This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

A military dictatorship is a form of government where in the political power resides with the military. It is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. Like any dictatorship, a military dictatorship may be official or unofficial, and as a result may not actually qualify as stratocratic. Mixed forms also exist, where the military exerts a very strong influence without being entirely dominant.

Types[link]

Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for military dictatorships. One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and institutional structure than most of the civilian institutions of society.^{[citation needed]}

The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word which can be translated as "conference" or "board"), or a committee composed of several officers, often from the military's most senior leadership, but in other cases less senior, as evidenced by the term colonels' regime, where the military leaders remained loyal to the previous regime. Other military dictatorships are entirely in the hands of a single officer, sometimes called a caudillo, usually the senior army commander. In either case, the chairman of the junta or the single commander may often personally assume office as head of state.

In the Middle East and Africa, military governments more often came to be led by a single powerful person, and were autocracies in addition to military dictatorships. Leaders like Idi Amin, Sani Abacha, Muammar Gaddafi, and Gamal Abdul Nasser worked to develop a personality cult and became the face of the nation inside and outside their countries.

Creation and evolution[link]

Most military dictatorships are formed after a coup d'état has overthrown the previous government. One very different pattern was the one followed by Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq and Kim Il-sung's regime in North Korea, both of which began as one-party states, but over the course of their existence turned into military dictatorships as their leaders donned uniforms and the military became closely involved in the government.

Conversely, other military dictatorships may gradually restore significant components of civilian government while the senior military commander still maintains executive political power. In Pakistan, ruling Generals Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1977–1988) and Pervez Musharraf (1999–2008) have held singular referendums to elect themselves President of Pakistan for additional terms forbidden by the constitution.

Justification[link]

In the past, military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies". For example, in Latin America, the threat of communism was often used. Military regimes tend to portray themselves as non-partisan, as a "neutral" party that can provide interim leadership in times of turmoil, and also tend to portray civilian politicians as corrupt and ineffective. One of the almost universal characteristics of a military government is the institution of martial law or a permanent state of emergency.

Decline[link]

Since the 1990s, military dictatorships have become less common. Reasons for this include the fact that military dictatorships no longer have much international legitimacy, as well as the fact that many militaries having unsuccessfully ruled many nations are now inclined not to become involved in political disputes.

States currently under military dictatorships are shown in olive

Update image for correct country codes like Pakistan and Thailand and then remove this comment.

Current cases[link]

•  North Korea – De facto since 1994, National Defence Commission of North Korea (proclaimed highest authority in 1998)
•  Fiji – since the 2006 Fijian coup d'état; see also 1987 Fijian coups d'état and 2000 Fijian coup d'état.
•  Egypt – since the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.

Past cases[link]

Note: due to the large number of historic regimes that could arguably be classed as military dictatorships, this list is limited to those administrations in power from the 19th century onwards.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Africa[link]

•  Algeria (1992–1994)
•  Benin (1963–1964; 1965–1968; 1969–1970; 1972–1975)
•  Burkina Faso (1966–1977; 1980–1991)
•  Burundi (1966–1974; 1976–1979; 1987–1992)
•  Central African Republic (1966–1976; 1981–1987; 2003–2005)
•  Chad (1975–1979; 1982–1989)
•  Comoros (1999–2002)
•  Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965–1967)
•  Republic of the Congo (1968–1969; 1977–1979)
•  Côte d'Ivoire (1999–2000)
•  Egypt (2011-present)
•  Equatorial Guinea (1979–1987)
•  Ethiopia (1974–1987)
•  The Gambia (1994–1996)
•  Ghana (1966–1969; 1972-1975; 1975–1979; 1981–1993)
•  Guinea (1984–1990; 2008–2010)
•  Guinea-Bissau (1980–1984, 2012)
•  Lesotho (1986–1993)
•  Liberia (1980–1984)
•  Libya (1969–1977)
•  Madagascar (1972–1976)
•  Mali (1968–1992, 2012)
•  Mauritania (1978–1979; 1979-1992; 2005–2007; 2008–2009)
•  Niger (1974–1989; 2010–2011)
•  Nigeria (1966–1975; 1975-1979; 1983–1985; 1985-1993; 1993–1998; 1998-1999)
•  Rwanda (1973–1975)
•  Sierra Leone (1967–1968; 1992–1996; 1997–1998)
•  Somalia (1969–1976; local militia rule since 1991)
•  Sudan (1958–1964; 1969–1971; 1985-1986; 1989–1993)
•  Togo (1967–1979)
•  Uganda (1971–1979; 1985–1986)

The Americas[link]

•  Argentina (1930–1932; 1943–1946; 1955–1958; 1966–1973; 1976–1983)
•  Bolivia (1828–1848; 1861–1871; 1876–1880; 1930–1931; 1936–1946; 1951–1952; 1964–1966; 1969–1979; 1980–1982)
•  Brazil (1889–1894; 1964–1985)
•  Chile (1924–1925; 1927–1931; 1973–1990)
•  Colombia (1855–1857; 1953–1958)
•  Costa Rica (1863–1866; 1868–1876; 1877–1882; 1917–1919)
•  Cuba (1933–1940; 1952–1959)
•  Dominican Republic (1930–1961)
•  Ecuador (1876–1883; 1937–1938; 1963–1966; 1972–1979)
•  El Salvador (1885–1911; 1931–1980)
•  Guatemala (1931–1945; 1957–1958; 1963–1966; 1970–1986)
•  Haiti (1950–1956; 1986–1990, 1991–1994)
•  Honduras (1903–1907; 1956–1957; 1963–1971; 1972–1982)
•  Mexico (1876–1880; 1884–1911)
•  Nicaragua (1936–1956; 1967-1979)
•  Panama (1968–1989)
•  Paraguay (1940–1948; 1954-1993)
•  Peru (1838–1872; 1876–1879; 1886–1895; 1914–1915; 1930–1931; 1933–1939; 1948–1950; 1962–1963; 1968–1980)
•  Suriname (1980–1988)
•  Uruguay (1876–1879; 1973–1985)
•  Venezuela (1847–1858; 1908–1935; 1948–1958)

Asia-Pacific[link]

•  Bangladesh (1975–1981; 1982–1986)
•  Burma (Myanmar) (1958–1960; 1962-1988; 1988–2011)
•  Cambodia (1966–1967; 1969–1975)
•  Republic of China (1928–1975; local militia rule 1912–1928)
•  Fiji (1987; 2000; 2006–present)
•  Indonesia 1966–1998
•  Iran (1923–1925; 1950–1951; 1953–1957; 1978–1979)
•  Iraq (1933–1935; 1937–1938; 1949–1950; 1952–1953; 1958–1963; 1963-1979)
•  Japan (1932–1945)
•  North Korea (1948–present)
•  South Korea (1961–1963, 1980)
•  Laos (1959–1960)
•  Pakistan (1958-1971; 1977–1988; 1999-2008)
•  Philippines (1972–1981)
•  Syria (1951–1954)
•  Thailand (1933–1945; 1946–1973; 1976–1988; 1991–1992; 2006–2008)
•  South Vietnam (1963–1975)
•  North Yemen (1962–1978)

Europe[link]

•  Bulgaria (1934–1935; 1944–1946)
•  England (1653–1659)
•  France (1870–1871; 1940–1944)
•  Greece (1922–1926; 1936–1941; 1967–1974)
•  Hungary (1944–1945)
•  Poland (1926–1935; 1981–1983)
•  Portugal (1926–1933; 1974-1976)
•  Romania (1940–1945)
•  Russia (1918–1920)
•  Spain (1923–1930; 1939–1975)
•  Turkey (1960–1961; 1980–1983)

References[link]

See also[link]

• Military junta
• Khakistocracy
• Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
• List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)

Park Chung-hee 박정희 朴正熙
President of the Republic of Korea
In office March 24, 1962 – October 26, 1979 Acting until December 17, 1963
Preceded by	Yun Po-sun
Succeeded by	Choi Kyu-hah
Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
In office July 3, 1961 – December 17, 1963 Deputy Chairman from May 16, 1961
Preceded by	Chang Do-yong
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Personal details
Born	(1917-09-30)September 30, 1917 Gumi-si, North Gyeongsang, Japanese Korea (now Gumi, South Korea)
Died	October 26, 1979(1979-10-26) (aged 62) Seoul, South Korea
Nationality	South Korean
Political party	Democratic Republican
Spouse(s)	Yuk Young-soo (assassinated in 1974)
Alma mater	Kyungpook National University Imperial Japanese Army Academy Korea Military Academy
Religion	Buddhist
Signature
Military service
Service/branch	Manchukuo Imperial Army Republic of Korea Army
Years of service	1942–1963
Rank	General

This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja.

Park Chung-hee (September 30, 1917 – October 26, 1979) was a Republic of Korea Army general and the President of South Korea from 1961 to 1979.

Park seized power in a military-led coup d'état and ruled as an unelected military strongman until his formal election as president in 1963, a post he held for 16 years until his assassination on October 26, 1979.^[1]

Park has been credited with the industrialization and rapid economic growth of South Korea through export-oriented industrialization.^[2] Despite this, Park remains a controversial figure in South Korean history due to his authoritarian way of ruling the country, particularly after 1971.

In 1999, Park was named by Time magazine as being one of the top ten "Asians of the Century".^[3]

Today, Park's legacy is split between those who credit his role in rebuilding war-ravaged South Korea after the devastating Korean War, to those who fervidly condemn his authoritarian policies, particularly those implemented after 1971.

Early life[link]

Park Chung-hee was born on September 30, 1917, in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do during a time when Korea was under Japanese rule. His father was Park Seong-bin (age 46 at the time) and his mother was Baek Nam-hui (age 45). His eldest brother was Park Dong-hee (age 22); second brother was Park Mu-hee (age 19); eldest sister was Park Gwi-hee (age 15); third brother was Park Sang-hee (age 11); fourth brother was Park Han-saeng (age 7); and his youngest sister was Park Jae-hee (age 5).

Park came from an undistinguished local branch of the Goryeong Bak clan, and won admission to the Daegu Teacher's Gymnasium, which was a favored high school for prospective primary teachers. He entered on April 8, 1932 and graduated on March 25, 1937, after five years of study. His formative years coincided with the Japanese invasion of China, starting with the Manchurian incident in 1931 and culminating in the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Park went on to teach for several years in Mungyeong, where the primary school has been preserved as a museum.

Military career[link]

In April 1940, Park enrolled in the Manchukuo Imperial Army Academy, and on completing his studies with top marks in 1942, was selected for officer training at the Army Staff College in Japan. After graduating third in his class, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 8th Infantry Division of the Manchukuo Army, and served during the final stages of World War II. After the war, he went on to serve in the military of the South Korea but was expelled in 1948 when it was alleged that he had participated in a communist cell organized within the South Korean military. While Park was a member of the South Korean Workers Party, the allegations concerning his involvement in a military cell were never substantiated.^[4] During the Korean War he rejoined the military and became an expert at logistics. He received a year of special training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He rose steadily through the ranks, eventually reaching the rank of general.

Personal life[link]

Park was married to Kim Ho Nam and the two later divorced. Afterwards, he married to Yuk Young-soo, and the couple had two daughters and one son. The elder daughter, Park Geun Hye, later became a prominent politician in South Korea.

Ascent to the presidency[link]

Syngman Rhee, the first President of South Korea, was forced out of office on April 26, 1960, as an aftermath of the April 19 Movement, a student-led uprising. A new government took office on August 13, 1960. However, this was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in South Korea, with a figurehead president, Yun Bo-seon. The real power was vested in the Prime Minister, Chang Myon.

Yun and Chang did not command the respect of the majority of the Democratic Party. They could not agree on the composition of the cabinet and Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months.

Political background[link]

Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption by the Rhee presidency and the students who had led to Rhee's ousting. The students regularly filled the streets, making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Law and order could not be maintained because the police, long an instrument of the Rhee government, were demoralized and had been completely discredited by the public. Continued factional wrangling caused the public to turn away from the party.

Coup d'état of 1961[link]

Park then led a military coup (called the 5.16 coup d'état) on May 16, 1961, a coup largely welcomed by a general populace exhausted by political chaos. Although Prime Minister Chang resisted the coup efforts, President Yun sided with the junta and persuaded the United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various South Korean army units not to interfere with the new rulers. Soon, Park Chung-hee was promoted to Lieutenant General.

The Korean Central Intelligence Agency, or the KCIA, was created on June 19, 1961 to prevent a countercoup and to suppress all potential enemies, foreign and domestic. The KCIA was to have not only investigative power, but also the power to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or harboring anti-government sentiments. The KCIA extended its power to economic and foreign affairs under its first director, retired Colonel Kim Jong-pil, a relative of Park and one of the original planners of the coup.

President Yun remained in office to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 24, 1962. Park then became the acting president as well as chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction and was promoted to full general. Following pressure from the Kennedy administration, Park finally relented and agreed to restore civilian rule. He narrowly won the 1963 election as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party over Yun, candidate of the Civil Rule Party. He was re-elected in 1967, again defeating Yun by a narrow margin.

Presidency[link]

Economic reform[link]

President Park Chung-hee, standing third from left, at a 1966 SEATO convention.

Park is generally credited with playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's economy by shifting its focus to export-oriented industrialization. When he came to power in 1961, South Korea's per capita income was only US$ 72.00. North Korea was the greater economic and military power on the peninsula due to the North's legacy of Japanese-built facilities such as the power and chemical plants, and also the large amounts of economic, technical and financial aid it received from other communist bloc countries such as the Soviet Union, East Germany and Poland.

South Korean industry saw remarkable development under Park's leadership. He had seen the development of Manchukuo based on Japanese investment in infrastructure and heavy industries when he was an officer in the Manchukuo imperial army. Intending to acquire money and technology for South Korea via Japanese grants and soft loans, Park normalized diplomatic relations with Japan in 1965 (Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea). Many South Koreans questioned Park's decision, which was extremely unpopular due to vivid memories of Japan's colonization of Korea; it resulted in widespread unrest. However, Park's strategy succeeded in attracting Japanese capital and technology, along with American aid, to develop South Korea's heavy industry and infrastructure, although many Koreans criticized it as too meager recompense for the long Japanese occupation.^{[citation needed]}Government-corporate cooperation on expanding South Korean exports helped lead to the growth of some South Korean companies into today's giant Korean financial conglomerates, the chaebols.

Creation of economic development agencies[link]

• Economic Planning Board (EPB)
• Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI)
• Ministry of Finance (MoF)^[5]

Foreign policy[link]

Park's government deployed over 300,000 South Korean troops in the Vietnam War, a commitment second only to that of the United States.^[6] The stated reasons for this were to help maintain good relations with the United States, prevent the further advance of communism in East Asia^[7] and to enhance the Republic's international standing. In January 1965, on the day when a bill mandating a major deployment passed the National Assembly (with 106 votes for and 11 against),^[8] Park announced that it was "time for South Korea to wean itself from a passive position of receiving help or suffering intervention, and to assume a proactive role of taking responsibility on major international issues."^[9]

In the 1960s, Park made speeches in which he blamed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the British Empire generally for Japan's takeover of Korea.^[10]

Dictatorial rule[link]

Park clamped down on personal freedoms under the provisions of a state of emergency dating to the Korean War. Constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and the press were often curtailed. The KCIA retained broad powers of arrest and detention, and opponents were frequently tortured.^[11]

Yusin Constitution[link]

The Constitution of 1963 limited the President of South Korea to two consecutive terms, and Park had promised after being sworn in for his second term that he would leave office in 1971. However, with the assistance of the KCIA, his allies in the legislature succeeded in amending the Constitution to allow the current president—himself—to run for three consecutive terms. In 1971, he won another close election, this time over his rival, Kim Dae-jung.

Just after being sworn in for his third term, Park declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation." In October 1972, he dissolved Parliament and suspended the Constitution. In December, a new constitution, the Yusin Constitution, was approved in a heavily rigged plebiscite after a vigorous campaign on its behalf by the heavily censored press. It borrowed the word "Yusin" (維新) from the Meiji Restoration (Meiji Ishin; 明治維新) of Imperial Japan. He drew inspiration for his self-coup from Ferdinand Marcos' similar move a few weeks earlier.

The new document dramatically increased Park's power. It transferred the election of the president to an electoral college, the National Conference for Unification. The presidential term was increased to six years, with no limits on reelection. In effect, the constitution converted Park's presidency into a legal dictatorship. In the elections of 1972 and 1978 he was re-elected without any opposition.

Controversy[link]

Park in 1964

Dictatorship[link]

The growth of the South Korean economy secured a level of support for the Park Chung-hee presidency in the 1960s, but that support started to fade after economic growth started slowing and because of the authoritarian measures taken by Park. By the late 1970s, demonstrations against the Yushin system erupted throughout the country indicating Park’s rising level of unpopularity.

A demonstration that hurt Park’s popularity was the “Pu-Ma struggle.” On October 16, 1979, student demonstrations calling for the end of dictatorship and the Yushin system began at Busan National University and moved into the streets of the city. Students and the riot police fought all day, and by the evening, 50,000 people had gathered in front of the city hall. After several public offices were attacked and around 400 protesters were arrested, the government declared martial law in Busan on October 18. On October 18, the protests spread to Masan. Students from Kyungnam University in Masan also participated in protests, which spread and resulted in 10,000 mostly students and workers joining the struggle against the Yushin System. They began attacking the police station and city offices of the ruling party, and a city-wide curfew was put into place.^[12]

The rising unrest in the public contributed to the sense of urgency in the government, and hence, to Park Chung-hee’s assassination.

Vietnam War[link]

At the request of the United States, Park Chung-hee sent approximately 320,000 South Korean troops to fight alongside the United States and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, primarily to strengthen the military alliance with the United States. However, there were also financial incentives for South Korea's participation in the war. South Korean military personnel were paid by the United States federal government and their salaries were remitted directly to the South Korean government. Park was eager to send South Korean troops and vigorously campaigned to extend the war. In return for troop commitments, South Korea received tens of billions of dollars in grants, loans, subsidies, technology transfers, and preferential markets, all provided by the Johnson and Nixon administrations.^[13]

Assassination attempts[link]

The Blue House Raid[link]

On January 21, 1968, the 31-man Unit 124 of North Korean People's Army special forces commandos attempted to assassinate Park and nearly succeeded. They were stopped just 800 metres from the Blue House by a police patrol, and all but two were killed or captured. In response to the assassination attempt, the South Korean government reportedly organized the ill-fated Unit 684. This group was intended to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung, but was disbanded in 1971.

Second attempt[link]

On August 15, 1974, Park was delivering a speech in the National Theater during a ceremony to celebrate the nation's deliverance from Japanese colonial domination 29 years before, when a presumed North Korean agent Mun Se-gwang fired a gun at Park from the front row. The bullets missed the president, but a stray bullet struck his wife Yuk Young-soo, who died later in the day, and one choir girl. The incident was filmed on video.^[14] Park continued his speech as his dying wife was carried off the stage.^[15]

Assassination[link]

On October 26, 1979, Park was shot by Kim Jae-kyu, the director of the KCIA. Kim claimed that Park was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism. After Kim shot the president to death and the leader of his guards, his agents quickly killed four more of the presidential bodyguards before the group was apprehended. The entire episode is usually considered either a spontaneous act of passion by an individual or as part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service.^[16] A devout Buddhist,^[17] Park is buried at Seoul National Cemetery.

Legacy[link]

A large number of South Koreans, especially those from Park's native Yeongnam region, consider Park to be one of the greatest leaders in Korean history and continue to hold Park in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his regime. He is often credited as one of the main influences responsible for bringing economic prosperity to South Korea. Today, Park is recognized and respected by many Koreans as his country's most efficient leader who is credited for making South Korea what it is today in economic terms.^[18]

There were also many economic feats established during Park's regime, including the Gyeongbu Expressway, POSCO the famous Five-Year Plans of South Korea and the New Community Movement. His daughter Park Geun-hye was elected the chairman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She later resigned her post in order to prepare a presidential bid for an upcoming election. However, she lost her bid to her intra-party rival, Lee Myung Bak.^[19]

However, Park's legacy is oftentimes split between those who credit his role in rebuilding war-ravaged South Korea after the devastating Korean War, to those who fervidly condemn his authoritarian policies, particularly those implemented after 1971.

Further reading[link]

• Our Nation's Path: Ideology of Social Reconstruction, by Park Chung-hee. (Hollym Publishers, 1970.)
• Troubled Tiger: Businessmen, Bureaucrats, and Generals in South Korea, by Mark Clifford. (M. E. Sharpe, 1994.)
• Developmental Dictatorship and the Park Chung-hee Era (Changbi Publishers, 2003), a collection of essays edited by Lee Byeong-cheon. (English translation published by Homa & Sekey Books, 2006.)

See also[link]

	South Korea portal
	Biography portal

• History of South Korea
• Realpolitik
• List of Korea-related topics

References[link]

External links[link]

• 日韓条約批准書交換に関する朴正煕韓国大統領談話 (Japanese)
• BBC News' "On this day": a recollection of Park's assassination.
• North Korean International Documentation Project (NKIDP)
• NKIDP: Crisis and Confrontation on the Korean Peninsula: 1968–1969, A Critical Oral History
• Casey Lartigue, Jr. (July 20, 2011). "Park Chung-hee: Dictator or benevolent autocrat?". Center for Free Enterprise. http://eng.cfe.org/mboard/bbsDetail.asp?cid=mn2007713123749&idx=2003. 
• "Gen Chung (정) Hee (희) Park (박)". President of Republic of Korea, Military Leader. Find a Grave. Feb 8, 2010. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=47828146. Retrieved Aug 19, 2011. 
• The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-18A (1966) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]

v t e Presidents of South Korea (List) Rhee Heo (acting) Yun Park Choi Chun Roh T.W. Kim Y.S. Kim D.J. Roh M.H. Goh (acting) Roh M.H. Lee

v t e Prime Ministers of South Korea (List) Lee B. Shin S. Chang M. Heo Yi Chang T.S. Baek D. Baek D. Byeon Baek H. post abolished, 1954–1960 Heo Chang M. Chang D. Song Park C. Kim H.C. Choi D. Chung I. Baek D. Kim J. Choi K. Choi K. Shin H. Park C.H. Nam Nam Yoo Yoo Kim S.H. Kim S.H. Chin Chin Shin B. Lho Lho Lee H.Key Kim C. Kim C. Lee H.J. Lee H.J. Kang Kang Ro Ro Chung W. Chung W. Hyun Hwang Lee H.Chang Lee Y. Lee H.Koo Lee S. Go Kim J. Kim J. Park T. Lee H.D. Lee H.D. Chang S. Chang D. Kim S.S. Kim S.S. Go Lee H.Chan Han D. Han M. Kwon Han D. Han S. Chung U. Yoon Kim H.S. Italics indicate acting Prime Ministers; small caps indicate military Prime Ministers