ph.D. dissertation, Hoff co-invented the least mean squares filter with Bernard Widrow.[citation needed]
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Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was a British scientist, chemist, physicist and philosopher who greatly contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include that of the magnetic field, electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Although Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher mathematics such as calculus, he was one of the most influential scientists in history; historians of science refer to him as having been the best experimentalist in the history of science. It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a DC electric current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology.
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Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, and futurist. He was an important contributor to the use of commercial electricity, and is best known for developing the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on the theories of electromagnetic technology discovered by Michael Faraday. Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio.
Born in the village of Smiljan (now part of Gospić, present day Croatia), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen. Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio and as the eventual victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America. He pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In the United States during this time, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891, and aspired to intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.
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Percy Spencer
Percy LeBaron Spencer (9 July 1894 – 8 September 1970) was an American engineer and inventor. He became known as the inventor of the microwave oven.
Spencer was born in Howland, Maine. His father died in 1897, and his mother left him a short time later. He lived with his aunt and uncle after that. He never graduated from grammar school, but went to work in a mill as an apprentice at age 12, before joining the U.S. Navy in 1912 to learn wireless telegraphy. He joined the Raytheon Company in the 1920s.
In 1941, magnetrons, which were used to generate the microwave radio signals that are the core mechanism of radar, were being made at the rate of 17 per day at Raytheon. While working there, Spencer developed a more efficient way to manufacture them, by punching out and soldering together magnetron parts, rather than using machined parts. His improvements were among those that increased magnetron production to 2,600 per day. For his work he was awarded the Distinguished Public Service Award by the U.S. Navy.
wn.com/Percy_Spencer -
Robert Noyce
Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968. He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip which fueled the personal computer revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.
Active all his life, Noyce enjoyed reading Hemingway, flying his own airplane, hang gliding, and scuba diving. Noyce believed that microelectronics would continue to advance in complexity and sophistication well beyond its current state, leading to the question of what use society would make of the technology. In his last interview, Noyce was asked what he would do if he were "emperor" of the United States. He said that he would, among other things, "…make sure we are preparing our next generation to flourish in a high-tech age. And that means education of the lowest and the poorest, as well as at the graduate school level."
Noyce was born on December 12, 1927, in Burlington, Iowa. He was the third of four sons of the Rev. Ralph Brewster Noyce. His father was a 1915 graduate of Doane College, a 1920 graduate of Oberlin College, and a 1923 graduate of Chicago Theological Seminary. He was also nominated for a Rhodes Scholarship. The Reverend Noyce was a Congregational clergyman and the associate superintendent of the Iowa Conference of Congregational Churches in the 1930s and 1940s.
wn.com/Robert_Noyce -
Robert von Lieben
Robert von Lieben (September 5, 1878 in Vienna – February 20, 1913 in Vienna) was a notable Austrian physicist.
Robert von Lieben was born to Leopold von Lieben and Anna von Lieben.
Lieben attempted gymnasium and then enrolled in Realschule. However, he left without taking the final examination, the Abitur. He showed a knack for the physical sciences at a young age.
Thanks to his well-off parents (his father, Leopold von Lieben, was president of the Vienna board of trade, and his mother, Anna von Lieben, born of the Viennese Todesco dynasty, owned a mansion at Ringstrasse, across from the opera house), he could independently pursue his scientific propensity. For example, at his father's estate in Mödling he installed electric lighting. After his education he interned at Siemens-Schuckertwerke in Nürnberg.
The young Lieben voluntarily enrolled in the military, but only weeks later was discharged after he fell off his horse and was severely injured. From this point on, Lieben's health always troubled him, and an adrenal abscess, which never completely healed, probably contributed to his early death.
wn.com/Robert_von_Lieben -
Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
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What Is Electrical Engineering?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
What is Electrical Engineering? Students at Iowa State tell you what electrical engineering means to them.
http://wn.com/What_Is_Electrical_Engineering?
What is Electrical Engineering? Students at Iowa State tell you what electrical engineering means to them.
Electrical Engineering 100 - Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 79:33
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Electronic Techniques for Engineering
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_100_Lecture_1
Electrical Engineers Job Description
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Electrical Engineers Job Description
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineers_Job_Description
Electric Circuits - Electrical Engineering Fundamentals - Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:47
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
In this lecture, we will cover the following: - Voltage, Current, and Power. - Circuit Schematic and Ideal Basic Circuit Elements. - Independent and Dependent Voltage and Current Sources. - Ohm's Law or the Electrical Resistance. - Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). - Solving examples and problems containing dependent and independent sources. Please note that in problem 1 on slide 29, the 3 Ohm resistor should be 5 Ohms. More information provided on my website: users.encs.concordia.ca
http://wn.com/Electric_Circuits_Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_Lecture_1
In this lecture, we will cover the following: - Voltage, Current, and Power. - Circuit Schematic and Ideal Basic Circuit Elements. - Independent and Dependent Voltage and Current Sources. - Ohm's Law or the Electrical Resistance. - Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). - Solving examples and problems containing dependent and independent sources. Please note that in problem 1 on slide 29, the 3 Ohm resistor should be 5 Ohms. More information provided on my website: users.encs.concordia.ca
- published: 16 Apr 2012
- views: 24318
- author: SeyedEbrahimEsmaeili
So You Want To Be An Electrical Engineer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Little Miss Clueless decides to become an engineer
http://wn.com/So_You_Want_To_Be_An_Electrical_Engineer
Little Miss Clueless decides to become an engineer
- published: 04 Jan 2011
- views: 74088
- author: ssjlkrillin
Electrical Engineering 141 - Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:50
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_141_Lecture_1
Meet the Majors: Electrical Engineering
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Meet a few current Electrical Engineering (EE) students and faculty, learn about what Electrical Engineers study, hear why students choose to study Electrical Engineering, and see the research and career opportunities available here at Viterbi!
http://wn.com/Meet_the_Majors_Electrical_Engineering
Meet a few current Electrical Engineering (EE) students and faculty, learn about what Electrical Engineers study, hear why students choose to study Electrical Engineering, and see the research and career opportunities available here at Viterbi!
- published: 05 Dec 2011
- views: 1495
- author: viterbistudent
Tutorial 03 for Arduino: Electrical Engineering Basics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:12
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
New Episodes each Monday! You can download the parts list and the code from this episode on my website: jeremyblum.com Watch my TechBits Episode on Analog and Digital Signals: www.youtube.com Watch Jeri Ellsworth's video on Amperes: www.youtube.com Submit your arduino project to element14's arduino contest for a chance to win a soldering station: www.youtube.com This tutorial series is sponsored by element14. Check out their arduino group! www.element-14.com Follow me on twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Tutorial_03_for_Arduino_Electrical_Engineering_Basics
New Episodes each Monday! You can download the parts list and the code from this episode on my website: jeremyblum.com Watch my TechBits Episode on Analog and Digital Signals: www.youtube.com Watch Jeri Ellsworth's video on Amperes: www.youtube.com Submit your arduino project to element14's arduino contest for a chance to win a soldering station: www.youtube.com This tutorial series is sponsored by element14. Check out their arduino group! www.element-14.com Follow me on twitter: www.twitter.com
- published: 17 Jan 2011
- views: 139583
- author: sciguy14
55 year old Homeless Man carries 2 Masters Degrees ( Maurice Johnson )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
55 year old Maurice Johnston lives in Boston, by way of Cleveland. He has a Masters Degree in Plasma Physics from Dartmouth College, and a masters in Electrical Engineering and acoustics from Purdue University. He's worked over 10 years at Lockheed Aerospace & Aerodyne Research Corp. Maurice has taught in Science and physics, and took care of both his parents in their time of need. Maurice is very well spoken, (he sounds like Obama) and is very kind, so why is Maurice homeless..... Maurice is referenced in the Boston Globe here: bit.ly Maurice has an in depth "LinkedIn" profile here: linkd.in Maurice's E-mail address is referenced in the video Hi and Thank You for taking the time to watch this video, my name is Danny McGlashing and I run the 60 Days channel here on youTube, I work part time as an all around volunteer in my community. I am currently working on 2 large projects, 1 of them can be followed at www.community-volunteer.com and should explain itself. The other is alot more in depth and for the time being I´ll just say we want to assist musicians, artists, writers, and up and coming actors/performers. The name of this project is United Street Artists or USA for short, I can be contacted either on twitter @IKnowTheWayOut , on Facebook through this link: on.fb.me or at Danny@community-volunteer.com Thank you for watching this video and please send Maurice all the support you can, preferably a job ;) Danny Update: Alot of people have asked that a donation account be ...
http://wn.com/55_year_old_Homeless_Man_carries_2_Masters_Degrees_Maurice_Johnson_
55 year old Maurice Johnston lives in Boston, by way of Cleveland. He has a Masters Degree in Plasma Physics from Dartmouth College, and a masters in Electrical Engineering and acoustics from Purdue University. He's worked over 10 years at Lockheed Aerospace & Aerodyne Research Corp. Maurice has taught in Science and physics, and took care of both his parents in their time of need. Maurice is very well spoken, (he sounds like Obama) and is very kind, so why is Maurice homeless..... Maurice is referenced in the Boston Globe here: bit.ly Maurice has an in depth "LinkedIn" profile here: linkd.in Maurice's E-mail address is referenced in the video Hi and Thank You for taking the time to watch this video, my name is Danny McGlashing and I run the 60 Days channel here on youTube, I work part time as an all around volunteer in my community. I am currently working on 2 large projects, 1 of them can be followed at www.community-volunteer.com and should explain itself. The other is alot more in depth and for the time being I´ll just say we want to assist musicians, artists, writers, and up and coming actors/performers. The name of this project is United Street Artists or USA for short, I can be contacted either on twitter @IKnowTheWayOut , on Facebook through this link: on.fb.me or at Danny@community-volunteer.com Thank you for watching this video and please send Maurice all the support you can, preferably a job ;) Danny Update: Alot of people have asked that a donation account be ...
- published: 22 May 2011
- views: 628570
- author: 60Days60Nights
Electrical Engineering 141 - Lecture 12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 77:58
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_141_Lecture_12
Electrical Engineering 141 - Lecture 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 83:10
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_141_Lecture_4
Electrical Engineer ~ Design AC Motors
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:44
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Our client, a Multi BILLION DOLLAR organization, currently has an immediate need for an electrical Motor Design Engineer. Design of AC motors 60-1000 HP Medium Voltage range of 950V to 6600V Growth & Stability Bachelor's Degree in Electrical Engineering ~ BSEE 3-5 yrs electrical design experience with AC electric motors Experience with medium voltage motor windings KIRK ABRAHAM with Management Recruiters of Indianapolis-North 317-582-0202 Ext 1234 kabraham@mrindianapolis.com www.mrindianapolis.com "Motion control, industrial automation, motors, ac drives and power electronics candidates seek me out as a Power Electronics Recruiter with Management Recruiters Indianapolis-North to help them find the best Motion control, motors, ac drives and power electronics jobs in the automation industry."
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineer_~_Design_AC_Motors
Our client, a Multi BILLION DOLLAR organization, currently has an immediate need for an electrical Motor Design Engineer. Design of AC motors 60-1000 HP Medium Voltage range of 950V to 6600V Growth & Stability Bachelor's Degree in Electrical Engineering ~ BSEE 3-5 yrs electrical design experience with AC electric motors Experience with medium voltage motor windings KIRK ABRAHAM with Management Recruiters of Indianapolis-North 317-582-0202 Ext 1234 kabraham@mrindianapolis.com www.mrindianapolis.com "Motion control, industrial automation, motors, ac drives and power electronics candidates seek me out as a Power Electronics Recruiter with Management Recruiters Indianapolis-North to help them find the best Motion control, motors, ac drives and power electronics jobs in the automation industry."
- published: 09 Nov 2010
- views: 2902
- author: Kirk Abraham
Electrical Engineering 40 - Lecture 1: Electronic circuit design
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:41
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Introduction to Microelectronic Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_40_Lecture_1_Electronic_circuit_design
Electrical Engineering 141 - Lecture 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 82:03
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_141_Lecture_2
Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, UNL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Electrical Engineering at the University of Nebraska Lincoln
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering,_College_of_Engineering,_UNL
Electrical Engineering at the University of Nebraska Lincoln
- published: 13 Feb 2007
- views: 46855
- author: NebraskaEngineering
Electrical Engineering 100 - Lecture 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:03
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Electronic Techniques for Engineering
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_100_Lecture_2
Bucknell Engineering Week 2008 - Electrical Engineering
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
Electrical Engineers submission and first place winner for Engineering Week video competition 2008 at Bucknell University: The Electrical Engineering Theme Songs
http://wn.com/Bucknell_Engineering_Week_2008_Electrical_Engineering
Electrical Engineers submission and first place winner for Engineering Week video competition 2008 at Bucknell University: The Electrical Engineering Theme Songs
- published: 23 Feb 2008
- views: 7542
- author: apitel
Electrical Engineering 100 - Lecture 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:51
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Electronic Techniques for Engineering
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_100_Lecture_3
Electrical Engineering 240 - Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 79:39
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Advanced Analog Integrated Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_240_Lecture_1
Lec 1 | MIT 6.01SC Introduction to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science I, Spring 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 77:35
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Lecture 1: Object-Oriented Programming Instructor: Dennis Freeman View the complete course: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
http://wn.com/Lec_1_|_MIT_601SC_Introduction_to_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science_I,_Spring_2011
Lecture 1: Object-Oriented Programming Instructor: Dennis Freeman View the complete course: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
- published: 13 Jan 2012
- views: 35130
- author: MIT
Electrical Engineering 240 - Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:45
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Advanced Analog Integrated Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_240_Lecture_1
Electrical Engineering 105 - Lecture 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 81:47
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Microelectronic Devices and Circuits
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineering_105_Lecture_2
Electrical Engineer - Reading Schematic Symbols In Electronics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:36
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
This is a remake of my other video, i hope it is clearer and everyone can hear me =) Check out my website www.electrons.tk Id like to thank santiks for giving me the idea to remake this video with graphics instead of using a whiteboard!
http://wn.com/Electrical_Engineer_Reading_Schematic_Symbols_In_Electronics
This is a remake of my other video, i hope it is clearer and everyone can hear me =) Check out my website www.electrons.tk Id like to thank santiks for giving me the idea to remake this video with graphics instead of using a whiteboard!
- published: 14 Dec 2011
- views: 11085
- author: DIYElectronics
photo: AP / Ronald Mendes-Agencia RBS
27 Jan 2013
Tweet. Police say at least 232 people have died in a fire that swept through a crowded nightclub in southern Brazil. Around 117 others were injured after the blaze broke out while a band was performing at the Kiss club in the southern city of Santa Maria at about 2am (local time). Police earlier said more than 245 people had died in the fire. It is thought pyrotechnics being used for the concert may have caused the blaze ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: US DoD / U.S. Army Staff Sgt Sun L. Vega, Joint Staff
27 Jan 2013
TEL AVIV – Now that he has secured his second term, President Barack Obama has already secretly pledged to the Palestinians he will press Israel into a new round of so-called land-for-peace negotiations, a top Palestinian Authority negotiator told WND. The negotiator said top members of the Obama administration told the Palestinians the U.S....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
29 Jan 2013
Cairo • An unpredictable new element has entered Egypt’s wave of political unrest. a mysterious group of masked young men called the Black Bloc who present themselves as the defenders of protesters opposed to the Islamist president’s rule ... Photos. Join the Discussion ... It communicates mainly by online social media ... "They aren’t here for sabotage or vandalism, but to protect us from Brotherhood militias," said Ahmed Ali, an engineer ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
29 Jan 2013
French-led forces on Monday seized Mali’s fabled desert city of Timbuktu in a lightning advance north as Islamists fleeing the city torched a building housing priceless ancient manuscripts ... Only one Islamist stronghold, the town of Kidal further north, remains to be retaken ... “We are winning in Mali.” ... Keywords....(size: 1.6Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
Over 800 children from across Middlesbrough will take part in a new initiative to build electric cars, ahead of a green Grand Prix at Teesside Autodrome in the spring. The Middlesbrough Electric Car project - which is being sponsored by energy network operator National Grid - will involve students from Oakfields Community College and eight primary schools from across Middlesbrough....(size: 6.9Kb)
PR Newswire
29 Jan 2013
F-Series, Doble Engineering Company ... Doble Engineering Company has been helping clients in the electric power industry improve operations and optimize system performance for nearly a century. Doble offers diagnostic instruments, services, and the world's premier library of statistically significant apparatus test results for the benefit of energy generation and delivery companies and industrial power users worldwide....(size: 5.6Kb)
The Times of India
29 Jan 2013
"We cannot charge anything more than what the electricity regulatory commission permits us in the tariff order," said Mahesh Sirkeck, a senior engineer. Anita, a computer application engineer based in Shimla, said, "Where BSNL offers a 1% rebate for paying telephone bills online, it simply is absurd on the part of electricity board to demand a percent extra for a cashless payment facility transacted over the internet."....(size: 2.1Kb)
Sun Star
29 Jan 2013
The electric cooperative is now dead serious in tightening the noose on the theft of electricity in Baguio City and Benguet. The management’s marching orders of late were to issue notices to those consumers found to be using electricity illegally and should the evidence warrants, there will be immediate disconnection ... Part of the requirement is the inspection to be conducted by an electrical engineer....(size: 4.1Kb)
MSNBC
29 Jan 2013
More and more car companies are coming out with cars that are all-electric—no gas needed ... The government tax credit of up to $7,500 could have you thinking about getting an electric vehicle ... Ford calls the Ford Focus Electric the most fuel-efficient compact car in America ... The engineers compared it with other all-electric cars, including the much smaller, sub-compact Mitsubishi i-MiEV....(size: 4.1Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
(www.ucr.edu) - A new faculty member at the University of California, Riverside's Bourns College of Engineering has recently received a grant to develop an energy management system that can adapt to ... Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, an assistant professor of electrical engineering, received a five-year, $400,000 grant from the National Science Foundation....(size: 4.2Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
This model is built on the same platform as the Chevrolet Volt, and is equipped with the Volt's 16 kWh Lithium-ion battery, electric drive motor, and 1.4-liter gasoline engine ... When the ELR is not operated in EV mode, the 1.4-liter gasoline engine acts as an onboard generator, its power output converted to electricity to power the Cadillac's electric drive motor....(size: 4.7Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
In the class "The Energy-Water Nexus, students learn from engineering faculty about the inextricable link between water and energy - and the challenge in keeping that link as sustainable as possible ... Visiting Professor for Distinguished Teaching in Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment (on leave from Washington University in St....(size: 10.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Jan 2013
Headquartered in Merrillville, Ind., NIPSCO is one of the seven energy distribution companies of NiSource Inc., serving 786,000 natural gas customers and 457,000 electric customers in northern Indiana. Metadigm Services will install Itron gas ERT’s and electric meters in a three year engagement that begins first quarter 2013 ... The project is part of NIPSCO’s continued efforts to better serve its gas and electric customers....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
These new STILL power packs with their unique combination of powerful industrial engines and proven diesel-electric drive technology allow high work speeds at low fuel consumption levels ... When the driver takes the foot off the accelerator pedal the truck brakes electrically without any wear ... As with all of the electric and IC trucks from the STILL family, the driving characteristics of the 'big boys' are smooth, sensitive and precise....(size: 6.7Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
The inspiration behind the new watches is drawn from the custom culture of Electric's southern California home, and can best be defined using the ... "I was brought back to Electric, first and foremost to help chart the course of the brand's evolution. I will co-author a new chapter for Electric and re-engineer the brand from the ground....(size: 8.6Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
... in 2017. Here, a total of 16 MTU Onsite Energy gensets based on Series 4000 engines run up to 18 hours a day, delivering over 40MW of power to the huge, remotely located construction site. At the Canadian mining company Tech Coal, MTU Onsite Energy gensets deliver power to mobile platforms which are used to shift electric rope shovels....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Washington Post
29 Jan 2013
He has his eyes on space, and is changing the world of automobiles with his Tesla electric cars--but now Elon Musk is offering a hand to Boeing, too. The Tesla Motors [NSDQ.TSLA] CEO tweeted Saturday that he was in talks with the chief engineer of Boeing's Dreamliner 787 aircraft, currently grounded after a series of problems....(size: 2.7Kb)
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. It now covers a range of subtopics including power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.
Electrical engineering may include electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits.[1] Alternatively, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit energy, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to process information. More recently, the distinction has become blurred by the growth of power electronics.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of electrical engineering
Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century. The first electrical engineer was probably William Gilbert who designed the versorium: a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. He was also the first to draw a clear distinction between magnetism and static electricity and is credited with establishing the term electricity.[2] In 1775 Alessandro Volta's scientific experimentations devised the electrophorus, a device that produced a static electric charge, and by 1800 Volta developed the voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery.[3]
However, it was not until the 19th century that research into the subject started to intensify. Notable developments in this century include the work of Georg Ohm, who in 1827 quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor, Michael Faraday, the discoverer of electromagnetic induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell, who in 1873 published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism in his treatise Electricity and Magnetism.[4]
From the 1830s, efforts were made to apply electricity to practical use in telegraphy. By the end of the 19th century the world had been forever changed by the rapid communication made possible by engineering development of land-line, underwater and, eventually, wireless telegraphy.
Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardized units of measure; it led to the international standardization of the units ohm, volt, ampere, coulomb, and watt. This was achieved at an international conference in Chicago 1893.[5] The publication of these standards formed the basis of future advances in standardisation in various industries, and in many countries the definitions were immediately recognised in relevant legislation.[6]
During these years, the study of electricity was largely considered to be a subfield of physics. It was not until the late 19th century that universities started to offer degrees in electrical engineering. The Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide in 1882. In the same year, under Professor Charles Cross, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began offering the first option of Electrical Engineering within a physics department.[7] In 1883 Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world's first courses of study in electrical engineering, and in 1885 the University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.[8] The University of Missouri subsequently established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States in 1886.[9]
During this period, the work concerning electrical engineering increased dramatically. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. In 1884 Sir Charles Parsons invented the steam turbine which today generates about 80 percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources. In 1887, Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current. In the following years a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the "War of Currents", took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution.
The efforts of the two did much to further electrical engineering—Tesla's work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison's work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric. However, by the end of the 19th century, other key figures in the progress of electrical engineering were beginning to emerge.[10]
Modern developments[link]
During the development of radio, many scientists and inventors contributed to radio technology and electronics. In his classic UHF experiments of 1888, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. In 1895, Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km / 49.95 miles).[11] In 1897, Karl Ferdinand Braun introduced the cathode ray tube as part of an oscilloscope, a crucial enabling technology for electronic television.[12] John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904. Two years later, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the amplifier tube, called the triode.[13] In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi furthered the art of hertzian wireless methods. Early on, he sent wireless signals over a distance of one and a half miles. In December 1901, he sent wireless waves that were not affected by the curvature of the Earth. Marconi later transmitted the wireless signals across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of 2,100 miles (3,400 km).[14] In 1920 Albert Hull developed the magnetron which would eventually lead to the development of the microwave oven in 1946 by Percy Spencer.[15][16] In 1934 the British military began to make strides toward radar (which also uses the magnetron) under the direction of Dr Wimperis, culminating in the operation of the first radar station at Bawdsey in August 1936.[17]
In 1941 Konrad Zuse presented the Z3, the world's first fully functional and programmable computer.[18] In 1946 the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) of John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly followed, beginning the computing era. The arithmetic performance of these machines allowed engineers to develop completely new technologies and achieve new objectives, including the Apollo missions and the NASA moon landing.[19]
The invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain opened the door for more compact devices and led to the development of the integrated circuit in 1958 by Jack Kilby and independently in 1959 by Robert Noyce.[20] Starting in 1968, Ted Hoff and a team at Intel invented the first commercial microprocessor, which presaged the personal computer. The Intel 4004 was a 4-bit processor released in 1971, but in 1973 the Intel 8080, an 8-bit processor, made the first personal computer, the Altair 8800, possible.[21]
Education[link]
Electrical engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electrical engineering, electronics engineering, or electrical and electronic engineering. The same fundamental principles are taught in all programs, though emphasis may vary according to title. The length of study for such a degree is usually four or five years and the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Technology or Bachelor of Applied Science depending upon the university. The degree generally includes units covering physics, mathematics, computer science, project management and specific topics in electrical engineering. Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the sub-disciplines of electrical engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more sub-disciplines towards the end of the degree. In many institutions electronic engineering is included as part of an electrical award, sometimes explicitly (such as a [Bachelor of Engineering] (Electrical and Electronic), in others electrical and electronic engineering are considered sufficiently broad and complex to be considered separately.[22]
Some electrical engineers choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering/Master of Science (M.Eng./M.Sc.), a Master of Engineering Management, a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Engineering, an Engineering Doctorate (Eng.D.), or an Engineer's degree. The Master and Engineer's degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy and Engineering Doctorate degrees consist of a significant research component and are often viewed as the entry point to academia. In the United Kingdom and various other European countries, the Master of Engineering is often considered an undergraduate degree of slightly longer duration than the Bachelor of Engineering.[23]
Practicing engineers[link]
In most countries, a Bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience requirements) before being certified. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa ), Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer (in much of the European Union).
The advantages of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may seal engineering work for public and private clients".[24] This requirement is enforced by state and provincial legislation such as Quebec's Engineers Act.[25] In other countries, no such legislation exists. Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion.[26] In this way these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on work, engineers are subject to contract law. In cases where an engineer's work fails he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence and, in extreme cases, the charge of criminal negligence. An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining to environmental law.
Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 3,000 conferences annually.[27] The IET publishes 21 journals, has a worldwide membership of over 150,000, and claims to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe.[28][29] Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electrical engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency. MIET(Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology) is recognised in Europe as Electrical and computer (technology) engineer [30]
In Australia, Canada and the United States electrical engineers make up around 0.25% of the labor force (see note). Outside of Europe and North America, engineering graduates per-capita, and hence probably electrical engineering graduates also, are most numerous in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea.[31]
Tools and work[link]
From the Global Positioning System to electric power generation, electrical engineers have contributed to the development of a wide range of technologies. They design, develop, test and supervise the deployment of electrical systems and electronic devices. For example, they may work on the design of telecommunication systems, the operation of electric power stations, the lighting and wiring of buildings, the design of household appliances or the electrical control of industrial machinery.[32]
Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided design programs when designing electrical systems. Nevertheless, the ability to sketch ideas is still invaluable for quickly communicating with others.
Although most electrical engineers will understand basic circuit theory (that is the interactions of elements such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and inductors in a circuit), the theories employed by engineers generally depend upon the work they do. For example, quantum mechanics and solid state physics might be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI (the design of integrated circuits), but are largely irrelevant to engineers working with macroscopic electrical systems. Even circuit theory may not be relevant to a person designing telecommunication systems that use off-the-shelf components. Perhaps the most important technical skills for electrical engineers are reflected in university programs, which emphasize strong numerical skills, computer literacy and the ability to understand the technical language and concepts that relate to electrical engineering.
For many engineers, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time may also be spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules.[33] Many senior engineers manage a team of technicians or other engineers and for this reason project management skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important.
The workplaces of electrical engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electrical engineers may be found in the pristine lab environment of a fabrication plant, the offices of a consulting firm or on site at a mine. During their working life, electrical engineers may find themselves supervising a wide range of individuals including scientists, electricians, computer programmers and other engineers.
Sub-disciplines[link]
Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines, the most popular of which are listed below. Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these sub-disciplines, many deal with a combination of them. Sometimes certain fields, such as electronic engineering and computer engineering, are considered separate disciplines in their own right.
Power[link]
Main article: Power engineering
Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors, high voltage engineering and power electronics. In many regions of the world, governments maintain an electrical network called a power grid that connects a variety of generators together with users of their energy. Users purchase electrical energy from the grid, avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid, called off-grid power systems, which in some cases are preferable to on-grid systems. The future includes Satellite controlled power systems, with feedback in real time to prevent power surges and prevent blackouts.
Control[link]
Main article: Control engineering
Control engineering focuses on the modeling of a diverse range of dynamic systems and the design of controllers that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. To implement such controllers electrical engineers may use electrical circuits, digital signal processors, microcontrollers and PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers). Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airliners to the cruise control present in many modern automobiles. It also plays an important role in industrial automation.
Control engineers often utilize feedback when designing control systems. For example, in an automobile with cruise control the vehicle's speed is continuously monitored and fed back to the system which adjusts the motor's power output accordingly. Where there is regular feedback, control theory can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback.
Electronics[link]
Main article: Electronic engineering
Electronic engineering involves the design and testing of electronic circuits that use the properties of components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a particular functionality. The tuned circuit, which allows the user of a radio to filter out all but a single station, is just one example of such a circuit. Another example (of a pneumatic signal conditioner) is shown in the adjacent photograph.
Prior to the second world war, the subject was commonly known as radio engineering and basically was restricted to aspects of communications and radar, commercial radio and early television. Later, in post war years, as consumer devices began to be developed, the field grew to include modern television, audio systems, computers and microprocessors. In the mid-to-late 1950s, the term radio engineering gradually gave way to the name electronic engineering.
Before the invention of the integrated circuit in 1959, electronic circuits were constructed from discrete components that could be manipulated by humans. These discrete circuits consumed much space and power and were limited in speed, although they are still common in some applications. By contrast, integrated circuits packed a large number—often millions—of tiny electrical components, mainly transistors, into a small chip around the size of a coin. This allowed for the powerful computers and other electronic devices we see today.
Microelectronics[link]
Main article: Microelectronics
Microelectronics engineering deals with the design and microfabrication of very small electronic circuit components for use in an integrated circuit or sometimes for use on their own as a general electronic component. The most common microelectronic components are semiconductor transistors, although all main electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors) can be created at a microscopic level. Nanoelectronics is the further scaling of devices down to nanometer levels.
Microelectronic components are created by chemically fabricating wafers of semiconductors such as silicon (at higher frequencies, compound semiconductors like gallium arsenide and indium phosphide) to obtain the desired transport of electronic charge and control of current. The field of microelectronics involves a significant amount of chemistry and material science and requires the electronic engineer working in the field to have a very good working knowledge of the effects of quantum mechanics.
Signal processing[link]
Main article: Signal processing
Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the information. For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error detection and error correction of digitally sampled signals.
Signal Processing is a very mathematically oriented and intensive area forming the core of digital signal processing and it is rapidly expanding with new applications in every field of electrical engineering such as communications, control, radar, TV/Audio/Video engineering, power electronics and bio-medical engineering as many already existing analog systems are replaced with their digital counterparts. Analog signal processing is still important in the design of many control systems.
DSP processor ICs are found in every type of modern electronic systems and products including, SDTV | HDTV sets, radios and mobile communication devices, Hi-Fi audio equipments, Dolby noise reduction algorithms, GSM mobile phones, mp3 multimedia players, camcorders and digital cameras, automobile control systems, noise cancelling headphones, digital spectrum analyzers, intelligent missile guidance, radar, GPS based cruise control systems and all kinds of image processing, video processing, audio processing and speech processing systems.
Telecommunications[link]
Main article: Telecommunications engineering
Telecommunications engineering focuses on the transmission of information across a channel such as a coax cable, optical fiber or free space. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a carrier wave to shift the information to a carrier frequency suitable for transmission, this is known as modulation. Popular analog modulation techniques include amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. The choice of modulation affects the cost and performance of a system and these two factors must be balanced carefully by the engineer.
Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the transmitters and receivers needed for such systems. These two are sometimes combined to form a two-way communication device known as a transceiver. A key consideration in the design of transmitters is their power consumption as this is closely related to their signal strength. If the signal strength of a transmitter is insufficient the signal's information will be corrupted by noise.
Instrumentation[link]
Main article: Instrumentation engineering
Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature. The design of such instrumentation requires a good understanding of physics that often extends beyond electromagnetic theory. For example, flight instruments measure variables such as wind speed and altitude to enable pilots the control of aircraft analytically. Similarly, thermocouples use the Peltier-Seebeck effect to measure the temperature difference between two points.
Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but instead as the sensors of larger electrical systems. For example, a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace's temperature remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control engineering.
Computers[link]
Main article: Computer engineering
Computer engineering deals with the design of computers and computer systems. This may involve the design of new hardware, the design of PDAs and supercomputers or the use of computers to control an industrial plant. Computer engineers may also work on a system's software. However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of software engineering, which is usually considered a separate discipline. Desktop computers represent a tiny fraction of the devices a computer engineer might work on, as computer-like architectures are now found in a range of devices including video game consoles and DVD players.
Related disciplines[link]
Mechatronics is an engineering discipline which deals with the convergence of electrical and mechanical systems. Such combined systems are known as electromechanical systems and have widespread adoption. Examples include automated manufacturing systems, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems and various subsystems of aircraft and automobiles.
The term mechatronics is typically used to refer to macroscopic systems but futurists have predicted the emergence of very small electromechanical devices. Already such small devices, known as Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), are used in automobiles to tell airbags when to deploy, in digital projectors to create sharper images and in inkjet printers to create nozzles for high definition printing. In the future it is hoped the devices will help build tiny implantable medical devices and improve optical communication.[34]
Biomedical engineering is another related discipline, concerned with the design of medical equipment. This includes fixed equipment such as ventilators, MRI scanners and electrocardiograph monitors as well as mobile equipment such as cochlear implants, artificial pacemakers and artificial hearts.
See also[link]
- Analog signal processing
- Computer engineering
- Electronic design automation
- Electronic engineering
- Electrical Technologist
- IEEE
- Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
- List of electrical engineering topics (alphabetical)
- List of electrical engineering topics (thematic)
- List of electrical engineers
- List of Russian electrical engineers
- Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
- Occupations in Electrical/Electronics Engineering
Note[link]
Note I - There were around 300,000 people (as of 2006[update]) working as electrical engineers in the US; in Australia, there were around 17,000 (as of 2008[update]) and in Canada, there were around 37,000 (as of 2007[update]), constituting about 0.2% of the labour force in each of the three countries. Australia and Canada reported that 96% and 88% of their electrical engineers respectively are male.[35]
References[link]
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- ^ Vaunt Design Group. (2005).Inventor Alessandro Volta Biography. Troy MI: The Great Idea Finder. Accessed 21 March 2008.
- ^ ""Ohm, Georg Simon", "Faraday, Michael" and "Maxwell, James Clerk"". Encyclopædia Britannica (11 ed.). 1911.
- ^ Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress held in the city of Chicago, August 21st to 25th, 1893. Publisher: New York, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1894. May be downloaded from http://www.archive.org/details/proceedingsinte01chicgoog
- ^ Tunbridge, Paul. Lord Kelvin: His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units. Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology1991. ISBN 978-0-86341-237-0
- ^ Weber, Ernst; Frederik Nebeker (1994). The Evolution of Electrical Engineering: A Personal Perspective. IEEE Press. ISBN 0-7803-1066-7.
- ^ "Welcome to ECE!". Cornell University - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. http://www.ece.cornell.edu. Retrieved 29 December 2005.
- ^ Ryder, John; Donald G. Fink (1984). Engineers and Electrons. IEEE Press. ISBN 0-87942-172-X.
- ^ "History". National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=500&itemID=18020&URL=About%20Us/History. Retrieved 19 January 2006. (published 1996 in the NFPA Journal)
- ^ Leland Anderson, "Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power", Sun Publishing Company, LC 92-60482, ISBN 0-9632652-0-2 (ed. excerpts available online)
- ^ "Karl Ferdinand Braun". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/braun-bio.html. Retrieved 10 September 2006.
- ^ "History of Amateur Radio". What is Amateur Radio?. http://www.amateurradio.uni-halle.de/hamradio.en.html. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
- ^ Marconi's biography at Nobelprize.org retrieved 21 June 2008.
- ^ "Albert W. Hull (1880–1966)". IEEE History Center. http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/legacies/hull.html. Retrieved 22 January 2006.
- ^ "Who Invented Microwaves?". http://www.gallawa.com/microtech/history.html. Retrieved 22 January 2006.
- ^ "Early Radar History". Peneley Radar Archives. http://www.penleyradararchives.org.uk/history/introduction.htm. Retrieved 22 January 2006.
- ^ "The Z3". http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/en/Rechner_Z3.html. Retrieved 18 January 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "The ENIAC Museum Online". http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/guys.html. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
- ^ "Electronics Timeline". Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century. http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3956. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
- ^ "Computing History (1971–1975)". http://mbinfo.mbdesign.net/1971-75.htm. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
- ^ "Electrical and Electronic Engineering". http://www.flinders.edu.au/science_engineering/csem/disciplines/eee/. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
- ^ Various including graduate degree requirements at MIT, study guide at UWA, the curriculum at Queen's and unit tables at Aberdeen
- ^ "Why Should You Get Licensed?". National Society of Professional Engineers. Archived from the original on June 4, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050604085233/http://www.nspe.org/lc1-why.asp. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
- ^ "Engineers Act". Quebec Statutes and Regulations (CanLII). http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=//I_9/I9_A.htm. Retrieved 24 July 2005.
- ^ "Codes of Ethics and Conduct". Online Ethics Center. http://onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/ethcodes.aspx. Retrieved 24 July 2005.
- ^ "About the IEEE". IEEE. http://www.ieee.org/about/. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
- ^ "About the IET". The IET. http://www.theiet.org/about/. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
- ^ "Journal and Magazines". The IET. http://www.theiet.org/publishing/journals/. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
- ^ "Electrical and Electronics Engineers, except Computer". Occupational Outlook Handbook. Archived from the original on July 13, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050713014728/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos031.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2005.. (see here regarding copyright)
- ^ "Science and Engineering Indicators 2004, Appendix 2-33" (PDF). National Science Foundation. 2004. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/append/c2/at02-33.pdf.
- ^ "Electrical and Electronics Engineers, except Computer". Occupational Outlook Handbook. Archived from the original on 13 July 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050713014728/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos031.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2005. (see Internet Archive)
- ^ Trevelyan, James; (2005). What Do Engineers Really Do?. University of Western Australia. (seminar with slides)
- ^ "MEMS the world!". IntelliSense Software Corporation. Archived from the original on March 17, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050317085002/http://www.intellisensesoftware.com/Technology.html. Retrieved 17 July 2005.
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