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A feature film is a film that runs for 40 minutes or longer, according to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and British Film Institute, though the Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer.

The majority of feature films are between 90 and 210 minutes long. The Story of the Kelly Gang was the first feature film based on length, and was released in 1906. The first feature-length adaptation was Les Misérables which was released in 1909.

Feature films for children are usually between 60 and 120 minutes. Other early feature films include a version of Oliver Twist (1912), Richard III (1912) and From the Manger to the Cross (1912).

Many feature films tend to be adaptations of literary works. Notable feature length adaptations include The Godfather, Gone With the Wind, Dracula, Forrest Gump and The Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Description[link]

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences,^[1] the American Film Institute,^[2] and the British Film Institute^[3] all define a feature as a film with a running time of 40 minutes or longer. The Centre National de la Cinématographie in France defines it as a 35 mm film longer than 1,600 metres, which is exactly 58 minutes and 29 seconds for sound films, and the Screen Actors Guild gives a minimum running time of at least 80 minutes.^[4] Today, a feature film is usually between 80 and 210 minutes^{[citation needed]}; a children's film is usually between 60 and 120 minutes^{[citation needed]}. An anthology film is a fixed sequence of short subjects with a common theme, combined into a feature film.

History[link]

The term feature film came into use to refer to the main film to be presented in a cinema, and the one which was promoted or advertised. The term was used to distinguish the main film from the short films (referred to as shorts) typically presented before the main film, such as newsreels, serials, animated cartoons and live-action comedies and documentaries. These types of short films would precede the featured presentation - the film given the most prominent billing and running multiple reels. There was no sudden jump in the running times of films to the present-day definitions of feature-length; the "featured" film on a film program in the early 1910s gradually expanded from two to three to four reels.

Early proto-features had been produced in America and France, but were released in individual scenes, leaving the exhibitor the option of running them together. The American company S. Lubin released a Passion Play in January 1903 in 31 parts, totaling about 60 minutes.^[5] The French company Pathé Frères released a different Passion Play, La Vie et la passion de Jésus Christ, in May 1903 in 32 parts running about 44 minutes. There were also full-length records of boxing matches, such as The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight (1897).^[6]

Defined by length, the first dramatic feature film was the Australian 70-minute film The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906).^[7] Similarly, the first European feature was the 90-minute film L'Enfant prodigue (France, 1907), although that was an unmodified record of a stage play; Europe's first feature adapted directly for the screen, Les Misérables, came from France in 1909.^[7] The first Russian feature was Defence of Sevastopol in 1911.^[8] The first UK features were the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India (1912), filmed in Kinemacolor,^[9] and Oliver Twist (1912).^[7] The first American features were a different production of Oliver Twist (1912), From the Manger to the Cross (1912), and Richard III (1912), the latter starring actor Frederick Warde.^[10] The first Asian feature was Japan's The Life Story of Tasuke Shiobara (1912),^[11] the first Indian feature was Raja Harishchandra (1913),^[12] the first South American feature was Brazil's O Crime dos Banhados (1913),^[11] and the first African feature was South Africa's Die Voortrekkers (1916).^[11] 1913 also saw China's first feature film, Zhang Shichuan's Nan Fu Nan Qi.

By 1915 over 600 features were produced annually in the United States.^[13] The most prolific year of U.S. feature production was 1921, with 682 releases; the lowest number of releases was in 1963, with 213.^[13] Between 1922 and 1970, the U.S. and Japan alternated as leaders in the quantity of feature film production. Since 1971, the country with the highest feature output has been India,^[14] which produces a thousand films in more than twelve Indian languages each year.^[15]

References[link]

File:Duff.jpg

Michael Andrew "Duff" McKagan (born February 5, 1964) is an American musician and writer. He is best known for his twelve-year tenure as the bassist of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he achieved worldwide success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During his later years with the band, he released a solo album, Believe in Me (1993), and formed the short-lived supergroup Neurotic Outsiders.

Following his departure from Guns N' Roses in 1997, McKagan briefly reunited with his pre-success Seattle punk band 10 Minute Warning. He then formed the still-active hard rock band Loaded, in which he performs lead vocals and rhythm guitar. Between 2002 and 2008, he played bass in the supergroup Velvet Revolver with his former Guns N' Roses band mates Slash and Matt Sorum. He joined Jane's Addiction for a brief tenure in 2010. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012 as a member of Guns N' Roses.^[2]

In addition to his musical career, McKagan has established himself as a writer. He has written weekly columns on a wide variety of topics for SeattleWeekly.com,^[3] Playboy.com,^[4] and ESPN.com.^[5] A former high school drop-out, he attended Seattle University's Albers School of Business and Economics in the early 2000s, and subsequently founded the wealth management firm Meridian Rock.^[6]

Early life[link]

McKagan grew up in the working-class U District of Seattle,^[7] the youngest of eight children born to Alice Marie and Elmer "Mac" McKagan. He has been called "Duff" since toddlerhood, to which he once referred as "an Irish thing."^[7] Following his parents' divorce, his mother supported the family by taking a job as a typist.^[7] He was taught how to play bass by his brother Bruce, further developing his skills by playing along with the albums 1999 by Prince and Damaged by Black Flag.^[8] Although an honors student, McKagan dropped out of Roosevelt High School in the tenth grade and earned his GED.^[7]

Career[link]

1979–1985: Early years[link]

McKagan once claimed to have been a member of 31 bands in Seattle, variously playing drums, guitar, and bass, although he admits that most of them were party bands that played together only once.^[7] In 1979, at the age of 15, McKagan formed the punk band the Vains, in which he played bass; they released the single "School Jerks" in 1980.^[7][9] During this time, he also played guitar in the punk band the Living, which opened shows for Hüsker Dü and D.O.A., and developed a devoted following.

In 1980, McKagan joined the pop-punk band the Fastbacks as their drummer. He appeared on their 1981 debut single "It's Your Birthday", which was issued on guitarist Kurt Bloch's label No Threes Records, and on the song "Someone Else's Room", which was included on the Seattle Syndrome Volume One compilation album, also released in 1981.^[10] In 1982, McKagan became the drummer for the hardcore punk band The Fartz, with whom he recorded several demos, five of which were included on their 1990 album You, We See You Crawling.^[11] After several line-up changes, The Fartz evolved into the post-punk band 10 Minute Warning, for which McKagan played guitar.^[7]

In 1983, McKagan moved to Los Angeles, California, where he found work as an appetizer server at a Black Angus restaurant in Northridge.^[7] Answering an ad for a bassist in a local newspaper, he met guitarist Slash and drummer Steven Adler,^[7][12][13] with whom he formed the short-lived band Road Crew.^[14] They auditioned a number of singers, including one-time Black Flag vocalist Ron Reyes, and worked on material that included the main riff of what would become the Guns N' Roses song "Rocket Queen".^[14] Slash eventually disbanded the group due to them not being able to find a singer, as well as Adler's lack of work ethic compared to himself and McKagan.^[14]

[edit] 1985–1997: Guns N' Roses, Believe in Me, and Neurotic Outsiders

In June 1985, McKagan replaced bassist Ole Beich in Guns N' Roses,^[15][16] which was newly founded by singer Axl Rose and guitarist Izzy Stradlin of Hollywood Rose.^[17][18] McKagan's Road Crew band mates Slash and Steven Adler joined the band that same month. After two days of rehearsal, the line-up played its debut gig at The Troubadour on June 6. In 1987, Guns N' Roses released its debut album, Appetite for Destruction, which to date has sold over 28 million copies worldwide,^[19] 18 million of which in the United States, making it the best-selling debut album of all time in the US.^[20] The following year, the band released G N' R Lies, which sold over five million copies in the US alone,^[20] despite containing only eight tracks, four of which were included on the previously released EP Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide. In 1990, Steven Adler was fired from the band because of his heroin addiction; he was replaced by Matt Sorum of The Cult.^[21]

In May 1991, Guns N' Roses embarked on the two-and-a-half-year-long Use Your Illusion Tour. The following September, the band released the long-awaited albums Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II, which debuted at No. 2 and No. 1 respectively on the US chart, a feat unachieved by any other group.^[22] In November of that year, Izzy Stradlin abruptly left the band; he was replaced by Gilby Clarke of Kill For Thrills. In 1993, the band released "The Spaghetti Incident?", a cover album of mostly punk songs, which proved less successful than its predecessors. McKagan took on lead vocals on four songs, including live favorite "Attitude", originally by the Misfits. That same year, McKagan released his debut solo album, Believe in Me, on which he sang lead vocals and played virtually every instrument.

In 1995, with Guns N' Roses largely inactive, McKagan formed the supergroup Neurotic Outsiders with Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols, John Taylor of Duran Duran, and his Guns N' Roses band mate Matt Sorum. Originally a gathering of friends jamming together at the Viper Room in Hollywood, they released their self-titled album on Maverick Records in 1996. The band played a brief tour of Europe and North America, before disbanding in 1997. In August of that year, McKagan left Guns N' Roses as its last original member other than Axl Rose.^[23]

[edit] 1997–2002: 10 Minute Warning reunion, Beautiful Disease, and Loaded

Following his departure from Guns N' Roses in 1997, McKagan moved back to Seattle, where he met with many of his old friends, including Pearl Jam's Stone Gossard, who convinced him to reunite 10 Minute Warning. Singer Christopher Blue was brought in to replace Steve Verwolf, who was serving a term in federal prison. In 1998, the band released their self-titled album on the well-known Seattle label Sub Pop. The album featured nine tracks, including two new versions of songs originally recorded by The Fartz, namely "Is This the Way?" and "Buried". 10 Minute Warning played its last show on August 22, 1998 at the Roseland theater in Portland, Oregon.^[24]

McKagan's second solo album, Beautiful Disease, was intended to be released in 1999, but became lost in the legal shuffle of the merge between Geffen Records and Interscope Records.^[25] McKagan was dropped from Geffen's roster,^[26][27] and subsequently lost all commercial rights to release the record. For the tour supporting his ill-fated solo album, he formed the band Loaded, which consisted of McKagan on bass and vocals, Dez Cadena, formerly of Black Flag, on guitar, Michael Barragan, formerly of Plexi, on guitar, and Taz Bentley, formerly of The Reverend Horton Heat, on drums. Loaded independently released the live record Episode 1999: Live, before disbanding in late 1999.

In 2000, McKagan reformed Loaded, remaining as the lead vocalist but switching from bass to rhythm guitar, and adding drummer Geoff Reading of Green Apple Quick Step, guitarist Mike Squires of Harvey Danger, and bassist Jeff Rouse of Alien Crime Syndicate. Both Squires and Rouse joined after the recording of the band's debut album, Dark Days, released in 2001. Dave Dederer, formerly of The Presidents of the United States of America, took up recording duties for the album. In 2002, while on tour, both Squires and Rouse left Loaded to join the reformed Alien Crime Syndicate. Former Wasted Youth and Electric Love Hogs guitarist Dave Kushner and former Burning Witch bassist George Stuart Dahlquist were brought in to replace them.^[28] McKagan and Kushner went on to form Velvet Revolver, putting Loaded on hiatus.

2002–present: Velvet Revolver, Loaded reunion, and Jane's Addiction[link]

McKagan with Velvet Revolver at Gods of Metal in 2007

In 2002, McKagan founded the supergroup Velvet Revolver with his former Guns N' Roses band mates Slash and Matt Sorum, and Loaded guitarist Dave Kushner. Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland completed the line-up. In 2004, they released their debut album, Contraband, which debuted at No. 1 on the US chart and sold two million copies. Their second album, Libertad, was released in 2007 to mixed reviews; it failed to achieve the same commercial success as its predecessor. The band toured extensively, until Weiland left in April 2008 to reunite with Stone Temple Pilots.^[29] Velvet Revolver has been on hiatus since Weiland's departure.

McKagan subsequently reunited Loaded, with Mike Squires and Jeff Rouse returning to the group, and that same year, they released the EP Wasted Heart. In 2009, the band released its second studio album, Sick,^[30] and embarked on tours with Mötley Crüe and Black Stone Cherry.^[31][32] Later that year, Geoff Reading departed the band; he was replaced by Isaac Carpenter, formerly of Gosling, Loudermilk, and The Exies.^[33]

In 2010, McKagan briefly joined Jane's Addiction, with lead guitarist Dave Navarro originally confirming that McKagan had joined the band on a permanent basis.^[34] On joining the band, McKagan stated, "Something like a chance to write, record, and perhaps even perform with a band of the quality of Jane's Addiction does not come around every day. I have a lot of respect for this band and the guys in it."^[35] He worked on several songs with Jane's Addiction and played four shows with the band—two in Los Angeles,^[34][36] and two in Europe, including one at Rock in Rio in Madrid.^[37] On September 6, six months after McKagan joined the band, Jane's Addiction announced that they had parted ways due to the fact that "musically [they] were all headed in different directions."^[38]

On October 14, 2010, McKagan appeared on stage with Guns N' Roses for the first time since 1993 at The O2 Arena in London. He played bass on "You Could Be Mine", electric guitar on "Nice Boys" and "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", and acoustic guitar and tambourine on "Patience".^[39] McKagan then returned to Loaded, with whom he recorded a third studio album, The Taking, which was released in 2011. Loaded twice served as opening act act for Guns N' Roses in December of that year, with McKagan again briefly joining his old band on stage.^[40] On April 14, 2012, McKagan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the classic lineup of Guns N' Roses.^[41]

Session work[link]

In 1990, McKagan—along with his Guns N' Roses band mate Slash—co-wrote and played several songs on Iggy Pop's Brick by Brick. In 1995, he collaborated with Slash on his solo project Slash's Snakepit; he co-wrote "Beggars and Hangers-On" off their album It's Five O'Clock Somewhere, which he played live during a Snakepit show in May of that year. In 1998, McKagan collaborated with his former Guns N' Roses band mate Izzy Stradlin on his solo album 117°. The following year, he played on Stradlin's album Ride On, and joined him on a tour of Japan supporting the album.^[42] Also in 1999, he contributed to the album Humanary Stew: A Tribute to Alice Cooper. In 2001, McKagan played on the album Skyjin by Zilch, Mark Lanegan's solo album Field Songs, and Izzy Stradlin's album River. The following year, he played on Stradlin's album On Down the Road. In 2004, he again collaborated with Mark Lanegan on his album Bubblegum, along with Stradlin.

McKagan played on three tracks off Izzy Stradlin's 2008 album Concrete, including the title track, as well as seven songs off his album Wave of Heat, which was released in 2010. Also in 2010, McKagan appeared on Slash's eponymous debut solo album; he played on the track "Watch This" with Dave Grohl on drums. That year, he also made a guest appearance—along with Slash and Matt Sorum—on Macy Gray's album The Sellout,^[43] and appeared on the Manic Street Preachers song "A Billion Balconies Facing the Sun" off their album Postcards From a Young Man.^[44]

Other ventures[link]

McKagan has two minor acting credits; in 1988, he appeared with his Guns N' Roses band mates in the Dirty Harry film The Dead Pool, and in 1997, he played a rocker vampire in an episode of the television series Sliders.^[45] In 1999, he appeared in Anthony Scarpa's documentary film Betty Blowtorch and Her Amazing True Life Adventures, which focuses on the all-female hard rock band Betty Blowtorch, whose debut EP Get Off McKagan produced the same year.

In addition to his musical career, McKagan has established himself as a writer. Since August 2008, McKagan writes a weekly column for SeattleWeekly.com,^[3] from January to December 2009, he wrote a weekly financial column titled "Duffonomics" for Playboy.com,^[4] and since January 2011, he writes a weekly sports column for ESPN.com.^[5] McKagan's autobiography, It's So Easy (And Other Lies), was released on October 4, 2011.

In 2011, McKagan founded Meridian Rock, a wealth management firm for musicians.^[6] Headed by McKagan and British investor Andy Bottomley, the firm aims to educate musicians about their finances.^[6]

Personal life[link]

On May 28, 1988, McKagan married his first wife, Mandy Brixx; the couple divorced less than two years later on April 1, 1990.^[45] He remarried in September 1992 to Linda Johnson, but this marriage too ended in divorce in September 1995.^[45] McKagan married his current wife, model and swimsuit designer Susan Holmes, on August 28, 1999.^[45] They have two daughters together, Grace (born August 27, 1997) and Mae Marie (born July 16, 2000). McKagan and his family reside in his hometown of Seattle, Washington.

McKagan was one of the last people confirmed to see Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain before he committed suicide on April 5, 1994. He sat next to Cobain on a flight from Los Angeles to Seattle on April 1.^[46] McKagan later recalled, "I didn't have any foresight that the guy was going to do what he did. I could tell he was bummed out, and I'd been that way before....I thought I'd ask him to come stay at my house, I turned around and he was gone."^[46]

On May 10, 1994, at the age of 30, McKagan became gravely ill due to acute alcohol-induced pancreatitis, which caused his pancreas to swell to the size of a football and leak digestive enzymes into his body, causing third-degree burns. He was taken to Northwest Hospital and Medical Center in Seattle, where he was monitored until the swelling went down. He was told by his doctors that he would be dead within a month if he did not stop drinking. Although McKagan had made previous attempts to curb his alcoholism (which had become so notorious that, according to his autobiography, the fictional product Duff Beer on The Simpsons was named for him) this health crisis was his incentive to become sober for good.^[47]

A high school drop-out, McKagan enrolled in a basic finance course at Santa Monica Community College in 1994; he explained that going over the financial records from his Guns N' Roses days had made him want to understand the process more, stating, "I couldn't make sense of it. I didn't know how much we had made or lost on the tour. As a 30 year-old millionaire, how do I admit to somebody that I don't know what the fuck I'm doing?"^[6] In 2000, after attending several more classes at Seattle Central Community College, he enrolled full-time at Seattle University's Albers School of Business and Economics.^[6] When Velvet Revolver took off in his final year as an undergraduate student, McKagan took a hiatus from business school to go on tour; he is still one semester short of graduating.^[6]

Equipment[link]

McKagan's longtime main bass was a mid-'80s Japanese Fender Jazz Bass Special, which features an ash body, a maple neck, and a rosewood fretboard. McKagan currently uses it only during studio recordings. Several copies of this bass were built by the Fender Custom Shop in the original and various other finishes to be used on tour. In 2007, Fender replicated and released this bass as the Duff McKagan Signature P Bass.^[48] In the past, McKagan used Kramer basses, and at one time had a Kramer endorsement. He can be seen playing a Kramer bass in the video for the 1988 Guns N' Roses hit "Sweet Child o' Mine". McKagan has also used the Fender Aerodyne Jazz Bass, the Duesenberg Star Bass, the Gibson Les Paul bass, and the Gibson Thunderbird bass. He uses Seymour Duncan pickups and RotoSound swingbass strings.

McKagan also plays an acoustic Guild guitar, which can be heard on various songs, including "Patience" by Guns N' Roses. On Velvet Revolver's 2007-2008 tour, he used a Gibson J-200 Pete Townshend signature acoustic guitar. Among his electric guitars are a Fender Telecaster, used on the tour supporting his debut solo album, Believe in Me, several GMP guitars used with Neurotic Outsiders, a selection of Gibson Les Paul models, and two Japanese Burny models.

McKagan has used Gallien-Krueger amplifiers throughout his career; his first a GK400RB model. With Guns N' Roses, he used up to four Gallien-Krueger 800RB heads with GK 4x10 and 1x15 cabinets. His current set-up includes a Gallien-Krueger solid state 2001RB head fed to four GK 4x10RBH cabinets. McKagan usually uses a chorus effect, most often a Yamaha SPX-90 and occasionally a Boss pedal.^[49] Other effects he has used are the Z.Vex Woolly Mammoth fuzz and an MXR M-80. For guitar amplification, he uses a Marshall JCM800 2204 head hotrodded by Bogner, which he nicknamed the "Seattle Head".

Discography[link]

With Guns N' Roses

• Appetite for Destruction (1987)
• G N' R Lies (1988)
• Use Your Illusion I (1991)
• Use Your Illusion II (1991)
• The Spaghetti Incident? (1993)
• Live Era '87–'93 (1999)
• Greatest Hits (2004)

With The Fartz

• You, We See You Crawling (1990)

Solo

• Believe in Me (1993)
• Beautiful Disease (1999; unreleased)

With Neurotic Outsiders

• Neurotic Outsiders (1996)

With 10 Minute Warning

• 10 Minute Warning (1998)

With Loaded

• Dark Days (2001)
• Sick (2009)
• The Taking (2011)

With Velvet Revolver

• Contraband (2004)
• Libertad (2007)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Berelian, Essi (2005). The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-415-0. 
• Canter, Marc (2007). Reckless Road: Guns N' Roses and the Making of Appetite for Destruction. Shoot Hip Press. ISBN 978-0-9793418-7-8. 
• Davis, Stephen (2008). Watch You Bleed: The Saga of Guns N' Roses. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-377-6. 
• Slash; Bozza, Anthony (2007). Slash. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-725775-1. 

External links[link]

• Duff McKagan's column on SeattleWeekly.com
• Duff McKagan's column on ESPN.com