Trika, a concept of Kashmir Shaivism, refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā which are named in the Mālinivijayottata-tantra,^[1] a Bhairava Tantra.^[2]

This gives Kashmir Saivism its other name, Trika.^[3]

A List of Other Triads[link]

[edit] Śiva, Śakti and Aṇu

According to the Trika Darsana there are three essential realities:^[4]

1. The Supreme Transcendent - Śiva
2. The Supreme Creative Energy, immanent in creation - Śakti
3. The Spiritual Atom, the limited atom or individual - aṇu (sometimes nara - man)

Anu is a microcosm, a complete image, on a reduced scale, of the macrocosm, and in permanent resonance on multiple levels with the macrocosm (universe). The resonance (link) between the microcosm and the macrocosm is Sakti, the only one who can help Anu recover his lost knowledge - that he is one with Siva. This is all possible because of the completely free will of Siva - Svatantrya Sakti.

The Śakti trinity[link]

Trika is also reflected in the Śakti trinity:^[4]

1. parā-śakti - the supreme energy, existing in transcendence
2. parāpara śakti - the supreme-unsupreme Śakti, existing both in transcendence and immanence
3. aparā śakti - the unsupreme energy, existing in immanence

[edit] The trinity of energies of will, knowledge and power of action

Any action of any being, including God, is subject to three fundamental energies:^[5]

1. Icchā Śakti - the energy of will. This energy appears in the beginning of any action or process.
2. Jñāna Śakti - the energy of knowledge, by which the action is clearly expressed first in mind, before it is put into action.
3. Kriyā Śakti - the energy of action

The trinity of knowledge[link]

1. Pramatri - the one observing, the subject
2. Pramana - the modalities of knowledge
3. Prameya - the known object

In Trika Tantra when pramatri, pramana and prameya become one, the true nature of the world is discovered. This state of nonduality is how God (Siva) and perfect yogis experience the world.

The three fundamental states of consciousness[link]

1. jāgrat - waking state
2. svapna - dreaming
3. suṣupti - dreamless sleep

Besides these three there is another state which has no name (turya - the fourth) because it is indescribable. This fourth state is that of perfect fusion of pramatri, pramana and prameya, also known as superconsciouness, pervading the other three states and existing also outside them.^[6]

The three-fold spiritual path[link]

1. Śāmbhavopāya - the path of Siva, the divine path; unstoppable spiritual aspiration is the characteristic of this short and difficult spiritual path
2. Śāktopāya - the path of the Divine Energy, the path of Śakti, the intermediary path; here the yogi must be able to perfectly control his emotions and thoughts and merge his consciousness with one or more Divine Energies, Śakti
3. Āṇavopāya – the individual path, accessible to the limited beings (aṇu); here the aspirant must strive to awaken his soul by working with his intellect (buddhi), subtle breath (prana), physical body (deha) or exterior objects such as yantras or the picture of an authentic master.^[7][8]

The three levels of the Vākh (speech)[link]

1. paśyanti - subtle speech, undifferentiated speech, intuitive language, the seeing word (in the heart)
2. madhyamā - mental speech, intermediate speech (in the mind)
3. vaikharī - spoken speech (exterior)^[4]

The transcendental triad - parātrika[link]

1. prakāśa (or cit, śiva) - luminosity
2. vimarśa (or spanda) - dynamism
3. sāmarasya - homogeneous bliss^[9]

The types of Trika schools[link]

1. abhedha - non dualism (Kashmir Shaivism)
2. bhedabheda - qualified dualism
3. bheda - dualism (Saivāgama)

Triad of God, world and the soul[link]

This triad is identical to Śiva, Śakti and Aṇu.^[4]

1. pati - master, lord, Śiva
2. pāśa - bondage, the three mala
3. paśu - bonded, animal, the limited soul, jivatman

The three impurities[link]

Mala means impurity, bondage or poison. The three impurities are responsible of the limitation of the divine condition. When they are transcended, the limited being becomes liberated.^[10]

1. āṇavamala - being incomplete, non-full
2. māyā mala - limitation in knowledge, avidyā, illusion
3. kārma mala - limitation in the power of action, wrong identification of the author of action with the limited self instead of Śiva

See also[link]

• Aṇḍa, the four spheres of reality
• Kashmir Shaivism
• Swami Lakshman Joo

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• http://www.universalshaivafellowship.org/

Mohammed Abu

Personal information
Date of birth	(1991-11-14) 14 November 1991 (age 20)
Place of birth	Accra, Ghana
Playing position	Midfielder
Club information
Current club	Strømsgodset (on loan from Manchester City)
Number	20
Youth career
	Sporting Club Accra
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2010–	Manchester City	0	(0)
2010–2011	→ Strømsgodset (loan)	35	(1)
2012	→ Eintracht Frankfurt (loan)	0	(0)
2012–	→ Strømsgodset (loan)	10	(2)
National team‡
2011–	Ghana[1]	4	(0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 22:32, 23 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 23:28, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

Mohammed Abu (born 14 November 1991) is a Ghanaian international footballer, who plays professionally for Norwegian club Strømsgodset, on loan from English club Manchester City, as a midfielder.

Career[link]

Club career[link]

After playing youth football with Sporting Club Accra, Abu signed for English side Manchester City on 31 August 2010.^[2] He was immediately loaned to Norwegian club Strømsgodset, where he made his professional debut.^[3] On 29 June 2011, Abu's loan deal was extended until December 2011.^[4]

In October 2011, Abu signed a new contract with Manchester City, until June 2014.^[5] In January 2012, he joined German 2. Fußball-Bundesliga side Eintracht Frankfurt on loan.^[6][7] Without playing a match he again was transferred to Strømsgodset at the end of March.^[8] On 19 May he scored twice in Strømsgodset's 3-2 victory over Fredrikstad FK.^[9]

International career[link]

Abu made his first senior appearance for Ghana in October 2011, in a 0–0 friendly draw against Nigeria.^[10] In December 2011, he was named to the Ghana national team provisional 25-man squad for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations,^[11] and in January 2012 he was selected for the tournament's 23-man squad.^[12]

References[link]

v t e Ghana squad – 2012 Africa Cup of Nations Fourth Place 1 Adjei 2 Opare 3 Gyan 4 Paintsil 5 Mensah 6 Annan 7 Inkoom 8 Badu 9 Boateng 10 A. Ayew 11 Muntari 12 Tagoe 13 J. Ayew 14 Alhassan 15 Vorsah 16 Kwarasey 17 Addy 18 Jonathan 19 Takyi 20 Asamoah 21 Boye 22 Sowah 23 Abu Coach: Stevanović

This biographical article related to Ghanaian football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (December 2010)

For the former President of Iraq, see Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr

Ahmed Hassan (Arabic: أحمد حسن‎) (born 2 May 1975 in Maghagha, Egypt)^[1] is an Egyptian footballer. He currently plays as an attacking midfielder or on the right wing for the Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek SC and the Egyptian national team. He is the most capped male footballer in history with 181 appearances for Egypt.

Career[link]

Ahmed Hassan started his professional football career as a right-back at Aswan Club in the Egyptian lower divisions. After one season there, he moved to the more successful Ismaily. He was 20 when he was selected for the first time to play in the Egyptian national team's friendly match against Ghana on 29 December 1995.^[2] After his impressive performances with the Egyptian national team in the African Cup of Nations 1998, including scoring a goal from a long range shot against South Africa in the final that helped the squad win the tournament, Hassan joined Turkish side Kocaelispor at the age of 22. In 2000, he was transferred to Denizlispor before joining his Egyptian international teammate Abdel-Zaher El-Saqua in 2001 when he moved to Gençlerbirliği. Following three successful seasons with the club, during which the team twice made the Turkish Cup Final, he moved to Beşiktaş where he was a first team regular as well as a regular on the team's scoring sheet. He particularly impressed manager Jean Tigana who, despite being known for selecting younger players for his first team, still regarded the 30-year-old Hassan a key player of the squad. Tigana stated that "Hassan is a hardworking player who is quick and talented."

RSC Anderlecht[link]

After Hassan was named "Best Player of the African Cup of Nations 2006",^[3] Fulham, Rangers, Newcastle United, and Espanyol were reportedly interested in signing him. However, he chose to move to R.S.C. Anderlecht, the Belgian First Division champions, on a free transfer after choosing not to extend his contract with Beşiktaş, which ended in 2006. Hassan joined Anderlecht due to its automatic qualification to the UEFA Champions League and became an important part of the Anderlecht attack, setting-up and scoring goals himself. His position in the midfield was in front of Lucas Biglia and Jan Polák, just behind the strikers Serhat Akin and Nicolas Frutos. In the 2007-08 season, he stated that that season would be his last for Anderlecht. His family had already returned to Egypt, and he followed them there.

Returns to Egypt[link]

Ahmed Hassan chose to move to Egyptian club Al Ahly to end his career in Egypt, signing a three year contract as of May 2008. He scored in his first competitive match against legendary rival Zamalek, in the opening of the CAF Champions League, from a long-range free-kick.In September 2010 he suffered a career threatening injury in an African Cup Of Nations qualifier against Sierra Leone that would keep him away from the fields for six months.

In 19 July 2011, Hassan signed with Ahly's bitter rivals Zamalek to a two-year contract as a free transfer after his contract with Ahly expired. On 20 September 2011, Hassan made his official debut with Zamalek in a cup match against Wadi Degla giving a phenomenal performance and scoring two goals and helping his team defeat Degla 4-1 and qualify to the next round.

International Career[link]

Hassan has played in eight Africa Cup of Nations tournaments for Egypt, winning the tournament four times, in 1998, 2006, 2008 and 2010. In the 2006 tournament, he was named captain and scored four goals in six matches, the second-highest individual goal tally in that year's tournament.^[3] He was named best player of the tournament after winning his second title and Egypt's fifth, a feat he repeated in 2010 at the age of 34. In 2008, Hassan captained Egypt to their sixth Africa Cup of Nations victory. As of January 25, 2010, Hassan has become Egypt's most capped player with 170 caps. Ahmed Hassan is one of a number of players who have earned more than 100 international caps for Egypt, and is currently the third most capped male player for any country, behind Mohamed Al-Deayea of Saudi Arabia and Claudio Suárez of Mexico.

Hassan broke Hossam Hassan's appearance record with his 170th cap for Egypt on 25 January 2010 in the Africa Cup of Nations quarter final against Cameroon. He had an eventful game: he headed an Achille Emana corner into his own net (though Emana was credited with the goal); equalized from long range and claimed the final goal in a 3-1 win in extra time from a free-kick despite replays showing the ball did not cross the line.^[4] On 31 January 2010, Hassan picked up his fourth Africa Cup of Nations winners's medal as Egypt defeated Ghana 1-0 in the final.^[5] In November 2011, Hassan played his 178th game for Egypt in a friendly against Brazil. In doing so he matched the record for international appearances.^[6]. On March 27, 2012, Hassan started a friendly match against Kenya breaking the world record for most international appearances for any international male player with 181 matches played.

Honours[link]

• Turkish Cup 2006
• Belgian First Division 2007
• Belgian Cup 2008
• Belgian Supercup 2007
• Egyptian Premier League 2009,2010
• CAF Champions League 2008
• Africa Cup of Nations 1998, 2006, 2008, 2010
• Africa Cup of Nations MVP 2006, 2010
• 2010 Best African-based Player [1][2]

Holland-Belgium World Cup bid[link]

Hassan was selected as an ambassador for the Holland-Belgium 2018 or 2022 World Cup bid^[7] along with Ruud Gullit.^[8]

References[link]

External links[link]

• http://www.egyptianplayers.com/ahmed-hasan/Ahmed-Hassan-page.htm
• (English) Player profile at rsca.be
• http://www.socceregypt.com/socceregypt/socceregypt.php/2006/4/24/egyptian_player_abroad_playeras_profile_1
• Profile at TFF.org
• ESPN Profile

Egypt squad v t e Egypt squad – 1996 Africa Cup of Nations GK Abdel-Azim GK El-Sayed GK El-Swerky DF Abdel-Hady DF El-Gamal DF Gamal DF Kamouna DF Radwan DF Ramzy MF Emam MF Hassan MF Kamouna MF Khashaba MF Reyadh MF Sabry MF Tolba MF Youssef FW El-Masry FW El-Kass FW Ibrahim FW Koushary FW Maher Coach: Krol v t e Egypt squad – 1998 Africa Cup of Nations Winners (4th title) 1 El-Sayed 2 El-Saqua 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 Kamouna 6 Abdelhadi 7 Youssef 8 Radwan 9 H. Hassan 10 Sabry 11 Rayyan 12 Khashaba 13 Salah 14 Imam 15 Fahim 16 El-Hadary 17 A. Hassan 18 Abdelnasser 19 El-Sheshini 20 Mostafa 21 Nabih 22 Saber Coach: El-Gohary v t e Egypt squad – 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 El-Sayed 2 I.Hassan 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 Kamouna 6 Abdelhadi 7 Youssef 8 Radwan 9 H.Hassan 10 Sabry 11 Rayyan 12 Khashaba 13 Bassiouny 14 Emam 15 El-Saqua 16 El-Hadary 17 A.Hassan 18 Abdelmoneim 19 Bebo 20 El-Din Coach: El-Gohary v t e Egypt squad – 2000 Africa Cup of Nations 1 N. El-Sayed 2 I. Hassan 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 El-Saqua 6 Abdel Hafeez 7 Youssef 8 Radwan 9 H. Hassan 10 Sabry 11 El-Said 12 Abdelmoneim 13 Abdel Haleem 14 Imam 15 Said 16 El-Hadary 17 A. Hassan 18 Farouk 19 Hosny 20 Khashaba 21 Abdelaziz 22 A. El-Sayed Coach: Gili v t e Egypt squad – 2002 Africa Cup of Nations 1 N. El-Sayed 2 Fahim 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 El-Saqua 6 H. Said 7 Bebo 8 Radwan 9 H. Hassan 10 Hamza 11 El-Said 12 Barakat 13 Gomaa 14 Imam 15 I. Said 16 El-Hadary 17 A. Hassan 18 Mido 19 Hosny 20 Aboul Ela 21 T. El-Sayed 22 Monsef Coach: El-Gohary v t e Egypt squad – 2004 Africa Cup of Nations 1 N. El-Sayed 2 Fahim 3 El-Quabbani 4 El-Nahhas 5 El-Saqua 6 Gomaa 7 Fathi 8 Abdel hamid 9 Mido 10 Belal 11 El-Said 12 Barakat 13 T. El-Sayed 14 Imam 15 El-Tabei 16 A. El-Sayed 17 A. Hassan 18 Ghaly 19 Ali 20 Khashaba 21 H. Said 22 Mahmoud Coach: Saleh v t e Egypt squad – 2006 Africa Cup of Nations Winners (5th title) 1 El-Hadary 2 A. El-Sayed 3 Abdelwahab 4 Said 5 El-Saqua 6 Mostafa 7 Fathy 8 Eno 9 H. Hassan (c) 10 Moteab 11 Shawky 12 Barakat 13 T. El-Sayed 14 Ali 15 Mido 16 Abdel Wahed 17 A. Hassan 18 Sabry 19 Zaki 20 Gomaa 21 Abdel Malek 22 Aboutrika 23 Abdel Monsef Coach: Shehata v t e Egypt squad – 2008 Africa Cup of Nations Winners (6th Title) 1 El-Hadary 2 Fathallah 3 Al-Muhammadi 4 I. Said 5 Shady 6 H. Said 7 Fathy 8 Hosny 9 Zidan 10 Moteab 11 Shawky 12 Gamal 13 El-Sayed 14 Moawad 15 Shaaban 16 Abdel Monsef 17 Hassan 18 Fadl 19 Zaki 20 Gomaa 21 Mostafa 22 Aboutrika 23 Sobhy Coach: Shehata v t e Egypt squad – 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 El-Hadary 2 Fathallah 3 Al-Muhammadi 4 A. Said 5 A. Khairy 6 H. Said 7 A. Fathy 8 Hosny 9 Zidan 10 Eid 11 M. Shawky 12 Homos 13 Tawfik 14 Moawad 15 Farag 16 Wahid 17 A. Hassan 18 Abdel-Ghani 19 Abougrisha 20 Gomaa 21 Raouf 22 Aboutrika 23 Sobhy Coach: Shehata v t e Egypt squad – 2010 Africa Cup of Nations Winners (7th title) 1 El-Hadary 2 Fathalla 3 Al-Muhammadi 4 Salem 5 El-Saqua 6 Saïd 7 Fathy 8 Abd Rabo 9 Zidan 10 Moteab 11 Abdel Malek 12 Ghaly 13 Tawfik 14 Moawad 15 Gedo 16 El-Sayed 17 Hassan(c) 18 Shikabala 19 Abdel-Shafy 20 Gomaa 21 Raouf 22 Hamdy 23 Abou El-Saoud Coach: Shehata